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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of New and Original Theories of the Great
+Physical Forces, by Henry Raymond Rogers
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: New and Original Theories of the Great Physical Forces
+
+Author: Henry Raymond Rogers
+
+Release Date: March 20, 2008 [EBook #24883]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT PHYSICAL FORCES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Andrew Wainwright and the Online Distributed
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+
+
+
+
+                             CONTRIBUTIONS
+
+                                  TO
+
+                    SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS.
+
+
+    "In knowledge, that man only is to be contemned and despised who
+    is not in a state of transition."
+
+    "--nor is there anything more adverse to accuracy than fixity of
+    opinion."--FARADAY.
+
+
+    "Science must grow. Its development is as necessary, and as
+    irresistible as the motion of the tides, or the flowing of the
+    Gulf Stream."--TYNDALL.
+
+
+    "The cry of science is still onward, and its goal of yesterday
+    will ever be its starting-point to-morrow."--DAWSON.
+
+
+*.* May be procured through all booksellers. It will be sent by mail,
+_postage free_, on receipt of price, $1.00 cloth, 50 cts. paper. Liberal
+discount to the trade.
+
+                Per C. K. ABEL & SON, BOOKSELLERS,
+                                            Dunkirk, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+                           NEW AND ORIGINAL
+
+                               THEORIES
+
+                                OF THE
+
+                        GREAT PHYSICAL FORCES.
+
+                                  BY
+
+                      HENRY RAYMOND ROGERS, M.D.
+
+
+                "Every time
+                 Serves for the matter then born in it."
+                                                  SHAKSPERE.
+
+
+                        PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+                             MDCCCLXXVIII.
+
+                           COPYRIGHT, 1878.
+
+                       BY HENRY RAYMOND ROGERS.
+
+
+                                TROW'S
+                     PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING CO.,
+                       _205-213 East 12th St._,
+                               NEW YORK.
+
+
+
+
+                                PREFACE.
+
+    "Show me a man who makes no mistakes, and I will show you a
+    man who has done nothing."--LIEBIG.
+
+
+In this little volume the author gives but his own personal opinions
+upon the subjects discussed, and although the sentiments are expressed
+with an assurance born of conviction, yet he claims not infallibility.
+
+He has ever been unable to accept the usual explanations of the great
+physical forces; and the inadequacies of mooted theories have impelled
+him to efforts for more philosophical interpretations. If in his
+investigations he has been forced to strange and unusual conclusions, he
+has been actuated only by an honest desire to promote the advancement of
+science.
+
+He is not insensible to the responsibility of the position which he thus
+voluntarily assumes, in asserting his opinions upon problems so vast and
+momentous.
+
+It is no enviable position to occupy, that of antagonism to so large a
+proportion of the scientific world and, too, upon subjects of strictly
+scientific import. That he does thus find himself placed in such
+relations at the present time, has not been a matter of his own seeking.
+No other consideration than the profoundest sense of duty and
+responsibility could have influenced him in the course pursued. Perhaps
+some apology is yet due for so boldly trespassing upon hypotheses which
+were very generally thought to be well established, and certainly secure
+from such treatment.
+
+The attempt, in a measure, to develop so extended a field of research,
+in so few pages, has led to much crudeness in the presentation. For this
+a reasonable indulgence may be claimed.
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+                                                                    PAGE
+  THE SUN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+  WHAT IS PROPOSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
+
+The great problem.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+  INTIMATE NATURE OF THE FORCES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
+
+Sunlight and sun-heat--The great law of conservation--How the spheres
+are constructed--The great earth-core and its functions--The grand
+magnetic circuit.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+  SUNLIGHT, ITS SOURCE AND NATURE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
+
+Its limits--The solar cone--The sun not incandescent--New hypothesis--No
+borrowed light--The sun dependent--Light as a substance--Velocity of
+Light.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+  SUN-HEAT, ITS SOURCE AND LIMITS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
+
+Tendencies to unsettle in science--Present theories--True
+source--Earth's part in the process--Sun's part--New philosophy--Old
+phenomena and new interpretations--Aurorae--Well understood processes in
+confirmation--The ordinary battery--The Great Sun Battery--Heat without
+combustion--Inter-currents--Solution of the problem.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+  THE SEASONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
+
+Why their varying temperature?--A new philosophy.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+  GRAVITY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
+
+Its essential nature and its source.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  THE ATMOSPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
+
+A veritable ocean--How constituted--The vito-magnetic principle, its
+extent and character--Its functions--The air not yet comprehended--Have
+we been mistaken?--New light--Electrical induction--Its mode of action
+and illustrations--The character and virtue of the vito-magnetic
+element.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+  WINDS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
+
+Entertained theories erroneous--Their true character--What gives rise to
+the currents--Purely vito-magnetic phenomena--Philosophical
+considerations drawn from observation--Whirlwinds, waterspouts, and
+tornadoes--The Barbadoes--Manufactured wind--Wind within a wind--Winds
+may not arise from presumed causes--A great cosmical system.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+  SUN-SPOTS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
+
+Old theories--Degrees of spot-shadow overestimated--What spots
+are not, and what they are--They are caused by magnetic
+perturbations--Inconsistency of accepted theories--Figures that are
+deceptive--Effects of these wonderful phenomena--Mistaken
+conceptions--May not be tabulated--Unbiassed estimate of their character
+and location.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+  SOUNDS, AND THEIR TRANSMISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
+
+Essential character and mode of progression--Waves have no act or part
+in their conveyance.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+  SOME OF THE RESULTS OF THE FOREGOING THEORIES  . . . . . . . . . .  79
+
+Extent and character of their influence--Old channels obliterated, and
+new ones developed--Sentiments changed--Nebular hypothesis--The sun
+cool, luminous, and habitable--Celestial spectroscopy--Undulatory
+theories ignored--Light instantaneously transmitted--Telephone--No light
+nor heat wasted--Extent of the atmosphere of the spheres--The sun's
+power overestimated.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+  INFLUENCE OF THE FORCES AS CAUSATION OF DISEASE  . . . . . . . . .  84
+
+Meteorological influence--Higher appreciation of the source of disease,
+and increased efficiency in its treatment.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+  THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, AND THEIR
+  UTILIZATION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+  WHY WAS NOT THIS DISCOVERY SOONER MADE?  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
+
+Its consummation nearly perfected by many others--Its successful
+accomplishment plainly foretold by Faraday.
+
+
+  APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95
+
+
+
+
+                            ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+    I.--THE SOLAR CONE, OR CONE-SPACE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
+
+   II.--THE SEASONS. SUMMER  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
+
+  III.-- "     "     WINTER  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
+
+   IV.--MANUFACTURED WIND. (From DESCHANEL'S Natural Philosophy) . .  66
+
+
+
+
+    "If we suppose the sun and fixed stars to be gigantic
+    fountains of magnetic influence, acting upon our globe and
+    its atmosphere, and likewise upon all the other planets, the
+    phenomena of the universe would then become susceptible of
+    the grandest and simplest interpretations."--CROSSLAND.
+
+    "Are not the sun and fixed stars great earths vehemently
+    hot?"--NEWTON.
+
+    "Herschel's fixed idea was that the darkness of a spot upon
+    the sun was an indication of a cool and habitable
+    globe."--HUMBOLDT.
+
+    "The sun as the main source of light and heat must be able
+    to call forth and animate magnetic forces on our
+    planet."--_Ibid._
+
+
+
+
+                                 THE
+
+                        GREAT PHYSICAL FORCES.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER I.
+
+                            INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+                              _The Sun._
+
+The sun's position in the great field of energy is daily becoming more
+exalted in the estimation of philosophic minds. His labors are being
+revealed to us with a distinctness never before conceived. He it is that
+stored the coal in the bosom of the earth, and piled up the polar ice.
+He it is that aids the chemist, drives the engine, ripens the harvest,
+dispenses life and health.
+
+The study of the sun and solar physics, therefore, must be essential to
+the right understanding of whatever we observe to take place at the
+earth. Sun and earth are united in indissoluble bonds. In philosophic
+minds the conviction of a most perfect _inter-dependence_ is rapidly
+gaining ground.
+
+All this has been known and appreciated to a degree, yet this great
+source of universal operations is shrouded in mystery. Still, our
+curiosity has been kindled, and men are eagerly looking for further
+developments.
+
+Natural Science, in all her branches, is fully awake, and is on her
+watch-tower of observation. Ignorance of the sun, of its character, and
+of the methods by which its functions are performed, must be confessed;
+notwithstanding all the more recent unfoldings and imaginings of
+scientists, regarding the great orb. But yet we are very hopeful of vast
+increase in our solar knowledge; not alone, or chiefly, by new
+observations, or discoveries, but quite as much by new interpretations
+of old, long observed phenomena. The ground of hopefulness lies in the
+belief that a _grand unity_ underlies, and binds together in one, all
+Physical Forces, as well in earth and sun.
+
+While regarding the sun as all, and more than all that has ever been
+claimed for it, still we are impressed most strongly that the sun has
+_social relations_ with his planets, which have never been duly
+considered by the masters in science. The sun _acts_, but it must also
+be that the earth and planets _react_. The sun gives and dispenses
+favors, but science has too much overlooked the great fact that the sun
+receives and sympathizes.
+
+Let our philosophy but accept the idea that _the sun rouses the earth
+into action through their mutual relationships; that the two interchange
+good offices and essential services, rather than that the sun is wholly
+independent, and simply gives outright, as philosophy has hitherto
+conceived_, and we think that the dawn of a better day has come.
+
+The new philosophy, in our opinion, will teach that the sun gives in
+such a way that he will not be impoverished; that though bountiful, he
+is not wasteful; that though he freely gives, yet that he also as freely
+receives in return.
+
+The new philosophy will be true to correlation, and it will be true to
+conservation as well.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER II.
+
+                          WHAT IS PROPOSED.
+
+
+In the following pages I shall endeavor to set forth, in a simple and
+orderly manner, certain of my own theories of the Great Physical Forces.
