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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cost of Living Among Wage-Earners, by
+National Industrial Conference Board
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Cost of Living Among Wage-Earners
+       Fall River, Massachusetts, October, 1919, Research Report
+       Number 22, November, 1919
+
+Author: National Industrial Conference Board
+
+Release Date: March 18, 2008 [EBook #24868]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COST OF LIVING AMONG WAGE-EARNERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Anca Sabine Dumitrescu, Brian Magee, Clog and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: The original publication contained 35 blank,
+unnumbered pages between the last page of the Conclusion and the
+page entitled _Publications of the National Industrial Conference
+Board_.
+
+
+
+
+                National Industrial Conference Board
+
+                   15 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+                            BRANCH OFFICE
+
+               724 SOUTHERN BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+
+The National Industrial Conference Board is a co-operative body
+composed of representatives of national and state industrial
+associations, and closely allied engineering societies of a national
+character, and is organized to provide a clearing house of information,
+a forum for constructive discussion, and machinery for co-operative
+action on matters that vitally affect the industrial development of
+the nation.
+
+
+    FREDERICK P. FISH                                _Chairman_
+
+    MAGNUS W. ALEXANDER                     _Managing Director_
+
+
+                                  MEMBERSHIP
+
+AMERICAN COTTON MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION
+AMERICAN HARDWARE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION
+AMERICAN PAPER AND PULP ASSOCIATION
+ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS' CLUB
+INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES
+MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS' ASSOCIATION OF THE U.S.
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COTTON MANUFACTURERS
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FINISHERS OF COTTON FABRICS
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOL MANUFACTURERS
+NATIONAL AUTOMOBILE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
+NATIONAL BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION
+NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR INDUSTRIAL DEFENSE
+NATIONAL ELECTRIC LIGHT ASSOCIATION
+NATIONAL ERECTORS' ASSOCIATION
+NATIONAL FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION
+NATIONAL IMPLEMENT AND VEHICLE ASSOCIATION
+NATIONAL METAL TRADES ASSOCIATION
+RUBBER ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC.
+SILK ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA
+THE RAILWAY CAR MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+
+
+                        ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP
+
+ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES OF MASSACHUSETTS
+ASSOCIATED MANUFACTURERS AND MERCHANTS OF NEW YORK STATE
+ILLINOIS MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION
+MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF CONNECTICUT, INC.
+
+
+
+
+                      THE COST OF LIVING AMONG
+                            WAGE-EARNERS
+
+
+
+                      FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS
+                            OCTOBER, 1919
+
+
+                      RESEARCH REPORT NUMBER 22
+                           NOVEMBER, 1919
+
+
+
+                          _Copyright 1919_
+
+
+                NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD
+
+
+                          15 BEACON STREET
+                            BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+
+
+                              CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                               PAGE
+
+FOREWORD                                                        vii
+
+PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION                                      1
+
+METHOD                                                            1
+
+FALL RIVER AND ITS PEOPLE                                         2
+
+COST OF LIVING IN OCTOBER, 1919                                   3
+  FOOD                                                            3
+  SHELTER                                                         6
+  CLOTHING                                                        6
+  FUEL, HEAT AND LIGHT                                            8
+  SUNDRIES                                                        9
+  THE COMPLETE BUDGET                                            11
+
+INCREASE IN THE COST OF LIVING SINCE 1914                        13
+  FOOD                                                           13
+  SHELTER                                                        13
+  CLOTHING                                                       14
+  FUEL, HEAT AND LIGHT                                           14
+  SUNDRIES                                                       15
+  THE COMPLETE BUDGET                                            15
+
+CONCLUSION                                                       17
+
+
+
+
+                           LIST OF TABLES
+
+
+                                                               PAGE
+
+TABLE 1: Minimum Food Budget for a Week for a Man, Wife and
+Three Children under Fourteen Years of Age, Fall River,
+Massachusetts, October, 1919                                      4
+
+TABLEv 2: More Liberal Weekly Food Budget for a Man, Wife and
+Three Children under Fourteen Years of Age in Fall River,
+Massachusetts, October, 1919                                      5
+
+TABLE 3: Cost of a Liberal Allowance of Clothing for a Year
+for a Man, Wife and Three Children under Fourteen Years of Age
+in Fall River, Massachusetts, at Prices Prevailing in October,
+1919                                                              7
+
+TABLE 4: Average Cost of Sundries in Fall River, Massachusetts,
+October, 1919                                                    11
+
+TABLE 5: Average Cost of Living for a Man, Wife and Three
+Children under Fourteen Years of Age in Fall River,
+Massachusetts, October, 1919                                     12
+
+TABLE 6: Average Increase between October, 1914, and October,
+1919, in the Cost of Living for a Man, Wife and Three Children
+under Fourteen Years of Age in Fall River, Massachusetts         15
+
+TABLE 7: Comparison of Distribution of Expenditures for the
+Separate Budget Items in Fall River, Massachusetts, in 1914
+and 1919, with the Average Distribution in the Country as a
+Whole in 1914                                                    16
+
+
+
+
+                              Foreword
+
+
+The accompanying study of the cost of living among wage-earners in
+Fall River, Massachusetts, aims to establish the cost of maintaining a
+wage-earner's family at a minimum but reasonable standard of living in
+this textile manufacturing center; also the cost of maintaining such a
+family at a somewhat better standard.
+
+The Board has already made several broad surveys of changes in the
+cost of living in American wage-earning communities since the outbreak
+of the World War in July, 1914. These cover the entire country and are
+designed to bring out the extent of change during the periods studied,
+not the actual cost of living. The results of the present investigation
+in Fall River, made independently of these broader surveys, throw
+an interesting sidelight on the wider studies and also permit of a
+valuable check on them.
+
+It is intended to make similar intensive studies from time to time in
+other representative industrial communities.
+
+
+
+
+                The Cost of Living Among Wage-Earners
+
+
+                      Fall River, Massachusetts
+
+                            October, 1919
+
+
+                    PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION
+
+
+The following report summarizes the results of a study undertaken to
+determine the cost of maintaining a minimum American standard of
+living in Fall River, Massachusetts, in October, 1919, and also the
+cost of maintaining a somewhat more liberal standard. At the same
+time, an attempt was made to ascertain the increase in the cost of
+living at identical standards during the five-year period beginning
+with October, 1914.
