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+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Wonders of the Jungle, by Prince Sarath Ghosh
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
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+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Wonders of the Jungle, by Prince Sarath Ghosh
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Wonders of the Jungle
+       Book One
+
+Author: Prince Sarath Ghosh
+
+Release Date: March 16, 2008 [EBook #24852]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WONDERS OF THE JUNGLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Sankar Viswanathan, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper,
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="500" height="749" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_1" id="Pic_1"></a>
+<img src="images/image_002.jpg" width="600" height="362" alt="Midnight Pool: Animals Drinking" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Midnight Pool: Animals Drinking</span>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image_003.jpg" width="500" height="809" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>HEATH SUPPLEMENTARY READERS</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h1>THE WONDERS OF<br />
+THE JUNGLE
+</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>PRINCE SARATH GHOSH</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Book One</span></h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/seal.jpg" width="100" height="144" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>D. C. HEATH AND COMPANY</h2>
+<h4>BOSTON&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;NEW YORK&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CHICAGO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ATLANTA</h4>
+<h4>DALLAS&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SAN FRANCISCO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;LONDON</h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1915,<br />
+By D. C. Heath &amp; Co.</span>
+</h4>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>One of the great thinkers of the world has said that all the sciences
+are embodied in natural history. Hence natural history should be
+taught to a child from an early age.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the best method of teaching it is to set forth the
+characteristics of animals in the form of a narrative. Then the child
+reads the narrative with pleasure and almost as a story, not as a
+tedious "lesson."</p>
+
+<p>I have followed that method in the Wonders of the Jungle. The present
+work (Book One) is intended to be a supplementary reader for the
+earlier grades in grammar schools. If it be found useful, I shall
+write one or two more books in progressive order for the use of higher
+grades.</p>
+
+<p>In Book One I have depicted only such wild animals as appeal to the
+interest of young children, and even to their sympathy and love. In
+subsequent books I shall describe the animals that prey upon others.
+As those animals are not lovable, it would be better for the child to
+read about them a year or two later. But even to those animals I shall
+be just, and shall depict their good qualities as well as their
+preying habits. How many people know that the very worst animal, the
+tiger, is a better husband and father than many men? Or that the
+ferocity of the tigress is prompted entirely by her maternal
+instinct&mdash;and that in every case of unusual ferocity yet recorded it
+was afterward found that there was a helpless cub somewhere near?
+Hence in subsequent books I shall enter more fully into the causes of
+animal instincts and characteristics&mdash;their loves and their hates and
+their fears.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Regarding the scheme of Book One, the animals are described in their
+daily life, and the main scientific facts and principles concerning
+each animal are woven into the narrative as a part of that daily life.
+But while teaching science to the child in that pleasant form, a few
+other purposes have also been kept in view:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. To cultivate the child's imagination. True imagination is the
+ability to visualize mentally the realities of life, not what is
+unreal&mdash;for which it is so often mistaken. Hence in this book the
+child is helped to visualize the animals in their actual haunts, and
+to see each incident as it actually happens.</p>
+
+<p>2. To cultivate the child's reasoning faculty. The child is encouraged
+at every step to think and to reason why the animal does certain
+things; <i>e.g.</i> why the elephant does not drink directly with its
+mouth, but has to squirt the water into it with the trunk.</p>
+
+<p>3. To teach a moral from the study of animals. The whole of Creation
+is one immense and beautiful pattern: so the child may well be trained
+to see the pattern in this also. And as a practical benefit from the
+study of animals, the child may learn thereby the value of certain
+qualities, such as obedience, discipline, and good citizenship&mdash;<i>e.g.</i>
+as in the remarkable case of the elephant, the buffalo, and the
+flamingo, as described in the text. In this regard I have kept in mind
+the very useful suggestions formulated a few years ago by the Moral
+Education League of Great Britain, under the patronage of Queen Mary,
+five of whose children at that time ranged in age from seven to
+fifteen. One of the functions of education is to present to the child
+the noblest and the most elevated of ideals. I have sought to do that
+in almost every chapter.</p>
+
+<p>I have to acknowledge my obligation to the New York Kindergarten
+Association for its valuable cooperation in putting this book through
+a practical test. The Kindergarten Association on more than one
+occasion provided me with a large audience of children, ranging in age
+from six to nine, ex-pupils of the Association, who are now in the
+public schools.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p>
+
+<table summary="Contents">
+<tr>
+  <td class="f1">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="f1">CHAPTER</td><td></td><td></td><td class="tocpg f1">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td>I.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"> <span class="smcap">The Midnight Pool</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"
+><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Elephants_Drink_First_but_Down_Stream">Elephants Drink First&mdash;But Down Stream</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#How_the_Elephant_Drinks">How the Elephant Drinks</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Why_the_Elephant_Drinks_with_His_Trunk">Why the Elephant Drinks with his Trunk</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>II.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"> <span class="smcap">The Law of the Jungle</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch2_1">How Buffaloes Come to Drink&mdash;In Rows</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch2_2">Buffalo Knights Guard the Timid Deer</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch2_3">Wild Pigs&mdash;Careless</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch2_4">Red Dogs&mdash;Bold, Fearing Nobody</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch2_5">Other Animals Come Alone</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch2_6">The Law of the Jungle&mdash;Clear Water for All</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>III.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"> <span class="smcap">The Elephants' Bath</span></a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch3_1">Elephant Child Obeys Mamma&mdash;or Gets Spanked</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch3_2">How the Elephant Child is Bathed</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch3_3">How the Elephant Child Learns to Swim</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>IV.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">Elephants: The Tricks of the Jungle</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch4_1">Elephant Child Learns to Feed</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch4_2">Elephant Child "Swats" Tormenting Flies</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch4_3">Elephant Covers Back from Hot Sun</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch4_4">How Elephants Walk under Water</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch4_5">How Elephants Break Down or Pull Out Trees</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>V.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><span class="smcap">Elephants: The Tricky Trap</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch5_1">The Elephant Taps Suspicious Ground with his Trunk</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch5_2">Elephant Tricks the Tricky Trappers</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>VI.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"> <span class="smcap">Buffaloes: The Knights of the Jungle</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch6_1">Buffaloes Cover Body with Mud against Flies</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch6_2">How Buffaloes Guard against Tiger while Feeding</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch6_3">How Buffaloes Know Danger is Coming&mdash;Three ways</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch6_4">Buffalo Sentinels</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch6_5">Buffaloes Make a Ring when Tiger Comes</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch6_6">Small Animals Find Safety in Buffalo Ring</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>VII.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"> <span class="smcap">Taming the Buffalo</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch7_1">Wild Buffaloes Tamed Quickly by Kindness</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch7_2">Little Boys Take Charge of Buffaloes</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch7_3">How the Big Buffaloes Love the Little Boys</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>VIII.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"> <span class="smcap">The Buffalo and the Boy</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>IX.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"> <span class="smcap">Deer and Antelope</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch9_1">Horns and Antlers Different in Three Ways</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch9_2">Elk and Other American Deer</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch9_3">Other Kinds of Deer</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch9_4">Barking Deer&mdash;One of the Wonders of Nature</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>X.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_X"> <span class="smcap">Deer and Antelope: Their Special Gifts</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch10_1">Each Animal has the Gift he Needs Most</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>XI.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI"> <span class="smcap">The Camel</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch11_1">The Camel's Wonderful Gifts</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>XII.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII"> <span class="smcap">The Camel and the Thief</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>XIII.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII"> <span class="smcap">Bears</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch13_1">The Polar Bear</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch13_2">American Bears</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch13_3">Other Bears</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>XIV.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV"> <span class="smcap">Bears: The Tricky Trap</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>XV.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV"> <span class="smcap">Bright Birds</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch15_1">The Flamingo</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch15_2">The Parrot</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch15_3">The Cockatoo</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch15_4">The Peacock</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch15_5">The Golden Pheasant</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td><a href="#Anch15_6">The Snowy Egret</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>XVI.</td><td colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI"> <span class="smcap">The Caged Parrot</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Illustrations">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_1">Midnight Pool: Animals Drinking</a></span></td>
+<td><a href="#Pic_1">Frontispiece</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="tocpg f1">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_2">The Buffaloes and the Blue Deer</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_3">An Elephant Giving himself a Shower Bath.</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_4">An Elephant Mamma Carrying her Child across the River</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_5">An Elephant Breaking a Tree with his Foot</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_6">Elephant Pulling Bananas out of a Tricky Trap</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_7">The Buffalo that Lives in India</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_8">The Tiger and the Ring of Buffaloes</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_9">Tame Water Buffaloes Plowing in the Rice Fields</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_10">Antelope</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_11">Elk</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_13">Arabian Camel&mdash;with One Hump</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_12">Bactrian Camel&mdash;with Two Humps</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_14">Sand Storm in the Desert</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_15">Crossing the Desert with Camels</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_16">Polar Bear</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_17">Himalayan Black Bear</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_18">A Bear Fighting a Block of Stone</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_20">A Flamingo Colony</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Pic_21">Snowy Egrets</a></span></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE WONDERS OF THE JUNGLE</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h2>The Midnight Pool</h2>
+
+
+<p>My dear, I shall tell you all about the wonders of the jungle. You
+have seen many animals in the zoo or in a circus&mdash;elephants, bears,
+lions, tigers, leopards, and many others. But the jungle is the place
+where these animals live before they are brought to the zoo or the
+circus.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, <i>jungle</i> really means a <i>wild place</i>; that is, a place where
+trees and bushes grow quite wild, so that men never cut down the trees
+or clear away the bushes. That is the natural home for all sorts of
+animals.</p>
+
+<p>Now I am going to tell you about the wonderful way in which they live
+there with their families, as we do in our homes; for the Papas and
+Mammas among the animals are just as fond of their children as ours
+are. So you must <i>imagine</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> that you are going into the jungle with
+me, so that I can show you everything. You see, it is just like a game
+of <i>pretending</i>, that we are going to play.</p>
+
+<p>There is actually a place in the jungle where you can see all the
+animals at once. In fact, that place is so wonderful that King George
+and Queen Mary of England went to see it; that was a few years ago,
+when they went to India, which is a far-away country. For in India
+there is a huge jungle where many thousands of animals live.</p>
+
+<p>So you must <i>pretend</i> that I am taking you to the Royal party, and
+that you are sitting with the King and Queen and all the fine men and
+lovely ladies; and we are watching the animals, while I tell you all
+about them.</p>
+
+<p>First, I must tell you that it is midnight, and all the animals are
+coming to a stream of water to drink. This stream is a river about
+twice as wide as a large street in your home town. We are sitting on
+the bank, on one side of the stream; and the animals are coming to
+drink on the bank on the other side.</p>
+
+<p>"But," you may say, "will not the animals see us across the stream,
+and get frightened and run away?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>That is quite true. But the King and Queen had thought of that. So
+they ordered a lot of men to put a large net on their side of the
+stream, just in front of them, and then to cover the net with twigs
+and leaves so cleverly that the animals thought the leaves were a part
+of the jungle, and did not see the people on the other side of the
+net.</p>
+
+<p>So the King and Queen, and you and I, can peep quietly through the
+leaves and watch the animals. Almost all wild animals drink at
+midnight; so we shall see them now.</p>
+
+<p>Where will the animals come from? You see the stream before us; well,
+on the other side of it is the jungle, where the animals live. Right
+in front of us we see a gap in the jungle close to the bank. That gap
+was made by <i>elephants</i> by beating down the bushes with their feet.
+They made it long ago to come to the water, and now they use it every
+night. In fact, it is known among the jungle folks as the <i>Elephant
+Path</i>; for no other animal would dare to use it before the elephants
+did.</p>
+
+<p>The elephants, being the biggest of all animals, are the <i>lords of the
+jungle</i>; so they have the right to come first to drink. They are also the
+wisest of all animals. You have seen many kinds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> of animals&mdash;elephants,
+horses, dogs, monkeys, and others&mdash;do funny tricks in a circus. Now, all
+these animals except the elephant have to be <i>taught</i> to do tricks; the
+elephant is the only animal that can think out a trick for itself.</p>
+
+<p>Of course in a circus there is always a teacher, or trainer, to show
+even the elephant how to do tricks; but in the jungle the elephant can
+find out how to do things for itself.</p>
+
+<p>Very soon I shall tell you about the tricks which the elephant
+actually does in the jungle; and as you hear about them, you must
+<i>think</i>! Why? Because then you will know <i>why</i> the elephant does these
+things&mdash;and that will show you how clever <i>you</i> can be!</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Elephants_Drink_First_but_Down_Stream" id="Elephants_Drink_First_but_Down_Stream"></a><i>Elephants Drink First&mdash;but Down Stream</i></h3>
+<p>First let us watch the elephants as they come to the river through the
+gap in the jungle.</p>
+
+<p>See! They come one at a time, <i>one behind another;</i> for the gap is not
+big enough for more than one at the same time. The elephant is so big
+that it can get through the jungle only in this way.</p>
+
+<p>First come a number of <i>bull elephants</i>. They are the Papa elephants;
+you can always tell them by the <i>huge tusks</i> they have. The bulls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+come first, in case there are any enemies waiting to hurt their
+children; for then the bulls can drive off the enemies.</p>
+
+<p>As each bull elephant comes through the gap, you see him turn to our
+right, which is <i>down</i> the stream&mdash;that is, the way the water flows.
+You see the first one walk along the bank that way, and the second
+comes after him, then the third, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>But why do they walk along the bank? To make room, of course, for all
+their friends who are still coming from behind. In this way about a
+dozen bull elephants come ahead of all the others.</p>
+
+<p>After them you see the <i>cow elephants</i>, also in a line, one behind
+another. They are the Mamma elephants; and nearly every one of them
+has a baby elephant trotting in <i>front</i> of her. You have often seen
+the ordinary cow that gives you milk; when she goes to graze in the
+field, her baby, or calf, trots by her side.</p>
+
+<p>But the Mamma elephant is much wiser, and always tells her baby to
+toddle in <i>front</i> of her, in case any one comes suddenly to hurt or
+steal the baby. For a tiger sometimes wants to pounce on the baby from
+the side, grab it quickly, and carry it away. But he cannot do it if
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> baby is right in front of its Mamma; for then she will drive him
+off with her tusks, even if they are not quite so big as the tusks
+that the Papa elephants have.</p>
+
+<p>As the Mammas reach the bank, each with her baby, you see them also
+walk along the bank down stream in a long line.</p>
+
+<p>After all the Mammas and babies have come, you see another set of bull
+elephants coming out of the jungle. Why? Because some enemy might try
+to attack the Mammas and the babies from the <i>back</i>; so these bull
+elephants are there to guard them. You see, the Mammas and the babies
+are <i>always in the middle</i>, safe from all harm.</p>
+
+<p>When all the elephants have reached the stream, they stand in line and
+face the water. All these elephants belong to <i>one herd</i>; you can
+count about a hundred. A herd of elephants is really a <i>republic</i>,
+like the United States of America, and has a President, who is the
+wisest bull in the herd.</p>
+
+<p>In another book I shall tell you how the elephants choose their
+President, and make laws, and keep order in the herd; how they choose
+some strong bulls among them to act as <i>policemen</i> in the herd, and
+catch and punish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> any naughty elephant who becomes a <i>rogue</i>; and how,
+if two elephants start quarrelling and fighting like naughty boys, the
+police elephants have to catch and punish both of them. Also, I shall
+tell you how the President has to lead the herd every day when they go
+in search of food, so that they will have plenty to eat.</p>
+
+<p>And in the jungle, as there are other elephant herds and sometimes two
+herds find the same feeding ground, and then start quarrelling and
+fighting as to who found it first, it is the duty of the President to
+keep his own herd away from the two that are fighting, and not mix in
+the fight in any way. All these wonderful things and many others you
+will read in the other book, when you are a little older.</p>
+
+<p>But let us see what the President has to do when the whole herd is
+standing in line, facing the water. He is at the bottom of the line,
+far down stream; so he looks up along the line to see that all are
+ready. Then he gives the signal for them to begin drinking; he does
+this by dipping his trunk into the water. Then the second one sees him
+do it, and does the same; in that way each elephant higher up the line
+sees that the next one below him has started<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> drinking, so he too does
+the same. Soon they are all drinking, as you see in the picture at the
+beginning of this book.</p>
+
+<p>But why does the President have to give the signal to begin? Why is it
+that any elephant, anywhere along the line, cannot start drinking,
+just as he or she pleases? Think!</p>
+
+<p>Because if any one along the line started drinking too soon, he might
+muddy the water for those that stood <i>below</i> him along the line,
+because the water flows down that way. But if the lower ones drank a
+little before, it would not matter if they <i>did</i> muddy the water, for
+the higher ones would still have clear water to drink. That is why the
+lowest one drinks first, then the next, and so on up the line. Is not
+that very wise, and very fair to all?</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="How_the_Elephant_Drinks" id="How_the_Elephant_Drinks"></a><i>How the Elephant Drinks</i></h3>
+<p>But you must not think that an elephant actually drinks <i>through</i> his
+trunk! He does not! The elephant's trunk is really his nose, though it
+is a very long nose. What he does is to dip the trunk into the stream
+and suck in the water about halfway up the trunk; then he curls up the
+tip of the trunk and gets it near his mouth; then he <i>blows</i> through
+the nose, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> <i>squirts</i> the water into his mouth. Of course he has to
+do that many times, to get enough to drink. But he tries each time to
+dip only the tip of the trunk into the stream, so as not to muddy the
+water willfully!</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Why_the_Elephant_Drinks_with_His_Trunk" id="Why_the_Elephant_Drinks_with_His_Trunk"></a><i>Why the Elephant Drinks with His Trunk</i></h3>
+<p>But, you may say, why cannot he drink like other animals, by going
+right into the stream till he gets his <i>mouth</i> into the water? Because
+his mouth is so high up, and his neck is so stiff, that he would have
+to go quite two or three yards deep into the stream before he could
+get his mouth into the water, and then his heavy feet would stir up
+the mud in the stream where he was standing, and so dirty the very
+water he was drinking.</p>
+
+<p>Now you see what a wise animal the elephant is! The only way he could
+get clear water to drink was by having a long nose! And that is
+exactly what happened many, many years ago&mdash;his nose became long
+enough to reach the water from the bank. How that happened I shall
+tell you in another book, as you will not understand it till you are a
+year or two older.</p>
+
+<p>All the grown-up elephants drink in this way,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> and also some of the
+elephant children whose trunks have grown long enough to reach the
+stream. But what about a baby elephant? Why, its Mamma fills her own
+trunk with water, puts the tip into the baby's mouth and squirts the
+water into it.</p>
+
+<p>But now after watching the elephants&mdash;who are on our right, down the
+stream&mdash;let us turn our eyes to the left, and look <i>up</i> the stream.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h2>The Law of the Jungle</h2>
+
+
+<p>Hush! Here come all the animals! The <i>buffaloes</i>, the <i>blue deer</i>, the
+<i>red deer</i>, the <i>wild pigs</i>, the <i>hyenas</i>, the <i>wolves</i>, the <i>red
+dogs</i>, and many others. Watch and see how each kind of animal comes;
+it is not always in the same way. The moon is now shining clear above
+the trees, and we can see a long way up the stream.</p>
+
+<p>See the <i>buffaloes!</i> They come a little <i>above the elephants</i>. But
+they do not come one behind another in a line, like the elephants.
+They come three or four together. They also have beaten down the
+bushes there years ago, to make a drinking place; and it is wide
+enough for three or four of them to drink at the same time, side by
+side.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch2_1" id="Anch2_1"></a><i>How Buffaloes Come to Drink&mdash;in Rows</i></h3>
+<p>But why must they drink three or four at the same time? Because the
+buffaloes are like a body of soldiers, one row behind another.
+Sometimes twenty or thirty rows make up a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> herd. We see only the first
+row drinking now, but soon we shall see the others behind.</p>
+
+<p>And why do the buffaloes come like a body of soldiers? Because they
+are afraid of their enemy&mdash;the tiger! Once upon a time the buffaloes
+lived scattered about, and many of them got eaten by the tiger, one at
+a time. Then those that escaped from the tiger became wise; they
+joined together like a body of soldiers, so that they could beat off
+the tiger. How they came to do that, I shall tell you at another time.</p>
+
+<p>But now let us watch the first row drinking. They are all <i>bull
+buffaloes</i>, the Papas of the herd; you can tell that by their <i>huge
+horns</i>, a yard long on each side of the head. You see how the
+buffaloes stand side by side, so that their horns almost touch one
+another. That is the way the buffaloes have marched to the stream from
+their feeding place&mdash;horn to horn. Why? Because no prowling tiger can
+get past those horns.</p>
+
+<p>Watch the first row as it finishes drinking; the whole row wheels
+around to the side like soldiers. Then the buffaloes that have had
+their drink march to the back of the herd, and stand there in a row
+facing the jungle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the second row in the front has stepped to the water to
+drink. These also are bull buffaloes. When they finish drinking, they
+also wheel, march to the back of the herd, and there stand behind the
+first row. In this way four or five rows of bulls drink, one after the
+other, and go to the back of the herd.</p>
+
+<p>Next come about a dozen rows of <i>cow buffaloes</i> and their calves, or
+children. You see again, like the elephants, the Mammas and children
+among the buffaloes are also <i>in the middle</i>, safe from all harm.</p>
+
+<p>Then at the end there are four or five rows of bull buffaloes again,
+to guard the Mammas and the children from enemies in the back.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch2_2" id="Anch2_2"></a><i>Buffalo Knights Guard the Timid Deer</i></h3>
+<p>But wait a moment! Before the buffaloes go away, a most wonderful
+thing happens. You have read stories, how once upon a time there were
+brave knights who used to come to the help of ladies who were in
+danger. Well, you will be glad to know that these bull buffaloes are
+just like those brave knights. Do you see that timid little shadow
+creeping in by the side of the buffaloes?</p>
+
+<p>She is a <i>blue deer</i>, a very timid lady indeed;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> for she knows that a
+tiger is waiting in the high ground behind, to catch her. It is the
+last chance of the tiger to get his supper; so he waits by the high
+ground behind, and watches for some weak animal like the deer to come
+to drink.</p>
+
+<p>But the blue deer knows that; so she hides in the bushes, and waits
+for the buffaloes to come to drink. Then as the buffaloes come to the
+water, row after row, horn to horn, she tries to creep in toward them;
+she even tries to creep in <i>under</i> the horns of the buffaloes, knowing
+that there she will be quite safe from the tiger. It takes her a long
+time to reach the buffaloes in that way, without being caught by the
+tiger.</p>
+
+<p>But do you see the wonderful thing? The buffaloes wait a little for
+her! They take a little longer to drink, to give her a chance to reach
+the water by their side. Like the brave knights, they feel proud of
+helping a lady.</p>
+
+<p>Now see! The blue deer also has finished drinking. She goes away with
+the buffaloes, under their horns. They all reach the jungle again. She
+looks carefully: the tiger is watching her, but he dares not come too
+near. She sees where he is&mdash;then suddenly she gives a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> leap&mdash;another
+leap&mdash;and another&mdash;quickly! The tiger leaps after her&mdash;but she leaped
+first! She is gone! She is safe!</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_2" id="Pic_2"></a>
+<img src="images/image_025.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="The Buffaloes and the Blue Deer" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Buffaloes and the Blue Deer</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p>
+<p>The tiger is furious. He stands a moment before the buffaloes,
+growling with rage. But the bulls in front of the herd paw the ground,
+and rattle their horns with one another. They are going to charge!</p>
+
+<p>But that tiger does not wait for the charge of the bull buffaloes. He
+does not want to be trampled into a mess under their hoofs, or cut up
+into pieces with their horns. Instead, he sneaks away, growling. He
+sneaks back to the stream, to wait for some other weak animal.</p>
+
+<p>So, you see, the jungle folks are in many ways just like us; for a
+brave man always helps a lady or anybody who needs his help.</p>
+
+<p>But now let us watch the stream higher up.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch2_3" id="Anch2_3"></a><i>Wild Pigs&mdash;Careless</i></h3>
+<p>Here come the <i>wild pigs</i>. They are not exactly a herd; but still
+there are many dozens of them, all one large family with all their
+relations&mdash;cousins and uncles and aunts. Some of the wild pigs are
+called <i>boars</i>; they are the Papas among the wild pigs. You can always
+tell them by the two <i>sharp tusks</i>, or teeth, one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> on each side, which
+grow <i>upward</i> from their under jaw. Each tusk is as long as a knife,
+and so sharp that a tiger does not always care to fight with a boar.</p>
+
+<p>The wild pigs drink in any fashion, and go off in any fashion&mdash;just as
+they like. They trust to luck or to the sharp tusks of some of the
+boars to guard them from danger. But they have not learned enough yet
+to do things in proper order.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch2_4" id="Anch2_4"></a><i>Red Dogs&mdash;Bold, Fearing Nobody</i></h3>
+<p>Meanwhile other animals have also come. The moon is now quite high in
+the sky. A band of shadows in the moonlight seems to fall upon the
+water. It is a pack of <i>red dogs</i>; they have come boldly, as they are
+afraid of nothing. For if a hungry tiger attacks them, the whole pack
+will jump on the tiger and tear him down&mdash;that is, the tiger could
+kill dozens of the dogs in a few minutes, but then the rest of the
+wild red dogs would tear the tiger to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>So the red dogs are not afraid as they come flocking to the stream.
+They lap up the water with their lolling tongues. Then they look up at
+the moon. Do you see what they are doing? Can you <i>hear</i> them? They
+are <i>howling at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> moon in a chorus</i>. Dogs always howl at the moon.
+Men do not quite know just why dogs do that. But perhaps they do it
+because they are glad and satisfied, and are trying to <i>sing!</i> When
+<i>you</i> sing, and there is a dog near by, you may hear him start
+howling. He does that, I suppose, because he likes your singing, and
+wants to join in the chorus!</p>
+
+<p>So the wild dogs of the jungle also howl when they are glad. Then,
+after the red dogs have howled as long as a song, they scamper off
+into the jungle again. That shows, I suppose, that their howling was
+really a song!</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch2_5" id="Anch2_5"></a><i>Other Animals Come Alone</i></h3>
+<p>The red dogs are the last of the animals that come in a bunch. Now you
+see other animals coming one by one. A sneaking shadow there! It must
+be a <i>hyena</i>. That is an animal that eats what remains from some other
+animal's supper; so the hyena waits to see if a tiger or a leopard has
+caught any supper, or else it will have to go hungry.</p>
+
+<p>But hush! Here is a <i>red deer</i> coming carefully to the water. This
+animal is much bigger than the blue deer, and more able to take care
+of herself. But, still, she comes very quietly,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> looking to right and
+left to make sure that the tiger is not just in that place. She
+reaches the water and starts drinking. But do you see how her ear is
+bent to the side? The red deer is listening most carefully, even while
+she is drinking!</p>
+
+<p>But look, look! The bush behind the deer parts very slowly, and a huge
+yellow form crouches there! It is the tiger!</p>
+
+<p>He is not near enough to jump on the deer; so he takes one step
+forward&mdash;as softly as a cat!</p>
+
+<p>But the deer has heard the footfall! For she can hear even a leaf when
+it falls to the ground. And in that one second, even while she was
+drinking, the red deer has turned and leaped to the side. The tiger
+has also leaped at the same time, and he aimed at the place where the
+deer <i>was</i>. But the deer has just left that place, and the next second
+she gives another leap, like a flash, and gets out of the tiger's
+reach.</p>
+
+<p>The tiger stands where he leaped, and growls with rage. He knows it
+would be no use chasing the deer, as <i>the deer can run much faster</i>.
+So he stands there, and growls for quite a while. Then, as he did not
+get any supper that night,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> he can at least have a drink. So he drinks
+and goes away, still growling.</p>
+
+<p>Now all is quiet at last at the midnight pool, as all the animals have
+gone away.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch2_6" id="Anch2_6"></a><i>The Law of the Jungle&mdash;Clear Water for All</i></h3>
+<p>But before <i>we</i> leave the place, I want you to remember something. I
+showed you first the elephants; they were on our right&mdash;that is,
+<i>down</i> the stream, the way the water flows. And the elephants drank
+first among all the animals.</p>
+
+<p>Then all the other animals came to the stream, but more to our
+left&mdash;that is, <i>up</i> the stream. Why was that? Think!</p>
+
+<p>I shall tell you. By the time the elephants finish drinking by dipping
+their trunks into the stream many times, the water begins to get
+muddy. In fact, after drinking, the elephants jump into the water to
+have a bath and a swim, as I shall tell you in the next chapter.</p>
+
+<p>So the water gets muddy near the elephants and all the way down stream
+from that place, as the water flows that way. And as the other animals
+do not want muddy water to drink, they always go <i>up</i> the stream,
+where the water is still clear.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>That is <i>The Law of the Jungle</i>, though it is not written down in a
+book, like the laws among men. The Law of the Jungle says that as the
+elephants are the lords of the jungle, they shall drink <i>first</i>: but
+they must be careful to drink <i>down the stream</i>, so that all the other
+animals may have a place higher up, where they can get <i>clear water to
+drink</i>.</p>
+
+<p>And that law has never been broken, for many thousands of years, among
+all the different sorts of animals.</p>
+
+<p>But with men the laws among the different sorts of people, called
+nations, are often broken, because some of them want all the best
+things and the best places, and do not care if they muddy the water
+that their neighbors have to drink.</p>
+
+<p>So, my dear children, we can learn many things from the animals, even
+how to be better men and women when we grow up.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<h2>The Elephants' Bath</h2>
+
+
+<p>I have just told you that, after drinking, the elephants jump into the
+water and have a bath and a swim. That is, all the grown-up elephants
+do that, while the little ones stay on the bank and play about.</p>
+
+<p>But, you may ask, why does not the tiger try to grab one of the little
+ones then? Because even when the Mammas go into the water they keep
+their eyes on the babies, who play quite near by, so that the Mammas
+can come to them any minute.</p>
+
+<p>And the Mammas can <i>smell</i> a tiger a little before he gets there, so
+that they have enough time to climb out of the water. Besides, the
+babies themselves can smell the tiger when he is coming; then they
+call out to their Mammas by making a queer rumbling sound in their
+throats, and the Mammas come to them at once, before the tiger can get
+there.</p>
+
+<p>So all the grown-up elephants can go into the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> water, without any
+worry. And at first they have a regular shower bath.</p>
+
+<p>How do they do that? Why, each elephant fills his trunk with water;
+then he curls up the trunk in the air over his head and squirts the
+water out, and it falls in a shower all over his body. You can see how
+he does it in the picture. All the grown-up elephants do that, and
+even those that are half grown.</p>
+
+<p>After the shower bath, they swim about; but the Mamma elephants do not
+do that. Why? Because they have to get busy and bathe their little
+children. They call to the children to stop playing, and come and have
+a bath&mdash;just as our Mammas do.</p>
+
+<p>How do they call? Why, I must tell you at once that all kinds of
+animals have <i>a language of their own</i>. They do not speak exactly as
+we do, but make different sounds through their mouth or nose, and each
+sound <i>means</i> something.</p>
+
+<p>If the Mamma elephant wants to say "Come here," she makes one kind of
+sound, and the baby elephant has learned to know exactly what that
+means. And if the Mamma elephant wants to say "Keep still," she makes
+another kind of sound, and the baby knows also what that means.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Pic_3" id="Pic_3"></a>
+<img src="images/image_035.jpg" width="500" height="787" alt="An Elephant Giving himself a Shower Bath" title="" />
+<span class="caption">An Elephant Giving himself a Shower Bath</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In this way all animals can talk among themselves. Of course they
+cannot say many things, as we do, but quite enough to tell what they
+want.</p>
+
+<p>So each Mamma elephant calls to her child to come and stand on the
+bank. Now, many of our children often hate to be bathed; and the
+elephant children are just the same! In fact, the very small ones
+actually cry and shriek, just like our babies!</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch3_1" id="Anch3_1"></a><i>Elephant Child Obeys Mamma&mdash;or Gets Spanked</i></h3>
+<p>But when the Mamma elephant calls to the baby to stop playing and come
+and stand by the bank, the baby comes at once, even though it hates to
+be bathed. The baby elephant obeys its Mamma almost the first time,
+whatever she tells it to do.</p>
+
+<p>But if the baby does not obey, does its Mamma spank it? Of course she
+does&mdash;like all Mammas! The elephant Mamma does the spanking with her
+trunk.</p>
+
+<p>But I must tell you at once that an elephant child never gets spanked
+more than once in its life&mdash;and that is enough! And some are so good
+that they <i>never</i> get spanked!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The elephant child learns very quickly to obey its Mamma and Papa, and
+afterwards its trainer or teacher. The elephant child even obeys the
+very minute it is told to do anything; in fact, sometimes in the
+jungle there is a sudden danger, even if the elephant child does not
+see the danger. But its Mamma or Papa sees it.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Mamma or Papa calls out to the child to stop, or come away,
+or do something, <i>at once</i>; and if the child does not do it at once,
+it may get killed. Among men folks, if a child runs out into the
+street, and an auto or a street car comes suddenly, then if the child
+will not obey its Mamma at once and do exactly as she says, the child
+may be run over and killed. In the jungle the elephant child also has
+sudden dangers like that, though in a different way.</p>
+
+<p>In the next chapter I shall tell you a wonderful story about a boy
+elephant who escaped a great danger because he obeyed his Papa at
+once.</p>
+
+<p>But sometimes it happens that a boy elephant is really naughty&mdash;just
+like a bad boy among men. As you know, a bad boy among men usually
+grows up to be a bad man, and then he gets into a lot of trouble. In
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> elephant herd it is just the same; a bad little elephant grows up
+to be a bad big elephant; it is then called a <i>rogue</i>. In another book
+I shall tell you how the President of the herd orders all the police
+elephants to stand in a ring around the rogue and give him a most
+awful spanking. And they do that, not with their trunks this time, but
+with their <i>tusks</i>&mdash;which hurt most dreadfully.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch3_2" id="Anch3_2"></a><i>How the Elephant Child is Bathed</i></h3>
+<p>But now I shall tell you about the baby elephant when its Mamma calls
+it to come and be bathed. It comes to the edge of the bank, and stands
+facing its Mamma. Then the Mamma fills her trunk with water, brings
+the trunk quite near the baby, and squirts the water all over it.</p>
+
+<p>The baby may howl and jump about and make faces, but it <i>never runs
+away</i>! Again and again the Mamma squirts the water, till all the mud
+and dust of the jungle is washed away from the baby's body. Then she
+tells the baby to play about on the bank again, while she attends to
+the bigger children.</p>
+
+<p>What has she got to do to them? She must teach them to swim!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Of course <i>all animals with four legs know how to swim naturally</i>;
+their bodies float in the water quite easily, and they have only to
+work their legs to move along in the water. But with elephants it is a
+little different. Why? Just think!</p>
+
+<p>I shall tell you. Although they can float quite naturally, their noses
+point downward right into the water. As I said before, the elephant's
+trunk is its nose&mdash;that is, the elephant has to <i>breathe through the
+trunk</i>. So of course, if in trying to swim a little elephant kept its
+trunk down in the water, it would not be able to breathe at all, and
+would die.</p>
+
+<p>That is why the Mamma elephant has to teach her child how to swim
+properly. And the way she does it is quite wonderful.</p>
+
+<p>I must first tell you that the trunk is not only like a nose to the
+elephant, but also is useful as a <i>hand</i>; the elephant can hold a lot
+of things with it, and can even pick up with its tip a tiny thing as
+small as a pin.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch3_3" id="Anch3_3"></a><i>How the Elephant Child Learns to Swim</i></h3>
+<p>So the Mamma elephant stretches out her trunk before her, just like an
+arm, and tells her child to lie across it. In that way she holds up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+the child in the water, so that the little elephant has only to think
+of curling up the tip of its own little trunk out of the water to
+breathe. Then she tells her child to kick out with its legs, so as to
+move forward through the water.</p>
+
+<p>But sometimes, in kicking out, the little elephant forgets to hold up
+the tip of its trunk out of the water at the same time; then down goes
+its trunk into the water, and it cannot breathe!</p>
+
+<p>Then what happens? The Mamma elephant can do nothing, as she is
+already using her own trunk to hold up her child. So, what is to be
+done?</p>
+
+<p>Really, the elephants are so wise that they take no chances of that
+happening. The Papa elephant takes care of that. When he sees that the
+Mamma is teaching the little elephant how to swim, he always comes
+near them. He may be swimming about, as if he were enjoying himself;
+but he is really watching them all the time.</p>
+
+<p>And if the little elephant forgets to hold up its trunk out of the
+water, the Papa comes quickly, and with one upward stroke of his own
+trunk he lifts up the little elephant's trunk clear out of the water.
+Is not that very wise and thoughtful of the Papa elephant?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In that way the little elephant soon learns to do <i>both</i> things&mdash;that
+is, to kick out with its legs so as to move along, and also to hold up
+its trunk to breathe. And then, of course, it can swim properly.</p>
+
+<p>And yet the elephants are so very wise that they never take the risk
+of tiring out a little elephant, if they have to swim a very long way.
+Sometimes a whole herd of elephants has to swim across a very wide
+river. Then the Mamma elephant tells her child to swim in front of
+her, while she encourages the child from behind with many fond words.</p>
+
+<p>But sometimes after swimming halfway across the river&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Mamma, I am getting tired!" cries the little one.</p>
+
+<p>"Then come on my back, darling!" says the Mamma.</p>
+
+<p>She dives, and comes up right under the little elephant; so now her
+child sits on her back. In that way she swims along, and carries her
+child across the wide river, as you see in the picture.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Pic_4" id="Pic_4"></a>
+<img src="images/image_043.jpg" width="500" height="786" alt="An Elephant Mamma Carrying her Child across the River" title="" />
+<span class="caption">An Elephant Mamma Carrying her Child across the River</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h2>Elephants: The Tricks of the Jungle</h2>
+
+
+<p>Now I shall tell you how a little elephant learns all the tricks of
+the jungle from its Mamma and Papa. By the tricks of the jungle I mean
+all the things that an animal has to learn in order to get enough to
+eat every day, what to do when food is scarce, how to be comfortable
+and happy, and also how to escape from every danger; in fact, these
+things are very much like what men have to learn, only in a different
+way.</p>
+
+<p>But the animal folks are better off in one way: what they have to
+learn is not like a lesson in school, but just play. In fact they
+learn everything by just playing it as a game! I shall tell you how.</p>
+
+<p>When a baby elephant is quite small, its Mamma has to feed it with
+milk. Afterwards, when it has teeth, she teaches it to feed from the
+jungle. All elephants eat tender shoots, herbs, and fresh young
+leaves; they seize a bough with the trunk, and pull it down in such<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> a
+way that the end of the bough reaches right into the mouth.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch4_1" id="Anch4_1"></a><i>Elephant Child Learns to Feed</i></h3>
+<p>First, the Mamma elephant eats like that from several boughs, while
+the little elephant watches her do it. Then she looks at a low bough
+within easy reach, and says in the elephant language, "Eat that!"</p>
+
+<p>The little one looks at the bough, grabs it anyhow with its trunk, and
+pulls it down. But it cannot get the end of the bough <i>into its
+mouth</i>! Instead, the bough pokes it on the forehead, or eyes, or
+cheeks.</p>
+
+<p>"Hold it straight!" says Mamma, laughing.</p>
+
+<p>The little one tries several times, but still it cannot get the bough
+to come right. Then its Mamma puts her own trunk over that of her
+child, and turns it to right or left, till the bough comes exactly
+into the little elephant's mouth.</p>
+
+<p>"You must learn to use your trunk just like a <i>hand</i>," she says. "So
+you must bend your trunk, or turn it, or twist it, to get the thing
+you are holding exactly where you want it."</p>
+
+<p>And that is the first great thing the little elephant has to
+learn&mdash;<i>how to use its trunk as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> we use our hands</i>. After that
+everything else comes easy.</p>
+
+<p>Now I am going to tell you about the childhood of the most wonderful
+elephant in the world, who actually lives to-day in the courtyard of a
+palace in India. He is the biggest elephant that ever was; that is why
+he lives in a grand palace, and does nothing except carry a King, or
+some other great man, on his back on days of festival.</p>
+
+<p>In fact he was the leader among all the elephants in a long procession
+at a grand festival called the Durbar, held in honor of the King of
+England. On that day a lovely cloth of silk woven with gold was put on
+the elephant's back, and around his tusks were placed rings of solid
+gold studded with real diamonds, rubies, and pearls.</p>
+
+<p>At another time he carried on his back the Crown Prince of Germany,
+when he visited India a few years ago; and at other times he has
+carried Grand Dukes of Russia and Arch Dukes of Austria when <i>they</i>
+visited India.</p>
+
+<p>So you see, he is quite the grandest elephant in the world. He has a
+real name, just like a man, and it is written down in books with the
+names of all the grand officers of the palace.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> His name is Salar
+Jung; so we shall call him Salar for short.</p>
+
+<p>He was born in the jungle, and his Papa and Mamma were quite wild
+then. It was only after he grew up that Salar came to live in a
+palace.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch4_2" id="Anch4_2"></a><i>Elephant Child "Swats" Tormenting Flies</i></h3>
+<p>But now about Salar's early boyhood. After his Mamma had taught him to
+swim, to eat from the boughs of trees, and to drink for himself by
+dipping his trunk into the water, she had another useful thing to
+teach him. In the jungle there are swarms of tormenting flies; they
+come buzzing around the elephants, and bother them, just as they
+bother us. Now, <i>we</i> can whisk off the flies with our hands, but how
+about an elephant?</p>
+
+<p>Of course, you will say, his trunk is his hand; and so he can use the
+trunk to slap the flies or whisk them off. True, but the trunk will
+not reach more than halfway down the side of the body; and the
+elephant is too stiff to bend his body as we do; and his tail is too
+short to reach even a yard each way. Then how can he get rid of the
+flies where he cannot reach them? Just think!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If he only could make his trunk <i>longer</i>! But how could he do that?
