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diff --git a/24883-h/24883-h.htm b/24883-h/24883-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fb491b --- /dev/null +++ b/24883-h/24883-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2886 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of New and Original Theories of the Great Physical Forces, +by Henry Raymond Rogers, M.D.</title> + +<style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + h2,h3,h4,h5 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; + page-break-after: avoid; } + + hr {width: 65%; margin: 2em auto 2em auto; clear: both;} + hr.w20 {width: 20%;} + hr.fn {width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto 0.5em auto; border: dotted gray 0.5px;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body {margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; } + + .nowrap { white-space: nowrap; } + .newpage { page-break-before: always; } + .pagenum { visibility: visible; + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; } + + .toctab {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;} + .toch {margin-top: 40px; margin-bottom: 8px;} + .tocch {width: 110%;} + .tocpn {width: 10%; text-align: right;} + .tocbl {margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 8%; margin-top: 5px; + text-align: justify; text-indent: -1em;} + .loi {text-align: right;} + + .blockquot{margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 15%; font-size: larger;} + .blockquo2{margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 15%;} + .qu1 {margin-left: 25%; margin-bottom: 0px;} + .qu2 {margin-left: 65%; margin-top: 0px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smaller {font-size: smaller;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + .smbold {font-weight: bold; font-size: smaller;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 700px;} + + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of New and Original Theories of the Great +Physical Forces, by Henry Raymond Rogers + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: New and Original Theories of the Great Physical Forces + +Author: Henry Raymond Rogers + +Release Date: March 20, 2008 [EBook #24883] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT PHYSICAL FORCES *** + + + + +Produced by Andrew Wainwright and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CONTRIBUTIONS</h2> + +<h3>TO</h3> + +<h2>SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS.</h2> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"In knowledge, that man only is to be contemned and despised who is +not in a state of transition."</p> + +<p>"—nor is there anything more adverse to accuracy than fixity of +opinion."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Faraday</span></span>.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Science must grow. Its development is as necessary, and as +irresistible as the motion of the tides, or the flowing of the Gulf +Stream."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Tyndall</span></span>.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The cry of science is still onward, and its goal of yesterday will +ever be its starting-point to-morrow."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Dawson</span></span>.</p></div> + +<p class="center"><br /><br /><br /><br />⁂ May be procured through all booksellers. It will be sent by mail, +<i>postage free</i>, on receipt of price, $1.00 cloth, 50 cts. paper. Liberal +discount to the trade.</p> + +<p class="center">Per <span class="smcap">C. K. Abel & Son, Booksellers</span>,</p> + +<p class="center">Dunkirk, N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> + +<h3 class="newpage">NEW AND ORIGINAL</h3> + +<h2>THEORIES</h2> + +<h5>OF THE</h5> + +<h2>GREAT PHYSICAL FORCES.</h2> + +<h5>BY</h5> + +<h3>HENRY RAYMOND ROGERS, M.D.</h3> + +<hr class="w20" /> + +<p class="qu1">"Every time<br /> +Serves for the matter then born in it."</p> + +<p class="qu2"><span class="smcap">Shakspere.</span></p> + +<hr class="w20" /> + +<h3>PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR.</h3> + +<h4>MDCCCLXXVIII.</h4> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1878.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> HENRY RAYMOND ROGERS.</p> + +<p class="center"><br /><br /><br /><br /><span class="smcap">Trow's<br /> +Printing and Bookbinding Co.</span>,<br /> +<i>205-213 East 12th St.</i>,<br /> +NEW YORK.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="newpage">PREFACE.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Show me a man who makes no mistakes, and I will show you a man who +has done nothing."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Liebig.</span></span></p></div> + +<p>In this little volume the author gives but his own personal opinions +upon the subjects discussed, and although the sentiments are expressed +with an assurance born of conviction, yet he claims not infallibility.</p> + +<p>He has ever been unable to accept the usual explanations of the great +physical forces; and the inadequacies of mooted theories have impelled +him to efforts for more philosophical interpretations. If in his +investigations he has been forced to strange and unusual conclusions, he +has been actuated only by an honest desire to promote the advancement of +science.</p> + +<p>He is not insensible to the responsibility of the position which he thus +voluntarily assumes, in asserting his opinions upon problems so vast and +momentous.</p> + +<p>It is no enviable position to occupy, that of + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> + +antagonism to so large a proportion of the scientific world and, too, +upon subjects of strictly scientific import. That he does thus find +himself placed in such relations at the present time, has not been a +matter of his own seeking. No other consideration than the profoundest +sense of duty and responsibility could have influenced him in the course +pursued. Perhaps some apology is yet due for so boldly trespassing upon +hypotheses which were very generally thought to be well established, and +certainly secure from such treatment.</p> + +<p>The attempt, in a measure, to develop so extended a field of research, +in so few pages, has led to much crudeness in the presentation. For this +a reasonable indulgence may be claimed.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="newpage"><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<h4 class="toch"><br /><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h4> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"></td><td class="tocpn smcap">page</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_I"><span class="smcap">The Sun</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h4> +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_II"><span class="smcap">What is Proposed</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#sec_1">The great problem.</a></p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h4> +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_III"><span class="smcap">Intimate Nature of the Forces</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#sec_2">Sunlight and sun-heat</a>—<a href="#sec_3">The great law of conservation</a>—<a href="#sec_4">How +the spheres are constructed</a>—<a href="#sec_4">The great +earth-core and its functions</a>—<a href="#sec_5">The grand magnetic +circuit.</a></p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h4> + +<div class="center"><table class="toctab" summary="(layout)"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">Sunlight, its Source and Nature</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#sec_7">Its limits</a>—<a href="#pli">The solar cone</a>—<a href="#sec_8">The sun not incandescent</a>—<a href="#sec_9">New +hypothesis</a>—<a href="#sec_10">No borrowed light</a>—<a href="#sec_11">The sun +dependent</a>—<a href="#sec_12">Light as a substance</a>—<a href="#sec_13">Velocity of +Light</a>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></h4> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_V"><span class="smcap">Sun-Heat, its Source and Limits</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#sec_15">Tendencies to unsettle in science</a>—<a href="#sec_16">Present theories</a>—<a href="#sec_17">True +source</a>—<a href="#sec_18">Earth's part in the process</a>—<a href="#sec_19">Sun's +part</a>—<a href="#sec_20">New philosophy</a>—<a href="#sec_21">Old phenomena and new +interpretations</a>—<a href="#sec_21">Auroræ</a>—<a href="#sec_22">Well understood processes +in confirmation</a>—<a href="#sec_22">The ordinary battery</a>—<a href="#sec_22">The +Great Sun Battery</a>—<a href="#sec_23">Heat without combustion</a>—<a href="#sec_24">Inter-currents</a>—<a href="#sec_25">Solution +of the problem</a>.</p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></h4> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><span class="smcap">The Seasons</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#sec_26">Why their varying temperature?</a>—<a href="#sec_26">A new philosophy</a>.</p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></h4> +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><span class="smcap">Gravity</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#sec_27">Its essential nature and its source</a>.</p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></h4> +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><span class="smcap">The Atmosphere</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#sec_28">A veritable ocean</a>—<a href="#sec_29">How constituted</a>—<a href="#sec_30">The vito-magnetic +principle, its extent and character</a>—<a href="#sec_31">Its functions</a>—<a href="#sec_32">The +air not yet comprehended</a>—<a href="#sec_33">Have we +been mistaken?</a>—<a href="#sec_34">New light</a>—<a href="#sec_34">Electrical induction</a>—<a href="#sec_34">Its +mode of action and illustrations</a>—<a href="#sec_35">The character +and virtue of the vito-magnetic element</a>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></h4> +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><span class="smcap">Winds</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#sec_36">Entertained theories erroneous</a>—<a href="#sec_37">Their true character</a>—<a href="#sec_38">What +gives rise to the currents</a>—<a href="#sec_38">Purely vito-magnetic +phenomena</a>—<a href="#sec_39">Philosophical considerations +drawn from observation</a>—<a href="#sec_39">Whirlwinds, waterspouts, +and tornadoes</a>—<a href="#sec_39">The Barbadoes</a>—<a href="#pliv">Manufactured +wind</a>—<a href="#pliv">Wind within a wind</a>—<a href="#sec_40">Winds may +not arise from presumed causes</a>—<a href="#sec_41">A great cosmical +system</a>.</p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a></h4> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_X"><span class="smcap">Sun-spots</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">Old theories</a>—<a href="#sec_43">Degrees of spot-shadow overestimated</a>—<a href="#sec_44">What +spots are not, and what they are</a>—<a href="#sec_45">They +are caused by magnetic perturbations</a>—<a href="#sec_46">Inconsistency +of accepted theories</a>—<a href="#sec_47">Figures that are deceptive</a>—<a href="#sec_48">Effects +of these wonderful phenomena</a>—<a href="#sec_49">Mistaken +conceptions</a>—<a href="#sec_50">May not be tabulated</a>—<a href="#sec_51">Unbiassed +estimate of their character and location</a>.</p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></h4> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XI"><span class="smcap">Sounds, and their Transmission</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#sec_52">Essential character and mode of progression</a>—<a href="#sec_52">Waves +have no act or part in their conveyance</a>.</p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a></h4> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XII"><span class="smcap">Some of the Results of the foregoing Theories</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span></p> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Extent and character of their influence</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Old channels obliterated, +and new ones developed</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Sentiments changed</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Nebular +hypothesis</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">The sun cool, luminous, and habitable</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Celestial +spectroscopy</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Undulatory theories ignored</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Light +instantaneously transmitted</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Telephone</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">No light nor heat +wasted</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Extent of the atmosphere of the spheres</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">The sun's +power overestimated</a>.</p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a></h4> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XIII"><span class="smcap">Influence of the Forces as Causation of Disease</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">Meteorological influence</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">Higher appreciation of the source of +disease, and increased efficiency in its treatment</a>.</p> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a></h4> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XIV"><span class="smcap">The Artificial Production of Light, Heat, +and Power, and their Utilization</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h4 class="toch"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a></h4> +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XV"><span class="smcap">Why was not this Discovery sooner made</span></a>? +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="tocbl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">Its consummation nearly perfected by many others</a>—<a href="#CHAPTER_XV">Its +successful accomplishment plainly foretold by Faraday</a>.</p> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#Appendix"><span class="smcap">Appendix</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ILLUSTRATIONS" id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> + +<div class="center"><table summary="(layout)" class="toctab"> +<tr><td class="loi"></td><td class="tocch"> +</td><td class="tocpn smcap">page</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="loi">I.—</td><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#pli"><span class="smcap">The Solar Cone, or Cone-space</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="loi">II.—</td><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#plii"><span class="smcap">The Seasons. Summer</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="loi">III.—</td><td class="tocch"> + " " + +<a href="#pliii"><span class="smcap">Winter</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="loi">IV.