initial commit of ebook 24810HEADmain

11 files changed, 48533 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/24810-0.txt b/24810-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e04a5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24810-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11559 @@
+Project Gutenberg's The Better Germany in War Time, by Harold Picton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Better Germany in War Time
+       Being some Facts towards Fellowship
+
+Author: Harold Picton
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2008 [EBook #24810]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BETTER GERMANY IN WAR TIME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Irma Spehar, Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                          THE BETTER GERMANY
+                              IN WAR TIME
+
+                _Being some Facts towards Fellowship._
+
+
+                                  BY
+                            HAROLD PICTON.
+
+
+                  THE NATIONAL LABOUR PRESS, LIMITED,
+                        MANCHESTER AND LONDON.
+
+
+
+                                TO THE
+                    BRITISH AND THE GERMAN PEOPLES
+                                  AND
+                             IN MEMORY OF
+                               MY MOTHER
+                          WHO KNEW AND LOVED
+                              THEM BOTH.
+
+
+
+    “Forsooth, brothers, fellowship is heaven, and lack of
+    fellowship is Hell.”—_A Dream of John Ball._
+
+    “Either we are all citizens of the same city and war between us,
+    a civil war, a monstrous iniquity to be forgotten, as soon as it
+    may bring in peace; or else there is no city and no home for man
+    in the universe, but only an everlasting conflict between
+    creatures that have nothing in common and no place where they
+    can together be at rest.”—_Times Literary Supplement_, Nov. 11,
+    1915.
+
+    “He had to be extremely careful, said Lord Newton at Knutsford
+    last Saturday, because if he made any statement which did not
+    accuse the Germans of brutality he was denounced by many people
+    as pro-German.”—_Common Sense_, April 20, 1918.
+
+    “Des faits de ce genre méritent dêtre mis en evidence. Il
+    faudrait, dans ce déchaînement d’horreurs et de haines, insister
+    sur les quelques traits capables d’adoucir les âmes.”—_La
+    Guerre vue d’une Ambulance_ par L’Abbé FÉLIX KLEIN.
+
+    “Hate as a policy is either inadequate to deal with the crimes
+    (real and invented) of our enemies, or, if adequate, so recoils
+    on the hater that he himself becomes ruined as a moral
+    agent.”—G. JARVIS SMITH, M.C. (late Chaplain at the Western
+    Front). _Nation_, Nov. 2, 1918.
+
+    “The belief at home that the individual enemy is an incurable
+    barbarian is simply wrong....”—Second-Lieut. A. R. WILLIAMS,
+    killed in action August, 1917.
+
+    “I will go on fighting as long as it is necessary to get a
+    decision in this war.... But I will not hate Germans to the
+    order of any bloody politician; and the first thing I shall do
+    after I am free will be to go to Germany and create all the ties
+    I can with German life.”—J. H. KEELING (B.E.F., December,
+    1915).
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER.                                               PAGE.
+
+     FOREWORD                                            xi.
+
+  I. MILITARY PRISONERS                                    1
+
+ II. CIVILIAN PRISONERS                                   75
+
+III. PRISONERS IN PREVIOUS WARS                          123
+
+ IV. REPRISALS OF GOOD                                   132
+
+  V. WHAT THE GERMAN MAY BE                              149
+
+     APPENDIX                                            255
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD[1]
+
+
+One kind of German has been too often described, and not infrequently
+invented. I propose here to describe the other German. At a military
+hospital a lady visitor said to the wounded soldiers: “We’ve had lots of
+books and tales of horror; why don’t some of you fellows prepare a book
+of the good deeds of the enemy?” There was a slight pause. “Ah,” said
+one of the soldiers, “that would be a golden book.” Very imperfectly,
+and in spite of all the barriers raised by war passions, I have tried to
+collect some of the materials already to hand for such a book.
+
+In any quarrel it is difficult to recognise that there is good in one’s
+opponent. Yet in order that any strife may be wisely settled, this
+recognition is plainly necessary. Mere enmity, without recognition of
+good, belongs to primitive barbarism. It was against the foolish
+unpracticality of this older barbarism (not surely only against its
+wickedness) that Christ protested in the words, “But I say unto you,
+love your enemies.” He saw around him the folly and unenlightenment of
+the perpetual feud. I have collected the testimonies that are in the
+following pages because such facts seem to me to need wider
+recognition, if we are ever to gain an outlook upon a fairer and a truer
+world.
+
+If my desire for peace has anywhere shown itself unduly, or in a way
+irritating to others, I ask forgiveness. Whenever peace is made, the
+world will need a peace built on all the facts of human nature. I have
+tried to give here some of those which war passions inevitably obscure.
+That is the whole of my task.
+
+                                              HAROLD PICTON.
+  _September, 1918._
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 1: With the exception of a few minor insertions the
+    whole of this book was compiled, and the preface written, before
+    Peace came. It seemed, however, that it might only be harmful if
+    published then. I, therefore, kept the book back, but, as the
+    wording expressed my feeling as I wrote, I have left it
+    unchanged.]
+
+
+
+
+                    The Better Germany in War Time
+
+                                  I.
+
+                          MILITARY PRISONERS.
+
+
+The cases of bad treatment of prisoners in Germany have been made known
+very widely. No one, I imagine, can wish to defend bad treatment of
+prisoners anywhere (even of criminal prisoners), and such a horrible
+state of things as that of Wittenberg during the typhus epidemic is a
+disgrace to human nature.
+
+But Mr. Lithgow Osborne says: “My whole impression of the camp
+authorities at Wittenberg was utterly unlike that which I have received
+in every other camp I have visited in Germany.” (Miscel. 16, 1916, p.
+6). I propose to give some account of these other camps. I shall not
+exclude adverse criticism, but as the public have heard little but such
+criticism, I do not think it will be unfair to deal in these pages more
+fully with the favourable reports.
+
+
+LETTERS FROM OFFICERS AND OTHERS.
+
+The following letter from a British Officer appeared in the _Times_ of
+December 30, 1914. It may well serve as an introduction and a caution:
+
+    I do not doubt Private O’Sullivan’s wonderful experience as a
+    prisoner, but his is, I am sure, only an isolated case, and not
+    at all the usual treatment to which British prisoners are
+    subjected. I can speak from experience, as I, too, was a
+    prisoner (wounded), but afterwards released, as the building in
+    which I was, along with several German wounded, was captured by
+    the British. During the time I was with the Germans they treated
+    me with every consideration. Food was scarce, owing to the fact
+    that the roads were so well shelled by our artillery that their
+    transport could not come up; but they shared their food with me.
+    They also dressed my wound with the greatest care, and in every
+    way made me as comfortable as possible. Being able to speak a
+    little German, I talked to the other wounded, and found that
+    their papers also published dreadful tales of our treatment of
+    prisoners, which I am glad to say I was able to refute.
+
+    I am, Sir, yours faithfully,
+                                          A BRITISH OFFICER.
+      December 27.
+
+I would especially call the attention of fair-minded men to the last
+sentences.
+
+Here is a letter written by Second-Lieut. F. Phillips Pearce (aged 18)
+of the 2nd Essex Regiment, from Crefeld on October 27, and printed in
+the _Times_ of November 19, 1914:
+
+    We are treated very well indeed here. We have good beds and
+    fires in the rooms, three good meals a day, and a French soldier
+    for a servant, and this morning I had a splendid hot bath. We
+    have roll call twice a day, at 8 a.m. and 9.45 p.m., and lights
+    out at 10.45, and we have a large courtyard to walk about in. We
+    have a canteen here where we can buy clothes and anything we
+    want. Prison fare is very good—new rolls and coffee and fresh
+    butter. Not bad! I had a very decent guard when I was coming up
+    on the train; he got me food, and when one man tried to get in
+    to attack me he threw him off the train. I am afraid I am out of
+    the firing line until the war ends (worse luck). I am in no
+    danger of being shot unless I try to bolt, which I shan’t do. I
+    shot the man who was carrying their colours, and he wanted to
+    have me shot, but luckily nobody seemed to agree with him. The
+    next time I saw him he had been bandaged up—he was shot through
+    the shoulder—and he dashed up and shook me by the hand and
+    shouted, “Mein Freund, mein Freund.”
+
+On November 25 other letters appeared in the _Times_. One was from a
+cavalry subaltern in a German fortress:
+
+    You ask about money; they provide lights and firing and all the
+    men’s food. The officers get 16s. a week and buy their own.
+    Quite sufficient, as it is cheap. I have learnt German fairly
+    quickly and do interpreter now in the shop for the men, though,
+    I am afraid, _tant mal que bien_. One of the officials here
+    used to be a professor, and is very kind trying to teach us.
+    Thanks for the warm underclothes, and most awfully for the
+    footballs. We have quite good matches.... It is better not to
+    try to send any public news of any kind from England; people
+    having been stupid trying to smuggle letters in cakes and
+    things, and it only makes trouble for everyone.
+
+A Captain writes:
+
+    For dinner at 1 p.m. we are given soup, meat and vegetables....
+    Supper takes place at 7 o’clock and consists of tea, sausages or
+    meat and potatoes.... We receive £5 a month as pay, of which 1s.
+    6d. is deducted for food each day. We have a canteen here at
+    which we can buy everything we want, ... so there is no need to
+    send me anything at all, except perhaps those small 7d. editions
+    of novels.
+
+An English lady wrote early in 1915 from Munich:
+
+    I must tell you I had permission to visit a wounded English
+    officer, a cousin, and I think it would reassure many people at
+    home to know how warmly he speaks of the great kindness that has
+    been shown him now for five months, as well as the skill and
+    attention of the doctors.—(_Times_, March 17, 1915.)
+
+Here, too, is a letter from Lieut.-Observer J. E. P. Harvey, an officer
+of the Bedfordshire Yeomanry, and attached to the Royal Flying Corps:
+
+    I met one of the pilots of the German machines that had attacked
+    us. He could speak English well and we shook hands after a most
+    thrilling fight. I had brought down his machine with my
+    machine-gun, and he had to land quite close to where I landed.
+    He had a bullet through his radiator and petrol tank, but
+    neither he nor his observer was touched. I met two German
+    officers that knew several people that I knew, and they were
+    most awfully kind to me. They gave me a very good dinner of
+    champagne and oysters, etc., and I was treated like an honoured
+    guest. I then came by train the next day to Mainz, where I was
+    confined in a room by myself for two days. I have now been moved
+    into a general room with eight other English officers, where we
+    sleep and eat. We are treated very well, and play hockey and
+    tennis in the prison yard.—(_News of the World_, February 27,
+    1916.)
+
+Miss Colenso gives the following account, which appeared in the _Daily
+News_ of June 28, 1918:
+
+    A minister friend of mine told me the story of a young Scottish
+    boy of his acquaintance, now a military prisoner in Germany—I
+    forget for the moment in which camp. This boy received a letter
+    from home one day telling of his mother’s serious illness and
+    the doctor’s verdict that she could only live a few weeks. The
+    German Commandant, finding the boy in great distress, asked him
+    what was the matter, and on learning the cause of his grief,
+    said: “Would you like to go home to your mother?” The boy sprang
+    up, exclaiming indignantly, “How can you mock me when you know
+    it is impossible?” “But you shall go, my boy,” said the
+    commandant. “I will pay your return fare on condition that you
+    give me your word of honour to come back here.” The boy went
+    home to Scotland and remained by his mother’s side for about
+    three weeks till her death, when, true to his word, he returned
+    to Germany.
+
+The writer of “Under the Clock” considers that “well-attested” stories
+of this kind should be given publicity. It is even more necessary to
+examine the “attestation” of the other kinds of stories, for all the
+bias is against the enemy, and demand is apt to create supply.
+
+
+MERSEBURG, DŒBERITZ.
+
+I pass on now to a report made by a United States Official. The American
+Consul writes from Leipzig under date of November 16, 1914: “On Saturday
+afternoon, the 14th instant, I visited the military concentration camp
+near Merseburg, where some 10,000 prisoners of war are interned. The
+object of my visit was to investigate the claim of a French prisoner
+that he is an American subject. The result of my observations regarding
+the welfare and humane treatment of the prisoners at large was a
+surprise to me.... Separated by nationality, these prisoners are housed
+in wooden buildings, well built, ventilated and heated.... They sleep
+upon straw mattresses in well-warmed quarters, and, as far as I could
+judge, are as well or better housed than labourers upon public works in
+the United States. The prisoners are fed three times a day. Breakfast
+consists of coffee and bread. Dinner consists of vegetable and meat,
+soup and bread, and for supper they are given bread and coffee. I was
+informed that many of the prisoners have some money, and that they are
+allowed to buy whatever else they may wish to eat. If I may judge from
+the mounds of empty beer bottles at hand, there is evidence in support
+of this statement. The prisoners appeared to be in good health and
+cheerful, many of them engaging in games and other pastimes.”
+
+The diet described must be frightfully monotonous. Feeding has
+throughout been one of the German difficulties. “Germany claims to hold
+433,000 prisoners of war,” wrote an anonymous American journalist
+(probably in November, 1914); “the housing and feeding of so great a
+number must be a tremendous strain upon resources drained by the
+necessities of war.” The numbers must now exceed two million. The Press
+article referred to [Misc. No. 7 (1915)] is severe on the misery of camp
+life, and the verminousness of the men (they were of mixed nationality)
+in the camp at Döberitz which he visited. (See, however, the further
+official reports quoted below at p. 9). But the writer does not confine
+his condemnation to one side. “One hears of battles in which no quarter
+is granted. There are stories of one side or the other refusing an
+armistice to permit the other to gather its wounded. Each side is
+desperately determined to win, and neither is counting the cost. So men
+must rust in prison camps until the struggle is over.” The monotony in
+this case seems to have been varied by fights between the prisoners of
+different nationality, each set considering that the others had not done
+their part in the war. We need not be contemptuous about that. The
+monotony of the prisoners’ life must tend to produce the maximum degree
+of mutual friction. There is absolutely no privacy for the prisoner of
+war. To be forced to remain, day and night, for months and years in
+idleness, with a crowd of others, not of one’s own choice is, I believe,
+one of the psychological factors which make internment (especially to
+many civilians) decidedly worse than imprisonment in a criminal prison.
+
+
+CORRESPONDENCE AND PACKAGES.
+
+My next document illustrates the fact that each side makes similar
+complaints about the other. Telegram received by American Embassy,
+London, December 23, 1914, 22nd from Berlin Embassy:
+
+    “Foreign Office reports receiving many complaints that money and
+    packages sent German military and civilian prisoners in enemy
+    countries from Germany do not reach addresses. Please secure
+    information for Department to forward German Foreign Office
+    whether money and other postal matter will be delivered to such
+    prisoners promptly and intact.—BRYAN, Washington.”
+
+There is no doubt that many letters and parcels have _not_ reached
+German prisoners in England. Lord Robert Cecil has fully allowed this.
+(_Times_ report. March 11, 1915.) In spite of this, I have no doubt that
+the British authorities have done their best to expedite delivery. I
+would suggest that this is probably the case on the other side, too. We
+shall indeed later come upon some definite statements in support of this
+view. One frequent cause of the non-arrival of parcels in Germany has
+been convincingly described by Mr. Ian Malcolm, M.P. (_Daily Mail_,
+November 8, 1916, and Reprint):
+
+    I did not approach this subject quite “new to the game.” I had
+    already visited general post offices in England, Switzerland and
+    elsewhere, and had seen thousands, literally thousands, of food
+    parcels intended for our prisoners of war in Germany falling to
+    bits and incapable of being forwarded for want of skilled
+    packing. The sight was enough to make angels weep. To think that
+    so much self-sacrifice had been exercised in humble homes to
+    save up bits of dripping, crusts of bread, broken cigarettes,
+    and what not, in order that these should reach son or brother or
+    sweetheart in Germany, yet packed so badly albeit by loving
+    hands, that in the first rough and tumble of the post the paper
+    burst, the string came undone, and the contents of a dozen
+    parcels fell in an inextricable jumble upon the floor.
+
+There will unfortunately, too, be those in every land who will take
+opportunities for mean thefts. We have all had experience of that during
+this war, and the following cutting from the _Daily News_ of October 5,
+1915, may be given in illustration:
+
+    In a letter of thanks to the secretary of the committee of the
+    Elswick and Scotswood workmen, formed for the purpose of sending
+    comforts to the troops, Sir Ian Hamilton says:
+
+        I am extremely touched by the extraordinary generosity and
+        kindness of the Elswick and Scotswood workmen. I will take
+        great care to let our soldiers know to whom they are
+        indebted for this most handsome contribution. Pray heaven
+        the parcels will escape thieves and scoundrels who waylaid
+        some of the gifts, and will arrive in good condition.
+
+If there are, alas, not a few men who will steal from their comrades,
+there are not likely to be fewer who will steal from their enemies.
+
+Speaking generally, however, the delivery of parcels on both sides soon
+became commendably regular. The care shown on the German side is warmly
+praised by Captain Gilbert Nobbs, who remained quite able to appreciate
+good deeds even after enduring terrible hardships and hearing worse
+stories from others. The bad deeds of war, soldiers are able to judge
+better than civilians. In his book “Englishman, Kamerad,” Captain Nobbs
+writes:
+
+    I was very much impressed with the fair and systematic handling
+    of our parcels, letters and money; even letters and postcards
+    which arrived for me after I had been sent back to England, were
+    re-addressed and sent back. A remittance of five pounds which
+    arrived for me after I had left was even returned to me in
+    England, instead of being applied to the pressing need of the
+    German War Loan.—(_Daily News_, January 25, 1918.)
+
+An acquaintance of my own, a lecturer in a technical school, spoke to me
+to the same effect. He told me, as an illustration, of a parcel sent to
+him which had become quite shattered in transit (p.p. 7). The Germans
+transferred the contents to a sack, and, as he said, the temptation to
+pilfer the sorely-needed foodstuffs must have been great. My informant
+also spoke of the very thorough inoculation against disease.
+
+
+ALTDAMM.
+
+On December 31, 1914, Mr. Damm reported to Mr. Gerard on the Camp at
+Altdamm near Stettin. The general arrangement, he remarks, is the same
+as that of the camp at Stargard on which he had reported previously.
+
+“It appears to me that every effort is being made to treat the prisoners
+of war as humanely as possible in the two camps I visited. Dry and warm
+shelter is provided, the food is simple and perhaps monotonous, but of
+good material and well prepared, sanitary arrangements are good, and the
+health of the men is carefully looked after.”
+
+
+RUMOURS V. INSPECTION.
+
+But the general inspection of all camps had not yet been agreed to by
+the German Government, and on February 23, 1915, Sir Edward Grey wrote
+to Mr. Page (the American Ambassador in London) complaining that no
+definite replies to his questions were forthcoming. “His Majesty’s
+Government,” he continues, “have only unofficial information and rumours
+on the subject to guide them, which they trust do not accurately
+represent the facts.” The “unofficial information and rumours” had,
+however, attained wide publicity, and obtained still more later.
+
+The German authorities agreed on March 17, 1915, to general inspection
+of detention camps and consideration of complaints. The reports now to
+be cited were made after this date. [Misc. 11 (1915)]. I propose to give
+examples of almost all the earlier reports, for it was in the earlier
+stages of the war that there was most difficulty everywhere in providing
+accommodation for prisoners. We ought not to forget that the earliest
+reports on our own camps which the British Government have published
+begin with February, 1916.[2]
+
+
+DŒBERITZ.
+
+On March 31 Mr. Jackson reported on the camp at Döberitz, a large camp
+with between three and four thousand British prisoners. “So far as I
+could ascertain, British soldiers are called upon to do only their share
+in fatigue work.... So far as I could ascertain, after inquiry of a
+number of men, nothing was known as to the stopping of either incoming
+or outgoing correspondence.... The camp at Döberitz is in a healthy
+location, and the barracks are new and of a permanent character.... They
+are at least as good as those used by the Germans at present in the same
+neighbourhood. As was to be expected a number of men had individual
+grievances, but there were no general complaints, except with regard to
+the German character of the food—_and those were the exact counterparts
+of complaints made to me by German prisoners in England_.” I have
+italicised the last clause as it will surely, to a fair-minded man, seem
+a somewhat important one.
+
+Mr. Lithgow Osborne visited the camp at the same time. He says:
+
+    Until two weeks ago the Russians and English were, in cases,
+    housed together—a source of complaint to the latter, more
+    especially on account of vermin. The races have now been
+    separated. The men all stated that they had the two blankets and
+    the other requisites provided in the German rules, and I heard
+    but one complaint about overcrowding. Most of the English and
+    French receive clothes from home. All the prisoners who do not,
+    are furnished from the camp supply; the men stated that this was
+    carried out according to the rules.
+
+    No complaints whatever were made regarding the Commandant, the
+    non-commissioned officers, or the general government of the
+    camp. The food was the source of the few real complaints that
+    could be heard, although at least half of the men spoken to
+    admitted that it was quite as good as could possibly be
+    expected.
+
+    The impression of the whole was excellent, and one received the
+    idea that everything that could reasonably be expected was done
+    for the men by the authorities in charge.
+
+
+THREE POOR CAMPS.
+
+Mr. Jackson’s reports on Burg bei Magdeburg, Magdeburg and Halle a/d
+Saale are the most unfavourable. They were all small officers’ camps,
+Burg containing 75, Magdeburg 30, Halle 50 British officers. There were
+a few orderlies at each camp.
+
+The chief points are inadequate ventilation, inadequate service for
+officers and, in the first two, the fact that living rooms were used
+for all purposes, there being no special mess or recreation rooms. There
+seemed, however, to be no discrimination against the British.
+
+
+GŒTTINGEN.
+
+Mr. Page himself reports on Göttingen, where there were about 6,000
+prisoners. “The Camp Commandant, Colonel Bogen, has done everything
+possible to make this a model camp, and he has accomplished a great
+work. The only complaint is as to the food, the quantity of which, of
+course, is not under the control of the Commandant, as he is limited to
+an expenditure of only 60 pfennigs (about 7d.) per day per man.
+
+“Everything was in the most beautiful order. There was a very fine steam
+laundry and drying room, bath rooms, with hot and cold showers, and the
+closets, etc., are in a very good condition and scientifically built.
+There is running water and electricity in the camp. A French barrister
+of Arras, named Léon Paillet, who was working with the French Red Cross
+and who, for some reason or other, has been made a prisoner, has done
+marvellous work in organising libraries, etc.
+
+“I am pleased to say that the professors and pastors in Göttingen have,
+from the first, taken an interest in this camp, and Professor Stange has
+done much in helping the lot of the prisoners. The Y.M.C.A. building,
+erected through the efforts of Mr. A. C. Harte, who for a number of
+years has been working with the Y.M.C.A. in India, will be a great help
+to the men in the camp.
+
+“At the opening ceremonies there were speeches by Colonel Bogen, Mr.
+Harte, and Professor Stange, and then each speech was delivered in
+English and French by prisoners. These were followed by short speeches
+by French, English, and Belgian prisoners. Then came a concert by the
+camp orchestra and the camp singing society, followed by songs and
+recitations by various prisoners.”
+
+Dr. Ohnesorg reported further on April 22. At that time there were 6,577
+prisoners, of whom 1,586 were British. He warmly commends the steam
+laundry, the steam disinfecting plant, and the hospital. “A spirit of
+contentment pervaded the camp. The British prisoners were well clothed.
+I tasted the evening meal, consisting of a vegetable soup, which was
+very palatable and, I should say, nourishing.... The citizens of
+Göttingen have taken a great interest in the camp, and some of them,
+notably Professor Stange, of the University, have given a great deal of
+their time to the welfare of prisoners and the formation of classes for
+study amongst them.”
+
+
+GERMAN HELP FOR PRISONERS.
+
+The interest taken by prominent Germans in the welfare of prisoners of
+war is little recognised in this country. The Berlin Committee (of which
+more will be said later) has received considerable support. At the end
+of June, 1916, a meeting in support of its work was held at the house of
+Prince Lichnowsky, former Ambassador in London, who returned specially
+from the front to preside. The Bishop of Winchester, writing in the
+_Times_, tells us that many notable men and women were present, and that
+at the meeting a collection of 8,000 marks (about £400) was made.
+
+
+COLOGNE.
+
+Mr. Michelson visited in April, 1915, the three Cologne hospitals in
+which wounded British prisoners are lying. He reports as follows:
+
+    These institutions are so typical of large, modern, well ordered
+    hospitals that little need be said of their employment or
+    management. They are provided with all the machinery and
+    paraphernalia usual to surgical work on a large scale, contain
+    all standard and necessary conveniences and fittings, afford to
+    patients a maximum of protection in the matter of sanitation,
+    quiet and relief from preventable irritation, and are conducted
+    in a thoroughly scientific, professional and humane way.
+
+    The names of the 49 wounded British prisoners are hereunto
+    annexed. I personally spoke to every one of these men, and with
+    many of them I conversed privately and without being overheard.
+    With but one exception no English-speaking British prisoner had
+    any complaint to make, and a number of the British prisoners
+    eagerly expressed to me their appreciation for the care and
+    attention given them.
+
+    The physical condition of the Indians is particularly good. Only
+    21 deaths have occurred among the 1,000 wounded cared for in
+    hospital No. VI. since the war began, and the death rate in the
+    other two hospitals is correspondingly low. The physicians in
+    charge consider the rate to be somewhat remarkable in view of
+    the many grave injuries treated.
+
+    In closing I may say that there is no discrimination or
+    segregation among the patients and that certain French patients
+    with whom I spoke expressed, likewise, their appreciation for
+    the care and attention given them.
+
+
+CREFELD.
+
+At Crefeld Mr. Michelson visited the camp for interned officers. Of
+these interned 137 were British. The general statements of the
+Commandant “were afterwards independently confirmed by the one interned
+British medical officer, Captain Benjamin Johnson, who said that as a
+physician he had no complaints to make or improvements to suggest. He
+did, however, complain on the score of being held prisoner, but the
+Commandant and the German medical officer, and I with them, feel that
+the presence of a British medical officer in the barracks is desirable.
+
+“The bath room which I saw has a floor space of about 1,500 square feet,
+one-half of which, drained in the centre, lies under some 20 shower
+nozzles. There are a couple of porcelain tubs in the other half, and in
+the centre there is a large stove. Hot and cold water is available. The
+British officers were enthusiastic in their praise of this room.
+
+“As regards the sleeping rooms, wash rooms and latrines, and their
+equipment, the general German housing regulations are being fully
+complied with. I visited a great many sleeping rooms, and in none of
+them did I find overcrowding, uncleanliness, insufficient light, heat,
+or equipment.
+
+“The orderlies are housed in stalls in one of the stables, and in their
+regard, too, the general German housing regulations are being fully
+complied with. Their quarters looked sufficiently comfortable and clean,
+and two or three of the orderlies with whom I spoke said that they had
+no complaints to make, and that they were happy to be interned with, and
+not apart from their officers. I visited the one building fenced off
+from the others—also a stable—in which German soldiers are quartered,
+and I found the accommodation and equipment there to be precisely that
+furnished to the orderlies. The comparison was, however, somewhat in
+favour of the orderlies, for the orderlies were fewer in number and less
+crowded than the soldiers. Although exercise is not compulsory, there is
+ample space in the central rectangle for out-door games of all sorts and
+for walking. No appropriate form of exercise, recreation, or amusement
+is denied the interned, and opportunities for distraction within the
+barracks lie largely in their own hands. Smoking is freely permitted,
+and English, French and Russian songs are sung without interference. The
+walls of one French officer’s room were covered with good-natured
+caricature drawings. When I asked the Commandant if the interned might
+not be permitted to go out into the country under guard, he replied that
+the barracks were too near the frontier for that, and he mentioned that
+one officer had already escaped and succeeded in getting over the
+border.”
+
+Food is provided to all officers at the rate of two marks daily. This
+absorbs the whole of a lieutenant’s pay, and the Commandant recognised
+the difficulty. But “none of the officers want the present arrangement
+altered if alteration is to involve a decrease in the quality,
+quantity, or variety of the food furnished. All of them agree that the
+food is entirely satisfactory, under the circumstances, and that it is
+fully worth two marks a day.
+
+“The officers told me that letters and packages were delivered to them
+with commendable rapidity, and that the Commandant was unfailingly
+obliging when, for important reasons, any officer needed to send off
+more than two letters a month.”
+
+
+GARDELEGEN, SALZWEDEL.
+
+Dr. Ohnesorg, of the U.S. Navy, inspected Gardelegen and Salzwedel.
+Owing to typhus, the former was not completely inspected. Two hundred
+and twenty-eight British soldiers were interned here. Dr. Ohnesorg
+remarks that the situation is open, with natural drainage. There was a
+good and unstinted water supply. “I had a long talk alone with Captain
+Brown. He spoke well of the camp.” “Work was being rushed on” for the
+complete eradication of the clothing louse which is the carrier of the
+infection. “It should be mentioned that the Russian prisoners, who are
+primarily responsible for the introduction of the disease, are quartered
+alone, ... but all the prisoners associate with one another in the
+compound.” At Salzwedel, out of a total of 7,900 prisoners, only 49 were
+British. The supply of water was unstinted. Shower baths and hot water
+were available. Each man could have a bath every three days, and the
+baths were being added to. In the hospital “the English doctor informed
+me that the medicines and treatment accorded to the sick were good.”
+
+“The majority of the English prisoners complained of not getting enough
+food and the monotony of the diet. The black bread was another point of
+protest. I myself was given a sample of the mid-day meal as it came
+from the kettle. It consisted of a thick soup containing potatoes,
+beans, and small portions of fish. It was palatable, and I should say
+nourishing. The prisoners do not do heavy work, their work being police
+duties, etc. I must add that those whom I saw were well nourished, of
+good colour, and appeared to be in good physical condition. There were
+only a half-dozen on the sick list, and, with one exception, they were
+under treatment for wounds.”
+
+
+GUESTROW, MUENSTER (LAGER), SOLTAU, SCHEUEN, SCHLOSS CELLE.
+
+Mr. Jackson reported on the first four of these. The Güstrow camp
+(Mecklenburg) contained about 6,000 prisoners, of whom 300 were British.
+It is situated in the pine woods, and consists of “solid, newly-built
+wooden barracks, lighted by electricity and heated.” Washing and bathing
+facilities were good and the postal department well organised. “Clothing
+is furnished when required, _if asked for_.”
+
+“There are several workrooms, and most of the men who have trades can
+find something to do to occupy their time and can earn a little money.
+
+“Most of the British soldiers spoke of harsh treatment immediately
+following their capture—at the beginning of the war—and while they
+were being transported to Germany, and several spoke of their having
+been handled roughly while in the tents. Others said frankly that most
+of those who had been treated badly since they came to the camp had done
+something to deserve it. In any event all admitted that their present
+treatment was good, and that there was now no discrimination against the
+British. British soldiers had never been called on to do more than their
+share of the dirty work about the camp. A party of Russians had always
+had charge of the latrines, voluntarily, in return for some small
+compensation. The spirits of the British prisoners seemed good.”
+
+The account of Münster is almost precisely similar—“solidly-built
+barracks,” “good bathing arrangements,” “well-arranged hospital.”
+Suggestive of the nervous strain of internment is the following: “Here
+the relations between the British and Belgians seemed cordial, and the
+former participated in the recent celebration of King Albert’s birthday,
+which the French declined to do.”
+
+At Soltau there were about 30,000 prisoners, principally Belgian. Four
+hundred were British. German control was largely eliminated, but the
+results in this case do not seem to have been satisfactory.
+
+“In this camp there seemed to be fewer German soldiers on duty than is
+the rule elsewhere, and practically the whole of its administration is
+in the hands of the Belgians, who have organised many courses of study
+(under Belgian professors) and who have a Catholic Church, a theatre, an
+orchestra, and a choir. The British complained that there is
+discrimination against them here (apparently more by the Belgians than
+by the Germans), and that they are not permitted to participate in the
+administration or to be represented in the kitchen or post office.
+Complaints were made about the food and the delivery of mail and
+parcels, and it was said that the Belgians objected to have them join in
+football games, etc. They also said that they were compelled to do much
+more than their share of fatigue work in connection with the latrines.
+All these complaints were brought to the attention of the officer in
+charge, who promised to investigate them, as apparently but little
+attention had been paid to such matters so long as there had been no
+trouble in the camp.”
+
+At Scheuen near Celle a similar difficulty existed. There were 118
+British out of a total of 9,000 prisoners. “The British
+non-commissioned officers muster their men and exercise some general
+control over them, but the French or Belgian non-commissioned officers
+are in charge of the barracks and designate the men who are to do
+fatigue duty. In consequence, it is claimed, British soldiers are
+detailed to such work more frequently than those of other nationalities.
+On speaking of this to the Commandant, he promised at once to arrange so
+that a more fair division of work should be made in the future.
+Otherwise the men made no complaint with regard to any discrimination
+against them.”
+
+
+ZUEDER ZOLLHAUS, WAHN.
+
+The reports issued in Miscellaneous, No. 14 (1915) continue the
+inspections and reinspections up to the middle of May. As improvements
+were continuously being made in the camps, it is scarcely necessary to
+refer in detail to these further reports. There are reports on fifteen
+camps for military prisoners. Two of these reports (those on the
+“working camp” at Züder Zollhaus and Wahn) are unfavourable, thirteen
+are favourable. At Züder Zollhaus were 2,000 prisoners, of whom 479 were
+British. The camp was for prisoners who were willing to work on the
+land. “I was given to understand,” writes Dr. Ohnesorg, “that this camp
+would only be occupied during the summer months.” The inspector finds
+the hospital accommodation in this case “very crude.” There were about
+thirty cases of sickness which should certainly have been removed
+elsewhere. The morning meal seems very small for the morning’s work. It
+consists of either soup or coffee with 300 grammes (say 10 oz.) of
+bread. Altogether it is plain that improvements here were urgently
+needed. Dr. Ohnesorg, however, says: “All of them (the British
+prisoners) appeared to be in good physical condition.... The work is not
+hard, and they are permitted to take it leisurely.... They informed me
+that their treatment was good, they were not overworked, and practically
+the only complaint they had to make was that a more substantial meal to
+begin the day on should be given them.” At Wahn the food was complained
+of, and the most unpleasant feature is that the Commandant did not seem
+on good terms with the British.