+
+In these theories will be comprised the identity of those forces, the
+intimate and essential nature of sunlight, sun-heat, gravity, sun-spots,
+winds and sounds, also the intimate nature of the atmosphere.
+
+In treating these subjects my opinions will not be found in accord with
+those which receive universal assent at the present time, and I may thus
+unintentionally offend. I shall therefore claim exceeding indulgence.
+
+If I differ from high authority, I have not a thought of detraction.
+None can venerate the NESTORS in science who have enriched its annals,
+more than I, and though we reverse their judgments, their errors are
+confessedly our indispensable helps and guides.
+
+
+                         _The Great Problem._
+
+The problem of the great physical forces has engaged the profoundest
+attention of mankind from the earliest historic period down to the
+present time, yet it remains practically unsolved.
+
+Before the Christian era the opinion was entertained that all of the
+phenomena of nature might be reduced to one principle of explanation;
+that there was more than a connection between the imponderable
+agents--more than a relationship even,--that there was an actual
+identity.
+
+No substantial progress was thereafter made in the direction of
+verifying this theory until along into the present century, when the
+development of electrical science presented a tangible basis for
+successful investigation.
+
+The correlation of nearly all of those forces is now assured, leaving
+little to be added besides gravity to complete the unity. Yet
+notwithstanding the satisfactory progress which has been made in solving
+the grand problem of their correlation, little has been learned of their
+intimate nature, and the method of their operation. This is due, in the
+highest degree, to certain theories which were developed, and which
+made their way, _pari passu_, with the advancements of electrical and
+electro-magnetic science. These theories, specious, inconsistent,
+illogical, yet withal plausible, and even fascinating, served to blind
+the mental vision so that mankind might not appreciate the truth.[1]
+
+The hypothesis promulgated by BRUNO, KANT and LAPLACE, of the nebular
+origin of the spheres, and the deductions consequent thereupon, in
+regard to the progressive stages through which the earth in its
+developments has passed, was pernicious in its influence in diverting
+the minds of investigators from other and truer channels. To the blind
+confidence with which that hypothesis has been universally accepted and
+perpetuated, and to the fallacious theories thus directly and indirectly
+engendered, we owe our false position at the present day.
+
+The present theories of the transmission of light and sound; of the
+production of winds, and sun-spots, and of the method of development and
+dissemination of heat, are in point of fact, unphilosophical and
+incomprehensible.
+
+It is quite remarkable that in the present century, excelling as it does
+any period in the world's history in exact and reliable scientific
+knowledge, such unsatisfactory opinions should obtain. The failure is
+still more inexplicable when we reflect that these subjects are in
+importance the highest which can engage our attention as scientists.
+
+We have at the present time sufficient reliable data whereon to found
+satisfactory hypotheses. We have but to utilize the means which the true
+scientists of the century have so wonderfully developed, and with which
+they have so prodigally surrounded us, in order to complete the
+consummation of the great and crowning achievement in physical science.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Appendix, p. 97.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER III.
+
+          THE GREAT FORCES, THEIR CHARACTER AND OPERATIONS.
+
+
+I now ask, What is the intimate and inherent nature of those forces? Do
+they, or either of them, belong to the domain of the supernatural? Are
+they the products of some supreme force, or forces, heretofore
+unappreciated? The reply is clear and unquestionable. The supernatural
+must necessarily be a part of the Divine Essence, and consequently
+intangible. Not so the subjects of our inquiry. They are _natural
+products_, therefore, and _the result of the operation of some power
+commensurate with the stupendousness of their manifestations_.
+
+
+                       _Sunlight and Sun-heat._
+
+In the forces, light, and heat, what immensity of power is represented!
+Strangely enough we have ever imagined these forces to be the unaided
+work of the sun, as though that luminary could be capable of sending
+forth in undiminished exuberance, such marvels of force, during all the
+ages, and remain itself unexhausted!
+
+
+              _The Great Law of Conservation of Force._
+
+But how speaks the law of conservation, that law most enduring, and most
+inexorable? According to the decrees of that law, whatever is received
+by the earth from the sun, an equivalent for the same must again be
+returned from the earth to the sun, to the uttermost fraction.[2] Such
+being the conditions, how may this retro-acting process that all analogy
+and the profoundest scientific axiom prove to be in constant
+operation--how, I ask, may this retro-acting process be explained? What
+equivalent may the earth give back as compensation for such enormous
+benefits, for such stupendous powers? The laws of conservation may not
+be violated: _the earth will respond_.
+
+
+                  _How are the Spheres constructed?_
+
+The constitution of these two retro-acting spheres, and consequently of
+all the others of the heavenly host,[3] at this point demands our
+attention. How are the spheres made up? How speaks the earth? The earth
+with which we are familiar--our sample--is formed of a slight crust, a
+core, to a greater or less extent and degree incandescent, and measuring
+250,000 millions of cubic miles in dimensions, also an envelope which we
+call the atmosphere.
+
+Now, from the presence of the vast mass of incandescent material within
+the enclosure of each sphere-crust, it may reasonably be inferred, nay
+the very nature of human reason _compels_ the decision, that _they are
+placed there for some specific purpose_, and that _their operations are
+commensurate with their immensity_.
+
+We may not neglect to make account of so vast an element, and so vital
+and preponderating, in all globes.[A]
+
+We are thus compelled to answer the question, What part in the economy
+of nature is this great central core particularly fitted to perform?
+What its function among the great forces?
+
+The great problem of the age, which scientists are intently engaged in
+solving, is the correlation of the leading forces already adverted to.
+Thus far light, heat, electricity, magnetism, chemical action, vital
+action, cohesion, etc., have been proved to be parts of one great whole.
+Now, since the especial characteristic of the great earth-core is heat,
+it comes directly into relationship with the forces mentioned. How then
+are its forces expended? Through what channels do they manifest their
+presence? The philosophical mind would most naturally associate with it
+the idea of stupendous magnetic power. We may well suppose such a power
+extending its influence through and beyond the earth-crust, reaching out
+towards the moon, and retro-acting with that body in preserving their
+mutual relations.
+
+Does not this mighty influence reach out toward the sun also, and act
+conjointly with that great central orb in producing results, which to
+us, have ever been great mysteries.[4]
+
+
+                    _The Grand Magnetic Circuit._
+
+In the retro-acting influence in operation between these great bodies,
+may be found _A Grand Magnetic Circuit_. In this grand magnetic circuit
+is found the _key_ to the whole subject of the correlation and identity
+of all the forces.
+
+And now, as preparatory to using this _key_ that we may enter in and
+consider the intimate nature of the physical forces, we would be
+impressed with the clear and full idea of this mighty _current_, which
+bears upon its tide, _as one_, all manner of forces with which we have
+to do.
+
+It remains for us to tell what this great current _is_, and what it
+_does_. To the child, to the savage, and to the civilized man alike, it
+comes first and pre-eminently as light.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] Appendix, p. 98.
+
+[3] Appendix, p. 99.
+
+[4] Appendix, p. 99.
+
+[A] The earth's core constitutes nearly 98/100 of its entire mass.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER IV.
+
+                              SUNLIGHT.
+
+
+                       _Its Source and Nature._
+
+Sunlight is one of the products of that grand retro-action which is
+incessantly in operation between sun and earth, and is, in its intimate
+and essential nature, a vito-magnetic _fluid_[B] (or so-called
+magnetic). Subtle, and apparently intangible, manifesting itself rather
+as a presence than a real substance, it fills all the space between the
+sun and earth--which space may, with sufficient accuracy, be termed the
+solar cone or cone-space.
+
+
+                            _Its Limits._
+
+Beyond the boundaries of the solar cone, _no light is_.
+
+[Illustration: Pl. I. SOLAR CONE.]
+
+
+                     _The Sun not Incandescent._
+
+The apparent brightness of the sun is owing to the aggregation of the
+93,000,000 of miles of this fluid which is present between the sun and
+earth, or to our presence in the great current of activity of the
+vito-magnetic force. It is therefore not due to a condition of
+incandescence _at_ or _near_ that body. It is cool and habitable, and
+emits no light. The brightness of the intervening fluid intercepts the
+view, and thus no one may behold its body. Dark spots upon its face
+disclose its true character.[5]
+
+If, therefore, the sun be truly dark, the brightness of its satellites
+cannot be caused by light projected from its surface or surroundings.
+How, then, may we account for the light of the moon and planets, which
+do not possess a light _sui generis_? A new hypothesis is requisite. To
+frame this hypothesis is not difficult.
+
+
+                        _The New Hypothesis._
+
+Analogy teaches us that the earth is seen from the moon and planets,
+even as they are seen from the earth. Yet there is nothing upon the face
+of the whole earth which is capable of reflecting the slightest amount
+of the sun's rays to those spheres. The fields, forests, rocks, and
+seas, only absorb light, they do not reflect it. In this phenomenon,
+therefore, there is no element of specular reflection. It consists
+rather of the lighting up of the static vito-magnetic fluid of our
+atmosphere, by the great solar current. The atmosphere, thus vivified,
+discloses our presence to those orbs, and in like manner, their presence
+to the inhabitants of the earth.
+
+
+                         _No Borrowed Light._
+
+The light of the planets is therefore in no sense a borrowed light,
+since the action which generates and transmits it, is purely
+co-operative. Otherwise there could be no light at the earth, or
+planets.
+
+
+               _The Sun Dependent for His own Supply._
+
+And, indeed, the sun possesses within himself alone no element of supply
+of his own needed light and heat; and in his immensity and power is even
+_dependent_ upon the circling orbs, for the quantity of each which is
+indispensable to a condition of habitation.
+
+The bodies of the planets are in like manner invisible; we behold but
+the illumined atmosphere of each sphere. Thus the moon and planets, to
+be visible, must possess atmospheres.