+Very simply! Of course he cannot actually make the trunk longer, but
+he breaks off a small bough of a tree and holds it at the end of his
+trunk; then he uses the bough like a fan, and whisks off, or brushes
+off, the flies with it.</p>
+
+<p>And that is what Salar's Mamma taught him to do. After that he was
+very comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>Not quite; he had just one more thing to learn from his Mamma, to make
+him quite comfortable. The sun gets very hot, and when the elephants
+are feeding from tree to tree, or marching through the jungle, they
+feel the hot sun on their backs dreadfully&mdash;although they have a thick
+skin.</p>
+
+<p>Now, how could they guard themselves from the hot sun? Just think!</p>
+
+<p>Why, just as <i>we</i> do, you will say, by using a kind of umbrella! Of
+course you mean that an elephant could break off a large bough, and
+hold it over his head and over his back! But his trunk would soon get
+tired of holding anything as big as that! Besides, he has to use his
+trunk all the time to feed! If <i>you</i> had only one hand, you could not
+eat with it and at the same time hold an umbrella over your head<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> with
+it! Then how <i>does</i> the elephant manage it?</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch4_3" id="Anch4_3"></a><i>Elephant Covers his Back from Hot Sun</i></h3>
+<p>I shall tell you. He breaks off many small boughs, one at a time, and
+lays them on his back with his trunk; he is careful to lay them in
+proper order, and to criss-cross them, so that the boughs will not
+fall off. In fact, he tries to arrange them very much like the
+thatched roof of a cottage. That is very clever of him, is it not?</p>
+
+<p>But then he does something else, still more clever! When a cottager
+builds his thatched roof, he has to plaster the ceiling to prevent any
+rain or sunshine from creeping in through the little spaces between
+the thatches. So also the thatch on the elephant's back has many gaps,
+through which the hot sun can still beat down on his skin. So what
+does he do to fill up the gaps?</p>
+
+<p>He cannot do anything to <i>plaster</i> his back; but I shall tell you what
+he does do. He just draws into his trunk a lot of dust from the
+ground; then he curls up the trunk over his back, and blows the dust
+over the gaps in the thatch on his back. Of course he has to do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> that
+many times to fill up all the gaps; but at last, when he does not
+<i>feel</i> the sun any more, he knows that his back is quite covered.</p>
+
+<p>Is not that a very wonderful thing for the elephants to think out, all
+by themselves? And that is what Salar's Mamma taught him to do.</p>
+
+<p>But, a few years later, he came to the age when boys among men usually
+have to go to school. Then Salar passed to the care of his Papa. In
+feeding through the jungle, when all the elephants march and eat from
+tree to tree, Salar walked with his Papa, and began to learn lessons
+from him. And his Papa's way of teaching him was quite different from
+that of his Mamma, and often very funny!</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch4_4" id="Anch4_4"></a><i>How Elephants Walk under Water</i></h3>
+<p>The first thing he taught was at the stream at midnight. By this time
+Salar could swim quite well; so he was enjoying himself with the
+grown-ups. But his Papa kept watching him with the corner of his eye.
+Little by little he drew nearer and nearer to Salar, and waited till
+the youngster came to a part where the water was not at all deep. Then
+suddenly his Papa gave Salar a butt with his head. Down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> went Salar
+under the water, snorting and spluttering and hollering.</p>
+
+<p>"Hold up your trunk, you simp!" cried his Papa.</p>
+
+<p>But Salar was too frightened to remember to hold up his trunk; so his
+Papa caught Salar's trunk in his own and hoisted it clear out of the
+water. Then what was Salar's joy and surprise to find that he could
+breathe quite well, though his feet were actually touching the bottom
+of the stream. Of course he kicked out, and tried to get up to the top
+of the water again. But&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Stay there!" cried his Papa, giving him another butt, though still
+holding the youngster's trunk carefully out of the water.</p>
+
+<p>Then Salar lost all fear of the water; he was not a bit afraid of
+being ducked, so long as the tip of his trunk was out of the water. So
+he learned to do a wonderful thing&mdash;he learned to remain completely
+under the water, so that his feet were actually resting on the bottom
+of the stream, with only the tip of his trunk out of the water. No
+other animal can do that.</p>
+
+<p>And the most astonishing thing about it is that the elephants have
+taught themselves to do that trick; so that <i>a whole herd of
+elephants<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> can walk into a stream in time of danger, and disappear
+from sight</i>, the smaller ones standing in the shallow parts, and the
+full-grown ones standing in the deeper parts.</p>
+
+<p>I have known of lots of hunters, who were chasing a herd of elephants
+and who saw the elephants run ahead toward a river, to find to their
+surprise, on reaching the river, that the whole herd had disappeared
+as if by magic. They saw nothing, and did not dream that the little
+things floating here and there, no bigger than your fist, could mean
+anything. But of course they were the tips of the trunks of the
+elephants hidden under the water.</p>
+
+<p>To have thought out even that one trick for themselves proves that the
+elephants are the wisest of all animals, next after men folks. And
+they have thought out many more tricks, as I shall tell you very soon.</p>
+
+<p>But now I shall tell you the next trick that Salar's father taught
+him. An elephant often has to break down trees in the jungle to clear
+a way for himself; or sometimes he has to do that to make an open
+space where he can lie down comfortably. So this is the way Salar's
+father taught him to break down trees.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch4_5" id="Anch4_5"></a><i>How Elephants Break Down or Pull Out Trees</i></h3>
+<p>First he chose a small tree, not much thicker than your wrist; this he
+pulled out easily with his trunk, just as you might use your hand to
+pull out a small shrub. Then he chose a tree about six inches thick.
+He tried it first carefully with his trunk; but the tree was too
+strong to pull out in that way.</p>
+
+<p>So the old elephant put his foot on the side of the tree, and pressed
+with all his weight&mdash;as you see in the picture. The tree bent more and
+more, and then suddenly broke off near the ground with a loud crack.</p>
+
+<p>"I can do that!" cried Salar, frisking around his father, impatient to
+show what <i>he</i> could do.</p>
+
+<p>Salar looked around and saw a tree of about the same size. He made a
+dash at the tree, put his right foot on it, and&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>His father winked, but said nothing. For all elephants love a joke.</p>
+
+<p>Now the wily old elephant knew that this tree was a banana tree,
+although the fruit had not yet started growing on it. The tree looked
+quite hard and strong, but it was really very soft and easy to break,
+like all banana trees. But Salar did not know that yet!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Pic_5" id="Pic_5"></a>
+<img src="images/image_055.jpg" width="500" height="774" alt="An Elephant Breaking a Tree with his Foot" title="" />
+<span class="caption">An Elephant Breaking a Tree with his Foot</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Instead, when he pressed on it with his foot and put his whole weight
+on it, just as he had seen his father do to the other tree,&mdash;snap went
+the tree like a twig, and Salar tumbled head over heels and went
+rolling over the ground.</p>
+
+<p>"Haw! Haw! Haw!" laughed the merry old elephant. "Did I not show you,
+silly, how to try it first carefully, with your trunk, before putting
+your foot on it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Of course you did!" Salar said, remembering.</p>
+
+<p>"That is what men folks mean when they say, 'You have put your foot
+into it.' You must remember <i>never to put your foot into anything
+before trying it first with your trunk</i>," the old elephant went on to
+say. "Now watch me knock down a still bigger tree."</p>
+
+<p>This tree was as thick as a man's body. After trying it first with his
+trunk and then with his foot, the wise old elephant put his back on it
+and <i>heaved</i>. Little by little the tree bent on that side, but not
+very much. The elephant stopped heaving, came around and looked at the
+tree. Then he began to heave from the <i>other</i> side of the tree.</p>
+
+<p>You have seen a man trying to loosen a nail from a board? He first
+hits the nail on one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> side, and then on the other side; and he goes on
+hitting the nail from side to side, till it is quite loose.</p>
+
+<p>Well, that cunning old elephant did just the same thing to that tree;
+he first heaved the tree from one side, and then he heaved from the
+other side; and he went on heaving from side to side, till he loosened
+the tree from the ground. Then he pushed the tree with his foot, and
+it came out of the ground and fell with a loud thud.</p>
+
+<p>And that is how Salar learned to heave with his body, though of course
+he could not loosen so big a tree just yet.</p>
+
+<p>There were many other tricks that Salar learned from his father, and I
+shall tell you one of the best of them in the next chapter.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h2>Elephants: The Tricky Trap</h2>
+
+
+<p>Salar and his father were going through the jungle, feeding from tree
+to tree, and from bush to bush. One day they saw a little clear space
+and in the middle of it a banana tree&mdash;just one tree. But beautiful
+bunches of ripe bananas were growing on it from a large stalk.</p>
+
+<p>Salar just loved bananas. In fact, all elephants do, as they cannot
+get them in the jungle more than once in many months; for bananas grow
+mostly in plantations kept by men. So Salar ran toward the tree
+joyously.</p>
+
+<p>But the wise old elephant had seen at once that the space all around
+the tree was rather level and clear of bushes. That was strange in the
+jungle, he thought!</p>
+
+<p>Now, why did it look strange? Can <i>you</i> tell? Why was it strange that
+the space should be all flat and level, and clear of bushes? Just
+think!</p>
+
+<p>Because in the jungle that was not natural! In the jungle the space
+should be all covered with grass and bushes, or at least with small
+shrubs of different sizes, just as you have seen in fields<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> which are
+allowed to grow wild. So somebody must have <i>made</i> the place level and
+flat, and cleared away the bushes! That is what the wise old elephant
+thought!</p>
+
+<p>Then, also, he had seen that there was just <i>one</i> banana tree, with no
+other anywhere near it. That also seemed strange! Why? Because banana
+trees always grow in groups of many dozens, whether they are in the
+jungle or in a plantation.</p>
+
+<p>"Halt!" the old elephant cried, just in time. Salar was not more than
+five or six yards from the tree when he heard his father's voice. I
+have told you before that, when an elephant child is told to do
+anything by his Mamma or Papa, he obeys <i>at once</i>, or else he might
+fall into some awful danger&mdash;just as a child in a town might get run
+over by an auto or a street car.</p>
+
+<p>So as soon as Salar heard his father's voice, he halted just where he
+was. And that saved him, as you will see.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch5_1" id="Anch5_1"></a><i>The Elephant Taps Suspicious Ground with his Trunk</i></h3>
+<p>His father came up to him, and looked around carefully. Then he
+<i>tapped on the ground with the end of his trunk</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"An elephant must always tap with his trunk when he is coming to
+suspicious ground, before he puts his foot on it," he said to Salar.</p>
+
+<p>"What does suspicious ground mean?" Salar asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Ground where there might be danger, though you do not <i>see</i> the
+danger," his father answered.</p>
+
+<p>He went on a couple of yards, tapping the ground before him all the
+time. Then he suddenly stopped.</p>
+
+<p>"Gr-r-r-rump!" he cried, "it sounds strange and hollow!"</p>
+
+<p>Most carefully he put his foot forward and <i>felt</i> the ground with it,
+as an elephant always does when he thinks there is danger. Now the
+ground <i>bent down</i> a little just where he pressed it with his foot!</p>
+
+<p>"I thought so!" he muttered.</p>
+
+<p>Then he felt most carefully all along the <i>front</i> edge of the open
+space, first tapping it with his trunk, then pressing on it with his
+foot&mdash;of course with the toe end of the foot. And all along that front
+edge of the open space the ground bent down a little wherever he
+pressed it with his foot.</p>
+
+<p>Then he came to the <i>right side</i> of the open space where the banana
+tree grew, and tried the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> ground there also along the edge. And this
+ground too bent down a little wherever he pressed it with his foot.</p>
+
+<p>He came to the <i>back</i> of the open space, and tried it in the same way.
+And there also the ground bent down a little along the edge, wherever
+he pressed it with his foot.</p>
+
+<p>He came around at last to the <i>left side</i>, and tried that also. And
+there again the ground bent down in the same way.</p>
+
+<p>"All four sides are suspicious!" he cried. "My son, this is <i>a most
+tricky trap</i>!"</p>
+
+<p>And though he did not see them, a dozen men were hiding in the tops of
+trees all around. They were the hunters kept by a great Prince, who
+had ordered them to catch the big elephant and also the young one.</p>
+
+<p>The hunters had first dug a huge pit. It was ten feet deep and
+twenty-five feet wide on each side; so it was as big as a large room.
+Then they had covered the top of the pit by laying many long bamboos
+right across from side to side and very close to each other; so it was
+just like the roof of a large room. And on the top of the bamboos they
+had spread a layer of earth&mdash;just like what you have seen in flower
+beds in a garden; and on that they had planted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> grass, to make it look
+quite natural&mdash;only, they forgot that it might look natural for a
+garden, but not for a wild jungle. Or perhaps they thought that an
+elephant would not know any better!</p>
+
+<p>And then they had gone to a plantation and fetched from there a banana
+tree, with a huge bunch of ripe bananas on it. They had set up the
+tree in the middle of that space; and as it would not keep straight,
+they had first driven a long bamboo rod right through into the ground,
+and then tied the banana tree to the top of the rod.</p>
+
+<p>After doing all that, the hunters were hiding in the trees around.
+They were watching to see the big elephant and the little elephant
+come right up to the banana tree to eat the bananas, and get caught!
+For if any elephant stepped upon that place, the top would give way
+under his full weight, and he would fall right through into the pit.</p>
+
+<p>But Salar's father grabbed him with his trunk, and pulled him away.</p>
+
+<p>"Come away!" he said. "This is a most hideous trap!"</p>
+
+<p>But Salar, who loved bananas quite as much as you love ice cream,
+began to cry.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I want the bananas; I want them; I do, I do!" he kept saying over and
+over again.</p>
+
+<p>Now his Papa was very fond of Salar, but he did not know how to reach
+the bananas and not fall into the pit. He and Salar walked home
+slowly.</p>
+
+<p>"I must think it over a bit," he said, scratching his head with a
+bough.</p>
+
+<p>He came there the next day with Salar, and looked all around the
+place; but he could think of no safe way to get the bananas. The
+hunters also came there the next day, for by this time they were quite
+excited to see what the wily old elephant would do. In fact, it was
+from the chief hunter of that Prince that I heard afterwards what the
+elephant did do.</p>
+
+<p>I must tell you here that these hunters had been watching the big
+elephant for many years, and trying to catch him by different kinds of
+traps; and that is how we know all about him and Salar. For when an
+elephant is very big and has fine tusks, people sometimes try for ten
+years to catch him, so that he may be used as the leading elephant of
+a grand palace.</p>
+
+<p><i>Almost all the elephants you see in the zoo or in a circus were once
+quite wild in the jungle</i>, and have been caught by some kind of trap.
+They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> are then tamed, and finally trained to do tricks that men want
+them to do. I shall tell you all about that in another book, when you
+are a little older.</p>
+
+<p>But now about Salar and his father. On the third day the big elephant
+came there again, with Salar; and again the hunters came and hid in
+the trees around. This time the big elephant looked farther into the
+jungle. Then he saw the long bamboos growing in a clump&mdash;the very
+clump from which the hunters had got the bamboos to make the trap. As
+the elephant looked at the clump of bamboos, a thought came slowly
+into his head.</p>
+
+<p>He pulled out a long bamboo, and returned to the place where the trap
+was. He stood just outside the trap, and thought again for some time.
+Then he held one end of the bamboo in his trunk, pointed the other end
+to the banana tree just where the stalk of the bunch began, and gave a
+jab.</p>
+
+<p>But he did not aim right, and the bamboo slipped off from the stalk.
+So he tried again, and gave another jab at the stalk. In this way,
+after trying many times, he managed at last to hit the stalk and break
+it. Down fell the bunch of bananas to the ground.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Salar was jumping around his father for joy. But his father
+told him to keep still. He had not succeeded in getting those bananas
+yet! How could he get them out of the place of danger?</p>
+
+<p>It puzzled him a long time. He poked at the bunch with the bamboo, but
+that only broke off one or two of the bananas. Then he poked at the
+stalk of the bunch, but the end of the bamboo slipped off it, as there
+was nothing on the bamboo to grip the stalk with.</p>
+
+<p>So he drew back the bamboo and looked at that end of it, to see why it
+did not grip the stalk. Of course the end of the bamboo was all
+smooth, and could not grip anything at all.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch5_2" id="Anch5_2"></a><i>Elephant Tricks the Tricky Trappers</i></h3>
+<p>Then at last another thought seemed to come into the wise old
+elephant's head. He put that end of the bamboo into his mouth and
+began to <i>chew</i> it; for an elephant has very strong teeth at the back
+of his mouth. As his mouth was very big, that clever elephant chewed
+as much of the end of the bamboo as his mouth would hold&mdash;and that was
+as long as your arm. So the end of the bamboo became like fibers, that
+is, like a bunch of hair, only very thick and rough.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Pic_6" id="Pic_6"></a>
+<img src="images/image_067.jpg" width="500" height="793" alt="Elephant Pulling Bananas out of a Tricky Trap" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Elephant Pulling Bananas out of a Tricky Trap</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then that cunning elephant sat down on the ground and pushed the
+bamboo along the ground straight before him toward the bananas. When
+the hairy end of the bamboo reached the stalk of the bananas, he began
+to <i>twist</i> the other end of the bamboo with the tips of his trunk; for
+<i>an elephant can use the tips of his trunk in the same way that you
+use your fingers</i>.</p>
+
+<p>He twisted and twisted many times, taking care to keep the hairy end
+of the bamboo pressed against the stalk of the bananas.</p>
+
+<p>In this way the hairy end of the bamboo got knotted around the stalk.
+That was just what the wise old elephant wanted.</p>
+
+<p>Then he pulled the bamboo slowly along the ground, as you see in the
+picture, taking care to give one or two more twists in case the knots
+came undone. He pulled the bamboo lap by lap; that is, he pulled the
+bamboo for about a yard, then he let go and took hold of the bamboo
+farther up; he pulled again for another yard, and so on. In this way
+he at last pulled the bunch of bananas quite out of the trap.</p>
+
+<p>I need not tell you how he and Salar enjoyed that feast!</p>
+
+<p>And the hunters, who were hiding in the trees<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> around, laughed and
+laughed at the trick the wily old elephant had played on them! For, as
+you see, he got the bananas and yet escaped from that trap! He beat
+the men at their own game!</p>
+
+<p>But now I must tell you about other animals,&mdash;first about buffaloes.
+They are the brave knights who helped that timid little lady, the blue
+deer. They are just as wonderful as the elephants, in their own way.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h2>Buffaloes: The Knights of the Jungle</h2>
+
+
+<p>There are three or four kinds of buffaloes that live in different
+countries. The kind that lives in America you may have already heard
+about. I am sorry to say that hunters have killed so many of them,
+that there are very few buffaloes left in the United States now; and
+these few are kept in parks.</p>
+
+<p>So in this book I shall tell you about another kind of buffalo, that
+lives in the jungles of India. These are the buffaloes that have to
+live in herds just because they have to guard themselves from the
+tiger. Yet they are much bigger than all other kinds of buffaloes in
+the world. Many of them are more than ten feet long, and a span taller
+than a tall man.</p>
+
+<p>They have two huge horns which stand outward, one from each side of
+the head. Each horn is at least a yard long; and there are some
+buffaloes that have horns two yards long! (See the picture facing the
+next page.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So you can understand that this kind of buffalo is a strong and mighty
+animal. But still, if just one buffalo tried to fight a tiger, the
+tiger could kill him every time. Why?</p>
+
+<p>Because the tiger is much <i>quicker</i> than the buffalo. The tiger could
+jump to the side to escape the buffalo's horns. Then the tiger could
+turn quickly, and strike the buffalo on the neck from behind. And
+though the buffalo's neck is very thick, the tiger himself is so
+strong that he could break the buffalo's neck at one blow.</p>
+
+<p>So, to guard against the tiger, the buffaloes have to live together
+like a band of soldiers, so that the tiger never gets the chance of
+catching just one buffalo alone.</p>
+
+<p>Now I shall tell you how these buffaloes live. They live in a part of
+the country where there is plenty of water, and lots of trees and
+grass. There is sure to be a stream or two in the jungles there, like
+the one where we saw the buffaloes drinking at midnight.</p>
+
+<p>When the buffaloes are feeding in the jungle, and wandering here and
+there to find good grass to eat, they always try to remain somewhere
+near one of these streams.</p>
+
+<p>Why do they do that? To drink, of course.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Pic_7" id="Pic_7"></a>
+<img src="images/image_073.jpg" width="500" height="825" alt="The Buffalo that lives in India" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Buffalo that lives in India</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And as the country is hot, they may want to drink more than once in
+the day.</p>
+
+<p>Still, there is another reason why they like to be near water. Can you
+tell what it is?</p>
+
+<p>"To bathe in the water, when it is hot," you may say.</p>
+
+<p>That is quite true; the buffaloes do enjoy a good bath. In fact, they
+like to remain in the water for a long time, when the sun is very hot.
+Then they lie down in the shallow part, and remain neck deep in the
+water. And every now and again they dip their heads in the water to
+keep them cool.</p>
+
+<p>But even when the sun is not at all hot, when the sky is cloudy, the
+buffaloes like to go into a stream or a pond. Why?</p>
+
+<p>"Of course to wash themselves, and make themselves clean," you may
+say.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch6_1" id="Anch6_1"></a><i>Buffaloes Cover Body with Mud against Flies</i></h3>
+<p>No, my dear, you are wrong this time! Like some little boys, buffaloes
+do not <i>want</i> to make themselves clean! In fact, the buffaloes go into
+the stream or the pond to <i>cover themselves with mud</i>! To <i>wallow</i>, as
+it is called. They do that by rolling in the mud where the water is
+shallow.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And why do they want to cover themselves with mud? Because of the
+tormenting flies! Buffaloes of this kind do not have long hair on
+their necks, like the American buffaloes. In fact, they do not have
+much hair anywhere on their bodies&mdash;just like the ordinary cows which
+you have seen near your home. So they are very much tormented by the
+flies.</p>
+
+<p>I have told you that an elephant can "swat" the flies with a bough
+which he holds in his trunk. But the buffalo has no trunk, and his
+tail can whisk off the flies for only a yard around. So, what can the
+buffalo do to guard other parts of his body from the flies?</p>
+
+<p>The only thing he can do is to go down into the mud, roll about, and
+cover himself with the mud. Then he does not feel the flies at all,
+even if they swarm all over him. And he need not trouble to work his
+tail at all, as he is protected all over by the mud.</p>
+
+<p>And when he comes out to feed again, if the sun happens to be very hot
+at that time, he does not mind it. Why? Because the mud on his body
+keeps off the sun. So, you see, the mud is useful to the buffalo in
+two ways.</p>
+
+<p>But now come with me into the jungle while I show you all that the
+buffaloes do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>You must <i>imagine</i> that I am taking you quietly through the jungle,
+where the buffalo herd is grazing right ahead of us. We are following
+them from behind. You must be careful not to make a sound. If you
+should tread on a rotten twig, the buffaloes would hear the sound as
+far away as a quarter of a mile.</p>
+
+<p>In another book I shall tell you why all animals that keep their <i>ears
+close to the ground</i> while they are feeding can <i>hear a sound a long
+way off</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But now let us hide behind this bush for a minute, and watch the herd.
+They are eating the grass as they walk along. But do you see the
+wonderful way in which they are arranged? It is just like the shape of
+the moon when it is new, that is, something like the letter C, and
+which we call a crescent.</p>
+
+<p>You saw at the midnight pool that, when the buffaloes drink or march,
+they are in rows close together, like soldiers. But when they are
+eating grass, they could not be in rows; because then they would be
+too close together to pick out the best bits of grass. So, how could
+they have enough to eat, and yet guard themselves from danger? To do
+this they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> thought of arranging themselves in the form of a crescent.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch6_2" id="Anch6_2"></a><i>How Buffaloes Guard against Tiger while Feeding</i></h3>
+<p>It is a big crescent, as there are so many buffaloes that make it up.
+The ends of the crescent bend in toward each other, just as if the two
+tips of the letter C were to close up a little, leaving only a small
+opening between the tips.</p>
+
+<p>The buffaloes have their faces toward the <i>outside</i> of the crescent.
+So, as we are following the buffaloes from behind, we are looking at
+them through the gap between the tips.</p>
+
+<p>There are only bulls in the line making up the crescent; the cows and
+the calves come behind them, so that they are <i>inside</i> the crescent.
+So you see, while the buffaloes are grazing and moving along, if they
+meet any danger, the Papa buffaloes will face the danger. And as the
+Mammas and the children are inside the crescent, they are quite safe.</p>
+
+<p>This is the way the buffaloes feed and move along:</p>
+
+<p>The Papas on the outside of the crescent tear off a mouthful of grass,
+with one or two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> bites, and walk on a step or two while they are
+munching the mouthful. Then, with another bite or two, they take a
+fresh mouthful and walk on a step or two while they are munching that.
+In this way they leave enough grass for the Mammas and the young
+buffaloes that are following them.</p>
+
+<p>But now let us come out of this thicket, and go after the herd very
+quietly from behind. We shall see some wonderful things.</p>
+
+<p>You notice at once that the Mammas and the children do not show any
+fear at all, as they graze along; they are quite sure that the Papas
+are taking good care of them all the time. The little ones even play
+about here and there.</p>
+
+<p>See that very young calf! He is playing about near the middle of the
+space. He is only a few weeks old, and not much bigger than the calf
+of the ordinary cow. Watch and see how playful he is! He is just like
+any other calf. His Mamma is grazing along quietly, and he is now
+standing still for a minute, looking at nothing. A calf and a baby can
+do that quite well&mdash;just stare, and yet look at nothing.</p>
+
+<p>But now this buffalo calf rushes to his Mamma<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> very suddenly, and has
+a mouthful of milk. He does not seem to want more than a mouthful at a
+time. So he looks up suddenly, and stares. Then just as suddenly he
+plunges into a frantic race over the ground, all by himself.</p>
+
+<p>The race also ends suddenly&mdash;after going only ten yards. Then he stops
+there for a minute, stares, and trots back to his Mamma for another
+mouthful of milk. After that he looks up again for a minute, stares at
+nothing, and plunges into another mad gallop all by himself.</p>
+
+<p>So you see that he spends his time doing two things&mdash;having a mouthful
+of milk, and then a mad gallop. And he does both very suddenly. He
+likes to have his joys suddenly.</p>
+
+<p>A kitten or a puppy dog is different, and is nearly always doing
+something. It tumbles head over heels, or chases its own tail, or
+keeps frisking about in some way or other most of the time. But the
+buffalo calf is not like this; and when you see him standing quite
+still, staring at nothing, you can never tell whether he is going to
+be hungry for a mouthful of milk the next minute, or whether he is
+going to break into a frantic race.</p>
+
+<p>But, you may ask, while he and all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> other calves are playing about
+like that, is there no danger?</p>
+
+<p>No, there is no danger, for the Papas are taking good care of the
+Mammas and the children, as I have told you before.</p>
+
+<p>But, you may say, the Papas do not seem to be doing anything; they are
+just feeding and moving along. Then how are they taking care of the
+Mammas and the children?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, but look carefully! See how close the horn of one Papa is to the
+horn of the next one! Why, there is not more than a couple of yards
+between the two! If there were any sudden danger, it would not take
+more than two or three steps for them to close up, and stand horn to
+horn.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch6_3" id="Anch6_3"></a><i>How Buffaloes Know Danger is Coming&mdash;Three Ways</i></h3>
+<p>"But how could they <i>know</i> if any danger were coming?" you may still
+ask.</p>
+
+<p>They could know it in three ways: they could <i>smell</i> the danger, or
+<i>hear</i> it, or <i>see</i> it. I shall tell you how they do all that.</p>
+
+<p>First, if the danger came from the direction in which the wind was
+blowing, they would sniff the air, and so <i>smell</i> the danger. If the
+danger were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> a tiger, the buffaloes could smell him half a mile off;
+that is about as far as ten blocks in a city. And if the wind were not
+blowing that way, the buffaloes could still smell the tiger five
+blocks away. They could smell the tiger, or any other danger, even if
+it came from behind.</p>
+
+<p>The second way of finding out the danger is to <i>hear</i> it. As I said a
+little while ago, if you should put your foot on a rotten twig, the
+buffaloes could hear the sound of it as far off as five blocks. And
+even if the danger came from behind, or from the side, or from
+anywhere, they could still hear it coming, if it made the least bit of
+sound that you and I could not hear.</p>
+
+<p>The third way of finding out the danger is to <i>see</i> it. The buffaloes
+do that by keeping a lookout nearly all the time. I shall show you
+how.</p>
+
+<p>Just watch for a minute the buffalo in the middle of the crescent; he
+is the leader of the herd. We can see him only from the back; but as
+he is the biggest and tallest buffalo there, we can make him out quite
+easily. He is grazing quietly, and then moving along.</p>
+
+<p>But see, what is he doing now? Why, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> is looking up, straight ahead
+of him! No, he sees no danger there. So he gives a glance to his
+right, and then to his left. No, there is no danger there either. So
+he puts down his head, and starts feeding again.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, you see, every now and again he looks to see that no danger is
+coming from anywhere in <i>front</i> of the herd.</p>
+
+<p>But what if any danger came from the <i>side</i> of the herd,&mdash;right near
+the end of the crescent,&mdash;or even from the <i>back</i> of the herd?</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch6_4" id="Anch6_4"></a><i>Buffalo Sentinels</i></h3>
+<p>Let us see what the two buffaloes at the two ends of the crescent are
+doing. They are the watchers, or <i>sentinels</i>, as they are sometimes
+called. They keep a lookout nearly all the time.</p>
+
+<p>Do you see the one on our left? After every two or three mouthfuls he
+stops, and takes a look around; he even looks right to the back. Then
+he takes four or five strides to catch up with the herd, and starts
+grazing again. Then in a minute or two he takes another look around in
+the same way.</p>
+
+<p>And the sentinel on our right is doing just the same. Yes, the herd is
+quite safe; the two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> sentinels are sure to see if any danger comes
+from their side or from the back.</p>
+
+<p>"But will not the sentinels have less to eat, if they are watching
+half the time?" you may ask.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, that is quite true. So all the Papa buffaloes take turns being
+sentinels. After a while the two sentinels from the ends move up
+toward the middle, and the next ones then begin to keep watch. And
+they keep changing places like that from day to day. That makes it
+quite fair for everybody.</p>
+
+<p>When they go to sleep also they are arranged in the form of a
+crescent; but the two ends are closed up, so that the Papas make a
+ring, while the Mammas and the children sleep inside the ring.</p>
+
+<p>When the Papas lie down, they are closer together than when they are
+feeding; and they still keep their heads pointed to the outside of the
+ring, so that they can get up in a minute, and be quite ready to drive
+off any tiger. Of course they have sentinels keeping watch all the
+time.</p>
+
+<p>But now let us see other wonderful things that the buffaloes do, while
+they are feeding.</p>
+
+<p>We must be very careful how we follow the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> herd. The ground is now
+changing, and getting quite rough; so the grass is getting scarce here
+and there. The buffaloes have not enough grass all the way; so they
+have to walk on a few yards without eating, till they come to the next
+patch.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the buffaloes are even having a bite at fresh young shrubs in
+passing, as they will eat anything green, when they have not enough
+grass.</p>
+
+<p>But see! The buffaloes are spreading out, as there are not even enough
+shrubs in one place. You can see gaps in the line of buffaloes now.
+And the gaps are getting bigger and bigger! Let us watch a few
+minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Now the gaps are very wide, as some of the buffaloes are lagging
+behind; and some are turning too much to the side in trying to reach a
+mouthful from a shrub or a bush here and there.</p>
+
+<p>Why, what is happening now? Some of the buffaloes cannot even see one
+another now, because of the bushes between them! What are the
+sentinels doing? And what is the leader doing? Suppose a tiger
+suddenly comes&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>But do you <i>hear</i> that?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Moo! Moo!"</p>
+
+<p>That is the leader. He has just found out that the herd is spread out
+too far; so he is calling. He is saying, "Where are you?"</p>
+
+<p>"Moo! Moo!" Do you hear that answer? It comes from the sentinel on the
+right, who is very far away now; but still he has heard the call. His
+answer means, "Here I am!"</p>
+
+<p>And "Here I am!" comes the answer also from the sentinel on the left.</p>
+
+<p>"Then close up!" cries the leader.</p>
+
+<p>Each sentinel moves up toward the place from which he heard the
+leader's voice come. And on his way there he tells all the buffaloes
+he meets to move up also. Besides, all the buffaloes hear the leader's
+voice too; so they begin to close up at once.</p>
+
+<p>Is not that a wonderful way of bringing up all those that are lagging
+behind?</p>
+
+<p>But let us watch the herd again. They have closed up now, and there is
+no big gap in their line. The ground is level again.</p>
+
+<p>Let us move on from thicket to thicket, and come as near the buffaloes
+as we can.</p>
+
+<p>What is that? See! The sentinel on the right is looking hard at that
+jungle grass far away to the side. This kind of jungle grass<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> grows
+very tall, taller than a man. But why is the sentinel staring at the
+tall grass? What does he see there?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, there, far away, something is happening! The jungle grass is
+waving gently, but just in one place! What is making the tall grass
+wave like that? Is it the wind? No, it cannot be the wind! Why not?
+Because if it were the wind, <i>all</i> the grass there would wave. Then
+what is making the tall grass wave in just one place?</p>
+
+<p>It can be only one thing! Some <i>animal</i> is hiding there in the tall
+grass! And as the animal is coming nearer and nearer to the buffaloes,
+he is making the grass wave!</p>
+
+<p>See, the sentinel has guessed that also! What is he doing now? Can you
+<i>hear</i> him? He gives a bellow, deep and long.</p>
+
+<p>"Danger! Look out!" That is what he means.</p>
+
+<p>The whole herd hears him. They all close up as near together as they
+can!</p>
+
+<p>Quick! Let us get up on that tree near by! <i>We</i> are in danger as well
+as the buffaloes!</p>
+
+<p>One branch higher&mdash;and another! Now we are quite safe! But see what
+the buffaloes are doing!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch6_5" id="Anch6_5"></a><i>Buffaloes Make a Ring when Tiger Comes</i></h3>
+<p>The two ends of the crescent have come close together, and all the
+Papa buffaloes have made a perfect ring around the Mammas and the
+children. The Papas are facing the outside of the ring; so they can
+meet the danger from whatever side it comes.</p>
+
+<p>Why do they do that? Look again at the grass! The tall grass is waving
+nearer and nearer. So, the animal that is in the grass is coming
+nearer and nearer.</p>
+
+<p>He comes right to the end of the tall grass. There he makes a gap in
+the grass, and walks out into the open. It is a tiger!</p>
+
+<p>He was trying to sneak up to the buffaloes; but the sentinel found
+that out. And now the bull buffaloes are ready for him. The tiger
+growls in rage. He prowls round and round the ring of bull buffaloes,
+as you see in the picture. But he dare not try to break through those
+horns.</p>
+
+<p>He roars with fury, shaking the ground; it is just like thunder. The
+jungle around is taking fright at the roar. See! All the small animals
+rush out in fright&mdash;wild pigs, wild goats, and all sorts of small
+deer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_8" id="Pic_8"></a>
+<img src="images/image_089.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="The Tiger and the Ring of Buffaloes" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Tiger and the Ring of Buffaloes</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In their fright they run hither and thither very stupidly. That is
+exactly why the tiger roars&mdash;he wants to make the small animals behave
+so stupidly, in their fright, that some of them may make a mistake and
+run straight into his jaws.</p>
+
+<p>See! The small animals scatter to right and left, trying to reach a
+bush or thicket. But some are cut off from safety, as the tiger stands
+in their way. What can they do?</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch6_6" id="Anch6_6"></a><i>Small Animals Find Safety in Buffalo Ring</i></h3>
+<p>Yes, there is the ring of buffaloes! So those small animals rush
+straight toward the ring and creep inside&mdash;and the buffaloes raise
+their heads to make a way for them under the horns. Some of them, like
+the wild goats, jump <i>over</i> the buffaloes' horns to get inside the
+ring. Anyway, the small animals reach safety inside with the Mammas
+and the children of the buffaloes.</p>
+
+<p>The tiger stands outside the ring, and still roars in fury. But now
+nobody is afraid. The bull buffaloes paw the ground impatiently with
+their hoofs, and rattle their horns. They are going to charge!</p>
+
+<p>But that tiger does not wait for the charge.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> He does not want to be
+trampled into a mess. So he slouches away, growling and snarling.</p>
+
+<p>So, as you see, the bull buffaloes guard the Mammas and the children
+from danger, and they also guard all small and weak animals that come
+to them for safety.</p>
+
+<p>Did I not tell you that the buffaloes are the Knights of the Jungle?</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_9" id="Pic_9"></a>
+<img src="images/image_092.jpg" width="600" height="341" alt="Tame Water Buffaloes Plowing in the Rice Fields" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Tame Water Buffaloes Plowing in the Rice Fields</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h2>Taming the Buffalo</h2>
+
+
+<p>Buffaloes do not always remain wild and wander about in the jungle.
+Men need buffaloes. Farmers want to use them for plowing the ground,
+in the same way that farmers in America use horses for plowing.</p>
+
+<p>This kind of buffalo also lives in Italy, and because they are so fond
+of water they are called <i>water buffaloes</i> there. But in Italy they
+are not wild any more, as they have been tamed and used by men for a
+long time.</p>
+
+<p>I shall tell you how the men catch the buffaloes from the jungle in
+India, where they are still wild.</p>
+
+<p>They catch the buffaloes in many ways. The easiest way is to find some
+stream or pond where the buffaloes are fond of going. Then the men
+take strong nets made of ropes, and spread the nets under the water.
+So when the buffaloes come to bathe or roll in the mud, some of them
+are caught in the nets.</p>
+
+<p>Then the men rush in from their hiding place and drag out the nets. Of
+course, those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> buffaloes which are not caught run away. But those that
+are caught struggle fiercely. After a time they get tired of
+struggling, as the nets are too strong for them to break.</p>
+
+<p>When the buffaloes have become very weak from struggling, a lot of men
+rush up and tie a stout rope around the neck of each buffalo. The rope
+has two ends, one on each side of the buffalo, and each end is quite
+long.</p>
+
+<p>A dozen men haul at the rope, and the buffalo has to get up and march
+with them. In this way the men bring the buffaloes one by one to the
+village.</p>
+
+<p>How do the men tame the buffaloes? That is quite easy, if they already
+have a few tame buffaloes which they may have caught and tamed some
+time before. And as the people have been doing this for many, many
+years, they always have some tame buffaloes. So this is the way the
+men treat the wild buffaloes:</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch7_1" id="Anch7_1"></a><i>Wild Buffaloes Tamed Quickly by Kindness</i></h3>
+<p>They put the wild buffaloes and the tame ones together in a pen, or
+corral. Inside the corral there is a pond. In the deep part of the
+pond there is plenty of good water to drink; and in the shallow part
+of the pond there is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> plenty of mud in which the buffaloes may roll
+about and wallow.</p>
+
+<p>The men keep the buffaloes there together for many days, the wild ones
+and the tame ones. Every day the men throw into the corral plenty of
+fresh grass, which the buffaloes can eat all day.</p>
+
+<p>Now, what more could the wild buffaloes want? They could not be
+treated any better! They have plenty to eat, plenty to drink, and
+plenty of mud in which to wallow. The tame buffaloes soon make friends
+with them, and talk to them in their own language.</p>
+
+<p>"You will not be any better off in the jungle," the tame ones say to
+the wild ones. "Here you do not have to walk about all day to get
+enough to eat, and then walk a good way to find water to drink, or a
+place in which to wallow. And, also, we have no fear of tigers here.
+What more do you want?"</p>
+
+<p>So in a few weeks the wild ones become quite tame. Still, even after
+that, the old and the new ones are always kept together, and soon they
+become like one herd.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards, when the farmers use them for plowing, they always hitch
+to the plow one buffalo that has been tame for a long time,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> and one
+that is newly-tamed. Then it becomes easy for the new one to learn the
+work by just doing as his friend does.</p>
+
+<p>The farmer uses the buffaloes for plowing for only a few hours, and he
+gives them plenty of time for wallowing and enjoying themselves. So,
+even if they have to do a little work, the new buffaloes soon see that
+they are really much better off living in the village than running
+wild in the jungle.</p>
+
+<p>After the plowing season is over, the buffaloes have no work at all.
+They can wallow all day, if they want to.</p>
+
+<p>When all the new buffaloes are quite tame, they are not kept in the
+corral any more, as they would never think of running away now. They
+are allowed to lie about and sleep in a little plot of ground
+somewhere in the village. By daytime they are taken out into the
+fields outside the village, and allowed to graze as they please; and
+as there is always a stream or a pond near, the buffaloes can go into
+the water or the mud whenever they like.</p>
+
+<p>So, as you understand, the buffaloes very soon become quite tame. Why?
+Because they are treated kindly. Please remember that. <i>Most wild
+animals can be tamed if treated kindly.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now I am coming to the nicest part about the buffaloes. It is the
+nicest part because it shows how the buffaloes can even be made to
+love us.</p>
+
+<p>I have just told you that the buffaloes are taken out into the fields
+to graze. Well, then, somebody has to do that in the morning, and
+somebody has to bring them home in the evening.</p>
+
+<p>Can you tell who does that? Why, there is a herdsman to do it, you may
+say. Quite true. But the herdsman does not bother to do a simple thing
+like that every day.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch7_2" id="Anch7_2"></a><i>Little Boys Take Charge of Buffaloes</i></h3>
+<p>Then who does it? I shall tell you. The little boys of the village!
+They are about five or six years of age. They are not old enough to go
+to school, and not old enough to do any work; so they can play all
+day.</p>
+
+<p>The most useful thing they can do is to take charge of the buffaloes.