+
+
+BLANKENBURG.
+
+As regards the camp for officers at Blankenburg, Mr. Jackson writes:
+
+    The house itself is as comfortable as any of the places where I
+    saw interned officers in England.... It is surrounded by
+    attractive, well-kept grounds, in which a tennis-court has just
+    been made.... There are several modestly furnished mess and
+    recreation rooms, and a terrace which is used for afternoon
+    tea.... The Commandant is interested in his work, and evidently
+    does all he can to make conditions agreeable.
+
+There were 110 officers, of whom nine were British.
+
+
+SENNE.
+
+At Sennelager Mr. Osborne reports:
+
+    The situation of the camp is good ... on very dry, sandy soil,
+    surrounded at a few kilometres by pine forests. The buildings
+    are good. Though there were the customary complaints about the
+    food, more than half the men I spoke with expressed themselves
+    as satisfied.... The men looked healthy, and they all stated
+    that the general health of the camp was excellent.... There are
+    shower baths with hot and cold water.... The men said they were
+    well treated by the Commandants and the German soldiers and
+    N.C.O.’s in charge of them.
+
+The camps at Sennelager are large ones, and include more than two
+thousand British prisoners. Games, concerts, and theatrical performances
+help to pass the time. A play given by French prisoners was entitled:
+_Avant et après la guerre._
+
+
+MAINZ.
+
+Of the officers’ camp at Mainz, Dr. Ohnesorg reports that “The quality
+and quantity of the food was good and varied.... One and all the British
+officers spoke in the highest terms of their commanding officer, his
+kindness and courtesy, and said that they received every privilege which
+could be afforded them, considering their position.” There were about
+700 officers, of whom 25 were British. “If anything,” says the American
+Consul at Wiesbaden in a later report on Mainz, “I should think the
+British officers would ... receive almost greater courtesy at the hands
+of their keepers than those of the other nations.”
+
+
+GENERAL REMARKS OF DR. OHNESORG.
+
+Dr. Ohnesorg appends some general remarks on the camps he visited. In
+the following quotations I have omitted nothing which is in the nature
+of adverse criticism:
+
+“On the whole the treatment accorded them is good, but frequent protests
+were made to me concerning the food—not so much because of its quality,
+as because of the insufficient quantity and the monotony of the diet.
+The prisoners, however, appeared to be in good physical condition and
+well nourished. Appended are various weekly dietary slips. I had an
+opportunity in various camps to sample either the mid-day or the evening
+meal. I found them palatable and, I should say, nourishing. Considering
+the fact that the men have practically no hard work to do, it appears to
+be sufficient in quantity, each man getting a liberal allowance—probably
+a litre and a half of food per meal.
+
+“The treatment accorded the sick and wounded prisoners is excellent.
+They are given every advantage of medicines and treatment, and special
+food when necessary. A dietary slip of the latter is appended. The same
+routine, the same food, etc., as in use in German military hospitals,
+apply for these various hospitals in prison camps.
+
+“I found no discrimination made between prisoners of various
+nationalities. With the exception of Limburg, the British prisoners are
+housed with the Russians, French and Belgians, and this is the cause
+oft-times of complaint on the part of the English, especially if they
+are under the direct supervision of a non-commissioned officer of
+another nationality. Some of them stated that the work, i.e., the police
+duties, etc., largely because of this are not equally and justly
+divided.
+
+“Every precaution is taken by the authorities against the spread of
+disease in camp. All the prisoners are vaccinated against smallpox, and
+are immunised against typhoid and cholera. Certain simple rules against
+the contraction of disease are posted throughout the camps, and the men
+are impressed with the importance of personal cleanliness. Baths are
+obligatory, the facilities affording each man a weekly bath under the
+showers.
+
+“The water supply in the camps is good. In most of them it is connected
+with the city supply, and when not, Artesian wells have been sunk on the
+premises and water thus obtained. Taps are placed throughout the company
+streets, and the use of water is unstinted.
+
+“As a rule, the prisoners were found to be well clothed, although not
+all in their own uniforms. Some were in French uniforms, and some in a
+combination of Russian, French, and British.
+
+“In many of these camps, prisoners are loaned out throughout the country
+to work upon farms, and, in some cases, in various industries. This is
+entirely voluntary on the part of the prisoner, and this service is
+mostly accepted by the French. No British volunteer. These men have a
+guard over them, are housed and fed by their employer and receive five
+pfennigs a day in pay. It breaks the monotony of prison life, and many
+more volunteer than are needed for this work.”
+
+
+NEW REGULATIONS.
+
+On April 24, 1915, the Prussian Ministry of War issued a new set of
+regulations respecting the maintenance of prisoners of war. They show
+great thoroughness and forethought, but I am afraid the average
+Englishman would be as unready to believe that they showed genuine good
+intentions, as the average German would be to believe that favourable
+regulations issued by the English authorities were really _bona fide_.
+Yet, as it seems to me of general interest, I will here give the second
+regulation: “Self-management as regards catering has already been
+ordered for military and civilian prisoners’ camps, as this system has
+been proved far preferable to the employment of contractors. Nearly all
+the complaints about the food come from camps where contractors are
+employed.”
+
+
+ERFURT, OHRDRUF.
+
+It is impossible to do more than make very brief citations from the
+remaining reports. In no case is the report otherwise than favourable,
+and the food is described as good.
+
+At Erfurt “the kitchens are clean, and the midday soup (which I tasted)
+was good”. The British soldiers had no complaint against German officers
+or soldiers, but “they claimed that the French or Belgian
+non-commissioned officers caused them to be detailed as members of
+working parties more frequently than their fellow prisoners of other
+nationalities.” This reminds us that complaints arise in institutions
+other than those worked by “enemies.”
+
+At Ohrdruf “a number of men who had been treated for their wounds in
+the lazaret at Weimar spoke in the highest praise of their treatment by
+German doctors and nurses.... Some of the British thought (as at Erfurt)
+that they were detailed to working parties (by French non-commissioned
+officers) more frequently than the others, but otherwise no complaint
+was made to me of any discrimination against them.” The British did not
+like the soup, “but almost without exception they seemed in good
+physical condition and in good spirits.”
+
+
+MR. GERARD’S COMMENTS.
+
+“The food question,” writes Mr. Gerard (U.S. Ambassador at Berlin), “is
+of course a difficult one in a country where the whole population is put
+upon a bread ration. Most of the rumours current in England are without
+foundation or very exaggerated.... No British prisoner needs clothes in
+Germany ... and I have just learned that British prisoners at Zossen, to
+whom we sent clothes, shoes, etc., have sold these articles to the
+French prisoners and are asking for a second supply.”
+
+
+MUENDEN, FRIEDBERG, TORGAU, MERSEBERG.
+
+Thirteen British prisoners at Hannover-Münden “said that they were not
+discriminated against in any way.... All seemed in good spirits.” At
+Friedberg were 13 British officers. “The commandant drew my particular
+attention to the row of little gardens cared for by the interned, and is
+much pleased with this feature of the place. He also told me he would
+like to allow officers to have dogs, but he fears this cannot be
+done.... The officers’ rooms amply exceed all requirements as to housing
+and equipment.... The dining-rooms are two ... and either room would do
+credit to a club or hotel of the first class.” At Torgau “the commandant
+spoke of the British officers to me in very complimentary terms.” At
+Merseberg “the new food regulations are in force.... No complaints were
+made to me about the food, and the men appeared to be in good health.”
+
+
+A PENNY BLUE BOOK.
+
+On May 14, 1915, Viscount (then Sir Edward) Grey, writing to Mr. Page
+(U.S. Ambassador in London), mentioned that His Majesty’s Government
+“have heard with pleasure that there is a distinct disposition on the
+part of the German authorities to accept suggestions made for the
+welfare of the prisoners of war.” These words gave hope of the
+development of better feeling and of those “reprisals of good” which
+many believe to be more constructive than reprisals of frightfulness.
+The Penny Blue Book on the treatment of prisoners of war, issued not
+long after this, was not helpful to these hopes. As regards Germany,
+this publication consists almost exclusively of the “unofficial
+information and rumours” which, as Sir Edward Grey stated in February,
+1915, His Majesty’s Government “trusted did not accurately represent the
+facts.” The result is unfortunate. The Blue Book is limited by its title
+to “the first eight months of the war,” and deals almost exclusively
+with charges brought before the close of 1914, when, as is well known,
+there was confusion everywhere. The method of arranging the evidence is
+too much that of an advocate aiming at producing the maximum effect. For
+example, we read (page 6): “The United States Consul-General at Berlin
+heard on October 16 that information regarding the treatment of
+non-commissioned officers and men of the British Army who are prisoners
+of war in other camps is anxiously awaited at Torgau. ‘Rumours of their
+exposure to the elements, their starvation and their treatment, are
+rampant all along the line.’” On turning to Misc. 7 (1915) we find that
+_these last words were not those of the American Consul-General_, but
+those of an officer interned at Torgau. The American Ambassador, Mr.
+Gerard, writes: “It should also be added that, although the British
+officers at Torgau state that they have heard reports of starvation and
+ill-treatment of British soldiers in other prisoners’ camps, the Embassy
+have no reason for believing that this is the case.” _This statement is
+omitted in the Penny Blue Book._
+
+To give the public an idea of the camp at Döberitz quotations are made
+(page 33) from an article by an anonymous American journalist. An early
+official report is cited which gives a very different impression, but as
+it is quoted in quite a different part (page 18) of the Blue Book, the
+contradiction is only seen on careful examination. On the covers of the
+two copies of the Blue Book which I have are lists of Foreign Office
+publications. Amongst these (see pages 9, 10) is Miscel. No. 11 (1915)
+(price 3d.), which contains two official U.S. reports on Döberitz, one
+by Mr. Jackson, the other by Mr. Lithgow Osborne, both of them entirely
+favourable. No hint of the existence of these reports (received on April
+10 and April 24 respectively) is given in the body of the Penny Blue
+Book. As regards British camps, the only evidence cited is the report
+made by Mr. Chandler Hale of the U.S. Embassy after the riot at Douglas
+in November, 1914.
+
+I am fully aware that the sufferings of prisoners of war, as of soldiers
+in the field, cannot be adequately presented in official reports, but
+the sifting of more human and biased evidence is an extremely difficult
+task, and it is sufficiently plain that we should not rely on official
+evidence to exculpate ourselves, while using rumours and unofficial
+information to condemn the enemy.
+
+There are very many prison camps in Germany, and their individual tone
+must depend enormously upon the aims and efforts of the commandant in
+charge. A mistake of appointment, almost a slip of the pen, and a man
+may be in charge who will make life unendurable as only unlimited
+authority can.
+
+The words used by Lord Newton in the House of Lords on July 31, 1917,
+are noteworthy in this connection. One impression he derived from his
+intercourse with the German delegates at the Hague was that “in spite of
+the German power of centralisation, Berlin headquarters did not know a
+great deal of what was going on. As the Germans had thirty times as many
+prisoners as we had, it would be surprising if they did know what went
+on.” (_Daily News_, August 1, 1917.)
+
+
+A PRISONER IN AUSTRIA.
+
+Here is an account of a British member of Parliament, a prisoner in
+Austria:
+
+    Captain A. Stanley Wilson, M.P., who is a prisoner of war in
+    Austria, has written the following letter to Colonel Duncombe,
+    chairman of the Holderness Conservative Association, here:
+
+        “I am a prisoner of war, and with only one hope—that the
+        war will be over soon. I was taken off a Greek steamer by a
+        submarine on December 6. After two nights and a day on board
+        I was brought here. I must not give any details. Colonel
+        Napier was also taken prisoner, and we are together.
+        Fortunately I have in him a capital companion who can speak
+        German very well.
+
+        I am afraid it will be a very long time before I see my
+        constituents. I wish them all a happy new year and hope that
+        during next year I may meet them again. The outlook for me
+        is not very bright, but I intend to do my best to be
+        cheerful. Up to the present we have been very well treated.
+        We had some most exciting experiences in the submarine. The
+        officers on board treated us as though we were their guests
+        and not their prisoners. We have as companions two French
+        officers who were made prisoners the day before us, their
+        submarine having run ashore.”—_Manchester Guardian_,
+
+    January 10, 1916.
+
+Captain Wilson (an able-bodied prisoner) has since been unconditionally
+released.
+
+
+THE FOOD QUESTION.
+
+The report already given makes it clear that very similar complaints, or
+(as Mr. Jackson puts it [page 16]) complaints that were “exact
+counterparts” as to food, have often been made on both sides. It is also
+plain that complaints on this score in German camps have been by no
+means universal. I do not in the least suppose that the food in general
+would be satisfying or other than dreadfully monotonous. (“Oft recht
+eintönig,” says Professor Stange quite frankly in his interesting
+pamphlet on Göttingen camp.) Loss of appetite, depression, indigestion
+will then in many cases produce grave physical trouble. All this may
+occur and does occur, without anything like a deliberate attempt at
+starvation. British born wives of interned Germans would sometimes, even
+before the reduction of rations, speak bitterly of their husbands’
+needs. An anti-English journalist might have used such complaints to
+charge us with starvation. But even perfectly _bona fide_ complaints
+need indicate only monotony, loss of robustness, and consequent physical
+(and mental) ills—and indeed the tragedy of these things may become
+terribly dark. It is, however, something very different from deliberate
+starvation.
+
+In any comparison between the two sides it is only fair to take into
+account the special difficulties of the German case. The number of
+prisoners in Germany by August, 1915, was probably over one million.
+This is an enormous figure. While Great Britain and her Allies have
+tried to prevent food from reaching Germany, the drain upon the German
+food stock has continually grown as the number of prisoners has
+increased. By the end of 1917 this famished country had to support
+probably more than two million extra persons. The French Press long ago
+frankly regarded this as one of the means of helping towards the
+starving out of Germany, while in an American cartoon the Russian
+prisoners were figured as an enormous beast with its head in a cupboard
+labelled “Germany’s Food Supply.” These are considerations for the
+fair-minded, and it is for them to recall that as soon as there was in
+our own case a menace of food shortage, there was also what might in
+official language be described as a complete revision of the prisoners’
+rations. The prisoners’ own language would very likely describe it
+differently. We can scarcely be surprised at sad and even very bitter
+words at times from prisoners’ wives.
+
+That prisoners themselves are, however, sometimes able to envisage the
+difficulties is indicated by the following extract from a _Daily News_
+interview with a corporal repatriated from Münster. He commented on the
+fact that some men were the recipients of more parcels than they needed,
+while others got none. The interview continues:
+
+    You see, without regular parcels from home a man simply starves
+    at a camp like Münster. If the Germans had the food I believe
+    they would give it, but they haven’t: they are starving
+    themselves.[3] All they allowed us was bread and water and thin
+    soup. The consequence is that the men who get no parcels have to
+    go round begging from the other chaps just to keep body and soul
+    together.
+
+    From what I saw of it, getting so much while others get nothing
+    isn’t good for a man either. Some fellows—the stingy sort—will
+    save up their parcels against a rainy day. Make a regular little
+    store they will. Others—the lively sort—sell what they have
+    over to the unlucky ones, and spend their time gambling with the
+    few marks they make. Poor devils! You can’t blame them!
+
+The word “starvation” has been, and is here, too freely, if very
+naturally, used. The remarks of Lord Newton, speaking in the House of
+Lords on May 31, 1916, are important in this connection:
+
+    If Lord Beresford was accurate in his assumption that prisoners
+    of war would literally starve to death if parcels did not
+    arrive, hundreds of thousands of prisoners would be dead
+    already. Russian prisoners, of whom there were over a million in
+    Germany, received no parcels at all, and if it was impossible to
+    exist upon the food supplied by the Germans, these men would
+    literally have died like flies.... Lord Beresford and other
+    noble lords had been rather prone to ignore the fact that
+    Germany was a blockaded country. It was common knowledge that
+    there was a general scarcity of food throughout Germany, and, if
+    the prisoners did not get as much as they ought to have, in all
+    probability the vast majority of the German population was in a
+    state of comparative hunger.... He could not see what advantage
+    there was in making out that the case of our prisoners was worse
+    than it really was, and it seemed to him little short of an act
+    of cruelty to the relations of these unfortunate men to lead
+    them to suppose that our men were not only in a state of misery,
+    but in a state of starvation.—(_Morning Post_, June 1, 1916).
+
+There is no question either that nerve strain and monotony accentuate
+the critical attitude towards food. Here is an extract from Mr.
+Jackson’s report on Senne (September 11, 1915): “There were some
+complaints, as usual, in regard to the food. I had arrived in the camp
+just after the midday meal was served, and while some of the men said
+that the meat had been bad, and they wished that I had an opportunity to
+taste it, others said that the meat had been particularly good, because
+the officers had heard that I was coming. None of them knew that I had
+actually eaten a plate of their soup and had found it excellent, both
+palatable and nutritious, and that my visit to this particular camp had
+not been announced in advance. The menu for the day had been made out at
+the beginning of the week, and could not have been changed after my
+presence in the camp was known, and I had a bowl of the soup which was
+left over after the prisoners had been served.” (Miscel. 19 [1915], page
+41.)
+
+It is sometimes forgotten that complaints as to food are frequent in all
+institutions, schools, colleges, workhouses, hospitals, etc. I have
+before me a recent letter from an Englishman in a consumptive sanatorium
+in his own country: “I exist as best I can, and the less said about it
+the better. I am no better, and only glad that I am not worse. I at
+least don’t feel so ill as I did a week ago, although I have lost 3½
+lbs. since then. The food is atrocious, and my appetite small. The
+fellows here buy quite two-thirds of what they eat, otherwise they too
+would lose in weight. No good comes of making complaints ... nothing is
+ever done.” Things _may_ be so, I am not a great believer in
+institutions, but certainly independent investigation is needed to
+warrant any conclusion. The same I feel to be the case as to complaints
+of feeding, whether in British or German camps.
+
+Each side, too, is also unreasonably certain of its own justice and of
+the injustice of the others. Thus the Social Democrat, Herr Stücklen,
+speaking in the Reichstag debate of June 6, 1916, said: “I have received
+a letter about the treatment of our prisoners in France which says, ‘If
+pigs were so fed by us they would go on hunger strike.’ But I do not
+wish our Government to exercise reprisals, which, after all, could only
+hit the innocent.” [_Cambridge Magazine_, August 26, 1916, Supplement
+“Prisoners.” An important supplement for those who wish to get a glimpse
+(it is no more than a glimpse) of recriminations made by others as to
+treatment of prisoners.] It is odd how exactly the same phrases occur on
+both sides. Thus a private at Döberitz, according to the unknown
+American journalist referred to on pages 5 and 25, relieved his feelings
+as to the German food with the words: “I ’ad a sow. And even she
+wouldn’t eat skilly.”
+
+To suit the tastes of all the different nationalities would at any time
+be difficult; under war conditions it is impossible. Professor Stange
+relates how the hostess of some Russian working prisoners thought to
+give them a specially good meal of meat. The result, however, was less
+bulky than a soup, and the Russian comment on this occasion was, “Mother
+good, eating not good.” (“Das Gefangenen-Lager in Göttingen,” page 9.)
+
+
+A PRISONER’S REPORT.
+
+A serious and responsible statement of experiences has been made by
+Chaplain Benjamin O’Rorke, M.A., in his little book, “In the Hands of
+the Enemy.” I commend the book to the notice of those who wish for a
+fair statement by a patriot who has actual experience of a good many
+German camps in the early days of the war. As he was taken prisoner in
+August, 1914, his experiences belong to the time before the improvements
+introduced in all countries had been begun. There are callous episodes,
+for instance, one of revolting caddishness of an orderly standing by
+without offering help when an invalid officer is struggling to tie up
+his bootlace. Military bounce, popular vulgarity, hardships,
+homesickness, courage—all these things one may read of, but the
+incidents which some journalists revel in are to seek. It was a neutral
+journalist, we should remember, who sent to a German paper a wonderful
+account of the panic fears and regulations of London under the Zeppelin
+menace.
+
+Chaplain O’Rorke’s reminiscences give us a good many “facts towards
+fellowship.” Let us select a few. Even the unpleasant ones may help us,
+where they show that the failings of the others are the same as our own.
+The prisoners were taken to Germany from Landrecies.
+
+
+THE CREDULITY OF HATE.
+
+    At Aachen a hostile demonstration took place at our expense.
+    There happened to be a German troop train in the station at the
+    time. A soldier of our escort displayed a specimen of the
+    British soldier’s knife, holding it up with the marline-spike
+    open, and declared that this was the deadly instrument which
+    British medical officers had been using to gouge out the eyes of
+    the wounded Germans who had fallen into their vindictive hands!
+    From the knife he pointed to the medical officers sitting
+    placidly in the train, as much as to say. “And these are some of
+    the culprits.” [It is not surprising that thus monstrously
+    misinformed, and ready to believe all evil against the hated
+    English, the soldiers] strained like bloodhounds on the leash.
+    “Out with them!” said their irate colonel, pointing with his
+    thumb over his shoulder to the carriages in which these
+    blood-thirsty British officers sat. The colonel, however, did
+    not wait to see his behest carried out, and a very gentlemanly
+    German subaltern quietly urged his men to get back to their
+    train and leave us alone. The only daggers that pierced us were
+    the eyes of a couple of priests, a few women and boys, who
+    appeared to be shocked beyond words that even a clergyman was
+    amongst such wicked men.
+
+I have quoted this passage as I have not the least wish to give a merely
+_couleur de rose_ picture of the situation. Human nature is, I fear,
+everywhere very much the same, and, once its passions are aroused,
+extremely credulous of evil against its opponents. Only one thing in the
+account a little surprises me, and that is the colonel’s order. If the
+officer was a colonel, would a subaltern be able quietly to countermand
+his orders? Is there not some mistake of rank here, or perhaps a
+misunderstanding of an angry exclamation?
+
+
+TORGAU.
+
+The populace at Torgau called them swine with variations—all of which,
+alas, is exactly what has been done, in some cases, by the populace on
+our side too. At Torgau “the Commandant was a Prussian reservist officer
+with a long heavy moustache. We were told [by the other prisoners] that
+he was courteous and considerate in every respect, and that, provided we
+took care, to salute him whenever we passed him, we should find him
+everything we could reasonably wish.” And later, “It was a subject of
+universal regret when the first Commandant resigned his position.”
+
+
+DOGS.
+
+A great deal has been made of the use of dogs in some prison camps. The
+following is the account given in Mr. O’Rorke’s book (page 41):
+
+    As time went on our numbers increased to about 230 British
+    officers, and 800 French officers joined us from Maubeuge,
+    including four generals. One of the latter had been interned in
+    Torgau before, in the 1870 war, and had made good his escape.
+    The authorities guarded against the recurrence of such an
+    eventuality on the present occasion, their most elaborate
+    precaution being the enlistment of dogs to reinforce their
+    sentries. Their barkings could be heard occasionally by night,
+    but their presence disturbed neither our repose nor our
+    equanimity.
+
+It is worth while to quote from a report made by Dr. Ohnesorg and Mr.
+Dresel on Wittenberg in March, 1916:
+
+    The police dogs are not now a cause of complaint on the part of
+    the prisoners.—(_Miscel_. 16 [1916] p. 85).
+
+Dr. Austin in “My Experiences as a German Prisoner” writes:
+
+    For a long time previous to our arrival at Magdeburg we had been
+    informed that large and savage dogs were to be provided to aid
+    the sentries.... They were certainly savage enough, but were
+    always led by a sentry, or chained in their den, and were never
+    let loose on us. (p. 141).
+
+To return to Chaplain O’Rorke’s narrative: “When we first arrived [the
+barrack warder] had adopted the rôle of gaoler in his demeanour towards
+us, but after a while he became civil and deferential, and—when his son
+was captured in the war—actually sympathetic.” (p. 45.) At Torgau “the
+meals, though far from sumptuous and not always palatable, were
+sufficient for our needs.” (p. 43.)
+
+
+BURG.
+
+At Burg, at the canteen, “we used to treat one another to a whole roll
+or a cake and a cup of excellent coffee; and, until they were put on the
+_verboten_ list, to a chop or steak. The serving was done under the
+direction of a kind, motherly _Frau_ at the one canteen, and by a polite
+German boy-waiter at the other.... The regular meals seemed to be
+provided by the proprietor of the larger canteen under contract with the
+German Government. They were served at 8 a.m., 12 noon and 6-30 p.m. In
+quality they were superior to the Torgau fare, but in quantity scarcely
+sufficient in the depth of winter for hungry young men. Still it must be
+remembered that they cost only 1s. 6d. a day” [out of the daily pay
+allowed]. Weekly baths were the regulation, but “it was often possible
+for pushing natures to get an extra bath on other days,” by a method
+which works all the world over. At Burg “the new Commandant was a tall,
+well-made, soldierly figure. He had a strong face, curiously resembling
+an owl.” An amusing little story follows as to the preciseness of the
+Commandant and Mr. O’Rorke continues: “It is pleasant to add that this
+new Commandant was in one respect just the man that was needed. From the
+first day he began to make the place hum, the foul clean, and in time
+rendered it habitable. Had there been any, he would have made the dust
+fly, but there was not. Indeed the court was at first almost a bog
+through which we threaded our way inch deep in mud, and hopped over the
+pools. All this disappeared in a few weeks under the Commandant’s
+direction; the swamp was drained and the path widened.” British
+officials, too, know that the problem of mud in a confined space trodden
+by thousands of feet is one needing energy for its solution.
+
+The Commandant seems to have had a quality more valuable even than
+energy—a capacity for learning from those under him. He was a judge by
+profession, and was at first stern and terrible, as well as thorough. To
+him the prisoners were as ordinary prisoners, “but in time he learnt to
+place us in a different category. As for myself, eventually he granted
+me facilities for carrying on my work outside the _Lager_, which he
+might easily have refused, and when, five months later, we parted, it
+was with a certain measure of mutual cordiality” (p. 74). The Adjutant
+also learned more cordiality, and adjutants are sometimes prouder of
+making others feel their authority than commandants are.
+
+
+CENSOR FINED BY PRISONER.
+
+The Chaplain instituted a system of fines for “unparliamentary
+expressions.” “Once I had to fine the German censor. He was engaged on a
+hot day in examining a very large number of packages before distributing
+them to their owners. He let fall in an unguarded moment the remark that
+it was a nuisance to have to open so many parcels—specifying the
+particular kind of nuisance he felt it to be ... but unfortunately I
+overheard it and he had to pay the penalty. He did so with a good
+grace.” A touch like this seems to me, personally, to tell more
+eloquently than many orations how absurd it is to be regarding one
+another as all monsters who ought to be put out of the world.
+
+
+VISITS OUTSIDE CAMP.
+
+The hospital accommodation at the camp was very poor, and a lieutenant
+was sent out to a hospital in the town to have his little finger
+amputated. Mr. O’Rorke asked for permission to visit him. The Adjutant
+at once agreed. “It was not long before I presented myself at the office
+for my escort. I expected a couple of armed soldiers at the least,
+remembering our reception at the hands of the populace. Instead, my
+escort consisted of Herr Kost—the friendly censor and interpreter—and
+a soldier. ‘Are you going to run away?’ asked Herr Kost. I smiled at the
+futility of such an idea. ‘Then we won’t take a soldier.’ My journey of
+half an hour to the hospital, my reception there, and my return to the
+prison were unmarred by any unpleasant incident whatever. The hospital
+was of the latest and best. Lieut. George had nothing but words of
+gratitude about the doctors and nurses.”
+
+The Chaplain was allowed to visit the “reprisal prisoners,” those put in
+solitary confinement owing to the infliction of this penalty on the
+officers and men of two German submarines. He found them well treated.
+“The privacy of this little room,” said the Hon. Ivan Hay “is preferable
+to the liberty and Babel of the Burg dormitories.” The prisoners were
+specially selected from families of distinction.
+
+
+PRISONERS AND POPULACE.
+
+The other Burg prisoners were afterwards removed to Mainz. “The German
+Commandant took pity on my loneliness and offered me the privilege of
+going into the town where and when I liked if I would give my word of
+honour that I would make no attempt to escape. I agreed to the proposal.
+We shook hands over it, put it down in writing, and he presented me with
+a passport for the period of a week.” Mr. O’Rorke, dressed in khaki, was
+soon the centre of a crowd of about twenty-five boys and girls. But, and
+this is really worth our noting, “they behaved extraordinarily well, and
+made no offensive remark.” His followers increased, and he made things
+worse by giving them sweets! He called upon the German Pastor in order
+to get rid of them, but even this failed. A long stop at a café did not
+tire the vigilance of his escort. When he again came out, there they
+were. “We exchanged smiles and off we started.” A bookseller, whose shop
+Mr. O’Rorke visited, came to his rescue and dispersed most of the
+little crowd, but another one gathered later, though again it showed no
+impoliteness or unfriendliness.
+
+
+MS. RETURNED.
+
+It remains to be said that Mr. O’Rorke’s diary was confiscated on his
+release, but was restored to him by post a few weeks later, marked as
+having passed the German Censor!
+
+
+ANOTHER PRISONER’S REPORT.
+
+Another useful little book of reminiscences is that of Mr. L. J. Austin,
+F.R.C.S., of the British Red Cross, “My Experiences as Prisoner in
+Germany.” “About ten miles from Namur we suddenly ran into the outposts
+of the German Army, consisting of a picket of about twenty Uhlans, who
+examined our papers, obligingly removed the tree from across the road,
+and allowed us to proceed. Shortly afterwards we were again held up,
+this time by an officer, who re-examined us all, and again we were
+allowed to proceed.... Near midday we came to a small village called
+Maffe, and here we had the misfortune to run straight into the head of
+the main German Army marching upon Namur.” Detention was, under the
+circumstances, practically inevitable. The party could scarcely be
+allowed to motor off with valuable information as to the position of the
+German Army in their possession. They were indeed suspected of being
+spies. Said an interpreter: “You know you’ve been incredibly foolish to
+come anywhere near our forces; you will not be able to return after
+seeing our Army, but will have to be sent back into Germany. I do not
+know what will become of you, but you will be treated as gentlemen.”
+“During the afternoon of the first day an officer of the Motor Cycle
+Corps who spoke excellent English came in and had a friendly talk with
+us, and seemed to be inclined to laugh at the position he found us in.
+We were struck by the familiarity between the privates and some of the
+officers. For instance, in this particular case, some of the soldiers
+had practice rides on their officers’ motor-bicycles.” There followed a
+long interview with Prince Heinrich, the 33rd of Reuss. He was very
+suspicious, but polite. “Finally His Royal Highness shook hands with us
+and said: ‘I do not know what will become of you gentlemen, but probably
+you’ll be sent back to Germany to assist in looking after wounded
+soldiers of France and Belgium, and possibly English if they are foolish
+enough to cross the Channel.’” The prolonged detention of Mr. Austin is
+inexcusable, but there seem to be somewhat inexplicable detentions on
+both sides. A document handed to the prisoners on their release was to
+this effect: “The German Government advises the English Government that
+unless all Red Cross units at present in England are immediately
+returned, no further exchange of British medical officers can be
+contemplated.” [Cf. too Miscel. 30 (1916) pp. 2, 36; also International
+Red Cross Reports, First Series, pp. 18, 19.]
+
+
+CREDULITY ONCE MORE.
+
+The general experiences of Mr. Austin are very similar to those of Mr.
+O’Rorke. At Bouvigny “a somewhat offensive non-commissioned officer ...
+removed all knives that we had and was greatly excited at the presence
+of the large jack-knife which had been issued to us before we left.
+These knives carried a long spike, for punching leather and opening
+tins, and the story has been circulated in Germany that these knives
+were issued to the troops for the express purpose of gouging out the
+eyes of the German wounded.” There is something pathetically hopeless
+about these aspects of human credulity in war-time. When we see the
+extraordinary nonsense that each side readily believes of the other, we
+must accept it as something to the credit of human nature that any
+reasonable treatment of prisoners occurs at all.
+
+
+ORDINARY HUMANITY.
+
+“Our other personal effects,” the narrative goes on, “including our
+money, were returned to us.” The doctor’s papers had not been returned
+by the German officers who originally examined him, and this fact caused
+many delays and annoyances, but one does not read of any actual
+ill-treatment. The use of dogs is referred to (see p. 33). The last
+incident on German territory is thus recorded: “When the Holland train
+drew in the officer had not returned, but one of our party who spoke
+German well informed the sergeant that the officers had told us we were
+to go by this train, and he very obligingly placed us in it after we had
+taken tickets to the nearest Dutch station, Ozendaal.”
+
+
+REPORTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS.
+
+To me it seems that the Swiss have made some of the finest efforts of
+the spirit during this war. It is no mean achievement. Some are bound by
+many ties of friendship to the German people, some to the French. There
+has, of course, been occasional failure and sheer partisanship, but an
+utterance such as that of Carl Spitteler is marvellous in its
+determination to do justice, and in its reverence for the suffering of
+all the nations. The International Committee of the Red Cross at Geneva
+has been a centre of kindliness in the midst of carnage. In France and
+in Germany a committee was, by mutual agreement, established consisting
+of representatives of the national Red Cross, of the American and
+Spanish Embassies, and one delegate of the International Committee.
+These committees arranged that delegates of the International Committee
+should visit prisoners’ camps in both countries. No such committee
+existed in Great Britain, but with the consent of the British
+authorities some camps in this country were visited in January, 1915.
+(See footnote, page 9.)
+
+
+GERMAN CAMPS: FOOD.