+
+
+                       _Light as a Substance._
+
+That the thunderbolt is a substance may not be questioned. That the
+aurora borealis, or polaris, another form of vito-magnetic fluid, is a
+substance is not questioned. The so-called heat-lightning, though
+apparently intangible, must therefore be regarded as a substance. Yet
+further in the remove we find the zodiacal light. Sunlight is but the
+same, in form of extreme tenuity. The thunderbolt passes from earth to
+cloud, and instantaneously changes its _substantial_ form to one as
+tenuous as light; yet, in the transformation, this fluid has not lost
+its identity. Though unseen, it continues to exist as matter.
+
+
+                         _Velocity of Light._
+
+While ever present, light is being incessantly replenished; its action
+being instantaneous. The calculations of ROEMER, founded upon
+observations made through spaces of 382 and 568 millions of miles of
+distance, should not be too confidently accepted, especially as the
+results of such conclusions are so vitally important. When we consider
+that with our best telescopes directed towards the moon, less than a
+quarter of a million of miles distant, nothing really satisfactory may
+be discerned, what value, therefore, may be attached to statements
+founded upon such thoroughly unreliable data?
+
+BRADLEY'S estimate of the velocity of light, founded upon his study of
+"the aberration of light," is even less worthy of consideration.
+
+Any effort to measure such an inconceivable velocity as that claimed for
+light, by any means or appliances which may be devised by human
+ingenuity, must be regarded as futile. DESCARTES says: "Light reaches us
+_instantaneously_ from the sun, and would do so, even if the intervening
+distance were greater than that between the earth and heaven."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] Appendix, p. 99.
+
+[B] This term is employed as being most exact and comprehensive, as this
+fluid is now known to be the source of all life and all attractions.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER V.
+
+                              SUN-HEAT.
+
+
+                       _Its Source and Limits._
+
+Sun-heat is another product of the same retro-action between the sun and
+earth; consequently it has the same range and the same boundaries as
+when it is viewed as light.
+
+
+                 _Tendencies to unsettle in Science._
+
+The scientists of to-day may well look after the soundness of their
+favorite theories of the great physical forces; for the uncertain tenure
+of old theories, by reason of recent discoveries, is becoming but too
+manifest. New phenomena are now observed which require solutions not met
+by present hypotheses. The nebular hypothesis which has so long
+possessed the scientific mind has, by the discovery of the moons of
+Mars, become a thing of the past. According to M. MAICHE, water is found
+to be no longer the old-fashioned conventional oxygen and hydrogen, but
+essentially a new element must be considered in estimating its
+composition.[6] Light is ascertained to be as veritable a substance as
+water. The sun is recognized to be dark, cool, and habitable. Messages
+go through the air from kite to kite ten miles apart without visible
+agency. Telephonic sounds leap from wire to wire through quite ten feet
+of space.
+
+
+              _Present theories of Supply of Sun-heat._
+
+The present theories of the production and dissemination of sun-heat,
+are simply accepted for want of better, and not because they account
+satisfactorily for the phenomena.
+
+The first and most prominent is the combustion theory, which, though
+bearing the seal of ages, is obnoxious both to common and philosophic
+reasoning. This theory presupposes a consumption of material beyond all
+conception, and the supply of which has been no small tax upon the
+scientific imagination. The source of this supply has been claimed to be
+the subsidence of useless worlds, and of asteroids, and meteors,
+showered down upon its surface. Estimates have been carefully made, and
+we are gravely informed of the probable amount of combustive material
+required to supply the sun's demands for given periods. It is said that
+the coal-fields of Pennsylvania, which would supply the world's
+consumption for centuries, would keep the sun's rate of emission for
+considerably less than 1/1,000 part of a second. POUILLET estimated the
+quantity of heat emitted by the sun per hour to be equal to the supply
+of a layer of anthracite coal ten feet thick, spread over the whole
+surface of the sun.
+
+The theory advocated by HELMHOLTZ, and by many other scientists, of "the
+gradual contraction of the solar orb," and that of SECCHI, "the
+dissociation of compound bodies in the sun's substance," are attempts
+after a more consistent philosophy.
+
+The foregoing theories pre-suppose the sun to be a glowing fiery mass,
+from which, in all directions, issue radiations of heat and light into
+space. Of this enormous quantity of radiated heat, the earth is supposed
+to receive but 1/2,000,000,000 part.
+
+MEYER observes: "_A general law of nature which knows no exception_ is
+the following: _In order to obtain heat, something must be expended._"
+
+This combustion theory therefore calls for an enormous expenditure of
+material for generating heat and light, together with a still further
+expenditure of force for projecting these into all space, at all
+distances. All these theories are therefore inconsistent with the
+immutable law of the Conservation of Force.
+
+
+                     _The true Source of Supply._
+
+In seeking the source of supply of heat and light, we are compelled to
+look for a philosophy more consistent than any hitherto advanced.
+Controlled too much by the literal evidence of the senses and the
+superficial appearance of things, we have ever regarded the sun as ALL
+ALONE in developing and exercising these great forces.
+
+The law of conservation compels us to look to the _earth_, a heretofore
+neglected factor in this problem. This factor being introduced we shall
+find the problem to be wonderfully simplified.
+
+All space may rationally be regarded as complete vacuum, thus presenting
+no resistance nor obstacles to the free progress of the retro-acting
+elements. Distance is then virtually annihilated, and Mercury,
+37,000,000 of miles from the sun, and Neptune, 2,800,000,000 of miles,
+stand alike in their relations with the great central orb.
+
+
+                  _The Earth's part in the Process._
+
+The earth may no longer be regarded as having a merely passive part to
+play. The forces in operation as between the earth and sun, are purely
+co-operative, and the one precisely counterbalances the other. The
+earth, therefore, must have a _vis viva_ within itself, capable of
+reciprocating in the organic functions of the great vito-magnetic
+circuit. We certainly know that it possesses a marvellous wealth of
+resources. The following are the most important of its sources of _vis
+viva_.
+
+1st. The great reservoir of vito-magnetic fluid, the vast incandescent
+earth-core. The presence and activity therein of mighty force,--of heat,
+and motion, in the highest degree, are abundantly shown by various
+terrestrial phenomena. These phenomena, while perfectly familiar to
+observers, seem never to have received any fitting interpretation.
+
+2d. Motions and frictions of every kind;[C] the motions of the waters of
+the earth, the great oceans, with their rolling tides sweeping the whole
+circumference of the earth twice in twenty-four hours, at a speed of one
+thousand miles per hour; with its frictions upon itself, the bottom, and
+the shores; its great storms lashing it into fury, and its gentler
+motions from lesser winds; also the motions of all seas, rivers, and
+rain-falls.
+
+3d. So all motions of the air, in form of hurricanes, lesser winds, or
+zephyrs; tearing their way through forests, and hills, and through
+space; or causing gentlest flutter of leaflet. We have witnessed their
+goings forth, but have neglected to calculate their mission.
+
+4th. All chemical actions.
+
+5th. All combustions.
+
+6th. All evaporations.
+
+The _earth_ is thus elaborating in all her gigantic processes, the
+materials and forces, which _she_ furnishes in the great interchange.
+How strangely have these great sources of _vis viva_ remained
+practically unheeded until the present time.
+
+
+                   _The Sun's part in the Process._
+
+The part performed by the sun may but feebly be conceived.[7] Within its
+vast proportions (being 1,000 times as large as all the planets
+combined) may be found every element suited to all requirements.
+
+
+                     _We seek a new Philosophy._
+
+The construction of a true philosophy of the physical forces must depend
+now upon our rightly understanding the _modus operandi_ of the
+conveyance, and utilization, of these sun-elements, and the workings of
+this sun-power.
+
+The presence of a veritable flood of light, heat, and magnetic force, as
+in motion from the sun to the earth, has ever been recognized. _The line
+of greatest intensity of this solar, or vito-magnetic current, is found
+along the line of greatest diameters of those bodies._ The centre of
+this current reaches the earth at, or near the equator.
+
+It is a well-established fact that from the equator to the poles a
+continuous magnetic flood is ever in motion.[8]
+
+In thus tracing the course of the magnetic current from the sun to the
+equator, and thence to the poles, a physical necessity, made imperative
+by the inexorable law of conservation, indicates that a _retro_-current
+from the earth back to the sun, must now have part in the process.
+Should such be the case, as all reason and philosophy affirm, we have a
+completed _"Grand Magnetic Circuit," in and through which all physical
+phenomena have their origin_. But aside from the logical necessity, we
+hold that there are terrestrial phenomena, which, rightly interpreted,
+point to just such a retro-acting inter-communication.
+
+
+              _Old Phenomena, and new Interpretations._
+
+The phenomenon, the aurora borealis, or polaris, has never been
+satisfactorily explained. It is acknowledged as purely magnetic in
+character, and to be due to the passage of currents upward from the
+earth. It has received the regard due to a mere negative though
+brilliant exhibition, whereas the character, extent, and significance of
+its manifestations should have caused it to be greeted, and studied, as
+the index of the operation of very positive cosmical functions.
+
+HUMBOLDT regarded this process as "the restoration of a disturbed
+equilibrium;" and so indeed it is, but it is an equilibrium, not simply
+as between the earth, and atmosphere. Various observers have estimated
+the altitude to which the aurora sometimes reaches, at from 80 to 265
+miles. The fact that the _bulk_ of the atmosphere reaches but _three
+miles_ above the earth's surface, forbids it to be regarded as purely a
+terrestro-atmospheric phenomenon.
+
+While viewing the more striking and brilliant exhibitions of the aurora,
+the more undemonstrative and by far the most important and vital
+operations have been disregarded. The former may not be observed, except
+occasionally, and fitfully, _can_ only be present when favoring
+meteorological conditions admit of its disclosure. The latter, more
+unobtrusive and even invisible to the naked eye, are incessantly, and at
+all seasons, in action, by day as well as by night.[9] May not this
+auroral display then be regarded in a measure as confirmatory of what
+the law of conservation had already suggested to us; the existence of a
+_retro_-current?