—</td><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#pliv"><span class="smcap">Manufactured Wind.</span></a> (From <span class="smcap">Deschanel's</span> +Natural Philosophy) +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="loi">V.—</td><td class="tocch"> +<a href="#plv"><span class="smcap">The Solar Cone, or Cone-space</span></a> +</td><td class="tocpn"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> + +</table></div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot newpage"><p>"If we suppose the sun and fixed stars to be gigantic fountains of +magnetic influence, acting upon our globe and its atmosphere, and +likewise upon all the other planets, the phenomena of the universe +would then become susceptible of the grandest and simplest +interpretations."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Crossland.</span></span></p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Are not the sun and fixed stars great earths vehemently +hot?"<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Newton.</span></span></p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Herschel's fixed idea was that the darkness of a spot upon the sun +was an indication of a cool and habitable globe."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Humboldt.</span></span></p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The sun as the main source of light and heat must be able to call +forth and animate magnetic forces on our planet."—<i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + +<h3 class="newpage">THE</h3> + +<h2>GREAT PHYSICAL FORCES.</h2> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>INTRODUCTORY.</h3> + +<h4><i>The Sun.</i></h4> + +<p>The sun's position in the great field of energy is daily becoming more +exalted in the estimation of philosophic minds. His labors are being +revealed to us with a distinctness never before conceived. He it is that +stored the coal in the bosom of the earth, and piled up the polar ice. +He it is that aids the chemist, drives the engine, ripens the harvest, +dispenses life and health.</p> + +<p>The study of the sun and solar physics, therefore, must be essential to +the right understanding of whatever we observe to take place at the +earth. Sun and earth are united in indissoluble bonds. In philosophic +minds + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> + +the conviction of a most perfect <i>inter-dependence</i> is rapidly gaining +ground.</p> + +<p>All this has been known and appreciated to a degree, yet this great +source of universal operations is shrouded in mystery. Still, our +curiosity has been kindled, and men are eagerly looking for further +developments.</p> + +<p>Natural Science, in all her branches, is fully awake, and is on her +watch-tower of observation. Ignorance of the sun, of its character, and +of the methods by which its functions are performed, must be confessed; +notwithstanding all the more recent unfoldings and imaginings of +scientists, regarding the great orb. But yet we are very hopeful of vast +increase in our solar knowledge; not alone, or chiefly, by new +observations, or discoveries, but quite as much by new interpretations +of old, long observed phenomena. The ground of hopefulness lies in the +belief that a <i>grand unity</i> underlies, and binds together in one, all +Physical Forces, as well in earth and sun.</p> + +<p>While regarding the sun as all, and more than all that has ever been +claimed for it, still we are impressed most strongly that the sun has +<i>social relations</i> with his planets, which have never been duly +considered by the masters in science. The sun <i>acts</i>, but it must + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> + +also be that the earth and planets <i>react</i>. The sun gives and dispenses +favors, but science has too much overlooked the great fact that the sun +receives and sympathizes.</p> + +<p>Let our philosophy but accept the idea that <i>the sun rouses the earth +into action through their mutual relationships; that the two interchange +good offices and essential services, rather than that the sun is wholly +independent, and simply gives outright, as philosophy has hitherto +conceived</i>, and we think that the dawn of a better day has come.</p> + +<p>The new philosophy, in our opinion, will teach that the sun gives in +such a way that he will not be impoverished; that though bountiful, he +is not wasteful; that though he freely gives, yet that he also as freely +receives in return.</p> + +<p>The new philosophy will be true to correlation, and it will be true to +conservation as well.</p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3>WHAT IS PROPOSED.</h3> + +<p>In the following pages I shall endeavor to set forth, in a simple and +orderly manner, certain of my own theories of the Great Physical Forces.</p> + +<p>In these theories will be comprised the identity of those forces, the +intimate and essential nature of sunlight, sun-heat, gravity, sun-spots, +winds and sounds, also the intimate nature of the atmosphere.</p> + +<p>In treating these subjects my opinions will not be found in accord with +those which receive universal assent at the present time, and I may thus +unintentionally offend. I shall therefore claim exceeding indulgence.</p> + +<p>If I differ from high authority, I have not a thought of detraction. +None can venerate the <span class="smcap">Nestors</span> in science who have enriched its annals, +more than I, and though we reverse their judgments, their errors are +confessedly our indispensable helps and guides.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_1" name="sec_1"></a><i>The Great Problem.</i></h4> + +<p>The problem of the great physical forces has engaged the profoundest +attention of mankind from the earliest historic period down to the +present time, yet it remains practically unsolved.</p> + +<p>Before the Christian era the opinion was entertained that all of the +phenomena of nature might be reduced to one principle of explanation; +that there was more than a connection between the imponderable +agents—more than a relationship even,—that there was an actual +identity.</p> + +<p>No substantial progress was thereafter made in the direction of +verifying this theory until along into the present century, when the +development of electrical science presented a tangible basis for +successful investigation.</p> + +<p>The correlation of nearly all of those forces is now assured, leaving +little to be added besides gravity to complete the unity. Yet +notwithstanding the satisfactory progress which has been made in solving +the grand problem of their correlation, little has been learned of their +intimate nature, and the method of their operation. This is due, in the +highest degree, to certain theories which + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> + +were developed, and which made their way, <i>pari passu</i>, with the +advancements of electrical and electro-magnetic science. These theories, +specious, inconsistent, illogical, yet withal plausible, and even +fascinating, served to blind the mental vision so that mankind might not +appreciate the truth.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>The hypothesis promulgated by <span class="smcap">Bruno</span>, <span class="smcap">Kant</span> and <span class="smcap">Laplace</span>, of the nebular +origin of the spheres, and the deductions consequent thereupon, in +regard to the progressive stages through which the earth in its +developments has passed, was pernicious in its influence in diverting +the minds of investigators from other and truer channels. To the blind +confidence with which that hypothesis has been universally accepted and +perpetuated, and to the fallacious theories thus directly and indirectly +engendered, we owe our false position at the present day.</p> + +<p>The present theories of the transmission of light and sound; of the +production of winds, and sun-spots, and of the method of development and +dissemination of heat, are in point of fact, unphilosophical and +incomprehensible.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is quite remarkable that in the present century, excelling as it does +any period in the world's history in exact and reliable scientific +knowledge, such unsatisfactory opinions should obtain. The failure is +still more inexplicable when we reflect that these subjects are in +importance the highest which can engage our attention as scientists.</p> + +<p>We have at the present time sufficient reliable data whereon to found +satisfactory hypotheses. We have but to utilize the means which the true +scientists of the century have so wonderfully developed, and with which +they have so prodigally surrounded us, in order to complete the +consummation of the great and crowning achievement in physical science.</p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <a href="#app_1">Appendix, p. 97.</a></p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>THE GREAT FORCES, THEIR CHARACTER AND OPERATIONS.</h3> + +<p>I now ask, What is the intimate and inherent nature of those forces? Do +they, or either of them, belong to the domain of the supernatural? Are +they the products of some supreme force, or forces, heretofore +unappreciated? The reply is clear and unquestionable. The supernatural +must necessarily be a part of the Divine Essence, and consequently +intangible. Not so the subjects of our inquiry. They are <i>natural +products</i>, therefore, and <i>the result of the operation of some power +commensurate with the stupendousness of their manifestations</i>.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_2" name="sec_2"></a><i>Sunlight and Sun-heat.</i></h4> + +<p>In the forces, light, and heat, what immensity of power is represented! +Strangely enough we have ever imagined these forces to be the unaided +work of the sun, as though that luminary could be capable of sending + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> + +forth in undiminished exuberance, such marvels of force, during all the +ages, and remain itself unexhausted!</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_3" name="sec_3"></a><i>The Great Law of Conservation of Force.</i></h4> + +<p>But how speaks the law of conservation, that law most enduring, and most +inexorable? According to the decrees of that law, whatever is received +by the earth from the sun, an equivalent for the same must again be +returned from the earth to the sun, to the uttermost fraction.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Such +being the conditions, how may this retro-acting process that all analogy +and the profoundest scientific axiom prove to be in constant +operation—how, I ask, may this retro-acting process be explained? What +equivalent may the earth give back as compensation for such enormous +benefits, for such stupendous powers? The laws of conservation may not +be violated: <i>the earth will respond</i>.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_4" name="sec_4"></a><i>How are the Spheres constructed?</i></h4> + +<p>The constitution of these two retro-acting spheres, and consequently of +all the others of + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> + +the heavenly host,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> at this point demands our attention. How are the +spheres made up? How speaks the earth? The earth with which we are +familiar—our sample—is formed of a slight crust, a core, to +a greater or less extent and degree incandescent, and measuring 250,000 +millions of cubic miles in dimensions, also an envelope which we call +the atmosphere.</p> + +<p>Now, from the presence of the vast mass of incandescent material within +the enclosure of each sphere-crust, it may reasonably be inferred, nay +the very nature of human reason <i>compels</i> the decision, that <i>they are +placed there for some specific purpose</i>, and that <i>their operations are +commensurate with their immensity</i>.</p> + +<p>We may not neglect to make account of so vast an element, and so vital +and preponderating, in all globes.<a name="FNanchor_A_4" id="FNanchor_A_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_4" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p> + +<p>We are thus compelled to answer the question, What part in the economy +of nature is this great central core particularly fitted to perform? +What its function among the great forces?</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<p>The great problem of the age, which scientists are intently engaged in +solving, is the correlation of the leading forces already adverted to. +Thus far light, heat, electricity, magnetism, chemical action, vital +action, cohesion, etc., have been proved to be parts of one great whole. +Now, since the especial characteristic of the great earth-core is heat, +it comes directly into relationship with the forces mentioned. How then +are its forces expended? Through what channels do they manifest their +presence? The philosophical mind would most naturally associate with it +the idea of stupendous magnetic power. We may well suppose such a power +extending its influence through and beyond the earth-crust, reaching out +towards the moon, and retro-acting with that body in preserving their +mutual relations.</p> + +<p>Does not this mighty influence reach out toward the sun also, and act +conjointly with that great central orb in producing results, which to +us, have ever been great mysteries.<a name="FNanchor_4_5" id="FNanchor_4_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_5" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_5" name="sec_5"></a><i>The Grand Magnetic Circuit.</i></h4> + +<p>In the retro-acting influence in operation + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> + +between these great bodies, may be found <i>A Grand Magnetic Circuit</i>. In +this grand magnetic circuit is found the <i>key</i> to the whole subject of +the correlation and identity of all the forces.</p> + +<p>And now, as preparatory to using this <i>key</i> that we may enter in and +consider the intimate nature of the physical forces, we would be +impressed with the clear and full idea of this mighty <i>current</i>, which +bears upon its tide, <i>as one</i>, all manner of forces with which we have +to do.</p> + +<p>It remains for us to tell what this great current <i>is</i>, and what it +<i>does</i>. To the child, to the savage, and to the civilized man alike, it +comes first and pre-eminently as light.</p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <a href="#app_2">Appendix, p. 98.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <a href="#app_3">Appendix, p. 99.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4_5" id="Footnote_4_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_5"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <a href="#app_4">Appendix, p. 99.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_A_4" id="Footnote_A_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_4"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The earth's core constitutes nearly 98/100 of its entire +mass.</p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>SUNLIGHT.</h3> + +<h4><a id="sec_6" name="sec_6"></a><i>Its Source and Nature.