+The boys soon learn all the buffalo calls&mdash;"Come out to graze," "Come
+to wallow," or "Come home now." And the wonderful thing is that these
+huge animals soon learn to obey these calls. When the boys call to
+them, the buffaloes do just as they are ordered.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The buffaloes soon learn to love the little boys. You know how fond of
+us an animal can become&mdash;especially a dog or a horse. Still, I do not
+think that any animal can show such love for us as the huge buffaloes
+do for the little boys who act as their herdsmen.</p>
+
+<p>Why? Because the little boys <i>share the same mud</i> with the buffaloes!
+Boys and buffaloes mix very well with mud! The little boys tumble
+about in the mud on the side of the bank where the buffaloes may be
+wallowing. Or the boys will splash about in the water where the
+buffaloes are lying neck deep to keep cool. Or they will climb up on
+the buffaloes' backs for a while, then tumble off and play again.</p>
+
+<p>Even when the buffaloes are grazing in the field, the boys may be near
+them, playing hide and seek, and running in and out between the
+buffaloes' legs, or under their horns. So the boys are with the
+buffaloes all day long.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch7_3" id="Anch7_3"></a><i>How the Big Buffaloes Love the Little Boys</i></h3>
+<p>It is quite wonderful to see a little boy actually twisting a huge
+buffalo's tail. As I have told you, a buffalo is often more than ten
+feet long, and taller than a tall man; and it has horns that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> reach
+out more than a yard from each side of the head. This huge animal
+could charge and smash up a big wagon as easily as if it were a match
+box; and yet he will stand still and let his tail be twisted by any
+little tot in the village.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes you may see a sight like this: A huge buffalo is grazing
+hungrily, and a little boy comes up and stands right in front of him.</p>
+
+<p>"Put up your head!" says the boy. But the buffalo goes on feeding
+hungrily.</p>
+
+<p>"Put up your head, or I will spank you!" says the boy. But the buffalo
+still goes on feeding hungrily.</p>
+
+<p>Then that tot raises his small hand and spanks the huge buffalo on the
+jaw. The buffalo puts up his head, and rubs his nose lovingly against
+the boy.</p>
+
+<p>Well, why not? You have seen a baby pulling his Papa's hair. The Papa
+just loves the baby all the more for it. So it is with the buffalo and
+the little tot. And it would not matter a bit whether the tot were a
+little boy or a little girl. The big buffalo is fond of both.</p>
+
+<p>And now I shall tell you a wonderful true story about a buffalo and a
+boy.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h2>The Buffalo and the Boy</h2>
+
+
+<p>In a village there were many tame buffaloes, and among them thirty
+bull buffaloes. The little boys of the village took charge of them
+every day. The smartest boy among them was called Gulab. He was six
+years of age.</p>
+
+<p>Gulab knew quite well each of the thirty bull buffaloes, and was a
+friend of each. Sometimes he alone had charge of them, and took them
+out to graze and to wallow. That was because his father was the
+herdsman.</p>
+
+<p>The buffaloes loved Gulab, and they did exactly as he told them to do.
+When he was going to take them to the fields, he would just stamp his
+little bare foot and call out to them "Stand in rows!" And the huge
+animals would stand in rows, one line behind another.</p>
+
+<p>Then Gulab would come around to the side, and see if each line was
+straight. If the line was not quite straight, and a buffalo happened
+to be standing too much this way or that, Gulab would walk up to the
+buffalo and spank<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> him on the jaw. Then the buffalo would move into
+line, exactly as Gulab wanted him to do. Or, if a buffalo happened to
+be standing too far behind, Gulab would come around to the back and
+twist the buffalo's tail, and the buffalo would move up into line.</p>
+
+<p>Then, when the whole herd was in the right order, Gulab would come to
+the front of the herd, and walk up to the biggest bull.</p>
+
+<p>"Bend down your head, Baldo!" he would order.</p>
+
+<p>And Baldo, the biggest bull, in the middle of the front line, would
+bend down his head, and Gulab would climb up by one of the horns,
+scramble up Baldo's neck, and sit down on his back.</p>
+
+<p>"March!" Gulab would order&mdash;and the whole herd would march.</p>
+
+<p>Now, a few miles away there was a grand palace. In the palace was a
+little Prince, whose father was a Rajah&mdash;that is, a kind of king. The
+little Prince's birthday was coming, and his father ordered grand
+feasts for many days.</p>
+
+<p>The Rajah had six English friends, who were quite big men. The
+Englishmen were very fond of tiger hunting, so the Rajah wanted to
+order a tiger hunt for them. But it is not easy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> to have a tiger hunt
+just when you want to have it. Why not? Because the tiger will <i>not</i>
+come out and be hunted just when you want him to. He would rather stay
+in his den.</p>
+
+<p>So for a few days no one heard of a tiger prowling about. Then
+suddenly a strange piece of news came from that village where Gulab
+lived. It happened in this way:</p>
+
+<p>One day Gulab took out the buffaloes to graze and to wallow. The
+buffaloes lay down in the shallow water for a while, and Gulab
+splashed about or tumbled in the mud near them. Then he got tired of
+doing that, and came out on the bank and played about there for a
+while.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly he heard a strange sound. It was one of the buffaloes, who
+had stood up in the water and was giving a low, deep bellow. Two or
+three other buffaloes stood up also, and gave a low, deep bellow. Then
+all at once the whole lot of them began to come out of the water.</p>
+
+<p>Gulab stopped in his play to see what was wrong. But he could see
+nothing.</p>
+
+<p>"What's the matter, Baldo?" he asked. "What's wrong, Chando?"</p>
+
+<p>But the two biggest bulls scrambled up the bank, and came rushing
+toward the boy. All<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> the other bulls came also, and some went past him
+on the right side, and some went past him on the left side. Then
+suddenly Gulab knew what it all meant!</p>
+
+<p>A snarl&mdash;a growl&mdash;a roar, he heard. A flash of yellow leaped out of
+the jungle, and came toward him with a huge jump. It was a tiger!</p>
+
+<p>But already the buffaloes were making a ring around Gulab. Then he
+knew what had happened. The tiger had seen him from the jungle beyond,
+and had been trying to creep up to him quietly from thicket to
+thicket. But the buffaloes had <i>smelled</i> the tiger in time, and had
+run out of the pond to save Gulab. And now they had made a ring around
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Gulab stood in the ring and looked with large round eyes, for he was
+more frightened than he had ever been in his life. He was only a
+little boy, and had never seen a tiger face to face.</p>
+
+<p>The tiger growled and snarled and roared. Then it came round and round
+the ring, trying to find a gap between the horns to get at the boy.
+But there was no gap between the horns.</p>
+
+<p>Then little by little the fear left Gulab's heart. Something inside
+him told him to be brave. He walked up to Baldo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Baldo, let me up!" Gulab said to him, standing behind the buffalo.
+And Baldo lowered his body behind, and bent his hind legs at the
+knees.</p>
+
+<p>Gulab took hold of Baldo's tail in both hands, and put his foot on
+Baldo's hind knee, which was now bent quite low. In that way Gulab
+climbed up to the buffalo's back, and sat on it, holding on to Baldo's
+shoulders.</p>
+
+<p>Then, being quite safe on the buffalo's back, Gulab glanced around and
+called to the buffaloes at the back of the ring, "Open out!" And the
+buffaloes opened out at the back of the ring, and made a crescent.
+Then they moved still farther around, and the crescent became one long
+line, facing the tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Gulab gave one glance to right and left, to see that all were ready.
+Then&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Charge, brothers, charge!" he cried to the buffaloes.</p>
+
+<p>Then his big brothers, the buffaloes, charged with thundering hoofs
+and fiery nostrils. The tiger gave a huge leap to the side to get
+away; but the buffaloes on that side opened out and headed off the
+tiger. On to the front again the tiger was forced to turn&mdash;and run for
+his life before the furious herd.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The buffaloes chased and chased that tiger, across field and jungle,
+over hedges and ditches, through brambles and bushes and thickets,
+till at last the tiger jumped across a ravine and ran away growling
+and howling and snarling, like a low thief who is chased out of a
+village at night.</p>
+
+<p>The ravine was a deep hollow in the ground, like a huge ditch; and it
+ran all the way across the ground; so the buffaloes could not get over
+it, as they cannot jump as far as a tiger. Then the buffaloes returned
+to the village, and Gulab gave the news about the tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the village people ran to the palace, and said that the tiger
+might be still hiding somewhere on the other side of the ravine. So
+the six Englishmen went around to that side to hunt the tiger. They
+found him and wounded him four or five times. But it takes a lot more
+than that to kill a tiger. The tiger ran out, got past the hunters,
+and came back again across the ravine. Here he hid in a dense thicket,
+and would not come out and be hunted to please anybody.</p>
+
+<p>Now, when a tiger is hiding in a thicket and will not come out and be
+hunted, there is only one way to <i>make</i> him come out.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What is that way? Can you tell?</p>
+
+<p>Why, of course, the bull buffaloes!</p>
+
+<p>So the herdsman brought up the thirty bull buffaloes, and drew them up
+in a long line in front of the thicket. And on the other side of the
+thicket the six Englishmen got up into trees, and pointed their guns
+at the thicket.</p>
+
+<p>Then the herdsman ordered the buffaloes to charge, and they charged
+right through the thicket, trampling it down and cutting it up into
+lanes; so the tiger <i>had</i> to run out on the other side. But on that
+side the six Englishmen were waiting for him; and they all fired at
+the tiger at once, and all hit him. They used a kind of bullet that
+broke up into a hundred pieces right inside the tiger.</p>
+
+<p>But the tiger still kicked and kicked, and would not agree to be dead
+at once, as any other animal would. People say that a cat has nine
+lives; then a tiger must have ninety-nine lives. So this tiger jumped
+about, torn up as he was, and glared at the Englishmen in the trees,
+trying to get at them, while they were loading their guns for another
+shot.</p>
+
+<p>But the buffaloes went on charging, and caught up with the tiger. They
+rushed upon him, and now the torn-up tiger could not get<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> away. So the
+buffaloes trampled upon him, and then the tiger agreed to lie still
+and be dead, really and truly.</p>
+
+<p>The six Englishmen began to climb down from the trees, as they thought
+the excitement was all over. But the herdsman called out to them at
+once:</p>
+
+<p>"Please go up again&mdash;quick! Don't let my buffaloes see you!"</p>
+
+<p>For I must tell you now that buffaloes do not like strangers. They may
+be very fond of their own friends in the village; but if they should
+see a stranger, they would charge him just as quickly as they would
+charge a tiger. And the Englishmen would look quite strange to the
+buffaloes.</p>
+
+<p>So the Englishmen remembered that, and stayed up in the trees till the
+buffaloes were taken away.</p>
+
+<p>The buffaloes were taken to the pond; and as the herdsman would not
+bother to stay with them there, he left the buffaloes in the pond to
+do as they pleased till evening.</p>
+
+<p>The six Englishmen had their lunch there, when they got down from the
+trees. They gave their guns to their servants, to carry away to the
+palace. Afterwards the Englishmen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> walked about, smoking their cigars,
+as they did not want to return to the palace so soon.</p>
+
+<p>But four or five hours passed, and still they had not come back to the
+palace. It was nearly evening, and still they had not come.</p>
+
+<p>And in the village Gulab said to his Papa, who was the herdsman,
+"Papa, I shall bring the buffaloes home now."</p>
+
+<p>He went to the pond. But the buffaloes were not there! He shouted,
+whistled, and gave all the buffalo calls he knew. But no answer!</p>
+
+<p>He looked about, and searched everywhere, but he could not see the
+buffaloes. What had become of them?</p>
+
+<p>Then he happened to look far to the side, toward a lot of tall trees.
+Something was happening under the trees! He could see a lot of things
+moving there, but he was too far away to see what they were.</p>
+
+<p>He ran toward the trees. Yes, they were the buffaloes! But why were
+they there? And why were they behaving like that?</p>
+
+<p>For he saw that they were pawing the ground angrily, and tossing their
+heads and rattling their horns. And what was very strange, the
+buffaloes were not looking at anything on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> ground in front of
+them. They were looking <i>up</i>, at the trees!</p>
+
+<p>Then Gulab glanced up into the trees, and saw at once why the
+buffaloes were behaving like that. But he did not waste a minute. He
+ran to the buffaloes, shouting:</p>
+
+<p>"Down, Baldo! Down, Chando!"</p>
+
+<p>But the two biggest bulls and all the others glared at the trees and
+snorted in fury.</p>
+
+<p>"Down!" Gulab shrieked. "Down, or I shall spank you!"</p>
+
+<p>He rushed to Baldo, and spanked him on the jaw. He rushed to Chando,
+and spanked him on the jaw. He rushed from buffalo to buffalo, and
+spanked each one on the jaw.</p>
+
+<p>Then the huge animals that had charged the raging tiger, and that were
+now fierce themselves, obeyed the little boy. They blinked, then one
+by one lowered their heads. Gulab climbed up by Baldo's horns, and
+seated himself on his back.</p>
+
+<p>"Now turn around, all!" he ordered. And the buffaloes slowly turned
+away from the trees.</p>
+
+<p>Gulab looked back over his shoulder, and said to the six Englishmen
+who were up in the trees: "You may come down now. My buf<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>faloes won't
+hurt you a bit, because if they try to I will spank them!"</p>
+
+<p>Then the little boy took away the buffaloes, and the six big
+Englishmen came down from the trees quite safely.</p>
+
+<p>And now, do you understand what had happened? I shall tell you. The
+Englishmen had forgotten what the herdsman had told them&mdash;about
+keeping away from the buffaloes. The Englishmen had walked about, and
+had finally come near the pond where the buffaloes were.</p>
+
+<p>Then the buffaloes had come out and charged them. The Englishmen had
+run and run, and had just managed to reach the trees. But the
+buffaloes had come there after them! So the big Englishmen had to stay
+up in the trees, and wait for some little village boy to come and take
+away the furious buffaloes.</p>
+
+<p>I have told you this story, my dear (and it is a true story) just to
+show you what kind of an animal the buffalo is&mdash;at least, this sort of
+buffalo. Even when he is furious, he will do anything for the little
+boy whom he loves.</p>
+
+<p>But as it is a true story, I must tell you one more thing that
+happened&mdash;and I am sure you will be delighted to hear about it. The
+six Englishmen went to the palace, and laughed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> and laughed, and told
+all about it to the little Prince whose birthday it was.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Rajah, who was the little Prince's father, said that Baldo
+and Chando should not be made to plow any more, or do another bit of
+work in their lives. Why? Because Baldo and Chando had first helped to
+save Gulab from the tiger at the pond, and then afterwards they had
+helped to hunt the tiger.</p>
+
+<p>So after that, Baldo and Chando were allowed to walk about the village
+as they pleased, and nibble at anybody's hay or grass, and splash in
+anybody's pond, and wallow in anybody's ditch, rut, or mire.</p>
+
+<p>And what was little Gulab's reward for saving the six Englishmen?
+Well, the little Prince, whose birthday it was, came and took Gulab by
+the hand, and brought him to the grand palace, and gave him lots and
+lots to eat&mdash;cakes and ice cream and candy&mdash;so that Gulab went home
+that night very full and very happy.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h2>Deer and Antelope</h2>
+
+
+<p>The buffalo has many relatives among other animals which also have
+<i>horns</i>. In fact, all animals that have horns are some relation to
+each other&mdash;first cousin, second cousin, third cousin, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>The buffalo's nearest relatives are the ordinary cows and bulls that
+you see in the fields.</p>
+
+<p>"But the sheep and the goat also have horns," you may say. "Are they
+also cousins?"</p>
+
+<p>Yes, they are. In the same way the <i>deer</i> and the <i>antelope</i> are also
+cousins to each other. I am now going to tell you about them.</p>
+
+<p>The deer and the antelope are not exactly the same kind of animal, as
+you might perhaps think. As I said, they are only cousins. If you look
+at them carefully in the pictures on pages 103 and 109 you will see
+which is the antelope and which is the deer&mdash;just as you can tell a
+sheep from a goat.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_10" id="Pic_10"></a>
+<img src="images/image_113.jpg" width="600" height="328" alt="Antelope" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Antelope<br />
+Photograph of a group in the American Museum of Natural History, New York</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>First see the picture on page 103. These are <i>antelope</i>. Look at the
+horns carefully. They are something like a cow's horns; only, a
+cow's horns are sometimes bent and twisted in different ways. But the
+antelope's horns point upward, and are much longer than a cow's horns.
+They sometimes look almost like a pair of long and thick spikes,
+pointed at the top.</p>
+
+<p>Now look at the picture on page 109. These are <i>deer</i>. Look at the
+horns carefully&mdash;only, they are not called horns when the animal is a
+deer, but <i>antlers</i>, which is a special name. So take a good look at
+the deer's antlers. There are two of them, and they grow from the top
+of his head, like the antelope's horns.</p>
+
+<p>But look again. The antlers <i>start</i> from the head as <i>two</i> spikes, but
+higher up each antler branches out into <i>many</i> parts. In fact, near
+the top each antler looks something like the branches of a small tree
+without leaves.</p>
+
+<p>So now you can always tell which is an antelope and which is a deer:
+the antelope's horns have no branches, but the deer's antlers have
+many branches.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch9_1" id="Anch9_1"></a><i>Horns and Antlers Different in Three Ways</i></h3>
+<p>The antelope's horns and the deer's antlers are also different in
+other ways, which you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> cannot see in the pictures. So I shall tell you
+about them:</p>
+
+<p>1. The antelope's horns are <i>hollow</i> inside, and made of the same kind
+of thing as the <i>hoofs</i> or <i>nails</i> of an animal, only they are thicker
+and harder. But a deer's antlers are <i>solid</i>, and made of <i>bone</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. Both the Papas and the Mammas among antelopes have horns. But among
+most kinds of deer, only the Papas have the antlers; the Mammas have
+none.</p>
+
+<p>3. Among antelopes, when once the Papas and the Mammas have grown
+their horns, they keep them always. But among deer, the Papas throw
+away their antlers every year, and grow <i>new ones</i>. That seems very
+wonderful! I shall tell you more about it soon.</p>
+
+<p>But now I shall tell you, little by little, all the wonderful things
+the deer and the antelope can do. I shall begin with the deer, as
+there are many kinds of deer in America.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, in America there are not such wild jungles as in countries
+which are hot all the year round. Still, there are many places in the
+West and a few other parts of America where there is some kind of
+jungle and plenty of forest. A forest is a kind of jungle, only it has
+more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> trees, and fewer thickets; but wild animals can live there just
+the same.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch9_2" id="Anch9_2"></a><i>Elk and Other American Deer</i></h3>
+<p>The biggest kind of deer in America is the <i>moose</i>; in fact, it is the
+biggest kind of deer in the world. The second biggest is the <i>elk</i>; he
+is nearly as big as the moose. Some people think that the moose and
+the elk are exactly the same kind of deer, but that is not quite
+correct. In this book I must not make it too hard for you to
+understand, by telling you how they are different. So I shall tell you
+all about the elk, as his picture is on page 109.</p>
+
+<p>Once upon a time elks lived in all parts of America, but now they have
+been killed off by hunters in most parts, and are found wild only in
+the Far West.</p>
+
+<p>The elk is a fine fellow. At the shoulder he is as tall as a man, and
+is as heavy as six men. He lives in places where there is plenty of
+forest&mdash;that is, plenty of trees. Why trees? Because he needs them in
+winter&mdash;for then the bark is his food!</p>
+
+<p>In summer he has plenty to eat&mdash;leaves, twigs, and grass. But when the
+winter comes, and the leaves fall, and the ground is covered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> with
+snow, the poor elk would starve and die, if he did not have at least
+the bark of trees to eat. And very little bark he gets for many days
+at a time.</p>
+
+<p>Here I must tell you that some kinds of deer are among the most <i>hardy
+animals</i>; that means that at times they can live on very little. There
+is a kind of deer, called the <i>reindeer</i>, that lives in the frozen
+North, where there is snow and ice almost all the year round; and the
+reindeer has nothing more to eat for many days than a little bit of
+moss or seaweed.</p>
+
+<p>But there is another animal, not a deer, that is still more hardy: he
+can go a whole week without eating or drinking&mdash;and do work all the
+time! That seems very wonderful. But I shall tell you about that
+animal in another chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Now about the elk. His antlers are fine! You can see in the picture
+how huge they are. And yet, would you believe it, he grew them in only
+five months! I told you a little while ago that a deer throws off his
+antlers every year, and grows new ones. I shall now tell you how the
+elk does that.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_11" id="Pic_11"></a>
+<img src="images/image_119.jpg" width="600" height="341" alt="Elk" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Elk<br />
+Photograph of a group in the American Museum of Natural History, New York</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p>
+<p>In the middle of the winter, the elk's antlers break off bit by bit.
+In a few weeks they have all fallen off, leaving the elk's head
+bare, with just a ridge or rough stump on it. Then, early in the
+spring the new antlers start growing from the top of the stump. They
+grow very fast, and in five months are as huge as ever.</p>
+
+<p>But while the new antlers are growing, they are not hard. As yet they
+are soft and tender, and all that time they have an outside covering
+like hairy leather, to guard them from harm. But as soon as the elk
+feels that his antlers are quite grown, and are strong and hard, he
+strips off the outside covering by rubbing the antlers against trees.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, while his antlers are still growing, and are soft and
+tender, the elk cannot use them to fight another animal; so during
+that time he hides in the bushes. But as soon as his new antlers have
+become hard and strong, he is very brave again, and is ready to fight!</p>
+
+<p>Does the elk fight much? He does! He fights most awfully when he has
+his new antlers. What he fights about, and with whom he fights, I
+shall tell you in another book.</p>
+
+<p>There are a few other kinds of deer in America, but the funniest of
+them is called the <i>mule deer</i>, which lives along the Rocky Mountains.
+He is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> called the mule deer because he has very long ears, like a
+mule's ears. And perhaps you have seen a mule bucking&mdash;that is,
+jumping about while holding his legs quite stiff. Well, the mule deer
+can buck just like that.</p>
+
+<p>And while he is running at a gallop, he will often jump off the ground
+with stiff legs, and then hop on and on many times like that, with
+stiff legs, finishing up with another gallop.</p>
+
+<p>That makes him look very funny, and because he jumps like that people
+in Canada sometimes call him the <i>jumping deer</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch9_3" id="Anch9_3"></a><i>Other Kinds of Deer</i></h3>
+<p>I must now tell you about some other kinds of deer that live in
+jungles and forests in other countries.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>fallow deer</i> lives in Europe. When he is wild, he lives in a
+forest; but when he is tame, he lives in a park. He is a small deer,
+about the size of a donkey. His coat is very soft and glossy and
+beautiful. In winter his coat looks dark brown, and his legs and the
+under part of his body are light brown. But in summer his coat becomes
+a lovely light red in color, with white spots jotted all over it. Then
+he is very handsome.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In India also there is a handsome deer, which the people call the
+<i>lion deer</i>. He looks quite gentle and mild. Then why do the people
+call him the lion deer? Because he has a lovely coat, golden yellow in
+color. You could see him far across the open field, if he only stood
+there. But he is so timid that he does not often come out in the open.</p>
+
+<p>And why has he a yellow coat? Because he lives in a place where there
+is plenty of yellow grass; and if he stood right in the middle of the
+grass, and did not move, nobody could see him. Even if a tiger were
+looking for him, and the deer stood quite still in the grass, the
+tiger could not find him.</p>
+
+<p>In another chapter I shall tell you how other animals have on their
+bodies the <i>color of the place where they live, or where they want to
+hide</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Anch9_4" id="Anch9_4"></a><i>Barking Deer&mdash;One of the Wonders of Nature</i></h4>
+<p>Now I am coming to one of the nicest kinds of deer in the world, and I
+am sure you will just love him! He lives in India, and is called the
+<i>barking deer</i>; only, he is not exactly a deer, but an antelope. You
+remember what I have told you before, about an antelope having a
+different kind of horns? Still we must call him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> the barking deer, as
+people have already given him that name.</p>
+
+<p>He is very small, about the size of a goat. If there is any danger
+from an enemy, the barking deer is small enough to hide in any little
+bush or behind a fallen tree or log; or else he can run away very
+quietly through the under bushes. And he runs so quickly that his
+enemy soon loses sight of him.</p>
+
+<p>He is called the barking deer, because he can bark or yap almost like
+a dog. But, you may ask, why does he want to bark at all, if he is
+afraid of some enemy? Will not the enemy hear him, and then catch him?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, that is quite true. And yet the fact that he does bark is one of
+the most wonderful things in the jungle. It is so wonderful that in
+another book I shall tell you more about it. But now I shall tell you
+just this:</p>
+
+<p>There are some animals which are so deadly that they could kill off
+many, many other animals. So, as the only way to save the other
+animals from being all killed, <i>God has made some special animals to
+fight those deadly animals</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There is the <i>cobra</i>, which is a snake, and which has such a deadly
+poison that it could kill almost all other animals in the jungle by
+just<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> biting them. So, to save the other animals from being killed by
+the cobra, God made the <i>mongoose</i>. He is a plucky little creature,
+about the size of a cat. And he will fight and kill every cobra he
+sees! But really he is such a wonderful animal that I must keep him
+for another book, when you are old enough to know him better and to
+love him.</p>
+
+<p>But sometimes the deadly animal is too strong to be killed himself.
+There is the tiger. He can kill and eat many kinds of animals. But who
+can kill <i>him</i>? No animal! At least, the elephant and the buffalo
+could kill the tiger if the tiger should let them <i>catch</i> him and
+trample on him. But the tiger does not let any animal catch him. Then
+how can the other animals be saved from the tiger?</p>
+
+<p>God made two special animals to save the others from the tiger. The
+first is the buffalo, of which I have already told you, and which is
+the Knight of the Jungle. The second animal is the barking deer. How
+the barking deer saves the other animals from the tiger, I shall now
+tell you:</p>
+
+<p>When the tiger is prowling about, all other kinds of deer and antelope
+just run away, and are glad enough if they escape being eaten.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> But
+not the plucky little barking deer! He too runs away, but as soon as
+he gets a little ahead of the tiger, he stops under a bush and lets
+out that bark or yap&mdash;then runs on at once to another bush.</p>
+
+<p>The tiger is furious, and jumps on the bush where he heard the
+bark&mdash;but the deer is not there now! The deer barks from that second
+bush&mdash;and runs to another one. In this way the barking deer leads the
+tiger on and on through the jungle from bush to bush.</p>
+
+<p>And why does he bark like that? To tell the other animals in good time
+that the tiger is coming, and then to tell them exactly <i>where</i> the
+tiger is.</p>
+
+<p>"Look out, here's a tiger!" That is the meaning of his first bark.</p>
+
+<p>"Here he is! He is coming after me&mdash;this way!" That is what he means
+by the next bark.</p>
+
+<p>"He is chasing me this way! You run the other way!" And that is what
+the barking deer keeps on saying, as he runs from bush to bush, so
+that all the other animals know exactly where the tiger is at each
+minute.</p>
+
+<p>In this way the barking deer runs through the jungle, <i>warning all the
+other animals</i>, and so spoiling the tiger's dinner all the way.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<h2>Deer and Antelope: Their Special Gifts</h2>
+
+
+<p>You have learned by this time that <i>every animal has some special
+gift</i>, that is, he can do one thing better than most other animals.
+The deer and the antelope have their special gifts.</p>
+
+<p>First, there is their gift of <i>hearing</i>. I have already told you that
+the wild buffaloes can hear a long way; but the deer and the antelope
+can hear still farther.</p>
+
+<p>Let us suppose that a tiger is trying to creep up to a deer through
+the jungle, as quietly as he can. The tiger is still a long way off,
+and quite hidden by the bushes, so the deer cannot <i>see</i> him at all.
+But the deer can <i>hear</i> him coming, even if the tiger takes each step
+very lightly. Why? Because the deer's ears are so sharp that he can
+hear even a leaf rustling under the tiger's foot, a long way off. So
+the deer can run away in good time.</p>
+
+<p>To make him hear still better, the deer can turn or bend his ears to
+the side from which the sound is coming. You have seen an ordinary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+cow prick up her ears when she heard somebody coming; and many other
+animals&mdash;even a dog&mdash;can do the same.</p>
+
+<p>But the deer can do that best. The shape of his ear is like that of a
+funnel, so as to <i>pour</i> the sound into his ear, as it were. Then even
+if there is only a single drop of sound, it gets right into his ear.</p>
+
+<p>And by turning or bending his ear, the deer knows which way the sound
+is coming. You also can tell which way a sound is coming, if it is
+loud enough; but the deer can do that even when the sound is very
+faint. That is very useful to him, as he then knows exactly <i>which
+way</i> a sneaking tiger is coming, and can run the <i>other way</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I must now tell you that the tiger himself, tries to come so quietly
+that the deer may not hear him at all; and to help him to do so, his
+feet are padded with muscles, just like cushions. So it is a kind of
+trial between the tiger and the deer as to which is the more clever.
+If the tiger can come so quietly that the deer cannot hear him, then
+the tiger is more clever than the deer. But if the deer can hear the
+tiger, even if the tiger comes most quietly, then the deer is more
+clever than the tiger.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>That kind of trial between two different animals as to which is the
+more clever, goes on in the jungle all the time: and <i>the more clever
+one wins every time</i>. If the tiger is more clever than the deer, the
+tiger eats the deer; but if the deer is more clever than the tiger,
+the deer escapes being eaten. And that is true of all other animals.
+In fact, one of the great wonders of the jungle is that the animal
+which is <i>the fittest wins the oftenest</i>; and so he goes on living,
+whatever may happen to the others.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>To the Teacher.</i>&mdash;Please give the class other examples
+of the "Survival of the Fittest" among other creatures&mdash;birds,
+insects, fish, etc.</p></div>
+
+<p>Now I come to the second special gift of the deer and the antelope. If
+by any chance a deer cannot hear a sneaking tiger, he can still
+<i>smell</i> the tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Most animals can smell their enemy a long way off, even if they do not
+hear him or see him; but <i>the deer and the antelope can smell the
+farthest</i>. Even if a sneaking tiger is so cunning that he stops in a
+thicket and stands quite still for a minute, so that he does not make
+any sound at all,&mdash;and so the deer cannot hear him,&mdash;even then the
+deer can smell him when he is still a long way off.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p><p>I must tell you now that the tiger himself can smell the deer. But he
+cannot do that very far off,&mdash;so the deer always smells him <i>first</i>!</p>
+
+<p>Also, the tiger can hear the deer, if the deer happens to be moving.
+But the tiger cannot hear quite so far as the deer can. So the deer
+always hears him <i>first</i>!</p>
+
+<p>But in one thing the tiger is better off than the deer: <i>the tiger can
+see farther than the deer</i>. In the night most animals can see a
+little, but the tiger can see a little better and farther than the
+others. And in the daytime, if a deer were feeding in a very big level
+field, and a tiger came to the field from the other side, the tiger
+would see the deer before the deer could see him. Then the tiger would
+come round to the nearest thicket, and try to creep up to the deer
+from thicket to thicket.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch10_1" id="Anch10_1"></a><i>Each Animal has the Gift he Needs Most</i></h3>
+<p>So, you understand, the deer can <i>hear</i> farther and <i>smell</i> farther;
+but the tiger can <i>see</i> farther.</p>
+
+<p>And that is so because it is a wonderful rule in the jungle that <i>each
+animal has the gift that he needs most</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But can you think why the tiger <i>needs</i> to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> see farther, and why the
+deer <i>needs</i> to hear farther and smell farther? I shall tell you.</p>
+
+<p>The tiger is the catcher, and the deer is the one that is caught. So
+the tiger tries to get to the deer, and the deer tries to run <i>from</i>
+the tiger.</p>
+
+<p>But to get to the deer, it would be no use to the tiger if he could
+only smell or hear the deer, for then he would only know that the deer
+was <i>somewhere</i> near, but could not find the exact spot; and to catch
+the deer the tiger must know exactly where the deer is. So the best
+way for him to know that is to <i>see</i> the deer.</p>
+
+<p>But for the deer himself, all that he needs to know is that a tiger is
+somewhere near. So it is quite enough for him to know from which side
+the tiger is coming, by just smelling him or hearing him. Then the
+deer can run the other way at once. He does not want to see the tiger
+at all!</p>
+
+<p>So, you understand, the tiger's best gift is to be able to see the
+deer; and the deer's best gift is to be able to smell and hear the
+tiger.</p>
+
+<p>But then, you may ask, if the deer can always run away long before the
+tiger can get at him, does a tiger never catch a deer?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, a tiger does catch a deer once in a while,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> if the deer happens
+to make a mistake! And the deer can make only one mistake like that in
+his life, because after the first he gets eaten!</p>
+
+<p>So, you may be sure, the deer tries very hard never to make even that
+one mistake.</p>
+
+<p>And what is that one mistake? It is to run straight into the jaws of
+the tiger! It may just happen that when the deer hears the tiger
+coming, he does not listen quite carefully, and so he does not know
+which way the sound is coming. Then, in running away, the deer may
+happen to go just the wrong way&mdash;and fall into the tiger's jaws.</p>
+
+<p>Or else it may happen that the deer is so frightened that he loses his
+head, as it were, and goes just any way&mdash;and by bad luck chooses the
+wrong way, and falls into the tiger's jaws.</p>
+
+<p>But I must tell you that, although the tiger tries very hard to eat
+the deer, <i>the deer tries still harder not to be eaten!</i> Why? Because
+if the tiger does not catch the deer for to-day's dinner, he can still
+catch some other animal for tomorrow's breakfast, even if he goes
+hungry to-night. But if the deer once gets eaten, there is no
+to-morrow for, him at all! The tiger is only trying <i>to get a meal</i>,
+but the deer is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> trying <i>to save his life</i>. That is why the deer
+nearly always gets away from the tiger&mdash;because he is trying harder
+than the tiger.</p>
+
+<p>So the tiger does not get deer to eat much oftener than most children
+get roast turkey. The tiger lives mostly on pork, for the wild pigs of
+the jungle are such careless animals, as I have told you before. Now
+and again the tiger gets mutton also, for the wild sheep are silly
+creatures, like other kinds of sheep. In the same way the tiger
+sometimes catches a wild goat.</p>
+
+<p>The tiger would really get deer to eat a little oftener than he
+actually does if it were not that the deer has two other gifts by
+which he can escape from the tiger at the last minute. Those two gifts
+are his <i>quickness in getting started</i>, and his <i>speed in running</i>.
+So, even if the deer makes a mistake and runs toward the tiger, he can
+still escape from the tiger if he finds out his mistake in time.</p>
+
+<p>For, as you saw at the midnight pool, the deer may be drinking
+quietly, when he hears or smells a tiger. Then the deer can leap at
+once and get away, before the tiger can leap. Or it may happen that
+the deer is trying to escape from a tiger and has run to within<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
+twenty yards of the tiger, when he finds out his mistake. Then the
+deer can turn <i>at once</i> and leap sideways to get out of the tiger's
+reach. The deer is so quick that he can turn aside without stopping,
+and keep on running.</p>
+
+<p>Then after that, once he has turned away from the tiger, the tiger can
+never catch him. For the deer can run ever so much faster than the
+tiger.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, the deer or the antelope is the fastest animal in the world,
+except one other. About that other animal I shall tell you some
+wonderful things in the next book. But among all animals I have told
+you about in this book the deer is the fastest.</p>
+
+<p>"But how do people know that the deer can run faster than other
+animals?" you may ask. "Has anyone had a race between different
+animals?"</p>
+
+<p>Yes, some people did that in England a few years ago. They took the
+fastest racehorse in the country, and ran a race between him and the
+fastest greyhound; and the greyhound beat the horse in the race. Then
+they took that greyhound, and ran a race between him and an English
+deer; and the deer beat the greyhound in the race. So, you see, the
+deer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> was faster than the greyhound, and the greyhound was faster than
+the horse! So the deer was the fastest of the three.</p>
+
+<p>And the deer that lives in the jungle is even faster than the English
+deer. Why? Because the English deer lives in peaceful glades and
+forests, and has no other animal trying to catch and eat him; so he
+does not try to be as fast as he could be. But the deer that lives in
+the jungle has to try very hard all the time to be as fast as he can
+be, or else he would be eaten by the tiger! And, as you must know, <i>we
+can do the best in anything when we try the hardest</i>.</p>
+
+<p>So, all kinds of wild deer in the jungle have been trying their
+hardest to run as fast as they can. And as their fathers and
+grandfathers have been trying to do that, the wild deer to-day have
+become the fastest runners among all the animals I have told you
+about.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<h2>The Camel</h2>
+
+
+<p>The <i>camel</i> has very little to do with the kind of jungle I have been
+telling you about; but he has much to do with the <i>desert</i>. A desert
+is another kind of wild place. As I told you before, jungle means any
+wild place; but usually, of course, there are lots of trees and bushes
+and thickets in it. But we call the wild place a desert when trees and
+bushes and thickets will not grow there, because the ground is all
+covered with <i>sand</i>. In the desert there is nothing but sand all over
+the ground, and not a single tree or a tiny blade of grass anywhere,
+as far as you can see.</p>
+
+<p>And that is the place where camels can do some very wonderful things,
+as I shall now tell you. The camels do not actually live in the desert
+all the time, but in countries quite near there.</p>
+
+<p>First I must tell you that there is only one country to-day, called
+Central Asia, where camels are still found wild. In all other places
+they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> are not wild any more, for in those countries people have lived
+for many thousand years; so the people caught all the camels once upon
+a time, and tamed them.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time the camels have been used by people in those countries
+for their work, just as we use horses here; and rich people in those
+countries count their wealth by the number of camels they have. Just
+as we say here that a rich man has a million dollars, or two millions,
+or three millions, so in those countries a man is thought to be rich
+who has one thousand camels, or two thousand, or three thousand.</p>
+
+<p>It was just the same in those countries in olden times. You have read
+in your Bible history that Job was once a rich man, as he owned
+thousands of camels.</p>
+
+<p>You will see from the pictures facing page 128 that there are two
+kinds of camels; one kind has a huge hump on the middle of his back;
+and the other kind has two humps, with a gap between. The <i>One-Hump
+camel</i> is called an <i>Arabian camel</i>, or a <i>dromedary</i>. Once upon a
+time he lived in the country called Arabia; that is the country from
+where you get your lovely old stories of Ali Baba and Aladdin. But now
+the One-Hump camel also lives in other coun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>tries near there. These
+are all very hot countries, with many miles of desert here and there.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Two-Humps camel</i> is called a <i>Bactrian camel</i>, as he lives in a
+country which was once called Bactria. That country also has many
+deserts, like Arabia; but as it is far to the north of Arabia, it is
+very cold in winter, and the snow then lies very thick on the ground.
+So try and remember this:</p>
+
+<p>The One-Hump camel lives in a country where there are many miles of
+desert, and where it is very hot almost the whole year. So the
+One-Hump camel has to guard himself only from the <i>hot burning sand</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Two-Humps camel lives in a country where there are also many miles
+of desert, but where it is very hot in the summer and very cold in the
+winter. So the Two-Humps camel has to guard himself from the <i>hot
+burning sand in the summer</i>, and from the <i>cold and snow in the
+winter</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Two-Humps camel has in winter a coat of long, shaggy hair on his
+back to guard him from the cold; and in summer the shaggy hair comes
+off his back, just as if he were to cast off his thick coat. But the
+One-Hump camel has only short hair, as the country is too hot all the
+time to need a thick coat.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_12" id="Pic_12"></a>
+<img src="images/image_139.jpg" width="600" height="420" alt="Bactrian Camel&mdash;with Two Humps" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Bactrian Camel&mdash;with Two Humps</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_13" id="Pic_13"></a>
+<img src="images/image_140.jpg" width="600" height="434" alt="Arabian Camel&mdash;with One Hump" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Arabian Camel&mdash;with One Hump</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now I must tell you how camels are used. First, they carry goods for
+trade. In those countries there are hardly any railroads, so the
+merchants carry their packages on camels. Of course they could not put
+a package right on a camel's hump, as it would fall off; so they
+always join two packages together with a band or belt, and sling the
+band across the camel's back, so that there is a package on each side
+of the camel.</p>
+
+<p>When a One-Hump camel is used, the band or belt has two parts, like a
+loop; and the loop rests over the hump, so that the band cannot slip
+backward or forward. When a Two-Humps camel is used, the band of
+course rests in the gap between the two humps, so that it cannot slip
+at all; and then the two packages can be made very big. That is why
+people like the Two-Humps camel better for carrying goods, and like
+the One-Hump camel better for riding. But in some places the One-Hump
+camel is used both for riding and for carrying goods.</p>
+
+<p>In this way merchants carry their goods for many hundred miles across
+desert and country. Then sometimes they come to the sea and send the
+goods in ships to different countries. That is how you get many of the
+figs, dates,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> and grapes you eat; so the next time you eat them, think
+of the patient camel that brought them for you across the desert. That
+is why the camel is called the <i>Ship of the Desert</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful carpets and rugs and shawls which you see in rich homes
+have also been brought by the patient camels; and some of the lovely
+vases and ornaments that rich people have were also carried by camels.
+And not only across the desert, but even over ordinary land camels
+carry these goods. The camel is such a large animal that he can carry
+packages as heavy as four men.</p>
+
+<p>Of course when he carries such a heavy load, he cannot go any faster
+than a man's walk; but the camel can keep on walking all day, with
+just a short rest once in a while. Those used for riding cannot run as
+fast as a horse, but they can keep on running at a steady trot much
+longer than a horse, and then after a short rest can start running
+again. So by the end of the day a camel can run twice as far as a
+horse, and sometimes still farther.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch11_1" id="Anch11_1"></a><i>The Camel's Wonderful Gifts</i></h3>
+<p>Now I am going to tell you of the most wonderful things a camel can
+do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>First, I must tell you that no other animal could cross a desert at
+all. To begin with, if such an animal as a horse tried to walk on the
+sand, his hoofs would sink into the sand up to the ankles, and it
+would be hard work for him to go even a mile. But a camel's foot is
+different. It has a <i>soft pad of muscles</i> under it, just like a
+cushion; and when the camel walks or runs on the sand, the pad spreads
+out under his foot, and that gives him a firm hold on the sand in
+walking or running. So remember that the camel has padded feet.</p>
+
+<p>I must tell you here that the feet of all animals are formed in the
+way they can best use, in the country in which they live. Those
+animals that have to walk on <i>hard ground</i> have <i>hoofs</i>, and those
+that have to walk on <i>soft ground</i> have <i>padded feet</i>. The elephant is
+the only animal that has to walk on hard ground, at least very often,
+and yet has padded feet. Can you tell why? Because of his huge weight!