+
+In January, 1915, National Councillor A. Eugster was deputed to visit
+French prisoners in Germany. In general, the Swiss reports[4] give an
+almost exactly similar impression to those made by the United States. As
+regards the food, M. Eugster remarks that the sum of 60 pf. (just over
+7d.) is allowed daily for the German private, and exactly the same sum
+for the prisoners. In his second report, made in March, he points out
+that the food question has become more serious and (as far as his
+experience goes) complaints are more numerous. He summarises very
+reasonably the difficulties of the case, especially as regards the bread
+problem. Prisoners were originally allowed 500 grammes daily, but when
+the bread rations of the German civilians were reduced from 250 to 200
+grammes, some reduction in the prisoners’ allowance was only to be
+expected, and their ration was fixed at 300 grammes. They would
+otherwise have been allowed two and a half times as much as the Germans
+themselves. Potato meal was allowed to make up the quantity, but the
+result was not good. Writing in March, M. Eugster says: “There are
+to-day from 750 to 800,000 prisoners in Germany. Allowing 300 grammes
+per man, this makes a daily consumption of 240,000 kilos. of bread
+(about 235 tons). This is not a bagatelle at a moment when the
+importation of cereals is impossible.”[5] By Art. 7 of the Hague rules
+an arrangement between belligerents as to prisoners should be possible,
+and Eugster suggests that meal might be sent under neutral care to the
+camps, and bread baked there under neutral surveillance.
+
+
+GENERAL RESULT.
+
+M. Eugster’s reports on the individual camps convey almost exactly the
+same impression as the American reports. At Sennelager the English
+doctor spoke highly of the treatment of the wounded, and the French
+doctors readily acknowledges that German wounded and French wounded were
+treated alike. At Zossen a sculptor was at work in his studio, a painter
+painted landscapes, a gardener ornamented the grounds, and a musician
+had his compositions rendered by a choir of 150 to 200 practised
+singers. It is the best educated prisoners, remarks the deputy, who are
+the most content. Summarising the impressions of his first tour, Herr
+Eugster says: “I am glad ... to be able to assert that the French
+prisoners are humanely treated. In such distracted times errors and
+mistakes can easily occur, but on the whole one can say that Germany
+does her duty by her French prisoners.”
+
+It is not surprising to learn that M. Eugster received anonymous letters
+reviling him for not producing evidence to support the prejudices of the
+writers. Some readers of this account may indeed be made suspicious by
+his German name. M. Eugster was fully alive to these suspicions, and he
+suggested that a German and French Swiss might with advantage visit
+camps jointly. The suggestion was carried out, and in the third series
+of visits Dr. de Marval accompanied him. The general evidence is as
+before.
+
+
+VERMIN.
+
+The Swiss reports are in some respects more outspoken than the American
+ones. The heading “vermin” occurs in almost all. It requires a special
+campaign to deal with the lice, but the campaign seems to be carried on
+with vigour.
+
+
+TACT.
+
+There is another point. “We must not forget,” writes Eugster, “that to
+be a prisoner is in itself a very trying fate.” It needs a little
+contact with prisoners to realise _how_ hard their fate is, and how
+easily the wrong way with them may produce soured and embittered men.
+Writing of Halle in May, Eugster and de Marval remark: “The relationship
+between the Commandant and the prisoners is correct, but without
+cordiality; the subordinates were often wanting in tact.” I confess it
+is simple words like these that depress me more than rumours of
+starvation or bad housing. Anyone knows that authority does not readily
+become the friend of the fallen. The military manner, even when acquired
+by Englishmen, is not always pleasant, and the sergeant who bullies his
+own men is not likely to be more considerate to prisoners. Let us face
+plain facts in these matters, and remember that all imprisonment is
+rather terrible, and that all absolute authority (especially among
+underlings) is apt to become tyrannous. In the prison camps of every
+nation it is examples of a foolish military officialdom that make for
+embitterment and degradation; and in these camps, too, it is the tact
+which comes of true insight, that is doing much for that brotherhood of
+hearts which is the only way to peace. “These people,” says Eugster in
+another place, “ought to be treated with tact. They should not be
+treated as enemy prisoners, but as men and chivalrous adversaries. A
+little consideration, not costing much, will make a good impression. A
+friendly word, as from man to man, breaks the ice of discontent, and the
+chivalrous spirit of the superior is recognised with gratitude.”
+
+To reach this standard we must try to think the best of our
+adversaries. Charity is something less meagre than justice, and it holds
+the future of the world in its grasp. In the past we denounced French,
+Russians, Irish and Boers in turn. It was not denunciation that did much
+for the future, but the larger-hearted charity which took its place.
+
+
+PRISONERS IN FRANCE.
+
+M. de Marval reports well of the feeding of prisoners in France. There
+is the usual difficulty about vermin. The officer prisoners seem, in
+many ways, to have the worst time. “Their lodging is in general too
+crowded, badly ventilated, and badly lighted ... and lacking in
+elementary comforts. They can ... buy ... chairs, tables, blankets,
+etc.”[6] There was in France, as elsewhere, considerable complaint in
+the earlier days as to the delivery of parcels. The parcels arrived
+broken and partly or wholly emptied of their contents. So it was, we may
+remember, with parcels intended for English prisoners in Germany. The
+probability is that in both cases imperfect packing was responsible for
+the damage. (Cf. pp. 6, 8.) In the report just cited, De Marval states
+that, in general, there has been great improvement in the lodging of the
+prisoners, and that some bad camps (Vitré, Lorient, Belle-Ile) have been
+broken up (January, 1915). Here again the reports coincide with those
+made upon German camps. In all countries the prisoners of war presented
+at first a problem not readily solved, and great hardships resulted.
+“Some of the hospitals,” writes M. de Marval, “lack comforts, are not
+sufficiently roomy, or do not possess the necessary medicaments.” He
+goes on: “I shall not delay over the retrospective complaints often
+formulated by prisoners.... Officers who had been injured by the
+populace or bound during transport and soldiers who had told me of bad
+treatment were alike pleased to declare that all such things were
+past.” Here again the report is exactly paralleled by the American
+report on the German Camps. (Cf. p. 16). “Religious services are in
+general arranged for the Catholics; it is very difficult to secure
+ministrations for the Protestants.” “If the officers are often meanly
+lodged, the same is true of the soldiers. The bedding sometimes leaves
+much to be desired, the straw in many of the camps is scanty, damp, and
+pretty often full of lice. The litter is actually being replaced
+everywhere by straw palliasses. As a support for these an open wooden
+framework is placed on the beaten ground which is often wet. Those who
+sleep under tents are subject to bronchitis and rheumatism, those who
+are in forts or old convents sometimes lack the proper allowance of
+air.... Though the quality of the water leaves something to be desired,
+it is supplied filtered and boiled, and in amount generally
+sufficient.... In some camps there is not enough water for washing
+either the person or clothing.... In general each man has a blanket, but
+it is very small and often much worn; some are still needed in some of
+the camps.... If I have not referred to certain regrettable incidents of
+which I have been told, it is because they appear isolated, and one must
+guard against generalising from them. Besides, these incidents are
+bygones and few in number.” At Fougères (Brittany) “the beds are
+touching each other.” Cassabianda was a bad camp. So much has been made
+of earlier defects in German camps that it is well to remember (as
+indeed the above report shows) that defects may easily occur in other
+countries besides Germany. Of Cassabianda (February 12)[7] we read:
+“Huts extremely dilapidated. Sanitary accommodation worse than scanty.
+(_Les W.—C. sont plus que sommaires_). Nourishment scarcely sufficient
+for those who are working.... The cooking arrangements are worse than
+scanty.... Sleeping accommodation extraordinary: beds made from boughs
+by prisoners and superposed in two or three tiers. The ceilings and
+windows are falling in ruins.... Wishes of the prisoners—to have more
+to eat.... A very poor camp (_dépôt très médiocre_), but well governed
+by a good and conscientious commandant who is badly seconded by his
+officers. It is a difficult task to render habitable premises that are
+falling into ruins.” I am quite sure that none of us would impute ill
+intent to the French authorities. We should say simply that the prisoner
+problem was at first beyond their power, that in exceptional cases there
+were bad officers and in others lack of organisation. If we are capable
+of fair play, we shall, in many cases, say exactly the same thing about
+the German authorities. In Germany the one outstanding question is food,
+otherwise, as M.M. de Marval and Eugster state in a joint report issued
+in May: “We fully recognise the excellent arrangement and perfect
+organisation, thought out to the smallest detail, and the admirable
+administration of the Camps.”
+
+
+LATER U.S. REPORTS.
+
+It is allowed by all investigators that camps almost everywhere have
+been improved as the war went on. Mr. Gerard himself writes, under date
+June 10, 1915: “It is generally admitted that conditions in the camps
+are constantly improving, and no good can be attained by the
+investigations of complaints based upon reports of conditions as they
+are supposed to have been several months ago.” In citing the _earlier_
+U.S. and Swiss reports I have therefore by no means exaggerated the
+facts favourable to German treatment. There have been many later
+reports, but it will be impossible and unnecessary to give more than a
+few references:
+
+The reports in Miscel. No. 15 (1915) give a quite favourable account of
+the German efforts on behalf of the prisoners. Canadian officers at
+Bischofswerda, however, complained of their treatment on the way from
+the front. They said that “they were at first compelled to share their
+compartments with French Algerian (black) soldiers, but that other
+arrangements were made by a German officer in the course of their
+journey.” Some may consider this an interesting comment on the
+employment of Algerian and other native troops.
+
+
+HUNGER DURING TRANSPORT.
+
+The Canadian officers also said “that while on the road they had
+received but little food, their treatment not differing, however, from
+that of other prisoners.” On reading this I could not help recalling a
+_Daily News_ interview headed “The Blue Ladies: Good work at the Free
+Buffet at Euston.” (June 24, 1916.) “We have just had the escort of some
+German prisoners in,” said one of the ladies. “We do not give anything
+to the prisoners. We have enough to do to look after our own men.” I
+recalled, too, the British nurse who said in my presence, with a snap of
+her fingers, “We have not _that_ much sympathy with the German wounded.”
+I want to believe that in the great majority of cases the attitude on
+both sides is very different; but what a sundering influence war-like
+patriotism is! We must surely reach brotherhood by some other way.
+
+
+FRIEDRICHSFELD.
+
+Mr. Michelson reports highly of the camp at Friedrichsfeld. All kinds of
+work was going on. “No German foreman were to be seen, and only on
+looking for them did I notice that there were, here and there, guards
+watching the prisoners. In two instances I saw unguarded prisoners at
+work.” Some wounded at Magdeburg “all, without exception, said they had
+been treated with great consideration while being transported from the
+front.” (June 3, 1915). The hospital treatment is spoken well of both
+here and at the base hospital at Isighem, W. Flanders, visited by Dr.
+Ohnesorg.
+
+
+ORGANISATION AND RECIPROCITY.
+
+I pass on to Miscel. No. 19 (1915). Writing in June, Mr. Gerard gives an
+interesting account of the courses of instruction and lectures arranged
+for German N.C.O.’s and men in order to increase their efficiency in
+managing the camp kitchens. There is a characteristic touch of German
+thoroughness in the scheme. Mr. Gerard concludes: “I should be glad to
+have you bring the foregoing to the attention of the British Government.
+The German military authorities have now satisfied themselves that
+German prisoners in England are being treated as well as the conditions
+admit (except with regard to the confinement on board ships, which is
+still a sore point), and they are showing every disposition to treat
+British prisoners (both officers and men) in the most favourable manner
+possible, and to pay attention to their wishes in so far as can be done
+consistently with the principle that all the prisoners (of whom there
+are considerably more than one million) must be treated in practically
+the same manner.”
+
+
+LAZARETS.
+
+Writing from Hamburg, the American Consul-General, Mr. Morgan, says: “It
+is not necessary for me to enter into the details of the different
+lazarets which I visited, beyond stating that they are all in the most
+up-to-date condition, and everything is being done for the wounded that
+could be done anywhere.” At the Paderborn lazarets, “Some of the men
+said to me that it would be necessary to drive them away (that they
+would make no attempt to escape) because they were so well cared for and
+so comfortable.” (p. 40, l.c.) At the Wesel lazarets, “Many of (the
+British) were very uncomfortable from their wounds, but all replied that
+their present treatment, as well as that which they had received at the
+front, and on the way from the front, was, and had been, entirely
+satisfactory.... All those consulted in regard to the matter said that
+they had come from the front in a German lazaret train, together with
+German wounded, and that, as nearly as they could tell, they had
+received exactly similar treatment and care as accorded to the German
+wounded. Their only request was for books and tobacco.” (October 26,
+1915.)
+
+
+A DIFFICULTY.
+
+At Neubrandenburg, “until a few days ago the officers were permitted to
+use a tennis court outside the enclosure, to swim in the lake, and to
+walk in the neighbouring woods. As four officers (one Englishman) made
+an attempt to escape (from the bath house) these privileges were
+temporarily suspended, but I was told by the Commandant, whose relations
+with the prisoners are of the best, that they would be restored at an
+early date.”
+
+The excellence of the bathing facilities at the officers’ camp,
+Friedberg, is commented on, as it frequently is in other cases. At
+Giessen, Dr. Ohnesorg spoke with many prisoners who had had experience
+of working camps. “They said (the work) was not hard, and before being
+allotted to these various working camps, they underwent a thorough
+medical examination, and those who were found in an unfit physical
+condition were not detailed for this work. They are fed and housed by
+their employer, and in one instance I met a complaint of insufficient
+food.”
+
+
+SOME OFFICER CAMPS.
+
+At Bad Blenhorst a number of prisoner officers are taking the “cure”
+under a German military surgeon. At Clausthal “the situation of the
+camp is ideal, being placed in the midst of the Hartz mountains, with a
+wide expanse of view, and my visit gave me a very favourable impression
+in general.” At Cüstrin “The German officers treat the prisoners like
+unfortunate comrades.” At Bischofswerda the complaints were that
+“shorts” were forbidden for football, and that baths were not allowed
+more than once daily. The Commandant promised to remedy both grievances.
+The report on Halle is unfavourable. There was overcrowding, and “the
+enclosure for exercise leaves much to be desired.” The food was not
+complained of, except as regards monotony.[8]
+
+
+KŒNIGSBRUECK, ZWICKAU, GÖRLITZ.
+
+Königsbrück, a camp for 15,000 prisoners (but with only three British),
+“is complete in all respects, and adheres to a high standard in regard
+to the kitchens, theatre, washing-places, canteens, supply-room for
+clothing, etc.” Zwickau (with two British) “is excellent ... outside
+each barrack is a specially built stand where the mattresses are aired
+every day ... and within the confines of the camp are several acres of
+vegetable gardens ... in which the French take particular interest.” The
+arrangements at Görlitz (with thirteen British) “in all details struck
+me as being exceedingly good.” In general hospital treatment at the
+camps is entirely satisfactory.
+
+
+SCHLOSS CELLE, WITTENBERG, STENDAL, FOOD.
+
+In Miscel. No. 16 (1916) we may note the following: At the officers’
+camp, Schloss Celle, “the Commandant in civil life is a judge, and
+seemed on excellent terms with the prisoners.” Mr. Gerard reports on a
+visit of his own to Wittenberg on November 8, 1915. The soup for the
+mid-day meal appeared to him “to be very good,” and the testimony of the
+men was to the effect “that the food had improved considerably during
+the last two months.” About 300 out of the 4,000 prisoners in this camp
+were British.[9] At Stendal Mr. Osborne found the thick soup
+“exceedingly palatable, though thoroughly un-English.” The British
+prisoners “admitted that they could live on the camp rations, if
+necessary, and still retain good health, as is the case with the
+Russians, and that their objection to the food was on account of its
+sameness, and because it was not cooked in an English way.” In March,
+1916, Mr. Osborne reports that a large swimming pool is in process of
+completion at one end of the camp.
+
+
+REPORTS AND INFORMATION.
+
+At Fort Friedrichshafen, Ingolstadt, “those who had no overcoats said
+that they could get them from the German authorities if necessary, but
+that they preferred to wait for the present to see if they could not be
+sent from home. All would like new boots, as they are not pleased with
+the wooden-soled boots provided locally.” Sir Edward Grey, writing just
+before the receipt of this report, referred to information “that the few
+British prisoners of war at this camp are very badly fed, and that
+parcels arrive with great irregularity, their contents being frequently
+abstracted.” In a reply dated a week later, Mr. Gerard (U.S. Ambassador
+at Berlin) writes that “in reply to a direct inquiry, which was made out
+of the hearing of any German officer or man,” the British prisoners at
+Ingolstadt “stated that there was nothing to which they would care to
+have special attention paid. The men were in good spirits, and there was
+no evidence to show that any of them were badly fed. All were in touch
+with their friends at home, and no complaint was made with regard to
+irregularity in the receipt of parcels.”
+
+
+FAVOURABLE AND HUMOROUS.
+
+Of the officers’ camp at Blankenberg i/Mark, Messrs. Jackson and Russell
+report, “The atmosphere of the camp is excellent.” There is a touch of
+humour in the report on Merseburg (l.c. p. 29). “One man complained to
+me that he had been punished for ‘having a hole in his trousers’ (as he
+said), but on investigation I found that he had cut a new pair of
+trousers, which had been given him by the German authorities, in order
+to make a pair of boxing shorts. One man had a black eye, another a
+sprained thumb, and a third a broken nose, as the result of boxing
+matches.”[10] The four English prisoners at Königsmoor said “that there
+was no discrimination against them of any kind, and their relations with
+the German guard were evidently pleasant. They all said that they had
+plenty of warm clothing, including overcoats, and one even had an
+overcoat which had been given him by the German authorities in addition
+to one which he had received from home. They said the food was ‘not
+bad’ ...” At the working camp at Hakenmoor, “the midday ‘soup’ was
+excellent.... All looked in good health and seemed to be contented, and
+their relations with the German guards appeared to be friendly....
+Several complained that the clothing furnished soon became too tight for
+comfort, and nearly every man in the camp had put on from ten to thirty
+(even more) pounds of flesh. None spoke of any bad treatment ...
+although one Englishman said that there were occasional differences with
+the (Belgian) barrack captains. The Commandant is interested in his
+work; he knows most of the men by name, and seems to try to do all in
+his power to add to their comfort.”
+
+
+FOOD.
+
+In these reports the food is almost invariably referred to as good, and
+to save further quotations we may cite the evidence at Güstrow
+i/Mecklenburg as giving a fair general view of the case (January, 1916):
+“The men told me that while they depend on their home parcels for
+variety, a man who received nothing (as is the case with the Russian
+prisoners) could live on the food supplied, although in that case he
+would always be glad when meal time came.”
+
+
+“ATMOSPHERE.”
+
+At Dyrötz, “the general atmosphere of the camp certainly seemed
+excellent, both on the part of the men and on the part of the
+authorities.” (January, 1916.) At Blankenburg “the Commandant has now
+adopted the practice of taking different officer prisoners of war with
+him for occasional walks in the neighbouring country.” “In a lazaret at
+Spandau,” writes Mr. Jackson, “I sat alone with Captain Coulston in the
+good-sized, comfortably furnished room which he occupies by himself....
+Recently he had had a conversation with Her Royal Highness the Princess
+Friedrich Leopold of Prussia, who visited the lazaret, but ordinarily he
+had little opportunity to talk, as he speaks only a few words of German,
+French, or Russian. On my speaking of this, I was told that an effort
+would be made to have English-speaking German officers call on him from
+time to time.”
+
+
+GERMAN PROFESSORS.
+
+Attention is again drawn to the excellent work of Prof. Stange at
+Göttingen. “He has an office in the camp at which he is present for two
+hours every day, during which time he can be consulted by any prisoner,
+and has formed classes of study, which are well attended.” At Giessen,
+too, “Prof. Gmelin of the local university has taken a great interest in
+the prisoners and visits them regularly with a view to providing for
+their instruction.”
+
+
+A CONTRADICTION.
+
+The following is important and I quote it in full. _Mr. Osborne to Mr.
+Gerard._ (_February 23, 1916_) (l.c. p. 62.):
+
+    In accordance with your instructions and with reference to the
+    article in the London _Times_ of February 7, stating the report
+    of an exchanged British prisoner of war that two British
+    prisoners at the detention camp at Güstrow, in Mecklenburg, had
+    been bayonetted for smoking in a forbidden vicinity, and that
+    one had died and the other was still in hospital, I have the
+    honour to inform you that I visited the camp at Güstrow on
+    February 12, 1916. I did not notify the camp authorities of my
+    arrival. I was shown every courtesy and received every facility
+    for speaking to the British prisoners out of earshot of the
+    Germans. I talked with a large number of British
+    non-commissioned officers and with some of the men, and all were
+    unanimous on two points; first, that if such an occurrence as
+    the one mentioned had taken place, they would certainly have
+    heard of it; and, second, that they had heard of no such
+    occurrence. I visited the lazaret, through which I was taken by
+    a British N.C.O., who is an assistant in caring for the sick,
+    and spoke to every British patient under treatment there, not
+    one of whom could possibly have been suffering from a bayonet
+    wound. It seems to me quite out of the question that the
+    occurrence mentioned in the English newspaper accounts could
+    have actually taken place at Güstrow.
+
+    In point of fact, instead of complaints at Güstrow, I heard
+    rather praise of the camp from the British interned there, and
+    praise of the British prisoners from the camp authorities. The
+    men were all well fitted out with clothes of all sorts, and
+    seemed particularly cheerful. The authorities stated that it
+    had never been necessary, in recent times at least, to place a
+    British prisoner under arrest. On the whole, the camp struck me
+    as being as nearly ideal as it is possible for a place of
+    detention of this kind to be.
+
+The discrepancy between the last sentence in Mr. Osborne’s report and
+the _Times_ article is a striking one. It should give one pause in
+placing too much reliance upon untested accusations, or upon newspaper
+articles based upon them. We forget sometimes that all the bias is
+_against_ an enemy, and the only stories likely to be free from
+exaggeration are those told in his favour.
+
+
+A MILITARY PRISON.
+
+In the military prison at Cologne (Miscel. 16 [1916] p. 67), “the
+prisoners receive the same food and the same general treatment as the
+German military prisoners, with whom they are permitted to talk.... The
+prisoners are not permitted to receive food from outside sources....
+Generally speaking the conditions do not differ materially from those in
+an ordinary working camp.... Corporal B. was found guilty of lack of
+respect to his British superior, Corporal J. was punished for striking
+the French non-commissioned officer in charge of his barrack, and
+Corporals O. and S. had trouble with the German Landsturmmann in charge
+of a cooking party....” Most of the sentences were for striking work at
+various work centres, the men sentenced stating that the conditions were
+bad. There was a special complaint against the railway work at
+Langen-Halbach b/Haiger, but not all the British joined in the strike.
+“I saw the men’s midday meal, consisting of a thick porridge which
+appeared to be nutritious. One man claimed that it was thicker to-day
+than usual, but several of his comrades contradicted this flatly. No
+complaints were made to me of any rough treatment in the Gefängnis
+[prison].”
+
+
+BAVARIAN COURTESY.
+
+The Venerable Archdeacon Wm. E. Nies, who had been given permission to
+visit British prisoners of war in Bavaria, writes: “I think it is only
+fair to comment favourably upon the friendly way in which my mission to
+the men is received and furthered by the commanders without exception
+thus far.”
+
+
+HOSPITAL TREATMENT.
+
+Of Germersheim hospitals we read: “The food served in these hospitals is
+exceptionally satisfactory. Dr. Algeron, the chief surgeon in charge, a
+broad-minded man and indefatigable worker, attends personally to the
+catering.... Under this regime there have been some noteworthy increases
+in weight....”
+
+At Bayreuth a private of the Black Watch had been “removed—for the
+purpose of electrical treatment of his arm by which it is hoped to avoid
+an operation—to the military lazaret in the city, which is an admirably
+equipped modern hospital.”
+
+
+WUENSDORF, CREFELD.
+
+We pass now to reports in Miscel. No. 26 (1916). Indian prisoners of war
+at Wünsdorf (Zossen) find their treatment “very good.” At Crefeld
+officers’ camp, “the walks on parole ... have been entirely
+successful.... The only complaint as to these was that the German
+accompanying the party was a non-commissioned instead of a regular
+officer. This will, however, be rectified at once.... There is no
+trouble of any kind with the inhabitants on these.... The relations with
+the camp authorities are excellent.” As regards the behaviour of the
+inhabitants, I would refer also to Chaplain O’Rorke’s statement (see p.
+36), though, as one would expect, the inhabitants have in some other
+cases behaved badly (_e.g._, p. 32).
+
+
+MUENSTER II., MUENSTER III.
+
+At Münster II, “The Commandment, General von Ey-Steinecke, as well as
+the other officers, and the general treatment, are well spoken of by the
+men.” Some improvements suggested on March 16 were already started on
+the 18th. At Münster III. the benches in the English Chapel “were
+provided at the expense of the camp, although the British prisoners
+offered to pay for them.... The camp authorities have endeavoured to
+arrange courses of instruction with some success, and several British
+are taking lessons in French.... Sergeant Middleditch, the ranking
+non-commissioned officer, who has taken an active part in the work of
+improvement, stated that the relations with the camp authorities were
+excellent, and that the officers showed much consideration in acceding
+to reasonable requests. The commandant, General Raitz von Frentz, is
+well spoken of by all, and shows a liberal and progressive spirit in
+dealing with such difficulties as arise.”
+
+
+PARCHIM, BRANDENBURG.
+
+From Miscel. No. 7 (1917) a few extracts may be made. Of Parchim Dr.
+A. E. Taylor and Mr. J. P. Webster write: “We believe that special
+commendation should be given to the Commandant, Oberst Kothe, for the
+spirit in which he governs the camp, and for the way in which he does
+everything in his power for the welfare of the prisoners, and for the
+promotion of a cordial relationship between the men and those in
+charge.” Of Brandenburg, Mr. Jackson writes candidly: “The part of the
+building occupied by the British prisoners was not so clean as the
+remainder, but for this the men themselves are responsible.” It is
+obvious that the spirit as to this and other matters will vary in every
+country among different sets of men (c.f., _e.g._, below the very
+different Güstrow report).
+
+
+COTTBUS.
+
+Men in hospital at Cottbus “said that the food was good and their
+treatment excellent.” Men in the main camp complained that bread sent to
+them from Switzerland and England arrived in a mouldy condition, but “as
+the mouldiness seemed to start in the middle of the loaf, they thought
+this was due to the quality of the bread itself or the manner in which
+it was packed.”
+
+
+ABSENCE ON LEAVE.
+
+At Celle, where “inactive officers” and some others are detained, Mr.
+Jackson found one British subject absent on leave, while “several others
+have been permitted to make visits to their families in Germany. A
+request from another, who had obtained no benefit from his stay at Bad
+Blenhorst, for permission to go somewhere for a ‘cure’ is under
+consideration.”
+
+
+LIMBAU, GUESTROW.
+
+At the working camp at Limbau (occupied Russian territory) “the men
+described the commandant as a ‘gentleman,’ and said they had no
+difficulty in communicating with him in regard to their wishes. None had
+any complaint to make of their treatment, and only a very few spoke of
+the work as hard.” The camp contained 500 British prisoners.
+
+At Güstrow, “the treatment of the men and the conditions found in their
+camp appeared to be very favourable. The commandant stated that the
+British were the most satisfactory prisoners under his care....” Two
+million, five hundred thousand letters passed through the camp post
+office in the previous year, and about sixty thousand packages were
+distributed.
+
+
+HOSPITAL TREATMENT.
+
+Hospital treatment is again and again described favourably in the
+individual reports (_e.g._, pp. 4, 6, 14, 22, 50, 57), but the opinion
+may here be cited of a Swiss doctor who has been occupied in German
+hospitals during most of the war:
+
+    The writer of these lines never saw anything anywhere that could
+    be considered as intentional change for the worse in the lot of
+    prisoners and sick; on the contrary, he was able to ascertain
+    that the prisoners and the sick are treated in a manner that
+    could not be more humane. If later on the food was insufficient,
+    the English must be aware of the reasons which brought about
+    far-reaching starvation among great circles of the population of
+    Germany.... From deepest conviction the writer of these lines
+    affirms that the German people and the German doctors are
+    [generally] without guilt in the face of the accusations made
+    against them. Individual exceptions, if proved, could not alter
+    this judgment.
+
+
+THE REPATRIATIONS.
+
+There are bad stories of men arriving half-starving at the British and
+French lines at the time of the general repatriations. It would require
+care and impartiality to sift these. The more experience one gains, the
+less one trusts the average newspaper report in war-time. It seems very
+probable that, as Erzberger contended, many prisoners made off of their
+own accord after the German Revolution, and the straits to which these
+men were reduced could scarcely be ascribed to the German authorities.
+That there were brutal cases of men being _driven_ away is also quite
+probable. As regards the general question of prisoners, Erzberger said:
+“If England can now actually prove that English prisoners of war have
+been illegally treated, I give my word no guilty person shall go
+unpunished. But allow me the counter question, Is it known in enemy
+countries how _German_ prisoners of war were frequently treated? I do
+not believe that is sufficiently well known. Only listen to our soldiers
+who come from France....” (Berlin, Nov., 24, 1918, _Wolff_.) It should
+be obvious that both sides must be heard before justice can decide, but
+the obvious is the unrecognised in war time. And probably even by the
+best and most impartial judgment only very rough generalisations can be
+arrived at. One need seems to me paramount, that each side shall become
+once more aware of the _good_ in the other. Here, then, are one or two
+favourable facts from repatriated men: “We understand that the Germans
+could not let us march to the frontier, as we were prepared to do, lest
+we should start to plunder the inhabitants. For the same reason we were
+accompanied on the train by a German N.C.O. with a rifle. At night we
+slept in school buildings at Zevenaar (?) where we were given food and
+coal, and were well treated. We gave some of our food there to Sisters
+for the poor.... We had not to pay any fare at Wesel. The Germans on the
+train wished to be very friendly. We understand that the German
+authorities helped to make the arrangements about our taking the train
+at Wesel. No special compartments were put on for us. We travelled with
+the ordinary passengers.” (_Daily News_, November 25, 1918.)
+
+Again:
+
+    The first contingent of British prisoners from Germany to arrive
+    in London under the terms of the armistice reached Cannon Street
+    Station from Dover yesterday. The party, numbering nearly 300,
+    were provided with hot refreshments on arrival. The men looked
+    remarkably fit, and one of the party explained that they had
+    mostly been working on the railways behind the lines, and their
+    treatment had been fairly good.
+
+    Another contingent of returned prisoners, numbering about 800,
+    arrived at Dover yesterday afternoon.
+
+                              (_Daily News_, Nov. 21, 1918.)
+
+The _Daily News_ has honourably distinguished itself by publishing
+favourable articles by repatriated prisoners. An officer writes:
+
+    Three days ago I arrived in England after having spent eight
+    months in a German prison camp. We were among the first
+    repatriated prisoners of war to come through Switzerland, and
+    were secretly amused at the attitude of friends and relatives on
+    our arrival home. They seemed to be quite surprised because most
+    of us were looking healthy and fit, and were not walking
+    skeletons or physical wrecks.
+
+    But after reading the home newspapers, we understood their point
+    of view. I do not for one moment suggest that these tales of
+    inhuman treatment are untrue or exaggerated, because I know many
+    cases which confirm them;[11] but I do say that this horrible
+    treatment has not been general, nor does it apply to all
+    prisoners of war. For this reason I am writing of what I know of
+    the prisoners in Baden, in Southern Germany, and I hope that
+    this article may allay the anxiety of those who are daily
+    expecting some dear one home, and who fear that he will be
+    terribly changed through suffering.
+
+Men behind the lines had suffered far more, this officer considered.
+This is somewhat at variance with the extract last cited. The writer
+continues:
+
+    But the lot of the prisoners in the permanent camps in Baden was
+    much brighter. My authority for saying so is an old Roman
+    Catholic priest, Father Nugent, a native of Lancashire, I
+    believe, who was in Southern Germany when the war broke out. He
+    had free access to all prison camps and hospitals in Baden, and
+    had no stories of harsh and brutal treatment to tell. Two
+    American doctors were allowed to visit the hospitals in Rastatt,
+    Lazaret 4, and the Russenlager Hospital. They said that the
+    patients were comfortable and well looked after, in spite of the
+    great shortage of medical supplies in Germany.
+
+    Some of the soldiers had a good time working on the Baden farms.
+    One orderly at our camp, who was away for a fortnight in the
+    fruit season, picking plums, told me that he had met one of his
+    old regiment working on a farm. This man had just driven in to
+    the railway station for the Red Cross parcels, and told him that
+    they were working with an old German and his wife. They shared
+    rations with each other, and once a week the whole household
+    visited the cinema.
+
+Delay in repatriation occurred owing to disorganisation.
+
+    But there is no ill feeling towards the prisoners in Baden.
+    After the armistice we wandered at will round Freiburg and in
+    the Black Forest; and everyone was treated with civility. There
+    were no cases of open hostility at all.
+
+                              (_Daily News_, Dec. 18, 1918.)
+
+Mr. G. G. Desmond volunteered at the age of 46. He was taken prisoner
+and gave (_Daily News_, Dec. 10, 1918) some account of his general
+outlook after his imprisonment. Unlike some of the stay-at-homes he can
+still believe in the German people, as the following concluding
+paragraphs of his article show:
+
+    The soldiers and the country people round Dülmen, and afterwards
+    everybody we met in those parts, expressed no sense of rancour
+    at their defeat, and simply leapt over it all to the prime,
+    joyful fact that the _Krieg_ was _fertig_. Everybody greeted you
+    with that, and covered his face with smiles thereby. Some said
+    that the terms were very hard, but agreed with me when I told
+    them that they were made hard in order to defeat thoroughly the
+    old gang and ensure a lasting peace. I wish I felt as certain
+    now as then that the Allies had that clean intention. One farmer
+    chuckled when he told me that Germany must give up a hundred and
+    fifty U-boats, because, he said, she had no such number.