</i></h4> + +<p>Sunlight is one of the products of that grand retro-action which is +incessantly in operation between sun and earth, and is, in its intimate +and essential nature, a vito-magnetic <i>fluid</i><a name="FNanchor_B_6" id="FNanchor_B_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_6" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> (or so-called +magnetic). Subtle, and apparently intangible, manifesting itself rather +as a presence than a real substance, it fills all the space between the +sun and earth—which space may, with sufficient accuracy, be termed the +solar cone or cone-space.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_7" name="sec_7"></a><i>Its Limits.</i></h4> + +<p>Beyond the boundaries of the solar cone, <i>no light is</i>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a id="pli" name="pli"></a><img src="images/pli.jpg" width="700" height="554" alt="Pl. I. SOLAR CONE." title="Pl. I. SOLAR CONE." /> +<span class="smbold">Pl. I. SOLAR CONE.</span> +</div> + +<h4><a id="sec_8" name="sec_8"></a><i>The Sun not Incandescent.</i></h4> + +<p>The apparent brightness of the sun is owing to the aggregation of the +93,000,000 of miles of this fluid which is present between the sun and +earth, or to our presence in the great current of activity of the +vito-magnetic force. It is therefore not due to a condition of +incandescence <i>at</i> or <i>near</i> that body. It is cool and habitable, and +emits no light. The brightness of the intervening fluid intercepts the +view, and thus no one may behold its body. Dark spots upon its face +disclose its true character.<a name="FNanchor_5_7" id="FNanchor_5_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_7" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<p>If, therefore, the sun be truly dark, the brightness of its satellites +cannot be caused by light projected from its surface or surroundings. +How, then, may we account for the light of the moon and planets, which +do not possess a light <i>sui generis</i>? A new hypothesis is requisite. To +frame this hypothesis is not difficult.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_9" name="sec_9"></a><i>The New Hypothesis.</i></h4> + +<p>Analogy teaches us that the earth is seen from the moon and planets, +even as they are seen from the earth. Yet there is nothing upon the face +of the whole earth which is capable of reflecting the slightest amount +of the sun's rays to those spheres. The fields, forests, rocks, and +seas, only absorb light, they do not reflect it. In this phenomenon, +therefore, there is no element of specular reflection. It consists +rather of the lighting up of the static vito-magnetic fluid of our +atmosphere, by the great solar current. The atmosphere, thus vivified, +discloses our presence to those orbs, and in like manner, their presence +to the inhabitants of the earth.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_10" name="sec_10"></a><i>No Borrowed Light.</i></h4> + +<p>The light of the planets is therefore in no sense a borrowed light, +since the action which generates and transmits it, is purely +co-operative. Otherwise there could be no light at the earth, or +planets.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_11" name="sec_11"></a><i>The Sun Dependent for His own Supply.</i></h4> + +<p>And, indeed, the sun possesses within himself alone no element of supply +of his own needed light and heat; and in his immensity and power is even +<i>dependent</i> upon the circling orbs, for the quantity of each which is +indispensable to a condition of habitation.</p> + +<p>The bodies of the planets are in like manner invisible; we behold but +the illumined atmosphere of each sphere. Thus the moon and planets, to +be visible, must possess atmospheres.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_12" name="sec_12"></a><i>Light as a Substance.</i></h4> + +<p>That the thunderbolt is a substance may not be questioned. That the +aurora borealis, or polaris, another form of vito-magnetic + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> + +fluid, is a substance is not questioned. The so-called heat-lightning, +though apparently intangible, must therefore be regarded as a substance. +Yet further in the remove we find the zodiacal light. Sunlight is but +the same, in form of extreme tenuity. The thunderbolt passes from earth +to cloud, and instantaneously changes its <i>substantial</i> form to one as +tenuous as light; yet, in the transformation, this fluid has not lost +its identity. Though unseen, it continues to exist as matter.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_13" name="sec_13"></a><i>Velocity of Light.</i></h4> + +<p>While ever present, light is being incessantly replenished; its action +being instantaneous. The calculations of <span class="smcap">Roëmer</span>, founded upon +observations made through spaces of 382 and 568 millions of miles of +distance, should not be too confidently accepted, especially as the +results of such conclusions are so vitally important. When we consider +that with our best telescopes directed towards the moon, less than a +quarter of a million of miles distant, nothing really satisfactory may +be discerned, what value, therefore, may be attached to statements +founded upon such thoroughly unreliable data?</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bradley's</span> estimate of the velocity of light, founded upon his study of +"the aberration of light," is even less worthy of consideration.</p> + +<p>Any effort to measure such an inconceivable velocity as that claimed for +light, by any means or appliances which may be devised by human +ingenuity, must be regarded as futile. <span class="smcap">Descartes</span> says: "Light reaches us +<i>instantaneously</i> from the sun, and would do so, even if the intervening +distance were greater than that between the earth and heaven."</p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_5_7" id="Footnote_5_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_7"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <a href="#app_5">Appendix, p. 99.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_B_6" id="Footnote_B_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_6"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> This term is employed as being most exact and +comprehensive, as this fluid is now known to be the source of all life +and all attractions.</p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>SUN-HEAT.</h3> + +<h4><a id="sec_14" name="sec_14"></a><i>Its Source and Limits.</i></h4> + +<p>Sun-heat is another product of the same retro-action between the sun and +earth; consequently it has the same range and the same boundaries as +when it is viewed as light.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_15" name="sec_15"></a><i>Tendencies to unsettle in Science.</i></h4> + +<p>The scientists of to-day may well look after the soundness of their +favorite theories of the great physical forces; for the uncertain tenure +of old theories, by reason of recent discoveries, is becoming but too +manifest. New phenomena are now observed which require solutions not met +by present hypotheses. The nebular hypothesis which has so long +possessed the scientific mind has, by the discovery of the moons of +Mars, become a thing of the past. According to <span class="smcap">M. Maiche</span>, water is found +to be no longer the old-fashioned conventional oxygen and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>hydrogen, but +essentially a new element must be considered in estimating its +composition.<a name="FNanchor_6_8" id="FNanchor_6_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_8" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Light is ascertained to be as veritable a substance as +water. The sun is recognized to be dark, cool, and habitable. Messages +go through the air from kite to kite ten miles apart without visible +agency. Telephonic sounds leap from wire to wire through quite ten feet +of space.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_16" name="sec_16"></a><i>Present theories of Supply of Sun-heat.</i></h4> + +<p>The present theories of the production and dissemination of sun-heat, +are simply accepted for want of better, and not because they account +satisfactorily for the phenomena.</p> + +<p>The first and most prominent is the combustion theory, which, though +bearing the seal of ages, is obnoxious both to common and philosophic +reasoning. This theory presupposes a consumption of material beyond all +conception, and the supply of which has been no small tax upon the +scientific imagination. The source of this supply has been claimed to be +the subsidence of useless worlds, and of asteroids, and meteors, +showered <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>down upon its surface. Estimates have been carefully made, and +we are gravely informed of the probable amount of combustive material +required to supply the sun's demands for given periods. It is said that +the coal-fields of Pennsylvania, which would supply the world's +consumption for centuries, would keep the sun's rate of emission for +considerably less than 1/1,000 part of a second. <span class="smcap">Pouillet</span> estimated the +quantity of heat emitted by the sun per hour to be equal to the supply +of a layer of anthracite coal ten feet thick, spread over the whole +surface of the sun.</p> + +<p>The theory advocated by <span class="smcap">Helmholtz</span>, and by many other scientists, of "the +gradual contraction of the solar orb," and that of <span class="smcap">Secchi</span>, "the +dissociation of compound bodies in the sun's substance," are attempts +after a more consistent philosophy.</p> + +<p>The foregoing theories pre-suppose the sun to be a glowing fiery mass, +from which, in all directions, issue radiations of heat and light into +space. Of this enormous quantity of radiated heat, the earth is supposed +to receive but 1/2,000,000,000 part.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Meyer</span> observes: "<i>A general law of nature which knows no exception</i> is +the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>following: <i>In order to obtain heat, something must be expended.</i>"</p> + +<p>This combustion theory therefore calls for an enormous expenditure of +material for generating heat and light, together with a still further +expenditure of force for projecting these into all space, at all +distances. All these theories are therefore inconsistent with the +immutable law of the Conservation of Force.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_17" name="sec_17"></a><i>The true Source of Supply.</i></h4> + +<p>In seeking the source of supply of heat and light, we are compelled to +look for a philosophy more consistent than any hitherto advanced. +Controlled too much by the literal evidence of the senses and the +superficial appearance of things, we have ever regarded the sun as <span class="smcap">all +alone</span> in developing and exercising these great forces.</p> + +<p>The law of conservation compels us to look to the <i>earth</i>, a heretofore +neglected factor in this problem. This factor being introduced we shall +find the problem to be wonderfully simplified.</p> + +<p>All space may rationally be regarded as complete vacuum, thus presenting +no resistance nor obstacles to the free progress of + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> + +the retro-acting elements. Distance is then virtually annihilated, and +Mercury, 37,000,000 of miles from the sun, and Neptune, 2,800,000,000 of +miles, stand alike in their relations with the great central orb.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_18" name="sec_18"></a><i>The Earth's part in the Process.</i></h4> + +<p>The earth may no longer be regarded as having a merely passive part to +play. The forces in operation as between the earth and sun, are purely +co-operative, and the one precisely counterbalances the other. The +earth, therefore, must have a <i>vis viva</i> within itself, capable of +reciprocating in the organic functions of the great vito-magnetic +circuit. We certainly know that it possesses a marvellous wealth of +resources. The following are the most important of its sources of <i>vis +viva</i>.</p> + +<p>1st. The great reservoir of vito-magnetic fluid, the vast incandescent +earth-core. The presence and activity therein of mighty force,—of heat, +and motion, in the highest degree, are abundantly shown by various +terrestrial phenomena. These phenomena, while perfectly familiar to +observers, seem never to have received any fitting interpretation.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> + +<p>2d. Motions and frictions of every kind;<a name="FNanchor_C_9" id="FNanchor_C_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_9" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> the motions of the waters of +the earth, the great oceans, with their rolling tides sweeping the whole +circumference of the earth twice in twenty-four hours, at a speed of one +thousand miles per hour; with its frictions upon itself, the bottom, and +the shores; its great storms lashing it into fury, and its gentler +motions from lesser winds; also the motions of all seas, rivers, and +rain-falls.</p> + +<p>3d. So all motions of the air, in form of hurricanes, lesser winds, or +zephyrs; tearing their way through forests, and hills, and through +space; or causing gentlest flutter of leaflet. We have witnessed their +goings forth, but have neglected to calculate their mission.</p> + +<p>4th. All chemical actions.</p> + +<p>5th. All combustions.</p> + +<p>6th. All evaporations.</p> + +<p>The <i>earth</i> is thus elaborating in all her gigantic processes, the +materials and forces, which <i>she</i> furnishes in the great interchange. +How strangely have these great sources of + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> + +<i>vis viva</i> remained practically unheeded until the present time.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_19" name="sec_19"></a><i>The Sun's part in the Process.</i></h4> + +<p>The part performed by the sun may but feebly be conceived.<a name="FNanchor_7_10" id="FNanchor_7_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_10" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Within its +vast proportions (being 1,000 times as large as all the planets +combined) may be found every element suited to all requirements.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_20" name="sec_20"></a><i>We seek a new Philosophy.</i></h4> + +<p>The construction of a true philosophy of the physical forces must depend +now upon our rightly understanding the <i>modus operandi</i> of the +conveyance, and utilization, of these sun-elements, and the workings of +this sun-power.</p> + +<p>The presence of a veritable flood of light, heat, and magnetic force, as +in motion from the sun to the earth, has ever been recognized. <i>The line +of greatest intensity of this solar, or vito-magnetic current, is found +along the line of greatest diameters of those bodies.</i> The centre of +this current reaches the earth at, or near the equator.