+
+
+             _Well understood Processes in Confirmation._
+
+The suggestion of a simple, adequate, and perfect theory is given us by
+an ordinary electro-magnetic battery. Let the conducting wire from such
+a battery extend half around the circumference of this globe. It is
+apparently as quiet and dormant as is our earth; yet in those cold
+plates, solutions, and wire, there lie the hidden elements of heat,
+light, and power. At the distant extremity of the wire, when not
+connected with the earth, we may have none of the manifestations of
+heat, light, or attraction--even though the plates are put into the
+solution. But let us now make the connection between the extremity of
+the wire and the earth, _then_ the circuit is complete, and heat, light,
+and attraction are disclosed in highest degree.
+
+Now from the _Great Sun Battery_,[10] in which we locate the one _Great
+Universal Force: Newton's "Higher and Still Unknown Force,"_ every
+one recognizes a current constantly present, setting towards the earth.
+That current is recognized as bringing us our light and heat. But
+without a _retro_-current, should we have a circuit complete? Should we
+have any of these phenomena?
+
+
+                      _Heat without Combustion._
+
+Neither _in_ the battery nor _near_ the battery do the phenomena
+manifest themselves. Though the developer of light, heat, and power, the
+battery itself is neither luminous, hot, nor magnetic. "To explain the
+effects of the sun, therefore, there is not the least reason to infer
+that it is itself luminous, or even warm. Potential action generated in
+a dark, cold body, may produce great heat and light, at a distance from
+the seat of activity; and _what is thus wrought artificially in a small
+way may surely be done naturally in a tremendous fashion by the grand
+forces of the sun_."
+
+
+                          _Inter-currents._
+
+It is now well known that a number of currents may pass in each
+direction, at the same time, over one and the same telegraph wire; and
+in like manner, great solar currents may pass to and fro without
+interference.
+
+
+                      _Solution of the Problem._
+
+Sun-heat, therefore, like sunlight and gravity, is a veritable
+production, yet it is not due to the process of combustion. It is not
+dependent for its creation upon the destruction of fabulous quantities
+of substantial materials. _The rather does it originate in, and is it
+disseminated through the vast energies of spheres retro-acting upon
+spheres throughout the whole universe of matter._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] Appendix, p. 99.
+
+[7] Appendix, p. 100.
+
+[8] Appendix, p. 100.
+
+[9] Appendix, p. 101.
+
+[10] Appendix, p. 102.
+
+[C] In the motions of the spheres through space, unlike all other forms
+of motion, there is no element of resistance. This form of motion is
+therefore incapable of developing _vis viva_.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER VI.
+
+                             THE SEASONS.
+
+
+                   _Why their varying Temperature?_
+
+The usual explanation of these phenomena, _i. e._, the influence of
+direct and oblique sun-rays, has ever seemed insufficient and
+unsatisfactory; especially in view of the _fact_ that the heat comes not
+from the sun by continuity after the manner of progression as from a
+heated body.
+
+A philosophy more exact and consistent may be found in the development
+of the theory already advanced, and which is illustrated in the
+following plates.
+
+_The maximum of heat at the surface of the earth bears a very constant
+and intimate relation to the line of greatest diameters of the sun and
+earth._--Pl. II. a.
+
+Through this line the heat-producing functions of these great spheres
+are in operation in the highest degree.
+
+[Illustration: Pl. II. SEASONS.--SUMMER.]
+
+This line of magnetic, or heat activity, consequently varies with the
+earth's movements. On the 20th of June the flood of summer heat
+overspreads the northern portions of the earth; the sun thence
+apparently turns southward, and with its departure the relations of the
+line of heat activity change. The city of New York, which on the 20th of
+June is found nearest the centre of the solar current (Plate II. b), is,
+on the 21st of December, located at its greatest distance from the line
+of magnetic or heat intensity (Plate III. b), where the heat-producing
+forces are in operation in but low degree.
+
+[Illustration: Pl. III. SEASONS.--WINTER.]
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER VII.
+
+                               GRAVITY.
+
+
+               _Its Essential Nature, and its Source._
+
+Gravity is not a separable entity, not a power _per se_. It is but a
+production, and an operation, of the same retro-action between sun-core,
+and earth-core. This retro-action gives rise to a stupendous magnetic
+circuit, as described, in which both sun and earth become the
+embodiments of magnetic force, or, in other words, great magnets.[11]
+
+The power thus developed is exercised in preserving the relative
+positions of the two bodies, and, on the part of the earth, as we know,
+in drawing unto itself all objects within its influence.
+
+The same current, therefore, which lights up our earth, and which gives
+to it its requisite supply of heat, at the same time indues it with the
+power of attraction.
+
+_Thus is engendered that power known as gravity, which has ever been
+acknowledged a profound mystery beyond the comprehension of man._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] Appendix, p. 102.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                           THE ATMOSPHERE.
+
+
+                         _A Veritable Ocean._
+
+The great aerial ocean which we call the atmosphere (at the bottom of
+which we live, and move, and have our being), is even more vitally
+important than has ever been dreamed of in human philosophy.
+
+
+                          _How Constituted._
+
+Its tangible constituents, such as clouds, vapors, gases, are well
+understood; as well as the modifying influence of those atmospheric
+elements upon what we call sunlight, and sun-heat. But the intangible
+and vital principle, or basis of the atmosphere, has in a measure
+escaped recognition. This principle is vito-magnetic in its character,
+and may be designated as _static_,[12] from its habit when in
+equilibrium, and also in contradistinction from that vast flood of
+_active_ fluid which fills the solar cone-space.
+
+
+              _Extent and Character of this Influence._
+
+The whole globe and its surrounding atmosphere are vast reservoirs of
+this static fluid. These, interacting freely through continuity,
+virtually become one in their operations. As a constituent of the
+atmosphere this fluid is nearly uniform in its proportions. Its varying
+conditions, as positive, negative, and neutral, form a marked
+peculiarity. Changes from one to another of these conditions, over
+larger or smaller areas, are affected with marvellous rapidity, and with
+varying and sometimes with striking results.
+
+In the extremes of atmospheric temperature, this fluid is found to exist
+in the extremes of its positive and negative conditions. The contrast is
+by some supposed to exist in the seasons of winter and summer, in
+proportions as 13 to 1, (heretofore regarded as quantitive).
+
+
+                 _Note the Functions of this Ocean._
+
+This fluid is indeed _the vital principle_, upon which _all life_,
+animate and inanimate, depends. The necessity for frequent respirations
+is occasioned by the imperative demands of the system for this agent. As
+before intimated, the mild and steady light which illumines the earth in
+its day-season is owing to the action of the _active_ fluid of the
+cone-space upon the _static_ fluid of the atmosphere. The untempered
+force of the former might not be endured. The pale and steady light of
+the moon and planets is due to a like reaction through the same
+agencies.
+
+The relations which the present known constituents of the atmosphere
+sustain to this fluid may not at the present time be estimated.
+
+
+                    _Not yet fully Comprehended._
+
+"Air," said SIR LYON PLAYFAIR, "is the most familiar of substances; the
+first with which an infant becomes acquainted on entrance into the
+world, and in death, the last to be given up; yet, strange to say, its
+nature and constitution have only become partially understood within the
+past century, and even now scientific knowledge can only be regarded as
+on the threshold of the subject."
+
+The novelty and the assurance of the concluding lines of the above
+quotation would, at a comparatively recent date, have excited in the
+reader a great astonishment. We had supposed that the constituents, and
+the functions of our atmosphere were very well understood, that little,
+if anything, could be learned by further investigation. Yet the
+revelations which are now being made show the assertion of SIR LYON
+PLAYFAIR to be almost prophetic.
+
+The vito-magnetic, the most important ingredient, has scarcely been
+referred to in any formula of its constitution. This constituent as
+previously stated, forms the bulk of the atmosphere, and upon _it_
+depends the principal performance of its varied functions. More vital
+than oxygen, without it life could not be sustained for an hour.
+
+
+                       _Have we been Mistaken?_
+
+The experiments of M. PASTEUR have demonstrated that oxygen and light
+are not essentials of life, as he developed life in the dark, in an
+atmosphere of carbonic acid.
+
+
+                             _New Light._
+
+More recent discoveries verify the presence of this comparatively
+unappreciated constituent.
+
+The process of induction has ever been a great mystery in electrical
+science. Magnetic currents are known to act upon bodies in close
+proximity without the intervention of a spark, and to indue such bodies
+with magnetic force. This action, called induction, has been supposed to
+be limited to short distances. This we believe to be erroneous. In order
+that the inductive process take place, it is only necessary to suppose
+some impulse to be superinduced upon some pervading medium. This medium
+we recognize in the static vito-magnetic constituent of the atmosphere.
+Magnetic or electrical induction is therefore nature's effort towards an
+equilibrium. Newly-discovered phenomena show that this process is
+carried on even at considerable distances. To Prof. LOOMIS of New Haven,
+Conn., we are indebted for experiments which illustrate this fact. These
+experiments show that magnetic communications may be made through ten
+miles of space without the intervention of visible means of conduction.
+The employment of wires is rendered unnecessary by reason of the
+presence of the vito-magnetic fluid which operates in restoring the
+disturbed equilibrium. Magnetic _currents_ are therefore not essential
+to this phenomenon.
+
+A wonderful exhibition of this power was recently observed at Rochester,
+N. Y. In a telephonic exhibition in this city, the musicians were
+located in Buffalo, sixty-eight miles distant. While PROF. JOHNSON was
+engaged in preparatory practice during the afternoon, the notes from
+Buffalo were distinctly heard at the same time, in a city business
+office, at some distance from the hall of exhibition. Yet the wire used
+by the Professor, and that employed in the private telephone, were at no
+point less than ten feet apart. The same phenomenon was observed during
+the progress of the exhibition in another locality, the two lines still
+being no nearer than ten feet to each other.
+
+
+   _The Character and Virtue of this Element may not be Mistaken._
+
+It is this vito-magnetic element, and not some other ingredient, that
+renders the atmosphere so sympathetic, and responsive, to the governing
+Force resident in the sun, and in the earth-core. The atmosphere thus
+not only furnishes the field of operation for the manifold Force,
+co-operating between the sun and earth, but is itself the medium and
+instrument of the operations.