+
+    One of the political parties, I am afraid I cannot remember
+    which, published a manifesto stating that Germany had been
+    deceived and betrayed by the military party, whereby among other
+    things she inflicted great wrongs on Belgium and the Allies, and
+    that she must pay in full for those wrongs. I do not doubt that
+    is a widespread feeling in Germany. If, however, the terms of
+    peace are to be vindictive, we shall in turn be in the wrong,
+    and the new Germany may have better cause than the old to hate
+    us.
+
+    When we were fighting the Kaiser, we took pains to tell the
+    German people that we were fighting their battle against their
+    enemies. We were, in fact, liberating the traditional distressed
+    damsel from the clutches of the ogre. It was a pity that so many
+    of our blows fell upon the damsel and not on the ogre. It would
+    be not only a pity but a crime and a grievous blunder if, now
+    that the damsel is free, we proceeded to thrash her for the
+    faults of the ogre.
+
+    The Germans, apart from their late Government, are not
+    Orientals intent upon deceiving us at every turn. They say they
+    have turned over a new leaf, and I am thoroughly persuaded that
+    they speak the truth. In business of all kinds, under
+    circumstances that made it very easy for them to have cheated
+    me, I found them, during my stay at Dülmen, the straightest
+    people I ever had anything to do with. They think the same of
+    us. Feldwebels and others who have had to do with us both
+    assured me that they much preferred the British to any other
+    class of prisoner, because we are blunt and true, say what we
+    mean, and stick to what we say. Certainly the Germans are the
+    most English of the great peoples on the Continent.
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+Our survey of the reliable evidence at present available seems to me to
+prove that there has usually been a serious effort in Germany to treat
+military prisoners well. This does not imply that their lot is otherwise
+than hard, and the prolongation of the imprisonment adds terribly to the
+hardship. It is impossible to banish from one’s mind such horrors as
+those of Wittenberg, but it is quite plain that these were very far from
+typical. When militarism goes wrong, it goes very wrong. If we consider
+the special German difficulties with regard to prisoners, and the
+special dangers of the militarist state, we may, I think, conclude a
+very fair standard of humanity amongst the German people from the fact
+that in so large a proportion of cases treatment has been reasonable and
+in many even excellent.
+
+I have no wish to arouse any resentment, and in case this conclusion
+should do so, I quote here a further neutral opinion, that of a
+well-known Norwegian, M. T. E. Steen, who had been allowed to visit
+prisoners’ camps in Britain, France, and Germany. M. Steen gave a
+lecture at the Queen’s (Small) Hall on July 15, 1915, under the auspices
+of the British Red Cross Society. Sir Louis Mallet presided. According
+to the _Daily Telegraph_ report, “M. Steen spoke favourably to the
+conditions prevailing at the various internment camps he visited in
+Germany, and expressed the hope that his remarks would remove misgivings
+and allay anxiety. The general impression which the camps made on him,
+he said, was ‘very satisfactory.’”
+
+We must remember, too, that in Germany also all kinds of rumours and
+statements have circulated with regard to the treatment of prisoners and
+wounded by us and our Allies (cf. pp. 2, 32, 38, and 80). Such rumours
+and exaggerations are apparently a part of war. On the other side they
+have not made for a benevolent attitude, and the really large amount of
+interest openly shown in prisoners of war by such men as Prince
+Lichnowsky, Prof. Stange, Prof. Gmelin, the Göttingen Pastors, and
+others, is a remarkable fact. We realise this the more, when we consider
+that it is not easy on this side for men in prominent positions openly
+to show interest in German prisoners of war.
+
+
+CAMPS IN U.K.
+
+It would be interesting to compare the U.S. reports on British camps
+with their reports on German ones. Unfortunately any useful comparison
+is impossible. A collection of reports on “various internment camps in
+the United Kingdom” is published in White Paper No. 30 (1916), but the
+earliest inspection here recorded took place on February 21, 1916. As
+the chief difficulties everywhere occurred earlier, the earlier reports
+are plainly necessary for a fair comparison. “Are we as compassionate to
+our prisoners as our ancestors were to theirs?” wrote the _Daily
+Chronicle_ on October 29, 1914, and added “From accounts that have
+reached us of the conditions that prevail at some of our concentration
+camps, we fear not.” Moreover, in these later reports it is difficult to
+know the exact meaning of such remarks as the following, unless we have
+the earlier reports: “They seemed much happier and more contented than
+at the time of my former visit....” (Officers’ Camp, Holyport). “There
+has been no change in the sleeping accommodations since the last report,
+but as the number of the prisoners is much less than it was at that
+time, there is much more room....” (Dorchester.)
+
+“The general tone of the hospital seemed to be much happier than at the
+time of my last visit.” (Dartford, Lower Southern Hospital for wounded
+prisoners of war.)
+
+“There has been no change in the sleeping accommodation since the last
+visit, except that, owing to the smaller number of men, there is now
+more room than before.... The men seemed much happier and more contented
+than at the time of our last visit.” (Officers’ camp, Donington Hall.)
+
+The last quotation recalls the once famous charges as to the excessive
+luxury of Donington Hall. In every country the same kind of protest
+arises as to the luxurious treatment of prisoners, and this is declared
+a scandal in view of the inhuman policy of the enemy. In every country
+is to be found the type of patriot who feels that all is lost if it can
+be proved that he has treated an enemy too well. The hubbub about
+Donington Hall led to the appointment of a Commons delegation to visit
+various camps, and to a report in the _Times_ (April 26, 1915). In this
+report the Hall is described as “a large, bare house situated in a
+hollow.... The style of furnishing was that of a sergeant’s mess.” There
+was one piano, provided at the prisoners’ expense. The billiard tables
+and other accessories imagined by perfervid patriots vanish into thin
+air.
+
+Dyffryn Aled Officers’ camp in North Wales is described in the same
+account as “an inaccessible, gloomy, mildewed-looking house, with all
+the windows on the front side covered with iron bars. It was previously
+used as a private lunatic asylum. The kitchen seemed about the best room
+in the house.... There are no fixed baths, but the officers’ valets
+carry hot water from the kitchen for hip baths.” As regards the site of
+Dyffryn Aled it is only fair to quote the U.S. report: “The situation of
+the house, in a romantic valley among the Welsh mountains, is fine and
+healthy.” But even in April, 1916, the bathing arrangements remained
+primitive: “Each officer has his tin tub.” One would certainly not wish
+to make any hardship of this, yet it is perhaps as well to recall the
+U.S. reports on Friedberg and Crefeld in May and April, 1915,
+respectively. “The room containing the shower-nozzles would ... do
+credit to a club or hotel of the first class.” (See p. 23.) At Crefeld:
+“The bathroom which I saw has a floor space of about 1,500 square feet,
+one-half of which, drained in the centre, lies under some 20 shower
+nozzles. There are a couple of porcelain tubs in the other half, and in
+the centre there is a large stove. Hot and cold water is available. The
+British officers were enthusiastic in their praise of this room.” (P.
+13.)
+
+
+A FRIENDLY THOUGHT.
+
+The “Stobsiad,” the magazine of the prisoners’ camp at Stobs, Scotland,
+contains in its seventeenth number (Jan., 1918) a friendly thought for
+the interned “enemy” in Germany. The Y.M.C.A. and the Friends tell them
+of the ever-increasing need of the interned Englishmen for English
+books. “Would it not be possible,” the paragraph proceeds, “for our
+German readers to place English books that they could part with at the
+disposal of the English prisoners of war, just as here German books have
+been placed at our disposal. Dr. Elisabeth Rotten’s Committee (Berlin,
+No. 24, Monbijou-Platz 3) will gladly give further information. It would
+give us pleasure if many of our readers would fulfil this wish.”
+
+
+UNRELIABLE COMPLAINTS.
+
+“There has been some trouble with correspondence,” we read (_Times_,
+l.c.). The Commandant of one camp, while censoring a prisoner’s
+correspondence, came across a statement that “he slept on a plank bed
+with a verminous mattress ... the prisoner admitted that he had written
+a false statement in order to induce his friends to send him more
+luxuries.” I am reminded of a report from Zossen mentioned by the Swiss
+Red Cross delegate. I quote from the abstract in the _Basler
+Nachrichten_: “It appears that there is much correspondence with
+sympathetic ink at Zossen. A great deal of iodine, starch and condensed
+milk are sent to the prisoners by their friends. These materials serve
+for the preparation of such inks.” We have heard of the use of
+sympathetic ink in this country. Experience suggests that complaints
+made by these methods are not to be relied on. The man who likes to tell
+a tall story is not very infrequent, either amongst civilians or
+soldiers, and if he can gain notoriety or advantage thereby, the
+temptation is considerable. Let these be obtained at the expense of the
+enemy, and the temptation is greater still. Some German girls were being
+taken back to Germany. An officer asked a girl what kind of a time she
+had in England. “Oh, dreadful,” she replied at first. It was the way to
+gain kudos. But generosity came to her rescue, she repented and
+corrected herself: “No, perfectly lovely,” she said, “everyone was good
+to us.”[12] There are many on both sides who would not repent, but would
+make capital out of their interlocutor’s ignorance.
+
+
+RUMOURS.
+
+Rumours, of course, still continue. They will continue as long as
+passions run high. There was a rumour of smallpox at Ruhleben. The
+English Captain of the Camp wrote to say: “There have been no cases of
+smallpox since the camp was started here.” There were repeated rumours
+that parcels were not delivered. An appeal was made to the Director of
+the Press Bureau by C.Q.M.S. J. R. Wheeler of the 2nd Wilts. Regt.,
+prisoner at Göttingen. He pointed out that these rumours (apparently
+confirmed by postal officials) were totally unfounded. “Parcels arrive
+safely, and are issued to men often within a couple of hours of being
+received from the Post Office.” The same matter is dealt with by U.S.
+representatives, but, as the Swiss delegate, Arthur Eugster, remarks,
+even neutral reports are in these days distrusted. In fact, often it is
+only what seems to confirm the worst suspicions that is believed. Mr.
+Wheeler points out that “the packing of parcels leaves much to be
+desired; in many cases a cake is put in a cardboard box and lightly
+wrapped up in brown paper,” a statement that is important in view of the
+common opinion that British parcels were specially maltreated. The idea
+of differential treatment had indeed become an obsession. An example of
+the extraordinary nonsense that is believed is the story that “on the
+hospital ship, Oxfordshire, on March 19, sixty wounded British soldiers,
+the majority of them from the Black Watch and 6th Gordon regiments, were
+taken out of their cots to make room for sixty Germans ... and that, in
+addition, the Germans were supplied with fresh eggs and bread, while the
+British wounded soldiers had only biscuits.” All this was the subject of
+a grave question in Parliament. The story was, of course, without
+foundation, but, according to Mr. Tennant himself, “it had obtained
+widespread credence.” Marvellous indeed is the credulity of war-time.
+
+
+PRISONER WORKERS.
+
+How far hatred is due to want of knowledge the record of prisoner farm
+workers on this side proves:
+
+    As to the German prisoners, it took both the farmers and the
+    townspeople in the places where they are quartered, and from
+    which they are often motored to the farms, some little time to
+    overcome the widespread prejudice against their employment. But,
+    after a little acquaintance with them, this prejudice appears to
+    be dying down.
+
+    “They are one of our mainstays on the farms in West Sussex,” Mr.
+    Herbert Padwick, chairman of the West Sussex War Agricultural
+    Committee, and vice-president of the Farmers’ Union, told me.
+    “Some of them,” he said, “are themselves farmers, and the sons
+    of farmers. Their work looks slow, but in the end, as a rule, we
+    find it very thorough. They used to say, perhaps chaffingly,
+    they wanted to produce the best crop we have ever had in
+    England, because they were sure the Germans would take it. No
+    doubt they really thought it at one time, but they are not, I
+    think, under this illusion any longer.”
+
+                                _Daily News_, Aug. 20, 1918.
+
+Most of us have heard favourable comments from farmers and others as to
+the work of their German helpers. “I think they’ve done jolly well, and
+they deserve some encouragement,” said one man to me. The idea that all
+Germans are “Huns” vanishes on personal acquaintance. On the other side
+prejudices similarly vanish, and I remember seeing an account of how a
+German farmer took his prisoner helpers for a picnic. Evidently he was
+allowed considerable freedom with them. There were German Press protests
+against the picnic.
+
+From the _Daily News_ of September 28, 1918, I take the following:
+
+    Here is a “gleaning” worth setting beside those which “Kuklos”
+    gave us yesterday. A West-country farmer of my acquaintance has
+    a brother who is a prisoner in the hands of the Germans at a
+    place not far from Stettin. Recently a number of German
+    prisoners were sent to work on his farm, and among them was a
+    German farmer from that very place. The German told him that he
+    had English prisoners on his own fields in the Fatherland, so
+    that quite possibly this curious exchange may be complete.
+
+    It may be mentioned, incidentally, that the English prisoner
+    speaks well of his treatment in Germany. The German, for his
+    part, assured my friend that while his prisoner-hands were not
+    receiving excellent cider, like that which he himself was now
+    allowed, they had plenty of good beer during the harvest.
+
+I have often thought that a widespread distribution of prisoner workers
+throughout each belligerent country might do more than anything else to
+allay mutual misunderstanding. In all wars the tendency is to regard the
+enemies as terrible beings, scarcely even of human shape. To a
+considerable extent this is due to the fact that all the horror of war
+is attributed by civilians to the enemy. The soldiers of course know
+better. But when the civilian finds enemy prisoners good fellows to work
+with, he cannot often resist the proof of our common humanity. A village
+girl was telling me lately how the feelings of many had altered since
+German prisoners had been in the neighbourhood, and especially marked
+had been the effect upon those who had actually worked with them. “So
+you’ve changed your mind about them,” she said to a friend who worked
+with prisoners, and the friend had the courage to answer quite simply:
+“Yes, I have.” If we all have the courage to change our minds, the peace
+that comes will be real.
+
+
+SOME OTHER PRISONERS.
+
+There is often so much similarity in the complaints made on both sides
+that the sufferings would seem to be very similar. I happened once, in a
+private hotel, to get into conversation with some German women who had
+been taken prisoner in East Africa. They were scarcely “military
+prisoners,” but they were taken prisoner in the ordinary operations of
+war. With the women were three children. A young baby was wizened and
+pitiable, a little boy of between three and four had evidently had his
+whole body covered with boils or abscesses, a little girl of perhaps
+five would have been a charming little creature, but for a large abscess
+on her forehead and big swellings under the eyes. I asked how it was the
+children were in this condition. The Belgians, by whom these women were
+originally taken prisoner, would not, I was told, supply any milk for
+the children. It may be said that the Belgian officials should be
+consulted on this point, and I am well aware that prisoners’ statements
+need corroboration. Do we, however, apply this rule in other cases? Are
+we careful to investigate newspaper reports of the statements of
+prisoners who have been in German hands, and should we suggest that the
+evidence of German officials should also be taken? The women struck me
+as singularly quiet, and unhysterical, and I must add, fair-minded.
+There were officials at times, they said, who were more humane, and
+provided milk on the quiet. Did they make any protests, I asked. “At
+first we did,” they answered, “but we were always told ‘You are
+prisoners, and have nothing to say.’” The condition of the children
+certainly suggested that they had suffered severely from malnutrition.
+This may indeed have been unavoidable, and not the fault of any one. I
+had a little further chat with one of the group, a very quiet woman,
+whose rather drawn, set face showed that she had passed through hard
+times. It was a little pathetic to me to note how sincerely she was
+convinced of the superior virtues of her side. “In the earlier days of
+the war when we had English prisoners,” she said, “they were always well
+fed, even though we went short. Our Commandant always made a point of
+seeing that they were well provided for.” There was in the quiet, rather
+weary voice just a gentle shade of reproach, and that was all. I have
+not the slightest doubt that the woman was perfectly sincere. I made
+only the very obvious remark that it seemed to me there were good and
+bad on both sides, and that some officials behaved well, and some not
+well. It was a mistake to generalise and think all was ill on the other
+side and all was well on one’s own. She saw fairness in this view, I
+think. There was a mutual approach, and a growing kindliness. I felt
+then, and feel more strongly now, that kindness cannot grow out of
+merely aggressive patriotism.
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+It seems plain that in France, Germany and Great Britain there has been
+an honest, if not always a very sympathetic attempt to treat prisoners
+decently. But we hear little about the condition of prisoners elsewhere.
+It is curious to note how, in spite of all the horror perpetrated
+repeatedly by Turkish authorities in times, not of war, but of peace,
+British feeling is never very indignant against the Turk; and how
+prisoners of war are faring in Turkey we scarcely know. Not till July,
+1917, does there seem to have been any definite application for the
+inspection of Turkish internment camps. On July 18, 1917, an
+announcement appeared in the Press to the effect that, in response to a
+request from the British Government, the International Committee of the
+Red Cross at Geneva had applied to the Turkish Government for the
+necessary permission.
+
+Yet here, as in all war matters, we come upon “reprisals.” The following
+is a cutting from the _Daily News_ of July 20, 1917:
+
+    Mr. James Hope, for the Foreign Office, stated in the Commons
+    yesterday that five British officers had been for over three
+    months imprisoned in Constantinople as a reprisal for the
+    alleged imprisonment of Turkish officers in Egypt. The United
+    States Ambassador was requested on April 25 to explain to the
+    Porte by telegram that only one of the five Turkish officers in
+    Egypt had been under arrest, and that for attempted escape. He
+    regretted to say that one of the five British officers had died.
+    They had just received a message from the Danish Minister at
+    Constantinople stating that the four surviving officers returned
+    to camp on July 4.
+
+Statements about _enemy_ reprisals are usually less frank than this. The
+neutral observer has usually to watch each side describing its most
+drastic actions as reprisals upon the other for similar deeds.
+
+
+SERBIA.
+
+The condition of Austrian and German prisoners in Serbia has been
+touched upon by Dr. F. M. Dickinson Berry, Physician to the
+Anglo-Serbian Hospital Unit. I give the following quotations from an
+article by Dr. Berry in the _Nation_ of August 21, 1915.
+
+“There is no doubt that the prisoners suffered badly during the
+winter.... Typhus decimated them earlier and more universally, probably
+owing to the way in which they were crowded together. Outside the town
+our prisoner pointed out a cottage adjacent to a brick-kiln, where he,
+with 250 men, had stayed some months without beds, blankets, or even
+straw to sleep on, and with the scantiest of food.” But the villagers
+showed kindness, said the prisoner, and bestowed on them the food placed
+by Serbian custom on the graves of the dead. “Many of the prisoners fell
+sick and were taken off to the hospital. Here, too, they lay on the
+floor with nothing to cover them but a great-coat, if the fortunate
+possessors of such. Few who entered the hospital ever came back; if not
+ill with typhus when they came in, they were pretty safe to get it
+there, and they passed on to the cemetery beyond the town, where, as in
+so many Serbian cemeteries, however remotely situated, there is a
+portion covered thickly with plain wooden crosses, marking the graves of
+Austrian prisoners. Our informant told us that of those with him 50 per
+cent. had died; of eleven Italians whom he had under his charge one only
+survived. Asked whether they had any guards, he said no; each sergeant
+(he himself was one) was put in charge of fifty men, and was answerable
+with his life in case any should escape.” There were, however, some
+compensations for the primitive barbarity of these arrangements. The
+Serbian people did not attack their prisoners, they fed them. They might
+have learned a less human attitude under more civilised conditions. “As
+we motored through the town we were amused at the number of greetings
+our prisoner received; he was evidently a well known and popular person.
+As we passed he pointed out the houses of acquaintances and other
+objects of interest. On one side lived a municipal official, who,
+finding that he held the same sort of post in Bohemia, greeted him as a
+colleague and used to ask him to his house. Further on was the fountain
+where he had come to wash his clothes in the bitter winter weather, and
+close by the house of the kind but match-making old lady who washed his
+clothes for him, and having a daughter’s hand to dispose of, wished to
+keep him as a son-in-law.”
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Of what happened in Russian prison camps we have only rumours, and the
+usual individual statements. The old Russian régime was scarcely likely
+to be very efficient or very humane in its treatment of prisoners, but
+any one who has examined war stories will be very cautious of believing
+all that is told. What the “unofficial information and rumours” were may
+be sufficiently gathered by referring to the _Cambridge Magazine_ of
+August 26, 1916, Supplement “Prisoners.” It may be well to add this: in
+November, 1918, Erzberger, interviewed by Dr. Stollberg, of the
+_Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung_, asserted that out of 250 thousand
+prisoners in Russia only 100 thousand remained alive.
+
+
+AN IMPORTANT COMPARISON.
+
+It will help to clarify our ideas of charges of ill-treatment to remind
+ourselves of the following. A British officer, Lieut. Gilliland, was put
+in charge of the British prisoners of war captured by the Bulgarians.
+Mr. MacVeagh brought forward in the House of Commons various charges
+made against this officer by repatriated prisoners. It was said that he
+distributed unfairly food and clothing consigned to Irish prisoners,
+and that he ordered the flogging of British prisoners by their Bulgarian
+captors for the most trivial breaches of discipline. Mr. Macpherson, for
+the War Office, said prisoners repatriated from Bulgaria had made
+allegations against Lieut. Gilliland which were entirely opposed to
+information received from independent sources, especially from the U.S.
+Legation in Sofia, who stated that the officer had done everything
+possible for our men. Further inquiry was promised (_Manchester
+Guardian_, November 8, 1917). The charges of the prisoners are in this
+case not considered as necessarily true or unbiased. Ought not similar
+caution to be observed against whomsoever the charges may be made?
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 2: It is fair to add that the International Red Cross
+    in January, 1915, visited camps at Holyport, Dyffry, Dorchester,
+    Southend, Portsmouth, and Queensferry. They did not visit the
+    Isle of Man, where even then about 4,600 civilians were
+    interned, and they were evidently, if somewhat innocently,
+    hoping for the release of civilians (First Series, p. 25). The
+    reports are quite satisfactory as far as they go, and the
+    delegates considered that the prisoners, and especially the
+    military prisoners (_surtout les militaires_), were treated
+    well. The feeding is, however, criticised rather adversely in
+    the case of Portsmouth (both military and civilian) and at
+    Queensferry (civilian). (_La nourriture est elle bien ce qu’elle
+    doit être_?) Removal from boats at Southend to _terra firma_ is
+    recommended. The eternal soup, which seems to have been the lot
+    of prisoners in all countries, must become fearfully wearisome.
+    The preserved fish, etc., of later days may become even more
+    trying.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Bishop Bury (_My Visit to Ruhleben_) writes: “Again
+    I was conscious of just the same spirit of
+    privation—extraordinarily pathetic it was—about people and
+    places....” (p. 79) It is to be feared that some who “profess
+    and call themselves Christians” can see nothing pathetic in the
+    sufferings of an enemy people.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: _Comité International de la Croix Rouge, Première
+    Série._]
+
+    [Footnote 5: The number of prisoners now (October, 1917) in
+    Germany is probably nearly three times as great.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: _Comité International Rapports_ (Première Série, p.
+    31).]
+
+    [Footnote 7: l.c., p. 60.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: Reporting on March 9, 1916, Mr. Jackson wrote that,
+    though, “owing to its situation and character,” it could never
+    be made “an entirely satisfactory camp,” yet “there had been a
+    marked improvement in its general ‘atmosphere.’” (Misc. 16
+    [1916].)]
+
+    [Footnote 9: Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge (M.D., D.P.H.) visited this
+    camp on December 17, 1915. She reports: “The prisoners of war
+    are housed in well-built, well-drained barracks having excellent
+    ventilation. Each man has an iron bedstead with two blankets (or
+    a thick quilt), a straw mattress, good pillow and sheet....”]
+
+    [Footnote 10: These indulgences can also be paralleled on this
+    side. A writer from a British internment camp says, during “a
+    great sports week”: “There are already a lot in hospital with
+    broken legs and arms.”]
+
+    [Footnote 11: It is astounding how extremely rare are
+    responsible accounts of the worser ill-deeds by those who have
+    actually suffered them. These stories have almost always been
+    heard from someone else. (Cf. pp. 156, 157.)]
+
+    [Footnote 12: “The Common Cause.” October 16, 1914.]
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+CIVILIAN PRISONERS.
+
+RESIDENT ENEMY NATIONALS.
+
+
+A few extracts from Dr. J. M. Spaight’s important work, “War Rights on
+Land,” will be useful as an introduction to this section. “Resident
+enemy nationals,” runs Dr. Spaight’s marginal summary, “are not
+interfered with” (l.c., p. 28). The text proceeds: “The treatment of
+resident enemy nationals has undergone a great change for the better in
+modern times. Ancient theory and practice regarded them as enemies,
+individually, and admitted the right to arrest and imprison them. The
+last instance of this rigorous rule being put in force is Napoleon’s
+detention of British subjects who happened to be in France when war
+broke out in 1803. Present usage allows enemy nationals to depart
+freely, even when they belong to the armed forces of the other
+belligerent.” The State has the right to detain such subjects, but usage
+is against it. Again, “‘Present usage,’ says Professor LeFur, ‘does not
+admit of the expulsion _en masse_ of enemy subjects resident in a
+belligerent’s territory, save when the needs of defence demand such
+expulsion....’ The bad precedent set by the Confederate Government in
+1861, when it ordered the banishment of all alien enemies, has not been
+followed in subsequent wars. France and Germany allowed enemy subjects
+to continue to reside in their respective territories during the war of
+1870-1, but the former country was led by military exigencies to rescind
+the general privilege so far as Paris and the Department of the Seine
+were concerned, at the end of August, 1870. A Proclamation was then
+issued by General Trochu which enjoined ‘every person not a naturalised
+Frenchman and belonging to one of the countries at war with France’ to
+depart within three days, under penalty of arrest and trial in the event
+of disobedience. The incident is instructive as showing usage [viz.,
+non-interference with resident enemy nationals] in the making; for
+though there were 35,000 in Paris alone, and their expulsion was clearly
+justifiable as a measure of defence, the general opinion in Europe was
+that they were harshly treated, and a sum of 100 million francs was
+claimed, as part of the war indemnity, in respect of the losses they
+sustained in being driven out. It shows, as Hall observed, that public
+opinion ‘was already ripe for the establishment of a distinct rule
+allowing such persons to remain during good behaviour’ (_Hall,
+International Law_, p. 392). The usage has been strengthened by the
+precedents set in the Russo-Turkish War in 1877-8, the Chino-Japanese
+War of 1894, and the Russo-Japanese War, in all of which enemy residents
+were suffered to remain.”
+
+
+ORIGIN OF GENERAL INTERNMENT.
+
+How did it come about that this more humane usage was in the present war
+departed from? The average Englishman, I fear, assumes that all the
+blame is in this case due to the enemy. The following correspondence
+should make the matter clearer. [See Miscel. Nos. 7, 8 (1915).]
+
+    _Memorandum communicated by American Embassy,_
+
+    October 17, 1914.
+
+    The American Embassy has the honour to submit the following copy
+    of a telegram which has just been received from the Secretary of
+    State at Washington relating to civilian prisoners in the United
+    Kingdom and Germany:
+
+    There are a very few English civilians in Germany who have been
+    placed in prison or in prison camps—about 300. The German
+    Government is informed that a great number of German civilian
+    prisoners—over 6,000—are in prison camps in England.
+    Department is requested by Ambassador, Berlin, to suggest that
+    liberty, so far as possible, be allowed alien enemies detained
+    by war.
+
+
+        _Mr. Page, United States Ambassador in London, to
+            Sir Edward Grey._ (Received Oct. 31.)
+                American Embassy, London,
+                                October 30, 1914.
+
+    Sir,—I have the honour to transmit herewith enclosed the
+    attached copy of an open telegram I have received from the
+    Minister at Copenhagen relating to reports on the imprisonment
+    of German subjects in England.
+
+    Inasmuch as the Minister at Copenhagen has dispatched this to
+    the Secretary of State at Washington, it seems probable that I
+    shall receive definite instructions from him to transmit it to
+    you, but in view of the desirability of an early consideration
+    of the matter I now venture to submit this copy of the telegram
+    for your information.
+
+                                      I have, etc.,
+                                          WALTER HINES PAGE.
+
+
+    Copy of Telegram received October 29, 1914.
+
+    Following telegram sent to Department to-day (by the Ambassador
+    at Berlin):
+
+    The Foreign Office requests this Embassy to find out through the
+    American Embassy in London whether the reports concerning the
+    imprisonment of German subjects in England are well founded.
+    Unless a reply is received from the British Government before
+    November 5 that all Germans who have not rendered themselves
+    especially suspicious have been released, the German Government
+    will be obliged to take retaliatory measures, and accordingly
+    arrest all male British subjects in Germany between 17 and 55
+    years. American Minister, Copenhagen.
+
+
+    Copy of Telegram received from Berlin by the American Embassy,
+    November 3, 1914.
+
+    Are Germans over 45 being arrested wholesale in England? If
+    arrests are only of those under 45, I may be able to keep
+    English over that age out of jail. Will not British Government
+    allow all over 45 to leave? That is the legal military age here,
+    and no one over that age can be compelled to serve.
+
+
+    _Sir Edward Grey to Mr. Page, United States Ambassador in
+    London._
+
+
+                                                   Foreign Office,
+                                                     November 9, 1914.
+
+    Your Excellency,
+
+    I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your
+    Excellency’s note of the 30th ult., and of subsequent notes
+    informing me of the attitude likely to be adopted by the German
+    Government with regard to the measures that have been taken in
+    this country for the detention of German subjects of military
+    age.
+
+    The decision of His Majesty’s Government in this respect being
+    clearly irrevocable, the communications which you were good
+    enough to transmit did not appear to call for an immediate
+    reply, although, as your Excellency is aware, the German
+    Government threatened, and have since carried out, reprisals
+    against British subjects in Germany.
+
+    At the same time, I hope in due course, when the measures taken
+    here have assumed a definite form, proper consideration having
+    been given to reasonable claims for exemption as regards
+    particular categories of persons, to address your Excellency
+    further on the subject, with a view of obtaining the release at
+    least of British subjects in Germany who correspond to those
+    categories.
+
+    I may state at once that no Germans over the age of 45 are being
+    arrested.[13]
+
+    I should, however, be glad if your Excellency would endeavour to
+    bring home to the German Government that His Majesty’s
+    Government are faced with a problem which does not apply to the
+    same extent in Germany.
+
+    There are, roughly, 50,000 Germans resident in this country, and
+    the presence of such large numbers of the subjects of a country
+    with whom Great Britain is at war must necessarily be a cause of
+    anxiety to the military authorities who are concerned with
+    taking adequate measures for the defence of the realm.[14]
+
+    In detaining persons who might, in certain eventualities, become
+    a source of danger to the State, His Majesty’s Government are
+    only acting in accordance with the dictates of a legitimate and
+    reasonable policy, and they would be clearly lacking in their
+    duty to the country if they neglected to safeguard its interests
+    by allowing the continuance of possible risks to the public
+    safety.
+
+    In proceeding as they have done they have only had this one
+    consideration before them, and it has never once been their
+    intention to indulge in a domestic act of hostility towards
+    German subjects as such, or in any way to inflict hardship for
+    hardship’s sake on innocent civilians.
+
+    Every endeavour is being made, as Your Excellency is aware from
+    Mr. Chandler Anderson’s report on the concentration camps, to
+    mitigate the inconvenience to the persons detained, and to
+    provide the best possible treatment for them under the
+    circumstances.
+
+    As time goes on it is hoped that it will be possible to improve
+    further the necessarily austere conditions of the military
+    discipline to which the prisoners are bound to be subjected, and
+    every endeavour is being made already to rectify any mistakes
+    that may have occurred, both in the arrest of persons who should
+    properly be exempt, and in the régime, which, through its
+    hurried organisation, could not fail to contain a certain number
+    of defects at the outset....
+
+Into the case for and against general internment I do not propose to
+enter; it has nothing to do with the main purpose of this book. It does,
+however, concern that purpose to point out first that the general
+internment of resident enemy nationals (whatever its justification in
+any particular case) is contrary to modern usage, and second that the
+order for general internment was given first not in Germany, but in
+Britain. The popular view on this subject is erroneous. The German order
+was issued as a “reprisal,”[15] but, once issued, it was carried out
+with dispatch, a dispatch which was, of course, easier because of the
+comparatively small number of British subjects in Germany.
+
+It will, I think, be useful to quote some further letters. The first
+document is an extract from a telegram received, _via_ Copenhagen, by
+the U.S. Embassy in London on November 7, 1914. The telegram is from the
+Ambassador (Mr. Gerard) at Berlin, and conveys the representations of
+Mr. Chandler Anderson, of the American Embassy in London, who was at
+the moment in Berlin. Anderson says:
+
+    Tell Foreign Office that there is no compulsory military service
+    required by German law for men over 45, and any men over that
+    age serving in the army are volunteers. Agreement to release all
+    men over 45 would produce better understanding, refusal is
+    regarded as questioning truth of their assurances, which were
+    endorsed by our Ambassador. Would like to settle these matters
+    while here, and want to leave on Tuesday or Wednesday. Am
+    arranging to have someone from this Embassy return with me to
+    report, for information of Foreign Office here, about
+    concentration camp and reasons for internment of civilians, in
+    order to establish common basis for their treatment and
+    provisions and clothing furnished and pay of officers, on the
+    understanding that accounts will be balanced at close of war or
+    at stated intervals.—GERARD, Berlin.
+
+                              American Minister, Copenhagen.
+
+The following documents deserve careful consideration:
+
+    _Memorandum communicated by American Embassy._
+
+    November 9, 1914.