+
+
+                               METHOD
+
+For the purpose of this study, the cost of living was estimated with
+reference to the needs of a man, his wife and three children under
+fourteen years of age. No attempt was made to secure family budgets
+from representative wage-earners. Instead, the amount of food,
+clothing, fuel, heat, light and other items needed to meet the
+requirements of a decent standard of living was carefully estimated on
+the basis of several budget studies made by other authorities, and
+prices of these various items were obtained. Thus, while the final
+estimate of the money cost of maintaining a definite standard of
+living is not based on actual family expenditures, but rather is a
+hypothetical budget designed to maintain a hypothetical family at a
+specified standard, it should closely approximate the true conditions.
+In practice, expenditures for the different items in the budget may
+and undoubtedly will vary considerably to meet the needs or tastes of
+individual families, but although the sums allowed for the total cost
+of living may be distributed in a large variety of ways, the averages
+given are as nearly representative as any that can be reached. It
+should always be borne in mind, however, that the figures are
+averages, even though they include a large variety of data.
+
+The investigation covered a period of one week in October, 1919. A
+study was made of available statistical data relating to Fall River,
+and various sections or "villages" of the city were visited to obtain
+a picture of the home surroundings of the people. The latter were
+observed on the street, as purchasers in stores, at work in the mills,
+at a dance for women wage-earners, and, in several instances, in their
+own homes.
+
+Visits were made to the headquarters of the various social and
+community agencies of the city, from which much valuable information
+on the cost and standard of living was secured.[1] To obtain the cost
+of the various items entering into the family budget and the increases
+in cost over a five-year period, figures were collected from retail
+food and clothing stores, coal dealers, and other corporations,
+associations and individuals in close touch with the local situation.
+
+      [1] The following organizations and individuals were consulted:
+      Chamber of Commerce, Association for Community Welfare, King
+      Philip Settlement, Instructive District Nursing Association,
+      Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Women's
+      Union, Boy Scouts, Immigrant Aid Society, Fall River Cotton
+      Manufacturers' Association, President of the Textile Council,
+      Superintendent of Schools, superintendent of one of the mills,
+      physician in charge of the city clinics for children, a Roman
+      Catholic priest, mill operatives.
+
+
+                      FALL RIVER AND ITS PEOPLE
+
+The population of Fall River in 1915 was approximately 125,000, of
+whom 75,000 were native born and 50,000 foreign born. A large
+percentage of the native born are of foreign parentage. French
+Canadians and Portuguese are the leading foreign nationalities and are
+represented in approximately equal numbers. Together they comprise
+over half the foreign-born population. The English are next most
+important in numbers, approximately 10,000. Over 4,000 were born in
+Ireland, over 3,000 are Poles and some 2,000 are Russians, the
+majority of the latter undoubtedly Jews.
+
+The people originally settled in neighborhood groups of a single
+nationality rather than around the particular mills in which they were
+employed. There are, in fact, ten different villages, so called, into
+which Fall River outside of the center may be said to be divided. The
+nationalistic character of these villages, however, is now to some
+extent breaking up, owing to decreased immigration, the Americanizing
+effect of the war, and the efforts of the Immigrant Aid Committee and
+other local social agencies, so that French, Portuguese, Irish and
+other foreign nationalities are coming in closer contact one with
+another.
+
+Families in Fall River often are large; the French Canadian and
+Portuguese not infrequently have eight or more children, and sometimes
+12 or 15. This means that in many families there is inevitably a period
+of poverty before the children become old enough to work; this is often
+partially relieved by the employment of the mother. When, however, the
+children begin to go into the mills, a considerable increase in income
+takes place very rapidly.
+
+The most important industry in Fall River is the manufacture of cotton
+cloth. There are in the city 111 cotton mills and an additional number
+of industries directly allied to cotton manufacturing. Retail selling
+is confined, with the exception of two or three large food stores and
+three or four department stores, largely to small neighborhood stores,
+the proprietors of which are of the same nationality as the people to
+whose trade they cater, or, in the case of specialty clothing stores,
+Jews.
+
+
+                   COST OF LIVING IN OCTOBER, 1919
+
+_Food._ To obtain the average cost of food, several budgets including
+articles sufficient for a week's supply for a family of man, wife and
+three children were used as a basis. From these were constructed food
+budgets designed to meet the requirements of a minimum standard and of
+one slightly above the minimum. Prices were collected from four of the
+large down-town stores, from branches of two different chain stores,
+one of them represented by 21 separate branches, and from various
+neighborhood grocery stores: one Polish, one Portuguese and two
+French. When there was more than one quality of an article the price
+used was the lowest consistent with what appeared to be good value.
+The quotations collected for each article were averaged and are given
+in Tables 1 and 2.
+
+TABLE 1: MINIMUM FOOD BUDGET FOR A WEEK FOR A MAN, WIFE AND THREE
+CHILDREN UNDER FOURTEEN YEARS OF AGE, FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS,
+OCTOBER, 1919
+
+                (National Industrial Conference Board)
+
+======================================================================
+                        | Cost,   |                          | Cost,
+   Item and amount      |October, |    Item and amount       |October,
+                        | 1919    |                          | 1919
+------------------------+---------+--------------------------+--------
+    _Meat and Fish_     |         |     _Fruit_              |
+ 2 lbs. flank           |$  .32   |   3 qts. apples          |$  .27
+ 2 lbs. chuck           |   .40   |   3 oranges              |   .12
+1/2 lb. bacon           |   .21   |   4 bananas              |   .15
+ 1 lb. dried cod        |   .20   |  1/2 lb. raisins         |   .12
+ 1 can salmon           |   .27   |   1 lb. prunes           |   .24
+    _Dairy Products_    |         |    _Bread, Cereals, etc._|
+ 1 doz. eggs            |   .61   |  12 lbs. bread           |  1.28
+ 1 lb. butter           |   .66   |   2 lbs. flour           |   .16
+1/2 lb. oleomargarine   |         |   1 lb. corn meal        |   .07
+  or lard               |   .18   |   1 lb. rice             |   .16
+ 1 lb. cheese           |   .41   |   1 lb. macaroni         |   .16
+14 qts. milk            |  2.10   |   3 lbs. sugar           |   .33
+    _Vegetables_        |         |   3 lbs. rolled oats     |   .21
+ 1-1/2 pks. potatoes    |   .77   |   1 pt. molasses         |   .12
+ 3 lbs. carrots         |   .12   |     _Tea, Coffee, etc._  |
+ 2 lbs. onions          |   .13   |  1/4 lb. tea             |   .15
+ 3 lbs. cabbage         |   .14   |  1/2 lb. coffee          |   .23
+ 2 lbs. dried beans     |   .23   |  1/2 lb. cocoa           |   .22
+ 1 can tomatoes         |   .15   |  Condiments              |   .11
+                        |         |                          |--------
+                        |         |     Total weekly cost    |$11.00
+------------------------+---------+--------------------------+--------
+
+From the food budget itemized in Table 1, which must be regarded as a
+minimum, it appears that the least that can be allowed for food for a
+man, wife and three children under fourteen years of age in Fall River
+in October, 1919, is $11 a week.