+He is so heavy that if the bones under his feet were not covered with
+a thick pad, he would jar the bones every time he put his foot down,
+even if the ground were not very hard.</p>
+
+<p>In the same way the camel's padded foot is very useful to him even
+when he is not in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> desert, but on hard ground; for he too is
+rather heavy, though of course not so heavy as an elephant.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_14" id="Pic_14"></a>
+<img src="images/image_144.jpg" width="600" height="328" alt="Sand Storm in the Desert" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Sand Storm in the Desert</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are other reasons why no other animal could cross a desert as
+easily as a camel. In the desert there are sometimes fierce storms;
+and as it is all sand there, the strong wind blows the sand about in
+every direction. As there is no place there where one could get away
+from the sand, any other animal would soon have a lot of sand blown
+into his nostrils; then he would be choked. But a camel's nostrils are
+made differently, so that whenever he likes he can <i>close his
+nostrils</i>, as easily as you can close your mouths, and that keeps away
+the sand. The camel is clever enough<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> to lie down on the ground when a
+storm is blowing, and to lay his neck and chin along the ground; then
+his nose is quite close to the ground, where the storm is not quite so
+fierce as in the air.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, when he wants to breathe, he opens his nostrils a tiny bit
+to take in a little air; then he closes the nostrils again, and holds
+his breath for a little while. He has to keep on doing that as long as
+the storm lasts.</p>
+
+<p>But what does his master do, who has been riding on his back? He
+cannot close his nostrils; so the only thing he can do is to get off
+the camel and huddle against the camel's body on the side far from the
+wind; then he brings his face quite close to the ground and holds his
+nose with his hand. When he wants to breathe, he opens his fingers
+just enough to make a slit and let the <i>air</i> in, but not enough to let
+the <i>sand</i> in.</p>
+
+<p>There is another reason why no other animal could cross a desert: his
+eyes would be blinded by the fierce glare of the sun. But a camel has
+very <i>thick hair on his eyebrows</i>, which hang over the eyes, and keep
+off the fierce rays of the sun. His eyelashes also are very thick, and
+help to keep off the sun in the same way.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But there is a still more wonderful reason why no other animal, except
+a camel, could cross a desert. In a desert water is very scarce, and a
+traveler crossing a desert on a camel may not find any water for a
+whole week. Of course, he carries on his saddle half a dozen bottles
+of water to drink; but after drinking some of the water each day, he
+has not much to spare for the poor camel. Then what is the poor camel
+to do?</p>
+
+<p>Of course, you may say that his master should carry more water for the
+camel to drink. But the load of goods which the camel has to carry is
+already so heavy that there is not much room for any more water. Then
+what <i>can</i> the poor camel do?</p>
+
+<p>Why, he <i>carries his own drinking water</i>, not in the load on his back,
+but <i>inside his stomach</i>! Is not that a wonderful thing? His stomach
+is made differently from that of any other animal. The stomach of any
+other animal, Or even a man's stomach, is so made that the water drunk
+at any time is all used up in the next few hours; that is why any
+other animal, or even a man, has to have another drink after those few
+hours.</p>
+
+<p>But a camel's stomach is so made that it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> has one big place for food
+and drink like the stomach of any other animal, but it also has many
+smaller places arranged all around the stomach; these smaller places
+are just like bottles, and are called <i>cells</i>.</p>
+
+<p>So when a camel takes a good long drink, the big place in the middle
+of the stomach takes in the water first; then as he drinks more and
+more, the bottles or cells all around begin to get filled also. And
+the wonderful thing is that as soon as each cell is full, its mouth
+closes up by itself! In that way, if the camel drinks long enough, all
+the cells get full, one by one, and then have their mouths closed up.</p>
+
+<p>When a camel is about to start on a long journey through the desert,
+he takes a very long drink, till he <i>feels</i> that he cannot drink any
+more; then he <i>knows</i> that all the bottles or cells inside are quite
+full, as well as the big place in the middle of his stomach. Now he is
+ready to cross the desert.</p>
+
+<p>After many hours all the water in the big place in the middle of the
+stomach gets used up. Then what happens? Why, one of the bottles
+inside opens its mouth by itself, and pours the water into the
+stomach! And after many hours more, when <i>that</i> water has also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> been
+used up, the <i>second</i> bottle opens its mouth and pours the water into
+the stomach. In this way all the bottles or cells inside the camel one
+by one pour their water into the stomach from day to day, whenever the
+camel feels thirsty. Is not that most wonderful?</p>
+
+<p>And there is yet another very wonderful thing about the camel. His
+hump! It is just as wonderful whether it is one hump or two humps. I
+shall tell you.</p>
+
+<p>The camel's hump is his <i>store of food</i>! Yes, just as he carries his
+own drinking water inside his stomach, so he also carries his own
+store of food in his hump.</p>
+
+<p>This is how he does it:</p>
+
+<p>When the camel is quite well and strong, if he eats any food which is
+a little more than he actually needs for his hunger, that food after a
+while goes to his hump and helps to make it bigger. In this way the
+hump becomes a store of all the extra food that he has eaten. Then, on
+going on a long journey through the desert, if the camel has nothing
+to eat and begins to feel hungry and weak, a little of the hump is
+used up to give him strength, just as if he were to eat a meal. In
+this way he can go for many days without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> food, but of course his hump
+will get smaller and smaller.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_15" id="Pic_15"></a>
+<img src="images/image_149.jpg" width="600" height="336" alt="Crossing the Desert with Camels" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Crossing the Desert with Camels</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But his master does not actually take him through the desert without
+giving him <i>any</i> food or drink; in fact he always gives the camel some
+of the figs and dates which he takes with him for his own meals, and
+also some of the drinking water which he carries on his saddle. But if
+it did happen that his master had no food or drink to spare, the camel
+could still live for several days, using his hump for food, and the
+water in the cells of his stomach for drink.</p>
+
+<p>The camel can do yet another wonderful thing. He can tell a long way
+off when he is coming to a place where there is water. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> the desert,
+after going over sand and sand for many days, a traveler sometimes
+finds a beautiful place called an <i>oasis</i>. It is just like a lovely
+little garden right in the middle of the desert, with a spring of
+water, and several fig trees, date trees, and other palm trees growing
+all around the pool.</p>
+
+<p>When a traveler is crossing the desert and sees nothing but sand for
+several days, it sometimes happens that his camel suddenly stops,
+stands quite still for a minute, raises his head, and sniffs the air.
+Then he turns a little to the right or to the left, and begins to run
+straight that way. His master may look ahead very hard, but he will
+see nothing but sand and sand, as before.</p>
+
+<p>But the camel, by just sniffing the air, has found out that there is
+an oasis within reach, though it is still too far away for him to see
+it. Then he runs on most gladly, and comes to the oasis in an hour, so
+that he and his master can rest there for some time, and drink from
+the pool, and eat the figs and dates growing on the trees.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the camel can also eat the leaves of the trees; in fact,
+when he is not in the desert, but just in the ordinary country, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>
+usually eats from the shrubs and bushes, and gets figs and dates only
+as a dainty, just as you sometimes have ice cream. The camel with two
+humps will gladly eat many more things than the camel with one hump.
+In fact, when he is hungry, he will eat not only any kind of
+vegetable, but also meat. He has even been known to chew up and eat
+bones, blankets, and leather! And he is perhaps the <i>only animal that
+will drink salt water</i>; for the country in which the Two-Humps camel
+lives has several lakes, the water of which is bitter and salty.</p>
+
+<p>So you see how useful an animal the camel is, whether he has one hump
+or two humps. He is so useful that people have been saying for a long
+time that camels should be brought into America, where there are
+several deserts in the western states. In fact, a strange thing has
+already happened. The United States Government did bring a lot of
+camels for use in the western states several years ago, about the time
+when your grandfather was a boy.</p>
+
+<p>But the people who can best manage such large animals as elephants and
+camels are the people who are born in the same countries as those
+animals and who understand their habits. And unluckily, when the
+camels were brought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> into America, nobody thought of bringing men also
+from those countries to manage the camels. So nobody seemed to know
+how to use these animals, and after a time they were turned loose in
+Arizona. The camels went into the deserts and forests there, and
+became quite wild, and to-day there are some of them in Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>Now, do you not think it would be a good idea to get a few men from
+those countries and learn from them how to manage camels? Then the
+camels of Arizona also could be used in crossing the deserts there,
+where there are no railroads.</p>
+
+<p>Besides being the only animal that can cross the desert, the camel is
+different from any other four-legged animal even in the way he walks.</p>
+
+<p>You have seen how a horse walks? When his left foreleg is lifted off
+the ground, his right hind leg is also lifted off the ground; then in
+the next step, when his right foreleg is lifted off the ground, his
+left hind leg is also lifted off the ground. That means that the two
+legs which move at the same time are those placed at the <i>opposite
+corners</i> of his body. But when a camel walks, he lifts the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> two legs
+on the <i>same side</i> of his body at the same time. And when he takes the
+next step, he lifts the two legs on the other side of his body.</p>
+
+<p>Now, my dear, I have told you many things about the camel which are
+different from anything in any other animal. So, before I close this
+chapter, I want you to remember these things about the camel:</p>
+
+<p>1. His <i>foot</i> is <i>padded</i> in such a way that he can walk or run on
+sand.</p>
+
+<p>2. He can <i>close</i> his <i>nostrils</i> to keep out the sand in a storm.</p>
+
+<p>3. His <i>thick</i> and bushy <i>eyebrows</i> and <i>thick eyelashes</i> keep the
+glare of the sun from his eyes.</p>
+
+<p>4. His stomach has many <i>cells</i> like bottles, in which he can <i>store
+up water</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. He can <i>store up food</i> in his <i>hump</i>.</p>
+
+<p>6. He walks by moving both legs on the <i>same side</i> of his body at the
+same time.</p>
+
+<p>In another chapter I shall tell you about an animal that can also do
+one of these things: he can <i>store up food</i> in his body, though in a
+different way. That animal is the <i>bear</i>. He sleeps through the whole
+winter, and has to have a store of food somewhere in his body to last
+all that time.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<h2>The Camel and the Thief</h2>
+
+
+<p>Now I shall tell you a story about a camel and a thief. It is a true
+story, and happened many, many years ago. The story shows what we can
+learn by watching the animals.</p>
+
+<p>Once upon a time, a traveler was going on foot across the country. In
+his belt he had a purse full of money. One day, as the sun began to
+get hot, he lay down on the grass under a tree near the roadway, and
+fell asleep.</p>
+
+<p>After a few hours he woke up, and what was his surprise to find that
+the purse was gone! While he was asleep, somebody had quietly stolen
+his purse and gone away.</p>
+
+<p>The traveler ran to the nearest village, and there told the police
+about it. Now, among the police there was a very clever man, and the
+police brought him with them to the place where the money had been
+stolen. The clever man looked all around the place very carefully to
+see if he could find any marks on the ground. On the grass near the
+tree he found no marks; in fact, if a person walks on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> grass just
+once or twice it does not leave any mark. But on the roadway near by
+he found footprints.</p>
+
+<p>"They are a camel's footprints," he said, looking at the marks
+carefully. "And the marks of all the four feet are not quite the same.
+Three of them are quite deep and clear; but the fourth one is very
+faint."</p>
+
+<p>He followed the camel's footprints along the road for a long time. But
+now and again he stopped and looked at the shrubs and bushes which
+grew here and there, on both sides of the road.</p>
+
+<p>"Hello, that is strange!" he suddenly said. "The camel has eaten from
+the bushes and shrubs here and there on the left side of the road, but
+he hasn't eaten at all from those on the right side of the road."</p>
+
+<p>He went on for some time longer, then suddenly stopped to look at the
+road where the camel had walked.</p>
+
+<p>"Hello, this is also strange!" he said. "Here are a lot of <i>bees</i>
+buzzing near the ground on the <i>right</i> side of the road. And here are
+a lot of <i>ants</i> scrambling over the ground on the <i>left</i> side of the
+road."</p>
+
+<p>"Never mind about the camel, and the bees<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> and the ants," the
+policemen said impatiently. "We want to know about the thief who stole
+the money. You have not found any other footprints except the
+camel's?"</p>
+
+<p>"That is quite true," the clever man said. "But as the <i>camel</i> could
+not steal the money, there must be a <i>man</i> riding on the camel. He
+must be the thief."</p>
+
+<p>"But why didn't the thief leave any footprints?" the policemen asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Because he must have ridden his camel from the roadway right to the
+edge of the grass," the clever man answered. "Then he must have jumped
+down upon the grass, where he knew he would not leave any footprint.
+He must have walked very quietly on the grass up to the tree where the
+traveler was sleeping, and stolen the money. Then he must have walked
+back quietly to the camel and ridden off."</p>
+
+<p>"But what sort of a man is the thief?" the police asked. "How can we
+find him, if you do not tell us what he is like?"</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot tell you a thing about the thief, or what he looks like, as
+he hasn't even left a footprint," the clever man answered. "But I can
+tell you <i>all about the camel</i>. The camel is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> <i>blind</i> in his <i>right
+eye</i>, and <i>lame</i> in his <i>left hind foot</i>. And on his back he is
+carrying two packages, one on each side; the package on the <i>right</i>
+side has <i>honey</i> in it, and the package on the <i>left</i> side has <i>corn</i>
+in it. So you must search for a man who is riding a camel loaded like
+that. He is the thief."</p>
+
+<p>So the police searched for a man who was riding a camel which was
+blind in his right eye, lame in his left hind foot, and carrying honey
+in a package on his right side, and corn in a package on his left
+side. After following the camel's footprints on the ground for a long
+time, the police at last came to a village.</p>
+
+<p>They searched through the village, and found many men riding camels.
+But there was only one man riding a camel blind in his right eye, lame
+in left hind foot, and carrying honey on the right side, and corn on
+the left side. So the police knew that he was the thief, and took him
+before the judge. Then the thief said that it was quite true that he
+stole the money.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards the judge turned to the clever man and asked him how he
+knew all that about the camel.</p>
+
+<p>"You didn't <i>see</i> the camel at all, but only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> his footprints," the
+judge said. "Then how did you know that the camel was blind in his
+right eye, lame in his left hind foot, and carrying honey on the right
+side, and corn on the left side?"</p>
+
+<p>"It was quite simple," the clever man answered very modestly. "First,
+about the camel being blind in his right eye. He had nibbled at the
+shrubs and bushes growing on the left side of the road, for at each
+bite I found the leaves cut off clean by his teeth. On the right side
+of the road there were also plenty of good shrubs and bushes, but the
+camel had not taken a single bite at any of them. That showed that he
+did not even <i>see</i> those shrubs and bushes on his right side. And that
+of course meant that his right eye was blind."</p>
+
+<p>"That is very clever of you," the judge said. "But how did you know
+that the camel was lame in his left hind foot?"</p>
+
+<p>"That was just as simple," the clever man again answered very
+modestly. "As the camel walked along, the marks of his two front feet
+and right hind foot were quite deep and clear on the ground. But the
+mark of his left hind foot was very faint. That showed that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> camel
+was limping, and the left hind foot only just touched the ground. So I
+knew that he was lame in that foot."</p>
+
+<p>"That is also very clever of you," the judge said. "But how did you
+know that the camel was carrying honey on his right side, and corn on
+his left?"</p>
+
+<p>"That was the simplest of all," the clever man answered most modestly.
+"As the camel was limping, nearly every step he took jerked the load
+on his back. So a few drops of the honey fell to the ground from the
+package on his right side, and a few grains of the corn fell to the
+ground from the package on his left side."</p>
+
+<p>"But you could not see very well here and there on the ground just a
+few drops of honey or just a few grains of corn?" the judge said.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>I</i> could not," the clever man answered, "but the <i>bees</i> and the
+<i>ants</i> could! On the right side of the road I found a swarm of bees
+here and there; so I knew that they were trying to pick up the honey.
+And on the left side of the road I saw a whole lot of ants here and
+there; so I knew that they were trying to pick up and carry away the
+grains of corn."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now was it not really clever of that man to find all that out about
+the camel, without ever seeing the camel before? But, as you
+understand, he knew all about the <i>habits</i> of different animals; and
+so he knew what camels and bees and ants always do.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<h2>Bears</h2>
+
+
+<p><i>Bears</i> are such funny animals, at least some kinds of bears, that you
+may like to know all about them.</p>
+
+<p>Bears are found in many countries, and in some countries there are
+several kinds of bears.</p>
+
+<p>But you must remember this: <i>hardly any bear lives in the tropics</i>;
+that means countries where the sun is almost overhead all the months
+of the year, so that it is very hot all the time.</p>
+
+<p>But why does not the bear usually live there? Can you guess?</p>
+
+<p>Because the bear is a very <i>hairy</i> animal; and his hair is just like a
+thick coat, so that he cannot live where it is very hot all the time.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, once upon a time the bear lived only in places where it was
+very cold, and so he grew thick hair to keep out the cold; but now
+that he <i>has</i> a thick coat of hair, he cannot go down to hot countries
+to live. He does not mind living in a cold country; and the colder the
+country is, the thicker is his coat of hair.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What does the bear eat? Most kinds of bears eat berries, fruits, soft
+roots of trees, and fish when they can catch it. One or two kinds of
+bears eat other things also, which I shall tell you about very soon.</p>
+
+<p>The bears that live in cold countries, where there is heavy snow in
+winter, cannot get anything at all to eat in winter. Why? Because
+there are no fruits and berries in winter, and the roots of trees are
+frozen hard and covered up by the snow.</p>
+
+<p>Then if those bears cannot get anything to eat in winter, what do they
+do? They <i>sleep</i>!</p>
+
+<p>You know that when you are asleep you do not feel hungry; but as soon
+as you wake up you feel hungry again. It is just the same with the
+bear; he does not feel very hungry while he sleeps. And he <i>sleeps
+right through the winter months</i>!</p>
+
+<p>Still, while he is asleep all that time, does he not feel a little bit
+hungry? He does. So he uses up the store of food inside his body! I
+have told you that the camel carries a store of food in his hump. The
+bear has no hump, of course, but he has a <i>thick chunk of fat all
+around his body</i> just under his skin; and that chunk of fat is his
+<i>store of food</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So, when the bear sleeps snugly in his den in the winter months, the
+chunk of fat is slowly used up inside his body, and keeps him from
+being very hungry.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, he eats such a lot just before the winter, that the chunk
+of fat is very thick when he goes to bed. But the chunk is all used up
+when he wakes up at the end of the winter, and then he is very hungry
+again!</p>
+
+<p>But there is a kind of bear that lives in a place where there is snow
+and ice almost all the time. What can <i>he</i> do?</p>
+
+<p>He cannot sleep always! So he has to get something to eat now and
+then, and I shall tell you how he does that.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch13_1" id="Anch13_1"></a><i>The Polar Bear</i></h3>
+<p>This kind of bear is called the <i>polar bear</i>. (See the picture on page
+155.) He lives in a place far up North, where it is always very cold.
+The land is nearly covered with snow, and the water at the top of the
+sea is frozen. There are no berries or fruits there for the polar bear
+to eat; so he has to live on fish, and seal, which is a water animal.
+The way the bear catches the fish or the seal is this:</p>
+
+<p>He makes a hole in the ice with his paws, so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> that he can reach the
+water below. Then he sits down very quietly by the edge of the hole,
+and waits for a fish or a seal to swim past the hole. Then the bear
+pounces on it very quickly with his paw or his jaws, and catches it.</p>
+
+<p>If the ice is too thick for the bear to make a hole through it, he has
+to try another way. He comes right down to the part of the sea where
+some of the ice has broken off. There he chooses a place at the edge
+of the ice, close to the water; and he waits there for a fish or a
+seal to swim past. Then he pounces on it and catches it.</p>
+
+<p>Now I shall tell you a few special things that the polar bear has.</p>
+
+<p>His coat of hair is much <i>thicker</i> than the coat of any other bear.
+Why? Because he lives in a colder place than any other bear; so he
+<i>needs</i> a thicker coat. Also, he sometimes has to swim through the icy
+water to get to some floating field of ice, so that he can catch fish
+from it. Then, although his hair gets wet, he has a thick lining of
+fat inside his coat to keep him warm.</p>
+
+<p>The next special thing about the polar bear is that his hair is <i>all
+white</i>&mdash;like the color of everything around him, which, as I have
+told<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> you, is just snow and ice. So when the polar bear sits down very
+quietly on the snow and ice, nobody can see him even from a short
+distance, because he is the same color as the snow and ice. And that
+is why the fish or the seal does not see him, and so gets caught.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_16" id="Pic_16"></a>
+<img src="images/image_165.jpg" width="600" height="465" alt="Polar Bear" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Polar Bear</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>That is one of the wonderful things about many wild animals&mdash;they are
+of the <i>same color as the place where they live</i>. You know that the
+color of a lion is yellow, like the color of sand; and the lion lives
+in countries where there are lots of sandy places. You know, too, that
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> color of a tiger is yellow, but with black stripes upon the
+yellow, so that if you looked at him from a distance, you might think
+he was made up of yellow and black stripes. And the tiger lives in the
+tall grass, which also looks like yellow and black stripes.</p>
+
+<p>But now I shall tell you more about the polar bear. He has three other
+special things: the <i>soles</i> of his feet are <i>hairy</i>; he has a <i>small
+head</i>; and he has a <i>long neck</i>.</p>
+
+<p>First, about the soles of his feet. The soles of the feet of other
+bears are smooth, just like the feet of all other animals that have to
+walk on ordinary ground. But the soles of the polar bear are covered
+with long hair, just as is his body. Why? Because he has to walk on
+ice, which is very slippery, and he needs to have the soles of his
+feet covered with hair, or else he would slip on the ice, just as you
+must wear rubbers over your shoes when you have to walk on icy ground.</p>
+
+<p>Now, my dear, just stop for a minute, and think. Among all the
+wonderful things that I have told you so far, you have always noticed
+that an animal always has <i>just the very thing he needs! We</i> have to
+<i>make</i> rubbers, and warm coats, and gloves, and socks, and a dozen
+things<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> that we need. But to every animal God has given everything
+that he needs, right on his body.</p>
+
+<p>But now let us go on with the polar bear. He has a smaller head than
+any other kind of bear. Why? To make it easier for him to put his head
+through the hole in the ice, when he is catching fish. Other kinds of
+bears do not have to put their heads into a hole to get anything to
+eat; so they do not need to have a small head.</p>
+
+<p>The polar bear has also a longer neck than any other kind of bear.
+Why? To give him a longer reach in catching the fish with his
+jaws&mdash;without tumbling into the water himself. Other bears, who live
+on dry land, do not need to reach out like that, and so they have
+shorter necks.</p>
+
+<p>I shall now tell you about these other kinds of bears.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch13_2" id="Anch13_2"></a><i>American Bears</i></h3>
+<p>First you shall hear about the bears that live in America. The biggest
+kind is called the <i>grizzly bear</i>. In fact, he is the largest bear in
+the world. Some grizzly bears are ten feet tall when they stand up on
+their hind legs!</p>
+
+<p>The color of a grizzly bear is yellow, but with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> many shades;
+sometimes between brown and yellow, and sometimes between red and
+yellow. Teddy bears, with which you have played, are sometimes made of
+that color. Teddy bears of course are very nice, as they are toys; but
+I am sorry to say that the real grizzly bear is not nice; he is very
+fierce. In fact, he is the only kind of bear that is so fierce. Even
+grown-up men do not want to go near him.</p>
+
+<p>The grizzly is found in many parts of North America, near the Rocky
+Mountains, from the United States right up to Alaska. He lives on
+berries and all kinds of fruits, and also on the soft roots of trees.
+But the grizzly bear eats meat also, if he can manage to catch deer or
+cattle. That is why cowboys in Colorado and Wyoming do not like the
+grizzly bear&mdash;he tries to kill and eat their cows.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, he kills a lot of fish. In the Columbia River in Oregon there
+are lots of trout and shad, which people like to have for their
+dinner. But the grizzly bear gets to the river first, and eats a great
+many of the trout and the shad. How does he catch the fish? Why, he
+just lies down along the bank, and waits for the fish to rise to the
+top of the water. The trout and the shad like to rise to the top of
+the water now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> and again, and swim there. So the grizzly just waits
+for a fish to rise&mdash;and then he pounces on it and catches it with his
+paw. He is so very quick that he hardly ever misses. All kinds of
+bears are very clever in catching fish.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch13_3" id="Anch13_3"></a><i>Other Bears</i></h3>
+<p>Another kind of bear is called the <i>brown bear</i>. He lives in Europe,
+Asia, and also in some parts of America, especially in Alaska. There
+he is rather big, though not quite so big as the grizzly bear. He too
+lives on berries, fruits, and roots, and he also catches fish. For in
+the rivers of Alaska there are lots of salmon.</p>
+
+<p>But the brown bear is not at all fierce, like the grizzly bear. He is
+peace-loving, and sometimes quite friendly.</p>
+
+<p>The nicest kind of bear is called the <i>black bear</i>. He is found in all
+parts of the United States, and in many other countries. He is
+sometimes rather small, and is quite full of fun. Almost all the good
+stories you may hear about bears are about the black bear.</p>
+
+<p>Many people mistake the black bear for the brown bear; so when you
+sometimes hear people talking about a "brown" bear, you may know that
+they really mean a "black" bear.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Like other bears, the black bear lives on berries, fruits, and roots,
+and also on nuts, if he can find any. But what he likes best is honey!
+It is quite amusing to see the bear hold a honeycomb in one paw, scoop
+out the honey with the other, and put it into his mouth. It looks just
+like a boy holding a pot of jam in one hand, and sticking his fingers
+into the jam and putting it on his tongue!</p>
+
+<p>"But do not the bees get angry, and try to sting him?" you may ask.</p>
+
+<p>Of course they do. The bees swarm around the bear and try to sting him
+all over. But they cannot! He is <i>too hairy</i>! They cannot get through
+the hair to sting him on the skin. So he goes on licking the honey and
+smacking his lips!</p>
+
+<p>The black bear is always a funny animal. Perhaps you have seen him in
+the zoo. He will squat on the ground like a man, and if he sees a
+crowd of people before him, he will swing his arms just as a man does
+when he talks to a friend. Perhaps the bear has seen some men do that,
+and has learned to do the same!</p>
+
+<p>And sometimes he will sit on the ground, hold his tail in his mouth,
+and fumble head over heels, or roll over and over, or spin round and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>
+round&mdash;just for fun! In fact, the black bear is among the <i>few
+grown-up animals that love to play</i>. Many <i>young</i> animals of course,
+such as kittens, puppy dogs, calves, and many others, love to play.
+But most grown-up animals do not seem to care for play, except the
+black bear.</p>
+
+<p>When he is caught and tamed, he is still very playful at times. He
+will do all sorts of funny tricks, all by himself; and if he sees
+anyone watching him, he will try to show how clever he is&mdash;just like a
+child playing "smarty!"</p>
+
+<p>Once in a lumber camp in the West the men caught and tamed a black
+bear. After a time the bear was allowed to walk about the camp, quite
+free, as he did not think of running away. One day the men had stopped
+work to have their dinner. The bear walked by, and the men petted him
+and said nice things to him. Then what do you think happened! The bear
+felt so proud of being praised that he went to a sloping log, and
+walked along it right to the top. You must know that in a lumber camp
+there are lots and lots of huge logs, or trees which the men have cut
+down. And one of these logs happened to rest on a slope, that is, with
+one end higher than the other.</p>
+
+<p>When the bear reached the top of the log, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> sat across it. Then he
+held on to the log with his front paws, bent his body, and slid down
+the log&mdash;just as a boy slides down the banister! Of course the men
+laughed, and cheered him. Then just guess what that bear did!</p>
+
+<p>He walked up to the top of the log again, and sat across it, as
+before. But now he held on to the log with his knees, not his paws,
+and sat straight up without bending, and slid down the log in that
+way&mdash;just as a boy might hold on to the banister with his knees, not
+using his hands at all, and slide down the banister in that way, just
+to show how smart he could be!</p>
+
+<p>You may be sure those men cheered the bear, and gave him lots to eat.</p>
+
+<p>There is another kind of black bear that is also funny, though in
+another way. He is called the <i>Himalayan black bear</i>, because he lives
+in India near some huge mountains called the Himalayas. In many ways
+he is very much like the black bear of America, but he has a <i>white
+chin</i> and <i>long side-whiskers on his jaws</i>. Some people think that of
+all kinds of bears he is the most handsome.</p>
+
+<p>Although he often goes up very high on the side of the mountains, he
+sometimes comes down to the country below, where there are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> many
+villages. But the bear is quite friendly, and never hurts the people
+in the villages, although he is strong enough to kill a man. So the
+people are also very kind and friendly to him, and never try to hurt
+him. When you grow up you may read that there are some people in India
+who are always kind to <i>all</i> animals, tame or wild.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>To the Teacher.</i>&mdash;Please explain to the class that the
+sect called Jains do not hurt the smallest creature, and will suffer
+the sting of a wasp rather than kill it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="Pic_17" id="Pic_17"></a>
+<img src="images/image_173.jpg" width="600" height="415" alt="Himalayan Black Bear" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Himalayan Black Bear</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>I am telling you this because you will see very soon what we gain by
+being friendly even to a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>wild animal. The Himalayan black bear, like
+the other black bear, is also very fond of honey, and of everything
+sweet. In the country where he lives there grows a berry called mawa,
+which is very sweet&mdash;even sweeter than the strawberry; and the people
+of the villages make jam from it.</p>
+
+<p>These berries grow quite wild, on bushes here and there in the fields,
+and even in the jungles near by. When the berries are ripe, the people
+send out their children to gather them from the bushes in the fields;
+and the children carry baskets so as to bring back as many berries as
+they can.</p>
+
+<p>But when the berries are ripe, the bears also want to eat them! So it
+sometimes happens that half a dozen children are picking the berries
+from a thick bush, when suddenly a bear comes round the bush and
+starts gobbling up the berries as fast as he can!</p>
+
+<p>Do the children get frightened and run away? Not a bit! They want
+<i>their</i> share of the berries, too!</p>
+
+<p>By this time the bush may be getting empty, and the children have not
+quite filled their baskets. The bear keeps on gobbling up the berries,
+and even pushing past the children to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> get at a bunch. What then? Why,
+the children raise their hands, and <i>just spank the wild bear</i>!</p>
+
+<p>"Go away, you have had enough!" they say. "Can't you go to another
+bush? There must be others right in the jungle, where <i>we</i> can't go!"</p>
+
+<p>And, can you imagine it, a wild bear there has never hurt a child!
+When the children spank him and push him away, telling him that he has
+had enough from that bush, he <i>does</i> go away to some other bush. Of
+course, the spanking does not really hurt him.</p>
+
+<p>I have told this to you, my dear, just to show you that there is never
+any real reason for quarreling and fighting, among children, or even
+among men. <i>If children and wild bears can get along together</i>, why
+cannot children and children, or men and men, or nations and nations?
+Surely there are enough berries and other good things for all, if we
+only look around!</p>
+
+<p>Remember this always, even when you grow up, if you want to be good
+men and women, and good citizens of your country.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+
+<h2>Bears: The Tricky Trap</h2>
+
+
+<p>Now I am going to tell you something funny about the bear. You have
+seen lots of wild animals in the zoo, and you may sometimes have
+wondered how these animals were caught. In another book I shall tell
+you all about the different ways of catching different kinds of wild
+animals; but now I shall only tell you how a wild bear is caught. Of
+course, there are two or three ways of catching him alive, but I shall
+describe to you now just one way.</p>
+
+<p>You must know by this time that everybody in the world&mdash;whether man,
+woman, or child&mdash;has <i>some fault</i>. Some have a bad temper, others are
+rude, and still others are obstinate; and many, especially children,
+are too greedy! And so it is among animals: they all have one fault or
+another.</p>
+
+<p>So the people who want to catch a wild animal find out first what
+fault that kind of animal has&mdash;whether he is greedy, or obstinate, or
+bad tempered. And they <i>catch the animal because of that very fault</i>!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A bear is very obstinate; in fact the bear, the pig, the donkey, and
+the mule are among the most obstinate of animals. So, because the bear
+is very obstinate, he will never give up when he meets anything that
+blocks his way; and if he has made up his mind to do anything, he will
+never give up, even if he finds he <i>cannot</i> do it and that it is very
+foolish to try to do it.</p>
+
+<p>So the people remember the bear's obstinacy, and catch him in this
+way:</p>
+
+<p>They find a large tree which has a bough fifteen or twenty feet from
+the ground; then they tie a pot of honey on the bough, quite two or
+three yards away from the fork where the bough joins the trunk. So, if
+a bear wants to get at the honey, he will have to climb up the trunk,
+and then walk along the bough to the place where the pot is tied.</p>
+
+<p>But the people also take a heavy stone, tie a stout rope around it,
+and hang up the stone by the rope from another bough higher up. They
+place the stone in such a way that it swings right in front of the
+honey and a little above it. Then the people hide in thickets near by.</p>
+
+<p>Presently a bear smells the honey from a distance, and comes to find
+it. On reaching the place he sees the pot of honey on the tree.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> As
+the bear is a good climber, he soon scrambles up the trunk of the tree
+and walks along the bough toward the honey.</p>
+
+<p>But just as he is coming to it, he sees something right before his
+path. It is the block of stone! And he cannot get at the honey without
+pushing the stone aside. So, what does he do? Why, quite naturally he
+pushes the stone aside with his paw. But, as I have told you, the
+stone is hung up by a rope; and so it <i>swings</i> any way you may push
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Then what happens? Why, as soon as the bear pushes the stone aside
+with his paw, the stone <i>swings back</i> and hits him on the paw. The
+bear gives a growl, and again pushes the stone aside, and this time
+harder than before.</p>
+
+<p>Then what happens? The stone swings back and hits the bear harder than
+before! In fact, the stone will always swing back just as hard as it
+is pushed.</p>
+
+<p>But the bear does not know that! So with another growl he pushes the
+stone again&mdash;and now much harder than before. Then of course the stone
+comes back much harder, and whacks him again.</p>
+
+
+<p>This makes the bear really angry. He hits at the stone, and sends it
+flying through the air<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> in a big curve. But when the stone has gone
+up and up in that curve, it begins to come down, down, the same
+way&mdash;and gives the bear a thumping whack on the jaw.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Pic_18" id="Pic_18"></a>
+<img src="images/image_179.jpg" width="500" height="781" alt="A Bear Fighting a Block of Stone" title="" />
+<span class="caption">A Bear Fighting a Block of Stone</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p>
+<p>Now, if the bear were not such an obstinate animal, he would go away
+after that third blow, and try to forget the honey. But the bear will
+never, never, give in! Instead, he gets quite mad with rage. He thinks
+some enemy is hiding behind the stone!</p>
+
+<p>"Who is hitting me?" he growls. "Come out of that, and fight fair!"</p>
+
+<p>With that he hits a frantic blow at the stone; for the bear is a good
+boxer. He sends the stone swinging through the air again, and farther
+than before. Again the stone swings back and gives the bear a hard
+whack.</p>
+
+<p>In this way the fight goes on. Of course the stone cannot get hurt; so
+it is the bear that gets hurt, every time. And as he will never give
+in, he goes on fighting with the stone, and gets hurt more and more,
+till at last he is knocked right off the tree, and falls stunned to
+the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Then the clever people rush in from their hiding place, throw a net
+over the bear, and carry him away. And that is how the zoo gets some
+of its bears.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV</h2>
+
+<h2>Bright Birds</h2>
+
+
+<p>Now I shall tell you something about birds; not ordinary birds, but a
+special sort.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, birds are not exactly animals of the kind that I have been
+telling you about, as they have only two legs, instead of four. But
+they have two wings, which are more useful to them than two more legs.</p>
+
+<p>If they had four legs they could run fast; but with the two wings they
+can fly, which is ever so much faster and better than running. And
+they still have two legs with which to stand on the ground, when they
+have to come down to rest or to feed.</p>
+
+<p>The birds that I am going to tell you about live wild in the jungle,
+and are free to build their nests where they like.</p>
+
+<p>Among the birds we like best, some can <i>sing</i>, and some have <i>bright
+feathers</i>. Those that sing may live near your own homes in the
+country&mdash;the lark, the thrush, the nightingale, and some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> others. But
+the birds that have bright feathers live generally in other countries.</p>
+
+<p><i>Most birds that have lovely voices do not have bright feathers</i>; and
+<i>most birds that have lovely feathers cannot sing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>So among animals everything is very fair and just. With us it
+sometimes <i>seems</i> different. Some children appear to have all the good
+luck, and others all the bad luck. Some children can sing well, and
+are also very pretty; others cannot sing at all, and are also plain to
+look at. But really things are not quite so unfair; for a child who is
+plain, and cannot sing, may still have <i>some other gift</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Among birds, those that can sing you may have seen often enough near
+your own homes in the country; so I shall now tell you about the birds
+that have bright feathers.</p>
+
+<p>Most birds with bright feathers live in hot countries, where it is
+<i>sunny</i> almost the whole year. In fact, it is the bright light of the
+sun in those countries that gives the colors to the feathers of the
+birds, which are as lovely as the colors of the rainbow.</p>
+
+<p>Among the bright birds that live quite wild in the jungles of hot
+countries, the most beautiful are the <i>flamingo</i>, the <i>parrot</i>, the
+<i>cockatoo</i>, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> <i>peacock</i>, the <i>golden pheasant</i>, the <i>egret</i>, and a
+few others.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch15_1" id="Anch15_1"></a><i>The Flamingo</i></h3>
+<p>I shall tell you first about the flamingos, as they <i>live together in
+flocks</i>. They were once found in America, and only a few years ago
+there were many flocks of them in Florida, but now there are very few
+left in this country. They are now found in Africa and in the
+countries of southern Asia; a few are found also in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>This is the way the flamingos live. They choose a place in the jungle
+where there is a lake or a river, and build their nests all around the
+lake, or by the bank of the river. The nest is just a heap of mud
+raised up from the ground, with a hollow at the top where the mother
+bird lays her eggs. Sometimes many thousands of flamingos are found
+together around one place, which is then called a <i>flamingo colony</i>.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Pic_20" id="Pic_20"></a>
+<img src="images/image_185.jpg" width="500" height="707" alt="A Flamingo Colony" title="" />
+<span class="caption">A Flamingo Colony<br />
+Photograph of a group in the American Museum of Natural History, New York</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The flamingo is a very tall bird, taller than a man when standing up.
+The flamingo's legs are long and thin, and the neck is also long. The
+long neck and the long legs are very useful to him. He stands in the
+water on his legs, which look almost like a pair of stilts; then he
+bends down his long neck, dips his beak into the water, and catches a
+fish or any other small creature that he can find there. And although
+the fish or the small creature sees the flamingo's legs in the water,
+it does not run away. Why? Because it mistakes the legs for reeds
+growing in the water!</p>
+
+<p>When thousands of flamingos in a colony are standing around the lake
+or by the river, where they live, it is a very grand sight from a
+distance. The flamingo's feathers are a bright red in color, with
+white or pink at the edges; so the thousands of flamingos look like an
+army of soldiers with red coats.</p>
+
+<p>In former years, when soldiers sometimes wore red coats, travelers who
+happened to come toward a lake in Africa would suddenly see at a
+distance an army of soldiers, as they thought, standing by the lake.