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is a well-established fact that from the equator to the poles a +continuous magnetic flood is ever in motion.<a name="FNanchor_8_11" id="FNanchor_8_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_11" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>In thus tracing the course of the magnetic current from the sun to the +equator, and thence to the poles, a physical necessity, made imperative +by the inexorable law of conservation, indicates that a <i>retro</i>-current +from the earth back to the sun, must now have part in the process. +Should such be the case, as all reason and philosophy affirm, we have a +completed <i>"Grand Magnetic Circuit," in and through which all physical +phenomena have their origin</i>. But aside from the logical necessity, we +hold that there are terrestrial phenomena, which, rightly interpreted, +point to just such a retro-acting inter-communication.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_21" name="sec_21"></a><i>Old Phenomena, and new Interpretations.</i></h4> + +<p>The phenomenon, the aurora borealis, or polaris, has never been +satisfactorily explained. It is acknowledged as purely magnetic in +character, and to be due to the passage of currents upward from the +earth. It + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> + +has received the regard due to a mere negative though brilliant +exhibition, whereas the character, extent, and significance of its +manifestations should have caused it to be greeted, and studied, as the +index of the operation of very positive cosmical functions.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Humboldt</span> regarded this process as "the restoration of a disturbed +equilibrium;" and so indeed it is, but it is an equilibrium, not simply +as between the earth, and atmosphere. Various observers have estimated +the altitude to which the aurora sometimes reaches, at from 80 to 265 +miles. The fact that the <i>bulk</i> of the atmosphere reaches but <i>three +miles</i> above the earth's surface, forbids it to be regarded as purely a +terrestro-atmospheric phenomenon.</p> + +<p>While viewing the more striking and brilliant exhibitions of the aurora, +the more undemonstrative and by far the most important and vital +operations have been disregarded. The former may not be observed, except +occasionally, and fitfully, <i>can</i> only be present when favoring +meteorological conditions admit of its disclosure. The latter, more +unobtrusive and even invisible to the naked eye, are incessantly, and at +all seasons, + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> + +in action, by day as well as by night.<a name="FNanchor_9_12" id="FNanchor_9_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_12" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> May not this auroral display +then be regarded in a measure as confirmatory of what the law of +conservation had already suggested to us; the existence of a +<i>retro</i>-current?</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_22" name="sec_22"></a><i>Well understood Processes in Confirmation.</i></h4> + +<p>The suggestion of a simple, adequate, and perfect theory is given us by +an ordinary electro-magnetic battery. Let the conducting wire from such +a battery extend half around the circumference of this globe. It is +apparently as quiet and dormant as is our earth; yet in those cold +plates, solutions, and wire, there lie the hidden elements of heat, +light, and power. At the distant extremity of the wire, when not +connected with the earth, we may have none of the manifestations of +heat, light, or attraction—even though the plates are put into the +solution. But let us now make the connection between the extremity of +the wire and the earth, <i>then</i> the circuit is complete, and heat, light, +and attraction are disclosed in highest degree.</p> + +<p>Now from the <i>Great Sun Battery</i>,<a name="FNanchor_10_13" id="FNanchor_10_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_13" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> in which we locate the one <i>Great +Universal + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> + +Force: Newton's "Higher and Still Unknown Force,"</i> every one recognizes +a current constantly present, setting towards the earth. That current is +recognized as bringing us our light and heat. But without a +<i>retro</i>-current, should we have a circuit complete? Should we have any +of these phenomena?</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_23" name="sec_23"></a><i>Heat without Combustion.</i></h4> + +<p>Neither <i>in</i> the battery nor <i>near</i> the battery do the phenomena +manifest themselves. Though the developer of light, heat, and power, the +battery itself is neither luminous, hot, nor magnetic. "To explain the +effects of the sun, therefore, there is not the least reason to infer +that it is itself luminous, or even warm. Potential action generated in +a dark, cold body, may produce great heat and light, at a distance from +the seat of activity; and <i>what is thus wrought artificially in a small +way may surely be done naturally in a tremendous fashion by the grand +forces of the sun</i>."</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_24" name="sec_24"></a><i>Inter-currents.</i></h4> + +<p>It is now well known that a number of currents may pass in each +direction, at the + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> + +same time, over one and the same telegraph wire; and in like manner, +great solar currents may pass to and fro without interference.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_25" name="sec_25"></a><i>Solution of the Problem.</i></h4> + +<p>Sun-heat, therefore, like sunlight and gravity, is a veritable +production, yet it is not due to the process of combustion. It is not +dependent for its creation upon the destruction of fabulous quantities +of substantial materials. <i>The rather does it originate in, and is it +disseminated through the vast energies of spheres retro-acting upon +spheres throughout the whole universe of matter.</i></p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_6_8" id="Footnote_6_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_8"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <a href="#app_6">Appendix, p. 99.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_7_10" id="Footnote_7_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_10"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <a href="#app_7">Appendix, p. 100.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8_11" id="Footnote_8_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_11"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <a href="#app_8">Appendix, p. 100.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9_12" id="Footnote_9_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_12"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <a href="#app_9">Appendix, p. 101.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_10_13" id="Footnote_10_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_13"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <a href="#app_10">Appendix, p. 102.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_C_9" id="Footnote_C_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_9"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> In the motions of the spheres through space, unlike all +other forms of motion, there is no element of resistance. This form of +motion is therefore incapable of developing <i>vis viva</i>.</p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>THE SEASONS.</h3> + +<h4><a id="sec_26" name="sec_26"></a><i>Why their varying Temperature?</i></h4> + +<p>The usual explanation of these phenomena, <i>i. e.</i>, the influence of +direct and oblique sun-rays, has ever seemed insufficient and +unsatisfactory; especially in view of the <i>fact</i> that the heat comes not +from the sun by continuity after the manner of progression as from a +heated body.</p> + +<p>A philosophy more exact and consistent may be found in the development +of the theory already advanced, and which is illustrated in the +following plates.</p> + +<p><i>The maximum of heat at the surface of the earth bears a very constant +and intimate relation to the line of greatest diameters of the sun and +earth.</i>—Pl. II. a.</p> + +<p>Through this line the heat-producing functions of these great spheres +are in operation in the highest degree.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a id="plii" name="plii"></a><img src="images/plii.jpg" width="700" height="554" alt="Pl. II. SEASONS.—Summer." title="Pl. II. SEASONS.—Summer" /> +<span class="smbold">Pl. II. SEASONS.—<span class="smcap">Summer.</span></span> +</div> + +<p>This line of magnetic, or heat activity, consequently varies with the +earth's movements. On the 20th of June the flood of summer heat +overspreads the northern portions of the earth; the sun thence +apparently turns southward, and with its departure the relations of the +line of heat activity change. The city of New York, which on the 20th of +June is found nearest the centre of the solar current (Plate II. b), is, +on the 21st of December, located at its greatest distance from the line +of magnetic or heat intensity + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> + +(Plate III. b), where the heat-producing forces are in operation in but +low degree.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a id="pliii" name="pliii"></a><img src="images/pliii.jpg" width="700" height="554" alt="Pl. III. SEASONS.—Winter." title="Pl. III. SEASONS.—Winter." /> +<span class="caption">Pl. III. SEASONS.—<span class="smcap">Winter.</span></span> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3>GRAVITY.</h3> + +<h4><a id="sec_27" name="sec_27"></a><i>Its Essential Nature, and its Source.</i></h4> + +<p>Gravity is not a separable entity, not a power <i>per se</i>. It is but a +production, and an operation, of the same retro-action between sun-core, +and earth-core. This retro-action gives rise to a stupendous magnetic +circuit, as described, in which both sun and earth become the +embodiments of magnetic force, or, in other words, great magnets.<a name="FNanchor_11_14" id="FNanchor_11_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_14" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<p>The power thus developed is exercised in preserving the relative +positions of the two bodies, and, on the part of the earth, as we know, +in drawing unto itself all objects within its influence.</p> + +<p>The same current, therefore, which lights up our earth, and which gives +to it its requisite supply of heat, at the same time indues it with the +power of attraction.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Thus is engendered that power known as gravity, which has ever been +acknowledged a profound mystery beyond the comprehension of man.</i></p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_11_14" id="Footnote_11_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_14"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <a href="#app_11">Appendix, p. 102.</a></p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3>THE ATMOSPHERE.</h3> + +<h4><a id="sec_28" name="sec_28"></a><i>A Veritable Ocean.</i></h4> + +<p>The great aërial ocean which we call the atmosphere (at the bottom of +which we live, and move, and have our being), is even more vitally +important than has ever been dreamed of in human philosophy.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_29" name="sec_29"></a><i>How Constituted.</i></h4> + +<p>Its tangible constituents, such as clouds, vapors, gases, are well +understood; as well as the modifying influence of those atmospheric +elements upon what we call sunlight, and sun-heat. But the intangible +and vital principle, or basis of the atmosphere, has in a measure +escaped recognition. This principle is vito-magnetic in its character, +and may be designated as <i>static</i>,<a name="FNanchor_12_15" id="FNanchor_12_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_15" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> from its habit when + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> + +in equilibrium, and also in contradistinction from that vast flood of +<i>active</i> fluid which fills the solar cone-space.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_30" name="sec_30"></a><i>Extent and Character of this Influence.</i></h4> + +<p>The whole globe and its surrounding atmosphere are vast reservoirs of +this static fluid. These, interacting freely through continuity, +virtually become one in their operations. As a constituent of the +atmosphere this fluid is nearly uniform in its proportions. Its varying +conditions, as positive, negative, and neutral, form a marked +peculiarity. Changes from one to another of these conditions, over +larger or smaller areas, are affected with marvellous rapidity, and with +varying and sometimes with striking results.</p> + +<p>In the extremes of atmospheric temperature, this fluid is found to exist +in the extremes of its positive and negative conditions. The contrast is +by some supposed to exist in the seasons of winter and summer, in +proportions as 13 to 1, (heretofore regarded as quantitive).</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_31" name="sec_31"></a><i>Note the Functions of this Ocean.</i></h4> + +<p>This fluid is indeed <i>the vital principle</i>, upon which <i>all life</i>, +animate and inanimate, depends. The necessity for frequent respirations +is occasioned by the imperative demands of the system for this agent. As +before intimated, the mild and steady light which illumines the earth in +its day-season is owing to the action of the <i>active</i> fluid of the +cone-space upon the <i>static</i> fluid of the atmosphere. The untempered +force of the former might not be endured. The pale and steady light of +the moon and planets is due to a like reaction through the same +agencies.</p> + +<p>The relations which the present known constituents of the atmosphere +sustain to this fluid may not at the present time be estimated.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_32" name="sec_32"></a><i>Not yet fully Comprehended.</i></h4> + +<p>"Air," said <span class="smcap">Sir Lyon Playfair</span>, "is the most familiar of substances; the +first with which an infant becomes acquainted on entrance into the +world, and in death, the last to be given up; yet, strange to say, its +nature and constitution have only become partially understood within the +past century, and even + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> + +now scientific knowledge can only be regarded as on the threshold of the +subject."</p> + +<p>The novelty and the assurance of the concluding lines of the above +quotation would, at a comparatively recent date, have excited in the +reader a great astonishment. We had supposed that the constituents, and +the functions of our atmosphere were very well understood, that little, +if anything, could be learned by further investigation. Yet the +revelations which are now being made show the assertion of <span class="smcap">Sir Lyon +Playfair</span> to be almost prophetic.