+
+The vito-magnetic power under its Protean forms, styled "Vital Forces,"
+and "The Physical Forces," works in the atmosphere and is the source of
+nearly all its phenomena. It causes and directs movements in every
+province of nature. Nothing else has so intimate relations with animal
+and vegetable life and growth. It may be considered as constituting the
+inherent _virtue_ of the atmosphere.
+
+Among the varying manifestations in which this agent is disclosed to us,
+within and beyond the atmosphere, may be enumerated the following, viz.:
+1, Linear lightning; 2, Ball lightning; 3, The flash with
+reverberations; 4, Heat lightning; 5, Aurora; 6, Frictional or
+mechanical; 7, Magnetic; 8, Vital; 9, St. Elmo's Fires; 10, The
+exaggerated wave which bears destruction in its pathway; 11, That
+disclosed by rain, hail, snow, and fog; 12, Sunlight, and sun-heat; 13,
+Static, or atmospheric; 14, Zodiacal light; 15, Corona, etc., etc.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[12] Appendix, p. 104.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER IX.
+
+                                WINDS.
+
+
+                  _Entertained theories Erroneous._
+
+The mere mechanical theory which regards the atmosphere as a loose
+mixture of gaseous materials, and the winds as mere mechanical
+disturbances within it, misses its real intimate nature and is
+insufficient. But once conceive the atmosphere as arranged like a
+perfectly adjusted instrument for the meeting-place and co-operation of
+sun-force, and earth-force, where are elaborated all the benefits
+designed for our mundane creation, and we begin to look for better
+explanations.
+
+
+                       _Their true Character._
+
+What we call the wind is mediately the air moving but causatively, and
+immediately, and more profoundly, it is the action of the vito-magnetic
+fluid. _It is therefore a purely magnetic phenomenon. In the interplay
+of that subtle, all-pervasive fluid, is found the key to the theory of
+the winds._ Hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, zephyrs, etc., are
+manifestations of its operations. These phenomena imply the existence of
+a force at times stupendous, and at times so gentle as simply to move a
+leaflet.
+
+This power in full magnitude may spring instantaneously into action; and
+it may, too, as instantaneously cease. It may suddenly drive a body of
+air at the rate of one hundred miles per hour, and as suddenly arrest
+its progress. The air having no inherent propulsive powers, that
+originate and control its directions, velocities, and varied forms of
+movement, is yet subject to definite laws. What these laws are has never
+been divulged.--"The wind bloweth where it listeth." Yet in viewing
+earth and atmosphere as vast reservoirs of vito-magnetic fluid, shifting
+back and forth to maintain an equilibrium, we believe we see the
+workings of the very force which moves and sways the atmosphere; which
+causes its currents, both general and special; and which gives rise to
+all its more extraordinary and unaccountable phenomena.
+
+
+                  _What gives rise to the Currents._
+
+The changes in the magnetism of the earth and atmosphere give rise to
+these currents. They are developed in various forms. The following may
+be mentioned as the most important.
+
+1st. The general and widespread perturbations, occurring within the body
+of the earth, and implicating immense areas, even whole continents.
+
+2d. The interruptions of continuity of the _solar currents_ as in the
+phenomena called sun-spots. These changes, to whatever cause due, are
+capable of disturbing the terrestrial magnetic equilibrium over varying
+areas, and of working instantaneously.
+
+3d. The effects of the interruptions of the sun's rays through the
+medium of clouds.
+
+4th. Purely local vito-magnetic, or electrical, actions occupying
+smaller or larger areas.[13]
+
+That the origination, suspension, and continuation of these movements,
+in all their forms are due to purely vito-magnetic force, we think
+demonstrable. Thus, no other can act so instantaneously, none with such
+varied exhibitions of power, and none so widespread in their
+development.
+
+In the movement of a body of air, the space previously occupied by that
+body must be resupplied by another of equal volume. This resupply may
+not necessarily be derived from the circumambient atmosphere as
+heretofore supposed. In some instances the resupply is derived _in but
+slight degree_ from that source, but rather from that great reservoir,
+the earth; as in the instances of whirlwinds and tornadoes.
+
+
+        _Philosophical Considerations drawn from Observation._
+
+FLAMMARIAN says:--"We know that a whirlwind is a column of air which
+turns upon its own axis, and which advances comparatively slowly, for,
+as a rule, a person can keep up with it at a walking pace. This whirling
+column of air is both caused and set in motion by electricity."
+
+If whirlwinds are caused and set in motion by electricity, why may not
+all other forms of wind be productions of the same force? PELTIER has
+established both by numerous facts and by a series of ingenious
+experiments, that the waterspouts of the land and sea are electrical
+phenomena.
+
+This had been suspected by BECCARIA a hundred years before.
+
+The hurricane which occurred in the Barbadoes in 1831, was the most
+remarkable on record. In the actions of the hurricane and the electrical
+displays, there was abundant evidence of cause and effect.
+
+The lightning for hours played in flashes and forked darts, and moved
+frightfully between the clouds and the earth, with a most surprising
+action, and the earth was felt to tremble. The moment this singular
+alternation of the lightning passing to and fro ceased, the hurricane
+burst forth with a violence which exceeded all that had yet been
+experienced. The winds blowing with appalling velocity, changed their
+course frequently and almost instantaneously, occasionally abating but
+only to return in gusts from S. W.-W. and N. W. with accumulated fury.
+
+These alternations of wind and violent electrical phenomena, were
+something more than coincident, more than a casual connection. Here we
+observe a manifest inter-dependence.
+
+In another hurricane, "the wind blew about twelve hours with the utmost
+fury from the N. E. and then, in an instant, perfect calm ensued for an
+hour, then, quick as thought, the hurricane sprang up with tremendous
+force from the S. W." No other power known can suspend and put in
+motion, in opposite directions, such marvellous velocities and so
+instantaneously.
+
+A remarkable phenomenon was exhibited by a hurricane in 1837, and
+described by CAPT. SEYMOUR of Cork. "For nearly an hour we could not see
+each other nor anything else, but merely the light, and most
+astonishing, every one of our finger-nails turned quite black and
+remained so nearly five weeks afterwards. This fact may be classed among
+other proofs of the agency of electricity in the production of
+hurricanes."
+
+The following facts are entirely inconsistent with usual methods of
+explanation of the cause of winds: "The entire atmosphere, to the
+altitude of many thousand feet, is constantly traversed by numerous
+horizontal currents of air, flowing in different directions and at
+different heights."
+
+The course of a balloonist was altered no less than five times in the
+space of fourteen hours. "The aeronaut GREEN, at the height of 14,000
+feet, encountered a current that bore him along at the rate of five
+miles per hour, but upon descending to the altitude of 12,000 feet he
+met a contrary wind blowing with a velocity of eighty miles an hour."
+
+The vito-magnetic fluid is capable of becoming amassed, condensed and
+rarefied. In the tornado that happened at Natchez, in 1840, the houses
+_exploded_ whenever the doors and windows were shut, the roofs shooting
+up into the air, and the walls even of the strongest buildings bursting
+outward with great force.
+
+On the 18th of June, 1839, a whirlwind fell upon the village of
+Chatenay, near Paris. In the room of a house over which it passed,
+several articles of needle-work were lying upon a table. The next day
+some of them were found in a field at a distance from the house,
+together with a pillow-case taken from another room. They must have been
+carried up the chimney by the rush of air outwards, as every other means
+of exit was closed.
+
+It is a fact well-known to miners that during and before violent
+tempests, strong ascending currents are observed.
+
+[Illustration: Pl. IV. MANUFACTURED WIND.]
+
+If a metallic rod terminating in a point be attached to the conductor of
+an electrical machine, electricity escapes in large quantities from the
+point. A continuous current is thus kept up and the flame of a taper, if
+placed in front of the current, is blown in a horizontal direction. Wind
+is thus _manufactured_ on a small scale. Pl. IV.
+
+At a recent meeting of a Meteorological Society in England, a paper was
+read by the REV. JOSEPH CROMPTON, M.A., F.M.S. "The author, when walking
+close to the Cathedral of Norwich, was struck with the unusual
+fluttering of the flags on the top of the spire, which was 300 feet
+high. They were streaming with a strained, quivering motion
+perpendicularly upwards. A heavy cloud was passing overhead at the
+moment and as it passed, the flags followed the cloud and then gradually
+dropped into comparative quietness. The same phenomenon was noticed
+several times. As the cloud approached, the upper banner began to feel
+its influence and streamed towards it, _against the direction of the
+wind_, which still blew as before, steadily on all below. As the cloud
+came nearer, the vehement quivering and streaming motion of the flags
+increased; they began to take an upward perpendicular direction into the
+cloud and seemed almost tearing themselves from the staves to which they
+were fastened. Again as the cloud passed, they followed it as they had
+previously streamed to meet its approach, and then dropped away as
+before, one or two actually folding over their staves. All the other
+flags at the lower elevation did not show the least symptom of
+disturbance." In this phenomenon we observe the operation of two of the
+wind-producing causes just mentioned, viz.:--a wind arising from purely
+local causes, and of limited extent, occurring within the boundaries of
+a wind produced by the action of more general, and widespread causes--_A
+wind within a wind._
+
+The above instances plainly carry a suggestion of magnetic origin and
+power.
+
+
+             _Winds may not arise from Presumed Causes._
+
+If winds are due to such a simple mechanical causation as the production
+by the sun, of a rarefied atmosphere, the colder air rushing in from all
+sides into the empty spaces, we should hardly expect to find any
+definite currents bounded by well-defined limits; much less should we
+look for transverse and opposite currents going like messengers at
+varying rates of speed, some slow, and others exceedingly swift. Nor may
+stronger gales suddenly cease, as though stopped by some mighty
+invisible wall. And in no wise can they, from mere calorific agencies,
+leap out of perfect calmness into hurricane velocity, or subside into
+silence as by magic. On no such principle can they shift back upon their
+own track, going either way with terrific velocity.