+What they really saw were the flamingos fishing!</p>
+
+<p>But no traveler could get very near the flamingos, for they have
+<i>sentinels</i>! I have told you that the wild buffaloes have sentinels to
+warn them when an enemy is coming. The flamingos have the same. Their
+sentinels stand here and there just outside the place where the others
+are fishing; and they keep a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> lookout all the time. If any enemy
+comes, they cry out,</p>
+
+<p>"Honk! Honk! Honk!" That means, "Enemy coming! Fly away!"</p>
+
+<p>And of course all the flamingos rise up in the air and fly away to a
+safe place, till the enemy goes away.</p>
+
+<p>To see a whole flock of flamingos flying in the sky far above one's
+head is a most wonderful sight. You have seen a cloud at sunset
+shining with lovely tints of red and pink and orange: well, the flock
+of flamingos flying in the sky looks something like that. And they all
+<i>keep level</i> at the same great height, in <i>rows and ranks</i>, just like
+an army, as there are thousands and thousands of flamingos in the
+flock.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the rows and ranks widen out for a few minutes, and fill a
+large portion of the sky; then they close up again, and look like one
+long banner of red floating in the sky.</p>
+
+<p>And all the time they have sentinels that fly outside the rows and
+ranks. They make the pattern in the sky still more beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>My dear children, the more you think of these wonders of the jungle
+and of the world, the more you will understand how great and wise is
+God, Who made all these things.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch15_2" id="Anch15_2"></a><i>The Parrot</i></h3>
+<p>Another bright bird that lives in the jungle in a flock is the
+<i>parrot</i>. You know all about him, as you must have often seen him
+caged, or chained by the leg to a stand. But he is different in his
+happy home in the jungle. He lives in almost every sunny country, and
+flies about in flocks.</p>
+
+<p>Wild parrots also make their nests in flocks. In India there is a
+deserted city called Amber. Once upon a time a great King lived there
+in a lovely marble palace; and the nobles and courtiers also had
+lovely marble palaces and mansions.</p>
+
+<p>But one day the King said that they must all leave that city, and go
+and build another city. So everybody left the city of Amber, and
+to-day it still stands perfect&mdash;lovely marble palaces and mansions,
+with hundreds of bushes of wild roses growing all around them.</p>
+
+<p>Nobody lives there, except thousands and thousands of wild parrots,
+that have made their nests upon the roofs of the palaces, in the
+porticoes and balconies, and upon the tops of the marble pillars and
+columns.</p>
+
+<p>Just think of that lovely sight! The blue sky above, the red roses on
+the ground below,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> and the white marble palaces between the blue sky
+and the red roses; and many thousands of green parrots flitting across
+the sky, and from palace to rose bush. Broad bands of red, white, and
+blue, with bright flashes of green between them!</p>
+
+<p>Another lovely sight is a flock of wild parrots in the jungle, going
+home to roost at sunset. I once saw that sight. Their beautiful green
+wings and the patches of yellow on their heads shone amidst the
+gorgeous colors of the sunset. And as the parrots flew on and on, many
+thousands of them, their own colors mingled with the colors of the
+sunset in ever-changing bands. They flew toward the setting sun, and
+passed out of sight right into the sun, as it were.</p>
+
+<p>After seeing a sight like that&mdash;seeing God's lovely creatures flying
+about like happy children at play&mdash;who wants to see a bird boxed up in
+a cage?</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch15_3" id="Anch15_3"></a><i>The Cockatoo</i></h3>
+<p>Another bright bird which you may have seen in a cage, or chained to a
+stand, is the <i>cockatoo</i>. He is a cousin of the parrot, but much
+larger, and far more gorgeous. He has a beautiful <i>crest</i> of red and
+orange feathers on his head. His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> wings are a rosy pink in color; and
+he has a long pink and white tail.</p>
+
+<p>In other ways he is very much like the parrot. He lives chiefly in the
+countries of southern Asia, and in the islands between Asia and
+Australia.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch15_4" id="Anch15_4"></a><i>The Peacock</i></h3>
+<p>And now I come to the most beautiful bird of all, the <i>peacock</i>. When
+he spreads out his long tail, it looks just like a lady's fan, only
+far lovelier than any fan made by men. In color the tail is a kind of
+blue and green, with touches of gold and violet, and with "eyes"
+dotted all over it in shades of many other colors.</p>
+
+<p>The peacock can also close up his tail like a fan. Then the long
+feathers of the tail all come together in many folds, and stand out a
+yard long behind him.</p>
+
+<p>The peacock is found wild in India and in countries near there, but
+has now been brought into America and Europe. You may even have seen
+the peacock in the parks and gardens of some cities, where he lives
+quite peacefully, at least in the summer months. In the winter, of
+course, he must have a warm place indoors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The peacock is really the Papa bird, and the Mamma bird is called the
+<i>peahen</i>. She has not the gorgeous tail and the lovely feathers that
+he has; so she looks quite plain. You will find that <i>among animals
+the Papas are often much prettier than the Mammas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>That seems very strange, does it not? Among us, of course, the Mammas
+are always prettier than the Papas!</p>
+
+<p>But in another book I shall explain <i>why</i> the Papas among animals are
+often prettier than the Mammas.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch15_5" id="Anch15_5"></a><i>The Golden Pheasant</i></h3>
+<p>There is another beautiful bird which has been brought to America, and
+now lives here; it is the <i>golden pheasant</i>. Once upon a time he lived
+only in China; but a few years ago people brought a number of golden
+pheasants to America, and put them in the forests of Oregon and
+Washington. So now there are many thousands of golden pheasants flying
+about and making their nests there.</p>
+
+<p>There are other kinds of pheasants in England and in some parts of
+Europe, and these the people shoot and eat. But the golden pheasant is
+much too beautiful to eat. His feathers are as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> lovely as the
+sunset&mdash;gold and yellow and orange, with blue and deep crimson; and
+all these colors are laid out on his feathers in such a beautiful
+pattern that to look at him you would think you were dreaming, and not
+looking at a real bird.</p>
+
+<p>Man, who toils with his hands, cannot make such lovely colors as those
+of the birds of the air, and of the flowers in the fields, which do
+not toil.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Anch15_6" id="Anch15_6"></a><i>The Snowy Egret</i></h3>
+<p>And now, my dear children, I shall finish this chapter by telling you
+about a beautiful bird that once lived quite wild in great numbers in
+the United States. This bird has lovely soft feathers, which are pure
+white; so it is called the <i>snowy egret</i>. The feathers are as soft as
+silk. They are also long, with a gentle droop at the end.</p>
+
+<p>Because these feathers are so lovely, rich women want to wear them in
+their hats; and these rich women are willing to pay a great deal of
+money for the egret feathers. So, for the sake of the money, hunters
+go wherever these lovely birds are to be found, and catch and kill
+them, and get the feathers. In fact, they have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> killed off so many of
+these lovely birds, to get feathers for rich women's hats, that to-day
+there are hardly any snowy egrets left in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Worse than that, the hunters killed the Papa and Mamma egrets just
+when their babies were born, because at that time the feathers of the
+snowy egrets were the softest and loveliest. And so, for each Papa and
+Mamma egret which the cruel hunters killed, they left a dozen <i>baby
+birds in their nests to starve and die</i>. Think of that!</p>
+
+<p>Now, my dear children, I want the little girls among you to remember
+this, especially the little girls who are lucky enough to have rich
+Papas and Mammas. You can grow up to be beautiful, and look beautiful,
+without wearing these egret feathers. There are women who try to look
+beautiful, but who do not think of the pain they give to God's
+innocent creatures.</p>
+
+<p>So, if ever you want to wear egret feathers, think of the dozen baby
+egrets who must starve and die if you are to have them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Pic_21" id="Pic_21"></a>
+<img src="images/image_195.jpg" width="500" height="818" alt="Snowy Egrets" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Snowy Egrets<br />
+Photograph of a group in the American Museum of Natural History, New York</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI</h2>
+
+<h2>The Caged Parrot</h2>
+
+
+<p>I shall finish this book by telling you a story&mdash;a true story, which,
+I hope, will make you think.</p>
+
+<p>Many years ago a sea captain returned to his home in the north of
+Scotland, after sailing the sea for a long time. He brought with him a
+parrot. The parrot had lived in South America, where the people speak
+the Spanish language. So all the words the parrot knew were in
+Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>The captain knew Spanish quite well, and often talked to the parrot in
+that language. But after a time the captain died, and there was nobody
+in that part of Scotland who could talk to the parrot.</p>
+
+<p>The parrot grew silent, and never opened his mouth to say a word. But
+he was thinking of his friend who was dead, and whose words in Spanish
+had reminded him of his sunny home. The people around him did not know
+that,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> and thought nothing of his silence. So the parrot in his cold
+and bleak cage pined and pined for his sunny home land, but never a
+word did he say.</p>
+
+<p>Forty years passed, and a new set of people came to live there. They
+took no notice of the silent old parrot. They put food and drink in
+the cage, but knew nothing about him except that he had been in the
+cage for many years. For a parrot lives much longer than a
+man&mdash;sometimes one hundred years.</p>
+
+<p>One day a sailor came to the house. He had lived in South America, and
+knew Spanish. He saw the parrot sitting in his cage, all alone and
+silent, with his head bent down, and his beak on his breast. Then the
+sailor spoke to the parrot in Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>The parrot looked up, as if he had awakened from a long, long dream.
+Something reminded him of the days of his youth, when he was a happy
+bird flying about over the sunny fields of South America. Then he
+remembered the language of his youth, which he had not spoken for
+forty years.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly he flapped his wings in joy, and spoke again. He spoke all
+the Spanish words he knew, one after another. He spoke to that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> sailor
+as to a friend come to him from his own home land. He flapped his
+wings against the bars, and finally dropped to the floor of the cage,
+dead. He had died in the thought of his bygone happy days.</p>
+
+<p>My dear children, I am closing this book with this story, because I
+want you to learn a great lesson from it: <i>be kind to all animals</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I know that you would never willfully hurt any animal. But that is not
+enough. You may think that you are very kind to some creature, because
+you feed it and pet it; but all the same you may be very cruel, though
+you do not mean to be so.</p>
+
+<p>You may think it is great fun to have a pretty bird in a cage. But is
+it any fun <i>for the bird</i>? How would <i>you</i> like to be shut up in a
+cage all your life, instead of playing about in God's free air and
+living in your own home? The bird wants to fly about and live in his
+nest in his own home land. Think of that when you wish to put a bird
+in a cage.</p>
+
+<p>Children who are kind to all animals grow up to be men and women who
+are kind to other people. And it is only by being kind to others that
+we ourselves <i>deserve</i> to be happy and <i>are</i> happy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Remember all that I have said, till I come back and talk to you again
+in the next book. Then I shall tell you many more Wonders of the
+Jungle.</p>
+
+<p>Till then, as they say in the Orient, God and His peace be with you!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Wonders of the Jungle, by Prince Sarath Ghosh
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+Project Gutenberg's The Wonders of the Jungle, by Prince Sarath Ghosh
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Wonders of the Jungle
+       Book One
+
+Author: Prince Sarath Ghosh
+
+Release Date: March 16, 2008 [EBook #24852]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WONDERS OF THE JUNGLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Sankar Viswanathan, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper,
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+           [Illustration: Midnight Pool: Animals Drinking]
+
+
+                     HEATH SUPPLEMENTARY READERS
+
+
+
+                            THE WONDERS OF
+
+                              THE JUNGLE
+
+
+
+                         PRINCE SARATH GHOSH
+
+
+                               BOOK ONE
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                       D. C. HEATH AND COMPANY
+
+                  BOSTON  NEW YORK  CHICAGO  ATLANTA
+
+                  DALLAS     SAN FRANCISCO    LONDON
+
+
+
+
+                           COPYRIGHT, 1915,
+
+                         BY D. C. HEATH & CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+One of the great thinkers of the world has said that all the sciences
+are embodied in natural history. Hence natural history should be
+taught to a child from an early age.
+
+Perhaps the best method of teaching it is to set forth the
+characteristics of animals in the form of a narrative. Then the child
+reads the narrative with pleasure and almost as a story, not as a
+tedious "lesson."
+
+I have followed that method in the Wonders of the Jungle. The present
+work (Book One) is intended to be a supplementary reader for the
+earlier grades in grammar schools. If it be found useful, I shall
+write one or two more books in progressive order for the use of higher
+grades.
+
+In Book One I have depicted only such wild animals as appeal to the
+interest of young children, and even to their sympathy and love. In
+subsequent books I shall describe the animals that prey upon others.
+As those animals are not lovable, it would be better for the child to
+read about them a year or two later. But even to those animals I shall
+be just, and shall depict their good qualities as well as their
+preying habits. How many people know that the very worst animal, the
+tiger, is a better husband and father than many men? Or that the
+ferocity of the tigress is prompted entirely by her maternal
+instinct--and that in every case of unusual ferocity yet recorded it
+was afterward found that there was a helpless cub somewhere near?
+Hence in subsequent books I shall enter more fully into the causes of
+animal instincts and characteristics--their loves and their hates and
+their fears.
+
+Regarding the scheme of Book One, the animals are described in their
+daily life, and the main scientific facts and principles concerning
+each animal are woven into the narrative as a part of that daily life.
+But while teaching science to the child in that pleasant form, a few
+other purposes have also been kept in view:--
+
+1. To cultivate the child's imagination. True imagination is the
+ability to visualize mentally the realities of life, not what is
+unreal--for which it is so often mistaken. Hence in this book the
+child is helped to visualize the animals in their actual haunts, and
+to see each incident as it actually happens.
+
+2. To cultivate the child's reasoning faculty. The child is encouraged
+at every step to think and to reason why the animal does certain
+things; _e.g._ why the elephant does not drink directly with its
+mouth, but has to squirt the water into it with the trunk.
+
+3. To teach a moral from the study of animals. The whole of Creation
+is one immense and beautiful pattern: so the child may well be trained
+to see the pattern in this also. And as a practical benefit from the
+study of animals, the child may learn thereby the value of certain
+qualities, such as obedience, discipline, and good citizenship--_e.g._
+as in the remarkable case of the elephant, the buffalo, and the
+flamingo, as described in the text. In this regard I have kept in mind
+the very useful suggestions formulated a few years ago by the Moral
+Education League of Great Britain, under the patronage of Queen Mary,
+five of whose children at that time ranged in age from seven to
+fifteen. One of the functions of education is to present to the child
+the noblest and the most elevated of ideals. I have sought to do that
+in almost every chapter.
+
+I have to acknowledge my obligation to the New York Kindergarten
+Association for its valuable cooperation in putting this book through
+a practical test. The Kindergarten Association on more than one
+occasion provided me with a large audience of children, ranging in age
+from six to nine, ex-pupils of the Association, who are now in the
+public schools.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER
+
+I. THE MIDNIGHT POOL
+
+Elephants Drink First--But Down Stream
+How the Elephant Drinks
+Why the Elephant Drinks with his Trunk
+
+II. THE LAW OF THE JUNGLE
+
+How Buffaloes Come to Drink--In Rows
+Buffalo Knights Guard the Timid Deer
+Wild Pigs--Careless
+Red Dogs--Bold, Fearing Nobody
+Other Animals Come Alone
+The Law of the Jungle--Clear Water for All
+
+III. THE ELEPHANTS' BATH
+
+Elephant Child Obeys Mamma--or Gets Spanked
+How the Elephant Child is Bathed
+How the Elephant Child Learns to Swim
+
+IV. ELEPHANTS: THE TRICKS OF THE JUNGLE
+
+Elephant Child Learns to Feed
+Elephant Child "Swats" Tormenting Flies
+Elephant Covers Back from Hot Sun
+How Elephants Walk under Water
+How Elephants Break Down or Pull Out Trees
+
+V. ELEPHANTS: THE TRICKY TRAP
+
+The Elephant Taps Suspicious Ground with his Trunk
+Elephant Tricks the Tricky Trappers
+
+VI. BUFFALOES: THE KNIGHTS OF THE JUNGLE
+
+Buffaloes Cover Body with Mud against Flies
+How Buffaloes Guard against Tiger while Feeding
+How Buffaloes Know Danger is Coming--Three ways
+Buffalo Sentinels
+Buffaloes Make a Ring when Tiger Comes
+Small Animals Find Safety in Buffalo Ring
+
+VII. TAMING THE BUFFALO
+
+Wild Buffaloes Tamed Quickly by Kindness
+Little Boys Take Charge of Buffaloes
+How the Big Buffaloes Love the Little Boys
+
+VIII. THE BUFFALO AND THE BOY
+
+IX. DEER AND ANTELOPE
+
+Horns and Antlers Different in Three Ways
+Elk and Other American Deer
+Other Kinds of Deer
+Barking Deer--One of the Wonders of Nature
+
+X. DEER AND ANTELOPE: THEIR SPECIAL GIFTS
+
+Each Animal has the Gift he Needs Most
+
+XI. THE CAMEL
+
+The Camel's Wonderful Gifts
+
+XII. THE CAMEL AND THE THIEF
+
+XIII. BEARS
+
+The Polar Bear
+American Bears
+Other Bears
+
+XIV. BEARS: THE TRICKY TRAP
+
+XV. BRIGHT BIRDS
+
+The Flamingo
+The Parrot
+The Cockatoo
+The Peacock
+The Golden Pheasant
+The Snowy Egret
+
+XVI. THE CAGED PARROT
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+MIDNIGHT POOL: ANIMALS DRINKING      Frontispiece
+
+THE BUFFALOES AND THE BLUE DEER
+
+AN ELEPHANT GIVING HIMSELF A SHOWER BATH.
+
+AN ELEPHANT MAMMA CARRYING HER CHILD ACROSS THE RIVER
+
+AN ELEPHANT BREAKING A TREE WITH HIS FOOT
+
+ELEPHANT PULLING BANANAS OUT OF A TRICKY TRAP
+
+THE BUFFALO THAT LIVES IN INDIA
+
+THE TIGER AND THE RING OF BUFFALOES
+
+TAME WATER BUFFALOES PLOWING IN THE RICE FIELDS
+
+ANTELOPE
+
+ELK
+
+ARABIAN CAMEL--WITH ONE HUMP
+
+BACTRIAN CAMEL--WITH TWO HUMPS
+
+SAND STORM IN THE DESERT
+
+CROSSING THE DESERT WITH CAMELS
+
+POLAR BEAR
+
+HIMALAYAN BLACK BEAR
+
+A BEAR FIGHTING A BLOCK OF STONE
+
+A FLAMINGO COLONY
+
+SNOWY EGRETS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE WONDERS OF THE JUNGLE
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The Midnight Pool
+
+
+My dear, I shall tell you all about the wonders of the jungle. You
+have seen many animals in the zoo or in a circus--elephants, bears,
+lions, tigers, leopards, and many others. But the jungle is the place
+where these animals live before they are brought to the zoo or the
+circus.
+
+In fact, _jungle_ really means a _wild place_; that is, a place where
+trees and bushes grow quite wild, so that men never cut down the trees
+or clear away the bushes. That is the natural home for all sorts of
+animals.
+
+Now I am going to tell you about the wonderful way in which they live
+there with their families, as we do in our homes; for the Papas and
+Mammas among the animals are just as fond of their children as ours
+are. So you must _imagine_ that you are going into the jungle with
+me, so that I can show you everything. You see, it is just like a game
+of _pretending_, that we are going to play.
+
+There is actually a place in the jungle where you can see all the
+animals at once. In fact, that place is so wonderful that King George
+and Queen Mary of England went to see it; that was a few years ago,
+when they went to India, which is a far-away country. For in India
+there is a huge jungle where many thousands of animals live.
+
+So you must _pretend_ that I am taking you to the Royal party, and
+that you are sitting with the King and Queen and all the fine men and
+lovely ladies; and we are watching the animals, while I tell you all
+about them.
+
+First, I must tell you that it is midnight, and all the animals are
+coming to a stream of water to drink. This stream is a river about
+twice as wide as a large street in your home town. We are sitting on
+the bank, on one side of the stream; and the animals are coming to
+drink on the bank on the other side.
+
+"But," you may say, "will not the animals see us across the stream,
+and get frightened and run away?"
+
+That is quite true. But the King and Queen had thought of that. So
+they ordered a lot of men to put a large net on their side of the
+stream, just in front of them, and then to cover the net with twigs
+and leaves so cleverly that the animals thought the leaves were a part
+of the jungle, and did not see the people on the other side of the
+net.
+
+So the King and Queen, and you and I, can peep quietly through the
+leaves and watch the animals. Almost all wild animals drink at
+midnight; so we shall see them now.
+
+Where will the animals come from? You see the stream before us; well,
+on the other side of it is the jungle, where the animals live. Right
+in front of us we see a gap in the jungle close to the bank. That gap
+was made by _elephants_ by beating down the bushes with their feet.
+They made it long ago to come to the water, and now they use it every
+night. In fact, it is known among the jungle folks as the _Elephant
+Path_; for no other animal would dare to use it before the elephants
+did.
+
+The elephants, being the biggest of all animals, are the _lords of the
+jungle_; so they have the right to come first to drink. They are also the
+wisest of all animals. You have seen many kinds of animals--elephants,
+horses, dogs, monkeys, and others--do funny tricks in a circus. Now, all
+these animals except the elephant have to be _taught_ to do tricks; the
+elephant is the only animal that can think out a trick for itself.
+
+Of course in a circus there is always a teacher, or trainer, to show
+even the elephant how to do tricks; but in the jungle the elephant can
+find out how to do things for itself.
+
+Very soon I shall tell you about the tricks which the elephant
+actually does in the jungle; and as you hear about them, you must
+_think_! Why? Because then you will know _why_ the elephant does these
+things--and that will show you how clever _you_ can be!
+
+
+_Elephants Drink First--but Down Stream_
+
+First let us watch the elephants as they come to the river through the
+gap in the jungle.
+
+See! They come one at a time, _one behind another;_ for the gap is not
+big enough for more than one at the same time. The elephant is so big
+that it can get through the jungle only in this way.
+
+First come a number of _bull elephants_. They are the Papa elephants;
+you can always tell them by the _huge tusks_ they have. The bulls
+come first, in case there are any enemies waiting to hurt their
+children; for then the bulls can drive off the enemies.
+
+As each bull elephant comes through the gap, you see him turn to our
+right, which is _down_ the stream--that is, the way the water flows.
+You see the first one walk along the bank that way, and the second
+comes after him, then the third, and so on.
+
+But why do they walk along the bank? To make room, of course, for all
+their friends who are still coming from behind. In this way about a
+dozen bull elephants come ahead of all the others.
+
+After them you see the _cow elephants_, also in a line, one behind
+another. They are the Mamma elephants; and nearly every one of them
+has a baby elephant trotting in _front_ of her. You have often seen
+the ordinary cow that gives you milk; when she goes to graze in the
+field, her baby, or calf, trots by her side.
+
+But the Mamma elephant is much wiser, and always tells her baby to
+toddle in _front_ of her, in case any one comes suddenly to hurt or
+steal the baby. For a tiger sometimes wants to pounce on the baby from
+the side, grab it quickly, and carry it away. But he cannot do it if
+the baby is right in front of its Mamma; for then she will drive him
+off with her tusks, even if they are not quite so big as the tusks
+that the Papa elephants have.
+
+As the Mammas reach the bank, each with her baby, you see them also
+walk along the bank down stream in a long line.
+
+After all the Mammas and babies have come, you see another set of bull
+elephants coming out of the jungle. Why? Because some enemy might try
+to attack the Mammas and the babies from the _back_; so these bull
+elephants are there to guard them. You see, the Mammas and the babies
+are _always in the middle_, safe from all harm.
+
+When all the elephants have reached the stream, they stand in line and
+face the water. All these elephants belong to _one herd_; you can
+count about a hundred. A herd of elephants is really a _republic_,
+like the United States of America, and has a President, who is the
+wisest bull in the herd.
+
+In another book I shall tell you how the elephants choose their
+President, and make laws, and keep order in the herd; how they choose
+some strong bulls among them to act as _policemen_ in the herd, and
+catch and punish any naughty elephant who becomes a _rogue_; and how,
+if two elephants start quarrelling and fighting like naughty boys, the
+police elephants have to catch and punish both of them. Also, I shall
+tell you how the President has to lead the herd every day when they go
+in search of food, so that they will have plenty to eat.
+
+And in the jungle, as there are other elephant herds and sometimes two
+herds find the same feeding ground, and then start quarrelling and
+fighting as to who found it first, it is the duty of the President to
+keep his own herd away from the two that are fighting, and not mix in
+the fight in any way. All these wonderful things and many others you
+will read in the other book, when you are a little older.
+
+But let us see what the President has to do when the whole herd is
+standing in line, facing the water. He is at the bottom of the line,
+far down stream; so he looks up along the line to see that all are
+ready. Then he gives the signal for them to begin drinking; he does
+this by dipping his trunk into the water. Then the second one sees him
+do it, and does the same; in that way each elephant higher up the line
+sees that the next one below him has started drinking, so he too does
+the same. Soon they are all drinking, as you see in the picture at the
+beginning of this book.
+
+But why does the President have to give the signal to begin? Why is it
+that any elephant, anywhere along the line, cannot start drinking,
+just as he or she pleases? Think!
+
+Because if any one along the line started drinking too soon, he might
+muddy the water for those that stood _below_ him along the line,
+because the water flows down that way. But if the lower ones drank a
+little before, it would not matter if they _did_ muddy the water, for
+the higher ones would still have clear water to drink. That is why the
+lowest one drinks first, then the next, and so on up the line. Is not
+that very wise, and very fair to all?
+
+
+_How the Elephant Drinks_
+
+But you must not think that an elephant actually drinks _through_ his
+trunk! He does not! The elephant's trunk is really his nose, though it
+is a very long nose. What he does is to dip the trunk into the stream
+and suck in the water about halfway up the trunk; then he curls up the
+tip of the trunk and gets it near his mouth; then he _blows_ through
+the nose, and _squirts_ the water into his mouth. Of course he has to
+do that many times, to get enough to drink. But he tries each time to
+dip only the tip of the trunk into the stream, so as not to muddy the
+water willfully!
+
+
+_Why the Elephant Drinks with His Trunk_
+
+But, you may say, why cannot he drink like other animals, by going
+right into the stream till he gets his _mouth_ into the water? Because
+his mouth is so high up, and his neck is so stiff, that he would have
+to go quite two or three yards deep into the stream before he could
+get his mouth into the water, and then his heavy feet would stir up
+the mud in the stream where he was standing, and so dirty the very
+water he was drinking.
+
+Now you see what a wise animal the elephant is! The only way he could
+get clear water to drink was by having a long nose! And that is
+exactly what happened many, many years ago--his nose became long
+enough to reach the water from the bank. How that happened I shall
+tell you in another book, as you will not understand it till you are a
+year or two older.
+
+All the grown-up elephants drink in this way, and also some of the
+elephant children whose trunks have grown long enough to reach the
+stream. But what about a baby elephant? Why, its Mamma fills her own
+trunk with water, puts the tip into the baby's mouth and squirts the
+water into it.
+
+But now after watching the elephants--who are on our right, down the
+stream--let us turn our eyes to the left, and look _up_ the stream.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+The Law of the Jungle
+
+
+Hush! Here come all the animals! The _buffaloes_, the _blue deer_, the
+_red deer_, the _wild pigs_, the _hyenas_, the _wolves_, the _red
+dogs_, and many others. Watch and see how each kind of animal comes;
+it is not always in the same way. The moon is now shining clear above
+the trees, and we can see a long way up the stream.
+
+See the _buffaloes!_ They come a little _above the elephants_. But
+they do not come one behind another in a line, like the elephants.
+They come three or four together. They also have beaten down the
+bushes there years ago, to make a drinking place; and it is wide
+enough for three or four of them to drink at the same time, side by
+side.
+
+
+_How Buffaloes Come to Drink--in Rows_
+
+But why must they drink three or four at the same time? Because the
+buffaloes are like a body of soldiers, one row behind another.
+Sometimes twenty or thirty rows make up a herd. We see only the first
+row drinking now, but soon we shall see the others behind.
+
+And why do the buffaloes come like a body of soldiers? Because they
+are afraid of their enemy--the tiger! Once upon a time the buffaloes
+lived scattered about, and many of them got eaten by the tiger, one at
+a time. Then those that escaped from the tiger became wise; they
+joined together like a body of soldiers, so that they could beat off
+the tiger. How they came to do that, I shall tell you at another time.
+
+But now let us watch the first row drinking. They are all _bull
+buffaloes_, the Papas of the herd; you can tell that by their _huge
+horns_, a yard long on each side of the head. You see how the
+buffaloes stand side by side, so that their horns almost touch one
+another. That is the way the buffaloes have marched to the stream from
+their feeding place--horn to horn. Why? Because no prowling tiger can
+get past those horns.
+
+Watch the first row as it finishes drinking; the whole row wheels
+around to the side like soldiers. Then the buffaloes that have had
+their drink march to the back of the herd, and stand there in a row
+facing the jungle.
+
+Meanwhile the second row in the front has stepped to the water to
+drink. These also are bull buffaloes. When they finish drinking, they
+also wheel, march to the back of the herd, and there stand behind the
+first row. In this way four or five rows of bulls drink, one after the
+other, and go to the back of the herd.
+
+Next come about a dozen rows of _cow buffaloes_ and their calves, or
+children. You see again, like the elephants, the Mammas and children
+among the buffaloes are also _in the middle_, safe from all harm.
+
+Then at the end there are four or five rows of bull buffaloes again,
+to guard the Mammas and the children from enemies in the back.
+
+
+_Buffalo Knights Guard the Timid Deer_
+
+But wait a moment! Before the buffaloes go away, a most wonderful
+thing happens. You have read stories, how once upon a time there were
+brave knights who used to come to the help of ladies who were in
+danger. Well, you will be glad to know that these bull buffaloes are
+just like those brave knights. Do you see that timid little shadow
+creeping in by the side of the buffaloes?
+
+She is a _blue deer_, a very timid lady indeed; for she knows that a
+tiger is waiting in the high ground behind, to catch her. It is the
+last chance of the tiger to get his supper; so he waits by the high
+ground behind, and watches for some weak animal like the deer to come
+to drink.
+
+But the blue deer knows that; so she hides in the bushes, and waits
+for the buffaloes to come to drink. Then as the buffaloes come to the
+water, row after row, horn to horn, she tries to creep in toward them;
+she even tries to creep in _under_ the horns of the buffaloes, knowing
+that there she will be quite safe from the tiger. It takes her a long
+time to reach the buffaloes in that way, without being caught by the
+tiger.
+
+But do you see the wonderful thing? The buffaloes wait a little for
+her! They take a little longer to drink, to give her a chance to reach
+the water by their side. Like the brave knights, they feel proud of
+helping a lady.
+
+Now see! The blue deer also has finished drinking. She goes away with
+the buffaloes, under their horns. They all reach the jungle again. She
+looks carefully: the tiger is watching her, but he dares not come too
+near. She sees where he is--then suddenly she gives a leap--another
+leap--and another--quickly! The tiger leaps after her--but she leaped
+first! She is gone! She is safe!
+
+[Illustration: The Buffaloes and the Blue Deer]
+
+The tiger is furious. He stands a moment before the buffaloes,
+growling with rage. But the bulls in front of the herd paw the ground,
+and rattle their horns with one another. They are going to charge!
+
+But that tiger does not wait for the charge of the bull buffaloes. He
+does not want to be trampled into a mess under their hoofs, or cut up
+into pieces with their horns. Instead, he sneaks away, growling. He
+sneaks back to the stream, to wait for some other weak animal.
+
+So, you see, the jungle folks are in many ways just like us; for a
+brave man always helps a lady or anybody who needs his help.
+
+But now let us watch the stream higher up.
+
+
+_Wild Pigs--Careless_
+
+Here come the _wild pigs_. They are not exactly a herd; but still
+there are many dozens of them, all one large family with all their
+relations--cousins and uncles and aunts. Some of the wild pigs are
+called _boars_; they are the Papas among the wild pigs. You can always
+tell them by the two _sharp tusks_, or teeth, one on each side, which
+grow _upward_ from their under jaw. Each tusk is as long as a knife,
+and so sharp that a tiger does not always care to fight with a boar.
+
+The wild pigs drink in any fashion, and go off in any fashion--just as
+they like. They trust to luck or to the sharp tusks of some of the
+boars to guard them from danger. But they have not learned enough yet
+to do things in proper order.
+
+
+_Red Dogs--Bold, Fearing Nobody_
+
+Meanwhile other animals have also come. The moon is now quite high in
+the sky. A band of shadows in the moonlight seems to fall upon the
+water. It is a pack of _red dogs_; they have come boldly, as they are
+afraid of nothing. For if a hungry tiger attacks them, the whole pack
+will jump on the tiger and tear him down--that is, the tiger could
+kill dozens of the dogs in a few minutes, but then the rest of the
+wild red dogs would tear the tiger to pieces.
+
+So the red dogs are not afraid as they come flocking to the stream.
+They lap up the water with their lolling tongues. Then they look up at
+the moon. Do you see what they are doing? Can you _hear_ them? They
+are _howling at the moon in a chorus_. Dogs always howl at the moon.
+Men do not quite know just why dogs do that. But perhaps they do it
+because they are glad and satisfied, and are trying to _sing!_ When
+_you_ sing, and there is a dog near by, you may hear him start
+howling. He does that, I suppose, because he likes your singing, and
+wants to join in the chorus!
+
+So the wild dogs of the jungle also howl when they are glad. Then,
+after the red dogs have howled as long as a song, they scamper off
+into the jungle again. That shows, I suppose, that their howling was
+really a song!
+
+
+_Other Animals Come Alone_
+
+The red dogs are the last of the animals that come in a bunch. Now you
+see other animals coming one by one. A sneaking shadow there! It must
+be a _hyena_. That is an animal that eats what remains from some other
+animal's supper; so the hyena waits to see if a tiger or a leopard has
+caught any supper, or else it will have to go hungry.
+
+But hush! Here is a _red deer_ coming carefully to the water. This
+animal is much bigger than the blue deer, and more able to take care
+of herself. But, still, she comes very quietly, looking to right and
+left to make sure that the tiger is not just in that place. She
+reaches the water and starts drinking. But do you see how her ear is
+bent to the side? The red deer is listening most carefully, even while
+she is drinking!
+
+But look, look! The bush behind the deer parts very slowly, and a huge
+yellow form crouches there! It is the tiger!
+
+He is not near enough to jump on the deer; so he takes one step
+forward--as softly as a cat!
+
+But the deer has heard the footfall! For she can hear even a leaf when
+it falls to the ground. And in that one second, even while she was
+drinking, the red deer has turned and leaped to the side. The tiger
+has also leaped at the same time, and he aimed at the place where the
+deer _was_. But the deer has just left that place, and the next second
+she gives another leap, like a flash, and gets out of the tiger's
+reach.
+
+The tiger stands where he leaped, and growls with rage. He knows it
+would be no use chasing the deer, as _the deer can run much faster_.
+So he stands there, and growls for quite a while. Then, as he did not
+get any supper that night, he can at least have a drink. So he drinks
+and goes away, still growling.
+
+Now all is quiet at last at the midnight pool, as all the animals have
+gone away.
+
+
+_The Law of the Jungle--Clear Water for All_
+
+But before _we_ leave the place, I want you to remember something. I
+showed you first the elephants; they were on our right--that is,
+_down_ the stream, the way the water flows. And the elephants drank
+first among all the animals.
+
+Then all the other animals came to the stream, but more to our
+left--that is, _up_ the stream. Why was that? Think!
+
+I shall tell you. By the time the elephants finish drinking by dipping
+their trunks into the stream many times, the water begins to get
+muddy. In fact, after drinking, the elephants jump into the water to
+have a bath and a swim, as I shall tell you in the next chapter.
+
+So the water gets muddy near the elephants and all the way down stream
+from that place, as the water flows that way. And as the other animals
+do not want muddy water to drink, they always go _up_ the stream,
+where the water is still clear.
+
+That is _The Law of the Jungle_, though it is not written down in a
+book, like the laws among men. The Law of the Jungle says that as the
+elephants are the lords of the jungle, they shall drink _first_: but
+they must be careful to drink _down the stream_, so that all the other
+animals may have a place higher up, where they can get _clear water to
+drink_.
+
+And that law has never been broken, for many thousands of years, among
+all the different sorts of animals.
+
+But with men the laws among the different sorts of people, called
+nations, are often broken, because some of them want all the best
+things and the best places, and do not care if they muddy the water
+that their neighbors have to drink.
+
+So, my dear children, we can learn many things from the animals, even
+how to be better men and women when we grow up.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+The Elephants' Bath
+
+
+I have just told you that, after drinking, the elephants jump into the
+water and have a bath and a swim. That is, all the grown-up elephants
+do that, while the little ones stay on the bank and play about.
+
+But, you may ask, why does not the tiger try to grab one of the little
+ones then? Because even when the Mammas go into the water they keep
+their eyes on the babies, who play quite near by, so that the Mammas
+can come to them any minute.
+
+And the Mammas can _smell_ a tiger a little before he gets there, so
+that they have enough time to climb out of the water. Besides, the
+babies themselves can smell the tiger when he is coming; then they
+call out to their Mammas by making a queer rumbling sound in their
+throats, and the Mammas come to them at once, before the tiger can get
+there.
+
+So all the grown-up elephants can go into the water, without any
+worry. And at first they have a regular shower bath.
+
+How do they do that? Why, each elephant fills his trunk with water;
+then he curls up the trunk in the air over his head and squirts the
+water out, and it falls in a shower all over his body. You can see how
+he does it in the picture. All the grown-up elephants do that, and
+even those that are half grown.
+
+After the shower bath, they swim about; but the Mamma elephants do not
+do that. Why? Because they have to get busy and bathe their little
+children. They call to the children to stop playing, and come and have
+a bath--just as our Mammas do.
+
+How do they call? Why, I must tell you at once that all kinds of
+animals have _a language of their own_. They do not speak exactly as
+we do, but make different sounds through their mouth or nose, and each
+sound _means_ something.
+
+If the Mamma elephant wants to say "Come here," she makes one kind of
+sound, and the baby elephant has learned to know exactly what that
+means. And if the Mamma elephant wants to say "Keep still," she makes
+another kind of sound, and the baby knows also what that means.
+
+[Illustration: An Elephant Giving himself a Shower Bath]
+
+In this way all animals can talk among themselves. Of course they
+cannot say many things, as we do, but quite enough to tell what they
+want.
+
+So each Mamma elephant calls to her child to come and stand on the
+bank. Now, many of our children often hate to be bathed; and the
+elephant children are just the same! In fact, the very small ones
+actually cry and shriek, just like our babies!
+
+
+_Elephant Child Obeys Mamma--or Gets Spanked_
+
+But when the Mamma elephant calls to the baby to stop playing and come
+and stand by the bank, the baby comes at once, even though it hates to
+be bathed. The baby elephant obeys its Mamma almost the first time,
+whatever she tells it to do.
+
+But if the baby does not obey, does its Mamma spank it? Of course she
+does--like all Mammas! The elephant Mamma does the spanking with her
+trunk.
+
+But I must tell you at once that an elephant child never gets spanked
+more than once in its life--and that is enough! And some are so good
+that they _never_ get spanked!
+
+The elephant child learns very quickly to obey its Mamma and Papa, and
+afterwards its trainer or teacher. The elephant child even obeys the
+very minute it is told to do anything; in fact, sometimes in the
+jungle there is a sudden danger, even if the elephant child does not
+see the danger. But its Mamma or Papa sees it.
+
+Then the Mamma or Papa calls out to the child to stop, or come away,
+or do something, _at once_; and if the child does not do it at once,
+it may get killed. Among men folks, if a child runs out into the
+street, and an auto or a street car comes suddenly, then if the child
+will not obey its Mamma at once and do exactly as she says, the child
+may be run over and killed. In the jungle the elephant child also has
+sudden dangers like that, though in a different way.
+
+In the next chapter I shall tell you a wonderful story about a boy
+elephant who escaped a great danger because he obeyed his Papa at
+once.
+
+But sometimes it happens that a boy elephant is really naughty--just
+like a bad boy among men. As you know, a bad boy among men usually
+grows up to be a bad man, and then he gets into a lot of trouble. In
+the elephant herd it is just the same; a bad little elephant grows up
+to be a bad big elephant; it is then called a _rogue_. In another book
+I shall tell you how the President of the herd orders all the police
+elephants to stand in a ring around the rogue and give him a most
+awful spanking. And they do that, not with their trunks this time, but
+with their _tusks_--which hurt most dreadfully.
+
+
+_How the Elephant Child is Bathed_
+
+But now I shall tell you about the baby elephant when its Mamma calls
+it to come and be bathed. It comes to the edge of the bank, and stands
+facing its Mamma. Then the Mamma fills her trunk with water, brings
+the trunk quite near the baby, and squirts the water all over it.
+
+The baby may howl and jump about and make faces, but it _never runs
+away_! Again and again the Mamma squirts the water, till all the mud
+and dust of the jungle is washed away from the baby's body. Then she
+tells the baby to play about on the bank again, while she attends to
+the bigger children.
+
+What has she got to do to them? She must teach them to swim!
+
+Of course _all animals with four legs know how to swim naturally_;
+their bodies float in the water quite easily, and they have only to
+work their legs to move along in the water. But with elephants it is a
+little different. Why? Just think!
+
+I shall tell you. Although they can float quite naturally, their noses
+point downward right into the water. As I said before, the elephant's
+trunk is its nose--that is, the elephant has to _breathe through the
+trunk_. So of course, if in trying to swim a little elephant kept its
+trunk down in the water, it would not be able to breathe at all, and
+would die.
+
+That is why the Mamma elephant has to teach her child how to swim
+properly. And the way she does it is quite wonderful.
+
+I must first tell you that the trunk is not only like a nose to the
+elephant, but also is useful as a _hand_; the elephant can hold a lot
+of things with it, and can even pick up with its tip a tiny thing as
+small as a pin.
+
+
+_How the Elephant Child Learns to Swim_
+
+So the Mamma elephant stretches out her trunk before her, just like an
+arm, and tells her child to lie across it. In that way she holds up
+the child in the water, so that the little elephant has only to think
+of curling up the tip of its own little trunk out of the water to
+breathe. Then she tells her child to kick out with its legs, so as to
+move forward through the water.
+
+But sometimes, in kicking out, the little elephant forgets to hold up
+the tip of its trunk out of the water at the same time; then down goes
+its trunk into the water, and it cannot breathe!
+
+Then what happens? The Mamma elephant can do nothing, as she is
+already using her own trunk to hold up her child. So, what is to be
+done?
+
+Really, the elephants are so wise that they take no chances of that
+happening. The Papa elephant takes care of that. When he sees that the
+Mamma is teaching the little elephant how to swim, he always comes
+near them. He may be swimming about, as if he were enjoying himself;
+but he is really watching them all the time.
+
+And if the little elephant forgets to hold up its trunk out of the
+water, the Papa comes quickly, and with one upward stroke of his own
+trunk he lifts up the little elephant's trunk clear out of the water.
+Is not that very wise and thoughtful of the Papa elephant?
+
+In that way the little elephant soon learns to do _both_ things--that
+is, to kick out with its legs so as to move along, and also to hold up
+its trunk to breathe. And then, of course, it can swim properly.
+
+And yet the elephants are so very wise that they never take the risk
+of tiring out a little elephant, if they have to swim a very long way.
+Sometimes a whole herd of elephants has to swim across a very wide
+river. Then the Mamma elephant tells her child to swim in front of
+her, while she encourages the child from behind with many fond words.
+
+But sometimes after swimming halfway across the river--
+
+"Mamma, I am getting tired!" cries the little one.
+
+"Then come on my back, darling!" says the Mamma.
+
+She dives, and comes up right under the little elephant; so now her
+child sits on her back. In that way she swims along, and carries her
+child across the wide river, as you see in the picture.
+
+[Illustration: An Elephant Mamma Carrying her Child across the River]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Elephants: The Tricks of the Jungle
+
+
+Now I shall tell you how a little elephant learns all the tricks of
+the jungle from its Mamma and Papa. By the tricks of the jungle I mean
+all the things that an animal has to learn in order to get enough to
+eat every day, what to do when food is scarce, how to be comfortable
+and happy, and also how to escape from every danger; in fact, these
+things are very much like what men have to learn, only in a different
+way.