+
+    The American Embassy has the honour to submit the following copy
+    of a telegram which the Ambassador at Berlin has sent to the
+    Department of State at Washington:
+
+    “Order for internment British between 17 and 55 has gone into
+    effect. This does not apply to clericals, doctors, or women, or
+    to British subjects from colonies or protectorates where Germans
+    are not interned. German Government wishes to receive official
+    information regarding such colonies, as it understands Germans
+    are interned in South Africa. Germany is willing to release men
+    over 45 if England will do so. Germans over 45, except officers,
+    have no compulsory military obligations.”
+
+    American Embassy, London, Nov. 9, 1914.
+
+
+    _Memorandum by Sir Edward Grey._
+
+    The American Ambassador asked me to-day whether the American
+    Embassy would be allowed, as reports were being made in Germany
+    about the treatment of German civilians in England, to send
+    someone to visit the Germans interned in Newbury and Newcastle.
+
+    The Ambassador also said that he had received specific
+    complaints from Germans interned in Queensferry.
+
+    He has given me the following copy of a letter from the American
+    Ambassador in Berlin.
+
+    The object of the Ambassador’s enquiry is simply, by bringing
+    out the facts, to prevent false statements from doing harm in
+    Germany, and at the same time, I assume, to contribute to the
+    remedying of any grievances that may exist.
+
+    The American Ambassador in Berlin is, I know, doing all in his
+    power to secure good treatment for British subjects in Germany,
+    and I think that it would be desirable to let the American
+    Embassy here have full information as to our treatment of
+    Germans.
+
+                                            I have, etc.,
+                                                    E. GREY.
+    Foreign Office, November 13, 1914.
+
+
+    _Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page._
+                                          American Embassy, Berlin.
+                                                     November 8, 1914.
+
+    Sir,—Although it may already be too late to be of much
+    practical effect, I feel it my duty, in the interest of
+    humanity, to urge upon you to obtain some formal declaration on
+    the part of the British Government, as to its purpose in
+    ordering the wholesale concentration of Germans in Great Britain
+    and Ireland, as is understood here to be the case. It is known
+    here that many of the Germans interned belong to the labouring
+    classes, and that their position is actually improved by their
+    internment, and it is recognised that the British Government has
+    the right to arrest persons when any well-founded ground for
+    suspecting them to be spies exists. Great popular resentment has
+    been created by the reports of the arrests of other Germans,
+    however, and the German authorities cannot explain or understand
+    why German travellers who have been taken from ocean steamers
+    should not be permitted to remain at liberty, of course under
+    police control, even if they are compelled to stay in England.
+    The order for the general concentration of British males between
+    the ages of 17 and 55, which went into effect on the 6th inst.,
+    was occasioned by the pressure of public opinion, which has been
+    still further excited by the newspaper reports of a considerable
+    number of deaths in concentration camps. Up to the 6th
+    considerable liberty of movement has been allowed to British
+    subjects in Germany,[16] and, as you were informed in my
+    telegram of the 5th, many petitions were received from them
+    setting forth the favourable conditions under which they were
+    permitted to live and to carry on their business, and urging the
+    similar treatment of German subjects in England. I cannot but
+    feel that to a great extent the English action and the German
+    retaliation has been caused by a misunderstanding which we
+    should do our best to remove. It seems to me that we should do
+    all in our power to prevent an increase of the bitterness which
+    seems to have arisen between the German and English peoples, and
+    to make it possible for the two countries to become friends on
+    the close of the war.
+
+                                          I have, etc.,
+                                            JAMES W. GERARD.
+
+
+    _Mr. Harris to Mr. Gerard_.
+
+                                               Frankfort-on-Main,
+                                                     November 9, 1914.
+
+    Sir,—In a letter of the same date as this I have referred to
+    the return from Giessen of four officers sent to Giessen, and
+    returned again to Frankfort and to Nauheim, from which they
+    came. I referred in this letter to the commander of the XVIIIth.
+    Army Corps here. The commando is in charge of Excellenz de
+    Graaf, who has, as he tells me, an American wife, and who
+    through the past few months has shown this consulate all
+    possible consideration, as it seems to Mr. Ives and myself.
+    Twice during the great press of the first few weeks of the war,
+    he came to the office in person and made known his desire to
+    assist us in any way possible. Both Mr. Ives and myself have had
+    occasion to go to the commando many times on various errands,
+    and in nearly every case we have been granted the things we
+    desired. It would be difficult to find a man at home or abroad
+    with a more pleasant manner than de Graaf’s, or who shows less
+    of the harsh or severe. Many of the English have gone to him,
+    and they in all cases, so far as I have heard, speak in highest
+    terms as to the way he has received them, and as to the entire
+    freedom given them in this city until the order of last Friday.
+
+    I have gone into the matter just a little because of a vicious
+    and, I think, wholly unwarranted attack in the papers, in which
+    Mr. George Edwardes, of London, is made to say quite improbable
+    things as coming from de Graaf, and perhaps made our work just a
+    little more difficult. Whether this be the case or not, I am
+    sure you will be glad to know that the commander here has given
+    ample evidence of desire to meet Mr. Ives and myself in every
+    request we have had to make of him.
+
+                        I have, etc.,
+                      H. W. HARRIS, American Consul-General.
+
+The “entire freedom” allowed to English in Frankfort until the reprisal
+order was made out is a fact that should be emphasised. It bears out the
+idea that it was British action which brought about the general
+internment order in Germany. Moreover, the reports as to ill-treatment
+and deaths produced the same kind of effect on the other side as they
+did on this. Of course, there were grave hardships on both sides, and,
+indeed, Sir Edward Grey allowed (vide p. 79) that “the régime ...
+through its hurried organisation, could not fail to contain a certain
+number of defects at the outset.”
+
+The régime, like some other steps taken in this war, was too hurriedly
+arranged in response to newspaper agitation. The _Cologne Gazette_,
+complaining that Germans are treated like pariahs in England, asks if
+Englishmen in Germany are “to enjoy for ever a life of gods unmolested.”
+(_Daily Chronicle_, October 29, 1914.) The old demand for “reprisals,”
+leading to counter-reprisals and a crescendo of cruelty.
+
+In Austria no general internment order was made. The _Daily Chronicle_
+correspondent, writing in January, 1915, from Vienna, spoke of the
+freedom of all foreigners there, even when the subjects of enemy
+Governments. All such subjects, his host reminded him, “enjoy full, or
+nearly full liberty, whereas in Great Britain and France Austro-German
+subjects have either been clapped into prison, or at any rate confined
+in a camp or barracks.”
+
+
+CIVILIAN AND MILITARY PRISONERS COMPARED.
+
+“Confinement in a camp or barracks” sounds a small thing. It is really,
+wherever it occurs, a rather terrible thing. The universal experience is
+that civilians suffer under this restraint more than soldiers, and
+consequently are more “difficult” to deal with.[17] There are, I think,
+various fairly obvious reasons for this difference. To the soldier the
+prison camp is an escape from worse horrors, the soldier is inured to a
+large measure of monotony, he is also inured to military control and
+certain peculiarities of the military manner. To the civilian the prison
+camp is a change from freedom to confinement, from comfort to hardship,
+often from prosperity to ruin. The civilian’s life has been one of
+varied activities, and becomes one of almost unrelieved monotony. He is
+in most cases quite unused to military control, and feels himself
+degraded to a kind of servitude. Used to a separate and individual life,
+he is forced into contact, day and night, with others not of his own
+choice, and often antipathetic to him. He finds himself deprived of
+every vestige of privacy, and his thoughts revolve often round chances
+gone, work lost, hopes vanished, a wife living in penury, and a future
+altogether dark. If anyone will try to picture such a life continued not
+for weeks or months only, but for _years_, he will, I think, feel that
+hysteria, loss of mental balance and actual insanity are consequences
+that are only too likely to follow.
+
+Civilian control for civilian prisoners seems in general to be
+desirable. Military control was practically withdrawn from Ruhleben in
+the autumn of 1915. At a few camps here, such as the one at Cornwallis
+Road, it is practically absent, and I feel this is one reason why,
+writing in March, 1916, the U.S. Attaché was able to report that there
+had at this camp been no attempts at escape.
+
+There was much that was harsh and bad in the earlier days of internment
+in Germany, but the official U.S. reports certainly make us aware of
+cordial German co-operation in improving matters. The unofficial
+account, moreover, of Dr. Cimino (“Behind the Prison Bars in Germany”)
+astonishes me chiefly by the amount of politeness which it reveals in
+the German official.
+
+There will always be stupid officials, and complete military authority
+is a very dangerous thing. This obvious conclusion should be recognised
+as applying (to some extent at least) to both sides. It is a rather
+dreadful thing to be under more or less hostile restraint, whether one
+be German or British. “Even if ideal conditions prevailed, one could not
+remove the unavoidable feeling of restraint and the sorrow of separation
+of men from their wives and families. There is in all the camps a
+feeling of gloom which one visitor said ‘haunted him for days.’ It is
+scarcely surprising that feelings of resentment should arise. Many of
+the men have lived in this country for twenty or thirty years; some have
+come over here as young children, some are even unable to speak German;
+very many have married British wives and have come to regard themselves
+as citizens of this country. The visit of someone who is not in
+authority over them, but who will listen to their troubles and give them
+a kind word of encouragement, has done very much to lighten the
+bitterness of confinement.” So write the Emergency Committee in their
+second report on their work for the assistance of Germans, Austrians and
+Hungarians in distress. Dr. Siegmund Schulze, who has worked for a
+similar organisation in Berlin, writes: “It appears that those who have
+recently expressed their opinion in the British Parliament have taken
+the complaints of a few dissatisfied prisoners as a basis for their
+general opinion. We can quite understand these complaints, because we
+notice among all prisoners that the longer the imprisonment lasts, the
+greater is the feeling of dissatisfaction.... It is noteworthy that in
+the English utterance even the trustworthiness of neutral reports is
+doubted; for example, the statements of the American Ambassador are
+regarded as pro-German, therefore distorted. Frl. Dr. Rotten and I have
+heard a great number of neutral opinions on the prisoners camps; I have
+myself discussed the conditions of the detention camp with neutrals who
+have visited them, and ascertained the truth as to their reports. Our
+verdict can only be that there is absolutely no question of any
+conditions which would constitute an infringement of international law,
+or which could imperil the health of the soldiers.... Moreover, I have
+in Ruhleben formed my own opinion as to the condition of the prisoners.
+I acknowledge that the depressed state of mind in which the prisoners
+must naturally be after more than six months’ imprisonment has an effect
+upon their reports, and that many prisoners are in a state of suppressed
+rage. On the other hand I cannot but say that after the removal of
+certain insanitary conditions there have been absolutely no substantial
+complaints made by the prisoners. Much as I regret the position of the
+prisoners, among whom I have many personal acquaintances, I must, on the
+other hand, say that the accommodation and also the behaviour of the
+officers is, on the whole, as humane as possible under the difficult
+conditions. The American Attaché, Mr. Jackson, who formerly visited the
+detention camps in England, and has now again visited the German
+detention camps, has confirmed to me the assertion which he made to the
+Commandant of the Ruhleben Camp, viz., that if he were obliged to choose
+where, among the countries now at war, he would be interned, he would
+certainly choose Ruhleben.... Without doubt, as is now apparent
+everywhere, an imprisonment extending over a long period, say, for
+instance, a year, means far more for men of the present generation than
+one could have thought. I consider it possible that many prisoners who
+are detained for such a long time will return to their homes with an
+essential deterioration of their mental condition.” These last are very
+grave, and indeed terrible words, words that I fear only too accurately
+represent the facts, but yet, as Dr. Schulze continues, “We ought not to
+conclude from this that we are justified in making reproaches against
+the other country in respect of the treatment of prisoners, but rather
+conclude that we should work energetically towards the termination of
+the war.”
+
+The mental suffering (_stagnant_ suffering) caused to civilian prisoners
+(in Britain, as elsewhere) is, I fear, very far from being understood.
+The following few sentences may give some glimpses—I was going to say
+“enlightening glimpses,” but, alas, they are only glimpses into the
+darkness: “Our visitors in talking to the men in the camps receive from
+them many kinds of requests; of these by far the most frequent and
+urgent is that their wives and families may be visited. For one reason
+or another, letters from home very frequently do not reach the
+prisoners, and often for weeks or months together they receive no word
+of their families.” The report goes on: “One man’s wife was at the point
+of death when he left her and her young children; another’s wife with
+several children was addicted to drink, and was only kept from it by her
+husband’s influence; in other cases children were left behind with no
+mother to care for them.” (The quotations are from the second report of
+the Friends’ Emergency Committee, January, 1915.) To imagine the anguish
+of these cases, whether in Germany or in Britain, is to shrink as from a
+blow. Many will feel that the policy of general internment was
+unavoidable. But we may surely show generous sympathy where an
+unavoidable policy has brought great misery upon thousands who were
+innocent. Such sympathy, as we shall see later, always assists
+reciprocal sympathy on the other side.
+
+
+SOME REPORTS ON RUHLEBEN.
+
+I will now turn to the consideration of reports on individual camps for
+civilians. The most important German civilian camp, of course, for us,
+is that of Ruhleben. If I cite a Report on the Meeting of the Camp
+Committee held there on February 4, 1915, a good deal as to the general
+management of the camp will become plain. [Miscel. No. 7 (1915) p. 67.]
+
+    The following minutes of a meeting of the select committee of
+    the camp committee and of the overseers,[18] which was called by
+    Baron von Taube on February 2, were read by the Secretary:
+
+    At 6-30 p.m., Baron von Taube received a select committee of the
+    camp committee in the presence of the assembled overseers of the
+    latter. Messrs. Powell, Fischer, Jones, Blakely, Cocker,
+    Overweg, Asher, Hallam, Russel, Aman, and Jones were present;
+    also[19] Messrs. Delmer, Butcher, Stern, Scholl, Mackenzie,
+    Horn, Klingender, Butterworth, and Hatfield.
+
+    Having greeted the assembled members, the Baron proceeded to say
+    that he thought it would be best if only three or four delegates
+    from the camp committee were to discuss matters directly with
+    the overseers. He expressed his views and compared the
+    management of the camp with the administration of a town of
+    10,000 inhabitants. Too many participants might only render the
+    work of the overseers more arduous. He therefore suggested that
+    at the meetings of the overseers, the select committee of the
+    camp committee should consist of from three to four gentlemen
+    with deciding votes. The suggestion was accepted. Thereupon the
+    Baron informed the meeting that Messrs. Butcher, Klingender, and
+    Stern had been proposed. In reply to this, Mr. Delmer, chairman
+    of the camp committee, said that from among the eight men whose
+    names had been submitted, three or four should from time to time
+    be chosen as delegates according to their special knowledge and
+    the business to be transacted. After a short discussion it was
+    agreed, upon the proposal of Mr. Powell, that three or four
+    gentlemen should, as delegates from the camp committee, take
+    part in a general meeting of overseers to be held once a
+    fortnight. At these meetings a strict account of the work of the
+    overseers during the interval should be rendered. On the
+    proposal of the chairman, Mr. Delmer, it was further agreed that
+    delegates of the camp committee should have the right at all
+    times to require the overseers to furnish explanations of any
+    incidents affecting the interests of the camp. A motion of the
+    chairman, which was also approved by the Baron, was to the
+    effect that, in order to spare the overseers’ committee time and
+    trouble, any incidents occurring in the camp should be
+    thoroughly sifted and investigated by the camp committee, and
+    then reported to the administration as soon as possible by a
+    single competent deputy through the overseers.
+
+    The presiding overseer welcomed a further motion by the
+    chairman, Mr. Delmer, which was as follows: In the interests of
+    the necessary reciprocity, a delegate of the overseers should
+    attend the meetings of the camp committee.
+
+    Mr. Klingender drew attention to the two points contained in the
+    camp committee’s letter to Baron von Taube. The Baron said he
+    agreed with the contents of the letter.
+
+    At the conclusion the chairman (Mr. Delmer) remarked that the
+    camp committee had been formed with a view to beneficial
+    co-operation with the overseers, and for the advancement of the
+    existing organisation, and that it intended loyally to carry out
+    this principle, of which words the Baron graciously took note.
+    The chairman (Mr. Delmer) then expressed his hearty thanks in
+    the name of the assembled members of the camp committee to the
+    Baron for his presence and for the consideration he had kindly
+    given to the arrangement, whereupon the Baron said that he would
+    be very pleased personally from time to time to take part in the
+    meetings of the camp committee.
+
+    Baron von Taube then closed the meeting.
+
+    The secretary announced that he had laid a copy of the minutes
+    before the Baron, who had kindly accepted and signed it, and
+    had, with his own hand, written on it the words, “Have taken
+    note of the minutes and agree on all points.”
+
+    The chairman greeted Mr. Fischer, overseer of hut 3, who was
+    present as delegate of the overseers. The meeting proceeded to
+    discuss the following matters:
+
+    LATRINES FOR INVALIDS.—At the last meeting the camp committee
+    had requested a member to procure information on this matter.
+    Mr. Fischer reported that the small latrine between huts 3 and 4
+    (which was formerly intended for women) should be used for this
+    purpose. A door with a lock would be put in. Permits would
+    probably be issued by the doctor or his representative. The
+    overseers had for a long time striven to obtain permission for
+    the sick to use the water closets, but these for the most part
+    were not in the premises which were at the disposal of the
+    military authorities, and therefore could not, even on payment,
+    be opened. He would again inquire if it were not possible to
+    obtain a closed water closet for the sick.
+
+    POSTAL MATTERS.—Questions concerning the postal regulations
+    and the censoring of letters were brought up. A member expressed
+    his intention of obtaining precise information and of reporting
+    thereon.
+
+    OUTBREAK OF DIARRHŒA.—It was announced that 78 cases had
+    occurred at hut 1.[20] Mr. Fischer was asked whether the number
+    of cases in each hut was known to the overseers. He replied that
+    they had furnished a report on the previous day. It was
+    suggested that in such a case the overseers might with advantage
+    seek the assistance of the delegates of the camp committee, and
+    especially in the present case, as the overseers were much
+    occupied with other work, and could not collect complete
+    statistics.
+
+    BREAD.—The question of the quality of the bread was raised; it
+    was alleged that bread insufficiently baked and bread which
+    consisted of remains insufficiently ground together was
+    sometimes distributed. As 2,000 of the prisoners were penniless,
+    the question was one of great importance. Mr. Fischer said that
+    bread of inferior quality, if returned immediately, would be
+    exchanged.
+
+    YOUTHS UNDER 17 YEARS OF AGE.—It was alleged that not all the
+    prisoners under 17 years of age had yet taken the necessary
+    steps to obtain their release. The meeting, however, thought
+    that it was the presence of young sailors, for whose release
+    repeated application had been made, that had produced this
+    impression. These sailors, however, were in quite a different
+    position from the civilian prisoners. Civilian prisoners under
+    17 were released. The overseers had the matter under
+    consideration.
+
+    WASHING.—Mr. Whitwell had taken cast-off clothing from the
+    rubbish-box. He had had them washed, and found that they were
+    still serviceable. In his opinion, the whole of the camp washing
+    could be done by two machines costing about 60M. each. Mr.
+    Fischer observed that the overseers had given this matter their
+    attention, but that great difficulties would arise if any
+    proposals adverse to the concessions granted by the military
+    authority to private concerns were to be made.
+
+    The meeting was then adjourned.
+
+We may next cite an unofficial statement:
+
+    STATEMENT RESPECTING CONDITIONS AT RUHLEBEN COMMUNICATED TO HOME
+    OFFICE BY TWO RELEASED CIVILIANS ON MARCH 18, 1915.
+
+    Mr. John P. Bradshaw, of Ballymoney, co. Antrim, and Mr. William
+    David Coyne, of Ballyhaunis, co. Mayo, both British subjects,
+    arrived in England on the March 15, having just been released
+    from detention at Ruhleben on account of their unfitness for
+    military service.
+
+    The following statement has been made by them to the Home
+    Office:
+
+    They were examined by the Camp Doctor, and released as unfit for
+    military service.
+
+    A fortnight ago all who considered themselves unfit were invited
+    to send their names in with a statement of the grounds of
+    unfitness.
+
+    A week later all were asked to state where they would go if
+    released from Ruhleben, but few of the real British subjects
+    were anxious to be released now unless they can leave Germany
+    because of the bitterness against England.[21]
+
+    Since March 7 a very important change has taken place in the
+    food supply to the prisoners; thanks to investigations by
+    Rittmeister von Müller, the caterer has been dispensed with. It
+    is believed in the camp that the United States authorities
+    prompted these investigations.
+
+    The German authorities provide bread which is of better quality
+    than formerly. The allowance is over half a pound per man per
+    day, i.e., more than the civilian population is allowed, but it
+    is believed that a regulation has been made, though not yet
+    brought into force, to reduce the bread allowance to correspond
+    with that allowed to persons outside the camp. Bread is no
+    longer purchaseable at the canteen.
+
+    The Government allows 60 pfennige (just over 7d.) per head for
+    the rest of the food. The canteen committee buys 100 grammes of
+    meat (gristle, bone, etc., included) per man per day. Pork is
+    much used, then comes mutton, and, more rarely, beef.
+
+    The meat is cooked in the soup and each man is given a piece
+    about the size of a cutlet with his soup at midday. The spare
+    pieces are divided amongst the men from the last barracks to be
+    served; the barracks take it in turn to be last.
+
+    On one day a week dinner consists of a piece of sausage and rice
+    and prunes.
+
+    A piece of sausage is now served with the evening tea or coffee.
+    This sausage is bought out of the savings under the new system.
+
+    The rest of the savings on the catering and the profit on the
+    sales at the canteen go towards providing clothes, etc., for the
+    poorest men in the camp.
+
+    The meat is inspected by two of the prisoners, one a veterinary
+    surgeon and the other a butcher; it is cooked by ships’ cooks
+    who are interned, and served by men chosen from among the
+    prisoners. The food is said to be well cooked and the meals
+    quite appetising, at any rate when compared with the previous
+    régime.
+
+    The two men named above received all parcels sent to them.
+    Formerly parcels took about four weeks to reach the camp from
+    England, but now they arrive in ten to twelve days.
+
+    The officials are scrupulously honest as regards money owned by
+    or sent to the prisoners, except that they pay out in paper or
+    silver, whereas they took in gold. Money is paid out to those
+    prisoners who have an account at the rate of 20M. per fortnight,
+    but an extra 20M. can be obtained for the purchase of boots,
+    clothes, etc., if shown to be necessary.
+
+    The correspondence regulations are now that one postcard with
+    nine lines of writing may be sent each week, and two letters,
+    each of four pages of notepaper may be sent per month. In
+    addition, business letters may be sent to any reasonable extent.
+
+    A dramatic society has been started and recently gave its first
+    performance, Shaw’s “Androcles and the Lion.” Admission was
+    free, but seats cost from 20 to 40 pfennigs, not according to
+    the position of the seat, but according to the means of the
+    purchaser.
+
+    Baron von Taube and Graf von Schwerin make a point of being
+    present at all entertainments organised by the prisoners, and
+    make a short speech of thanks at the end. Since the trouble over
+    the food has been settled the relations between the officials
+    and the prisoners have greatly improved.
+
+    A month ago all British colonial subjects were re-arrested and
+    interned. [Miscel. No. 7. (1915). P. 81.]
+
+We now come to the official U.S. report of June 8, 1915, with
+accompanying letters. [Miscel. No. 13 (1915)]
+
+
+    _Mr. Page, United States Ambassador at London, to Sir Edward
+    Grey._ (Received June 15.)
+
+    The American Ambassador presents his compliments to His
+    Majesty’s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and has the
+    honour to transmit, herewith enclosed, a copy of a letter he has
+    received from the Embassy at Berlin, dated the 8th inst.,
+    enclosing a report made by Mr. G. W. Minot upon the conditions
+    at present existing in the British civil internment camp at
+    Ruhleben.
+
+    Mr. Gerard has added a postscript expressing the hope that this
+    report may be published together with his covering letter.
+
+      American Embassy, London,
+        June 14, 1915.
+
+The need for publication was obvious in view of the character of the
+rumours circulated in this country, but, unfortunately, when published
+as a Government White Paper, such a report falls into but few hands,
+while newspaper extracts from the White Papers can, in general, scarcely
+be described as selected without bias.
+
+    ENCLOSURE 1.
+
+    _Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page._
+
+                                             American Embassy,
+                                                 Berlin, June 8, 1915.
+
+    Sir,—I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a triplicate
+    copy of a report made by Mr. G. W. Minot upon conditions at
+    present existing in the British civil internment camp at
+    Ruhleben, Spandau. In connection with this I beg to say that the
+    devotion to duty and uniform kindness of all the camp
+    authorities has been wonderful and the relations of our Embassy
+    with them always most agreeable. It is impossible to conceive of
+    better camp commanders than Graf Schwerin and Baron Taube.—I
+    have, etc.,
+
+                                            JAMES W. GERARD.
+
+The last sentence is noteworthy. Commendation of the Camp Commanders
+could not be more emphatic.
+
+    ENCLOSURE 2.
+
+    _Mr. Minot to Mr. Gerard._
+
+                                                         June 3, 1915.
+
+    Sir,—I have the honour to submit to you the following report
+    upon various improvements which have taken place in the civil
+    internment camp for British prisoners at Ruhleben-bei-Spandau
+    since the month of November, 1914:
+
+    Of the 4,500 British civil prisoners interned in Germany,
+    approximately 4,000 are at this date held at Ruhleben, the
+    remaining 500 being scattered in small detachments in various
+    other internment camps. The German Government have arranged
+    that these detachments shall be absorbed by Ruhleben, so that
+    within a few months all the British civil prisoners interned in
+    Germany will be in Ruhleben. The difficulty of enlarging the
+    facilities of Ruhleben and the necessary precautionary measures
+    of quarantining have made the process of combination a long one,
+    but there is every reason to believe that it will soon be
+    completed.
+
+    The increase in the number of prisoners at Ruhleben has
+    necessitated substantial additions to the barracks, most of
+    which were overcrowded at the beginning of the war. Eight new
+    barracks of one storey have been erected (four being already
+    occupied), affording accommodation for 120 men each. These
+    barracks are substantially built of wood, with well-set floors
+    and large windows. The roofs have been waterproofed with tarred
+    paper, and the walls stained to resist the rain.[22] In the four
+    new barracks which are now occupied a small room for the guard
+    has been added, but in the new barracks this has been considered
+    unnecessary, as it is hoped that the guards in the barracks at
+    night may shortly be dispensed with. The last new barracks has
+    been built with a special view towards housing convalescent or
+    delicate persons. Partitions have been erected so as to cut up
+    the barrack into small divisions, and two water-closets have
+    been installed. A new washhouse for these barracks has been
+    erected, with shower baths and washing troughs.
+
+    The construction of the new barracks, the transfer of some
+    hundred persons to Dr. Weiler’s sanatorium, and the release of
+    about a hundred persons have made it possible largely to reduce
+    the crowded conditions of the “obens,” or lofts, of the old
+    barracks. Twenty per cent. of the occupants of these “obens”
+    have been removed, and it is estimated that when the new
+    barracks are fully occupied another 55 per cent. will be removed
+    from the obens, so that only a quarter of the original occupants
+    will be left there.
+
+    The most signal improvement which has been effected in the last
+    two months has been the permission afforded the prisoners to use
+    the ground encircled by the race-track for the hours from 8 a.m.
+    to 12 noon and from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. The space thus gained is
+    approximately 200 yards by 150 yards, and affords a splendid
+    field for all kinds of games. Materials for the various sports
+    have been provided by the camp, including the laying out of a
+    football field and a small golf course. This ground has provided
+    a chance for every interned prisoner to take part in some form
+    of good out-of-door exercise or for those who so desire to move
+    out their chairs to the field to watch the games. Permission to
+    use the grandstands from 8 a.m. to 8-30 p.m. has further been
+    obtained. As the stands are of modern brick and cement
+    construction, a large enclosed hall is formed underneath the
+    tiers of seats. In this hall a stage has been erected and a
+    complete theatre installed with scenery, dressing-rooms,
+    orchestra, etc. Performances, varying from Shakespeare to
+    musical shows, are given practically every night. The betting
+    boxes have been boarded up to afford small rooms for study,
+    musical practice, etc. In other parts of this building space has
+    been allotted for a carpenter’s shop, a tailor’s shop, barber
+    and cobbler’s shop. The grandstand tiers have been turned over
+    to the educational department for schools and lectures, which
+    are systematically conducted. Black-boards and other materials
+    have been provided for the department.
+
+A favourable account of Dr. Weiler’s sanatorium follows. About this
+sanatorium individual expressions of opinion have varied.
+
+Mr. Minot’s report next gives a list of improvements effected at
+Ruhleben, under such headings as _Laundry_, _Whitewashing_, _Beds_,
+_Dentist_, _Business Post_, etc. The report then proceeds:
+
+    It can be seen from the above that very considerable
+    improvements have been effected at Ruhleben. Graf Schwerin,
+    Baron Taube, and the other camp authorities have done everything
+    in their power to bring about these improvements, and have been
+    materially helped throughout by the camp captains.
+
+    The effect produced has been a general improvement in the
+    physical and moral condition of the camp. In general the health
+    of the prisoners can be said to be excellent, practically no
+    cases of contagious or infectious diseases, barring a mild
+    epidemic of German measles, having occurred. The improvement in
+    the food and the increased possibilities of the purchase of
+    additional nourishment from the outside, have nearly silenced
+    all complaints.
+
+    The work is still constantly progressing, and it is fair to
+    state that the conditions are steadily, if slowly, improving.
+
+    I am submitting to you, herewith, a plan of Ruhleben, upon which
+    are marked the various buildings and locations mentioned in this
+    report. I have further included a selection of programmes of the
+    various entertainments, sports, etc., which have taken place in
+    the camp.—I have, etc.,
+
+                                                G. W. MINOT.
+
+The following two extracts are also of some significance. The first is
+from the _Times_, the second is from the _Daily Telegraph_ of June 18,
+1915. The suspension of correspondence was due to some demonstration on
+the part of the prisoners.
+
+    Sir,—It may perhaps interest some of those who are feeling
+    anxious about the treatment of their relatives at Ruhleben to
+    hear that we have direct evidence of kindly action and
+    consideration for the prisoners on the part of the German
+    authorities at a date later than that at which the regular
+    postal communication was suspended.—I am faithfully yours,
+
+                                     A PARENT OF A PRISONER.
+
+    February 17.
+
+    We received the following from the Press Bureau last night:
+
+    “A statement recently appeared in a letter to an organ of the
+    Press to the effect that it was inadvisable to send parcels to
+    civilian prisoners interned at Ruhleben in view of the heavy
+    charges made on delivery.
+
+    “Information has now been received from the United States
+    Ambassador at Berlin that no such charges have been made for the
+    delivery of parcels at Ruhleben, but for a short time certain
+    prisoners who had been temporarily released and sent to a
+    sanatorium were charged duty on parcels sent to them there. This
+    matter was, however, satisfactorily adjusted in a very short
+    time, and duty is no longer charged on parcels to such
+    prisoners.”
+
+In the early autumn of 1915 civilian self-government was fully
+established at Ruhleben. Writing on October 16, Mr. Page remarks: “The
+administration of the camp to-day is entirely in the hands of the
+prisoners themselves. There are no guards in the barracks, and all
+internal arrangements, including discipline, are in the hands of the
+camp and barrack captains.” [Miscel. No. 3 (1916), p. 4.]
+
+
+A CONTROVERSY.
+
+White Paper Miscel. No. 3 (1916) is in many ways rather important to the
+student of internment. It affords some evidence of the kind of mental
+friction developing in all internment camps, and it makes clear that
+prisoners’ statements often need to be subjected to impartial outside
+investigation. There is not space, however, to enter fully into details
+here. The paper opens with a report on Ruhleben camp “compiled by a
+British subject recently released,” and forwarded by Sir Edward Grey to
+Mr. Gerard through Mr. Page. It is complained that the distance from the
+new barracks to the wash-houses is “in some cases over 200 yards.” Mr.
+Page points out by reference to a scale map that “in every case the
+wash-houses are nearer than 60 yards from the barracks, and not at a
+distance of 200 yards, as stated. The barracks which are not diagrammed
+on this map have their own washing appliances.” Mr. Page writes further:
+“The open space beneath the central tribune has not been, as stated in
+the report transmitted by the British Foreign Office, used for every
+conceivable purpose, but has been enclosed entirely for recreation
+purposes, religious services, lectures, debates, etc.... I cannot see
+how the introduction of [the] cinema show has in the least affected the
+comfort of the hall.” “With regard to whitewashing, this was done in all
+of the barracks at the expense of the camp fund, and not, as stated, at
+the cost of those interned at the barracks. Extra whitewashing, borders,
+etc., were naturally paid for at the private expense. No measures were
+taken for exterminating mosquitoes for the reason that it has been found
+impossible to procure petroleum in Germany for the purpose.” Three
+internees who tried to escape were in consequence imprisoned, and are
+stated in the report transmitted by the British Foreign Office to be
+starving. Mr. Gerard writes: “I visited Messrs. Ettlinger, Ellison and
+Kirkpatrick at the Stadtvogtei-Gefängnis about three weeks ago, and
+heard from them that they had no complaint to make about the food. They
+are now allowed to receive parcels and money from the outside, and are
+no longer in solitary confinement. The limitation of exercise to half
+an hour seems regrettable, but owing to their attempt to escape, I fear
+that it will be impossible to obtain a change until their sentence
+expires.”
+
+The report forwarded to Mr. Gerard says:
+
+    It would be of material benefit to the interned if a
+    representative of the United States Embassy could call at the
+    Camp fortnightly, and receive complaints direct from prisoners,
+    without the inevitable presence of the captains [i.e., the
+    internees’ own captains] in the room.