+
+
+                      _A Great Cosmical System._
+
+We have seen the marks of electrical action in the cases cited, and
+since we know something of the subtlety of the agent; that it may be
+"amassed, condensed and rarefied," that it is not loose and wandering,
+and the mere plaything of fortuitous forces, as the atmosphere is
+supposed to be; but, on the contrary, has close and most sympathetic
+adjustment with the earth-force; and that _it_ is the invisible hand
+that holds and manages the grosser atmospheric matter; since we know
+this, we are now brought to the study of a great cosmical system.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] Appendix, p. 105.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER X.
+
+                              SUN-SPOTS.
+
+
+                           _Grave Doubts._
+
+HERBERT SPENCER says: "At present none of the interpretations of the
+sun-spots can be regarded as established."
+
+How numerous and how strange have been the theories promulgated as to
+the character of the manifestations called sun-spots. The dark spots in
+the sun have been supposed to be "solid bodies revolving very near its
+surface," "Smoke of volcanoes;" "Scum floating upon an ocean of fluid
+matter;" "Clouds;" "Opaque masses floating in the fluid matter of the
+sun, dipping down occasionally," "Fiery liquid surrounding the sun
+which, by its ebbing and flowing, the highest parts of it were
+occasionally uncovered, and appeared under the shape of dark spots, and
+by the return of the fiery liquid, they were again covered, and in a
+manner successively assumed different phases;" "Interruptions of
+continuity in the bright envelopes immediately surrounding the sun,"
+"Cavities" etc.
+
+
+             _Overestimate of the Degree of Spot-shadow._
+
+Public sentiment in regard to the degree of darkness which is disclosed
+in sun-spots is exceedingly erroneous. It is believed that the spots are
+really dark. ZOeLLNER, however, states that "The black umbra of a spot
+emits four thousand times as much light as that derived from an equal
+area of the moon." "The blackest part of the spot is intrinsically
+bright."
+
+
+               _What They are not, and what They are._
+
+These phenomena may not arise from disruptions taking place on the sun's
+surface, neither from violent agitations near that surface. The
+essential and intimate character of the so-called sun-spots may be found
+in the interruptions of continuity in the fluid occupying the solar
+cone-space. This fluid which we call sunlight intercommunicates between
+the entire opposing surface of sun and earth, unless interrupted by some
+temporary cause. Any cause which is capable of producing results of
+such character and magnitude can only act by more or less completely
+interrupting the development or transmission of this fluid.
+
+The result of such action would be disclosed to us by a decreased
+brilliancy in the direction of the sun. The so-called sun-spot would be
+in character, magnitude, form, and shade proportionate to the extent and
+character of the disturbing force. The permanence or evanescence of the
+spot would indicate the sun or earth as being the locality of such
+derangement. The more permanent form being developed at the sun, and the
+more ephemeral at the earth.
+
+Any forces in operation at the earth which might interfere with the
+intercommunication of light, would lessen the brilliancy of the light,
+at the earth-extremity of the cone-space; and the deficiency thus
+produced would disclose to an observer at the earth all the appearances
+of a spot upon the surface of the sun. The so-called spot, thus
+produced, might therefore not be regarded as a veritable spot upon the
+sun's disc, but rather as an optical illusion.
+
+
+             _They are Caused by Magnetic Perturbations._
+
+What may be the forces in operation on the part of the sun, and earth
+alike, which may so interfere with the development or transmission of
+light through the solar cone-space?
+
+The condition of the contents contained within the enclosure of the
+sun-crust and earth-crust, is presumably one of unrest; its actions
+varying from repose to the most violent agitation, with a tendency to
+the cyclonic in its motions. Although the earth-core may not be presumed
+to be an entire moving mass, yet it is known to be in a measure
+incandescent, and molten. Magnetic storms occur within our earth-crust
+which sway the needle without, and almost instantaneously manifest their
+presence over areas of more than half the globe. The same phenomena are
+undoubtedly present in increased development at the sun.
+
+We may therefore with reason suppose that perturbations, however
+produced, occur within those spheres, of such an extent and character as
+might be a sufficient cause of the interruption of development, or of
+transmission of that fluid.
+
+
+         _Inconsistency of the Present Accepted Philosophy._
+
+The ephemeral or evanescent character of many of the so-called
+sun-spots, removes them from the domain of sun-phenomena, otherwise than
+in appearance.
+
+
+                    _Figures that are Deceptive._
+
+Some of these spots even of large dimensions come into the field of view
+almost instantaneously; and as suddenly disappear. Thus KRONE "observed
+a spot of no inconsiderable dimensions which sprang into existence in
+less than a minute of time." DR. WOLLASTON says:--"I once saw with a
+two-inch reflector a spot which burst in pieces as I was looking at it."
+BIELA also notes that "spots disappear sometimes in a single moment."
+SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL "turned away his eyes from a group of spots he was
+observing, and when he looked again the group had vanished."
+
+Of those who attempt to make an estimate of these phenomena by
+mathematical formulae, we would ask, What velocities must these sudden
+and apparently widespread outbursts represent, if they take place at the
+sun?
+
+
+               _Effects of these Wonderful Phenomena._
+
+That this phenomenon is a result of an interruption of the solar current
+is rational to suppose. It is indisputable that the interruptions which
+produce these manifestations have an important bearing upon terrestrial
+phenomena. Winds, storms, vegetation, healthfulness, are manifestly
+influenced, and in a measure controlled by these perturbations.
+
+
+                       _Mistaken Conceptions._
+
+The claim of many scientists that spot periods may be calculated, and
+classified, possesses no element even of probability, much less of fact,
+to sustain the supposition. The evanescent character of many of these
+spots places them beyond the sphere of statistical calculation.
+
+
+                       _May not be Tabulated._
+
+Not even concerted and systematic investigation can insure reliable
+conclusions, for persons separated by even inconsiderable distances
+would not always observe precisely the same spot manifestations.
+Moreover, the spots appear and vanish so quickly that no correct
+estimate can be made at any single locality. As well attempt to map and
+chart the aurora borealis.
+
+
+        _Unbiassed Estimate of their Character and Location._
+
+SCHEINER was one of the first who ever observed these spots through a
+telescope, and was therefore uncontrolled by theories in his estimate of
+their character and location. He held it "impossible that they could be
+on the sun itself," and imagined some of them to be "as far from the
+sun, as the moon, Venus, or Mercury."
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XI.
+
+                                SOUND.
+
+
+          _Essential Character and Medium of Transmission._
+
+Sounds are products of vito-magnetic conditions and changes. They result
+from action or force expended upon the vito-magnetic element of the
+atmosphere. If such action or force be directly expended upon the air,
+or, more accurately, upon this vito-magnetic constituent of the air, it
+is propagated in accordance with the laws that govern the transmission
+of the vito-magnetic or electrical fluid through the air. If it be
+expended upon a lengthened wire, then, as sound, it is transmitted
+according to the laws of magnetic transmission through wire.
+
+The recent experiments in connection with the telephone have
+demonstrated the fact that sound may be communicated through hundreds of
+miles of space without occupying any appreciable length of time--in this
+respect being precisely like the ordinary action of the magnetic
+current. It is most philosophical therefore to conclude that it is the
+same element that is concerned in both instances. If we were to
+distinguish between the actions of the telephonic wire and the
+telegraphic wire we should say that there is no difference in the medium
+of communication, which is in either case the vito-magnetic fluid; but
+that in the former the normal fluid is affected simply, while in the
+latter an artificial and extraordinary amount of fluid is induced so as
+to produce strong magnetic effects. In the telephone wire we have an
+_affection_ of the fluid; in the telegraphic wire a _pulsation_, so to
+speak.
+
+In the production of sound, _vibrations_ (erroneously called _waves_),
+have an important agency, but _they have no act or part in its
+conveyance_.
+
+The varying intensities of sound, and the distance to which it reaches,
+are in direct ratio with the kind of force applied in its production,
+the character of the resistance offered and the medium of communication
+employed.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XII.
+
+            SOME OF THE RESULTS OF THE FOREGOING THEORIES.
+
+
+The theories thus asserted may be regarded as exceedingly radical in
+their character. Their influence may not be fully estimated. Marvellous
+in extent are the ramifications which proceed from these sources, and
+few are the subjects of human thought and investigation which will not
+be, to a greater or less degree, affected by their influence.
+
+New channels of thought and investigation will be opened, and old
+theories which now have the confidence of great minds and great numbers,
+will quietly sink into oblivion.
+
+The blank astonishment and incredulity with which these theories will be
+received, will soon be followed by acceptance, and the world will wonder
+why these things have been so long delayed.
+
+If these theories be true, among the foremost and withal the most
+mischievous of the old theories which will fall, will be that figment
+of the imagination--the _Nebular Hypothesis_.[14] How strangely, and how
+strongly, has that hypothesis maintained its ground, _even after
+nebulous masses have been resolved into clusters of stars_. If gravity
+be the result of retro-acting forces, there could be no element of
+attraction in the flimsy gaseous particles whereby they might be drawn
+together. If gravity be the result of retro-acting forces, then must
+those forces have their existence somewhere. But where could there be
+found in flimsy gases any such special centres of force--any
+nuclei--from which attraction might proceed in its work of forming the
+spheres? A starting-point is lacking.
+
+If these theories be true, the sun is formed like unto the earth, and is
+cool, non-luminous, and habitable. Incandescence not being the condition
+of the sun or its surroundings; exhausted worlds, worn out asteroids,
+and stray comets and meteors are not required to keep up external fires.
+
+If, therefore, incandescence be _not_ a condition of the sun's
+surroundings, then surely there may be _no_ glowing metallic vapors,
+_no_ hydrogen, _no_ iron, _no_ sodium, _no_ magnesium, _no_ oxygen;
+those constituents of the sun envelope, so graphically described by the
+spectroscopists of the present day.
+
+The origin of _celestial_ spectroscopy was as vague and unphilosophical
+as was that of the nebular hypothesis. FRAUENHOFER and KIRCHHOFF
+_imagined_ certain things, and straightway a great theory sprang into
+existence.[15]
+
+Verily the "Scientific use of the Imagination" too often leads men into
+the grossest errors.