+
+But the animal folks are better off in one way: what they have to
+learn is not like a lesson in school, but just play. In fact they
+learn everything by just playing it as a game! I shall tell you how.
+
+When a baby elephant is quite small, its Mamma has to feed it with
+milk. Afterwards, when it has teeth, she teaches it to feed from the
+jungle. All elephants eat tender shoots, herbs, and fresh young
+leaves; they seize a bough with the trunk, and pull it down in such a
+way that the end of the bough reaches right into the mouth.
+
+
+_Elephant Child Learns to Feed_
+
+First, the Mamma elephant eats like that from several boughs, while
+the little elephant watches her do it. Then she looks at a low bough
+within easy reach, and says in the elephant language, "Eat that!"
+
+The little one looks at the bough, grabs it anyhow with its trunk, and
+pulls it down. But it cannot get the end of the bough _into its
+mouth_! Instead, the bough pokes it on the forehead, or eyes, or
+cheeks.
+
+"Hold it straight!" says Mamma, laughing.
+
+The little one tries several times, but still it cannot get the bough
+to come right. Then its Mamma puts her own trunk over that of her
+child, and turns it to right or left, till the bough comes exactly
+into the little elephant's mouth.
+
+"You must learn to use your trunk just like a _hand_," she says. "So
+you must bend your trunk, or turn it, or twist it, to get the thing
+you are holding exactly where you want it."
+
+And that is the first great thing the little elephant has to
+learn--_how to use its trunk as we use our hands_. After that
+everything else comes easy.
+
+Now I am going to tell you about the childhood of the most wonderful
+elephant in the world, who actually lives to-day in the courtyard of a
+palace in India. He is the biggest elephant that ever was; that is why
+he lives in a grand palace, and does nothing except carry a King, or
+some other great man, on his back on days of festival.
+
+In fact he was the leader among all the elephants in a long procession
+at a grand festival called the Durbar, held in honor of the King of
+England. On that day a lovely cloth of silk woven with gold was put on
+the elephant's back, and around his tusks were placed rings of solid
+gold studded with real diamonds, rubies, and pearls.
+
+At another time he carried on his back the Crown Prince of Germany,
+when he visited India a few years ago; and at other times he has
+carried Grand Dukes of Russia and Arch Dukes of Austria when _they_
+visited India.
+
+So you see, he is quite the grandest elephant in the world. He has a
+real name, just like a man, and it is written down in books with the
+names of all the grand officers of the palace. His name is Salar
+Jung; so we shall call him Salar for short.
+
+He was born in the jungle, and his Papa and Mamma were quite wild
+then. It was only after he grew up that Salar came to live in a
+palace.
+
+
+_Elephant Child "Swats" Tormenting Flies_
+
+But now about Salar's early boyhood. After his Mamma had taught him to
+swim, to eat from the boughs of trees, and to drink for himself by
+dipping his trunk into the water, she had another useful thing to
+teach him. In the jungle there are swarms of tormenting flies; they
+come buzzing around the elephants, and bother them, just as they
+bother us. Now, _we_ can whisk off the flies with our hands, but how
+about an elephant?
+
+Of course, you will say, his trunk is his hand; and so he can use the
+trunk to slap the flies or whisk them off. True, but the trunk will
+not reach more than halfway down the side of the body; and the
+elephant is too stiff to bend his body as we do; and his tail is too
+short to reach even a yard each way. Then how can he get rid of the
+flies where he cannot reach them? Just think!
+
+If he only could make his trunk _longer_! But how could he do that?
+Very simply! Of course he cannot actually make the trunk longer, but
+he breaks off a small bough of a tree and holds it at the end of his
+trunk; then he uses the bough like a fan, and whisks off, or brushes
+off, the flies with it.
+
+And that is what Salar's Mamma taught him to do. After that he was
+very comfortable.
+
+Not quite; he had just one more thing to learn from his Mamma, to make
+him quite comfortable. The sun gets very hot, and when the elephants
+are feeding from tree to tree, or marching through the jungle, they
+feel the hot sun on their backs dreadfully--although they have a thick
+skin.
+
+Now, how could they guard themselves from the hot sun? Just think!
+
+Why, just as _we_ do, you will say, by using a kind of umbrella! Of
+course you mean that an elephant could break off a large bough, and
+hold it over his head and over his back! But his trunk would soon get
+tired of holding anything as big as that! Besides, he has to use his
+trunk all the time to feed! If _you_ had only one hand, you could not
+eat with it and at the same time hold an umbrella over your head with
+it! Then how _does_ the elephant manage it?
+
+
+_Elephant Covers his Back from Hot Sun_
+
+I shall tell you. He breaks off many small boughs, one at a time, and
+lays them on his back with his trunk; he is careful to lay them in
+proper order, and to criss-cross them, so that the boughs will not
+fall off. In fact, he tries to arrange them very much like the
+thatched roof of a cottage. That is very clever of him, is it not?
+
+But then he does something else, still more clever! When a cottager
+builds his thatched roof, he has to plaster the ceiling to prevent any
+rain or sunshine from creeping in through the little spaces between
+the thatches. So also the thatch on the elephant's back has many gaps,
+through which the hot sun can still beat down on his skin. So what
+does he do to fill up the gaps?
+
+He cannot do anything to _plaster_ his back; but I shall tell you what
+he does do. He just draws into his trunk a lot of dust from the
+ground; then he curls up the trunk over his back, and blows the dust
+over the gaps in the thatch on his back. Of course he has to do that
+many times to fill up all the gaps; but at last, when he does not
+_feel_ the sun any more, he knows that his back is quite covered.
+
+Is not that a very wonderful thing for the elephants to think out, all
+by themselves? And that is what Salar's Mamma taught him to do.
+
+But, a few years later, he came to the age when boys among men usually
+have to go to school. Then Salar passed to the care of his Papa. In
+feeding through the jungle, when all the elephants march and eat from
+tree to tree, Salar walked with his Papa, and began to learn lessons
+from him. And his Papa's way of teaching him was quite different from
+that of his Mamma, and often very funny!
+
+
+_How Elephants Walk under Water_
+
+The first thing he taught was at the stream at midnight. By this time
+Salar could swim quite well; so he was enjoying himself with the
+grown-ups. But his Papa kept watching him with the corner of his eye.
+Little by little he drew nearer and nearer to Salar, and waited till
+the youngster came to a part where the water was not at all deep. Then
+suddenly his Papa gave Salar a butt with his head. Down went Salar
+under the water, snorting and spluttering and hollering.
+
+"Hold up your trunk, you simp!" cried his Papa.
+
+But Salar was too frightened to remember to hold up his trunk; so his
+Papa caught Salar's trunk in his own and hoisted it clear out of the
+water. Then what was Salar's joy and surprise to find that he could
+breathe quite well, though his feet were actually touching the bottom
+of the stream. Of course he kicked out, and tried to get up to the top
+of the water again. But--
+
+"Stay there!" cried his Papa, giving him another butt, though still
+holding the youngster's trunk carefully out of the water.
+
+Then Salar lost all fear of the water; he was not a bit afraid of
+being ducked, so long as the tip of his trunk was out of the water. So
+he learned to do a wonderful thing--he learned to remain completely
+under the water, so that his feet were actually resting on the bottom
+of the stream, with only the tip of his trunk out of the water. No
+other animal can do that.
+
+And the most astonishing thing about it is that the elephants have
+taught themselves to do that trick; so that _a whole herd of
+elephants can walk into a stream in time of danger, and disappear
+from sight_, the smaller ones standing in the shallow parts, and the
+full-grown ones standing in the deeper parts.
+
+I have known of lots of hunters, who were chasing a herd of elephants
+and who saw the elephants run ahead toward a river, to find to their
+surprise, on reaching the river, that the whole herd had disappeared
+as if by magic. They saw nothing, and did not dream that the little
+things floating here and there, no bigger than your fist, could mean
+anything. But of course they were the tips of the trunks of the
+elephants hidden under the water.
+
+To have thought out even that one trick for themselves proves that the
+elephants are the wisest of all animals, next after men folks. And
+they have thought out many more tricks, as I shall tell you very soon.
+
+But now I shall tell you the next trick that Salar's father taught
+him. An elephant often has to break down trees in the jungle to clear
+a way for himself; or sometimes he has to do that to make an open
+space where he can lie down comfortably. So this is the way Salar's
+father taught him to break down trees.
+
+
+_How Elephants Break Down or Pull Out Trees_
+
+First he chose a small tree, not much thicker than your wrist; this he
+pulled out easily with his trunk, just as you might use your hand to
+pull out a small shrub. Then he chose a tree about six inches thick.
+He tried it first carefully with his trunk; but the tree was too
+strong to pull out in that way.
+
+So the old elephant put his foot on the side of the tree, and pressed
+with all his weight--as you see in the picture. The tree bent more and
+more, and then suddenly broke off near the ground with a loud crack.
+
+"I can do that!" cried Salar, frisking around his father, impatient to
+show what _he_ could do.
+
+Salar looked around and saw a tree of about the same size. He made a
+dash at the tree, put his right foot on it, and--
+
+His father winked, but said nothing. For all elephants love a joke.
+
+Now the wily old elephant knew that this tree was a banana tree,
+although the fruit had not yet started growing on it. The tree looked
+quite hard and strong, but it was really very soft and easy to break,
+like all banana trees. But Salar did not know that yet!
+
+[Illustration: An Elephant Breaking a Tree with his Foot]
+
+Instead, when he pressed on it with his foot and put his whole weight
+on it, just as he had seen his father do to the other tree,--snap went
+the tree like a twig, and Salar tumbled head over heels and went
+rolling over the ground.
+
+"Haw! Haw! Haw!" laughed the merry old elephant. "Did I not show you,
+silly, how to try it first carefully, with your trunk, before putting
+your foot on it?"
+
+"Of course you did!" Salar said, remembering.
+
+"That is what men folks mean when they say, 'You have put your foot
+into it.' You must remember _never to put your foot into anything
+before trying it first with your trunk_," the old elephant went on to
+say. "Now watch me knock down a still bigger tree."
+
+This tree was as thick as a man's body. After trying it first with his
+trunk and then with his foot, the wise old elephant put his back on it
+and _heaved_. Little by little the tree bent on that side, but not
+very much. The elephant stopped heaving, came around and looked at the
+tree. Then he began to heave from the _other_ side of the tree.
+
+You have seen a man trying to loosen a nail from a board? He first
+hits the nail on one side, and then on the other side; and he goes on
+hitting the nail from side to side, till it is quite loose.
+
+Well, that cunning old elephant did just the same thing to that tree;
+he first heaved the tree from one side, and then he heaved from the
+other side; and he went on heaving from side to side, till he loosened
+the tree from the ground. Then he pushed the tree with his foot, and
+it came out of the ground and fell with a loud thud.
+
+And that is how Salar learned to heave with his body, though of course
+he could not loosen so big a tree just yet.
+
+There were many other tricks that Salar learned from his father, and I
+shall tell you one of the best of them in the next chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Elephants: The Tricky Trap
+
+
+Salar and his father were going through the jungle, feeding from tree
+to tree, and from bush to bush. One day they saw a little clear space
+and in the middle of it a banana tree--just one tree. But beautiful
+bunches of ripe bananas were growing on it from a large stalk.
+
+Salar just loved bananas. In fact, all elephants do, as they cannot
+get them in the jungle more than once in many months; for bananas grow
+mostly in plantations kept by men. So Salar ran toward the tree
+joyously.
+
+But the wise old elephant had seen at once that the space all around
+the tree was rather level and clear of bushes. That was strange in the
+jungle, he thought!
+
+Now, why did it look strange? Can _you_ tell? Why was it strange that
+the space should be all flat and level, and clear of bushes? Just
+think!
+
+Because in the jungle that was not natural! In the jungle the space
+should be all covered with grass and bushes, or at least with small
+shrubs of different sizes, just as you have seen in fields which are
+allowed to grow wild. So somebody must have _made_ the place level and
+flat, and cleared away the bushes! That is what the wise old elephant
+thought!
+
+Then, also, he had seen that there was just _one_ banana tree, with no
+other anywhere near it. That also seemed strange! Why? Because banana
+trees always grow in groups of many dozens, whether they are in the
+jungle or in a plantation.
+
+"Halt!" the old elephant cried, just in time. Salar was not more than
+five or six yards from the tree when he heard his father's voice. I
+have told you before that, when an elephant child is told to do
+anything by his Mamma or Papa, he obeys _at once_, or else he might
+fall into some awful danger--just as a child in a town might get run
+over by an auto or a street car.
+
+So as soon as Salar heard his father's voice, he halted just where he
+was. And that saved him, as you will see.
+
+
+_The Elephant Taps Suspicious Ground with his Trunk_
+
+His father came up to him, and looked around carefully. Then he
+_tapped on the ground with the end of his trunk_.
+
+"An elephant must always tap with his trunk when he is coming to
+suspicious ground, before he puts his foot on it," he said to Salar.
+
+"What does suspicious ground mean?" Salar asked.
+
+"Ground where there might be danger, though you do not _see_ the
+danger," his father answered.
+
+He went on a couple of yards, tapping the ground before him all the
+time. Then he suddenly stopped.
+
+"Gr-r-r-rump!" he cried, "it sounds strange and hollow!"
+
+Most carefully he put his foot forward and _felt_ the ground with it,
+as an elephant always does when he thinks there is danger. Now the
+ground _bent down_ a little just where he pressed it with his foot!
+
+"I thought so!" he muttered.
+
+Then he felt most carefully all along the _front_ edge of the open
+space, first tapping it with his trunk, then pressing on it with his
+foot--of course with the toe end of the foot. And all along that front
+edge of the open space the ground bent down a little wherever he
+pressed it with his foot.
+
+Then he came to the _right side_ of the open space where the banana
+tree grew, and tried the ground there also along the edge. And this
+ground too bent down a little wherever he pressed it with his foot.
+
+He came to the _back_ of the open space, and tried it in the same way.
+And there also the ground bent down a little along the edge, wherever
+he pressed it with his foot.
+
+He came around at last to the _left side_, and tried that also. And
+there again the ground bent down in the same way.
+
+"All four sides are suspicious!" he cried. "My son, this is _a most
+tricky trap_!"
+
+And though he did not see them, a dozen men were hiding in the tops of
+trees all around. They were the hunters kept by a great Prince, who
+had ordered them to catch the big elephant and also the young one.
+
+The hunters had first dug a huge pit. It was ten feet deep and
+twenty-five feet wide on each side; so it was as big as a large room.
+Then they had covered the top of the pit by laying many long bamboos
+right across from side to side and very close to each other; so it was
+just like the roof of a large room. And on the top of the bamboos they
+had spread a layer of earth--just like what you have seen in flower
+beds in a garden; and on that they had planted grass, to make it look
+quite natural--only, they forgot that it might look natural for a
+garden, but not for a wild jungle. Or perhaps they thought that an
+elephant would not know any better!
+
+And then they had gone to a plantation and fetched from there a banana
+tree, with a huge bunch of ripe bananas on it. They had set up the
+tree in the middle of that space; and as it would not keep straight,
+they had first driven a long bamboo rod right through into the ground,
+and then tied the banana tree to the top of the rod.
+
+After doing all that, the hunters were hiding in the trees around.
+They were watching to see the big elephant and the little elephant
+come right up to the banana tree to eat the bananas, and get caught!
+For if any elephant stepped upon that place, the top would give way
+under his full weight, and he would fall right through into the pit.
+
+But Salar's father grabbed him with his trunk, and pulled him away.
+
+"Come away!" he said. "This is a most hideous trap!"
+
+But Salar, who loved bananas quite as much as you love ice cream,
+began to cry.
+
+"I want the bananas; I want them; I do, I do!" he kept saying over and
+over again.
+
+Now his Papa was very fond of Salar, but he did not know how to reach
+the bananas and not fall into the pit. He and Salar walked home
+slowly.
+
+"I must think it over a bit," he said, scratching his head with a
+bough.
+
+He came there the next day with Salar, and looked all around the
+place; but he could think of no safe way to get the bananas. The
+hunters also came there the next day, for by this time they were quite
+excited to see what the wily old elephant would do. In fact, it was
+from the chief hunter of that Prince that I heard afterwards what the
+elephant did do.
+
+I must tell you here that these hunters had been watching the big
+elephant for many years, and trying to catch him by different kinds of
+traps; and that is how we know all about him and Salar. For when an
+elephant is very big and has fine tusks, people sometimes try for ten
+years to catch him, so that he may be used as the leading elephant of
+a grand palace.
+
+_Almost all the elephants you see in the zoo or in a circus were once
+quite wild in the jungle_, and have been caught by some kind of trap.
+They are then tamed, and finally trained to do tricks that men want
+them to do. I shall tell you all about that in another book, when you
+are a little older.
+
+But now about Salar and his father. On the third day the big elephant
+came there again, with Salar; and again the hunters came and hid in
+the trees around. This time the big elephant looked farther into the
+jungle. Then he saw the long bamboos growing in a clump--the very
+clump from which the hunters had got the bamboos to make the trap. As
+the elephant looked at the clump of bamboos, a thought came slowly
+into his head.
+
+He pulled out a long bamboo, and returned to the place where the trap
+was. He stood just outside the trap, and thought again for some time.
+Then he held one end of the bamboo in his trunk, pointed the other end
+to the banana tree just where the stalk of the bunch began, and gave a
+jab.
+
+But he did not aim right, and the bamboo slipped off from the stalk.
+So he tried again, and gave another jab at the stalk. In this way,
+after trying many times, he managed at last to hit the stalk and break
+it. Down fell the bunch of bananas to the ground.
+
+Meanwhile Salar was jumping around his father for joy. But his father
+told him to keep still. He had not succeeded in getting those bananas
+yet! How could he get them out of the place of danger?
+
+It puzzled him a long time. He poked at the bunch with the bamboo, but
+that only broke off one or two of the bananas. Then he poked at the
+stalk of the bunch, but the end of the bamboo slipped off it, as there
+was nothing on the bamboo to grip the stalk with.
+
+So he drew back the bamboo and looked at that end of it, to see why it
+did not grip the stalk. Of course the end of the bamboo was all
+smooth, and could not grip anything at all.
+
+
+_Elephant Tricks the Tricky Trappers_
+
+Then at last another thought seemed to come into the wise old
+elephant's head. He put that end of the bamboo into his mouth and
+began to _chew_ it; for an elephant has very strong teeth at the back
+of his mouth. As his mouth was very big, that clever elephant chewed
+as much of the end of the bamboo as his mouth would hold--and that was
+as long as your arm. So the end of the bamboo became like fibers, that
+is, like a bunch of hair, only very thick and rough.
+
+[Illustration: Elephant Pulling Bananas out of a Tricky Trap]
+
+Then that cunning elephant sat down on the ground and pushed the
+bamboo along the ground straight before him toward the bananas. When
+the hairy end of the bamboo reached the stalk of the bananas, he began
+to _twist_ the other end of the bamboo with the tips of his trunk; for
+_an elephant can use the tips of his trunk in the same way that you
+use your fingers_.
+
+He twisted and twisted many times, taking care to keep the hairy end
+of the bamboo pressed against the stalk of the bananas.
+
+In this way the hairy end of the bamboo got knotted around the stalk.
+That was just what the wise old elephant wanted.
+
+Then he pulled the bamboo slowly along the ground, as you see in the
+picture, taking care to give one or two more twists in case the knots
+came undone. He pulled the bamboo lap by lap; that is, he pulled the
+bamboo for about a yard, then he let go and took hold of the bamboo
+farther up; he pulled again for another yard, and so on. In this way
+he at last pulled the bunch of bananas quite out of the trap.
+
+I need not tell you how he and Salar enjoyed that feast!
+
+And the hunters, who were hiding in the trees around, laughed and
+laughed at the trick the wily old elephant had played on them! For, as
+you see, he got the bananas and yet escaped from that trap! He beat
+the men at their own game!
+
+But now I must tell you about other animals,--first about buffaloes.
+They are the brave knights who helped that timid little lady, the blue
+deer. They are just as wonderful as the elephants, in their own way.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+Buffaloes: The Knights of the Jungle
+
+
+There are three or four kinds of buffaloes that live in different
+countries. The kind that lives in America you may have already heard
+about. I am sorry to say that hunters have killed so many of them,
+that there are very few buffaloes left in the United States now; and
+these few are kept in parks.
+
+So in this book I shall tell you about another kind of buffalo, that
+lives in the jungles of India. These are the buffaloes that have to
+live in herds just because they have to guard themselves from the
+tiger. Yet they are much bigger than all other kinds of buffaloes in
+the world. Many of them are more than ten feet long, and a span taller
+than a tall man.
+
+They have two huge horns which stand outward, one from each side of
+the head. Each horn is at least a yard long; and there are some
+buffaloes that have horns two yards long! (See the picture facing the
+next page.)
+
+So you can understand that this kind of buffalo is a strong and mighty
+animal. But still, if just one buffalo tried to fight a tiger, the
+tiger could kill him every time. Why?
+
+Because the tiger is much _quicker_ than the buffalo. The tiger could
+jump to the side to escape the buffalo's horns. Then the tiger could
+turn quickly, and strike the buffalo on the neck from behind. And
+though the buffalo's neck is very thick, the tiger himself is so
+strong that he could break the buffalo's neck at one blow.
+
+So, to guard against the tiger, the buffaloes have to live together
+like a band of soldiers, so that the tiger never gets the chance of
+catching just one buffalo alone.
+
+Now I shall tell you how these buffaloes live. They live in a part of
+the country where there is plenty of water, and lots of trees and
+grass. There is sure to be a stream or two in the jungles there, like
+the one where we saw the buffaloes drinking at midnight.
+
+When the buffaloes are feeding in the jungle, and wandering here and
+there to find good grass to eat, they always try to remain somewhere
+near one of these streams.
+
+Why do they do that? To drink, of course.
+
+[Illustration: The Buffalo that lives in India]
+
+And as the country is hot, they may want to drink more than once in
+the day.
+
+Still, there is another reason why they like to be near water. Can you
+tell what it is?
+
+"To bathe in the water, when it is hot," you may say.
+
+That is quite true; the buffaloes do enjoy a good bath. In fact, they
+like to remain in the water for a long time, when the sun is very hot.
+Then they lie down in the shallow part, and remain neck deep in the
+water. And every now and again they dip their heads in the water to
+keep them cool.
+
+But even when the sun is not at all hot, when the sky is cloudy, the
+buffaloes like to go into a stream or a pond. Why?
+
+"Of course to wash themselves, and make themselves clean," you may
+say.
+
+
+_Buffaloes Cover Body with Mud against Flies_
+
+No, my dear, you are wrong this time! Like some little boys, buffaloes
+do not _want_ to make themselves clean! In fact, the buffaloes go into
+the stream or the pond to _cover themselves with mud_! To _wallow_, as
+it is called. They do that by rolling in the mud where the water is
+shallow.
+
+And why do they want to cover themselves with mud? Because of the
+tormenting flies! Buffaloes of this kind do not have long hair on
+their necks, like the American buffaloes. In fact, they do not have
+much hair anywhere on their bodies--just like the ordinary cows which
+you have seen near your home. So they are very much tormented by the
+flies.
+
+I have told you that an elephant can "swat" the flies with a bough
+which he holds in his trunk. But the buffalo has no trunk, and his
+tail can whisk off the flies for only a yard around. So, what can the
+buffalo do to guard other parts of his body from the flies?
+
+The only thing he can do is to go down into the mud, roll about, and
+cover himself with the mud. Then he does not feel the flies at all,
+even if they swarm all over him. And he need not trouble to work his
+tail at all, as he is protected all over by the mud.
+
+And when he comes out to feed again, if the sun happens to be very hot
+at that time, he does not mind it. Why? Because the mud on his body
+keeps off the sun. So, you see, the mud is useful to the buffalo in
+two ways.
+
+But now come with me into the jungle while I show you all that the
+buffaloes do.
+
+You must _imagine_ that I am taking you quietly through the jungle,
+where the buffalo herd is grazing right ahead of us. We are following
+them from behind. You must be careful not to make a sound. If you
+should tread on a rotten twig, the buffaloes would hear the sound as
+far away as a quarter of a mile.
+
+In another book I shall tell you why all animals that keep their _ears
+close to the ground_ while they are feeding can _hear a sound a long
+way off_.
+
+But now let us hide behind this bush for a minute, and watch the herd.
+They are eating the grass as they walk along. But do you see the
+wonderful way in which they are arranged? It is just like the shape of
+the moon when it is new, that is, something like the letter C, and
+which we call a crescent.
+
+You saw at the midnight pool that, when the buffaloes drink or march,
+they are in rows close together, like soldiers. But when they are
+eating grass, they could not be in rows; because then they would be
+too close together to pick out the best bits of grass. So, how could
+they have enough to eat, and yet guard themselves from danger? To do
+this they thought of arranging themselves in the form of a crescent.
+
+
+_How Buffaloes Guard against Tiger while Feeding_
+
+It is a big crescent, as there are so many buffaloes that make it up.
+The ends of the crescent bend in toward each other, just as if the two
+tips of the letter C were to close up a little, leaving only a small
+opening between the tips.
+
+The buffaloes have their faces toward the _outside_ of the crescent.
+So, as we are following the buffaloes from behind, we are looking at
+them through the gap between the tips.
+
+There are only bulls in the line making up the crescent; the cows and
+the calves come behind them, so that they are _inside_ the crescent.
+So you see, while the buffaloes are grazing and moving along, if they
+meet any danger, the Papa buffaloes will face the danger. And as the
+Mammas and the children are inside the crescent, they are quite safe.
+
+This is the way the buffaloes feed and move along:
+
+The Papas on the outside of the crescent tear off a mouthful of grass,
+with one or two bites, and walk on a step or two while they are
+munching the mouthful. Then, with another bite or two, they take a
+fresh mouthful and walk on a step or two while they are munching that.
+In this way they leave enough grass for the Mammas and the young
+buffaloes that are following them.
+
+But now let us come out of this thicket, and go after the herd very
+quietly from behind. We shall see some wonderful things.
+
+You notice at once that the Mammas and the children do not show any
+fear at all, as they graze along; they are quite sure that the Papas
+are taking good care of them all the time. The little ones even play
+about here and there.
+
+See that very young calf! He is playing about near the middle of the
+space. He is only a few weeks old, and not much bigger than the calf
+of the ordinary cow. Watch and see how playful he is! He is just like
+any other calf. His Mamma is grazing along quietly, and he is now
+standing still for a minute, looking at nothing. A calf and a baby can
+do that quite well--just stare, and yet look at nothing.
+
+But now this buffalo calf rushes to his Mamma very suddenly, and has
+a mouthful of milk. He does not seem to want more than a mouthful at a
+time. So he looks up suddenly, and stares. Then just as suddenly he
+plunges into a frantic race over the ground, all by himself.
+
+The race also ends suddenly--after going only ten yards. Then he stops
+there for a minute, stares, and trots back to his Mamma for another
+mouthful of milk. After that he looks up again for a minute, stares at
+nothing, and plunges into another mad gallop all by himself.
+
+So you see that he spends his time doing two things--having a mouthful
+of milk, and then a mad gallop. And he does both very suddenly. He
+likes to have his joys suddenly.
+
+A kitten or a puppy dog is different, and is nearly always doing
+something. It tumbles head over heels, or chases its own tail, or
+keeps frisking about in some way or other most of the time. But the
+buffalo calf is not like this; and when you see him standing quite
+still, staring at nothing, you can never tell whether he is going to
+be hungry for a mouthful of milk the next minute, or whether he is
+going to break into a frantic race.
+
+But, you may ask, while he and all the other calves are playing about
+like that, is there no danger?
+
+No, there is no danger, for the Papas are taking good care of the
+Mammas and the children, as I have told you before.
+
+But, you may say, the Papas do not seem to be doing anything; they are
+just feeding and moving along. Then how are they taking care of the
+Mammas and the children?
+
+Yes, but look carefully! See how close the horn of one Papa is to the
+horn of the next one! Why, there is not more than a couple of yards
+between the two! If there were any sudden danger, it would not take
+more than two or three steps for them to close up, and stand horn to
+horn.
+
+
+_How Buffaloes Know Danger is Coming--Three Ways_
+
+"But how could they _know_ if any danger were coming?" you may still
+ask.
+
+They could know it in three ways: they could _smell_ the danger, or
+_hear_ it, or _see_ it. I shall tell you how they do all that.
+
+First, if the danger came from the direction in which the wind was
+blowing, they would sniff the air, and so _smell_ the danger. If the
+danger were a tiger, the buffaloes could smell him half a mile off;
+that is about as far as ten blocks in a city. And if the wind were not
+blowing that way, the buffaloes could still smell the tiger five
+blocks away. They could smell the tiger, or any other danger, even if
+it came from behind.
+
+The second way of finding out the danger is to _hear_ it. As I said a
+little while ago, if you should put your foot on a rotten twig, the
+buffaloes could hear the sound of it as far off as five blocks. And
+even if the danger came from behind, or from the side, or from
+anywhere, they could still hear it coming, if it made the least bit of
+sound that you and I could not hear.
+
+The third way of finding out the danger is to _see_ it. The buffaloes
+do that by keeping a lookout nearly all the time. I shall show you
+how.
+
+Just watch for a minute the buffalo in the middle of the crescent; he
+is the leader of the herd. We can see him only from the back; but as
+he is the biggest and tallest buffalo there, we can make him out quite
+easily. He is grazing quietly, and then moving along.
+
+But see, what is he doing now? Why, he is looking up, straight ahead
+of him! No, he sees no danger there. So he gives a glance to his
+right, and then to his left. No, there is no danger there either. So
+he puts down his head, and starts feeding again.
+
+Thus, you see, every now and again he looks to see that no danger is
+coming from anywhere in _front_ of the herd.
+
+But what if any danger came from the _side_ of the herd,--right near
+the end of the crescent,--or even from the _back_ of the herd?
+
+
+_Buffalo Sentinels_
+
+Let us see what the two buffaloes at the two ends of the crescent are
+doing. They are the watchers, or _sentinels_, as they are sometimes
+called. They keep a lookout nearly all the time.
+
+Do you see the one on our left? After every two or three mouthfuls he
+stops, and takes a look around; he even looks right to the back. Then
+he takes four or five strides to catch up with the herd, and starts
+grazing again. Then in a minute or two he takes another look around in
+the same way.
+
+And the sentinel on our right is doing just the same. Yes, the herd is
+quite safe; the two sentinels are sure to see if any danger comes
+from their side or from the back.
+
+"But will not the sentinels have less to eat, if they are watching
+half the time?" you may ask.
+
+Yes, that is quite true. So all the Papa buffaloes take turns being
+sentinels. After a while the two sentinels from the ends move up
+toward the middle, and the next ones then begin to keep watch. And
+they keep changing places like that from day to day. That makes it
+quite fair for everybody.
+
+When they go to sleep also they are arranged in the form of a
+crescent; but the two ends are closed up, so that the Papas make a
+ring, while the Mammas and the children sleep inside the ring.
+
+When the Papas lie down, they are closer together than when they are
+feeding; and they still keep their heads pointed to the outside of the
+ring, so that they can get up in a minute, and be quite ready to drive
+off any tiger. Of course they have sentinels keeping watch all the
+time.
+
+But now let us see other wonderful things that the buffaloes do, while
+they are feeding.
+
+We must be very careful how we follow the herd. The ground is now
+changing, and getting quite rough; so the grass is getting scarce here
+and there. The buffaloes have not enough grass all the way; so they
+have to walk on a few yards without eating, till they come to the next
+patch.
+
+Some of the buffaloes are even having a bite at fresh young shrubs in
+passing, as they will eat anything green, when they have not enough
+grass.
+
+But see! The buffaloes are spreading out, as there are not even enough
+shrubs in one place. You can see gaps in the line of buffaloes now.
+And the gaps are getting bigger and bigger! Let us watch a few
+minutes.
+
+Now the gaps are very wide, as some of the buffaloes are lagging
+behind; and some are turning too much to the side in trying to reach a
+mouthful from a shrub or a bush here and there.
+
+Why, what is happening now? Some of the buffaloes cannot even see one
+another now, because of the bushes between them! What are the
+sentinels doing? And what is the leader doing? Suppose a tiger
+suddenly comes--
+
+But do you _hear_ that?
+
+"Moo! Moo!"
+
+That is the leader. He has just found out that the herd is spread out
+too far; so he is calling. He is saying, "Where are you?"
+
+"Moo! Moo!" Do you hear that answer? It comes from the sentinel on the
+right, who is very far away now; but still he has heard the call. His
+answer means, "Here I am!"
+
+And "Here I am!" comes the answer also from the sentinel on the left.
+
+"Then close up!" cries the leader.
+
+Each sentinel moves up toward the place from which he heard the
+leader's voice come. And on his way there he tells all the buffaloes
+he meets to move up also. Besides, all the buffaloes hear the leader's
+voice too; so they begin to close up at once.
+
+Is not that a wonderful way of bringing up all those that are lagging
+behind?
+
+But let us watch the herd again. They have closed up now, and there is
+no big gap in their line. The ground is level again.
+
+Let us move on from thicket to thicket, and come as near the buffaloes
+as we can.
+
+What is that? See! The sentinel on the right is looking hard at that
+jungle grass far away to the side. This kind of jungle grass grows
+very tall, taller than a man. But why is the sentinel staring at the
+tall grass? What does he see there?
+
+Yes, there, far away, something is happening! The jungle grass is
+waving gently, but just in one place! What is making the tall grass
+wave like that? Is it the wind? No, it cannot be the wind! Why not?
+Because if it were the wind, _all_ the grass there would wave. Then
+what is making the tall grass wave in just one place?
+
+It can be only one thing! Some _animal_ is hiding there in the tall
+grass! And as the animal is coming nearer and nearer to the buffaloes,
+he is making the grass wave!
+
+See, the sentinel has guessed that also! What is he doing now? Can you
+_hear_ him? He gives a bellow, deep and long.
+
+"Danger! Look out!" That is what he means.
+
+The whole herd hears him. They all close up as near together as they
+can!
+
+Quick! Let us get up on that tree near by! _We_ are in danger as well
+as the buffaloes!
+
+One branch higher--and another! Now we are quite safe! But see what
+the buffaloes are doing!
+
+
+_Buffaloes Make a Ring when Tiger Comes_
+
+The two ends of the crescent have come close together, and all the
+Papa buffaloes have made a perfect ring around the Mammas and the
+children. The Papas are facing the outside of the ring; so they can
+meet the danger from whatever side it comes.
+
+Why do they do that? Look again at the grass! The tall grass is waving
+nearer and nearer. So, the animal that is in the grass is coming
+nearer and nearer.
+
+He comes right to the end of the tall grass. There he makes a gap in
+the grass, and walks out into the open. It is a tiger!
+
+He was trying to sneak up to the buffaloes; but the sentinel found
+that out. And now the bull buffaloes are ready for him. The tiger
+growls in rage. He prowls round and round the ring of bull buffaloes,
+as you see in the picture. But he dare not try to break through those
+horns.
+
+He roars with fury, shaking the ground; it is just like thunder. The
+jungle around is taking fright at the roar. See! All the small animals
+rush out in fright--wild pigs, wild goats, and all sorts of small
+deer.
+
+[Illustration: The Tiger and the Ring of Buffaloes]
+
+In their fright they run hither and thither very stupidly. That is
+exactly why the tiger roars--he wants to make the small animals behave
+so stupidly, in their fright, that some of them may make a mistake and
+run straight into his jaws.
+
+See! The small animals scatter to right and left, trying to reach a
+bush or thicket. But some are cut off from safety, as the tiger stands
+in their way. What can they do?
+
+
+_Small Animals Find Safety in Buffalo Ring_
+
+Yes, there is the ring of buffaloes! So those small animals rush
+straight toward the ring and creep inside--and the buffaloes raise
+their heads to make a way for them under the horns. Some of them, like
+the wild goats, jump _over_ the buffaloes' horns to get inside the
+ring. Anyway, the small animals reach safety inside with the Mammas
+and the children of the buffaloes.
+
+The tiger stands outside the ring, and still roars in fury. But now
+nobody is afraid. The bull buffaloes paw the ground impatiently with
+their hoofs, and rattle their horns. They are going to charge!
+
+But that tiger does not wait for the charge. He does not want to be
+trampled into a mess. So he slouches away, growling and snarling.
+
+So, as you see, the bull buffaloes guard the Mammas and the children
+from danger, and they also guard all small and weak animals that come
+to them for safety.
+
+Did I not tell you that the buffaloes are the Knights of the Jungle?
+
+[Illustration: Tame Water Buffaloes Plowing in the Rice Fields]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+Taming the Buffalo
+
+
+Buffaloes do not always remain wild and wander about in the jungle.
+Men need buffaloes. Farmers want to use them for plowing the ground,
+in the same way that farmers in America use horses for plowing.
+
+This kind of buffalo also lives in Italy, and because they are so fond
+of water they are called _water buffaloes_ there. But in Italy they
+are not wild any more, as they have been tamed and used by men for a
+long time.
+
+I shall tell you how the men catch the buffaloes from the jungle in
+India, where they are still wild.
+
+They catch the buffaloes in many ways. The easiest way is to find some
+stream or pond where the buffaloes are fond of going. Then the men
+take strong nets made of ropes, and spread the nets under the water.
+So when the buffaloes come to bathe or roll in the mud, some of them
+are caught in the nets.
+
+Then the men rush in from their hiding place and drag out the nets. Of
+course, those buffaloes which are not caught run away. But those that
+are caught struggle fiercely. After a time they get tired of
+struggling, as the nets are too strong for them to break.
+
+When the buffaloes have become very weak from struggling, a lot of men
+rush up and tie a stout rope around the neck of each buffalo. The rope
+has two ends, one on each side of the buffalo, and each end is quite
+long.
+
+A dozen men haul at the rope, and the buffalo has to get up and march
+with them. In this way the men bring the buffaloes one by one to the
+village.
+
+How do the men tame the buffaloes? That is quite easy, if they already
+have a few tame buffaloes which they may have caught and tamed some
+time before. And as the people have been doing this for many, many
+years, they always have some tame buffaloes. So this is the way the
+men treat the wild buffaloes:
+
+
+_Wild Buffaloes Tamed Quickly by Kindness_
+
+They put the wild buffaloes and the tame ones together in a pen, or
+corral. Inside the corral there is a pond. In the deep part of the
+pond there is plenty of good water to drink; and in the shallow part
+of the pond there is plenty of mud in which the buffaloes may roll
+about and wallow.
+
+The men keep the buffaloes there together for many days, the wild ones
+and the tame ones. Every day the men throw into the corral plenty of
+fresh grass, which the buffaloes can eat all day.
+
+Now, what more could the wild buffaloes want? They could not be
+treated any better! They have plenty to eat, plenty to drink, and
+plenty of mud in which to wallow. The tame buffaloes soon make friends
+with them, and talk to them in their own language.
+
+"You will not be any better off in the jungle," the tame ones say to
+the wild ones. "Here you do not have to walk about all day to get
+enough to eat, and then walk a good way to find water to drink, or a
+place in which to wallow. And, also, we have no fear of tigers here.
+What more do you want?"
+
+So in a few weeks the wild ones become quite tame. Still, even after
+that, the old and the new ones are always kept together, and soon they
+become like one herd.
+
+Afterwards, when the farmers use them for plowing, they always hitch
+to the plow one buffalo that has been tame for a long time, and one
+that is newly-tamed. Then it becomes easy for the new one to learn the
+work by just doing as his friend does.
+
+The farmer uses the buffaloes for plowing for only a few hours, and he
+gives them plenty of time for wallowing and enjoying themselves. So,
+even if they have to do a little work, the new buffaloes soon see that
+they are really much better off living in the village than running
+wild in the jungle.
+
+After the plowing season is over, the buffaloes have no work at all.
+They can wallow all day, if they want to.
+
+When all the new buffaloes are quite tame, they are not kept in the
+corral any more, as they would never think of running away now. They
+are allowed to lie about and sleep in a little plot of ground
+somewhere in the village. By daytime they are taken out into the
+fields outside the village, and allowed to graze as they please; and
+as there is always a stream or a pond near, the buffaloes can go into
+the water or the mud whenever they like.
+
+So, as you understand, the buffaloes very soon become quite tame. Why?
+Because they are treated kindly. Please remember that. _Most wild
+animals can be tamed if treated kindly._
+
+Now I am coming to the nicest part about the buffaloes. It is the
+nicest part because it shows how the buffaloes can even be made to
+love us.
+
+I have just told you that the buffaloes are taken out into the fields
+to graze. Well, then, somebody has to do that in the morning, and
+somebody has to bring them home in the evening.
+
+Can you tell who does that? Why, there is a herdsman to do it, you may
+say. Quite true. But the herdsman does not bother to do a simple thing
+like that every day.
+
+
+_Little Boys Take Charge of Buffaloes_
+
+Then who does it? I shall tell you. The little boys of the village!
+They are about five or six years of age. They are not old enough to go
+to school, and not old enough to do any work; so they can play all
+day.
+
+The most useful thing they can do is to take charge of the buffaloes.
+The boys soon learn all the buffalo calls--"Come out to graze," "Come
+to wallow," or "Come home now." And the wonderful thing is that these
+huge animals soon learn to obey these calls. When the boys call to
+them, the buffaloes do just as they are ordered.
+
+The buffaloes soon learn to love the little boys. You know how fond of
+us an animal can become--especially a dog or a horse. Still, I do not
+think that any animal can show such love for us as the huge buffaloes
+do for the little boys who act as their herdsmen.
+
+Why? Because the little boys _share the same mud_ with the buffaloes!