+
+Mr. Gerard replies:
+
+    A representative of this Embassy has visited the camp at
+    Ruhleben (with the exception of the time when the camp was first
+    formed) certainly on an average of more than once a fortnight,
+    and it has been possible for any prisoners to speak to him
+    without the presence of the captains. For the past few months
+    the camp has been visited once a week if not more often. In
+    addition to this Mr. Powell, sometimes accompanied by other
+    captains of the camp, has visited this Embassy regularly once a
+    week for consultation with me.
+
+“I wish again to reiterate,” says Mr. Page, “that Count Schwerin, Baron
+Taube and the other officers in charge of the camp, are all kindly and
+considerate gentlemen, who do everything within their power to help the
+prisoners.”
+
+But the real quarrel was not with Count Schwerin or Baron Taube (of whom
+all seem to speak well), but with the English captains and their
+management. The financial statements and the distributions effected by
+the captains are adversely criticised by the released British subject.
+He adds, somewhat acidly:
+
+    It would be a kindness to the captains and to the camp if the
+    Government could convey to them a message informing them that
+    they are public men holding important and responsible positions,
+    and that public men must allow criticism and seek to profit by
+    it.
+
+Here we get to the root of the matter. The original “Camp Committee”
+was (to quote Mr. Gerard’s words) “disbanded by the order of the
+military authorities in February last (1915), because of its refusal to
+co-operate with the captains and its insistence upon publishing notices
+and minutes of its meetings after it had been forbidden to do so.”[23]
+This “Camp Committee” continued to object to the financial arrangement
+and the general administration of Mr. Powell and the other captains, and
+pressed their objections upon the Ambassador on August 23, 1915. “I
+thereupon suggested that perhaps the best way would be to refer the
+matter to a general election. To this the ‘Camp Committee’ demurred, and
+upon my asking what suggestion they had to proffer appeared to consider
+that they, a self-constituted body, should be given charge of the camp
+by me. This proposition I naturally rejected, especially as the members
+of this self-appointed committee were, although very estimable
+gentlemen, _personæ non gratæ_ both to the majority of the prisoners and
+to the military authorities.... A final decision of the question as to
+whether the present government of Ruhleben is representative or not is
+to be found in the election of September 15, 1915, when every one of the
+captains at that time in authority was re-elected. The occasion was
+caused by the decision of the military authorities to withdraw the
+soldiers from the camp, and the captains therefore considered it
+desirable that they should appeal to the camp for decision as to whether
+it was wished that they should continue the government or not. I cannot
+see that any further proof is required as to whether the captains
+represent the feelings of the majority of the camp.”
+
+One cannot help asking oneself, was the critic a member of the
+disbanded “Camp Committee”? The United States Ambassador on more than
+one occasion proved himself capable of speaking very decidedly to the
+German authorities of things he disapproved of. In this case, too, he
+speaks (though not to the German authorities) with some decision:
+
+    A properly heated and lighted recreation and assembling room is
+    certainly extremely desirable for the damp and cold winter time.
+    A new barrack has been sanctioned by the military authorities
+    for the purpose, and I will do my best to press the work. I
+    might venture to suggest that if so many private individuals had
+    not occupied necessary space by election of private clubs the
+    military authorities would be more willing to grant permission
+    for the erection of further buildings intended for public good.
+    Further, if the very men, such as the “camp committee” (who are
+    all members of the “summer house” club), had devoted some of the
+    energies which they expended upon the erection of the club for
+    their own private use to the construction of a public
+    sitting-room, the building might already be in use.
+
+    The British tax-payer is paying a large sum in wages because the
+    Ruhleben prisoners are unwilling to do the fatigue work of the
+    camp. The captured British soldiers who have been fighting in
+    the trenches are compelled to do work in work camps, are often
+    not properly clothed, do not receive an allowance from the
+    British tax-payer of 5M. a week, cannot buy food at less than
+    cost price, nor go to a sanatorium (at the expense of the
+    British tax-payer) when sick; have not the benefit of expert
+    dental and optical treatment, have no public libraries,
+    lectures, schools, debates, or camp newspapers, have not seven
+    tennis courts, three football fields, athletic games, cricket,
+    golf and hockey, are not amused by dramas, comic operas and
+    cinema shows, and above all are not paid extra wages for doing
+    their own work to make themselves comfortable. All of these
+    advantages and more which the Ruhleben prisoners enjoy have been
+    largely the result of the effort of the camp administration
+    which this commentator criticises.
+
+These rather strong words of Mr. Gerard’s display a not unnatural
+irritation against a critic whose facts prove unreliable and whose
+mental attitude suggests a somewhat querulous bias, but it is only fair
+to remind ourselves that after long internment all suffer from nerve
+strain and many suffer very severely. Under these circumstances complete
+reasonableness is probably more than any of us would be capable of.
+
+
+SHORT RATIONS.
+
+At Ruhleben there are (with the exception of some negroes) English only.
+The English receive many packages. The German authorities have been
+tempted to rely on those packages increasingly. That is the state of
+things revealed in Dr. A. E. Taylor’s report of June 14, 1916. [Miscel.
+No. 21 (1916).]
+
+    A review of the present ration of the prisoners of war indicates
+    that it is the aim of the ‘Kriegsernährungsamt’ to supply a
+    ration which shall be physiologically adequate, though
+    professedly containing little more than enough to cover minimal
+    requirements; and it is believed that the official prisoners’
+    ration contains as much as the daily food of many millions of
+    German subjects. There is no question that the official prison
+    ration is an adequate ration from the standpoint of animal
+    nutrition. In addition to this allotted camp ration the
+    prisoners possess the food sent in from abroad as addenda.
+
+    In the case of the Russian prisoners, these extra food stuffs
+    sent in from abroad are small in amount; in the case of the
+    French, moderate; in the case of the English, large. In all the
+    prison camps that I have visited it is the practice to prepare
+    food for the number of men in the camp, irrespective of
+    nationality, in accordance with the menu of Professor Backhaus.
+    As a rule, the British prisoners take little or none of the
+    food, and their share is eaten by prisoners of other
+    nationalities. In Ruhleben the state of affairs at present
+    existing has convinced the interned civilians that the situation
+    is, so to speak, reversed: that the German authorities seem to
+    regard the foodstuffs sent in from abroad as the regular diet of
+    the interned men, and the camp allotments as the addenda.
+
+It is not surprising that “the interned men are deeply dissatisfied with
+the present state of affairs.” The German authorities, finding that at
+least half the total number of the interned at Ruhleben subsist largely
+upon private packages, have made a “sharp reduction in the amount of
+foodstuff allotted to the camp.” I have no wish to defend this
+proceeding, but it must be allowed that to the Government of a blockaded
+country there is a great temptation to cut down supplies when this will
+not be a danger to the prisoners themselves.
+
+Both reports of Dr. Taylor [Miscel. No. 18 (1916) and Miscel. No. 21
+(1916)] are important studies of the question of nutrition, and his
+short discussion (No. 18, p. 4) of the psychological aspects of
+monotonous diet and the nutritional effects of internment is worth
+careful attention. “A diet that would be tolerated if the subject were
+at liberty may become intolerable under conditions of imprisonment.
+There is a large personal equation operative in this direction. The
+soldier imbued with a high sense of his value to his country and of the
+justice of his cause will endure a monotonous diet that would not be
+endurable in the prisoner overwhelmed with disappointment and crushed
+with sorrow.” These considerations are obviously of general application.
+
+
+SOME COMPARISONS.
+
+Mr. Gerard, in a note of June 28, 1916 [Miscel. No. 25 (1916)],
+animadverts strongly on the bad accommodation still provided at
+Ruhleben. The letter is rather strikingly different in tone from his
+other reports on Ruhleben.
+
+    It is intolerable that people of education should be herded six
+    together in a horse’s stall, and in some of the lofts the bunks
+    touch one another. The light for reading is bad, and reading is
+    a necessity if these poor prisoners are to be detained during
+    another winter. In the haylofts above the stables the conditions
+    are even worse.[24]
+
+Bishop Bury’s account (“My Visit to Ruhleben,” p. 30) reads:
+
+    I don’t know whether it was our internment at Newbury,[25] the
+    race-course for Reading, or our using race-courses, such as
+    Kempton Park, for the training of our own men, which caused
+    Ruhleben to be chosen in November, 1914, as a suitable place for
+    civilians’ internment.... Without any description of mine it may
+    be easily understood what they had to suffer until proper
+    arrangements were made.... The loose boxes are now properly
+    fitted with bunks, some being larger than others. The large
+    corridor, with its stone floor, gives air and space, the lofts
+    particularly being extremely well adapted now for their present
+    purpose. I prefer the lofts to the boxes, because they have
+    corridors out of which one can look, whereas the windows in the
+    boxes are usually far above the ground. I went to tea more
+    frequently in the boxes, and on one occasion we sat down sixteen
+    in number—rather a crowd—but we were quite comfortable.
+
+Bishop Bury has seen something on both sides, and his impressions are
+for that reason all the more important. We must not forget, too, that he
+lived a week with the prisoners at Ruhleben. It is also only fair to
+remember that no one has been invited to spend a week in any camp on
+this side. Bishop Bury also tells us “that when, a little time ago, the
+authorities proposed to relieve the overcrowding and construct another
+camp at Havilburg which could accommodate 600 men, the men at once
+petitioned that this idea might not be carried out, as they preferred,
+after this length of time to stay where they are.” (l.c., p. 40.)
+
+One caution must, however, be given to the readers of Bishop Bury’s
+book. The conditions of the camp during the excitement and interest of
+his visit could not be the normal conditions. The frightful monotony of
+the long confinement does not obtrude itself in his book. Yet there is
+no doubt, I fear, that internment everywhere (at Ruhleben, as elsewhere)
+is becoming “intolerable.” To live, as at Alexandra Palace, day and
+night, for _years_ in a great hall with more than a thousand others must
+become almost destructive to any sensitive nature. But (to quote Dr.
+Siegmund Schulze once more) “We ought not to conclude from this that we
+are justified in making reproaches.... in respect of the treatment of
+prisoners, but rather conclude that we should work energetically towards
+the termination of the war.”
+
+Dr. Cimino, very, and very naturally, anti-German as he is, writes:
+
+    The only real suffering we experienced at Ruhleben was from the
+    cold.... The fact is that he (Count Schwerin) was as
+    kind-hearted an old soldier as ever fondled an English wife, and
+    loved his English prisoners.... He used to take part in our
+    daily life as much as possible.... As to the concerts, he was
+    always present, _et pour cause_; he was passionately fond of
+    music.... at the end of the concert he would make his little
+    speech, and we filed out. But one night we gave him a rousing
+    cheer, and the whole crowd struck up, “For he’s a jolly good
+    fellow.” (“Behind the Prison Bars in Germany,” p. 95).[26]
+
+As to the food question, we must not forget that the blockade against
+Germany and the pressure upon neutrals have been continually increased
+in stringency. Up to October, 1915, Mr. Gerard could write as follows of
+Ruhleben:
+
+    The food material is excellent and the cooking, as I have
+    stated, is attended to by the prisoners themselves, those doing
+    the cooking receiving payment from the British fund, with the
+    exception of 150M. weekly allowed for cooks’ wages by the German
+    authorities. The prisoners are given, if they choose, a
+    bread-card, and are allowed to purchase extra bread—the
+    Kriegsbrod, which we all use in Germany and which is quite
+    palatable—at the price of 55 pfennige a loaf. Food also, as I
+    have stated, can be purchased in the canteen at prices very much
+    less than food can be purchased in Berlin, and at very much less
+    than cost.—[Miscel, No. 3 (1916)].
+
+The low price at the canteen, was, however, I take it, owing to the
+existence of the camp fund contributed to by the British Government.
+
+Lord Newton spoke in the House of Lords on February 22, 1917, on the
+question of prisoners of war. The following extract is from the _Daily
+Telegraph_ report:
+
+    There was nothing to be gained by exaggerating the conditions of
+    prisoners in Germany or elsewhere. There was neither sense nor
+    truth in representing, as was constantly done, that Ruhleben was
+    a sort of unspeakable hell upon earth, and that a British
+    internment camp was a kind of paradise compared with it. He
+    deplored the hardship that these men underwent, but it was a
+    great mistake to suppose that these civilians at Ruhleben were
+    undergoing greater hardships than those being endured by our
+    military prisoners. Like anyone who ventured to state the facts,
+    he would no doubt be accused of being a pro-German, but
+    certainly the conditions at Ruhleben had greatly improved
+    recently. These conditions had improved, not on account of any
+    action on the part of the German Government, but rather on
+    account of their inaction. They had permitted the British there
+    to organise on their own lines and make the conditions
+    tolerable. Anyone could satisfy himself as to the conditions,
+    because there were men who had arrived here recently who could
+    give the fullest information. In addition, they were able to
+    form their own opinions to a certain extent from independent
+    testimony, for example, the visit of Bishop Bury. He could not
+    understand why this prelate had been subjected to so much attack
+    on the part of certain persons in this country. He went to
+    Germany by permission of the German Government. He went to
+    Ruhleben, lived in the camp, and was able to see what the
+    conditions were. He reported exactly what he saw, and was
+    thereupon denounced as not only being an inaccurate person but
+    obviously pro-German.
+
+
+ABSENCE ON LEAVE.
+
+The following private testimony is also of interest: “A nephew of mine
+who is interned at Ruhleben has been let out for a fortnight’s visit to
+some people whose son is interned in England, and who has been
+befriended here. My nephew met with the most overwhelming kindness, and
+his letters are most interesting and touching.” The “reprisals of good,”
+which we shall consider more fully presently, are, after all, the most
+practical measures in the world. There have been several other absences
+on leave, and a good many men have been released permanently. Moreover,
+at Christmas, 1916, most of the British officials in the camp were given
+three days leave in Berlin.
+
+
+PRISONERS’ ACTIVITY.
+
+We may well be proud of the organising capacity of the British prisoners
+at Ruhleben and of the resolute determination of so many to make the
+very most of every slender opportunity, and to turn difficulties into a
+stimulus for ingenuity. The following is from the _Manchester Guardian_,
+February 23, 1916:
+
+    A letter from Mr. Walter Butterworth, dated January 22, and
+    written from his internment quarters at Ruhleben, Germany, has
+    been received by the Chairman of the Manchester Art Gallery, Mr.
+    F. Todd. After a reference to newly added pictures in the
+    Manchester Gallery and to the death of his friend, Mr. Roger
+    Oldham, Mr. Butterworth continues: “You will perhaps like to
+    hear a little about art matters in Ruhleben. We really have some
+    activity in arts and crafts. A great crowd of musicians are
+    here, including some composers and many excellently equipped
+    executants. We have actors in plenty, not without a sprinkling
+    of professionals. Professors, journalists, and lecturers are our
+    nearest approximation to workers in the literary field. There is
+    no stint of craftsmen, who produce very clever work in wood,
+    metals, etc. With provision tins they make the most astonishing
+    things, including tackle for our physics and chemical
+    departments, for weighing, testing, measuring, etc. With only
+    tins and wire a man made an amazing electrical clock, which has
+    kept faultless time for over a year. Other men made a handloom
+    for demonstration purposes, which wove cloth before our eyes at
+    a meeting of Yorkshiremen, at which I presided.
+
+    Turning to the fine arts of painting and sculpture, I did not
+    know we had any sculptors until this month, except one clever
+    young artist who models heads in clay. But this month we have
+    had a great deal of snow, and two men who have hitherto been
+    resting came forward, and, like Michael Angelo on a famous
+    occasion began to model in snow. But our designers and painters
+    are the most numerous and active (after the musicians). They
+    have a shed, in which art exhibitions are held periodically.
+    Many portraits are drawn and a few painted. One artist is just
+    completing a portrait of me in pastels. There is an endless
+    outpouring of theatre posters, caricatures, humorous drawings,
+    skits on the camp, etc.”
+
+Six students at Ruhleben passed the London University Matriculation
+examination in December, 1916. One of them took the Edinburgh papers as
+well later on. (_Observer_, August 26, 1917.) These are remarkable
+cases, for the strain of prolonged internment seems most of all to
+affect the power of concentrated attention.
+
+The case of another successful student is recorded in the _Daily News_
+of June 2, 1918:
+
+    The distinction—probably unique—of graduating for the degree
+    of Doctor of Music of Oxford University while a prisoner in
+    enemy hands has been achieved by Mr. Ernest Macmillan, a young
+    man with Edinburgh connections. Mr. Macmillan, who is the son of
+    a clergyman in Toronto, was studying music in Germany when the
+    war broke out, and since then he has been interned as a civil
+    prisoner at Ruhleben. His answer to examination papers and his
+    “exercise” (or composition) were sent from Ruhleben to Oxford.
+
+That such things are possible at Ruhleben is a great tribute to English
+spirit and endurance. We must also not forget that they would clearly be
+wholly impossible if the Germans were actually barbarians.
+
+
+A FRIENDLY ENEMY.
+
+When Bishop Bury during his visit in November, 1915, asked what he might
+be allowed to say at Ruhleben, General Friedrich replied: “Please do all
+you can to hearten and cheer up your fellow countrymen. Appeal to their
+patriotism, speak to their manhood. You and they will have no one
+between you. There will be no official of the camp; no one to listen to
+you, no one to come between yourself and them. We trust you entirely
+with them, and you will understand, I am sure, that we do not wish to
+diminish anyone’s sense of nationality who is imprisoned or interned in
+Germany.” (“My Visit to Ruhleben,” p. 21.) The words, says Bishop Bury,
+“seemed to come straight from the heart of the speaker.” Some readers
+will be sceptical; but at least _the words were acted on_. The Bishop
+spoke about the armies and the war to the men, and told them of his own
+experiences in the war area, “just as I should have told them to my own
+countrymen in this country.” At his last address the British flag was
+run in on a cord and “God Save the King” was sung. The Bishop had no
+time to propose the omission of the second verse, but one is proud to
+know that those Englishmen, even amidst their excitement, spontaneously
+omitted it. The whole scene revealed what was finest on both sides.
+Bishop Bury told the German Staff that at the meeting “we all sang ‘Send
+him victorious.’ They smiled indulgently.”
+
+
+WAR TERRORISM.
+
+A good many more things of a favourable character could be said.
+Unfortunately men who speak well of their German captors are accused of
+pro-Germanism, and they dare not speak. This is a rather terrible fact,
+but it is a fact. As one man said to me: “I have my living to get, and
+if my identity could be traced through any account I gave I should be
+ruined. My work has already been very materially affected, but in
+private conversation I shall continue to speak the truth, come what
+may.” War prejudice indeed desires one kind of story only, and
+victimises those who give it what it does not want. And so all along the
+line suppression begets suppression of the truths most needed to heal
+our ills. A woman teacher writes to me: “I think I have a fairly open
+mind myself to recognise good deeds of the enemy; but to tell such to my
+pupils is another matter, and I fear would be very impolitic seeing that
+I depend on my school for my daily bread.” And again the Editor of a
+provincial paper writes: “... but when one has to rely on the public
+for one’s living one has to think twice before expressing one’s views.”
+
+
+LAST DAYS AT RUHLEBEN.
+
+Mr. Desmond wrote of the coming of the Revolution at Dülmen (vide p.
+61), Mr. Sylvester Leon has told us something of the last days at
+Ruhleben (_Herald_, January 4, 1919). “The soldiers are with you,” said
+Mr. Powell to the interned men. “For with the triumph of the Revolution,
+that friendliness which had existed in the days of the old régime
+between the interned and many an individual German soldier now became
+general among the military of Ruhleben; the officers had flitted, or had
+capitulated to the new order of things with more or less grace; Councils
+of soldiers and workmen ruled in the towns of the Fatherland; the era of
+Social Democracy was dawning upon Central Europe.... It is but fair to
+admit that the Ruhleben Guard acted very loyally in the performance of
+their duty. For when they were given the option of returning to their
+homes they did not avail themselves of that opportunity, but volunteered
+to remain at their posts until the disbandment of the camp. It is of
+historic interest to note that the red flag—the symbol of the triumph
+of the Revolution—which flew from the flag-pole in the camp, had
+formerly done service in the cubicle of one of the interned. It was dyed
+red by another of the interned, a doctor of science and a member of our
+little camp school, and then given to the soldiers.... The first
+impression gained on a visit outside the camp was the terrible
+seriousness of the food question. No one who has once seen can ever
+forget the sight of the crowds of hungry women and school children
+standing outside the gates of Ruhleben, literally besieging the interned
+as they passed out.” For it was only the interned who had food to spare.
+The Ruhlebenites gave, they had the facts before them. And “the people
+of Spandau turned out in force to wish us ‘Godspeed’ on our departure
+for home; and the send-off they gave us was astonishing in its
+enthusiasm, arresting in its spontaneity, and touching in its obvious
+sincerity.”
+
+
+HAVELBERG.
+
+At Havelberg the camp for civilians had a population of 4,500. Of these
+only 372 were British subjects, being men from British India. Mr. Dresel
+writes on September 17, 1916: “This camp produces an excellent
+impression, the arrangements being unusually hygienic and modern.”
+[Miscel. No. 7 (1917), p. 6.]
+
+
+ON BEHALF OF THE CIVILIANS.
+
+Yet, however excellent the impression may be, an internment camp is a
+miserable place.[27] It is, of course, especially miserable for those
+whose nature is at all sensitive, and it is surely such men whom we
+shall need everywhere if we are to make a less brutal world. Man after
+man has gone into internment seeking to employ himself and to make the
+best of it. For months, for a year, less often for nearly two years he
+has succeeded. But slowly success has dwindled and turned into failure.
+The monotony, the sense of oppression, the physical and mental
+discomfort, the deadly uselessness of the life—even where to these
+things is not added concern for those outside—have made him incapable
+of fixed attention, incapable of effort, incapable of rest, alternately
+nervous and torpid, fearful, despairing. The “barbed wire disease” has
+him in its grip at last. “Another winter interned here,” wrote such a
+one, “and I shall need a padded cell.” He had a fine nature and had
+struggled hard. But “the people outside do not understand.” Certainly,
+there are those who can hold out to the end. I admire and envy them. I
+do not think any of us could predict with certainty that we should not
+give way.
+
+There is only one remedy short of stopping the war, and that is the
+release of all civilians. Those who wish to remain, either in Germany or
+here, should certainly be allowed to do so, and if the police have no
+case against them, and if they can support themselves, they should be
+set free. Others should be repatriated or sent to neutral countries. The
+imprisonment of civilians is against the usage of war, and it is this
+fact which gave force to the claim of the German Government that there
+should be complete release on both sides.
+
+I append extracts from a Swiss appeal to the belligerents on behalf of
+the civilian prisoners. It was issued in August, 1917, and has already
+appeared in _Common Sense_.
+
+    A civilian is not a prisoner of war.
+
+    We gladly acknowledge that the belligerent powers have
+    effectively lessened the sufferings of the prisoners of war with
+    an intelligent understanding of their duty; the military
+    authorities have listened favourably to the proposals of the Red
+    Cross, and already the soldiers have been spared many
+    unnecessary sufferings. Humane measures have softened the
+    captivity of military prisoners.
+
+    In the name of Justice we now address this urgent appeal to the
+    authorities in the belligerent countries to adopt the same
+    attitude towards civilian prisoners.
+
+    We have in mind all civil prisoners, for these, almost without
+    exception, are innocent victims of the war; both those who since
+    the beginning of the war have been interned, and those others in
+    the occupied territories who have been isolated, oppressed or
+    imprisoned, many of them in poor health, women, children, old
+    men, who are not allowed to join their families in a neutral
+    land. Our deep compassion and brotherly sympathy are especially
+    moved on behalf of non-combatants who have been carried away
+    like herds.
+
+    We pray all belligerents without distinction to hearken to our
+    appeal; with dread we watch the approach of another war-winter,
+    bearing, as it must, a fresh succession of distresses,
+    deprivations and reprisals. Therefore we cannot keep silence....
+    Numbers of civilian prisoners have been suffering since the
+    beginning of the war from the depressing conditions of the
+    concentration camps.... The civilian took no part in the war,
+    and in most cases did not even desire it. He should not
+    therefore be treated as a prisoner of war.
+
+    Belligerent States! We call upon you to exchange all your
+    civilians now interned.... This exchange must naturally be
+    effected under certain conditions to be established. Each State
+    must bind itself not to employ the liberated civilians for
+    war-work; just as was arranged in the case of military prisoners
+    who have been repatriated or sent to neutral countries. With
+    these conditions, no belligerent should refuse to liberate the
+    civilians so unjustly imprisoned.
+
+    Honour will be theirs who act upon this appeal....
+
+The signatories to this appeal are G. Wagnière (Editor of the _Journal
+de Genève_), Dr. A. Forel (Professor at Zurich University), Ed. Secrétan
+(National Councillor), Benjamin Vallotton, Charles Baudouin (Professor
+at the Institut J. J. Rousseau), Ch. Bernard, P. Seidel (Professor at
+the Cantonal Technical College, Zürich), A. de Morsier, Ph. Dunant
+(Lawyer of Geneva), Paul Moriand (Professor of Medicine at Geneva), and
+MM. Blonde and Arcos.
+
+The Swiss Red Cross has also appealed for the release of all interned
+civilians.
+
+From this side the following private appeal on behalf of all prisoners
+has been addressed to the Red Cross at Cologne:
+
+    I feel it incumbent upon me ... to draw your attention to the
+    acute disappointment that is being caused among the prisoners in
+    all the camps, and almost equally among their friends outside,
+    by the delay in repatriation. Every phase in the long series of
+    public discussions and official negotiations, every hitch, and
+    every hesitation, has been followed with painful anxiety by
+    those of us who know what it means for all these thousands of
+    victims languishing in confinement, and you may be sure, with
+    much more intensely painful anxiety by the victims themselves,
+    whose ears are pathetically strained to catch the feeblest echo
+    of any rumour from the outside world that brings them the
+    slightest hint of release. For months these poor fellows had
+    been continually alternating between hope and despair, when the
+    news of the Hague meeting seemed for large numbers to bring them
+    definitely, at long last, within measurable distance of the
+    reality. Knowing therefore as you do, equally well with us, the
+    mental condition of these men, and the terribly demoralising
+    effect of long internment, even under the best conditions, you
+    will realise the deep depression into which they are now being
+    plunged by all the inexplicable delays in carrying out the terms
+    of the convention. From every one who comes in contact with them
+    I gather the same impression, that unless the Gordian knot is
+    cut and a way is quickly found out of the present impasse, the
+    most serious results are to be apprehended, as numbers of
+    prisoners here—and the case can be no better in other
+    countries—are on the verge of insanity....[28]
+
+    I would put it therefore to you in all earnestness that it is
+    your duty, as representing humanity, to bring without delay all
+    the pressure and all the influence you possess to bear upon the
+    authorities to consider the sufferings of the prisoners and
+    induce them, if possible, even at the cost of some concessions,
+    to facilitate from their side the carrying through of this
+    scheme, in which I can assure you not merely the happiness but
+    even the life of many men is involved.
+
+    I speak, of course, quite unofficially, and with no other motive
+    than pure philanthropy, but I may venture to hope that my
+    representations, though only those of a private individual, will
+    carry more than ordinary weight, inasmuch as there is perhaps
+    nobody whose information and experience in these matters are
+    more real and vital, or entitle him to speak with more
+    authority.
+
+    Nor do I stand alone, for there are many others with whom I have
+    worked from the beginning in the same field. All these associate
+    themselves with me in this appeal, and, like myself, with no
+    other motive than that of simple humanity. If the time, the
+    energy, and the money we have all spent so unstintingly to
+    improve the prisoners’ lot give us any title to be heard, we all
+    implore you, not only for the sake of the prisoners themselves,
+    but in the eternal interests of humanity and justice, to do, and
+    to do quickly whatever you can in furtherance of this object. We
+    quite understand, of course, that military interests must be
+    considered, but it is not always possible for those in high
+    places, with whom such decisions rest, to realise as vividly as
+    we do all that is at stake in a question of this sort, and that
+    is why we feel entitled to assume that your advice would not be
+    without effect, and that being the case, we submit it becomes
+    your solemn duty to tender it.
+
+The sufferings of this war are indeed vast beyond all comprehension. Is
+not there danger that this very fact may lead us to add to that
+suffering without need?
+
+
+“ROTTING AWAY.”
+
+In a pathetic appeal to be given work the men at one internment camp
+here said, “We are simply rotting away.” And others say, “The people
+outside do not understand.” Loss, heartache, privation, stagnation,
+friction, stupid and malicious gossip, mental and moral
+deterioration—“rotting away.” This disintegration of personality, the
+gradual rotting of the man’s selfhood, is perhaps, clearly envisaged, as
+great a horror as war can bring. It is not the result of deliberate
+cruelty, but simply of conditions most of which are inevitable if there
+is to be internment at all.
+
+
+A REPORT ON KNOCKALOE.
+
+The reports available on our own internment camps do not go back beyond
+March, 1916.[29] It is perhaps well to remind ourselves that even by
+May, 1916, there were still defects. Thus in the American Report of May
+18, 1916, on Knockaloe, we read: “The huts are being put in good
+weather-proof condition, and are being protected against the wind and
+rain by felt and tarred paper.”[30] As to sanitation, “There have been
+improvements in the sanitary arrangements since our last visit.” “In the
+hospital in Camp IV. there is now being built a recreation room, where
+convalescents may sit, which will give more room for the patients; also
+a special sink has been provided for washing the hospital utensils, and
+new latrines have been installed. They seem to be at work at this
+hospital to improve its condition. As Camp IV. has the largest number of
+older men interned, this hospital has more patients than others, and
+seemed rather crowded at the time of our visit.” “In the isolation
+hospital we found only one bath and one tap for all the patients who are
+suffering from various sorts of contagious diseases. We took this matter
+up with the proper authorities, who assured us that it should have their
+attention. The sanitary arrangements in all the hospitals might be
+improved, except possibly in Camp I.” “There were complaints about the
+hospital treatment, particularly of the care of the eyes, ears and
+teeth, for which the interned men claimed that there was not sufficient
+opportunity for special treatment.”
+
+These last complaints are curiously parallel to some made at Ruhleben.
+[See Miscel. No. 3 (1916) pp. 3, 15, 16.]
+
+“There was complaint that there were no shelters for the men while
+waiting to receive parcels, nor for outside patients visiting the
+doctor. This matter was taken up.”
+
+“In Camp III. a complaint was made about the difficulty of personal
+intercourse between the representatives of the camp and the Commandant.
+This had caused dissatisfaction. The men seemed to have confidence in
+the new Commandant, but they told us that they had difficulty in
+approaching him. We took this matter up with the proper authorities, and
+were informed that they would in future have more opportunity for
+personal intercourse.”
+
+The huts for sleeping accommodation “are sectional, being of the regular
+War Office pattern, 30 feet by 15 feet, each section holding thirty
+men.” This gives us a floor space of 450 square feet for each thirty
+men. In that portion of the Ruhleben loft most adversely criticised by
+Mr. Gerard the roof slopes from 10 feet at the ridge to a height of
+4½ feet only at the sides. The floor space allowed, however, is 10.2
+metres by 12.8 metres, giving us about 1,390 square feet for 64 men, or
+651 square feet for thirty men. When all allowance is made for the
+lowness of the sides in the rather wide loft (it seems to be more than
+30 feet wide), this worst accommodation at Ruhleben seems, as regards
+space available, not inferior to that at Knockaloe. Further details
+would be needed for a complete comparison.
+
+The report on Knockaloe is not enthusiastic, but evidently there had
+been many improvements, and still more was hoped for from the new
+Commandant. “The new Commandant, who has only been there some ten weeks,
+seems to have gained the confidence and respect of the interned men. He
+seems to be doing all in his power to better the conditions of the camp.
+He finds difficulty in getting material, such as tarred paper or felt,
+etc., for use on the huts. He told us that he had the matter in hand,
+and was giving betterment of the conditions at the camp every
+attention.... The whole tone of the camp is much better than it was at
+the time of the last visit. (See report of January 8, 1916.) There were
+fewer complaints, and the prisoners seemed much more contented.”
+
+
+A BRITISH COMMANDANT.
+
+It is unfortunate that we cannot “see” the earlier report to which we
+are directed. But it is good to know that the new Commandant, Col. F. N.
+Panzera, proved to be a Christian gentleman with real sympathy for the
+unfortunate men under his charge. Like many other commandants, both here
+and in Germany, he did, amidst the various difficulties, what he could.
+As he is, alas, now dead, we may perhaps quote the words he addressed to
+the men in his care at the Christmas of 1916. It is a strange reflection
+that it might have injured his position to quote this fine and simple
+message during his life-time. Colonel Panzera wrote:
+
+    I am sorry that the size of the camp prevents my seeing you all,
+    which I should do if it were smaller and thus possible. It would
+    be a mockery to wish you a “Happy Christmas,” I am afraid, but I
+    wish you as happy a one as is possible under the circumstances.
+    I most earnestly wish you a happier New Year. May the New Year
+    bring Peace and restore you to all dear to you. I hope that
+    prosperity and happiness may come to you in the future, and may
+    in time obliterate the memory of the present period of sadness.
+
+    I should like to take the opportunity of saying how much I
+    appreciate the general good behaviour of the camps during the
+    past year. There have been little lapses, as there must always
+    be in a mixed community of 25,000 people, but on the whole the
+    conduct has been extremely good, which has been a great help to
+    those placed over you. Once more I wish you as good a Christmas
+    as possible and a better New Year.
+
+
+FOOD DIFFICULTIES.
+
+The food question also becomes increasingly serious in the camps, as it
+does in prisons. I confess I feel we ought to ration ourselves very
+strictly before we cut down the supplies of our prisoners, criminal or
+otherwise. “The reduced diet,” wrote Fenner Brockway of his prison
+experiences, “is one of semi-starvation, and every prisoner is becoming
+thin and physically weak.” (_Labour Leader_, September 6. 1917.) Those
+who care to inquire of the wives of interned men will learn their side
+of the case as regards the effect of changed conditions in the camps.