+
+
+TABLE 2: MORE LIBERAL WEEKLY FOOD BUDGET FOR A MAN, WIFE AND THREE
+CHILDREN UNDER FOURTEEN YEARS OF AGE IN FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS,
+OCTOBER, 1919
+
+                (National Industrial Conference Board)
+
+======================================================================
+                        | Cost,   |                          | Cost,
+   Item and amount      |October, |    Item and amount       |October,
+                        | 1919    |                          | 1919
+------------------------+---------+--------------------------+--------
+    _Meat and Fish_     |         |      _Fruit_             |
+ 2 lbs. flank           |$  .32   |   3 qts. apples          |$  .27
+ 1 lb. hamburg          |   .25   |  1/2 doz. oranges        |   .24
+ 3 lbs. leg mutton      |   .75   |  1/2 doz. bananas        |   .23
+1/2 lb. bacon           |   .21   |  1/2 lb. raisins         |   .12
+ 1 lb. dried cod        |   .20   |   1 lb. prunes           |   .24
+ 1 can salmon           |   .27   |    _Bread, Cereals, etc._|
+    _Dairy Products_    |         |  12 lbs. bread           |  1.28
+ 1 doz. eggs            |   .61   |   2 lbs. flour           |   .16
+ 1 lb. butter           |   .66   |   1 lb. corn meal        |   .07
+1/2 lb. oleomargarine   |         |   1 lb. macaroni         |   .16
+  or lard               |   .18   |   2 lbs. rolled oats     |   .14
+ 1 lb. cheese           |   .41   |   1 pkg. cornflakes      |   .15
+14 qts. milk            |  2.10   |  1/2 lb. tapioca         |   .08
+    _Vegetables_        |         |   3 lbs. sugar           |   .33
+ 2 pks. potatoes        |  1.02   |   1 pt. molasses         |   .12
+ 2 lbs. carrots         |   .08   |    _Tea, Coffee, etc._   |
+ 4 lbs. onions          |   .26   |  1/4 lb. tea             |   .15
+ 2 lbs. cabbage         |   .09   |  1/2 lb. coffee          |   .23
+ 2 lbs. dried beans     |   .23   |  1/2 lb. cocoa           |   .22
+ 1 can tomatoes         |   .15   |   Condiments             |   .17
+                        |         |                          |--------
+                        |         |     Total weekly cost    |$12.15
+------------------------+---------+--------------------------+--------
+
+The more liberal food budget, covering a week's supply for five
+persons, worked out in co-operation with the visiting housekeeper of
+the League for Community Welfare of Fall River and given in Table 2,
+was planned so as to include foods in particular demand among
+wage-earning families. From this it appears that to feed such a family
+according to a standard somewhat above the minimum, $12.15 a week
+would be required.
+
+These food budgets have been arranged with due consideration for food
+values and variety, although of course the tastes of many families
+might require a somewhat different combination of articles. Nevertheless
+it is probable that an adequate supply of food for an average family
+of five could be purchased in Fall River in October, 1919, for $11 per
+week, while $12.15 is sufficient to insure a somewhat more liberal
+diet. This would mean an annual expenditure for food of $572 for the
+minimum standard and $631.80 for the more liberal standard.
+
+_Shelter._ For information as to rents, the social agencies of Fall
+River, the Real Estate Owners' Association, the Renting Department of
+the Chamber of Commerce, individual renting agencies and landlords
+were consulted. A number of rented houses also were visited.
+
+The ordinary tenement in Fall River contains from three to five rooms
+with toilet, and the rents range from $1.25 to $4 per week. For the
+larger sum, a bath would be included. There are very few heated
+apartment houses and rents for these would be more than $20 a month.
+The majority of wage-earners probably pay between $1.75 and $3 per
+week and do not have a bath. The demand for the larger apartments with
+baths far exceeds the supply. Many families are forced to live in
+inferior and crowded quarters at the present time because no others
+are to be obtained.
+
+Two dollars twenty-five cents a week or $117 a year for four rooms
+and toilet may be set as a minimum figure for housing a family of five
+in Fall River, according to existing conditions. Three dollars fifty
+cents a week or $182 a year will secure somewhat better accommodations.
+
+_Clothing._ To obtain the cost of clothing for a family of five,
+budgets were constructed containing the different articles which
+probably would be purchased in the course of a year and prices were
+collected from a number of stores which cater to wage-earners.
+Quotations were secured for comparatively low-priced but standard
+grades of goods and these were averaged to obtain the prices given in
+Table 3. In deciding on the quantity of each article required, the
+quality of the goods was taken into account. In the case of articles
+which would not necessarily be replaced every year, what was
+considered to be a proper fraction of the cost in October, 1919, is
+given.