+Boys and buffaloes mix very well with mud! The little boys tumble
+about in the mud on the side of the bank where the buffaloes may be
+wallowing. Or the boys will splash about in the water where the
+buffaloes are lying neck deep to keep cool. Or they will climb up on
+the buffaloes' backs for a while, then tumble off and play again.
+
+Even when the buffaloes are grazing in the field, the boys may be near
+them, playing hide and seek, and running in and out between the
+buffaloes' legs, or under their horns. So the boys are with the
+buffaloes all day long.
+
+
+_How the Big Buffaloes Love the Little Boys_
+
+It is quite wonderful to see a little boy actually twisting a huge
+buffalo's tail. As I have told you, a buffalo is often more than ten
+feet long, and taller than a tall man; and it has horns that reach
+out more than a yard from each side of the head. This huge animal
+could charge and smash up a big wagon as easily as if it were a match
+box; and yet he will stand still and let his tail be twisted by any
+little tot in the village.
+
+Sometimes you may see a sight like this: A huge buffalo is grazing
+hungrily, and a little boy comes up and stands right in front of him.
+
+"Put up your head!" says the boy. But the buffalo goes on feeding
+hungrily.
+
+"Put up your head, or I will spank you!" says the boy. But the buffalo
+still goes on feeding hungrily.
+
+Then that tot raises his small hand and spanks the huge buffalo on the
+jaw. The buffalo puts up his head, and rubs his nose lovingly against
+the boy.
+
+Well, why not? You have seen a baby pulling his Papa's hair. The Papa
+just loves the baby all the more for it. So it is with the buffalo and
+the little tot. And it would not matter a bit whether the tot were a
+little boy or a little girl. The big buffalo is fond of both.
+
+And now I shall tell you a wonderful true story about a buffalo and a
+boy.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+The Buffalo and the Boy
+
+
+In a village there were many tame buffaloes, and among them thirty
+bull buffaloes. The little boys of the village took charge of them
+every day. The smartest boy among them was called Gulab. He was six
+years of age.
+
+Gulab knew quite well each of the thirty bull buffaloes, and was a
+friend of each. Sometimes he alone had charge of them, and took them
+out to graze and to wallow. That was because his father was the
+herdsman.
+
+The buffaloes loved Gulab, and they did exactly as he told them to do.
+When he was going to take them to the fields, he would just stamp his
+little bare foot and call out to them "Stand in rows!" And the huge
+animals would stand in rows, one line behind another.
+
+Then Gulab would come around to the side, and see if each line was
+straight. If the line was not quite straight, and a buffalo happened
+to be standing too much this way or that, Gulab would walk up to the
+buffalo and spank him on the jaw. Then the buffalo would move into
+line, exactly as Gulab wanted him to do. Or, if a buffalo happened to
+be standing too far behind, Gulab would come around to the back and
+twist the buffalo's tail, and the buffalo would move up into line.
+
+Then, when the whole herd was in the right order, Gulab would come to
+the front of the herd, and walk up to the biggest bull.
+
+"Bend down your head, Baldo!" he would order.
+
+And Baldo, the biggest bull, in the middle of the front line, would
+bend down his head, and Gulab would climb up by one of the horns,
+scramble up Baldo's neck, and sit down on his back.
+
+"March!" Gulab would order--and the whole herd would march.
+
+Now, a few miles away there was a grand palace. In the palace was a
+little Prince, whose father was a Rajah--that is, a kind of king. The
+little Prince's birthday was coming, and his father ordered grand
+feasts for many days.
+
+The Rajah had six English friends, who were quite big men. The
+Englishmen were very fond of tiger hunting, so the Rajah wanted to
+order a tiger hunt for them. But it is not easy to have a tiger hunt
+just when you want to have it. Why not? Because the tiger will _not_
+come out and be hunted just when you want him to. He would rather stay
+in his den.
+
+So for a few days no one heard of a tiger prowling about. Then
+suddenly a strange piece of news came from that village where Gulab
+lived. It happened in this way:
+
+One day Gulab took out the buffaloes to graze and to wallow. The
+buffaloes lay down in the shallow water for a while, and Gulab
+splashed about or tumbled in the mud near them. Then he got tired of
+doing that, and came out on the bank and played about there for a
+while.
+
+Suddenly he heard a strange sound. It was one of the buffaloes, who
+had stood up in the water and was giving a low, deep bellow. Two or
+three other buffaloes stood up also, and gave a low, deep bellow. Then
+all at once the whole lot of them began to come out of the water.
+
+Gulab stopped in his play to see what was wrong. But he could see
+nothing.
+
+"What's the matter, Baldo?" he asked. "What's wrong, Chando?"
+
+But the two biggest bulls scrambled up the bank, and came rushing
+toward the boy. All the other bulls came also, and some went past him
+on the right side, and some went past him on the left side. Then
+suddenly Gulab knew what it all meant!
+
+A snarl--a growl--a roar, he heard. A flash of yellow leaped out of
+the jungle, and came toward him with a huge jump. It was a tiger!
+
+But already the buffaloes were making a ring around Gulab. Then he
+knew what had happened. The tiger had seen him from the jungle beyond,
+and had been trying to creep up to him quietly from thicket to
+thicket. But the buffaloes had _smelled_ the tiger in time, and had
+run out of the pond to save Gulab. And now they had made a ring around
+him.
+
+Gulab stood in the ring and looked with large round eyes, for he was
+more frightened than he had ever been in his life. He was only a
+little boy, and had never seen a tiger face to face.
+
+The tiger growled and snarled and roared. Then it came round and round
+the ring, trying to find a gap between the horns to get at the boy.
+But there was no gap between the horns.
+
+Then little by little the fear left Gulab's heart. Something inside
+him told him to be brave. He walked up to Baldo.
+
+"Baldo, let me up!" Gulab said to him, standing behind the buffalo.
+And Baldo lowered his body behind, and bent his hind legs at the
+knees.
+
+Gulab took hold of Baldo's tail in both hands, and put his foot on
+Baldo's hind knee, which was now bent quite low. In that way Gulab
+climbed up to the buffalo's back, and sat on it, holding on to Baldo's
+shoulders.
+
+Then, being quite safe on the buffalo's back, Gulab glanced around and
+called to the buffaloes at the back of the ring, "Open out!" And the
+buffaloes opened out at the back of the ring, and made a crescent.
+Then they moved still farther around, and the crescent became one long
+line, facing the tiger.
+
+Gulab gave one glance to right and left, to see that all were ready.
+Then--
+
+"Charge, brothers, charge!" he cried to the buffaloes.
+
+Then his big brothers, the buffaloes, charged with thundering hoofs
+and fiery nostrils. The tiger gave a huge leap to the side to get
+away; but the buffaloes on that side opened out and headed off the
+tiger. On to the front again the tiger was forced to turn--and run for
+his life before the furious herd.
+
+The buffaloes chased and chased that tiger, across field and jungle,
+over hedges and ditches, through brambles and bushes and thickets,
+till at last the tiger jumped across a ravine and ran away growling
+and howling and snarling, like a low thief who is chased out of a
+village at night.
+
+The ravine was a deep hollow in the ground, like a huge ditch; and it
+ran all the way across the ground; so the buffaloes could not get over
+it, as they cannot jump as far as a tiger. Then the buffaloes returned
+to the village, and Gulab gave the news about the tiger.
+
+Some of the village people ran to the palace, and said that the tiger
+might be still hiding somewhere on the other side of the ravine. So
+the six Englishmen went around to that side to hunt the tiger. They
+found him and wounded him four or five times. But it takes a lot more
+than that to kill a tiger. The tiger ran out, got past the hunters,
+and came back again across the ravine. Here he hid in a dense thicket,
+and would not come out and be hunted to please anybody.
+
+Now, when a tiger is hiding in a thicket and will not come out and be
+hunted, there is only one way to _make_ him come out.
+
+What is that way? Can you tell?
+
+Why, of course, the bull buffaloes!
+
+So the herdsman brought up the thirty bull buffaloes, and drew them up
+in a long line in front of the thicket. And on the other side of the
+thicket the six Englishmen got up into trees, and pointed their guns
+at the thicket.
+
+Then the herdsman ordered the buffaloes to charge, and they charged
+right through the thicket, trampling it down and cutting it up into
+lanes; so the tiger _had_ to run out on the other side. But on that
+side the six Englishmen were waiting for him; and they all fired at
+the tiger at once, and all hit him. They used a kind of bullet that
+broke up into a hundred pieces right inside the tiger.
+
+But the tiger still kicked and kicked, and would not agree to be dead
+at once, as any other animal would. People say that a cat has nine
+lives; then a tiger must have ninety-nine lives. So this tiger jumped
+about, torn up as he was, and glared at the Englishmen in the trees,
+trying to get at them, while they were loading their guns for another
+shot.
+
+But the buffaloes went on charging, and caught up with the tiger. They
+rushed upon him, and now the torn-up tiger could not get away. So the
+buffaloes trampled upon him, and then the tiger agreed to lie still
+and be dead, really and truly.
+
+The six Englishmen began to climb down from the trees, as they thought
+the excitement was all over. But the herdsman called out to them at
+once:
+
+"Please go up again--quick! Don't let my buffaloes see you!"
+
+For I must tell you now that buffaloes do not like strangers. They may
+be very fond of their own friends in the village; but if they should
+see a stranger, they would charge him just as quickly as they would
+charge a tiger. And the Englishmen would look quite strange to the
+buffaloes.
+
+So the Englishmen remembered that, and stayed up in the trees till the
+buffaloes were taken away.
+
+The buffaloes were taken to the pond; and as the herdsman would not
+bother to stay with them there, he left the buffaloes in the pond to
+do as they pleased till evening.
+
+The six Englishmen had their lunch there, when they got down from the
+trees. They gave their guns to their servants, to carry away to the
+palace. Afterwards the Englishmen walked about, smoking their cigars,
+as they did not want to return to the palace so soon.
+
+But four or five hours passed, and still they had not come back to the
+palace. It was nearly evening, and still they had not come.
+
+And in the village Gulab said to his Papa, who was the herdsman,
+"Papa, I shall bring the buffaloes home now."
+
+He went to the pond. But the buffaloes were not there! He shouted,
+whistled, and gave all the buffalo calls he knew. But no answer!
+
+He looked about, and searched everywhere, but he could not see the
+buffaloes. What had become of them?
+
+Then he happened to look far to the side, toward a lot of tall trees.
+Something was happening under the trees! He could see a lot of things
+moving there, but he was too far away to see what they were.
+
+He ran toward the trees. Yes, they were the buffaloes! But why were
+they there? And why were they behaving like that?
+
+For he saw that they were pawing the ground angrily, and tossing their
+heads and rattling their horns. And what was very strange, the
+buffaloes were not looking at anything on the ground in front of
+them. They were looking _up_, at the trees!
+
+Then Gulab glanced up into the trees, and saw at once why the
+buffaloes were behaving like that. But he did not waste a minute. He
+ran to the buffaloes, shouting:
+
+"Down, Baldo! Down, Chando!"
+
+But the two biggest bulls and all the others glared at the trees and
+snorted in fury.
+
+"Down!" Gulab shrieked. "Down, or I shall spank you!"
+
+He rushed to Baldo, and spanked him on the jaw. He rushed to Chando,
+and spanked him on the jaw. He rushed from buffalo to buffalo, and
+spanked each one on the jaw.
+
+Then the huge animals that had charged the raging tiger, and that were
+now fierce themselves, obeyed the little boy. They blinked, then one
+by one lowered their heads. Gulab climbed up by Baldo's horns, and
+seated himself on his back.
+
+"Now turn around, all!" he ordered. And the buffaloes slowly turned
+away from the trees.
+
+Gulab looked back over his shoulder, and said to the six Englishmen
+who were up in the trees: "You may come down now. My buffaloes won't
+hurt you a bit, because if they try to I will spank them!"
+
+Then the little boy took away the buffaloes, and the six big
+Englishmen came down from the trees quite safely.
+
+And now, do you understand what had happened? I shall tell you. The
+Englishmen had forgotten what the herdsman had told them--about
+keeping away from the buffaloes. The Englishmen had walked about, and
+had finally come near the pond where the buffaloes were.
+
+Then the buffaloes had come out and charged them. The Englishmen had
+run and run, and had just managed to reach the trees. But the
+buffaloes had come there after them! So the big Englishmen had to stay
+up in the trees, and wait for some little village boy to come and take
+away the furious buffaloes.
+
+I have told you this story, my dear (and it is a true story) just to
+show you what kind of an animal the buffalo is--at least, this sort of
+buffalo. Even when he is furious, he will do anything for the little
+boy whom he loves.
+
+But as it is a true story, I must tell you one more thing that
+happened--and I am sure you will be delighted to hear about it. The
+six Englishmen went to the palace, and laughed and laughed, and told
+all about it to the little Prince whose birthday it was.
+
+Then the Rajah, who was the little Prince's father, said that Baldo
+and Chando should not be made to plow any more, or do another bit of
+work in their lives. Why? Because Baldo and Chando had first helped to
+save Gulab from the tiger at the pond, and then afterwards they had
+helped to hunt the tiger.
+
+So after that, Baldo and Chando were allowed to walk about the village
+as they pleased, and nibble at anybody's hay or grass, and splash in
+anybody's pond, and wallow in anybody's ditch, rut, or mire.
+
+And what was little Gulab's reward for saving the six Englishmen?
+Well, the little Prince, whose birthday it was, came and took Gulab by
+the hand, and brought him to the grand palace, and gave him lots and
+lots to eat--cakes and ice cream and candy--so that Gulab went home
+that night very full and very happy.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+Deer and Antelope
+
+
+The buffalo has many relatives among other animals which also have
+_horns_. In fact, all animals that have horns are some relation to
+each other--first cousin, second cousin, third cousin, and so on.
+
+The buffalo's nearest relatives are the ordinary cows and bulls that
+you see in the fields.
+
+"But the sheep and the goat also have horns," you may say. "Are they
+also cousins?"
+
+Yes, they are. In the same way the _deer_ and the _antelope_ are also
+cousins to each other. I am now going to tell you about them.
+
+The deer and the antelope are not exactly the same kind of animal, as
+you might perhaps think. As I said, they are only cousins. If you look
+at them carefully in the pictures on pages 103 and 109 you will see
+which is the antelope and which is the deer--just as you can tell a
+sheep from a goat.
+
+[Illustration: Antelope
+Photograph of a group in the American Museum of Natural History, New York]
+
+First see the picture on page 103. These are _antelope_. Look at the
+horns carefully. They are something like a cow's horns; only, a
+cow's horns are sometimes bent and twisted in different ways. But the
+antelope's horns point upward, and are much longer than a cow's horns.
+They sometimes look almost like a pair of long and thick spikes,
+pointed at the top.
+
+Now look at the picture on page 109. These are _deer_. Look at the
+horns carefully--only, they are not called horns when the animal is a
+deer, but _antlers_, which is a special name. So take a good look at
+the deer's antlers. There are two of them, and they grow from the top
+of his head, like the antelope's horns.
+
+But look again. The antlers _start_ from the head as _two_ spikes, but
+higher up each antler branches out into _many_ parts. In fact, near
+the top each antler looks something like the branches of a small tree
+without leaves.
+
+So now you can always tell which is an antelope and which is a deer:
+the antelope's horns have no branches, but the deer's antlers have
+many branches.
+
+
+_Horns and Antlers Different in Three Ways_
+
+The antelope's horns and the deer's antlers are also different in
+other ways, which you cannot see in the pictures. So I shall tell you
+about them:
+
+1. The antelope's horns are _hollow_ inside, and made of the same kind
+of thing as the _hoofs_ or _nails_ of an animal, only they are thicker
+and harder. But a deer's antlers are _solid_, and made of _bone_.
+
+2. Both the Papas and the Mammas among antelopes have horns. But among
+most kinds of deer, only the Papas have the antlers; the Mammas have
+none.
+
+3. Among antelopes, when once the Papas and the Mammas have grown
+their horns, they keep them always. But among deer, the Papas throw
+away their antlers every year, and grow _new ones_. That seems very
+wonderful! I shall tell you more about it soon.
+
+But now I shall tell you, little by little, all the wonderful things
+the deer and the antelope can do. I shall begin with the deer, as
+there are many kinds of deer in America.
+
+Of course, in America there are not such wild jungles as in countries
+which are hot all the year round. Still, there are many places in the
+West and a few other parts of America where there is some kind of
+jungle and plenty of forest. A forest is a kind of jungle, only it has
+more trees, and fewer thickets; but wild animals can live there just
+the same.
+
+
+_Elk and Other American Deer_
+
+The biggest kind of deer in America is the _moose_; in fact, it is the
+biggest kind of deer in the world. The second biggest is the _elk_; he
+is nearly as big as the moose. Some people think that the moose and
+the elk are exactly the same kind of deer, but that is not quite
+correct. In this book I must not make it too hard for you to
+understand, by telling you how they are different. So I shall tell you
+all about the elk, as his picture is on page 109.
+
+Once upon a time elks lived in all parts of America, but now they have
+been killed off by hunters in most parts, and are found wild only in
+the Far West.
+
+The elk is a fine fellow. At the shoulder he is as tall as a man, and
+is as heavy as six men. He lives in places where there is plenty of
+forest--that is, plenty of trees. Why trees? Because he needs them in
+winter--for then the bark is his food!
+
+In summer he has plenty to eat--leaves, twigs, and grass. But when the
+winter comes, and the leaves fall, and the ground is covered with
+snow, the poor elk would starve and die, if he did not have at least
+the bark of trees to eat. And very little bark he gets for many days
+at a time.
+
+Here I must tell you that some kinds of deer are among the most _hardy
+animals_; that means that at times they can live on very little. There
+is a kind of deer, called the _reindeer_, that lives in the frozen
+North, where there is snow and ice almost all the year round; and the
+reindeer has nothing more to eat for many days than a little bit of
+moss or seaweed.
+
+But there is another animal, not a deer, that is still more hardy: he
+can go a whole week without eating or drinking--and do work all the
+time! That seems very wonderful. But I shall tell you about that
+animal in another chapter.
+
+Now about the elk. His antlers are fine! You can see in the picture
+how huge they are. And yet, would you believe it, he grew them in only
+five months! I told you a little while ago that a deer throws off his
+antlers every year, and grows new ones. I shall now tell you how the
+elk does that.
+
+[Illustration: Elk
+Photograph of a group in the American Museum of Natural History, New York]
+
+In the middle of the winter, the elk's antlers break off bit by bit.
+In a few weeks they have all fallen off, leaving the elk's head
+bare, with just a ridge or rough stump on it. Then, early in the
+spring the new antlers start growing from the top of the stump. They
+grow very fast, and in five months are as huge as ever.
+
+But while the new antlers are growing, they are not hard. As yet they
+are soft and tender, and all that time they have an outside covering
+like hairy leather, to guard them from harm. But as soon as the elk
+feels that his antlers are quite grown, and are strong and hard, he
+strips off the outside covering by rubbing the antlers against trees.
+
+Of course, while his antlers are still growing, and are soft and
+tender, the elk cannot use them to fight another animal; so during
+that time he hides in the bushes. But as soon as his new antlers have
+become hard and strong, he is very brave again, and is ready to fight!
+
+Does the elk fight much? He does! He fights most awfully when he has
+his new antlers. What he fights about, and with whom he fights, I
+shall tell you in another book.
+
+There are a few other kinds of deer in America, but the funniest of
+them is called the _mule deer_, which lives along the Rocky Mountains.
+He is called the mule deer because he has very long ears, like a
+mule's ears. And perhaps you have seen a mule bucking--that is,
+jumping about while holding his legs quite stiff. Well, the mule deer
+can buck just like that.
+
+And while he is running at a gallop, he will often jump off the ground
+with stiff legs, and then hop on and on many times like that, with
+stiff legs, finishing up with another gallop.
+
+That makes him look very funny, and because he jumps like that people
+in Canada sometimes call him the _jumping deer_.
+
+
+_Other Kinds of Deer_
+
+I must now tell you about some other kinds of deer that live in
+jungles and forests in other countries.
+
+The _fallow deer_ lives in Europe. When he is wild, he lives in a
+forest; but when he is tame, he lives in a park. He is a small deer,
+about the size of a donkey. His coat is very soft and glossy and
+beautiful. In winter his coat looks dark brown, and his legs and the
+under part of his body are light brown. But in summer his coat becomes
+a lovely light red in color, with white spots jotted all over it. Then
+he is very handsome.
+
+In India also there is a handsome deer, which the people call the
+_lion deer_. He looks quite gentle and mild. Then why do the people
+call him the lion deer? Because he has a lovely coat, golden yellow in
+color. You could see him far across the open field, if he only stood
+there. But he is so timid that he does not often come out in the open.
+
+And why has he a yellow coat? Because he lives in a place where there
+is plenty of yellow grass; and if he stood right in the middle of the
+grass, and did not move, nobody could see him. Even if a tiger were
+looking for him, and the deer stood quite still in the grass, the
+tiger could not find him.
+
+In another chapter I shall tell you how other animals have on their
+bodies the _color of the place where they live, or where they want to
+hide_.
+
+
+_Barking Deer--One of the Wonders of Nature_
+
+Now I am coming to one of the nicest kinds of deer in the world, and I
+am sure you will just love him! He lives in India, and is called the
+_barking deer_; only, he is not exactly a deer, but an antelope. You
+remember what I have told you before, about an antelope having a
+different kind of horns? Still we must call him the barking deer, as
+people have already given him that name.
+
+He is very small, about the size of a goat. If there is any danger
+from an enemy, the barking deer is small enough to hide in any little
+bush or behind a fallen tree or log; or else he can run away very
+quietly through the under bushes. And he runs so quickly that his
+enemy soon loses sight of him.
+
+He is called the barking deer, because he can bark or yap almost like
+a dog. But, you may ask, why does he want to bark at all, if he is
+afraid of some enemy? Will not the enemy hear him, and then catch him?
+
+Yes, that is quite true. And yet the fact that he does bark is one of
+the most wonderful things in the jungle. It is so wonderful that in
+another book I shall tell you more about it. But now I shall tell you
+just this:
+
+There are some animals which are so deadly that they could kill off
+many, many other animals. So, as the only way to save the other
+animals from being all killed, _God has made some special animals to
+fight those deadly animals_.
+
+There is the _cobra_, which is a snake, and which has such a deadly
+poison that it could kill almost all other animals in the jungle by
+just biting them. So, to save the other animals from being killed by
+the cobra, God made the _mongoose_. He is a plucky little creature,
+about the size of a cat. And he will fight and kill every cobra he
+sees! But really he is such a wonderful animal that I must keep him
+for another book, when you are old enough to know him better and to
+love him.
+
+But sometimes the deadly animal is too strong to be killed himself.
+There is the tiger. He can kill and eat many kinds of animals. But who
+can kill _him_? No animal! At least, the elephant and the buffalo
+could kill the tiger if the tiger should let them _catch_ him and
+trample on him. But the tiger does not let any animal catch him. Then
+how can the other animals be saved from the tiger?
+
+God made two special animals to save the others from the tiger. The
+first is the buffalo, of which I have already told you, and which is
+the Knight of the Jungle. The second animal is the barking deer. How
+the barking deer saves the other animals from the tiger, I shall now
+tell you:
+
+When the tiger is prowling about, all other kinds of deer and antelope
+just run away, and are glad enough if they escape being eaten. But
+not the plucky little barking deer! He too runs away, but as soon as
+he gets a little ahead of the tiger, he stops under a bush and lets
+out that bark or yap--then runs on at once to another bush.
+
+The tiger is furious, and jumps on the bush where he heard the
+bark--but the deer is not there now! The deer barks from that second
+bush--and runs to another one. In this way the barking deer leads the
+tiger on and on through the jungle from bush to bush.
+
+And why does he bark like that? To tell the other animals in good time
+that the tiger is coming, and then to tell them exactly _where_ the
+tiger is.
+
+"Look out, here's a tiger!" That is the meaning of his first bark.
+
+"Here he is! He is coming after me--this way!" That is what he means
+by the next bark.
+
+"He is chasing me this way! You run the other way!" And that is what
+the barking deer keeps on saying, as he runs from bush to bush, so
+that all the other animals know exactly where the tiger is at each
+minute.
+
+In this way the barking deer runs through the jungle, _warning all the
+other animals_, and so spoiling the tiger's dinner all the way.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+Deer and Antelope: Their Special Gifts
+
+
+You have learned by this time that _every animal has some special
+gift_, that is, he can do one thing better than most other animals.
+The deer and the antelope have their special gifts.
+
+First, there is their gift of _hearing_. I have already told you that
+the wild buffaloes can hear a long way; but the deer and the antelope
+can hear still farther.
+
+Let us suppose that a tiger is trying to creep up to a deer through
+the jungle, as quietly as he can. The tiger is still a long way off,
+and quite hidden by the bushes, so the deer cannot _see_ him at all.
+But the deer can _hear_ him coming, even if the tiger takes each step
+very lightly. Why? Because the deer's ears are so sharp that he can
+hear even a leaf rustling under the tiger's foot, a long way off. So
+the deer can run away in good time.
+
+To make him hear still better, the deer can turn or bend his ears to
+the side from which the sound is coming. You have seen an ordinary
+cow prick up her ears when she heard somebody coming; and many other
+animals--even a dog--can do the same.
+
+But the deer can do that best. The shape of his ear is like that of a
+funnel, so as to _pour_ the sound into his ear, as it were. Then even
+if there is only a single drop of sound, it gets right into his ear.
+
+And by turning or bending his ear, the deer knows which way the sound
+is coming. You also can tell which way a sound is coming, if it is
+loud enough; but the deer can do that even when the sound is very
+faint. That is very useful to him, as he then knows exactly _which
+way_ a sneaking tiger is coming, and can run the _other way_.
+
+I must now tell you that the tiger himself, tries to come so quietly
+that the deer may not hear him at all; and to help him to do so, his
+feet are padded with muscles, just like cushions. So it is a kind of
+trial between the tiger and the deer as to which is the more clever.
+If the tiger can come so quietly that the deer cannot hear him, then
+the tiger is more clever than the deer. But if the deer can hear the
+tiger, even if the tiger comes most quietly, then the deer is more
+clever than the tiger.
+
+That kind of trial between two different animals as to which is the
+more clever, goes on in the jungle all the time: and _the more clever
+one wins every time_. If the tiger is more clever than the deer, the
+tiger eats the deer; but if the deer is more clever than the tiger,
+the deer escapes being eaten. And that is true of all other animals.
+In fact, one of the great wonders of the jungle is that the animal
+which is _the fittest wins the oftenest_; and so he goes on living,
+whatever may happen to the others.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: _To the Teacher._--Please give the class other examples
+of the "Survival of the Fittest" among other creatures--birds,
+insects, fish, etc.]
+
+Now I come to the second special gift of the deer and the antelope. If
+by any chance a deer cannot hear a sneaking tiger, he can still
+_smell_ the tiger.
+
+Most animals can smell their enemy a long way off, even if they do not
+hear him or see him; but _the deer and the antelope can smell the
+farthest_. Even if a sneaking tiger is so cunning that he stops in a
+thicket and stands quite still for a minute, so that he does not make
+any sound at all,--and so the deer cannot hear him,--even then the
+deer can smell him when he is still a long way off.
+
+I must tell you now that the tiger himself can smell the deer. But he
+cannot do that very far off,--so the deer always smells him _first_!
+
+Also, the tiger can hear the deer, if the deer happens to be moving.
+But the tiger cannot hear quite so far as the deer can. So the deer
+always hears him _first_!
+
+But in one thing the tiger is better off than the deer: _the tiger can
+see farther than the deer_. In the night most animals can see a
+little, but the tiger can see a little better and farther than the
+others. And in the daytime, if a deer were feeding in a very big level
+field, and a tiger came to the field from the other side, the tiger
+would see the deer before the deer could see him. Then the tiger would
+come round to the nearest thicket, and try to creep up to the deer
+from thicket to thicket.
+
+
+_Each Animal has the Gift he Needs Most_
+
+So, you understand, the deer can _hear_ farther and _smell_ farther;
+but the tiger can _see_ farther.
+
+And that is so because it is a wonderful rule in the jungle that _each
+animal has the gift that he needs most_.
+
+But can you think why the tiger _needs_ to see farther, and why the
+deer _needs_ to hear farther and smell farther? I shall tell you.
+
+The tiger is the catcher, and the deer is the one that is caught. So
+the tiger tries to get to the deer, and the deer tries to run _from_
+the tiger.
+
+But to get to the deer, it would be no use to the tiger if he could
+only smell or hear the deer, for then he would only know that the deer
+was _somewhere_ near, but could not find the exact spot; and to catch
+the deer the tiger must know exactly where the deer is. So the best
+way for him to know that is to _see_ the deer.
+
+But for the deer himself, all that he needs to know is that a tiger is
+somewhere near. So it is quite enough for him to know from which side
+the tiger is coming, by just smelling him or hearing him. Then the
+deer can run the other way at once. He does not want to see the tiger
+at all!
+
+So, you understand, the tiger's best gift is to be able to see the
+deer; and the deer's best gift is to be able to smell and hear the
+tiger.
+
+But then, you may ask, if the deer can always run away long before the
+tiger can get at him, does a tiger never catch a deer?
+
+Yes, a tiger does catch a deer once in a while, if the deer happens
+to make a mistake! And the deer can make only one mistake like that in
+his life, because after the first he gets eaten!
+
+So, you may be sure, the deer tries very hard never to make even that
+one mistake.
+
+And what is that one mistake? It is to run straight into the jaws of
+the tiger! It may just happen that when the deer hears the tiger
+coming, he does not listen quite carefully, and so he does not know
+which way the sound is coming. Then, in running away, the deer may
+happen to go just the wrong way--and fall into the tiger's jaws.
+
+Or else it may happen that the deer is so frightened that he loses his
+head, as it were, and goes just any way--and by bad luck chooses the
+wrong way, and falls into the tiger's jaws.
+
+But I must tell you that, although the tiger tries very hard to eat
+the deer, _the deer tries still harder not to be eaten!_ Why? Because
+if the tiger does not catch the deer for to-day's dinner, he can still
+catch some other animal for tomorrow's breakfast, even if he goes
+hungry to-night. But if the deer once gets eaten, there is no
+to-morrow for, him at all! The tiger is only trying _to get a meal_,
+but the deer is trying _to save his life_. That is why the deer
+nearly always gets away from the tiger--because he is trying harder
+than the tiger.
+
+So the tiger does not get deer to eat much oftener than most children
+get roast turkey. The tiger lives mostly on pork, for the wild pigs of
+the jungle are such careless animals, as I have told you before. Now
+and again the tiger gets mutton also, for the wild sheep are silly
+creatures, like other kinds of sheep. In the same way the tiger
+sometimes catches a wild goat.
+
+The tiger would really get deer to eat a little oftener than he
+actually does if it were not that the deer has two other gifts by
+which he can escape from the tiger at the last minute. Those two gifts
+are his _quickness in getting started_, and his _speed in running_.
+So, even if the deer makes a mistake and runs toward the tiger, he can
+still escape from the tiger if he finds out his mistake in time.
+
+For, as you saw at the midnight pool, the deer may be drinking
+quietly, when he hears or smells a tiger. Then the deer can leap at
+once and get away, before the tiger can leap. Or it may happen that
+the deer is trying to escape from a tiger and has run to within
+twenty yards of the tiger, when he finds out his mistake. Then the
+deer can turn _at once_ and leap sideways to get out of the tiger's
+reach. The deer is so quick that he can turn aside without stopping,
+and keep on running.
+
+Then after that, once he has turned away from the tiger, the tiger can
+never catch him. For the deer can run ever so much faster than the
+tiger.
+
+In fact, the deer or the antelope is the fastest animal in the world,
+except one other. About that other animal I shall tell you some
+wonderful things in the next book. But among all animals I have told
+you about in this book the deer is the fastest.
+
+"But how do people know that the deer can run faster than other
+animals?" you may ask. "Has anyone had a race between different
+animals?"
+
+Yes, some people did that in England a few years ago. They took the
+fastest racehorse in the country, and ran a race between him and the
+fastest greyhound; and the greyhound beat the horse in the race. Then
+they took that greyhound, and ran a race between him and an English
+deer; and the deer beat the greyhound in the race. So, you see, the
+deer was faster than the greyhound, and the greyhound was faster than
+the horse! So the deer was the fastest of the three.
+
+And the deer that lives in the jungle is even faster than the English
+deer. Why? Because the English deer lives in peaceful glades and
+forests, and has no other animal trying to catch and eat him; so he
+does not try to be as fast as he could be. But the deer that lives in
+the jungle has to try very hard all the time to be as fast as he can
+be, or else he would be eaten by the tiger! And, as you must know, _we
+can do the best in anything when we try the hardest_.
+
+So, all kinds of wild deer in the jungle have been trying their
+hardest to run as fast as they can. And as their fathers and
+grandfathers have been trying to do that, the wild deer to-day have
+become the fastest runners among all the animals I have told you
+about.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+The Camel
+
+
+The _camel_ has very little to do with the kind of jungle I have been
+telling you about; but he has much to do with the _desert_. A desert
+is another kind of wild place. As I told you before, jungle means any
+wild place; but usually, of course, there are lots of trees and bushes
+and thickets in it. But we call the wild place a desert when trees and
+bushes and thickets will not grow there, because the ground is all
+covered with _sand_. In the desert there is nothing but sand all over
+the ground, and not a single tree or a tiny blade of grass anywhere,
+as far as you can see.
+
+And that is the place where camels can do some very wonderful things,
+as I shall now tell you. The camels do not actually live in the desert
+all the time, but in countries quite near there.
+
+First I must tell you that there is only one country to-day, called
+Central Asia, where camels are still found wild. In all other places
+they are not wild any more, for in those countries people have lived
+for many thousand years; so the people caught all the camels once upon
+a time, and tamed them.
+
+Since that time the camels have been used by people in those countries
+for their work, just as we use horses here; and rich people in those
+countries count their wealth by the number of camels they have. Just
+as we say here that a rich man has a million dollars, or two millions,
+or three millions, so in those countries a man is thought to be rich
+who has one thousand camels, or two thousand, or three thousand.
+
+It was just the same in those countries in olden times. You have read
+in your Bible history that Job was once a rich man, as he owned
+thousands of camels.
+
+You will see from the pictures facing page 128 that there are two
+kinds of camels; one kind has a huge hump on the middle of his back;
+and the other kind has two humps, with a gap between. The _One-Hump
+camel_ is called an _Arabian camel_, or a _dromedary_. Once upon a
+time he lived in the country called Arabia; that is the country from
+where you get your lovely old stories of Ali Baba and Aladdin. But now
+the One-Hump camel also lives in other countries near there. These
+are all very hot countries, with many miles of desert here and there.
+
+The _Two-Humps camel_ is called a _Bactrian camel_, as he lives in a
+country which was once called Bactria. That country also has many
+deserts, like Arabia; but as it is far to the north of Arabia, it is
+very cold in winter, and the snow then lies very thick on the ground.
+So try and remember this:
+
+The One-Hump camel lives in a country where there are many miles of
+desert, and where it is very hot almost the whole year. So the
+One-Hump camel has to guard himself only from the _hot burning sand_.
+
+The Two-Humps camel lives in a country where there are also many miles
+of desert, but where it is very hot in the summer and very cold in the
+winter. So the Two-Humps camel has to guard himself from the _hot
+burning sand in the summer_, and from the _cold and snow in the
+winter_.
+
+The Two-Humps camel has in winter a coat of long, shaggy hair on his
+back to guard him from the cold; and in summer the shaggy hair comes
+off his back, just as if he were to cast off his thick coat. But the
+One-Hump camel has only short hair, as the country is too hot all the
+time to need a thick coat.
+
+[Illustration: Bactrian Camel--with Two Humps]
+
+[Illustration: Arabian Camel--with One Hump]
+
+Now I must tell you how camels are used. First, they carry goods for
+trade. In those countries there are hardly any railroads, so the
+merchants carry their packages on camels. Of course they could not put
+a package right on a camel's hump, as it would fall off; so they
+always join two packages together with a band or belt, and sling the
+band across the camel's back, so that there is a package on each side
+of the camel.
+
+When a One-Hump camel is used, the band or belt has two parts, like a
+loop; and the loop rests over the hump, so that the band cannot slip
+backward or forward. When a Two-Humps camel is used, the band of
+course rests in the gap between the two humps, so that it cannot slip
+at all; and then the two packages can be made very big. That is why
+people like the Two-Humps camel better for carrying goods, and like
+the One-Hump camel better for riding. But in some places the One-Hump
+camel is used both for riding and for carrying goods.
+
+In this way merchants carry their goods for many hundred miles across
+desert and country. Then sometimes they come to the sea and send the
+goods in ships to different countries. That is how you get many of the
+figs, dates, and grapes you eat; so the next time you eat them, think
+of the patient camel that brought them for you across the desert. That
+is why the camel is called the _Ship of the Desert_.
+
+The beautiful carpets and rugs and shawls which you see in rich homes
+have also been brought by the patient camels; and some of the lovely
+vases and ornaments that rich people have were also carried by camels.
+And not only across the desert, but even over ordinary land camels
+carry these goods. The camel is such a large animal that he can carry
+packages as heavy as four men.
+
+Of course when he carries such a heavy load, he cannot go any faster
+than a man's walk; but the camel can keep on walking all day, with
+just a short rest once in a while. Those used for riding cannot run as
+fast as a horse, but they can keep on running at a steady trot much
+longer than a horse, and then after a short rest can start running
+again. So by the end of the day a camel can run twice as far as a
+horse, and sometimes still farther.
+
+
+_The Camel's Wonderful Gifts_
+
+Now I am going to tell you of the most wonderful things a camel can
+do.
+
+First, I must tell you that no other animal could cross a desert at
+all. To begin with, if such an animal as a horse tried to walk on the
+sand, his hoofs would sink into the sand up to the ankles, and it
+would be hard work for him to go even a mile. But a camel's foot is
+different. It has a _soft pad of muscles_ under it, just like a
+cushion; and when the camel walks or runs on the sand, the pad spreads
+out under his foot, and that gives him a firm hold on the sand in
+walking or running. So remember that the camel has padded feet.
+
+I must tell you here that the feet of all animals are formed in the
+way they can best use, in the country in which they live. Those
+animals that have to walk on _hard ground_ have _hoofs_, and those
+that have to walk on _soft ground_ have _padded feet_. The elephant is
+the only animal that has to walk on hard ground, at least very often,
+and yet has padded feet. Can you tell why? Because of his huge weight!
+He is so heavy that if the bones under his feet were not covered with
+a thick pad, he would jar the bones every time he put his foot down,
+even if the ground were not very hard.
+
+In the same way the camel's padded foot is very useful to him even
+when he is not in the desert, but on hard ground; for he too is
+rather heavy, though of course not so heavy as an elephant.
+
+[Illustration: Sand Storm in the Desert]
+
+There are other reasons why no other animal could cross a desert as
+easily as a camel. In the desert there are sometimes fierce storms;
+and as it is all sand there, the strong wind blows the sand about in
+every direction. As there is no place there where one could get away
+from the sand, any other animal would soon have a lot of sand blown
+into his nostrils; then he would be choked. But a camel's nostrils are
+made differently, so that whenever he likes he can _close his
+nostrils_, as easily as you can close your mouths, and that keeps away
+the sand. The camel is clever enough to lie down on the ground when a
+storm is blowing, and to lay his neck and chin along the ground; then
+his nose is quite close to the ground, where the storm is not quite so
+fierce as in the air.
+
+Of course, when he wants to breathe, he opens his nostrils a tiny bit
+to take in a little air; then he closes the nostrils again, and holds
+his breath for a little while. He has to keep on doing that as long as
+the storm lasts.
+
+But what does his master do, who has been riding on his back? He
+cannot close his nostrils; so the only thing he can do is to get off
+the camel and huddle against the camel's body on the side far from the
+wind; then he brings his face quite close to the ground and holds his
+nose with his hand. When he wants to breathe, he opens his fingers
+just enough to make a slit and let the _air_ in, but not enough to let
+the _sand_ in.
+
+There is another reason why no other animal could cross a desert: his
+eyes would be blinded by the fierce glare of the sun. But a camel has
+very _thick hair on his eyebrows_, which hang over the eyes, and keep
+off the fierce rays of the sun. His eyelashes also are very thick, and
+help to keep off the sun in the same way.
+
+But there is a still more wonderful reason why no other animal, except
+a camel, could cross a desert. In a desert water is very scarce, and a
+traveler crossing a desert on a camel may not find any water for a
+whole week. Of course, he carries on his saddle half a dozen bottles
+of water to drink; but after drinking some of the water each day, he
+has not much to spare for the poor camel. Then what is the poor camel
+to do?
+
+Of course, you may say that his master should carry more water for the
+camel to drink. But the load of goods which the camel has to carry is
+already so heavy that there is not much room for any more water. Then
+what _can_ the poor camel do?
+
+Why, he _carries his own drinking water_, not in the load on his back,
+but _inside his stomach_! Is not that a wonderful thing? His stomach
+is made differently from that of any other animal. The stomach of any
+other animal, Or even a man's stomach, is so made that the water drunk
+at any time is all used up in the next few hours; that is why any
+other animal, or even a man, has to have another drink after those few
+hours.
+
+But a camel's stomach is so made that it has one big place for food
+and drink like the stomach of any other animal, but it also has many
+smaller places arranged all around the stomach; these smaller places
+are just like bottles, and are called _cells_.
+
+So when a camel takes a good long drink, the big place in the middle
+of the stomach takes in the water first; then as he drinks more and
+more, the bottles or cells all around begin to get filled also. And
+the wonderful thing is that as soon as each cell is full, its mouth
+closes up by itself! In that way, if the camel drinks long enough, all
+the cells get full, one by one, and then have their mouths closed up.
+
+When a camel is about to start on a long journey through the desert,
+he takes a very long drink, till he _feels_ that he cannot drink any
+more; then he _knows_ that all the bottles or cells inside are quite
+full, as well as the big place in the middle of his stomach. Now he is
+ready to cross the desert.