+The sad feature is that the increasing rigour comes upon men already
+weakened, both physically and mentally, by long confinement. The
+original published statement of Sir Edward (now Viscount) Grey [Misc. 7
+(1915), p. 23] no longer obtains. The food is, of course, very
+different, and may not be supplemented.
+
+
+TWO KINDS OF RUMOUR AND SOME REALITY.
+
+I have not cared to quote adverse “unofficial information and rumours,”
+either as regards our own or other detention camps. What some adverse
+critics say about our own may be read in the _Woman’s Dreadnought_, Vol
+III., p. 551. The rather terrible appeal of the Captains at Knockaloe is
+also printed on p. 561. It is a letter which is unwise and hysterical. I
+do not wonder at its hysteria, and I confess that some things in the
+letter hit me rather hard. But, alas, the desperation of the interned
+men on either side does not help towards wise judgment, and for that
+desperation we are all, in every country, in some measure responsible.
+It is best to remember instead the real sympathy that those actually in
+touch with prisoners do often feel. Colonel Panzera’s message is clear
+evidence of this, and from a private letter I take the following:
+
+    The attitude of prejudice or even hatred towards enemies,
+    whether prisoners or not, often disappears when men are brought
+    face to face in the work of an internment camp, for example, and
+    find that they are very much like each other. An officer of a
+    certain camp here was taken prisoner and interned for six months
+    in Germany before he escaped. He says that two or three times
+    the officers of the camp were changed, and in each case began
+    with harsh treatment, either the result of official suggestion
+    or of the general feeling. In each case, after the lapse of a
+    short time, close acquaintance modified this attitude, and
+    finally kindly relations and treatment resulted. In the same way
+    the nurses in a certain hospital here refused to receive or
+    treat German prisoners until a company of the wounded men
+    arrived, when the feeling of natural humanity proved too strong,
+    and they were quite eager to attend to them. At the internment
+    camps in this country the officers generally speak of the men
+    under their charge with humanity and respect.
+
+The following is significant. “In the town near a certain internment
+camp of ours much indignation was roused by the story that some of the
+interned aliens had set in motion some railway trucks on a sloping
+siding, with the intention of allowing them to crash into an arriving
+passenger train at the bottom. An English friend of mine happened to
+observe the real origin of the story. The trucks _began to move in an
+accidental way, and two or three of the aliens nearly lost their own
+lives, certainly risked serious accident, in endeavouring to stop the
+trucks when they were already moving_.”
+
+Thus in the quiet neighbourhood of an internment camp a brave deed
+becomes by popular passion transformed into something monstrous. What
+would this popular imagination do in an invaded district? Its vagaries
+must be experienced and studied by any investigator of the atrocities of
+war.
+
+Another example of heroism amongst German prisoners I take from the
+_Daily News_ of April 30, 1918. A small boat in which two men were
+sailing capsized about 200 yards out from the Leasowe Embankment,
+Cheshire. The men, clinging to the bottom of the boat, were being driven
+out by the tide when two members of an escort of German prisoners,
+Sergeant Phillips and Private Matthews, jumped into the water and with
+difficulty brought one man back. One of the German prisoners, named
+Bunte, volunteered to go to the rescue of the other man, who was by then
+in great danger. The German swam out strongly and brought the man back.
+
+
+AGAINST BITTERNESS.
+
+I fear that on both sides it is embittered men who will be released from
+the civilian internment camps. People do not realise how financial ruin,
+harassment, illness and death (to which the harassment may have
+contributed) follow in the track of internment. A man is interned, his
+wife and family are reduced to a mere pittance, the woman is, it may be,
+delicate. She falls ill and dies.[31] And amid such incidents and the
+mental strain of the confinement a brooding hatred gradually settles
+down upon the souls of these sufferers. Personally, I do not feel one
+can expect much favourable memory of the authorities on either side.
+Certainly every one who has worked for prisoners is touched by their
+gratitude, but the iron has entered into their souls for all that. And
+perhaps it is well to remind ourselves that a far larger number of
+civilians have been suffering in the internment camps on this side. Let
+us not add to their bitterness by unworthy abuse or credulous malice.
+Men who, after long confinement for no offence of their own, have tried
+to save enemy lives, and find their efforts described as an attempt at
+murder, must begin to feel hopeless of justice. Excess of generosity
+would be far wiser. The world wants no more missioners of hate. Let us
+try to avoiding creating such.
+
+In our own internment camps there was often, even early in the war, an
+atmosphere of depression which one worker said “haunted him for days.”
+The following extract is from the letter of an interned man who showed
+quite remarkable courage and fought with considerable success against
+depression till the end of 1917. “I refuse to give way to depression,”
+he wrote. But in 1918 the strain of useless monotony had become too
+great, he became physically ill, and how low hope had fallen the letter
+itself shows: “You can’t think how good it is to hear you speak with so
+much sympathy. I feel sure you understand the dreariness of this life,
+the long and fruitless waiting, the nights of anguish—and all the
+misery of it, the terrible discontent and the passionate heart
+longings.... You don’t know how sore it is sometimes about my heart....”
+
+Methods that seem to many of us avoidable contribute also to increase
+ill-feeling. I take the following from the _Daily News_ of September,
+27, 1918:
+
+    Among others, I had my Christmas dinner last year with a German.
+    At least, his name is German and he was born in Germany. He is
+    less interested, personally, in those facts than in these, viz.,
+    that he is an international Socialist and a first class
+    electrical engineer. For four years he has done extremely
+    responsible work for a large engineering firm with important
+    contracts from the M. of M. For four years he has had his
+    liberty within the usual five-mile radius; for four years the
+    local police have not found the least fault with him.
+
+    Now, thanks to the Northcliffe Intern-them-all-Stunt, he is shut
+    up in the Isle of Man, and the country has lost the services of
+    a man who was worth more to us than many Northcliffes.
+
+    From a letter which he wrote recently to an English friend I
+    have copied the following:
+
+        As a result of the fact that no German paper is permitted
+        here in the camp, not even those advocating understanding
+        nor those critical of the German Government, and practically
+        no English paper hitherto except those abounding in
+        Hun-talk, there is still a general feeling here towards
+        “England” exactly the opposite of what these restrictions
+        are intended to create—a bitterness and a contempt which
+        exist side by side with the most violent criticism of the
+        governing clique of Germany, and with anti-capitalistic,
+        revolutionary sentiment! So I am exerting myself to make
+        people realise that, however influential, the Northcliffe
+        and Allied Press is not “England,” and that the best German
+        papers constantly work for the abatement of hatred and for
+        genuine reconciliation and co-operation in a League of
+        Nations.
+
+I am sorry to say that I fear acts of kindness and fairness will be
+largely forgotten by the majority of prisoners on both sides. An
+Englishman writes to me of his treatment in Germany: “Consideration was
+extended in even greater measure to others, yet not one has opened his
+mouth to record it. It makes one loathe one’s fellow-men.” I quote this
+because I am sure that neither side must expect fairness of statement
+from men so long exposed to so depressing and often petty a constraint.
+After all, when we see the war bias of the man who has not suffered at
+all, a calm regard for both sides of the case can scarcely be expected
+from those who for wasted years have been too often exposed to hardship,
+petty tyranny and a kind of barbed annoyance.
+
+
+NEUTRAL CAMPS.
+
+Even in neutral internment camps, though there the initial hostility is
+absent, misery and bitterness may become very great. The following
+cable from Rotterdam appeared in the _Daily Telegraph_ of June 13, 1918:
+
+    Interned Britishers here are intensely interested in the
+    British-German Conference at the Hague, in the hope that it may
+    result in their repatriation. This is especially the case at
+    Groningen, where the men of the Royal Naval Division, who have
+    been interned since October, 1914, are getting desperate. The
+    June number of the camp magazine had two blank pages, which the
+    editor explains have been censored out because they contained an
+    account of the recent “hunger demonstration” and “a moderate
+    record of the general feeling of the camp.”
+
+It is in the internment camps everywhere, rather than in the fighting
+line, that bitterness sinks into the soul. It will not be remedied by
+more bitterness. But if the suffering of these men’s stagnant years
+helps to strengthen a universal resolve for peace it will not have been
+a useless suffering. And peace means understanding by each of the good
+in the other.
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 13: Many older men (even those over seventy) were
+    subsequently interned.]
+
+    [Footnote 14: There were 35,000 Germans in Paris alone in 1870,
+    but though expelled from the Department of the Seine, they were
+    not interned.]
+
+    [Footnote 15: This was emphasised by the German authorities.
+    See, for instance, Israel Cohen, “The Ruhleben Prison Camp,” pp.
+    21-24.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: Cf. pp. 216, 218, etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 17: “In this camp, as is usual where civilians are
+    detained, the atmosphere is one of depression.”—Mr. Jackson on
+    a civilian camp at Senne, Sept. 11, 1915.]
+
+    [Footnote 18: “Overseer” seems to be a translation of the German
+    “Obermann,” and represents, I think, the captain of a barrack.]
+
+    [Footnote 19: The second list represents members of the Camp
+    Committee (see further p. 99).]
+
+    [Footnote 20: “Barrack” is no doubt meant.]
+
+    [Footnote 21: There are a large number of men interned at
+    Ruhleben who are technically British subjects by reason of their
+    having been born in British territory of naturalised British
+    subjects, but who have spent practically all their lives in
+    Germany.]
+
+    [Footnote 22: Cf. the report on Knockaloe (May, 1916) on p.
+    114.]
+
+    [Footnote 23: The original barrack captains were chosen, as an
+    informant of mine writes, “in a hurry, when things were
+    chaotic.” Dissatisfaction was felt with their action, or
+    inaction, and a “Camp Committee” was formed of newly elected
+    representatives of the different barracks, which was, as it
+    were, to supervise the captains (overseers). The arrangement was
+    scarcely likely to work, and did not. The election, moreover,
+    seems to have been but partial.]
+
+    [Footnote 24: Cf. p. 115.]
+
+    [Footnote 25: One of the difficulties at Newbury was the absence
+    of light.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: A very useful account of Ruhleben is given by
+    Israel Cohen in “The Ruhleben Prison Camp.” In reading such
+    accounts one must always, however, remember that to complete the
+    picture we ought to be able to read accounts written by interned
+    German civilians of their experiences on this side. Such a
+    consideration should be obvious, but in war the obvious and
+    reasonable are too often vehemently rejected as “unpatriotic”!]
+
+    [Footnote 27: For the mental difference between the civilian and
+    the military prisoner see page 84.]
+
+    [Footnote 28: Compare the letter written by Oscar Levy, M.D.,
+    from Mürren, Switzerland, which appeared in the _Manchester
+    Guardian_ of Sept. 4, 1916: “That such grave cases exist the
+    letters I have been receiving from both sides prove without
+    doubt.” That was _two years ago_.]
+
+    [Footnote 29: The earlier reports of the International Red Cross
+    covered very little of this ground. (See footnote, p. 9.)]
+
+    [Footnote 30: Compare Report on Ruhleben, June 3, 1915 (p. 94).]
+
+    [Footnote 31: A case is in my mind where a man lost wife and two
+    children thus. I shall never forget my task of trying to allay
+    his misery and his bitterness.]
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+PRISONERS IN PREVIOUS WARS.
+
+SOME PREVIOUS RECORDS.
+
+
+The suffering of prisoners has been great enough, God knows, yet if we
+are to help the future we must try to see even this, amongst the other
+terrible facts, in its proper perspective. The imprisonment of resident
+enemy nationals has certainly been a most unfortunate step
+backwards—unfortunate even if we regard it as inevitable.[32] Yet we
+must recognise that far more solicitude has been shown as to prisoners
+than was the case in most earlier wars, and this though prisoners have
+never been taken on so large a scale, and though there has probably
+never been greater embitterment. It will be useful to cite a few
+previous records.
+
+
+NAPOLEONIC WARS.
+
+I quote once more from Dr. Spaight’s work, where much information may be
+found in a condensed form. “A hundred years ago, England, while she
+prayed in her national liturgy for all prisoners and captives, had no
+compunction about confining the French prisoners of war in noisome hulks
+and feeding them on weevily biscuits, salt junk and jury rum, which
+sowed the seed for a plentiful harvest of scurvy, dysentery and typhus.”
+(“War Rights on Land,” p. 265.)
+
+
+AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.
+
+Here is a description of the state of things in the Confederate
+internment camp at Andersonville during the American Civil War, which,
+after all, did not happen so very long ago. “Over 30,000 prisoners were
+cooped up in a narrow space; there was no shelter from the sun or cold
+but what the men could improvise for themselves; every possible disease
+was rampant; the prisoners were largely naked; the dead were pitched
+into a ditch and covered with quicklime; the smell of the dreadful
+stockade extended for two miles.... The state of affairs was known, or
+might have been known, at Richmond, for Colonel Chandler,
+inspector-general of the Confederate army, inspected the camp, and
+reported upon its administration in no halting terms. ‘It is a place,’
+he said, ‘the horrors of which it is difficult to describe—it is a
+disgrace to civilisation.’”
+
+Of the prisoners returning from the South, Whitman writes: “The sight is
+worse than any sight of battlefield or any collection of wounded, even
+the bloodiest. There was (as a sample) one large boat load of several
+hundreds—and out of the whole number only three individuals were able
+to walk from the boat. Can those be _men_—those little, livid, brown,
+ash-streaked, monkey-looking dwarfs?” (_Cambridge Magazine_, August 26,
+1916, Supplement “Prisoners,” p. iv.) In spite of such appalling horrors
+(worse than the atrocities of rage and fear and drink) the North and
+South became reconciled, and with the passing of war bitterness passed
+too. The South was hard pressed, supplies often ran out, and there was
+indifference at Richmond. And so the military bullies often got the
+upper hand, and their appetite for bullying grew with what it fed on.
+The North refused all exchanges. “The prisoners at Richmond, Belle-Isle,
+and Andersonville were the pawns in a great match, and had to be
+sacrificed to the rigour of the game.” (Spaight, _l.c._, p. 270.)
+
+
+FRANCO-GERMAN WAR, 1870.
+
+In the Franco-German War of 1870 terrible hardships were endured by
+prisoners on both sides. The winter transport to Germany in open trucks
+led to scenes of indescribable misery for the French prisoners, who
+arrived sometimes “frozen to the boards in their own filth.” German
+prisoners at Pau had for six days only bread and water till English and
+German ladies took pity on them. Faidherbe’s prisoners had no fire, no
+blankets and insufficient food in a cold of sixteen degrees. Things now
+are at least better than that.
+
+
+RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904.
+
+The Japanese seem to have behaved remarkably well to their Russian
+prisoners in the Russo-Japanese War. But even here there was a food
+problem. The Japanese food did not suit the Russian soldier, and Sir Ian
+Hamilton was told by Russian prisoners going South that they felt hungry
+again half an hour after eating their ration of rice. The Japanese have
+usually been held up as models for their treatment of prisoners, yet,
+for all that, Professor Ariga admits that in Manchuria the prisoners
+were _in many cases badly fed, badly housed and insufficiently clothed_.
+We know that this involves great misery, suffering and mortality, yet we
+are, quite rightly, very far from considering the Japanese as
+barbarians. We are ready to consider their difficulties. Were we,
+however, fighting Japan, we should not be so ready.
+
+
+BOER WAR.
+
+There is plenty of evidence of good treatment of prisoners on both sides
+during the Boer War. It is in these days strange to find the German
+General Staff historian quoted in defence of the British treatment of
+prisoners. They behaved, he wrote, “as perfect gentlemen towards the
+prisoners.” “The testimony of a responsible writer of this kind,” says
+Dr. Spaight, “is more valuable than the catch-penny stories of British
+inhumanity which flooded the Press of Europe at the time of the war.”
+“One is surprised to find such a writer as M. Arthur Desjardins lending
+his authority to back the uninformed newspaper abuse, and ascribing the
+brutality of the British Army (which he presumes) to the fact that ‘a
+certain number of its soldiers, accustomed to fighting away from Europe,
+have not the least notion of the laws and customs of war obtaining among
+civilised nations’.” (Spaight, _l.c._, p. 275.) Dr. Spaight’s comments
+on such outbursts is: “There was a popular demand [in Europe] at the
+time for denunciation of England, the hotter the better, and the writers
+were too good journalists not to suit their output to the popular
+taste.” I will not spoil the rather rich humour of these extracts by any
+remarks of my own.
+
+Undoubtedly the Boers usually behaved well. Undoubtedly, too, there were
+some bad lapses. A Free State commandant was, for instance, convicted of
+putting prisoners in the firing line and driving starving prisoners on
+foot with a mounted commando. Such things, however, were very far from
+being the rule. During the guerilla warfare treatment depended entirely
+on the local commandants. The stripping of prisoners before they were
+turned adrift was often carried out, “and there is some force in De
+Wet’s contention that the seizure was justified by the British practice
+of removing or burning all the clothes left in the farms and even taking
+the hides out of the tanning tubs and cutting them in pieces.” In some
+cases starving, unarmed and practically naked men were abandoned far
+from any white settlement. What is and what is not allowable in war
+seems so largely a matter of “military necessity” that the layman is
+reluctant to comment, for, in the last resort, it is only the
+_needlessly_ barbarous that is condemned in war.
+
+
+CONCENTRATION CAMPS.
+
+On our side, we cannot, I think, contemplate the history of the
+concentration camps with equanimity. Let us recall a few of the facts.
+The following are amongst the death rates recorded in July, 1901:
+Norval’s Pont, 218.4 (per thousand per annum); Bloemfontein, 242.4;
+Springfontein, 462.0; Kronstad, 459.6. In June the _average_ death rate
+was practically 200 (199.3). In the year ending February, 1902, the
+official returns (which are incomplete) show more than 20,000 deaths in
+camps with an average total population of about 100,000.[33] Our
+accusers said the camps were instituted for the purpose of killing off
+the Boer population. The truth is, the feeling against Britain, even
+amongst the onlookers, was extremely bitter, and great bitterness does
+not make for sane judgment. What is certain is that the camps
+illustrated some of the callousness and carelessness which war always
+produces. “The sites chosen for the camps were mostly chosen on purely
+military grounds, and were often unsuitable; the medical and sanitary
+staff was at first insufficient,” writes Dr. Spaight. But, “unsuitable
+sites, and insufficient” sanitation may produce terrible results, where
+human lives are concerned, and one would not convert an adverse critic
+by simply quoting the “_Times_ History” to the effect that “the Boers
+themselves proved to be helpless, utterly averse to cleanliness, and
+ignorant of the simplest principles of health and sanitation.” The
+attempt to shift the chief burden of responsibility on to the prisoners
+is surely scarcely chivalrous. Carelessness and ignorance amongst the
+prisoners are certain in all such cases to be contributory causes, they
+are amongst the difficulties to be combatted, but to suggest that they
+should have been permitted to produce such appalling results is to court
+derision. Moreover, the chief authority on the subject, Lieut.-Col.
+S. J. Thomson, C.I.E., I.M.S., who became Director of Burgher Camps in
+February, 1902, by no means supports these charges. “Much has been
+said,” he writes, “about the want of personal cleanliness among the
+Boers, but it must be remembered that ablutions are apt to be less
+frequent and popular when water has to be laboriously brought from
+considerable distances, as is often the case with farms on the veldt.
+When bathrooms were provided in the camps, they were very freely and
+regularly used. Nevertheless it is a fact that the Boer’s notion of
+sanitation as understood by Englishmen is very vague, and all classes
+resort for purposes of nature to the open country. This custom, probably
+innocuous enough under the conditions of existence on an isolated
+homestead, made it extremely difficult to maintain the cleanliness of a
+camp site, and it was very long before the people could be brought to
+see that foul matters and dirty water could not be most satisfactorily
+disposed of by the simple process of flinging them out of the tent. It
+was found indeed that such proceedings had hopelessly fouled certain
+camps, and the removal of the people to a fresh site was followed by the
+best results. In a later chapter, the procedure which was found most
+successful is described in detail.”[34] In July, 1902, the average death
+rate for the Burgher Camps had sunk to 23.0, and it fell afterwards even
+lower.
+
+Tents were, in general, the only housing allowed, and this, though “the
+cold in the ‘upper veldt’ country in winter was intense.” (Thomson.)
+What were known as _bona fide_ refugees were allowed meat, but those who
+had their man on commando were, at first, allowed none. This was
+altered, however, in March, 1901. As to the families of this class,
+Major Goodwin reported in this month: “I would, therefore, beg
+respectfully to here place on record my opinion that had we compelled
+class 3 to decide between unprotected starvation on their farms, and at
+their homes, or taking up their quarters in or behind the enemy’s lines,
+we should have facilitated the work of proselytism.” Thus readily, we
+observe, may the starvation of women and children be advocated by an
+English Major as an aid to “proselytism.” There were other ways in which
+“military necessity” showed itself. A Board of three reported on the
+site of Merebank Camp in December, 1901. The President was Surgeon-Gen.
+Clery, C.B., and the two members, Col. McCormack, R.A.M.C., and Mr.
+Ernest Hill, Health Officer of Natal. “The Board is of opinion that the
+site is by no means an ideal site, and has imperfection as regards
+elevation, drainage, etc., but do not recommend that the camp should be
+removed ... for the following reasons: (1) It is necessary that any camp
+should be on a railway line. (2) Purely sanitary arrangements as to site
+have to be held subservient to military exigencies. The latter do not
+permit the camps being located in the uplands, as military and civil
+traffic arrangements make it essential that the main line should not be
+further congested,” ... and so on. The Camp had been condemned by the
+Ladies’ Commission.[35]
+
+The view I have given is the view admitted gradually and reluctantly by
+officials themselves. Miss Hobhouse gives a rather different account of
+things. In the earlier days of the camps, she tells me, the condition of
+things might be summarised thus: “Overcrowding (up to sixteen in a
+bell-tent)—no water supply—no soap—no beds or bedding—no fuel
+supplied—no utensils—barest rations—sanitary staff inefficient or
+non-existent.” In “The Brunt of the War” Miss Hobhouse writes on page
+118 of Bloemfontein Camp: “My request for soap was met with the reply,
+‘Soap is a luxury.’ ... Finally it was requisitioned for, also
+forage[36]—more tents—boilers to boil the drinking water—water to be
+laid on from the town—and a matron for the camp. Candles, matches, and
+such like I did not aspire to. It was about three weeks before the
+answer to the requisition came, and in the interim I gave away soap.
+Then we advanced a step. Soap was to be given, though so sparingly as to
+be almost useless—forage was too precious—brick boilers might be
+built—but to lay on a supply of water was negatived, as ‘the price was
+prohibitive.’ Later on, after I had visited other camps, and came back
+to find people being brought in by the hundred and the population
+rapidly doubling, I called repeated attention to the insufficient
+sanitary accommodation, and still more to the negligence of the camp
+authorities in attending to the latrines. I had seen in other camps that
+under proper administrative organisation all could be kept sweet and
+clean. But week after week went by, and daily unemptied pails stood till
+a late hour in the boiling sun, and the tent homes of the near section
+of the camp were rendered unbearable by the resulting effluvia.”
+
+A sentence at page 120 has a bearing upon other wars and other helpers
+of distressed “enemies”:—“It became clear to my astonished mind that
+both the censorship and system of espionage were not merely military in
+character, but political and almost personal, so that even to feel, much
+more to show, sympathy to the people was to render yourself suspect....
+Everyone knows what class of men accept the work which means spying upon
+neighbours, and can draw their own conclusions as to the value of such
+reports.”
+
+As regards the food ration it has been seriously contended by others
+besides Miss Hobhouse (_e.g._, T. S. Haldane, M.D., F.R.S.), that it was
+totally inadequate. Dr. Haldane considered that “nothing but seething
+discontent” and “an enormous death-rate” could be expected from the
+dietary allowed. (_l.c._ p. 159.) But those who wish to learn more about
+this and many other matters should consult Miss Hobhouse’s remarkable
+book.
+
+The truth is, the prisoner’s lot is always hard, and all nations have at
+times made it a terrible one. It is only the recognition of brotherhood
+that can alter this, and the recognition of brotherhood would end war.
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 32: See the full statement, pp. 75 ff.]
+
+    [Footnote 33: See the summary of the official returns given by
+    Miss Emily Hobhouse on p. 328 of “The Brunt of the War.” The
+    careful Boer compilation made after the war records the death of
+    26,370 women and children—more than four times the mortality
+    among the Boer combatants. The full details are recorded in the
+    archives at Pretoria, and it is to these that Miss Hobhouse
+    refers in the pamphlet containing her speech at the unveiling of
+    the National Monument at Bloemfontein on “Vrouwen-Dag,” 1913.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: “The Transvaal Burgher Camps,” by Lieut.-Col.
+    S. J. Thomson.]
+
+    [Footnote 35: The marshy site of Merebank is compared by Miss
+    Emily Hobhouse to that of the German camp at Wittenberg.]
+
+    [Footnote 36: “‘Forage’ needs explanation,” writes Miss
+    Hobhouse. “We requisitioned for forage, because, as there was no
+    milk for the children, we were planning to buy some cows, _if_
+    we could secure forage. However, we failed.”]
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+REPRISALS OF GOOD.
+
+
+For the information contained in this chapter I am greatly indebted to
+the Friends’ Emergency Committee. Most of it has already appeared in
+their leaflets and reports, and in articles in _The Friend_. The
+following is a reprint of a letter sent by the Bishop of Winchester to
+the _Times_. It appeared in the issue of September 29, 1916:
+
+
+    GERMAN WORK FOR PRISONERS.
+
+    Sir,—The following facts, if you can find space for them, will,
+    I think, be of interest and encouragement amidst all the sorrow
+    and misery of war.
+
+    The word “reprisals” is often heard in diplomacy and in war;
+    reprisals are attempted or suggested; or reprisals of cruelty
+    are condemned, we rejoice to know, by the instinct and
+    conscience of the nation. These are all reprisals of what is
+    bad. Rarer, at least on the surface, are reprisals of good. But
+    here is such a case.
+
+    At the outbreak of the war members of the Society of Friends and
+    others came together for the purpose of bringing help to those
+    men and women of enemy nationality in this country upon whom the
+    war had brought suffering. Their lot was often a pitiable one.
+    The pull of contrary affections, the unkindness of former
+    friends, the sudden loss of means of livelihood, the internment
+    of the men, with its enforced idleness, were some of the
+    troubles which would have produced despair in many cases had not
+    the members of this “Emergency Committee” (169, St. Stephen’s
+    House, Westminster)[37] come to the rescue. They have given
+    material help to thousands of families, and, above all, brought
+    the healing touch of human sympathy to the men in the camps and
+    their wives and children (mostly British-born) left to struggle
+    on alone outside.
+
+    It was early in the war also that a group of Germans came
+    together in Berlin and determined to start a similar work. The
+    news of what was being done by the British Committee soon
+    reached them and made them increase their efforts. Since then
+    the two bodies have been in close communication, and each has
+    endeavoured to see that what is done for “alien enemies” in one
+    country is promptly repeated in the other.
+
+    Among the recent activities of the Berlin Committee has been the
+    organising of travelling facilities and hospitality for wives
+    from other parts of Germany, who are now allowed to visit their
+    husbands at Ruhleben Camp; and it is now making vigorous efforts
+    to co-ordinate and increase the work of the various agencies in
+    Germany that are trying to lighten the lot of the military and
+    civilian prisoners of war in their camps. At the end of June, I
+    learn, a meeting in support of this work was held at the house
+    of Prince Lichnowsky, former Ambassador in London, who returned
+    specially from the front to preside. Many notable men and women
+    were present, and a collection of 8,000 marks was made.
+
+    My reasons for writing to you with this information are two. In
+    the first place, because these Berlin workers are incessantly
+    spreading, through the German Press and otherwise, news of the
+    doings of the British Committee, and even in this matter there
+    should be reprisals. And, secondly, one cannot be too thankful
+    to be able to put on record instances of that common humanity
+    which we knew must exist in some quarters even among our
+    enemies, overleaping national hates and prejudices, and which in
+    this great work of Dr. Siegmund Schultze and his colleagues is
+    so active and persistent. The names of several who are diligent
+    in the work in Germany are those of men personally known to me
+    in respect and affection; and (whatever their views of war and
+    of Britain may be—which I do not know) I can feel as sure of
+    their simple sincerity and good purpose as if they were my own
+    countrymen. This may be, perhaps, an added excuse for troubling
+    you.—Yours faithfully,
+
+                                                EDW. WINTON.
+      Farnham Castle. Surrey,
+          September 27.
+
+The German work is an offshoot of the general work undertaken by the
+Enquiry and Assistance Agency for Germans abroad and foreigners in
+Germany (_Auskunfts-und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und
+Ausländer in Deutschland_). The following is a translation of the appeal
+issued by the parent society:
+
+    The war has caused great distress amongst countless Germans in
+    foreign countries. In helping our countrymen we have to rely
+    almost exclusively on the benevolence of the societies which
+    have been for years in co-operation with us in those countries,
+    especially upon our English and American co-workers in the
+    religious societies for international friendship. In England,
+    where great difficulties for German subjects might have been
+    expected from the exceptional conditions prevailing, a Committee
+    was formed directly the war broke out, whose object was to
+    provide support for distressed Germans and Austrians in England;
+    and already many Germans have told us verbally and in writing of
+    the valuable help given to them by this Committee.
+
+    In consequence of many requests and complaints we have felt that
+    it was our duty to interest ourselves in those foreigners who
+    were in difficulties in Germany. At a time when the German
+    people, from the highest to the lowest, have joined together in
+    the consciousness of a stern defence against their enemies, and
+    are fighting out the great struggle for existence and freedom,
+    it may well appear to many that it is superfluous to render to
+    the alien enemies amongst us any more than the most necessary
+    services. But we have not only to think of those Germans who are
+    now abroad, not only to remember that those foreigners who are
+    in need in Germany are for the most part Germany’s best friends
+    and are bound to us by a thousand ties; besides all this the
+    task is laid upon us by our own desire to render friendly
+    service in these times of hatred to those who now find it so
+    difficult to obtain help. Even in war time, whoever needs our
+    help is our neighbour, and love of their enemies remains the
+    distinguishing mark of those who are loyal to our Lord.
+
+    We have accordingly decided to establish a Berlin Enquiry and
+    Assistance Office to work with the corresponding offices at home
+    and abroad, especially with the above-mentioned Emergency
+    Committee in London, the Berne and Stuttgart Peace Bureaux, etc.
+    We beg for help and gifts, which may be sent to the following
+    address: Berliner Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im
+    Ausland und Ausländer in Deutschland; communications to be
+    addressed to Fräulein Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, Berlin No. 18,
+    Friedenstrasse 60.
+
+    The signatories to this appeal were: Prof. W. Foerster, Ehrich
+    Gramm (Banker), Dr. Kleineidam (Provost), Eduard de Neufville,
+    Prof. Rade, Julius Rohrbach (Pastor), Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, Dr.
+    Alice Solomon, F. Siegmund-Schultze (Pastor), Dr. Spiecker,
+    Pastor Umfried.
+
+It is important to note that of the families and others helped by the
+Committee, the largest percentage (49) were English. Russians made up
+24 per cent, and French 9 per cent. (Dr. Elisabeth Rotten’s circular of
+April, 1916.)
+
+The following documents explain themselves:—Extract from a letter of
+Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, dated January 6, 1916.
+
+    In spite of the fact that the numbers of permanent workers in
+    the office and out of it increase all the time, we have work
+    here from morning to night, often including holidays. But we do
+    it gladly, for it is a labour of love. At present our chief work
+    lies in taking home French children from the occupied territory
+    of France. In Belgium this work is now nearly discharged, and a
+    lady has only to go there once more, this month, to fetch the
+    last batch of children. The French children are not fetched by
+    our delegates; they travel in the larger trains for civilians,
+    who are brought from the occupied territory of France, through
+    Switzerland, back into the unoccupied[38] parts. What we now
+    have to do is to see that the children who had been left behind,
+    separated from their parents, are reunited with them as quickly
+    as possible. The children themselves seldom know where their
+    parents are, but we have the addresses through working in
+    conjunction with the International “Feminist” Bureau at
+    Lausanne. This creates a great deal of correspondence with the
+    respective authorities. I am glad to be able to add that the
+    [German] War Office has come forward with sympathy to help us in
+    this work.
+
+    We have sent large consignments of warm clothing and
+    food—including honeycake—to the civilian prisoners’ camps at
+    Ruhleben and Holzminden, to be distributed among those that
+    received nothing from other sources. French and Russian
+    civilians are interned at Holzminden.
+
+    German women workers in connection with our Committee in other
+    parts have also sent Christmas gifts to the camps nearest them.
+    I enclose extracts from letters from Fräulein Jens, of Hamburg,
+    and Frau Kirchhoff, of Bremen, which I put at your disposal. The
+    Berlin Committee of the Women’s Suffrage Union has done the same
+    for Döberitz, and other Committees in South and West Germany
+    have also carried out similar work. It is of particular interest
+    to note that the request that German women might remember the
+    prisoners of war in such a way came from a German soldier at the
+    front. The ladies were already planning something of the sort,
+    and would certainly have done it; but still, such a request, so
+    heartily and earnestly expressed, is remarkable.
+
+From Frau Senator Kirchhoff, December 28, 1915:
+
+    The camp at Achim, near Bremen, in the province of Hanover, is
+    called Etelsen Moor. Frau Schmitt and I finished off everything
+    in one day, and early on the 23rd we drove out with two large
+    trunks and three cardboard boxes. Altogether we had collected
+    536 marks; 190 went to Frau Feist, 100 marks cash went to the
+    camp at Etelsen. Our trunks contained 40 flannel shirts and 40
+    pairs of pants, 40 pairs of slippers, 32 pairs of socks,
+    mittens, helmets, scarves, 1,000 cigars, 100 cakes of chocolate,
+    25 note-books, 50 pencils, 50 blotters, drawing paper, india
+    rubber, calendars, etc. Three prisoners—two Belgian and one
+    Frenchman—came with two wheelbarrows; they were accompanied by
+    two German non-commissioned officers. The men were exceedingly
+    pleased: the German soldier said they had long been wishing to
+    give the men presents and were happy that we had made it
+    possible for them to do so. Afterwards I received two charming
+    letters; one from the Commandant, who thanked me very heartily.