</p> + +<p>The vito-magnetic, the most important ingredient, has scarcely been +referred to in any formula of its constitution. This constituent as +previously stated, forms the bulk of the atmosphere, and upon <i>it</i> +depends the principal performance of its varied functions. More vital +than oxygen, without it life could not be sustained for an hour.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_33" name="sec_33"></a><i>Have we been Mistaken?</i></h4> + +<p>The experiments of M. <span class="smcap">Pasteur</span> have demonstrated that oxygen and light +are not essentials of life, as he developed life in the dark, in an +atmosphere of carbonic acid.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_34" name="sec_34"></a><i>New Light.</i></h4> + +<p>More recent discoveries verify the presence of this comparatively +unappreciated constituent.</p> + +<p>The process of induction has ever been a great mystery in electrical +science. Magnetic currents are known to act upon bodies in close +proximity without the intervention of a spark, and to indue such bodies +with magnetic force. This action, called induction, has been supposed to +be limited to short distances. This we believe to be erroneous. In order +that the inductive process take place, it is only necessary to suppose +some impulse to be superinduced upon some pervading medium. This medium +we recognize in the static vito-magnetic constituent of the atmosphere. +Magnetic or electrical induction is therefore nature's effort towards an +equilibrium. Newly-discovered phenomena show that this process is +carried on even at considerable distances. To Prof. <span class="smcap">Loomis</span> of New Haven, +Conn., we are indebted for experiments which illustrate this fact. These +experiments show that magnetic communications may be made through ten +miles of space without the intervention of visible + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> + +means of conduction. The employment of wires is rendered unnecessary by +reason of the presence of the vito-magnetic fluid which operates in +restoring the disturbed equilibrium. Magnetic <i>currents</i> are therefore +not essential to this phenomenon.</p> + +<p>A wonderful exhibition of this power was recently observed at Rochester, +N. Y. In a telephonic exhibition in this city, the musicians were +located in Buffalo, sixty-eight miles distant. While <span class="smcap">Prof. Johnson</span> was +engaged in preparatory practice during the afternoon, the notes from +Buffalo were distinctly heard at the same time, in a city business +office, at some distance from the hall of exhibition. Yet the wire used +by the Professor, and that employed in the private telephone, were at no +point less than ten feet apart. The same phenomenon was observed during +the progress of the exhibition in another locality, the two lines still +being no nearer than ten feet to each other.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_35" name="sec_35"></a><i>The Character and Virtue of this Element may not be Mistaken.</i></h4> + +<p>It is this vito-magnetic element, and not some other ingredient, that +renders the atmosphere so sympathetic, and responsive, to + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> + +the governing Force resident in the sun, and in the earth-core. The +atmosphere thus not only furnishes the field of operation for the +manifold Force, co-operating between the sun and earth, but is itself +the medium and instrument of the operations.</p> + +<p>The vito-magnetic power under its Protean forms, styled "Vital Forces," +and "The Physical Forces," works in the atmosphere and is the source of +nearly all its phenomena. It causes and directs movements in every +province of nature. Nothing else has so intimate relations with animal +and vegetable life and growth. It may be considered as constituting the +inherent <i>virtue</i> of the atmosphere.</p> + +<p>Among the varying manifestations in which this agent is disclosed to us, +within and beyond the atmosphere, may be enumerated the following, viz.: +1, Linear lightning; 2, Ball lightning; 3, The flash with +reverberations; 4, Heat lightning; 5, Aurora; 6, Frictional or +mechanical; 7, Magnetic; 8, Vital; 9, St. Elmo's Fires; 10, The +exaggerated wave which bears destruction in its pathway; 11, That +disclosed by rain, hail, snow, and fog; 12, Sunlight, and sun-heat; 13, +Static, or atmospheric; 14, Zodiacal light; 15, Corona, etc., etc.</p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12_15" id="Footnote_12_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_15"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <a href="#app_12">Appendix, p. 104.</a></p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3>WINDS.</h3> + +<h4><a id="sec_36" name="sec_36"></a><i>Entertained theories Erroneous.</i></h4> + +<p>The mere mechanical theory which regards the atmosphere as a loose +mixture of gaseous materials, and the winds as mere mechanical +disturbances within it, misses its real intimate nature and is +insufficient. But once conceive the atmosphere as arranged like a +perfectly adjusted instrument for the meeting-place and co-operation of +sun-force, and earth-force, where are elaborated all the benefits +designed for our mundane creation, and we begin to look for better +explanations.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_37" name="sec_37"></a><i>Their true Character.</i></h4> + +<p>What we call the wind is mediately the air moving but causatively, and +immediately, and more profoundly, it is the action of the vito-magnetic +fluid. <i>It is therefore a purely <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>magnetic phenomenon. In the interplay +of that subtle, all-pervasive fluid, is found the key to the theory of +the winds.</i> Hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, zephyrs, etc., are +manifestations of its operations. These phenomena imply the existence of +a force at times stupendous, and at times so gentle as simply to move a +leaflet.</p> + +<p>This power in full magnitude may spring instantaneously into action; and +it may, too, as instantaneously cease. It may suddenly drive a body of +air at the rate of one hundred miles per hour, and as suddenly arrest +its progress. The air having no inherent propulsive powers, that +originate and control its directions, velocities, and varied forms of +movement, is yet subject to definite laws. What these laws are has never +been divulged.—"The wind bloweth where it listeth." Yet in viewing +earth and atmosphere as vast reservoirs of vito-magnetic fluid, shifting +back and forth to maintain an equilibrium, we believe we see the +workings of the very force which moves and sways the atmosphere; which +causes its currents, both general and special; and which gives rise to +all its more extraordinary and unaccountable phenomena.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_38" name="sec_38"></a><i>What gives rise to the Currents.</i></h4> + +<p>The changes in the magnetism of the earth and atmosphere give rise to +these currents. They are developed in various forms. The following may +be mentioned as the most important.</p> + +<p>1st. The general and widespread perturbations, occurring within the body +of the earth, and implicating immense areas, even whole continents.</p> + +<p>2d. The interruptions of continuity of the <i>solar currents</i> as in the +phenomena called sun-spots. These changes, to whatever cause due, are +capable of disturbing the terrestrial magnetic equilibrium over varying +areas, and of working instantaneously.</p> + +<p>3d. The effects of the interruptions of the sun's rays through the +medium of clouds.</p> + +<p>4th. Purely local vito-magnetic, or electrical, actions occupying +smaller or larger areas.<a name="FNanchor_13_16" id="FNanchor_13_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_16" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<p>That the origination, suspension, and continuation of these movements, +in all their forms are due to purely vito-magnetic force, we think +demonstrable. Thus, no other can + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> + +act so instantaneously, none with such varied exhibitions of power, and +none so widespread in their development.</p> + +<p>In the movement of a body of air, the space previously occupied by that +body must be resupplied by another of equal volume. This resupply may +not necessarily be derived from the circumambient atmosphere as +heretofore supposed. In some instances the resupply is derived <i>in but +slight degree</i> from that source, but rather from that great reservoir, +the earth; as in the instances of whirlwinds and tornadoes.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_39" name="sec_39"></a><i>Philosophical Considerations drawn from Observation.</i></h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Flammarian</span> says:—"We know that a whirlwind is a column of air which +turns upon its own axis, and which advances comparatively slowly, for, +as a rule, a person can keep up with it at a walking pace. This whirling +column of air is both caused and set in motion by electricity."</p> + +<p>If whirlwinds are caused and set in motion by electricity, why may not +all other forms of wind be productions of the same force? <span class="smcap">Peltier</span> has +established both by numerous facts + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> + +and by a series of ingenious experiments, that the waterspouts of the +land and sea are electrical phenomena.</p> + +<p>This had been suspected by <span class="smcap">Beccaria</span> a hundred years before.</p> + +<p>The hurricane which occurred in the Barbadoes in 1831, was the most +remarkable on record. In the actions of the hurricane and the electrical +displays, there was abundant evidence of cause and effect.</p> + +<p>The lightning for hours played in flashes and forked darts, and moved +frightfully between the clouds and the earth, with a most surprising +action, and the earth was felt to tremble. The moment this singular +alternation of the lightning passing to and fro ceased, the hurricane +burst forth with a violence which exceeded all that had yet been +experienced. The winds blowing with appalling velocity, changed their +course frequently and almost instantaneously, occasionally abating but +only to return in gusts from S. W.-W. and N. W. with accumulated fury.</p> + +<p>These alternations of wind and violent electrical phenomena, were +something more than coincident, more than a casual connection. Here we +observe a manifest inter-dependence.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> + +<p>In another hurricane, "the wind blew about twelve hours with the utmost +fury from the N. E. and then, in an instant, perfect calm ensued for an +hour, then, quick as thought, the hurricane sprang up with tremendous +force from the S. W." No other power known can suspend and put in +motion, in opposite directions, such marvellous velocities and so +instantaneously.</p> + +<p>A remarkable phenomenon was exhibited by a hurricane in 1837, and +described by <span class="smcap">Capt. Seymour</span> of Cork. "For nearly an hour we could not see +each other nor anything else, but merely the light, and most +astonishing, every one of our finger-nails turned quite black and +remained so nearly five weeks afterwards. This fact may be classed among +other proofs of the agency of electricity in the production of +hurricanes."</p> + +<p>The following facts are entirely inconsistent with usual methods of +explanation of the cause of winds: "The entire atmosphere, to the +altitude of many thousand feet, is constantly traversed by numerous +horizontal currents of air, flowing in different directions and at +different heights."</p> + +<p>The course of a balloonist was altered no + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> + +less than five times in the space of fourteen hours. "The aëronaut +<span class="smcap">Green</span>, at the height of 14,000 feet, encountered a current that bore him +along at the rate of five miles per hour, but upon descending to the +altitude of 12,000 feet he met a contrary wind blowing with a velocity +of eighty miles an hour."</p> + +<p>The vito-magnetic fluid is capable of becoming amassed, condensed and +rarefied. In the tornado that happened at Natchez, in 1840, the houses +<i>exploded</i> whenever the doors and windows were shut, the roofs shooting +up into the air, and the walls even of the strongest buildings bursting +outward with great force.</p> + +<p>On the 18th of June, 1839, a whirlwind fell upon the village of +Chatenay, near Paris. In the room of a house over which it passed, +several articles of needle-work were lying upon a table. The next day +some of them were found in a field at a distance from the house, +together with a pillow-case taken from another room. They must have been +carried up the chimney by the rush of air outwards, as every other means +of exit was closed.</p> + +<p>It is a fact well-known to miners that during and before violent +tempests, strong ascending currents are observed.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a id="pliv" name="pliv"></a><img src="images/pliv.jpg" width="700" height="552" alt="Pl. IV. MANUFACTURED WIND." title="Pl. IV. MANUFACTURED WIND." /> +<span class="caption">Pl. IV. MANUFACTURED WIND.</span> +</div> + +<p>If a metallic rod terminating in a point be attached to the conductor of +an electrical machine, electricity escapes in large quantities from the +point. A continuous current is thus kept up and the flame of a taper, if +placed in front of the current, is blown in a horizontal direction. Wind +is thus <i>manufactured</i> on a small scale. Pl. IV.</p> + +<p>At a recent meeting of a Meteorological Society in England, a paper was +read by the <span class="smcap">Rev. Joseph Crompton</span>, M.A., F.M.S. "The author, when walking +close to the Cathedral of Norwich, was struck with the unusual +fluttering of the flags on the top of + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> + +the spire, which was 300 feet high. They were streaming with a +strained, quivering motion perpendicularly upwards. A heavy cloud was +passing overhead at the moment and as it passed, the flags followed the +cloud and then gradually dropped into comparative quietness. The same +phenomenon was noticed several times. As the cloud approached, the upper +banner began to feel its influence and streamed towards it, <i>against the +direction of the wind</i>, which still blew as before, steadily on all +below. As the cloud came nearer, the vehement quivering and streaming +motion of the flags increased; they began to take an upward +perpendicular direction into the cloud and seemed almost tearing +themselves from the staves to which they were fastened. Again as the +cloud passed, they followed it as they had previously streamed to meet +its approach, and then dropped away as before, one or two actually +folding over their staves. All the other flags at the lower elevation +did not show the least symptom of disturbance." In this phenomenon we +observe the operation of two of the wind-producing causes just +mentioned, viz.:—a wind arising from purely local causes, and of +limited extent, occurring + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> + +within the boundaries of a wind produced by the action of more general, +and widespread causes—<i>A wind within a wind.