+
+If these theories be true, we may hereafter ignore all undulatory
+processes. Time may no longer be estimated in noting the transmission of
+light and heat, since, like gravity, each acts instantaneously. _If the
+most distant fixed star which is visible could be annihilated to-night,
+its light would be seen no more forever._
+
+If these theories be true, the recent marvels of the age, the telephone,
+phonograph, and their fast-multiplying brood find a satisfactory and
+philosophical explanation.
+
+If these theories be true, the boast of the Atheist, that God is
+wasteful and a bungler, in that he wastefully scatters his sunlight, and
+sun-heat, in all directions into space, is set at naught. Nature has
+been misinterpreted. _No sunlight nor sun-heat is disclosed, except in
+the direction of other spheres._
+
+These theories throw new light upon the character and extent of the
+atmosphere of the moon and planets, and the consequent availability of
+those and other spheres for sustaining life. The extent of the
+atmosphere of each celestial body may be presumed to be proportionate to
+our own. Analogy would therefore teach us that those bodies, also our
+sun, and other suns, are the abodes of intelligent beings.
+
+If these theories be true, heat may no longer be regarded as actual
+motion among the particles of heated matter, neither may we longer
+imagine the existence of hypothetical upper trade winds.
+
+If these theories be true, the part which has ever been attributed to
+the sun as originator and dispenser of light and heat, has been
+overestimated. Every sphere contains within its enclosure the source
+from which its own supply is derived;--a veritable storehouse, which at
+one and the same time yields and governs its requisite supply. _The
+earth receives what is due to it, in the interchange constantly taking
+place_; and not an amount which the sun may fitfully dole out.
+
+In the character of the winds, and atmosphere as disclosed, what
+revelations! What floods of light will thus be thrown upon subjects now
+mysterious!
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] Appendix, p. 106.
+
+[15] Appendix, p. 106.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER XIII.
+
+    THE DIRECT INFLUENCE OF THESE FORCES AS CAUSATION OF DISEASE.
+
+
+In its bearings upon the systemic conditions which we term health and
+disease, this mysterious vito-magnetic fluid is of the highest import.
+This great principle which fills the earth and all spheres, and governs
+and binds them together--this great principle which is the source of all
+life, animate and inanimate--this principle dominates in every vital
+system, from man down through and beyond the microscopic forms of
+existence.
+
+The normal action of this principle in every part of the human system
+constitutes _health_; its abnormal action, _disease_; its interruption,
+_death_.
+
+The human system is thus a delicately organized and exceedingly
+sensitive vito-magnetic machine, and is virtually kept in action
+through the operation of this principle. Any condition, therefore, which
+may directly or indirectly influence or disturb this principle, may
+influence or disturb the actions of every human organization.
+
+In the search for causes of disease throughout the ages, this field, so
+fruitful in material, has been left almost unexplored. The disclosures
+of the early future will wonderfully change the sentiments entertained
+in regard to the cause of a large proportion of our diseases.
+Meteorological influence, although now comparatively ignored as a
+disease-producing power, will ere long be recognized not only as _a_
+power, but as _the_ power, far overshadowing all other influences
+combined.
+
+The character and extent of these influences are scarcely imagined. In
+estimating them the attention of the profession is now mainly directed
+to thermometric and hygrometric changes and conditions. These form not
+the largest proportion of the perturbing influences constantly in
+operation around us.
+
+With the verification of the meteorological theory of causation, more
+positive and rational ideas will prevail;--obscurity will, in a
+measure, give place to clearer and more exact perceptions of the
+character and relations of diseases, and a corresponding efficiency in
+treatment may be expected.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XIV.
+
+    THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, AND THEIR
+                             UTILIZATION.
+
+
+The practical procurement of necessary light and heat for our dwellings,
+as well as of necessary mechanical power for the world's work in mills
+and factories, _in some less expensive and laborious manner_ than
+through vast consumption of wood, coal, and oil, is believed to be now
+so close upon realization that we may even call it _un fait accompli_.
+
+The conversion of the momentum of rivers, and of the power of cataracts,
+tides, and winds, into vito-magnetic or electrical fluid; the
+transportation of this fluid to any locality through wire or cable; and
+its final transmutation into light, heat, or mechanical force sufficient
+for all work, are already demonstrated as practicable.
+
+There is no reason then why the Mississippi should not be made to roll,
+and Niagara to fall through our workshops, or even to impel our
+street-cars. They may as well work as to be idle as they go.
+
+But in all this, startling as it seems, man is only imitating Nature in
+her every-day operations through sun and earth. Even the order is
+similar. The sun is the _river_ giving its constant impulse through the
+vito-magnetic cable of the solar cone. The _earth_ end of the cable is
+adjusted by means of the atmosphere, for the production of light and
+heat for this earthly habitation.
+
+It indues the globe with magnetic influence which we have called
+gravity. And in its workshop, its mechanical and vital forces are
+keeping up all motions in animal and plant, earth, ocean, and air.
+
+And thus light, heat, gravity, mechanical power, electricity, magnetism,
+vital force and universal motion, are but one principle variously
+expressed. This principle we have designated vito-magnetic fluid. But
+have we reached a climax and an end? No. This vito-magnetic river or
+current flows on. Its flood is never stayed. But yet we find no
+accumulation. Light and heat have neither been piled up to the sky, nor
+have they become annihilated. Their essential element has only changed
+form, and proceeded on its busy way, turning earth into a magnet,
+vivifying and operating all organisms, travelling upon all currents,
+gathering up and utilizing all the fragments and waste of its workshop,
+transmitting and conserving its energy _en route_ to the poles. And
+finally, _the same element that signalized its entrance at the earth's
+more central regions_ AS HEAT, _now signalizes its departure along
+earth's polar extremities_ AS COLD.[D]
+
+Nothing is lost. Such a mighty flowing current cannot be stopped. If it
+rolls _in_ we may be assured that _somewhere_ it will roll _out_. And
+this is but THE GRAND COSMICAL CIRCUIT, already made mention of.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[D] We would not define cold as "absence of heat." Cold is rather the
+opposite electrical condition to heat.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XV.
+
+               WHY WAS NOT THIS DISCOVERY SOONER MADE?
+
+
+It may be asked, why should the discovery of this great source of all
+the forces, vital and physical, have been delayed to the present time?
+Master minds have been engaged for ages in efforts to solve the
+wonderful problem.
+
+HERSCHEL, NEWTON, HUMBOLDT, FARADAY, MOSSOTTI, and many others have held
+the _key_ almost within their control, and the consummation has only
+failed of being realized at an earlier day by reason of the tenacity
+with which the minds of men are held by preconceived and pre-existing
+opinions.
+
+SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL regarded solar and stellar light as the effects of
+an _electro-magnetic_ process.
+
+NEWTON recognized all movements of the cosmical bodies to be the result
+of one and the same force; "_of some higher_ and _still unknown power_,"
+but luminiferous ether shaded his mental vision, and he failed to
+discern that power. In his investigations of those great subjects he is
+led to ask, "Are not the sun, and fixed stars, great earths, vehemently
+hot?"
+
+HUMBOLDT said: "It is indeed a brilliant effort, worthy of the human
+mind, to comprise in one organic whole, the entire science of nature,
+from the laws of gravity to the formative impulse in animated bodies;"
+but the preoccupation of his vast mind, and the hold of pre-existing
+ideas, offered difficulties to the solution of the problem. But, note
+the approximation of his ideas to those herein expressed, he said: "The
+sun, as the main source of light and heat, must be able to call forth
+and animate magnetic forces on our planet." Unfortunately, however, he
+continues thus: "and more especially in the gaseous strata of our
+atmosphere."
+
+FARADAY, perhaps the most distinguished man, in the whole of his own
+field, which the world has ever produced, recognizing the power of this
+great obstacle to true advancement (_i. e._, preconceived and
+pre-existing ideas), once said: "When such a one as myself gets out of
+the way, then new conditions, new men, new views, new opportunities,
+may allow of the development of other lines of active operation than
+those heretofore in service." He believed in the existence of one great
+universal principle, from which gravity, heat, light, electricity,
+magnetism, even life itself might come. He spent many of his latest
+years in efforts to solve this great problem, and on his failure he
+asked: "Is it all a dream?" He never, however, wavered in his faith, and
+his last efforts were directed to that end.
+
+With prophetic vision, almost amounting to prescience, he, in speaking
+of magnetism, said: "When we remember that the earth itself is a magnet,
+pervaded in every part by this mighty power, universal and strong as
+gravity itself, we cannot doubt that it is exerting an appointed and
+essential influence over every particle of matter, and in every place
+where it is present.
+
+"What its great purpose is, seems to be looming up in the distance
+before us:--the clouds which obscure our mental sight are daily
+thinning, and I cannot doubt that a glorious discovery in natural
+knowledge and in the wisdom and power of God in the creation is awaiting
+our age."
+
+Thus did those great philosophers so nearly attain to the goal of their
+highest earthly aspirations, and only failed in the consummation by
+reason of clinging to the existing opinions of their age.
+
+
+
+
+                              APPENDIX.
+
+
+1. (Page 22.) "BRUNO, about the close of the last century, _guessed_ the
+fundamental fact of the Nebular Hypothesis, and _Kant reasoned out_ its
+foundation idea, and LAPLACE _developed it_."--CORRELATION AND
+CONSERVATION OF FORCES.
+
+We have learned to recognize on how very doubtful a basis many of the
+received axioms of physical science are founded. This hypothesis has
+been received with much unanimity and has firmly held its sway. Yet,
+"BRUNO _guessed_ the fundamental fact," and this _figment of the
+imagination_ has, for nearly a century, controlled the scientific mind.
+Its paralyzing influences have affected other departments of physical
+science, and true progress has been obstructed. The attempt to describe
+minutely how the spheres were formed millions of years ago is but
+presumption.
+
+This hypothesis, from such an origin, unverified and unverifiable, is
+too weak to support the superstructure which has been erected upon it.
+This hypothesis discarded, it may be presumed that the earth was never
+in a fluid or _wholly incandescent state_.