+
+
+TABLE 3: COST OF A LIBERAL ALLOWANCE OF CLOTHING FOR A YEAR FOR A MAN,
+WIFE AND THREE CHILDREN UNDER FOURTEEN YEARS OF AGE IN FALL RIVER,
+MASSACHUSETTS, AT PRICES PREVAILING IN OCTOBER, 1919
+
+                (National Industrial Conference Board)
+
+=======================================================================
+                        |  Cost,   |                         |  Cost,
+     Man's budget       | October, |    Woman's budget       | October,
+                        |  1919    |                         |  1919
+------------------------+----------+-------------------------+---------
+1 suit                  |  $28.00  | 1 coat or suit          | $26.00
+1/3 overcoat            |    7.50  | 1/2 dress               |   5.25
+1 pair heavy trousers   |    6.00  | 1 cotton skirt          |   1.98
+1/2 sweater             |    2.50  | 2 waists                |   3.60
+2 shirts                |    3.50  | 2 house dresses         |   4.25
+3 work shirts           |    3.50  | 3 aprons                |   1.90
+3 pairs overalls        |    5.65  | 1-1/2 pairs shoes       |  12.95
+2 pairs shoes           |   15.75  | 1 pair overshoes        |    .95
+Repair of shoes         |    3.35  | Repair of shoes         |   2.35
+8 pairs hose            |    4.00  | 6 pairs hose            |   3.00
+3 union suits           |    3.90  | 2 pairs corsets         |   4.65
+2 nightshirts           |    2.80  | 4 union suits           |   4.00
+4 collars               |    1.00  | 3 chemises              |   3.00
+3 ties                  |    1.50  | 2 petticoats            |   2.00
+1/2 felt hat            |    1.75  | 3 nightgowns            |   4.50
+Straw hat               |    2.00  | 1 straw hat             |   1.75
+Cap                     |    1.25  | 1 velvet hat            |   2.00
+Gloves                  |    2.25  | Gloves                  |   3.00
+Sundries                |    3.00  | Sundries                |   4.00
+                        |--------- |                         |---------
+      All items         |  $99.20  |      All items          | $91.13
+------------------------+----------+-------------------------+---------
+
+
+                         CHILDREN'S BUDGETS
+
+============================================================================
+                 | Cost,|                  | Cost,|                  | Cost,
+       Boy       | Oct.,|       Boy        | Oct.,|       Boy        | Oct.,
+    Age 13-14    | 1919 |     Age 5-6      | 1919 |     Age 8-9      | 1919
+-----------------+------+------------------+------+------------------+------
+1/3 mackinaw     |$ 3.20| 1/3 coat         |$ 2.60| 1/3 coat         |$3.40
+1/3 sweater      |  1.20| 1/3 sweater      |  1.15| 1/3 sweater      | 2.00
+1 suit           | 12.75| 1 suit           |  8.65| 1 wool dress     | 8.00
+1 pair trousers  |  2.25| 1 pair trousers  |  1.80| 2 cotton dresses | 5.00
+3 shirts         |  3.00| 3 blouses        |  2.75| 1 white petticoat| 1.50
+3 union suits    |  3.50| 3 union suits    |  3.65| 2 pairs bloomers | 1.30
+2 nightshirts    |  3.00| 3 underwaists    |  1.85| 3 union suits    | 2.75
+8 pairs stockings|  3.35| 2 nightgowns     |  2.35| 3 underwaists    | 1.89
+2 pairs boots    |  8.00| 6 pairs stockings|  2.40| 2 nightgowns     | 2.50
+1 pair overshoes |   .95| 2 pairs boots    |  5.40| 6 pairs stockings| 2.58
+1 pair mittens   |   .40| 1 pair overshoes |   .75| 2 pairs boots    | 8.00
+2 caps           |  1.50| 1 pair mittens   |   .40| 1 pair overshoes |  .80
+3 ties           |  1.00| 2 caps           |  1.80| 1 pair mittens   |  .40
+Repair of shoes  |  2.40| 1 Windsor tie    |   .40| 1 felt hat       | 2.00
+Sundries         |  1.25| Repair of shoes  |  1.65| 1 straw hat      | 1.80
+                 |      | Sundries         |   .50| Repair of shoes  | 1.65
+                 |      |                  |      | Sundries         |  .50
+                 |------|                  |------|                  |------
+   All items     |$47.75|    All items     |$38.10|    All items     |$46.07
+-----------------+------+------------------+------+------------------+------
+
+This clothing allowance for a family of five persons would cost
+$322.25 a year at prices prevailing in Fall River in October, 1919.
+While the prices given are comparatively low and the quantity allowed
+is not excessive, clothing may be purchased for less and the
+requirements of decency and comfort at an American standard may be met
+with fewer articles. As a matter of fact, a large proportion of
+families in Fall River do not spend so much as this for clothing,
+since many of them make certain garments at home or buy them at
+bargain prices, with a material reduction in cost. For this reason,
+the clothing budget as given must be regarded as ample rather than as
+a minimum. To allow for the different means by which the cost of
+clothing may be reduced, approximately 25% was deducted, bringing the
+annual minimum cost of an American standard of clothing in Fall River,
+according to prices prevailing in October, 1919, to $243.36.
+
+_Fuel, heat and light._ The average wage-earning family in Fall River
+burns about three tons of coal per season. This provides fuel for a
+kitchen range and usually for one other stove. Prices of coal quoted
+by three dealers were as follows: Chestnut, $13.75, $13.75, $13.00;
+stove, $14.00, $14.00, $12.75.
+
+This means an average annual expenditure of approximately $40.63 for
+the grade of coal generally bought.
+
+Many families, however, buy their coal in small lots from the
+neighborhood stores, which would make the total annual cost of fuel
+somewhat higher, provided the same amount were purchased. For this
+reason, and to allow for a minimum amount of kindling wood, it has
+been estimated that at least $45 per year would be required for fuel
+at the prices prevailing in October, 1919.[2]
+
+      [2] Some of the mills were reported to be selling coal to their
+      employees in small quantities at low prices.
+
+Gas is commonly used for lighting. The local gas company reported that
+there were 27,236 meters in use in the city, or one meter to every 4.5
+persons. A gas stove is in practically every wage-earner's home. The
+present price of gas is $1.05 net per thousand cubic feet. The average
+monthly gas bill for wage-earners is said by the company to be about
+$1.90 net. Electricity is burned for lighting purposes in many of the
+newer tenements even when the rent is low, and the average bill for
+wage-earners for electricity is about $1 per month. In recognition of
+the fact that some families burn gas for cooking only and have an
+additional expenditure for electric light, the yearly cost of gas and
+electricity together is estimated at $25.20 in 1919.