</i></p> + +<p>The above instances plainly carry a suggestion of magnetic origin and +power.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_40" name="sec_40"></a><i>Winds may not arise from Presumed Causes.</i></h4> + +<p>If winds are due to such a simple mechanical causation as the production +by the sun, of a rarefied atmosphere, the colder air rushing in from all +sides into the empty spaces, we should hardly expect to find any +definite currents bounded by well-defined limits; much less should we +look for transverse and opposite currents going like messengers at +varying rates of speed, some slow, and others exceedingly swift. Nor may +stronger gales suddenly cease, as though stopped by some mighty +invisible wall. And in no wise can they, from mere calorific agencies, +leap out of perfect calmness into hurricane velocity, or subside into +silence as by magic. On no such principle can they shift back upon their +own track, going either way with terrific velocity.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_41" name="sec_41"></a><i>A Great Cosmical System.</i></h4> + +<p>We have seen the marks of electrical action in the cases cited, and +since we know something of the subtlety of the agent; that it may be +"amassed, condensed and rarefied," that it is not loose and wandering, +and the mere plaything of fortuitous forces, as the atmosphere is +supposed to be; but, on the contrary, has close and most sympathetic +adjustment with the earth-force; and that <i>it</i> is the invisible hand +that holds and manages the grosser atmospheric matter; since we know +this, we are now brought to the study of a great cosmical system.</p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13_16" id="Footnote_13_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_16"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <a href="#app_13">Appendix, p. 105.</a></p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3>SUN-SPOTS.</h3> + +<h4><a id="sec_42" name="sec_42"></a><i>Grave Doubts.</i></h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Herbert Spencer</span> says: "At present none of the interpretations of the +sun-spots can be regarded as established."</p> + +<p>How numerous and how strange have been the theories promulgated as to +the character of the manifestations called sun-spots. The dark spots in +the sun have been supposed to be "solid bodies revolving very near its +surface," "Smoke of volcanoes;" "Scum floating upon an ocean of fluid +matter;" "Clouds;" "Opaque masses floating in the fluid matter of the +sun, dipping down occasionally," "Fiery liquid surrounding the sun +which, by its ebbing and flowing, the highest parts of it were +occasionally uncovered, and appeared under the shape of dark spots, and +by the return of the fiery liquid, they were again covered, and in a +manner successively assumed different phases;" <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>"Interruptions of +continuity in the bright envelopes immediately surrounding the sun," +"Cavities" etc.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_43" name="sec_43"></a><i>Overestimate of the Degree of Spot-shadow.</i></h4> + +<p>Public sentiment in regard to the degree of darkness which is disclosed +in sun-spots is exceedingly erroneous. It is believed that the spots are +really dark. <span class="smcap">Zöllner</span>, however, states that "The black umbra of a spot +emits four thousand times as much light as that derived from an equal +area of the moon." "The blackest part of the spot is intrinsically +bright."</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_44" name="sec_44"></a><i>What They are not, and what They are.</i></h4> + +<p>These phenomena may not arise from disruptions taking place on the sun's +surface, neither from violent agitations near that surface. The +essential and intimate character of the so-called sun-spots may be found +in the interruptions of continuity in the fluid occupying the solar +cone-space. This fluid which we call sunlight intercommunicates between +the entire opposing surface of sun and earth, unless interrupted by some +temporary cause. Any cause which is capable of + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> + +producing results of such character and magnitude can only act by more +or less completely interrupting the development or transmission of this +fluid.</p> + +<p>The result of such action would be disclosed to us by a decreased +brilliancy in the direction of the sun. The so-called sun-spot would be +in character, magnitude, form, and shade proportionate to the extent and +character of the disturbing force. The permanence or evanescence of the +spot would indicate the sun or earth as being the locality of such +derangement. The more permanent form being developed at the sun, and the +more ephemeral at the earth.</p> + +<p>Any forces in operation at the earth which might interfere with the +intercommunication of light, would lessen the brilliancy of the light, +at the earth-extremity of the cone-space; and the deficiency thus +produced would disclose to an observer at the earth all the appearances +of a spot upon the surface of the sun. The so-called spot, thus +produced, might therefore not be regarded as a veritable spot upon the +sun's disc, but rather as an optical illusion.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_45" name="sec_45"></a><i>They are Caused by Magnetic Perturbations.</i></h4> + +<p>What may be the forces in operation on the part of the sun, and earth +alike, which may so interfere with the development or transmission of +light through the solar cone-space?</p> + +<p>The condition of the contents contained within the enclosure of the +sun-crust and earth-crust, is presumably one of unrest; its actions +varying from repose to the most violent agitation, with a tendency to +the cyclonic in its motions. Although the earth-core may not be presumed +to be an entire moving mass, yet it is known to be in a measure +incandescent, and molten. Magnetic storms occur within our earth-crust +which sway the needle without, and almost instantaneously manifest their +presence over areas of more than half the globe. The same phenomena are +undoubtedly present in increased development at the sun.</p> + +<p>We may therefore with reason suppose that perturbations, however +produced, occur within those spheres, of such an extent and character as +might be a sufficient cause of + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> + +the interruption of development, or of transmission of that fluid.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_46" name="sec_46"></a><i>Inconsistency of the Present Accepted Philosophy.</i></h4> + +<p>The ephemeral or evanescent character of many of the so-called +sun-spots, removes them from the domain of sun-phenomena, otherwise than +in appearance.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_47" name="sec_47"></a><i>Figures that are Deceptive.</i></h4> + +<p>Some of these spots even of large dimensions come into the field of view +almost instantaneously; and as suddenly disappear. Thus <span class="smcap">Krone</span> "observed +a spot of no inconsiderable dimensions which sprang into existence in +less than a minute of time." <span class="smcap">Dr. Wollaston</span> says:—"I once saw with a +two-inch reflector a spot which burst in pieces as I was looking at it." +<span class="smcap">Biela</span> also notes that "spots disappear sometimes in a single moment." +<span class="smcap">Sir William Herschel</span> "turned away his eyes from a group of spots he was +observing, and when he looked again the group had vanished."</p> + +<p>Of those who attempt to make an estimate of these phenomena by +mathematical formulæ, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>we would ask, What velocities must these sudden +and apparently widespread outbursts represent, if they take place at the +sun?</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_48" name="sec_48"></a><i>Effects of these Wonderful Phenomena.</i></h4> + +<p>That this phenomenon is a result of an interruption of the solar current +is rational to suppose. It is indisputable that the interruptions which +produce these manifestations have an important bearing upon terrestrial +phenomena. Winds, storms, vegetation, healthfulness, are manifestly +influenced, and in a measure controlled by these perturbations.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_49" name="sec_49"></a><i>Mistaken Conceptions.</i></h4> + +<p>The claim of many scientists that spot periods may be calculated, and +classified, possesses no element even of probability, much less of fact, +to sustain the supposition. The evanescent character of many of these +spots places them beyond the sphere of statistical calculation.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_50" name="sec_50"></a><i>May not be Tabulated.</i></h4> + +<p>Not even concerted and systematic investigation can insure reliable +conclusions, for + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> + +persons separated by even inconsiderable distances would not always +observe precisely the same spot manifestations. Moreover, the spots +appear and vanish so quickly that no correct estimate can be made at any +single locality. As well attempt to map and chart the aurora borealis.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_51" name="sec_51"></a><i>Unbiassed Estimate of their Character and Location.</i></h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scheiner</span> was one of the first who ever observed these spots through a +telescope, and was therefore uncontrolled by theories in his estimate of +their character and location. He held it "impossible that they could be +on the sun itself," and imagined some of them to be "as far from the +sun, as the moon, Venus, or Mercury."</p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<h3>SOUND.</h3> + +<h4><a id="sec_52" name="sec_52"></a><i>Essential Character and Medium of Transmission.</i></h4> + +<p>Sounds are products of vito-magnetic conditions and changes. They result +from action or force expended upon the vito-magnetic element of the +atmosphere. If such action or force be directly expended upon the air, +or, more accurately, upon this vito-magnetic constituent of the air, it +is propagated in accordance with the laws that govern the transmission +of the vito-magnetic or electrical fluid through the air. If it be +expended upon a lengthened wire, then, as sound, it is transmitted +according to the laws of magnetic transmission through wire.</p> + +<p>The recent experiments in connection with the telephone have +demonstrated the fact that sound may be communicated through hundreds of +miles of space without occupying any appreciable length of time—in this +respect being precisely like the ordinary action of the magnetic +current. It is most + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> + +philosophical therefore to conclude that it is the same element that is +concerned in both instances. If we were to distinguish between the +actions of the telephonic wire and the telegraphic wire we should say +that there is no difference in the medium of communication, which is in +either case the vito-magnetic fluid; but that in the former the normal +fluid is affected simply, while in the latter an artificial and +extraordinary amount of fluid is induced so as to produce strong +magnetic effects. In the telephone wire we have an <i>affection</i> of the +fluid; in the telegraphic wire a <i>pulsation</i>, so to speak.</p> + +<p>In the production of sound, <i>vibrations</i> (erroneously called <i>waves</i>), +have an important agency, but <i>they have no act or part in its +conveyance</i>.</p> + +<p>The varying intensities of sound, and the distance to which it reaches, +are in direct ratio with the kind of force applied in its production, +the character of the resistance offered and the medium of communication +employed.</p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<h3>SOME OF THE RESULTS OF THE FOREGOING THEORIES.</h3> + +<p>The theories thus asserted may be regarded as exceedingly radical in +their character. Their influence may not be fully estimated. Marvellous +in extent are the ramifications which proceed from these sources, and +few are the subjects of human thought and investigation which will not +be, to a greater or less degree, affected by their influence.</p> + +<p>New channels of thought and investigation will be opened, and old +theories which now have the confidence of great minds and great numbers, +will quietly sink into oblivion.</p> + +<p>The blank astonishment and incredulity with which these theories will be +received, will soon be followed by acceptance, and the world will wonder +why these things have been so long delayed.</p> + +<p>If these theories be true, among the foremost and withal the most +mischievous of the + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> + +old theories which will fall, will be that figment of the +imagination—the <i>Nebular Hypothesis</i>.<a name="FNanchor_14_17" id="FNanchor_14_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_17" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> How strangely, and how +strongly, has that hypothesis maintained its ground, <i>even after +nebulous masses have been resolved into clusters of stars</i>. If gravity +be the result of retro-acting forces, there could be no element of +attraction in the flimsy gaseous particles whereby they might be drawn +together. If gravity be the result of retro-acting forces, then must +those forces have their existence somewhere. But where could there be +found in flimsy gases any such special centres of force—any +nuclei—from which attraction might proceed in its work of forming +the spheres? A starting-point is lacking.</p> + +<p>If these theories be true, the sun is formed like unto the earth, and is +cool, non-luminous, and habitable. Incandescence not being the condition +of the sun or its surroundings; exhausted worlds, worn out asteroids, +and stray comets and meteors are not required to keep up external fires.</p> + +<p>If, therefore, incandescence be <i>not</i> a condition of the sun's +surroundings, then surely + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> + +there may be <i>no</i> glowing metallic vapors, <i>no</i> hydrogen, <i>no</i> iron, +<i>no</i> sodium, <i>no</i> magnesium, <i>no</i> oxygen; those constituents of the sun +envelope, so graphically described by the spectroscopists of the present +day.</p> + +<p>The origin of <i>celestial</i> spectroscopy was as vague and unphilosophical +as was that of the nebular hypothesis. <span class="smcap">Frauenhofer</span> and <span class="smcap">Kirchhoff</span> +<i>imagined</i> certain things, and straightway a great theory sprang into +existence.<a name="FNanchor_15_18" id="FNanchor_15_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_18" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Verily the "Scientific use of the Imagination" too often leads men into +the grossest errors.