+
+"It may be shown that all nebulae are crowded stellar masses."--HUMBOLDT.
+
+
+                      _Action and Retro-action._
+
+2. (Page 25.) "Considering the continued activity of the sun through
+countless centuries, we may assume, with mathematical certainty, the
+existence of some compensating influence to make good its enormous
+loss."--COR. AND CON. OF FORCES.
+
+If the earth receives the benefits of this activity, surely the
+"compensating influence" must, in a like degree, go forth from the earth
+to the sun. And, furthermore, if this influence (whatever its character)
+may pass in the _one_ direction through space without known or visible
+means of communication, _retro-action_ may be affected through the same
+channel.
+
+
+              _The Earth and all Spheres framed alike._
+
+3. (Page 26.) "The earth belongs to a system of planets analogous to
+itself, having the same origin, the same destiny, situated around the
+same centre and governed by the same motive power."--FLAMMARIAN.
+
+
+                 _Mutual Relations of Earth and Sun._
+
+4. (Page 27.) "A mysterious chain links together the celestial and
+terrestrial forces. According to the ancient signification of the
+Titanic myth, the powers of organic life, that is to say, the great
+order of nature, depend upon the combined action of heaven and
+earth."--HUMBOLDT.
+
+
+                        _The Sun's Body Dark._
+
+5. (Page 30.) "HERSCHEL'S fixed idea was that the darkness of a spot was
+an indication of a cool habitable globe."
+
+
+                _A New Theory of the Nature of Water._
+
+6. (Page 36.) M. MAICHE, in _Les Mondes_, propounds the theory, reached
+after numerous experiments, that water is simply hydrogen _plus_
+electricity, or oxygen _minus_ electricity, or, in other words, that
+normal electrified hydrogen constitutes water, and that normal
+diselectrified oxygen produces the same; or that hydrogen, oxygen, and
+water are precisely the same, differing only in degree of
+electrification.
+
+
+                             _Sun-heat._
+
+7. (Page 41.) "The sun, as the main source of heat and light, must be
+able to call forth and animate magnetic forces on our planet."--HUMBOLDT.
+
+"It is an incontestable fact that the sun exercises an action upon the
+magnetic phenomena which are manifested upon our globe."--SECCHI.
+
+"What is certain is, that there ought to be, between the sun and
+planets, a means of communication of force, and the transmission of
+movement."--_Ibid._
+
+"The central body may, as a powerful source of heat, excite magnetic
+activity on our planet."--HUMBOLDT.
+
+8. (Page 42.) "It cannot be doubted that electro-magnetic currents exist
+in the interior of the globe."--AMPERE.
+
+"The internal heat of our planet is connected with the generation of
+electro-magnetic currents."--HUMBOLDT.
+
+"A large proportion of winter heat of the poles comes through the
+equatorial current."--YOUMANS.
+
+
+                              _Aurorae._
+
+9. (Page 44.) "HOOD heard a noise as of quickly moved musket-balls, and
+a slight crackling sound during an aurora. He also noticed the same
+noise on the following day."
+
+"FATHER PERRY of the Stonyhurst Observatory remarked that the green
+spectroscopic line characteristic of the aurora, could be detected even
+where the unassisted eye failed to notice any trace of light."
+
+"The fleecy clouds seen in Iceland by THIENEMANN, and which he
+considered to be the northern light, have been seen in recent times by
+FRANKLIN and RICHARDSON, near the American north pole, and by ADMIRAL
+WRANGEL on the Siberian coast. All remarked that the aurora flashed
+forth in the most vivid beams when masses of cirrus strata were hovering
+in the upper regions of the air, and when these were so thin that their
+presence could only be recognized by the formation of a halo around the
+moon."
+
+"These clouds sometimes range themselves _even by day_ in a similar
+manner to the beams of the aurora and then disturb the course of the
+magnetic needle in the same manner as the latter. On the morning after
+every distinct nocturnal aurora the same superimposed strata of clouds
+have still been observed, that had previously been luminous."
+
+PARRY even "saw the great arch of the northern light _continue
+throughout the day_."
+
+"ARAGO was of the opinion that each observer saw his own aurora somewhat
+as each observer of a rainbow sees the luminous arc differently placed."
+
+
+                       _The Great Sun Battery._
+
+10. (Page 44.) If with a percussion cap and a tear we may develop
+sufficient power to deflect a magnetic needle 3,000 miles distant, what
+power may not be expected of the sun, 1,250,000 times larger than the
+earth; the sun exercising a force of the same character?
+
+
+                              _Gravity._
+
+11. (Page 50.) "PROF. MOSSOTTI has recently shown, by a very able
+analysis, that there are strong grounds for believing that not only the
+molecular forces which unite the particles of material bodies depend on
+the electric fluid, but that even gravitation itself, which binds world
+to world, and sun to sun, can no longer be regarded as an ultimate
+principle, but the residual portion of a far more powerful force,
+generated by that energetic agent which pervades creation."--FARADAY.
+
+"If gravitation is made to mean something allied to magnetism, some
+poorly explained phenomena become easily understood. But what are the
+circumstances affording proof of the identity of these forces? First,
+gravitation acts upon all kinds of matter; FARADAY proved the same of
+magnetism. Second, gravitation is attractive; so is magnetism. Third,
+gravitation is proportionate to the mass; the force of magnets also
+depends upon the mass. Fourth, gravitation acts in an inverse ratio to
+the square of the distance; so does magnetism. Fifth, gravitation does
+not manifest polarity; magnetism is known not to do so. Sixth,
+gravitation acts independently of bodies affording a resistance to light
+and heat; so does magnetism."--CARTWELL.
+
+FARADAY'S biographer says:--"He is oppressed with the magnitude and
+importance of his subject, yet is stimulated by the fact that the
+discovery which he aims for (the relationship between gravity and
+electricity) would have a bearing in importance far beyond all
+conception in elucidating not only the facts connected with these
+subjects, but also others of a high importance. There being scarcely a
+limit to the subjects which would be illuminated by it."
+
+"Gravity, surely this force must be capable of an experimental relation
+to electricity and magnetism and the other forces, so as to bind it up
+with them in reciprocal action and equivalent effect."--FARADAY.
+
+KEPLER regarded gravity and heat "as being probably derived from one
+single principle."
+
+"There is every reason for believing that the radiations which
+constitute heat and light are essentially the same."
+
+"Gravity acts instantaneously."
+
+
+                        _Static Electricity._
+
+12. (Page 52.) Speaking of static electricity, FARADAY remarks: "What an
+idea of the ever-present and ever-ready state of this power is given to
+us, when we consider that not only every substance, but almost every
+mode of dealing with substance manifests its presence. It is not
+accidental at these times, but active and essentially so, and we may, in
+our endeavors to comprehend it, usefully compare and contrast it with
+gravity which never changes. There we see that power which in
+undisturbed and solemn grandeur holds equally the world and the dust of
+which worlds are formed together, and carries them on in their course
+through illimitable space through illimitable ages; and in this other
+power, even in this our first glimpse we see probably the contrasted
+force which is destined to give all that vivacity and mutual activity to
+particles that shall fit them as far as matter alone is concerned, for
+their wonderful office in the phenomena of nature, and enable them to
+bring forth the ever varying and astonishing changes which earth, air,
+fire and water present to us; from the motion of the dust in the
+whirlwind up to the highest conditions of life."
+
+13. (Page 61.) An illustration of this form of wind-production may be
+found in the following facts related by DR. GISLER, who for a long time
+dwelt in the north of Sweden: "The matter of the aurora borealis
+sometimes descends so low that it touches the ground. At the summit of
+high mountains it produces upon the face of the traveller an effect
+analogous to that of wind."
+
+We should pronounce this effect to be the production of a true wind of a
+circumscribed or local character.
+
+
+                    _Solar Spectrum, its origin._
+
+14. (Page 80.) PROF. KIRCHHOFF was led to the study of a coincidence
+between the bright yellow line given in an incandescent sodium vapor,
+and the solar line "D," which coincidence had already been noticed by
+FRAUENHOFER. Upon applying a greater dispersive power he noticed that
+the line "D" was a double one; but so also was the sodium line under
+these conditions. Moreover, each line of the one coincided with each
+line of the other. The _suspicion_ became strong that it was the sodium
+in the _sun_ which caused the "D" line. He then extended the comparisons
+to other elements. He carefully measured sixty bright lines in the
+spectrum of iron; and found every one of these sixty lines to
+correspond with a dark in the solar spectrum.
+
+"The overwhelming _probability_ of a common cause for both was forced
+upon him, and _by calculation_ he ascertained that this probability was
+as one million million million to one, in its favor."--LOCKYER.
+
+
+
+
+                              ADDENDUM.
+
+
+The great Solar Cone-space, in order to be clearly marked to the eye,
+was represented in Plate I, page 30, as white. This to some readers may
+be misleading; as this space when viewed transversely is not
+luminous,--it is not even visible. (Pl. V.)
+
+[Illustration: Pl. V. Solar Cone, Or Cone-Space.]
+
+Outside of the atmospheric envelope of all spheres, there is only "_the
+black of infinite space_."[E]
+
+Retro-action between the earth and visible and invisible spheres, gives
+to the earth the light which it possesses during the night-season.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[E] Flammarian.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+The following typographical corrections have been made:
+
+    Page x: Heat without combustion--Inter-currents{original had
+    no hyphen; changed to match page 45, to which it refers}
+
+    Page 60: back and forth to maintain an{comma removed}
+    equilibrium.
+
+    Page 64: {quotation mark removed}The course of a balloonist
+
+    Page 102: {quotation mark added}"These clouds sometimes
+    range themselves
+
+    Page 107: {quotation mark added}"The overwhelming
+    _probability_ of a common cause
+
+The following inconsistent hyphenation is as printed:
+
+    Page 42: just such a retro-acting inter-communication.
+
+    Page 72: might interfere with the intercommunication of light
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of New and Original Theories of the Great
+Physical Forces, by Henry Raymond Rogers
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT PHYSICAL FORCES ***
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