+
+The average annual cost of fuel, heat and light combined in Fall River
+at prices prevailing in October, 1919, may therefore be placed at
+$70.20, or $1.35 per week. For families having larger homes the cost
+of these items would be somewhat greater. To allow for this, the
+expenditure for fuel, heat and light has been increased somewhat in
+the more liberal budget, making the annual cost of this item $84.25,
+or $1.62 per week.
+
+_Sundries._ From information received from the local street railway
+company, it appears that not over 25% of the mill operatives use the
+street cars in going to and from work. The single fare is ten cents,
+but a commutation ticket plan was put into operation in September,
+1919, by which 50 rides could be obtained for $3 provided the ticket
+was used within a month. It has been found, however, that many of the
+more poorly paid wage-earners are not able to spend $3 at one time for
+car tickets and the street car company reported that, in practice, the
+tickets were sold mainly to those earning above $25 a week. Some of
+the mills have now arranged to sell the $3 tickets to their employees
+on the instalment plan.
+
+The chief form of amusement in Fall River is moving pictures. There
+are a dozen houses in the city to which admission is usually 15 cents,
+or 17 cents with the war tax. Children are admitted to the smaller
+houses on Saturday afternoons for six cents. The patronage is large.
+One or two of the theaters frequently offer vaudeville shows and plays
+for which prices of admission range as high as $2. There are also a
+number of public dance halls, to which admission is 25 cents.
+
+Doctors' fees, by recent vote of the local medical society, are $2 for
+an office call and $3 for a house visit.
+
+Almost all wage-earners in Fall River carry burial or life insurance
+and the insurance business is said to be thriving. The Philanthropic
+Burial Society alone, a local organization which has extended its
+activities to New Bedford and elsewhere, has a membership of 30,000 in
+Fall River. This society pays a funeral benefit of $125 in return for
+monthly dues of 15 cents to 30 cents. It was the belief of the
+secretary of the society that most of its policy-holders were insured
+in other organizations also. The Metropolitan and Prudential Life
+Insurance Companies have offices in Fall River and together they
+insure 75,000 persons. Their policy-holders make payments averaging
+about 10 cents per week. In addition, Fall River has 73 lodges of
+various fraternal organizations for men, many of which provide
+insurance benefits for their members. Many of the mills are reported
+to be carrying life insurance policies for their employees valued at
+from $500 to $1,000. A contributory system of cash benefits for
+sickness also obtains in some of the mills.
+
+The price of daily newspapers, French and English, is two cents and
+the Boston Sunday paper, which is extensively read, is seven cents.
+
+A considerable proportion of the amount spent for sundries apparently
+goes to the support of the church. The city is about 80% Roman
+Catholic. There are a large number of Roman Catholic churches, 17
+parochial elementary schools, a Roman Catholic academy and a Roman
+Catholic commercial school. These schools are maintained chiefly by
+the French and Irish. The French parochial schools require a payment
+of 50 cents per month per child and the child furnishes his own books.
+The Irish Roman Catholic schools on the other hand are supported
+through contributions to the church itself and tuition and books are
+free to any child in the parish. While of course public schools are
+provided in the city, about one-third of the children attend the
+parochial schools.
+
+It is practically impossible to estimate the amount spent for each
+separate item in the sundries group, but in Table 4 is given an
+approximation of expenses in this division of the budget. Since
+expenditures for sundries vary widely as between different families,
+the total allowed may be spent in a large variety of ways. It is
+believed, however, that $5.10 per week, or $265.20 per year, for the
+minimum budget is sufficient; the more liberal allowance is $6.80 per
+week or $353.60 per year.
+
+
+TABLE 4: AVERAGE COST OF SUNDRIES IN FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS,
+OCTOBER, 1919
+
+               (National Industrial Conference Board)
+
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------
+                                  | Minimum standard |   More liberal
+                                  |                  |     standard
+                                  |--------+---------+--------+---------
+             Item                 | Average| Average | Average| Average
+                                  | weekly | yearly  | weekly | yearly
+                                  |  cost  |  cost   |  cost  |  cost
+----------------------------------+--------+---------+--------+---------
+Carfare:                          |        |         |        |
+  To work                         |  $ .30 | $15.60  |  $ .30 | $ 15.60
+  For shopping and recreation     |    .20 |  10.40  |    .30 |   15.60
+Movies and other entertainments   |    .55 |  28.60  |   1.00 |   52.00
+Medical care                      |    .60 |  31.20  |    .65 |   33.80
+Insurance                         |    .70 |  36.40  |    .90 |   46.80
+Church and parochial schools      |   1.00 |  52.00  |   1.40 |   72.80
+Candy, tobacco, etc.              |    .45 |  23.40  |    .60 |   31.20
+Reading material                  |    .20 |  10.40  |    .25 |   13.00
+Household furnishings and supplies|   1.00 |  52.00  |   1.10 |   57.20
+Organizations                     |    .10 |   5.20  |    .30 |   15.60
+                                  +--------+---------+--------+---------
+      All sundries                |  $5.10 | $265.20 |  $6.80 | $353.60
+----------------------------------+--------+---------+--------+---------
+
+_The complete budget._ In Table 5 have been combined the figures given
+for the cost of a year's allowance of each of the separate items
+entering into the average family budget. From this it appears that
+at least $1,267.76 per year is necessary to maintain a family of
+five persons at an American standard of living in Fall River,
+Massachusetts, on the basis of prices prevailing in October, 1919.
+This would require an income of $24.38 per week the year round.
+
+In order to maintain life at a somewhat more comfortable standard,
+through allowing for slightly more liberal expenditures, $1,573.90 per
+year will be necessary, or a steady income of $30.27 per week.
+
+In neither of these estimates is any provision made for savings other
+than insurance. It should be noted, however, that while allowance has
+been made in the budget for medical care, recreation and insurance,
+these are to a certain extent provided free if operatives care to
+avail themselves of the facilities offered. Thus, life insurance
+premiums are paid by many of the mills; social activities are
+supported by a few and a nursing service by some. Although allowance
+for parochial schools is included in the budget, there are good public
+schools available in the city without cost. Taking these circumstances
+into account the estimates of the sums needed to maintain an American
+standard of living in Fall River in October, 1919, are as
+representative as any which can be reached.
+
+These sums provide for the maintenance of a family of five at an
+American standard of living, where the father is the sole wage-earner.