</p> + +<p>If these theories be true, we may hereafter ignore all undulatory +processes. Time may no longer be estimated in noting the transmission of +light and heat, since, like gravity, each acts instantaneously. <i>If the +most distant fixed star which is visible could be annihilated to-night, +its light would be seen no more forever.</i></p> + +<p>If these theories be true, the recent marvels of the age, the telephone, +phonograph, and their fast-multiplying brood find a satisfactory and +philosophical explanation.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> + +<p>If these theories be true, the boast of the Atheist, that God is +wasteful and a bungler, in that he wastefully scatters his sunlight, and +sun-heat, in all directions into space, is set at naught. Nature has +been misinterpreted. <i>No sunlight nor sun-heat is disclosed, except in +the direction of other spheres.</i></p> + +<p>These theories throw new light upon the character and extent of the +atmosphere of the moon and planets, and the consequent availability of +those and other spheres for sustaining life. The extent of the +atmosphere of each celestial body may be presumed to be proportionate to +our own. Analogy would therefore teach us that those bodies, also our +sun, and other suns, are the abodes of intelligent beings.</p> + +<p>If these theories be true, heat may no longer be regarded as actual +motion among the particles of heated matter, neither may we longer +imagine the existence of hypothetical upper trade winds.</p> + +<p>If these theories be true, the part which has ever been attributed to +the sun as originator and dispenser of light and heat, has been +overestimated. Every sphere contains within its enclosure the source +from which its own supply is derived;—a veritable storehouse, + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> + +which at one and the same time yields and governs its requisite supply. +<i>The earth receives what is due to it, in the interchange constantly +taking place</i>; and not an amount which the sun may fitfully dole out.</p> + +<p>In the character of the winds, and atmosphere as disclosed, what +revelations! What floods of light will thus be thrown upon subjects now +mysterious!</p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_14_17" id="Footnote_14_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_17"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <a href="#app_14">Appendix, p. 106.</a></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_15_18" id="Footnote_15_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_18"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <a href="#app_14">Appendix, p. 106.</a></p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> + +<h3>THE DIRECT INFLUENCE OF THESE FORCES AS CAUSATION OF DISEASE.</h3> + +<p>In its bearings upon the systemic conditions which we term health and +disease, this mysterious vito-magnetic fluid is of the highest import. +This great principle which fills the earth and all spheres, and governs +and binds them together—this great principle which is the source of all +life, animate and inanimate—this principle dominates in every vital +system, from man down through and beyond the microscopic forms of +existence.</p> + +<p>The normal action of this principle in every part of the human system +constitutes <i>health</i>; its abnormal action, <i>disease</i>; its interruption, +<i>death</i>.</p> + +<p>The human system is thus a delicately organized and exceedingly +sensitive vito-magnetic machine, and is virtually kept in action + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> + +through the operation of this principle. Any condition, therefore, which +may directly or indirectly influence or disturb this principle, may +influence or disturb the actions of every human organization.</p> + +<p>In the search for causes of disease throughout the ages, this field, so +fruitful in material, has been left almost unexplored. The disclosures +of the early future will wonderfully change the sentiments entertained +in regard to the cause of a large proportion of our diseases. +Meteorological influence, although now comparatively ignored as a +disease-producing power, will ere long be recognized not only as <i>a</i> +power, but as <i>the</i> power, far overshadowing all other influences +combined.</p> + +<p>The character and extent of these influences are scarcely imagined. In +estimating them the attention of the profession is now mainly directed +to thermometric and hygrometric changes and conditions. These form not +the largest proportion of the perturbing influences constantly in +operation around us.</p> + +<p>With the verification of the meteorological theory of causation, more +positive and rational ideas will prevail;—obscurity will, in a + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> + +measure, give place to clearer and more exact perceptions of the +character and relations of diseases, and a corresponding efficiency in +treatment may be expected.</p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> + +<h3>THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, AND THEIR +UTILIZATION.</h3> + +<p>The practical procurement of necessary light and heat for our dwellings, +as well as of necessary mechanical power for the world's work in mills +and factories, <i>in some less expensive and laborious manner</i> than +through vast consumption of wood, coal, and oil, is believed to be now +so close upon realization that we may even call it <i>un fait accompli</i>.</p> + +<p>The conversion of the momentum of rivers, and of the power of cataracts, +tides, and winds, into vito-magnetic or electrical fluid; the +transportation of this fluid to any locality through wire or cable; and +its final transmutation into light, heat, or mechanical force sufficient +for all work, are already demonstrated as practicable.</p> + +<p>There is no reason then why the Mississippi should not be made to roll, +and Niagara to fall through our workshops, or even to im<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>pel our +street-cars. They may as well work as to be idle as they go.</p> + +<p>But in all this, startling as it seems, man is only imitating Nature in +her every-day operations through sun and earth. Even the order is +similar. The sun is the <i>river</i> giving its constant impulse through the +vito-magnetic cable of the solar cone. The <i>earth</i> end of the cable is +adjusted by means of the atmosphere, for the production of light and +heat for this earthly habitation.</p> + +<p>It indues the globe with magnetic influence which we have called +gravity. And in its workshop, its mechanical and vital forces are +keeping up all motions in animal and plant, earth, ocean, and air.</p> + +<p>And thus light, heat, gravity, mechanical power, electricity, magnetism, +vital force and universal motion, are but one principle variously +expressed. This principle we have designated vito-magnetic fluid. But +have we reached a climax and an end? No. This vito-magnetic river or +current flows on. Its flood is never stayed. But yet we find no +accumulation. Light and heat have neither been piled up to the sky, nor +have they become annihilated. Their essential element has only changed +form, and proceeded on its + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> + +busy way, turning earth into a magnet, vivifying and operating all +organisms, travelling upon all currents, gathering up and utilizing all +the fragments and waste of its workshop, transmitting and conserving its +energy <i>en route</i> to the poles. And finally, <i>the same element that +signalized its entrance at the earth's more central regions</i> <span class="smcap">as heat</span>, +<i>now signalizes its departure along earth's polar extremities</i> <span class="smcap">as +cold</span>.<a name="FNanchor_D_19" id="FNanchor_D_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_19" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p> + +<p>Nothing is lost. Such a mighty flowing current cannot be stopped. If it +rolls <i>in</i> we may be assured that <i>somewhere</i> it will roll <i>out</i>. And +this is but <span class="smcap">the Grand Cosmical Circuit</span>, already made mention of.</p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_D_19" id="Footnote_D_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_19"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> We would not define cold as "absence of heat." Cold is +rather the opposite electrical condition to heat.</p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2> + +<h3>WHY WAS NOT THIS DISCOVERY SOONER MADE?</h3> + +<p>It may be asked, why should the discovery of this great source of all +the forces, vital and physical, have been delayed to the present time? +Master minds have been engaged for ages in efforts to solve the +wonderful problem.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Herschel</span>, <span class="smcap">Newton</span>, <span class="smcap">Humboldt</span>, <span class="smcap">Faraday</span>, <span class="smcap">Mossotti</span>, and many others have held +the <i>key</i> almost within their control, and the consummation has only +failed of being realized at an earlier day by reason of the tenacity +with which the minds of men are held by preconceived and pre-existing +opinions.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir William Herschel</span> regarded solar and stellar light as the effects of +an <i>electro-magnetic</i> process.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Newton</span> recognized all movements of the cosmical bodies to be the result +of one and the same force; "<i>of some higher</i> and <i>still unknown power</i>," +but luminiferous ether + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> + +shaded his mental vision, and he failed to discern that power. In his +investigations of those great subjects he is led to ask, "Are not the +sun, and fixed stars, great earths, vehemently hot?"</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Humboldt</span> said: "It is indeed a brilliant effort, worthy of the human +mind, to comprise in one organic whole, the entire science of nature, +from the laws of gravity to the formative impulse in animated bodies;" +but the preoccupation of his vast mind, and the hold of pre-existing +ideas, offered difficulties to the solution of the problem. But, note +the approximation of his ideas to those herein expressed, he said: "The +sun, as the main source of light and heat, must be able to call forth +and animate magnetic forces on our planet." Unfortunately, however, he +continues thus: "and more especially in the gaseous strata of our +atmosphere."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Faraday</span>, perhaps the most distinguished man, in the whole of his own +field, which the world has ever produced, recognizing the power of this +great obstacle to true advancement (<i>i. e.</i>, preconceived and +pre-existing ideas), once said: "When such a one as myself gets out of +the way, then new conditions, new men, new views, new opportunities, +may + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> + +allow of the development of other lines of active operation than those +heretofore in service." He believed in the existence of one great +universal principle, from which gravity, heat, light, electricity, +magnetism, even life itself might come. He spent many of his latest +years in efforts to solve this great problem, and on his failure he +asked: "Is it all a dream?" He never, however, wavered in his faith, and +his last efforts were directed to that end.</p> + +<p>With prophetic vision, almost amounting to prescience, he, in speaking +of magnetism, said: "When we remember that the earth itself is a magnet, +pervaded in every part by this mighty power, universal and strong as +gravity itself, we cannot doubt that it is exerting an appointed and +essential influence over every particle of matter, and in every place +where it is present.</p> + +<p>"What its great purpose is, seems to be looming up in the distance +before us:—the clouds which obscure our mental sight are daily +thinning, and I cannot doubt that a glorious discovery in natural +knowledge and in the wisdom and power of God in the creation is awaiting +our age."</p> + +<p>Thus did those great philosophers so near<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>ly attain to the goal of their +highest earthly aspirations, and only failed in the consummation by +reason of clinging to the existing opinions of their age.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="Appendix" id="Appendix"></a>APPENDIX.</h2> + +<p><a id="app_1" name="app_1"></a>1. (<a href="#Page_22">Page 22.</a>) "<span class="smcap">Bruno</span>, about the close of the last century, <i>guessed</i> the +fundamental fact of the Nebular Hypothesis, and <i>Kant reasoned out</i> its +foundation idea, and <span class="smcap">Laplace</span> <i>developed it</i>."—<span class="smcap">Correlation and +Conservation of Forces.</span></p> + +<p>We have learned to recognize on how very doubtful a basis many of the +received axioms of physical science are founded. This hypothesis has +been received with much unanimity and has firmly held its sway. Yet, +"<span class="smcap">Bruno</span> <i>guessed</i> the fundamental fact," and this <i>figment of the +imagination</i> has, for nearly a century, controlled the scientific mind. +Its paralyzing influences have affected other departments of physical +science, and true progress has been obstructed. The attempt to describe +minutely how the spheres were formed millions of years ago is but +presumption.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> + +<p>This hypothesis, from such an origin, unverified and unverifiable, is +too weak to support the superstructure which has been erected upon it. +This hypothesis discarded, it may be presumed that the earth was never +in a fluid or <i>wholly incandescent state</i>.</p> + +<p>"It may be shown that all nebulæ are crowded stellar masses."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Humboldt.</span></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_53" name="sec_53"></a><i>Action and Retro-action.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_2" name="app_2"></a>2. (<a href="#Page_25">Page 25.</a>) "Considering the continued activity of the sun through +countless centuries, we may assume, with mathematical certainty, the +existence of some compensating influence to make good its enormous +loss."<span class="nowrap">—</span><span class="smcap">Cor. and Con. of Forces.</span></p> + +<p>If the earth receives the benefits of this activity, surely the +"compensating influence" must, in a like degree, go forth from the earth +to the sun. And, furthermore, if this influence (whatever its character) +may pass in the <i>one</i> direction through space without known or visible +means of communication, <i>retro-action</i> may be affected through the same +channel.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_54" name="sec_54"></a><i>The Earth and all Spheres framed alike.