+
+After many hours all the water in the big place in the middle of the
+stomach gets used up. Then what happens? Why, one of the bottles
+inside opens its mouth by itself, and pours the water into the
+stomach! And after many hours more, when _that_ water has also been
+used up, the _second_ bottle opens its mouth and pours the water into
+the stomach. In this way all the bottles or cells inside the camel one
+by one pour their water into the stomach from day to day, whenever the
+camel feels thirsty. Is not that most wonderful?
+
+And there is yet another very wonderful thing about the camel. His
+hump! It is just as wonderful whether it is one hump or two humps. I
+shall tell you.
+
+The camel's hump is his _store of food_! Yes, just as he carries his
+own drinking water inside his stomach, so he also carries his own
+store of food in his hump.
+
+This is how he does it:
+
+When the camel is quite well and strong, if he eats any food which is
+a little more than he actually needs for his hunger, that food after a
+while goes to his hump and helps to make it bigger. In this way the
+hump becomes a store of all the extra food that he has eaten. Then, on
+going on a long journey through the desert, if the camel has nothing
+to eat and begins to feel hungry and weak, a little of the hump is
+used up to give him strength, just as if he were to eat a meal. In
+this way he can go for many days without food, but of course his hump
+will get smaller and smaller.
+
+[Illustration: Crossing the Desert with Camels]
+
+But his master does not actually take him through the desert without
+giving him _any_ food or drink; in fact he always gives the camel some
+of the figs and dates which he takes with him for his own meals, and
+also some of the drinking water which he carries on his saddle. But if
+it did happen that his master had no food or drink to spare, the camel
+could still live for several days, using his hump for food, and the
+water in the cells of his stomach for drink.
+
+The camel can do yet another wonderful thing. He can tell a long way
+off when he is coming to a place where there is water. In the desert,
+after going over sand and sand for many days, a traveler sometimes
+finds a beautiful place called an _oasis_. It is just like a lovely
+little garden right in the middle of the desert, with a spring of
+water, and several fig trees, date trees, and other palm trees growing
+all around the pool.
+
+When a traveler is crossing the desert and sees nothing but sand for
+several days, it sometimes happens that his camel suddenly stops,
+stands quite still for a minute, raises his head, and sniffs the air.
+Then he turns a little to the right or to the left, and begins to run
+straight that way. His master may look ahead very hard, but he will
+see nothing but sand and sand, as before.
+
+But the camel, by just sniffing the air, has found out that there is
+an oasis within reach, though it is still too far away for him to see
+it. Then he runs on most gladly, and comes to the oasis in an hour, so
+that he and his master can rest there for some time, and drink from
+the pool, and eat the figs and dates growing on the trees.
+
+Of course, the camel can also eat the leaves of the trees; in fact,
+when he is not in the desert, but just in the ordinary country, he
+usually eats from the shrubs and bushes, and gets figs and dates only
+as a dainty, just as you sometimes have ice cream. The camel with two
+humps will gladly eat many more things than the camel with one hump.
+In fact, when he is hungry, he will eat not only any kind of
+vegetable, but also meat. He has even been known to chew up and eat
+bones, blankets, and leather! And he is perhaps the _only animal that
+will drink salt water_; for the country in which the Two-Humps camel
+lives has several lakes, the water of which is bitter and salty.
+
+So you see how useful an animal the camel is, whether he has one hump
+or two humps. He is so useful that people have been saying for a long
+time that camels should be brought into America, where there are
+several deserts in the western states. In fact, a strange thing has
+already happened. The United States Government did bring a lot of
+camels for use in the western states several years ago, about the time
+when your grandfather was a boy.
+
+But the people who can best manage such large animals as elephants and
+camels are the people who are born in the same countries as those
+animals and who understand their habits. And unluckily, when the
+camels were brought into America, nobody thought of bringing men also
+from those countries to manage the camels. So nobody seemed to know
+how to use these animals, and after a time they were turned loose in
+Arizona. The camels went into the deserts and forests there, and
+became quite wild, and to-day there are some of them in Arizona.
+
+Now, do you not think it would be a good idea to get a few men from
+those countries and learn from them how to manage camels? Then the
+camels of Arizona also could be used in crossing the deserts there,
+where there are no railroads.
+
+Besides being the only animal that can cross the desert, the camel is
+different from any other four-legged animal even in the way he walks.
+
+You have seen how a horse walks? When his left foreleg is lifted off
+the ground, his right hind leg is also lifted off the ground; then in
+the next step, when his right foreleg is lifted off the ground, his
+left hind leg is also lifted off the ground. That means that the two
+legs which move at the same time are those placed at the _opposite
+corners_ of his body. But when a camel walks, he lifts the two legs
+on the _same side_ of his body at the same time. And when he takes the
+next step, he lifts the two legs on the other side of his body.
+
+Now, my dear, I have told you many things about the camel which are
+different from anything in any other animal. So, before I close this
+chapter, I want you to remember these things about the camel:
+
+1. His _foot_ is _padded_ in such a way that he can walk or run on
+sand.
+
+2. He can _close_ his _nostrils_ to keep out the sand in a storm.
+
+3. His _thick_ and bushy _eyebrows_ and _thick eyelashes_ keep the
+glare of the sun from his eyes.
+
+4. His stomach has many _cells_ like bottles, in which he can _store
+up water_.
+
+5. He can _store up food_ in his _hump_.
+
+6. He walks by moving both legs on the _same side_ of his body at the
+same time.
+
+In another chapter I shall tell you about an animal that can also do
+one of these things: he can _store up food_ in his body, though in a
+different way. That animal is the _bear_. He sleeps through the whole
+winter, and has to have a store of food somewhere in his body to last
+all that time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+The Camel and the Thief
+
+
+Now I shall tell you a story about a camel and a thief. It is a true
+story, and happened many, many years ago. The story shows what we can
+learn by watching the animals.
+
+Once upon a time, a traveler was going on foot across the country. In
+his belt he had a purse full of money. One day, as the sun began to
+get hot, he lay down on the grass under a tree near the roadway, and
+fell asleep.
+
+After a few hours he woke up, and what was his surprise to find that
+the purse was gone! While he was asleep, somebody had quietly stolen
+his purse and gone away.
+
+The traveler ran to the nearest village, and there told the police
+about it. Now, among the police there was a very clever man, and the
+police brought him with them to the place where the money had been
+stolen. The clever man looked all around the place very carefully to
+see if he could find any marks on the ground. On the grass near the
+tree he found no marks; in fact, if a person walks on the grass just
+once or twice it does not leave any mark. But on the roadway near by
+he found footprints.
+
+"They are a camel's footprints," he said, looking at the marks
+carefully. "And the marks of all the four feet are not quite the same.
+Three of them are quite deep and clear; but the fourth one is very
+faint."
+
+He followed the camel's footprints along the road for a long time. But
+now and again he stopped and looked at the shrubs and bushes which
+grew here and there, on both sides of the road.
+
+"Hello, that is strange!" he suddenly said. "The camel has eaten from
+the bushes and shrubs here and there on the left side of the road, but
+he hasn't eaten at all from those on the right side of the road."
+
+He went on for some time longer, then suddenly stopped to look at the
+road where the camel had walked.
+
+"Hello, this is also strange!" he said. "Here are a lot of _bees_
+buzzing near the ground on the _right_ side of the road. And here are
+a lot of _ants_ scrambling over the ground on the _left_ side of the
+road."
+
+"Never mind about the camel, and the bees and the ants," the
+policemen said impatiently. "We want to know about the thief who stole
+the money. You have not found any other footprints except the
+camel's?"
+
+"That is quite true," the clever man said. "But as the _camel_ could
+not steal the money, there must be a _man_ riding on the camel. He
+must be the thief."
+
+"But why didn't the thief leave any footprints?" the policemen asked.
+
+"Because he must have ridden his camel from the roadway right to the
+edge of the grass," the clever man answered. "Then he must have jumped
+down upon the grass, where he knew he would not leave any footprint.
+He must have walked very quietly on the grass up to the tree where the
+traveler was sleeping, and stolen the money. Then he must have walked
+back quietly to the camel and ridden off."
+
+"But what sort of a man is the thief?" the police asked. "How can we
+find him, if you do not tell us what he is like?"
+
+"I cannot tell you a thing about the thief, or what he looks like, as
+he hasn't even left a footprint," the clever man answered. "But I can
+tell you _all about the camel_. The camel is _blind_ in his _right
+eye_, and _lame_ in his _left hind foot_. And on his back he is
+carrying two packages, one on each side; the package on the _right_
+side has _honey_ in it, and the package on the _left_ side has _corn_
+in it. So you must search for a man who is riding a camel loaded like
+that. He is the thief."
+
+So the police searched for a man who was riding a camel which was
+blind in his right eye, lame in his left hind foot, and carrying honey
+in a package on his right side, and corn in a package on his left
+side. After following the camel's footprints on the ground for a long
+time, the police at last came to a village.
+
+They searched through the village, and found many men riding camels.
+But there was only one man riding a camel blind in his right eye, lame
+in left hind foot, and carrying honey on the right side, and corn on
+the left side. So the police knew that he was the thief, and took him
+before the judge. Then the thief said that it was quite true that he
+stole the money.
+
+Afterwards the judge turned to the clever man and asked him how he
+knew all that about the camel.
+
+"You didn't _see_ the camel at all, but only his footprints," the
+judge said. "Then how did you know that the camel was blind in his
+right eye, lame in his left hind foot, and carrying honey on the right
+side, and corn on the left side?"
+
+"It was quite simple," the clever man answered very modestly. "First,
+about the camel being blind in his right eye. He had nibbled at the
+shrubs and bushes growing on the left side of the road, for at each
+bite I found the leaves cut off clean by his teeth. On the right side
+of the road there were also plenty of good shrubs and bushes, but the
+camel had not taken a single bite at any of them. That showed that he
+did not even _see_ those shrubs and bushes on his right side. And that
+of course meant that his right eye was blind."
+
+"That is very clever of you," the judge said. "But how did you know
+that the camel was lame in his left hind foot?"
+
+"That was just as simple," the clever man again answered very
+modestly. "As the camel walked along, the marks of his two front feet
+and right hind foot were quite deep and clear on the ground. But the
+mark of his left hind foot was very faint. That showed that the camel
+was limping, and the left hind foot only just touched the ground. So I
+knew that he was lame in that foot."
+
+"That is also very clever of you," the judge said. "But how did you
+know that the camel was carrying honey on his right side, and corn on
+his left?"
+
+"That was the simplest of all," the clever man answered most modestly.
+"As the camel was limping, nearly every step he took jerked the load
+on his back. So a few drops of the honey fell to the ground from the
+package on his right side, and a few grains of the corn fell to the
+ground from the package on his left side."
+
+"But you could not see very well here and there on the ground just a
+few drops of honey or just a few grains of corn?" the judge said.
+
+"_I_ could not," the clever man answered, "but the _bees_ and the
+_ants_ could! On the right side of the road I found a swarm of bees
+here and there; so I knew that they were trying to pick up the honey.
+And on the left side of the road I saw a whole lot of ants here and
+there; so I knew that they were trying to pick up and carry away the
+grains of corn."
+
+Now was it not really clever of that man to find all that out about
+the camel, without ever seeing the camel before? But, as you
+understand, he knew all about the _habits_ of different animals; and
+so he knew what camels and bees and ants always do.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+Bears
+
+
+_Bears_ are such funny animals, at least some kinds of bears, that you
+may like to know all about them.
+
+Bears are found in many countries, and in some countries there are
+several kinds of bears.
+
+But you must remember this: _hardly any bear lives in the tropics_;
+that means countries where the sun is almost overhead all the months
+of the year, so that it is very hot all the time.
+
+But why does not the bear usually live there? Can you guess?
+
+Because the bear is a very _hairy_ animal; and his hair is just like a
+thick coat, so that he cannot live where it is very hot all the time.
+
+Of course, once upon a time the bear lived only in places where it was
+very cold, and so he grew thick hair to keep out the cold; but now
+that he _has_ a thick coat of hair, he cannot go down to hot countries
+to live. He does not mind living in a cold country; and the colder the
+country is, the thicker is his coat of hair.
+
+What does the bear eat? Most kinds of bears eat berries, fruits, soft
+roots of trees, and fish when they can catch it. One or two kinds of
+bears eat other things also, which I shall tell you about very soon.
+
+The bears that live in cold countries, where there is heavy snow in
+winter, cannot get anything at all to eat in winter. Why? Because
+there are no fruits and berries in winter, and the roots of trees are
+frozen hard and covered up by the snow.
+
+Then if those bears cannot get anything to eat in winter, what do they
+do? They _sleep_!
+
+You know that when you are asleep you do not feel hungry; but as soon
+as you wake up you feel hungry again. It is just the same with the
+bear; he does not feel very hungry while he sleeps. And he _sleeps
+right through the winter months_!
+
+Still, while he is asleep all that time, does he not feel a little bit
+hungry? He does. So he uses up the store of food inside his body! I
+have told you that the camel carries a store of food in his hump. The
+bear has no hump, of course, but he has a _thick chunk of fat all
+around his body_ just under his skin; and that chunk of fat is his
+_store of food_.
+
+So, when the bear sleeps snugly in his den in the winter months, the
+chunk of fat is slowly used up inside his body, and keeps him from
+being very hungry.
+
+Of course, he eats such a lot just before the winter, that the chunk
+of fat is very thick when he goes to bed. But the chunk is all used up
+when he wakes up at the end of the winter, and then he is very hungry
+again!
+
+But there is a kind of bear that lives in a place where there is snow
+and ice almost all the time. What can _he_ do?
+
+He cannot sleep always! So he has to get something to eat now and
+then, and I shall tell you how he does that.
+
+
+_The Polar Bear_
+
+This kind of bear is called the _polar bear_. (See the picture on page
+155.) He lives in a place far up North, where it is always very cold.
+The land is nearly covered with snow, and the water at the top of the
+sea is frozen. There are no berries or fruits there for the polar bear
+to eat; so he has to live on fish, and seal, which is a water animal.
+The way the bear catches the fish or the seal is this:
+
+He makes a hole in the ice with his paws, so that he can reach the
+water below. Then he sits down very quietly by the edge of the hole,
+and waits for a fish or a seal to swim past the hole. Then the bear
+pounces on it very quickly with his paw or his jaws, and catches it.
+
+If the ice is too thick for the bear to make a hole through it, he has
+to try another way. He comes right down to the part of the sea where
+some of the ice has broken off. There he chooses a place at the edge
+of the ice, close to the water; and he waits there for a fish or a
+seal to swim past. Then he pounces on it and catches it.
+
+Now I shall tell you a few special things that the polar bear has.
+
+His coat of hair is much _thicker_ than the coat of any other bear.
+Why? Because he lives in a colder place than any other bear; so he
+_needs_ a thicker coat. Also, he sometimes has to swim through the icy
+water to get to some floating field of ice, so that he can catch fish
+from it. Then, although his hair gets wet, he has a thick lining of
+fat inside his coat to keep him warm.
+
+The next special thing about the polar bear is that his hair is _all
+white_--like the color of everything around him, which, as I have
+told you, is just snow and ice. So when the polar bear sits down very
+quietly on the snow and ice, nobody can see him even from a short
+distance, because he is the same color as the snow and ice. And that
+is why the fish or the seal does not see him, and so gets caught.
+
+[Illustration: Polar Bear]
+
+That is one of the wonderful things about many wild animals--they are
+of the _same color as the place where they live_. You know that the
+color of a lion is yellow, like the color of sand; and the lion lives
+in countries where there are lots of sandy places. You know, too, that
+the color of a tiger is yellow, but with black stripes upon the
+yellow, so that if you looked at him from a distance, you might think
+he was made up of yellow and black stripes. And the tiger lives in the
+tall grass, which also looks like yellow and black stripes.
+
+But now I shall tell you more about the polar bear. He has three other
+special things: the _soles_ of his feet are _hairy_; he has a _small
+head_; and he has a _long neck_.
+
+First, about the soles of his feet. The soles of the feet of other
+bears are smooth, just like the feet of all other animals that have to
+walk on ordinary ground. But the soles of the polar bear are covered
+with long hair, just as is his body. Why? Because he has to walk on
+ice, which is very slippery, and he needs to have the soles of his
+feet covered with hair, or else he would slip on the ice, just as you
+must wear rubbers over your shoes when you have to walk on icy ground.
+
+Now, my dear, just stop for a minute, and think. Among all the
+wonderful things that I have told you so far, you have always noticed
+that an animal always has _just the very thing he needs! We_ have to
+_make_ rubbers, and warm coats, and gloves, and socks, and a dozen
+things that we need. But to every animal God has given everything
+that he needs, right on his body.
+
+But now let us go on with the polar bear. He has a smaller head than
+any other kind of bear. Why? To make it easier for him to put his head
+through the hole in the ice, when he is catching fish. Other kinds of
+bears do not have to put their heads into a hole to get anything to
+eat; so they do not need to have a small head.
+
+The polar bear has also a longer neck than any other kind of bear.
+Why? To give him a longer reach in catching the fish with his
+jaws--without tumbling into the water himself. Other bears, who live
+on dry land, do not need to reach out like that, and so they have
+shorter necks.
+
+I shall now tell you about these other kinds of bears.
+
+
+_American Bears_
+
+First you shall hear about the bears that live in America. The biggest
+kind is called the _grizzly bear_. In fact, he is the largest bear in
+the world. Some grizzly bears are ten feet tall when they stand up on
+their hind legs!
+
+The color of a grizzly bear is yellow, but with many shades;
+sometimes between brown and yellow, and sometimes between red and
+yellow. Teddy bears, with which you have played, are sometimes made of
+that color. Teddy bears of course are very nice, as they are toys; but
+I am sorry to say that the real grizzly bear is not nice; he is very
+fierce. In fact, he is the only kind of bear that is so fierce. Even
+grown-up men do not want to go near him.
+
+The grizzly is found in many parts of North America, near the Rocky
+Mountains, from the United States right up to Alaska. He lives on
+berries and all kinds of fruits, and also on the soft roots of trees.
+But the grizzly bear eats meat also, if he can manage to catch deer or
+cattle. That is why cowboys in Colorado and Wyoming do not like the
+grizzly bear--he tries to kill and eat their cows.
+
+Besides, he kills a lot of fish. In the Columbia River in Oregon there
+are lots of trout and shad, which people like to have for their
+dinner. But the grizzly bear gets to the river first, and eats a great
+many of the trout and the shad. How does he catch the fish? Why, he
+just lies down along the bank, and waits for the fish to rise to the
+top of the water. The trout and the shad like to rise to the top of
+the water now and again, and swim there. So the grizzly just waits
+for a fish to rise--and then he pounces on it and catches it with his
+paw. He is so very quick that he hardly ever misses. All kinds of
+bears are very clever in catching fish.
+
+
+_Other Bears_
+
+Another kind of bear is called the _brown bear_. He lives in Europe,
+Asia, and also in some parts of America, especially in Alaska. There
+he is rather big, though not quite so big as the grizzly bear. He too
+lives on berries, fruits, and roots, and he also catches fish. For in
+the rivers of Alaska there are lots of salmon.
+
+But the brown bear is not at all fierce, like the grizzly bear. He is
+peace-loving, and sometimes quite friendly.
+
+The nicest kind of bear is called the _black bear_. He is found in all
+parts of the United States, and in many other countries. He is
+sometimes rather small, and is quite full of fun. Almost all the good
+stories you may hear about bears are about the black bear.
+
+Many people mistake the black bear for the brown bear; so when you
+sometimes hear people talking about a "brown" bear, you may know that
+they really mean a "black" bear.
+
+Like other bears, the black bear lives on berries, fruits, and roots,
+and also on nuts, if he can find any. But what he likes best is honey!
+It is quite amusing to see the bear hold a honeycomb in one paw, scoop
+out the honey with the other, and put it into his mouth. It looks just
+like a boy holding a pot of jam in one hand, and sticking his fingers
+into the jam and putting it on his tongue!
+
+"But do not the bees get angry, and try to sting him?" you may ask.
+
+Of course they do. The bees swarm around the bear and try to sting him
+all over. But they cannot! He is _too hairy_! They cannot get through
+the hair to sting him on the skin. So he goes on licking the honey and
+smacking his lips!
+
+The black bear is always a funny animal. Perhaps you have seen him in
+the zoo. He will squat on the ground like a man, and if he sees a
+crowd of people before him, he will swing his arms just as a man does
+when he talks to a friend. Perhaps the bear has seen some men do that,
+and has learned to do the same!
+
+And sometimes he will sit on the ground, hold his tail in his mouth,
+and fumble head over heels, or roll over and over, or spin round and
+round--just for fun! In fact, the black bear is among the _few
+grown-up animals that love to play_. Many _young_ animals of course,
+such as kittens, puppy dogs, calves, and many others, love to play.
+But most grown-up animals do not seem to care for play, except the
+black bear.
+
+When he is caught and tamed, he is still very playful at times. He
+will do all sorts of funny tricks, all by himself; and if he sees
+anyone watching him, he will try to show how clever he is--just like a
+child playing "smarty!"
+
+Once in a lumber camp in the West the men caught and tamed a black
+bear. After a time the bear was allowed to walk about the camp, quite
+free, as he did not think of running away. One day the men had stopped
+work to have their dinner. The bear walked by, and the men petted him
+and said nice things to him. Then what do you think happened! The bear
+felt so proud of being praised that he went to a sloping log, and
+walked along it right to the top. You must know that in a lumber camp
+there are lots and lots of huge logs, or trees which the men have cut
+down. And one of these logs happened to rest on a slope, that is, with
+one end higher than the other.
+
+When the bear reached the top of the log, he sat across it. Then he
+held on to the log with his front paws, bent his body, and slid down
+the log--just as a boy slides down the banister! Of course the men
+laughed, and cheered him. Then just guess what that bear did!
+
+He walked up to the top of the log again, and sat across it, as
+before. But now he held on to the log with his knees, not his paws,
+and sat straight up without bending, and slid down the log in that
+way--just as a boy might hold on to the banister with his knees, not
+using his hands at all, and slide down the banister in that way, just
+to show how smart he could be!
+
+You may be sure those men cheered the bear, and gave him lots to eat.
+
+There is another kind of black bear that is also funny, though in
+another way. He is called the _Himalayan black bear_, because he lives
+in India near some huge mountains called the Himalayas. In many ways
+he is very much like the black bear of America, but he has a _white
+chin_ and _long side-whiskers on his jaws_. Some people think that of
+all kinds of bears he is the most handsome.
+
+Although he often goes up very high on the side of the mountains, he
+sometimes comes down to the country below, where there are many
+villages. But the bear is quite friendly, and never hurts the people
+in the villages, although he is strong enough to kill a man. So the
+people are also very kind and friendly to him, and never try to hurt
+him. When you grow up you may read that there are some people in India
+who are always kind to _all_ animals, tame or wild.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: _To the Teacher._--Please explain to the class that the
+sect called Jains do not hurt the smallest creature, and will suffer
+the sting of a wasp rather than kill it.]
+
+[Illustration: Himalayan Black Bear]
+
+I am telling you this because you will see very soon what we gain by
+being friendly even to a wild animal. The Himalayan black bear, like
+the other black bear, is also very fond of honey, and of everything
+sweet. In the country where he lives there grows a berry called mawa,
+which is very sweet--even sweeter than the strawberry; and the people
+of the villages make jam from it.
+
+These berries grow quite wild, on bushes here and there in the fields,
+and even in the jungles near by. When the berries are ripe, the people
+send out their children to gather them from the bushes in the fields;
+and the children carry baskets so as to bring back as many berries as
+they can.
+
+But when the berries are ripe, the bears also want to eat them! So it
+sometimes happens that half a dozen children are picking the berries
+from a thick bush, when suddenly a bear comes round the bush and
+starts gobbling up the berries as fast as he can!
+
+Do the children get frightened and run away? Not a bit! They want
+_their_ share of the berries, too!
+
+By this time the bush may be getting empty, and the children have not
+quite filled their baskets. The bear keeps on gobbling up the berries,
+and even pushing past the children to get at a bunch. What then? Why,
+the children raise their hands, and _just spank the wild bear_!
+
+"Go away, you have had enough!" they say. "Can't you go to another
+bush? There must be others right in the jungle, where _we_ can't go!"
+
+And, can you imagine it, a wild bear there has never hurt a child!
+When the children spank him and push him away, telling him that he has
+had enough from that bush, he _does_ go away to some other bush. Of
+course, the spanking does not really hurt him.
+
+I have told this to you, my dear, just to show you that there is never
+any real reason for quarreling and fighting, among children, or even
+among men. _If children and wild bears can get along together_, why
+cannot children and children, or men and men, or nations and nations?
+Surely there are enough berries and other good things for all, if we
+only look around!
+
+Remember this always, even when you grow up, if you want to be good
+men and women, and good citizens of your country.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+Bears: The Tricky Trap
+
+
+Now I am going to tell you something funny about the bear. You have
+seen lots of wild animals in the zoo, and you may sometimes have
+wondered how these animals were caught. In another book I shall tell
+you all about the different ways of catching different kinds of wild
+animals; but now I shall only tell you how a wild bear is caught. Of
+course, there are two or three ways of catching him alive, but I shall
+describe to you now just one way.
+
+You must know by this time that everybody in the world--whether man,
+woman, or child--has _some fault_. Some have a bad temper, others are
+rude, and still others are obstinate; and many, especially children,
+are too greedy! And so it is among animals: they all have one fault or
+another.
+
+So the people who want to catch a wild animal find out first what
+fault that kind of animal has--whether he is greedy, or obstinate, or
+bad tempered. And they _catch the animal because of that very fault_!
+
+A bear is very obstinate; in fact the bear, the pig, the donkey, and
+the mule are among the most obstinate of animals. So, because the bear
+is very obstinate, he will never give up when he meets anything that
+blocks his way; and if he has made up his mind to do anything, he will
+never give up, even if he finds he _cannot_ do it and that it is very
+foolish to try to do it.
+
+So the people remember the bear's obstinacy, and catch him in this
+way:
+
+They find a large tree which has a bough fifteen or twenty feet from
+the ground; then they tie a pot of honey on the bough, quite two or
+three yards away from the fork where the bough joins the trunk. So, if
+a bear wants to get at the honey, he will have to climb up the trunk,
+and then walk along the bough to the place where the pot is tied.
+
+But the people also take a heavy stone, tie a stout rope around it,
+and hang up the stone by the rope from another bough higher up. They
+place the stone in such a way that it swings right in front of the
+honey and a little above it. Then the people hide in thickets near by.
+
+Presently a bear smells the honey from a distance, and comes to find
+it. On reaching the place he sees the pot of honey on the tree. As
+the bear is a good climber, he soon scrambles up the trunk of the tree
+and walks along the bough toward the honey.
+
+But just as he is coming to it, he sees something right before his
+path. It is the block of stone! And he cannot get at the honey without
+pushing the stone aside. So, what does he do? Why, quite naturally he
+pushes the stone aside with his paw. But, as I have told you, the
+stone is hung up by a rope; and so it _swings_ any way you may push
+it.
+
+Then what happens? Why, as soon as the bear pushes the stone aside
+with his paw, the stone _swings back_ and hits him on the paw. The
+bear gives a growl, and again pushes the stone aside, and this time
+harder than before.
+
+Then what happens? The stone swings back and hits the bear harder than
+before! In fact, the stone will always swing back just as hard as it
+is pushed.
+
+But the bear does not know that! So with another growl he pushes the
+stone again--and now much harder than before. Then of course the stone
+comes back much harder, and whacks him again.
+
+[Illustration: A Bear Fighting a Block of Stone]
+
+This makes the bear really angry. He hits at the stone, and sends it
+flying through the air in a big curve. But when the stone has gone
+up and up in that curve, it begins to come down, down, the same
+way--and gives the bear a thumping whack on the jaw.
+
+Now, if the bear were not such an obstinate animal, he would go away
+after that third blow, and try to forget the honey. But the bear will
+never, never, give in! Instead, he gets quite mad with rage. He thinks
+some enemy is hiding behind the stone!
+
+"Who is hitting me?" he growls. "Come out of that, and fight fair!"
+
+With that he hits a frantic blow at the stone; for the bear is a good
+boxer. He sends the stone swinging through the air again, and farther
+than before. Again the stone swings back and gives the bear a hard
+whack.
+
+In this way the fight goes on. Of course the stone cannot get hurt; so
+it is the bear that gets hurt, every time. And as he will never give
+in, he goes on fighting with the stone, and gets hurt more and more,
+till at last he is knocked right off the tree, and falls stunned to
+the ground.
+
+Then the clever people rush in from their hiding place, throw a net
+over the bear, and carry him away. And that is how the zoo gets some
+of its bears.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+Bright Birds
+
+
+Now I shall tell you something about birds; not ordinary birds, but a
+special sort.
+
+Of course, birds are not exactly animals of the kind that I have been
+telling you about, as they have only two legs, instead of four. But
+they have two wings, which are more useful to them than two more legs.
+
+If they had four legs they could run fast; but with the two wings they
+can fly, which is ever so much faster and better than running. And
+they still have two legs with which to stand on the ground, when they
+have to come down to rest or to feed.
+
+The birds that I am going to tell you about live wild in the jungle,
+and are free to build their nests where they like.
+
+Among the birds we like best, some can _sing_, and some have _bright
+feathers_. Those that sing may live near your own homes in the
+country--the lark, the thrush, the nightingale, and some others. But
+the birds that have bright feathers live generally in other countries.
+
+_Most birds that have lovely voices do not have bright feathers_; and
+_most birds that have lovely feathers cannot sing_.
+
+So among animals everything is very fair and just. With us it
+sometimes _seems_ different. Some children appear to have all the good
+luck, and others all the bad luck. Some children can sing well, and
+are also very pretty; others cannot sing at all, and are also plain to
+look at. But really things are not quite so unfair; for a child who is
+plain, and cannot sing, may still have _some other gift_.
+
+Among birds, those that can sing you may have seen often enough near
+your own homes in the country; so I shall now tell you about the birds
+that have bright feathers.
+
+Most birds with bright feathers live in hot countries, where it is
+_sunny_ almost the whole year. In fact, it is the bright light of the
+sun in those countries that gives the colors to the feathers of the
+birds, which are as lovely as the colors of the rainbow.
+
+Among the bright birds that live quite wild in the jungles of hot
+countries, the most beautiful are the _flamingo_, the _parrot_, the
+_cockatoo_, the _peacock_, the _golden pheasant_, the _egret_, and a
+few others.
+
+
+_The Flamingo_
+
+I shall tell you first about the flamingos, as they _live together in
+flocks_. They were once found in America, and only a few years ago
+there were many flocks of them in Florida, but now there are very few
+left in this country. They are now found in Africa and in the
+countries of southern Asia; a few are found also in Europe.
+
+This is the way the flamingos live. They choose a place in the jungle
+where there is a lake or a river, and build their nests all around the
+lake, or by the bank of the river. The nest is just a heap of mud
+raised up from the ground, with a hollow at the top where the mother
+bird lays her eggs. Sometimes many thousands of flamingos are found
+together around one place, which is then called a _flamingo colony_.
+
+[Illustration: A Flamingo Colony
+Photograph of a group in the American Museum of Natural History, New York]
+
+The flamingo is a very tall bird, taller than a man when standing up.
+The flamingo's legs are long and thin, and the neck is also long. The
+long neck and the long legs are very useful to him. He stands in the
+water on his legs, which look almost like a pair of stilts; then he
+bends down his long neck, dips his beak into the water, and catches a
+fish or any other small creature that he can find there. And although
+the fish or the small creature sees the flamingo's legs in the water,
+it does not run away. Why? Because it mistakes the legs for reeds
+growing in the water!
+
+When thousands of flamingos in a colony are standing around the lake
+or by the river, where they live, it is a very grand sight from a
+distance. The flamingo's feathers are a bright red in color, with
+white or pink at the edges; so the thousands of flamingos look like an
+army of soldiers with red coats.
+
+In former years, when soldiers sometimes wore red coats, travelers who
+happened to come toward a lake in Africa would suddenly see at a
+distance an army of soldiers, as they thought, standing by the lake.
+What they really saw were the flamingos fishing!
+
+But no traveler could get very near the flamingos, for they have
+_sentinels_! I have told you that the wild buffaloes have sentinels to
+warn them when an enemy is coming. The flamingos have the same. Their
+sentinels stand here and there just outside the place where the others
+are fishing; and they keep a lookout all the time. If any enemy
+comes, they cry out,
+
+"Honk! Honk! Honk!" That means, "Enemy coming! Fly away!"
+
+And of course all the flamingos rise up in the air and fly away to a
+safe place, till the enemy goes away.
+
+To see a whole flock of flamingos flying in the sky far above one's
+head is a most wonderful sight. You have seen a cloud at sunset
+shining with lovely tints of red and pink and orange: well, the flock
+of flamingos flying in the sky looks something like that. And they all
+_keep level_ at the same great height, in _rows and ranks_, just like
+an army, as there are thousands and thousands of flamingos in the
+flock.
+
+Sometimes the rows and ranks widen out for a few minutes, and fill a
+large portion of the sky; then they close up again, and look like one
+long banner of red floating in the sky.
+
+And all the time they have sentinels that fly outside the rows and
+ranks. They make the pattern in the sky still more beautiful.
+
+My dear children, the more you think of these wonders of the jungle
+and of the world, the more you will understand how great and wise is
+God, Who made all these things.
+
+
+_The Parrot_
+
+Another bright bird that lives in the jungle in a flock is the
+_parrot_. You know all about him, as you must have often seen him
+caged, or chained by the leg to a stand. But he is different in his
+happy home in the jungle. He lives in almost every sunny country, and
+flies about in flocks.
+
+Wild parrots also make their nests in flocks. In India there is a
+deserted city called Amber. Once upon a time a great King lived there
+in a lovely marble palace; and the nobles and courtiers also had
+lovely marble palaces and mansions.
+
+But one day the King said that they must all leave that city, and go
+and build another city. So everybody left the city of Amber, and
+to-day it still stands perfect--lovely marble palaces and mansions,
+with hundreds of bushes of wild roses growing all around them.
+
+Nobody lives there, except thousands and thousands of wild parrots,
+that have made their nests upon the roofs of the palaces, in the
+porticoes and balconies, and upon the tops of the marble pillars and
+columns.
+
+Just think of that lovely sight! The blue sky above, the red roses on
+the ground below, and the white marble palaces between the blue sky
+and the red roses; and many thousands of green parrots flitting across
+the sky, and from palace to rose bush. Broad bands of red, white, and
+blue, with bright flashes of green between them!
+
+Another lovely sight is a flock of wild parrots in the jungle, going
+home to roost at sunset. I once saw that sight. Their beautiful green
+wings and the patches of yellow on their heads shone amidst the
+gorgeous colors of the sunset. And as the parrots flew on and on, many
+thousands of them, their own colors mingled with the colors of the
+sunset in ever-changing bands. They flew toward the setting sun, and
+passed out of sight right into the sun, as it were.
+
+After seeing a sight like that--seeing God's lovely creatures flying
+about like happy children at play--who wants to see a bird boxed up in
+a cage?
+
+
+_The Cockatoo_
+
+Another bright bird which you may have seen in a cage, or chained to a
+stand, is the _cockatoo_. He is a cousin of the parrot, but much
+larger, and far more gorgeous. He has a beautiful _crest_ of red and
+orange feathers on his head. His wings are a rosy pink in color; and
+he has a long pink and white tail.
+
+In other ways he is very much like the parrot. He lives chiefly in the
+countries of southern Asia, and in the islands between Asia and
+Australia.
+
+
+_The Peacock_
+
+And now I come to the most beautiful bird of all, the _peacock_. When
+he spreads out his long tail, it looks just like a lady's fan, only
+far lovelier than any fan made by men. In color the tail is a kind of
+blue and green, with touches of gold and violet, and with "eyes"
+dotted all over it in shades of many other colors.
+
+The peacock can also close up his tail like a fan. Then the long
+feathers of the tail all come together in many folds, and stand out a
+yard long behind him.
+
+The peacock is found wild in India and in countries near there, but
+has now been brought into America and Europe. You may even have seen
+the peacock in the parks and gardens of some cities, where he lives
+quite peacefully, at least in the summer months. In the winter, of
+course, he must have a warm place indoors.
+
+The peacock is really the Papa bird, and the Mamma bird is called the
+_peahen_. She has not the gorgeous tail and the lovely feathers that
+he has; so she looks quite plain. You will find that _among animals
+the Papas are often much prettier than the Mammas_.
+
+That seems very strange, does it not? Among us, of course, the Mammas
+are always prettier than the Papas!
+
+But in another book I shall explain _why_ the Papas among animals are
+often prettier than the Mammas.
+
+
+_The Golden Pheasant_
+
+There is another beautiful bird which has been brought to America, and
+now lives here; it is the _golden pheasant_. Once upon a time he lived
+only in China; but a few years ago people brought a number of golden
+pheasants to America, and put them in the forests of Oregon and
+Washington. So now there are many thousands of golden pheasants flying
+about and making their nests there.
+
+There are other kinds of pheasants in England and in some parts of
+Europe, and these the people shoot and eat. But the golden pheasant is
+much too beautiful to eat. His feathers are as lovely as the
+sunset--gold and yellow and orange, with blue and deep crimson; and
+all these colors are laid out on his feathers in such a beautiful
+pattern that to look at him you would think you were dreaming, and not
+looking at a real bird.
+
+Man, who toils with his hands, cannot make such lovely colors as those
+of the birds of the air, and of the flowers in the fields, which do
+not toil.
+
+
+_The Snowy Egret_
+
+And now, my dear children, I shall finish this chapter by telling you
+about a beautiful bird that once lived quite wild in great numbers in
+the United States. This bird has lovely soft feathers, which are pure
+white; so it is called the _snowy egret_. The feathers are as soft as
+silk. They are also long, with a gentle droop at the end.
+
+Because these feathers are so lovely, rich women want to wear them in
+their hats; and these rich women are willing to pay a great deal of
+money for the egret feathers. So, for the sake of the money, hunters
+go wherever these lovely birds are to be found, and catch and kill
+them, and get the feathers. In fact, they have killed off so many of
+these lovely birds, to get feathers for rich women's hats, that to-day
+there are hardly any snowy egrets left in the United States.
+
+Worse than that, the hunters killed the Papa and Mamma egrets just
+when their babies were born, because at that time the feathers of the
+snowy egrets were the softest and loveliest. And so, for each Papa and
+Mamma egret which the cruel hunters killed, they left a dozen _baby
+birds in their nests to starve and die_. Think of that!
+
+Now, my dear children, I want the little girls among you to remember
+this, especially the little girls who are lucky enough to have rich
+Papas and Mammas. You can grow up to be beautiful, and look beautiful,
+without wearing these egret feathers. There are women who try to look
+beautiful, but who do not think of the pain they give to God's
+innocent creatures.
+
+So, if ever you want to wear egret feathers, think of the dozen baby
+egrets who must starve and die if you are to have them.
+
+[Illustration: Snowy Egrets
+Photograph of a group in the American Museum of Natural History, New York]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+The Caged Parrot
+
+
+I shall finish this book by telling you a story--a true story, which,
+I hope, will make you think.
+
+Many years ago a sea captain returned to his home in the north of
+Scotland, after sailing the sea for a long time. He brought with him a
+parrot. The parrot had lived in South America, where the people speak
+the Spanish language. So all the words the parrot knew were in
+Spanish.
+
+The captain knew Spanish quite well, and often talked to the parrot in
+that language. But after a time the captain died, and there was nobody
+in that part of Scotland who could talk to the parrot.
+
+The parrot grew silent, and never opened his mouth to say a word. But
+he was thinking of his friend who was dead, and whose words in Spanish
+had reminded him of his sunny home. The people around him did not know
+that, and thought nothing of his silence. So the parrot in his cold
+and bleak cage pined and pined for his sunny home land, but never a
+word did he say.
+
+Forty years passed, and a new set of people came to live there. They
+took no notice of the silent old parrot. They put food and drink in
+the cage, but knew nothing about him except that he had been in the
+cage for many years. For a parrot lives much longer than a
+man--sometimes one hundred years.
+
+One day a sailor came to the house. He had lived in South America, and
+knew Spanish. He saw the parrot sitting in his cage, all alone and
+silent, with his head bent down, and his beak on his breast. Then the
+sailor spoke to the parrot in Spanish.
+
+The parrot looked up, as if he had awakened from a long, long dream.
+Something reminded him of the days of his youth, when he was a happy
+bird flying about over the sunny fields of South America. Then he
+remembered the language of his youth, which he had not spoken for
+forty years.
+
+Suddenly he flapped his wings in joy, and spoke again. He spoke all
+the Spanish words he knew, one after another. He spoke to that sailor
+as to a friend come to him from his own home land. He flapped his
+wings against the bars, and finally dropped to the floor of the cage,
+dead. He had died in the thought of his bygone happy days.
+
+My dear children, I am closing this book with this story, because I
+want you to learn a great lesson from it: _be kind to all animals_.
+
+I know that you would never willfully hurt any animal. But that is not
+enough. You may think that you are very kind to some creature, because
+you feed it and pet it; but all the same you may be very cruel, though
+you do not mean to be so.
+
+You may think it is great fun to have a pretty bird in a cage. But is
+it any fun _for the bird_? How would _you_ like to be shut up in a
+cage all your life, instead of playing about in God's free air and
+living in your own home? The bird wants to fly about and live in his
+nest in his own home land. Think of that when you wish to put a bird
+in a cage.
+
+Children who are kind to all animals grow up to be men and women who
+are kind to other people. And it is only by being kind to others that
+we ourselves _deserve_ to be happy and _are_ happy.
+
+Remember all that I have said, till I come back and talk to you again
+in the next book. Then I shall tell you many more Wonders of the
+Jungle.
+
+Till then, as they say in the Orient, God and His peace be with you!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Wonders of the Jungle, by Prince Sarath Ghosh
+
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:14:40 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:14:40 -0700
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