+It should be recognized, however, that the foreign families are
+frequently larger and that in many of them there are several
+wage-earners. Their standard of living, on the other hand, is
+intrinsically lower.
+
+These averages may be compared with the results of an investigation
+made by a totally different method by the United States Bureau of
+Labor Statistics in Fall River in 1918 when the average cost of living
+of 158 families earning roughly from $900 to $2,500 per year was found
+to be $1,320.84.[3] For 12 of these families, yearly expenses averaged
+$826.23; for 56, they were $1,058.30; for 48, they were $1,292.54.
+Thus, nearly three-quarters of the families were spending about the
+same amount or less than that determined by the National Industrial
+Conference Board to represent the minimum cost of living. Making
+allowance for increases in cost since the Bureau's study was made, the
+results of the two investigations are seen to be in substantial
+agreement.
+
+      [3] _Monthly Labor Review_, May, 1919, p. 154.
+
+
+TABLE 5: AVERAGE COST OF LIVING FOR A MAN, WIFE AND THREE CHILDREN
+UNDER FOURTEEN YEARS OF AGE IN FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS, OCTOBER,
+1919
+
+               (National Industrial Conference Board)
+
+------------------------+----------------------------------------
+                        | Minimum standard  |   More liberal
+                        |                   |     standard
+                        |--------+----------+---------+----------
+     Budget Item        | Average| Average  |  Average| Average
+                        | weekly | yearly   |  weekly | yearly
+                        |  cost  |  cost    |   cost  |  cost
+------------------------+--------+----------+---------+----------
+Food                    | $11.00 |$  572.00 |  $12.15 |$  631.80
+Shelter                 |   2.25 |   117.00 |    3.50 |   182.00
+Clothing                |   4.68 |   243.36 |    6.20 |   322.25
+Fuel, heat and light    |   1.35 |    70.20 |    1.62 |    84.25
+Sundries                |   5.10 |   265.20 |    6.80 |   353.60
+                        +--------+----------+---------+----------
+      All items         | $24.38 |$1,267.76 |   $30.27|$1,573.90
+------------------------+--------+----------+---------+----------
+
+
+              INCREASE IN THE COST OF LIVING SINCE 1914
+
+_Food._ It was difficult to compare the cost of food in Fall River in
+October, 1919, with the cost in October, 1914, since no stores could
+be found in the city from which prices of all articles at these two
+dates could be secured. One store, however, for years has published a
+"fair price-list" in one of the daily papers, covering most articles
+of food except fresh meat and vegetables. It was possible to compare
+prices quoted in this list in October, 1919, with those in October,
+1914. Prices of meats were obtained from advertisements of certain
+stores in 1914 and compared with prices prevailing at the same stores
+in 1919.
+
+From these lists and advertisements, two 1914 food budgets were
+constructed and compared with the cost of the same articles in 1919.
+The articles of food included were as nearly as possible the same as
+those used in Tables 1 and 2.[4] The less expensive budget was found
+to have increased 77%, and the more liberal budget 82% during the
+five-year period. An estimate of 80% as the increase in the cost of
+food is therefore representative. This compares with an average
+advance of 89% up to August, 1919, on the basis of prices in 1913, as
+shown by the retail food price index numbers of the United States
+Bureau of Labor Statistics.[5] August, 1919, prices of food were the
+highest ever recorded by the Bureau and there has been a decline of
+several points since that time.
+
+      [4] In a few cases, owing to lack of October, 1914, quotations,
+      it was necessary to make substitutions.
+
+      [5] _Monthly Labor Review_, October, 1919, p. 76.
+
+_Shelter._ Figures and estimates regarding increases in rents were
+secured from the same agencies which supplied current prices of
+shelter. From these, it appears that, in general, rents of the better
+houses had increased most. Since about 1,500 of the very poorest
+tenements were reported to be vacant, it has been rather difficult to
+raise the rents of this class of property. The Real Estate Owners'
+Association voted to increase all rents 20% beginning in August, 1919,
+and the secretary of the association reported that landlords had very
+generally put this increase into effect. One owner controlling a large
+amount of tenement property, who was consulted, had not done so.
+Another, however, reported increases in rents for his property of
+somewhat more than 20% in the five-year period ending October, 1919.
+Individual instances were given of increases in rents up to 40% in
+some cases. A renting agency set the advance at from 10% to 30%, the
+larger increase being for the better property.
+
+From these various estimates, it would appear that an increase of 15%
+would be a fair allowance for the advance in rent of a tenement
+previously renting for $1.50 or $2 a week, and 20% for a tenement
+renting for over $2. The tendency of rents in Fall River is distinctly
+upward at the present time.
+
+_Clothing._ For men's and women's clothing, prices were collected for
+the various articles of the budget which had been selling at a
+specified price in October, 1914. The October, 1919, quotations from
+the various stores were averaged and the total cost of all items was
+then compared with the cost of the same articles in 1914. This
+comparison shows an increase of 103% for men's clothing and 100% for
+women's. These increases were found to be applicable to children's
+clothing also. It may be said, therefore, that the cost of ready-made
+clothing in Fall River increased 102% between October, 1914, and
+October, 1919. When clothing is made at home, however, the increase
+has undoubtedly been greater, owing to the fact that prices of yard
+goods have advanced more than prices of made up garments, although as
+already indicated, the absolute cost is less. To allow for this, the
+increase in cost of the minimum clothing budget has been placed at
+125%.
+
+_Fuel, heat and light._ The same method of averaging prices of
+chestnut and stove coal by dealers was followed for October, 1914, as
+for October, 1919. The resultant figures show the average cost of
+three tons of coal at the earlier date to have been $26. The present
+cost, $40.63, is 56% more than this. If the coal was bought in less
+than ton lots the percentage of increase was practically the same.
+
+Gas which in 1919 cost $1.05 per thousand cubic feet net cost 80 cents
+net in October, 1914. This represents an increase of 31%. Electricity
+has advanced from nine cents to ten cents per kilowatt hour, or 11%.
+
+Combining the cost of fuel, heat and light in 1914 and 1919, it is
+found that the average increase for the five-year period was 46%.
+
+_Sundries._ Six tickets for car rides could be purchased for 25 cents
+in 1914, whereas the present price is 10 cents a single ride, an
+increase of 140%. If, however, commutation tickets are purchased, the
+increase is 44%.