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_3" name="app_3"></a>3. (<a href="#Page_26">Page 26.</a>) "The earth belongs to a system of planets analogous to +itself, having the same origin, the same destiny, situated around the +same centre and governed by the same motive power."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Flammarian.</span></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_55" name="sec_55"></a><i>Mutual Relations of Earth and Sun.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_4" name="app_4"></a>4. (<a href="#Page_27">Page 27.</a>) "A mysterious chain links together the celestial and +terrestrial forces. According to the ancient signification of the +Titanic myth, the powers of organic life, that is to say, the great +order of nature, depend upon the combined action of heaven and +earth."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Humboldt.</span></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_56" name="sec_56"></a><i>The Sun's Body Dark.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_5" name="app_5"></a>5. (<a href="#Page_30">Page 30.</a>) "<span class="smcap">Herschel's</span> fixed idea was that the darkness of a spot was +an indication of a cool habitable globe."</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_57" name="sec_57"></a><i>A New Theory of the Nature of Water.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_6" name="app_6"></a>6. (<a href="#Page_36">Page 36.</a>) <span class="smcap">M. Maiche</span>, in <i>Les Mondes</i>, propounds the theory, reached +after numerous experiments, that water is simply hydrogen <i>plus</i> +electricity, or oxygen <i>minus</i> electricity, + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> + +or, in other words, that normal electrified hydrogen constitutes water, +and that normal diselectrified oxygen produces the same; or that +hydrogen, oxygen, and water are precisely the same, differing only in +degree of electrification.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_58" name="sec_58"></a><i>Sun-heat.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_7" name="app_7"></a>7. (<a href="#Page_41">Page 41.</a>) "The sun, as the main source of heat and light, must be +able to call forth and animate magnetic forces on our +planet."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Humboldt.</span></span></p> + +<p>"It is an incontestable fact that the sun exercises an action upon the +magnetic phenomena which are manifested upon our globe."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Secchi.</span></span></p> + +<p>"What is certain is, that there ought to be, between the sun and +planets, a means of communication of force, and the transmission of +movement."—<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p>"The central body may, as a powerful source of heat, excite magnetic +activity on our planet."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Humboldt.</span></span></p> + +<p><a id="app_8" name="app_8"></a>8. (<a href="#Page_42">Page 42.</a>) "It cannot be doubted that electro-magnetic currents exist +in the interior of the globe."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Ampère.</span></span></p> + +<p>"The internal heat of our planet is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>connected with the generation of +electro-magnetic currents."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Humboldt.</span></span></p> + +<p>"A large proportion of winter heat of the poles comes through the +equatorial current."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Youmans.</span></span></p> + +<h4><a id="sec_59" name="sec_59"></a><i>Auroræ.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_9" name="app_9"></a>9. (<a href="#Page_44">Page 44.</a>) "<span class="smcap">Hood</span> heard a noise as of quickly moved musket-balls, and +a slight crackling sound during an aurora. He also noticed the same +noise on the following day."</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Father Perry</span> of the Stonyhurst Observatory remarked that the green +spectroscopic line characteristic of the aurora, could be detected even +where the unassisted eye failed to notice any trace of light."</p> + +<p>"The fleecy clouds seen in Iceland by <span class="smcap">Thienemann</span>, and which he +considered to be the northern light, have been seen in recent times by +<span class="smcap">Franklin</span> and <span class="smcap">Richardson</span>, near the American north pole, and by <span class="smcap">Admiral +Wrangel</span> on the Siberian coast. All remarked that the aurora flashed +forth in the most vivid beams when masses of cirrus strata were hovering +in the upper regions of the air, and when these were so thin that their +presence could only be recognized by the formation of a halo around the +moon."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> + +<p>"These clouds sometimes range themselves <i>even by day</i> in a similar +manner to the beams of the aurora and then disturb the course of the +magnetic needle in the same manner as the latter. On the morning after +every distinct nocturnal aurora the same superimposed strata of clouds +have still been observed, that had previously been luminous."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Parry</span> even "saw the great arch of the northern light <i>continue +throughout the day</i>."</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Arago</span> was of the opinion that each observer saw his own aurora somewhat +as each observer of a rainbow sees the luminous arc differently placed."</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_60" name="sec_60"></a><i>The Great Sun Battery.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_10" name="app_10"></a>10. (<a href="#Page_44">Page 44.</a>) If with a percussion cap and a tear we may develop +sufficient power to deflect a magnetic needle 3,000 miles distant, what +power may not be expected of the sun, 1,250,000 times larger than the +earth; the sun exercising a force of the same character?</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_61" name="sec_61"></a><i>Gravity.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_11" name="app_11"></a>11. (<a href="#Page_50">Page 50.</a>) "<span class="smcap">Prof. Mossotti</span> has recently shown, by a very able +analysis, that + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> + +there are strong grounds for believing that not only the molecular +forces which unite the particles of material bodies depend on the +electric fluid, but that even gravitation itself, which binds world to +world, and sun to sun, can no longer be regarded as an ultimate +principle, but the residual portion of a far more powerful force, +generated by that energetic agent which pervades creation."—<span +class="smcap">Faraday.</span></p> + +<p>"If gravitation is made to mean something allied to magnetism, some +poorly explained phenomena become easily understood. But what are the +circumstances affording proof of the identity of these forces? First, +gravitation acts upon all kinds of matter; <span class="smcap">Faraday</span> proved the same of +magnetism. Second, gravitation is attractive; so is magnetism. Third, +gravitation is proportionate to the mass; the force of magnets also +depends upon the mass. Fourth, gravitation acts in an inverse ratio to +the square of the distance; so does magnetism. Fifth, gravitation does +not manifest polarity; magnetism is known not to do so. Sixth, +gravitation acts independently of bodies affording a resistance to light +and heat; so does magnetism."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Cartwell.</span></span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Faraday's</span> biographer says:—"He is oppressed with the magnitude and +importance of his subject, yet is stimulated by the fact that the +discovery which he aims for (the relationship between gravity and +electricity) would have a bearing in importance far beyond all +conception in elucidating not only the facts connected with these +subjects, but also others of a high importance. There being scarcely a +limit to the subjects which would be illuminated by it."</p> + +<p>"Gravity, surely this force must be capable of an experimental relation +to electricity and magnetism and the other forces, so as to bind it up +with them in reciprocal action and equivalent effect."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Faraday.</span></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kepler</span> regarded gravity and heat "as being probably derived from one +single principle."</p> + +<p>"There is every reason for believing that the radiations which +constitute heat and light are essentially the same."</p> + +<p>"Gravity acts instantaneously."</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_62" name="sec_62"></a><i>Static Electricity.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_12" name="app_12"></a>12. (<a href="#Page_52">Page 52.</a>) Speaking of static electricity, <span class="smcap">Faraday</span> remarks: "What an +idea + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> + +of the ever-present and ever-ready state of this power is given to us, +when we consider that not only every substance, but almost every mode of +dealing with substance manifests its presence. It is not accidental at +these times, but active and essentially so, and we may, in our endeavors +to comprehend it, usefully compare and contrast it with gravity which +never changes. There we see that power which in undisturbed and solemn +grandeur holds equally the world and the dust of which worlds are formed +together, and carries them on in their course through illimitable space +through illimitable ages; and in this other power, even in this our +first glimpse we see probably the contrasted force which is destined to +give all that vivacity and mutual activity to particles that shall fit +them as far as matter alone is concerned, for their wonderful office in +the phenomena of nature, and enable them to bring forth the ever varying +and astonishing changes which earth, air, fire and water present to us; +from the motion of the dust in the whirlwind up to the highest +conditions of life."</p> + +<p><a id="app_13" name="app_13"></a>13. (<a href="#Page_61">Page 61.</a>) An illustration of this form of wind-production may be +found in the following facts related by <span class="smcap">Dr. Gisler</span>, who for + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> + +a long time dwelt in the north of Sweden: "The matter of the aurora +borealis sometimes descends so low that it touches the ground. At the +summit of high mountains it produces upon the face of the traveller an +effect analogous to that of wind."</p> + +<p>We should pronounce this effect to be the production of a true wind of a +circumscribed or local character.</p> + +<h4><a id="sec_63" name="sec_63"></a><i>Solar Spectrum, its origin.</i></h4> + +<p><a id="app_14" name="app_14"></a>14. (<a href="#Page_80">Page 80.</a>) <span class="smcap">Prof. Kirchhoff</span> was led to the study of a coincidence +between the bright yellow line given in an incandescent sodium vapor, +and the solar line "D," which coincidence had already been noticed by +<span class="smcap">Frauenhofer</span>. Upon applying a greater dispersive power he noticed that +the line "D" was a double one; but so also was the sodium line under +these conditions. Moreover, each line of the one coincided with each +line of the other. The <i>suspicion</i> became strong that it was the sodium +in the <i>sun</i> which caused the "D" line. He then extended the comparisons +to other elements. He carefully measured sixty bright lines in the +spectrum of iron; and found every one of these sixty + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> + +lines to correspond with a dark in the solar spectrum.</p> + +<p>"The overwhelming <i>probability</i> of a common cause for both was forced +upon him, and <i>by calculation</i> he ascertained that this probability was +as one million million million to one, in its favor."<span class="nowrap">—<span class="smcap">Lockyer.</span></span></p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ADDENDUM" id="ADDENDUM"></a>ADDENDUM.</h2> + +<p>The great Solar Cone-space, in order to be clearly marked to the eye, +was represented in Plate I, page 30, as white. This to some readers may +be misleading; as this space when viewed transversely is not +luminous,—it is not even visible. (Pl. V.)</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a id="plv" name="plv"></a><img src="images/plv.jpg" width="700" height="554" alt="Pl. V. SOLAR CONE." title="Pl. V. SOLAR CONE." /> +<span class="caption">Pl. V. Solar Cone, Or Cone-Space.</span> +</div> + +<p>Outside of the atmospheric envelope of all spheres, there is only "<i>the +black of infinite space</i>."<a name="FNanchor_E_20" id="FNanchor_E_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_20" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p> + +<p>Retro-action between the earth and visible and invisible spheres, gives +to the earth the light which it possesses during the night-season.</p> + +<hr class="fn" /> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_E_20" id="Footnote_E_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_20"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Flammarian.</p> + +<p class="smaller right"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a></p> + +<hr /> + +<h2 class="newpage">Transcriber's Notes</h2> + +<p>The following typographical corrections have been made:</p> + +<div class="blockquo2"> +<p><a href="#Page_x">Page x</a>: Heat without combustion—Inter-currents{original had no hyphen; +changed to match page 45, to which it refers}</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_xiii">Page xiii</a>: The fifth plate (from the Addendum) has been added to the +list of illustrations.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_60">Page 60</a>: back and forth to maintain an{comma removed} equilibrium.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_64">Page 64</a>: {quotation mark removed}The course of a balloonist</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_102">Page 102</a>: {quotation mark added}"These clouds sometimes range themselves</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_107">Page 107</a>: {quotation mark added}"The overwhelming <i>probability</i> of a +common cause</p> +</div> + +<p>The following inconsistent hyphenation is as printed:</p> + +<div class="blockquo2"> +<p><a href="#Page_42">Page 42</a>: just such a retro-acting inter-communication.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_72">Page 72</a>: might interfere with the intercommunication of light</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of New and Original Theories of the Great +Physical Forces, by Henry Raymond Rogers + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT PHYSICAL FORCES *** + +***** This file should be named 24883-h.htm or 24883-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/8/8/24883/ + +Produced by Andrew Wainwright and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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