+
+The three large down-town moving picture houses have not increased
+their prices since 1914, except by the amount of the war tax, but
+there has been an increase of 10 cents to 15 cents (17 cents with the
+war tax) in some, at least, of the neighborhood theaters.
+
+Doctors' fees have increased 100%.
+
+Although insurance premiums in themselves have not advanced, people
+have taken out more and larger policies to cover the increased cost of
+burial and relief. The daily papers have not increased in price, but
+the Boston Sunday paper, which is now seven cents, was six cents in
+1914.
+
+If the increases for the separate sundries items are combined on the
+basis of the distribution of items within the sundries group, as noted
+above, the total advance in the cost of sundries between October,
+1914, and October, 1919, was 75% for the minimum budget and 74% for
+the more liberal budget.
+
+
+TABLE 6: AVERAGE INCREASE BETWEEN OCTOBER, 1914, AND OCTOBER, 1919,
+IN THE COST OF LIVING FOR A MAN, WIFE, AND THREE CHILDREN UNDER
+FOURTEEN YEARS OF AGE IN FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+           (National Industrial Conference Board)
+
+=================================================
+                      |Increase between October,
+                      | 1914, and October, 1919
+      Budget items    +----------+---------------
+                      | Minimum  |  More liberal
+                      | standard |    standard
+----------------------+----------+---------------
+Food                  |    77%   |     82%
+Shelter               |    15%   |     20%
+Clothing              |   125%   |    102%
+Fuel, heat and light  |    46%   |     46%
+Sundries              |    75%   |     74%
+----------------------+----------+---------------
+      All items       |    73%   |     74%
+----------------------+----------+---------------
+
+_The complete budget._ In Table 6 are summarized the percentages of
+increase between October, 1914, and October, 1919, for the separate
+budget items and for all items combined, for a family of man, wife and
+three children under fourteen years of age.[6] From this it appears
+that the cost of living at a minimum standard increased 73% between
+1914 and 1919. The more liberal budget was 74% higher in 1919 than in
+1914.[7]
+
+      [6] The allocations of budget items in Fall River in 1914, as
+      determined by the Board's investigation, do not differ greatly
+      from the standard adopted for the Board's study of changes in
+      the cost of living for the country as a whole, as is shown in
+      the tabulation below. Such differences as occurred may be
+      accounted for by the fact that rents in Fall River are lower
+      than the average for the country as a whole. The differences in
+      allocations in 1919 are accounted for by the differences in
+      percentages of increase of the various budget items. In any
+      locality at any time, a minimum budget would show a larger
+      proportion of the income spent for food and a smaller proportion
+      for sundries, than would a somewhat more liberal budget.
+
+
+      TABLE 7: COMPARISON OF DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENDITURES FOR THE
+      SEPARATE BUDGET ITEMS IN FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS, IN 1914 AND
+      1919, WITH THE AVERAGE DISTRIBUTION IN THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE IN
+      1914
+
+                    (National Industrial Conference Board)
+
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------
+                                 |         Average distribution
+                   |  Average    |            of the budget,
+                   |distribution |             Fall River
+                   |   of the    |------------------+------------------
+    Budget items   |   budget,   |       1914       |       1919
+                   |   country   |------------------+------------------
+                   | as a whole, |         |  More  |         |  More
+                   |    1914     | Minimum | liberal| Minimum | liberal
+                   |             |  budget | budget |  budget | budget
+-------------------+-------------+---------+--------+----------+-------
+Food               |    43.1%    |  44.1%  |  38.6% |  45.1%  |  39.8%
+Shelter            |    17.7     |  13.9   |  14.4  |   9.3   |  11.6
+Clothing           |    13.2     |  14.7   |  17.7  |  19.2   |  20.5
+Fuel, heat & light |     5.6     |   6.6   |   6.8  |   5.5   |   5.3
+Sundries           |    20.4     |  20.7   |  22.5  |  20.9   |  22.5
+  All items        |   100.0     | 100.0   | 100.0  | 100.0   | 100.0
+-------------------+-------------+---------+--------+---------+-------
+
+      [7] It is interesting to compare the actual cost of maintaining
+      these two standards in 1914 with that determined by a special
+      federal investigation in 1908. According to the latter, it was
+      estimated that $731.64 per year would be required to maintain a
+      fair standard by English, Irish and French Canadian families,
+      and $690.60 by Portuguese, Polish and Italian families. A
+      minimum of existence budget, based on the food allowance of the
+      federal prison at Atlanta, Ga., and with totally inadequate
+      clothing, required at that time only $484.41 per year for five
+      people. (United States, 61st Congress, 2d Session, Document No.
+      645, Family Budgets of Typical Cotton Mill Workers, pp.
+      233-245.) The results of the Board's study show that if the cost
+      of maintaining a minimum standard of living has increased 73%
+      since 1914, the sum necessary to maintain it at that time would
+      have been $732.81, exclusive of savings. The cost of maintaining
+      the more liberal standard on the same basis in 1914, allowing
+      for a 74% increase since then, would have been $904.54.
+
+It should be pointed out, however, that these increases are estimated
+on the basis of the maintenance of an identical standard in 1914 and
+1919. As a matter of fact, standards of living have changed greatly
+within the last five years. On the one hand, there have been
+substitutions as prices have mounted, and on the other, wage increases
+greater than advances in the cost of living have in many instances
+enabled families to buy more and better goods than ever before. It is
+not possible to say which influence has been the more important.
+
+
+                                  CONCLUSION
+
+From the results of this brief survey of the cost of living among mill
+operatives in Fall River, it appears that to maintain a family
+consisting of man, wife and three children under fourteen years of
+age, at a minimum American standard of living but without any
+allowance for savings, $1,267.76 per year will be required, or a
+steady income of $24.38 per week. The distribution of expenses among
+the different budget items is:
+
+===========================================
+     Item             |  Weekly |  Yearly
+----------------------+---------+----------
+Food                  |  $11.00 |  $572.00
+Shelter               |    2.25 |   117.00
+Clothing              |    4.68 |   243.36
+Fuel, heat and light  |    1.35 |    70.20
+Sundries              |    5.10 |   265.20
+                      |---------+----------
+All items             |  $24.38 |$1,267.76
+----------------------+---------+----------
+
+To maintain a somewhat more comfortable standard, again without
+specific allowance for savings, $1,573.90 per year will be necessary
+or a steady income of $30.27 per week. The cost by separate items is:
+
+===========================================
+     Item             |  Weekly |  Yearly
+----------------------+---------+----------
+Food                  |  $12.15 |  $631.80
+Shelter               |    3.50 |   182.00
+Clothing              |    6.20 |   322.25
+Fuel, heat and light  |    1.62 |    84.25
+Sundries              |    6.80 |   353.60
+----------------------+---------+----------
+All items             |  $30.27 |$1,573.90
+----------------------+---------+----------
+
+Between October, 1914, and October, 1919, the cost of living at a
+minimum standard in Fall River increased 73% and at a more liberal
+standard, 74%, the advance for the separate items being as follows:
+
+==================================================
+                      |  Minimum   | More liberal
+        Item          |  standard  |   standard
+----------------------+------------+--------------
+Food                  |    77%     |     82%
+Shelter               |    15%     |     20%
+Clothing              |   125%     |    102%
+Fuel, heat and light  |    46%     |     46%
+Sundries              |    75%     |     74%
+----------------------+------------+--------------
+All items             |    73%     |     74%
+----------------------+------------+--------------
+
+
+
+
+                            Publications
+                               of the
+                 National Industrial Conference Board
+
+                   15 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+_Research Report No._ 1. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACTS IN THE UNITED
+  STATES--THE LEGAL PHASE. 60 pages. April, 1917. Revised, August,
+  1919. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 2. ANALYSIS OF BRITISH WARTIME REPORTS ON HOURS
+  OF WORK AS RELATED TO OUTPUT AND FATIGUE. 58 pages. November, 1917.
+  $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 3. STRIKES IN AMERICAN INDUSTRY IN WARTIME. 20
+  pages. March, 1918. 50 cents.
+
+_Research Report No._ 4. HOURS OF WORK AS RELATED TO OUTPUT AND HEALTH
+  OF WORKERS--COTTON MANUFACTURING. 64 pages. March, 1918. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 5. THE CANADIAN INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
+  INVESTIGATION ACT. 28 pages. April, 1918. 50 cents.
+
+_Research Report No._ 6. SICKNESS INSURANCE OR SICKNESS PREVENTION? 24
+  pages. May, 1918. 50 cents.
+
+_Research Report No._ 7. HOURS OF WORK AS RELATED TO OUTPUT AND HEALTH
+  OF WORKERS--BOOT AND SHOE INDUSTRY. 76 pages. June, 1918. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 8. WARTIME EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN THE METAL
+  TRADES. 80 pages. July, 1918. $1.00
+
+_Research Report No._ 9. WARTIME CHANGES IN THE COST OF LIVING--JULY,
+  1914, TO JUNE, 1918. 82 pages. August, 1918. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 10. ARBITRATION AND WAGE-FIXING IN AUSTRALIA. 52
+  pages. October, 1918. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 11. THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY DEFINED. 12 pages.
+  December, 1918. 50 cents.
+
+_Research Report No._ 12. HOURS OF WORK AS RELATED TO OUTPUT AND
+  HEALTH OF WORKERS--WOOL MANUFACTURING. 69 pages. December, 1918.
+  $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 13. REST PERIODS FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. 55
+  pages. January, 1919. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 14. WARTIME CHANGES IN THE COST OF LIVING--JULY,
+  1914, TO NOVEMBER, 1918. 33 pages. February, 1919. 75 cents.
+
+_Research Report No._ 15. PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL READJUSTMENT IN THE
+  UNITED STATES. 58 pages. February, 1919. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 16. HOURS OF WORK AS RELATED TO OUTPUT AND HEALTH
+  OF WORKERS--SILK MANUFACTURING. 54 pages. March, 1919. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 17. WARTIME CHANGES IN THE COST OF LIVING--JULY,
+  1914, TO MARCH, 1919. 31 pages. May, 1919. 75 cents.
+
+_Research Report No._ 18. HOURS OF WORK AS RELATED TO OUTPUT AND
+  HEALTH OF WORKERS--METAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 62 pages. July,
+  1919. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 19. CHANGES IN THE COST OF LIVING--JULY, 1914,
+  TO JULY, 1919, 31 pages. September, 1919.75 cents.
+
+_Research Report. No._ 20. WARTIME CHANGES IN WAGES--(SEPTEMBER,
+  1914,--MARCH, 1919). 128 pages. September, 1919. $1.50.
+
+_Research Report No._ 21. WORKS COUNCILS IN THE UNITED STATES. 135
+  pages. October, 1919. $1.50.
+
+_Research Report No._ 22. THE COST OF LIVING AMONG WAGE-EARNERS--FALL
+  RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS, OCTOBER, 1919. 18 pages. November, 1919. 50
+  cents.
+
+_Research Report No._ 23. CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN NEW ZEALAND.
+  46 pages. December, 1919. $1.00.
+
+_Research Report No._ 24. THE COST OF LIVING AMONG
+  WAGE-EARNERS--LAWRENCE, MASSACHUSETTS, NOVEMBER, 1919. 21 pages.
+  December, 1919. 50 cents.
+
+_Research Report No._ 25. CHANGES IN THE COST OF LIVING--JULY, 1914,
+  TO NOVEMBER, 1919. 24 pages. December, 1919. 75 cents.
+
+_Research Report No._ 26. A WORKS COUNCIL MANUAL. 32 Pages. February,
+  1920. $1.00.
+
+
+                    RESEARCH REPORTS IN PREPARATION
+
+CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN FRANCE.
+
+FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCIES OF CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN THE
+  UNITED STATES.
+
+HOURS OF WORK AS RELATED TO OUTPUT AND HEALTH OF WORKERS. SUMMARY OF
+  RESEARCH REPORTS NOS. 4, 7, 12, 16 AND 18, WITH ADDITIONAL MATERIAL.
+
+EXTENT AND CAUSES OF ABSENCE AMONG INDUSTRIAL WORKERS.
+
+
+                       INDUSTRIAL NEWS SURVEY
+
+               Important industrial news in concise form.
+               Weekly.                     $2.00 per year
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cost of Living Among Wage-Earners, by
+National Industrial Conference Board
+
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