+    They had been able to give every prisoner—chiefly Belgians and
+    French, but also Russians and one Englishman—a present. He
+    enclosed a touching, grateful letter from a Belgian prisoner, an
+    adjutant, and a programme of their Christmas theatricals. I have
+    seldom been so glad about anything as I am that this has been a
+    success.
+
+From Fräulein Jens, December 30, 1915. Work at Hamburg.
+
+    We had altogether about 400 marks, and out of this fund 100
+    parcels containing each about 3 marks worth of goods were
+    purchased and handed over with 100 marks in money—for sick and
+    needy prisoners—into the care of the camp chaplain. He took the
+    opportunity of explaining in our presence to three of the camp
+    “Captains,” an Englishman, a Frenchman and a Russian, the object
+    of the gift. They were greatly touched and most grateful. The
+    Englishman thanked us in the name of his country. We were only
+    sorry that we could not do far, far more, but if even this
+    little is a seed of corn which may in the future bring forth
+    thoughts of reconciliation between the nations we shall be
+    happy. Our presents were given for the New Year, as it is the
+    custom for English and French to make presents then....
+
+
+SOME THANKS ON BOTH SIDES.
+
+The following is from the Prisoners’ Aid Society of the German civilians
+interned in Camp III., Knockaloe, Isle of Man. If the English shows
+signs of effort, it is an effort of sincerity:—
+
+    To the Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans,
+    Austrians and Hungarians in Distress.
+
+    Dear Madam,—We do not wish to fail to remember at the beginning
+    of the New Year with gratitude those who, during the past
+    difficult year, have made it their task to alleviate, wherever
+    possible, the misery and the most pressing sorrows of such
+    families who, by their internment as prisoners of war, were
+    deprived of their bread-winners. When assembled in silent prayer
+    during the last festive season—the season of Peace and Goodwill
+    to all mankind—our hearts felt the particular necessity of
+    expressing our innermost thanks to your Committee for all the
+    magnanimous acts of brotherly love and relief shown and granted
+    to the dependents of the interned.
+
+    Whilst we venture to ask you to see in these few lines the
+    unanimous vote of thanks of all the prisoners of war at
+    Knockaloe Camp III., and kindly bring it to the notice of those
+    who in a self-sacrificing manner generously assisted your work
+    of love, we, the undersigned, respectfully offer our heartfelt
+    wishes for the New Year.
+
+    P. H. Bernhard, Chairman; Carl Glock, Deputy Chairman; C. P.
+    Toellner, Treasurer; B. Pflug, Hospital.
+
+And here we have an extract from a letter of gratitude from some Serbian
+prisoners to one of the German Committees. It was despatched by the
+Serbian Aid Committee at the camp Frankfurt-am-Oder, on February 22,
+1917. “The hundred or so parcels for Serbian Prisoners of War mentioned
+in your kind letter of December 20, 1916, came to hand in good time and
+in good condition from Switzerland, and were distributed to those who
+were in the weakest condition, and those who were most needy. In all
+there were 94 parcels, and you have the blessing of 94 human beings,
+ill, weak, and altogether deserted by the world. As our former camp
+(Halbe b. Berlin) was broken up just at that time and distributed
+amongst four other camps, we have only just learned who it was who had
+given us such kindly and noble thoughts. We thank you therefore once
+more with our whole heart for your great goodness and charity—God will
+repay it to you.
+
+“The gifts (the many good and beautiful things) reached us here in good
+time, and were divided amongst Serbians who [were in various camps] and
+the remainder we distributed here on Christmas Eve in the camp. You
+should have seen the joy of these poor men!... May God only grant a
+speedy peace!... While thanking you heartily once again, we beg you to
+think of us in the future also.... P.S.—In all the camps belonging to
+our group we have a total of 30-40 sick men.”
+
+
+“JOINING HANDS WITH THE ENEMY.”
+
+The spirit produced by reprisals of good is well shown in the following
+extracts from an article in _The Friend_. (April 20, 1917):—
+
+    There have been fresh evidences lately of the response from
+    Germany to our efforts here, and of the likeness between our
+    work and that of the Berlin Committee. The animating spirit is
+    evidently so much the same that a wife left behind in England
+    wrote to her repatriated husband in Germany, “Just write your
+    letter and send it to _St. Stephen’s House_ at Berlin, and
+    they’ll send it for you.” The italics are ours.
+
+    Dr. Rotten wrote March 8:
+
+    “Just a few lines to tell you that a second parcel from Berne
+    arrived to-day, containing the remainder of the reports about
+    your work, namely, 25 copies of your Fourth Report and 100
+    copies of “A Day at St. Stephen’s House.” We are much pleased to
+    make these vivid descriptions of your assistance to the Germans
+    in England accessible to so many, as our experience has taught
+    us that direct information has a much greater effect than our
+    own full or abbreviated translations. But we try again and again
+    with the latter, and at the present moment two different
+    sketches of our endeavours in England and Germany for mutual
+    help have been accepted by various papers, so we may hope to be
+    able to send you a copy before long. Grateful as ever, with
+    kindest greetings in the name of all.”
+
+    The same idea is carried further in a letter received by one of
+    our helpers from a personal friend in Germany:
+
+    “Your printed report which came into my hands a few days ago
+    has made me very happy. I was not surprised, but it only
+    strengthened my belief in you and in the good of humanity. What
+    you have done and are still doing brings nearer the goal that
+    now seems so far off—everlasting peace grounded in respect and
+    mutual understanding.”
+
+From Dr. Rotten:
+
+    THE RELATIVES OF MEN IN RUHLEBEN.
+
+    When in April of last year, after repeated applications by us,
+    regular visits by the wives and children were at last permitted,
+    the regulations were at first rather strict. The separation of
+    husband and wife by a table was felt to be a special
+    hardship.[39] The visits taking a satisfactory course, however,
+    this was altered in a few weeks, and since then visitors have
+    been allowed in the camp itself and may walk around and converse
+    freely with their relatives. Permission was, indeed, soon
+    extended to mothers and sisters, and also fiancées of those
+    interned, provided the engagement had taken place before
+    internment. At the present time wives living in and around
+    Berlin are allowed to visit once a month, the time permitted
+    being nominally one hour, but this is fortunately not
+    interpreted very strictly, so that in actual practice two hours
+    are often allowed. Wives coming from a distance receive
+    permission every three months; and it was for a long time a
+    concern of these women and of their husbands—a concern shared
+    by us—that these visits had to be made in a single period of
+    two hours. Over and over again one found that the joy of reunion
+    after so long a separation was so unnerving that they could
+    scarcely unburden themselves on a single occasion of all the
+    important matters reserved for discussion, and that only
+    afterwards did they remember all that they had intended to say.
+    We repeatedly made representations on this score in the proper
+    quarter, appealing for a change in the regulation, and in
+    December last we had the joy of obtaining permission for the
+    wives from outside to stay in Berlin for a week and to make two
+    visits of two hours during this period. In special cases a third
+    visit might be allowed. All wives coming from a distance, at the
+    same time as they receive the permit, are instructed by the
+    Commandant to apply to us in the event of their needing any
+    advice in respect of accommodation in Berlin. And so we are
+    visited by many, whose reception in Berlin we either arrange for
+    at their request in advance, or who, though acquainted with
+    Berlin, yet come for information. They are so well satisfied
+    with the conditions of their visits that at the present time
+    there is no occasion to ask for further concessions.
+
+
+    GETTING MEN OUT OF RUHLEBEN.
+
+    Apart from our interest in the repatriation of the “over
+    forty-fivers,” our principal concern for Ruhleben consists for
+    the present in finding work outside the camp for the younger
+    prisoners, for, thanks to the recent decision of the Commandant,
+    resulting from our repeated applications, such prisoners may
+    obtain leave of absence provided they find situations. It is, of
+    course, very difficult for those in the camp to seek situations,
+    and we are therefore making special efforts to find
+    opportunities for work, induce employers to engage an alien, and
+    then conduct negotiations. There are among those desiring to
+    exchange their forced idleness at Ruhleben for productive work
+    many who are concerned to remain loyal British subjects.
+
+The following quotation from Dr. Rotten refers to a specially
+interesting intercommunication:
+
+    We are delighted and thankful to see from your letter of January
+    31 that an unnamed gentleman in America has sent you the sum of
+    £400 with instructions to assign half of it to our work for
+    foreigners in Germany, and saying that the British Government at
+    once gave their consent to the payment of the amount to us. It
+    will be a great help to our work and will be conscientiously
+    used for British subjects and for the subjects of nations allied
+    with England. For a considerable time our work has been such
+    that we can take advantage of the relief agencies of other
+    countries for the assistance of Germans abroad, and for that
+    reason can apply the means placed at our disposal for the
+    support of foreigners in Germany only. So our help is now
+    practically confined to “alien enemies,” because the subjects of
+    neutral States, should they be in need, can obtain other
+    assistance, and it is our uppermost wish to relieve those who,
+    but for us, would perhaps be utterly friendless. It is,
+    moreover, a great satisfaction and encouragement to us that
+    outside your and our spheres the community of our work is so
+    strongly felt that people desire to further the efforts of the
+    two societies simultaneously. The confidence so kindly felt in
+    our efforts even abroad incites us to an ever increasing
+    devotion to our work, to the undertaking of new tasks, and to
+    the fulfilling of the old ones with more and more care in every
+    detail.
+
+
+THE SPECTROSCOPE STORY.
+
+The spectroscope story is a particularly good example of the way
+reprisals of good work out. I take the following account from a leaflet
+signed W.R.H., and already known to many workers in the cause of
+fellowship.
+
+    A spectroscope, I believe, is an instrument which takes a ray of
+    light and proceeds to spread it abroad. At all events, the
+    description seems to suit in this case.
+
+    The spectroscope game was started by Bishop Bury. After his
+    return from his visit to Ruhleben Camp he mentioned in a lecture
+    that some of the science students interned there were very
+    anxious to obtain the use of a spectroscope. The report of this
+    lecture was read by one of the camp visitors of the Friends’
+    Emergency Committee, who was a schoolmaster and a scientist.
+    Moreover, he possessed a spectroscope. So he joined in the game
+    and played his piece. But instead of trying to send the
+    instrument to Germany, he wrote to St. Stephen’s House and
+    suggested that inquiries should be made as to whether any of the
+    schools in the internment camps in England were in need of such
+    an apparatus. If so, he would lend his, and ask our friends of
+    the Berlin Committee for assisting alien enemies to try to do
+    the same for Ruhleben. It was soon discovered that a group of
+    men in Douglas Camp would welcome the spectroscope, which was at
+    once sent them, and the corresponding message written to Berlin.
+    It was not long before a reply was received telling us, as we
+    expected, that every effort would be made, as usual, to carry
+    out such a proposal for reciprocal service to prisoners.
+
+    A little later another player came into the game in the shape of
+    the German War Office. (There seems to be a War Office player in
+    every game that takes place in these days.) The German War
+    Office was reluctant to permit valuable lenses to enter the
+    internment camp without being quite sure first of all that the
+    corresponding privilege had been allowed in England. Would we,
+    therefore, obtain and forward a written certificate from the
+    Commandant of the camp to say that the instrument had been
+    allowed. This was soon done, and we next hear that the Berlin
+    Committee, being unable to find a spectroscope themselves, had
+    collected the sum of 900 marks for the purchase of one, and has
+    asked permission for two of the leaders of the “University” of
+    Ruhleben to be allowed out of camp to inspect instruments before
+    purchase. This permission seems to have been readily granted,
+    and Dr. Higgins and Mr. Chadwick met Dr. Rotten, the secretary
+    of the Berlin Committee, in order to choose the most suitable
+    apparatus. They finally decided upon one offered by Herr H., the
+    head of an optical instrument firm.
+
+    At this point the game became specially interesting. Dr. Rotten
+    was aware that Herr H.’s brother and his family had been closely
+    in touch with the Emergency Committee, and had received
+    considerable help in difficult and distressing circumstances. In
+    recognition of the assistance given to his brother, he at once
+    offered to lend to the camp, for the period of the war, a
+    spectrometer and prisms valued together at 1,650 marks. The 900
+    marks collected were thus released to be used for other
+    enterprises. Herr H. also sent a warm message offering to
+    receive his brother’s children, who had lost their mother during
+    the war, and to welcome his brother as soon as he was free to
+    cross to Germany. He also offered to provide him with anything
+    he might desire to help him pass away the weary hours in camp.
+    We learnt that the brother had been studying French, and now
+    wish to take up Spanish, and he has therefore chosen a set of
+    Spanish instruction books as what he would like best.
+
+    The game still continues. Other well-known scientific firms in
+    Berlin have been approached and interested in an effort to
+    provide material for scientific work in Ruhleben, and we have
+    received a request from Dr. Higgins to follow up an effort he is
+    making to provide similar assistance for some men at Knockaloe,
+    about whom he has written to various University professors and
+    business friends in England. Herr H. has also sent us a list of
+    nine firms whose principals he is acquainted with, to see if
+    they also will help in like manner.
+
+    A spectroscope I believe, is an instrument which takes a ray of
+    light and proceeds to spread it abroad. A fine instrument!
+
+                                                      W.R.H.
+
+The ray of light is spread by reprisals of good. When the nephew of a
+friend of mine was let out from Ruhleben on a fortnight’s leave, and
+received “overwhelming kindness” from his German hosts, what was it that
+so specially drew out their kindness? The fact that their own son,
+interned in this country, has been befriended here. (P. 105.)
+
+
+A BABY CASE VISITOR.
+
+Yet, in spite of all the efforts of sympathy, suffering, in camp and
+out, grows ever greater as the war continues. Here are two short stories
+of February, 1915, as reported to the Committee on this side. If, for a
+moment we can forget our passions, the sufferings of these, our
+fellows, must touch our hearts. Nearly four more years have passed and
+we know that greater loneliness and sorrow must have come to these
+hearts, as to so many more.
+
+    Our first call is in a horrid little street off Tottenham Court
+    Road. Four knocks on a very shaky door brings Bertha, the wife
+    of a German, a ships’ cook, who has never been long enough on
+    shore to become a naturalised Englishman. Bertha was a servant
+    for many years before she married, and had collected many
+    precious possessions, and she and Friedrich had a comfortable
+    home with plenty of furniture and full of all the useless and
+    hideous knicknack which apparently make so many people happy.
+    Only a few remain, for nearly all have “had to go”—the term we
+    know so well to mean that they are now in pawn, and that it will
+    probably never be possible to redeem them. When first we visited
+    them they were living in a basement room where rats made it
+    difficult for them to sleep, and where, on the many unexpected
+    calls I paid, I never once found a fire.
+
+    “We are not people wot feel the cold like some, Miss,” they told
+    me; “and the room’s so small it likely wouldn’t be ’ealthy to
+    have a fire all day” so the “bit of washing” used to hang on a
+    string for days and days before it dried, and they did their
+    “bit of cooking” on a small gas ring. One day I called and found
+    Friedrich still in bed; he was quite well, he said, “but we take
+    turns to stay in bed, Miss, for it’s warmer there and you don’t
+    seem to feel so hungry in bed as when you’re up.”
+
+    They were trying to save something out of a weekly 12s. 6d.,
+    after 6s. had been paid for rent, for the time when Bertha would
+    have to go into hospital, and to buy some clothes that her
+    little babe would need. Then _you sent me_, and let me tell her
+    you would remember her when that time came, and you sent her
+    flannel and wool to make the little clothes: after that a
+    shilling a week could be spent on coals, and each time I went
+    they sent you thanks and blessed you for your love.
+
+    We say good-bye here and go north to Camden Town where we call
+    on Ludwig and Marie and their five children, the eldest of whom
+    is six. He is Austrian and she is Irish, and they live in two
+    rooms for which they pay 8s. 6d. a week. He was a waiter for
+    thirteen years in a well known London restaurant, and his master
+    has told him many times he would take him back if only the
+    public or the newspapers would let him. But _they won’t_. So
+    Ludwig had nothing to do, and tells me he thinks he shall go
+    out of his mind sitting in idleness in his miserable
+    surroundings. Marie has been in hospital, too, and then Ludwig
+    _had_ plenty to do looking after his four little children alone
+    for two weeks, and says it was the hardest work he ever had to
+    do, and is glad his lot in life is not to be a woman!
+
+    The doctor in the hospital told Marie she must have plenty of
+    milk every day, and we smiled together, for we knew their weekly
+    income left no margin for milk for her—the children must be fed
+    first. So _you_ are helping, and Marie has her milk each day,
+    and she and her babe are growing strong and well again.
+
+The work done by the Friends’ Emergency Committee, Dr. K. E. Markel and
+others on this side, and by Dr. Rotten, Siegmund Schulze, Prof. Stange
+and their fellows on the other, is indeed as “a clear flame of truth in
+a dark and haunted night.”
+
+
+PROF. STANGE.
+
+To the great work of Prof. Stange, of Göttingen, I have once or twice
+alluded. He directs all the instruction given in the Göttingen camp,
+attends daily, gives lectures and superintends the library. He
+experienced the usual difficulties of any civilian who tries to practice
+Christianity in war-time. “One great German newspaper wrote with
+indignation that the prisoners in the Göttingen Camp had as good a time
+as if they were at a health resort.” Doubtless this paper, like some
+others, contrasted the (rumoured) abominable treatment of German
+prisoners by their enemies with the too great indulgence shown to
+prisoners in Germany. But Prof. Stange is not abashed. “No internment
+camp,” he writes, “can be compared with a ‘holiday resort.’ In spite of
+everything that may be done for the prisoners, internment is and remains
+always a very hard lot. In the Göttingen camp, too, many a prisoner
+needs not only the exertion of his whole strength, but help as well to
+make the endurance of his lot physically and spiritually possible.”
+Stange is one of those who have learned to envisage the anxieties, the
+loneliness, the uncertainty, the ennui of the prisoner, and the terrible
+enervation of long months, and, alas, years of confinement. In this, as
+in so many circumstances of the war, it is the more sensitive and
+developed minds that suffer most, and are most easily destroyed, those
+minds that are indispensable in the building of any worthy future.
+
+Prof. Stange quite frankly acknowledges to a war prejudice against the
+English. But when he found their great need of help, his prejudices
+melted away, and he soon engaged in helping them too with books classes,
+and other means of activity.
+
+Prof. Stange recognises that such work for enemy prisoners helps towards
+better treatment of their own prisoners abroad, but, he adds, “It must
+certainly be emphatically stated that we in Göttingen never took up our
+work for the prisoners with this object. What compelled us to work was
+simply and entirely the great distress and need of the prisoners
+themselves.” (P. 36. The extracts are from Prof. Stange’s pamphlet on
+Göttingen Camp.)
+
+
+THE LAST RESTING PLACE.
+
+At last, rest. To many weary hearts it must have become a pitiful
+consolation that this at least is sure. “After life’s fitful fever he
+sleeps well.” And in that sleep no fevered passion can even “ruffle one
+corner of the folded shroud.” At last, rest; where the enmities and the
+ambitions are forgotten. In the presence of this stillness of death,
+even to the living their disputes seem small. If the mood could endure,
+death might not be needed to bring peace.
+
+
+I.—ENGLAND.
+
+“In a corner of the bonny little churchyard of Frongoch, adjoining the
+extended camp, there are two solitary graves. Here, in a strange land,
+the land of their captivity, two German prisoner soldiers lie at rest,
+as in many a plot of ground in France and Flanders, German and British
+lie together, strife hushed in the last sleep. Here there are no grim
+sounds and sights of battle, but instead there is all the peace and
+beauty of a lovely spring. Immediately beyond the graves a wooded bank
+descends to the stream, and over and through the fresh green foliage,
+amidst which the birds are happily melodious this bright April morning,
+and all around can be seen the mountains of Wales, the ‘land of
+freedom.’ Over the grave of one of these liberated captives is a
+tombstone erected at the expense of, and engraved by, his fellow
+prisoners. It marks the place where Hugo Schröter, Under-Officer of one
+of the Crown Prince’s Infantry Regiments, who died on April 9, 1915, as
+the result of wounds received in the cause of his country, was laid to
+rest by his grateful comrades.
+
+“The other grave has no stone as yet, but one is being prepared. It is
+that of a prisoner who died of consumption, after many months of
+lingering suffering in the hospital, where every care was bestowed upon
+him. It was in reference to this man that the Chief Officer wrote me:
+‘To our regret died last Thursday the patient in the isolation hospital.
+If only he could have seen the two beautiful bunches of violets you
+sent! The funeral took place yesterday at 10-30. It was an impressive
+sight but a very sad one, too.’
+
+“My daughter laid a little offering of white flowers on the grave, and
+then I photographed them in order to send copies to the families of the
+poor men, which I hope may prove little winged messengers of sympathy
+and goodwill.”
+
+                                                 W. WHITING.
+
+
+II.—GERMANY.
+
+“A British officer, of whom one can truly say that he had not been
+afraid to speak the truth about his treatment in Germany, and in the
+Cologne hospital, was carried to his last resting-place yesterday.
+
+“It was Captain Wilfred Beckett Birt, of the East Surrey Regiment No.
+31, who, on the occasion of the attack in September, 1915, had his thigh
+shattered and was taken prisoner. Since January, 1916, he had been
+nursed in the fortress hospital, No. 6, situated in the Empress Augusta
+School. His chivalrous character and his conscientious impartiality made
+him respected and popular with his French and English fellow sufferers
+and the German Hospital Staff. Gratefully he acknowledged what the
+surgical art of assistant-surgeon Dr. Meyer had done to lessen his
+sufferings, and the loving care the German nurses, male and female, had
+bestowed on him and his comrades.
+
+“The great affection in which he was held by friend and foe alike showed
+itself in the mourning over his death, which took place a few days ago.
+His wound, a short time before, had shown improvement, but the heart was
+no longer equal to the terrible strain. Those of his comrades who were
+not confined to bed rallied round his coffin yesterday, which had been
+put upon a bier in the hospital garden surrounded by flowers and palms.
+
+“The principal mourners were his countrymen, who were seated on benches
+at the foot of the coffin; around it were the French and Belgians, the
+German doctors and hospital staff. Large lighted candles stood at the
+head of the coffin, which was covered with wreaths decorated with the
+English, French, Belgian, and German colours.
+
+“Garrison Pastor Hartmann, in a moving speech, which went straight to
+the heart of the hearers, spoke about the deceased as a chivalrous
+fighter for his native land, as a good Christian and a truly noble
+character. It was touching to hear the parting hymn sung by the sonorous
+voices of the British wounded, accompanied solemnly on the harmonium by
+a British performer. All escorted the coffin to the gates. Once outside,
+it was reverently lifted on to the funeral car, which German gunners
+escorted to the cemetery. Four British and one French officer, as well
+as the German doctors who could be spared, followed in motor cars.
+
+“At the gates of the cemetery, Lieutenant-General Schach, Colonel
+Lindemann, as representative of the Governor of the fortress, Major
+Esser, Dr. Lamberts, the chief medical officer of the garrison,
+deputations of the Officers’ and Medical Corps, the Band of the Reserve
+Battalion Pioneer Regiment No. 25, awaited the cortège.
+
+“Pastor Hartmann spoke again, and, in words which made a deep impression
+on all, closed with prayer and benediction. Dr. Rademacher, the Catholic
+priest of the garrison, then made a funeral oration in English,
+affecting all who heard it.
+
+“In the name of the hospital staff, Dr. Meyer expressed his heartfelt
+sorrow to the British officers present, the band played the hymn, ‘How
+gently they rest, those who are with the Lord,’ and, profoundly touched,
+Englishmen and Frenchmen shook hands with the clergy and the German
+officers.
+
+“Three handfuls of earth on to the coffin of one who had found eternal
+rest, and the mourners dispersed.” _Kölnische Zeitung._
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 37: Now at 27, Chancery Lane, W.C.2.]
+
+    [Footnote 38: Unoccupied, that is, by the Germans.]
+
+    [Footnote 39: Such a regulation is a hardship. It may, however,
+    prove unavoidable, as in some camps here. Friends of prisoners
+    are not always wise.]
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+WHAT THE GERMAN MAY BE.
+
+A WITNESS FROM SERBIA.
+
+
+The following letter may not inappropriately open this section. Dr. Ella
+Scarlett-Synge is the daughter of the third Baron Abinger. She has a
+long medical experience, and served by Government appointment with Mrs.
+Fawcett on the Concentration Camps Commission in the Boer War. Dr.
+Scarlett-Synge was present in Serbia during the Austro-German invasion,
+she was in Germany afterwards and visited various prisoners’ camps. On
+her return she wrote the brief letter which follows. Of her _bona fides_
+there was no doubt, and she had introductions to various editors. Yet
+only one daily paper (_The Manchester Guardian_) would publish her
+letter. This is a small illustration of the methods of war-time.
+Belligerent nations manage to convince themselves that by suppression of
+disconcerting evidence one arrives at truth. It is easy to understand,
+for all of us who are frank with ourselves know the difficulty of
+complete fairness even in ordinary controversy. But the consequences of
+arguing for mere victory are in war sometimes as grave and sad as the
+consequences of fighting for mere victory. Dr. Synge tells us simply
+what she saw:
+
+    Having just returned from Serbia, via Berlin, I have one great
+    wish, the desire to bring home to my own country the things that
+    I have seen with my own eyes, and the truths that I have
+    personally realised.
+
+    After the South African War, I was a doctor in Canada for ten
+    years and when, during the second year of this war, the call
+    came from Serbia for doctors, I was one of those responding,
+    and was stationed by the Serbian Government as Medical Officer
+    of Health for Batochina and district, where I was in residence
+    at the time of the German invasion in October, and was with my
+    wounded men when the German army entered northern Serbia, and
+    saw the whole campaign.
+
+    Contrary to all my expectations, the conduct of the German army
+    was excellent in every respect. The men entered no occupied
+    house without the permission of the owner, they took nothing
+    without payment or a requisition paper. Never did I ask a German
+    soldier in vain for half of his bread for a wounded Serbian
+    soldier. Generally it was all given to me and I cut the portion
+    and returned half.
+
+    After I had been for some weeks with the German Red Cross
+    doctors and began to realise how wrong an impression all in
+    England had concerning our enemies, I decided to ask permission
+    to go to Germany and see for myself whether equally wrong ideas
+    existed concerning the treatment of British prisoners in the
+    detention camps. This permission was accorded me, and I went to
+    Berlin where I waited a fortnight while the War Office decided
+    upon the matter. I was then given a long list of camps to choose
+    from and permitted to go with an officer to inspect and report
+    upon the same.
+
+    In this short letter I can only say that I was justified in my
+    belief that all was well with our men, and, as a fine Canadian
+    sergeant at Giessen said to me (whose regiment I had seen march
+    out of Vancouver a year ago), “If a man behaves himself, he will
+    have nothing to complain of.”
+
+    Now, to my sorrow, I am forced to confess that the nations do
+    not yet incline towards peace, and to my regret I have to state
+    that Germany’s resources at the present drain will last another
+    four or five years. Also there is no lack of food, and one may
+    also say of luxuries in the land. The people are united to fight
+    as long as England wishes to continue in the useless struggle in
+    which neither can win, for while we hold the sea, they are
+    equally powerful on land. I can see that this is going to be a
+    drawn war, but neither nation has yet had enough.
+
+    The object of this letter is not to encourage a premature peace
+    which would be ultimately worse than war, but to plead for a
+    fairer treatment for our foe. Let the truth, and the truth only,
+    be known. “Let us fight if we must fight—but not with lies.”
+
+    No one, in time of peace, respects the British Press more than I
+    do. It is the greatest power in the land. And, let me to-day
+    appeal to that mighty influence for weal or for woe, according
+    to whether it decides wisely or not, to play the game fairly and
+    let the same spirit prevail that we have in our great public
+    schools: “win if you can—but only by fair play.”—I beg to
+    remain, Yours faithfully, ELLA SCARLETT-SYNGE, M.D., D.P.H.
+
+      Hyde Park Hotel, Knightsbridge.
+
+Dr. Scarlett-Synge was, at the outset, intensely anti-German. Her
+personal experience of Germans (both military and civilian) in war-time
+has profoundly modified her views. Dr. Scarlett-Synge went out from
+Canada to take over a position as Medical Officer of Health in the north
+of Serbia. She had twelve villages under her care, and found the
+absolute lack of sanitation or sanitary knowledge in that country very
+trying. At the time of the invasion, Dr. Synge was strongly urged to
+leave, but decided to stop with her wounded men. Strangely enough the
+only soldiers from whom she had to flee were the Serbians. The Serbian
+Army in its retreat through Batochina was absolutely drunk, officers as
+well as men, and while the soldiers were forcing the doors of the
+priest’s house, where Dr. Synge resided, she fled with the priest’s wife
+(at the latter’s terror-struck entreaty) through a back window. The
+house was rifled by the soldiers, and next day the German patrol
+arrived. Dr. Synge was asked by the sergeant to assure the people of
+Batochina that if there was no shooting, they would be perfectly safe.
+She was urged to collect any firearms, and the patrol then withdrew. The
+doctor, with the help of the people, collected 17 rifles. There was,
+however, one obstinate Serbian soldier who had apparently not been able
+to keep up with the retreat, who threatened to retain his rifle, and
+seemed quite capable of endangering the whole population. “Your thumb
+needs attention, does it not?” asked the doctor. “Just let me look at
+it?” The man opened his hand and she snatched his rifle away. A joyful
+crowd accompanied her with the rifle to the dispensary, where it was
+locked up.
+
+Had there been firing by the populace, there would undoubtedly have been
+reprisals. Our own action in the Boer War, and the action of the
+military in _every_ invasion, illustrates this fundamental rule. As it
+was, there was absolutely no destruction and the soldiers were
+scrupulously honest. When the owners had fled, their houses and their
+cattle were certainly made use of, but whenever the owner was present
+the soldiers “were not allowed to touch a single thing.” The exception
+proves the rule; Dr. Scarlett-Synge’s hostess had her pig stolen, but a
+German soldier caught her an unowned pig of larger size. She was very
+pleased with the exchange!
+
+“May we use your schoolhouse for our wounded?” said the German doctors,
+“it seems the best place.” Dr. Scarlett-Synge was amazed. She had
+expected anything but this kind of politeness. Only _once_ in her three
+months’ experience of the Germans was she treated rudely, and that was
+by an extremely anti-English doctor of the Deutsche Kriegshospital No.
+58, Belgrade. This particular man corresponded to a certain type of
+anti-German here, and a private soldier present afterwards apologised
+for his rudeness.
+
+The Serbians shelled Batochina, and so killed some of their own people.
+While the doctor was passing through the streets, some German soldiers
+beckoned her to take shelter in a café where they were. This she
+ultimately did. “I could not have had more consideration shown me,” she
+averred. One little incident is singularly expressive. One of the
+Germans had bought a glass of brandy. Dr. Scarlett-Synge, with the
+picture of drunken soldiery very vivid in her remembrance, ventured to
+remonstrate. She pointed out to the man what the Serbians had become
+under the influence of drink. He said nothing, but presently he got up
+and threw the brandy out of the door. “There’s not much good in that
+stuff, anyway,” he said. It is not surprising that after such
+experiences the doctor was puzzled at the ordinary British view of the
+German army. “How do you account for these lies?” she asked a Bavarian
+soldier. “Ah, without lies there would be no war,” he said.
+
+In her travels in Germany Dr. Scarlett-Synge experienced uniform
+kindness, and brought away with her a deep conviction of the
+self-sacrificing patriotism of the German people. “Moreover,” she said,
+“I was able to express my views to them, and they were always listened
+to with tolerance and courtesy.”
+
+I give Dr. Scarlett-Synge’s experiences as she describes them. Of her
+own honesty and accuracy there can be no question. It may be said, with
+reason, that there is another side. Dr. Scarlett-Synge came across the
+better German and the better Germany. The important fact is that the
+better Germany exists, and that those who have been in Germany since the
+war began have found that better element conspicuous. This is much to
+say for a country at war.
+
+In case Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge’s testimony is thought to need
+confirmation, I may add the following from a private letter:—“Dr. A.P.
+was interned in Serbia for some months with about thirty other doctors
+and nurses. She sent to me over twelve months since saying she would
+like to be of some use to German prisoners in this country, as a slight
+return for the consideration and kindness shown by Germans and Austrians
+whom she had to do with while in Serbia.”
+
+
+A WITNESS FROM FRANCE.
+
+Madame F. L. Cyon was at Lille when it was taken by the Germans, and
+spent some time there nursing during the German occupation. Madame
+Cyon’s general experiences are printed in an appendix at the end of this
+volume, but she has given me some further details which are worth
+recording. I think they will serve to bring out the universal facts of
+human nature. From her mother, Madame D—— she heard the particulars of
+her father’s arrest. One of the officers who arrested M. D—— was
+ungentlemanly and rough, the others were polite. The house was searched.
+Later a second military search was made, the officers on that occasion
+being most polite, and apologising for the trouble they caused. As he
+was leaving, the chief officer said to Mme. D——, “We shall carry away
+with us the memory of your house as a house of peace and quietness, and
+of you as a very brave woman.” After her husband’s arrest, Madame D——
+asked for permission to take meals to him, and this was accorded without
+any demur. One day later the officer just mentioned crossed the street
+to speak to her. “I want to bring you some good news,” he said, “the
+release of your husband is only a matter of time.”
+
+M. D—— was at Maubeuge at the time of his arrest. When he and others
+were brought back to Maubeuge for trial they got drenched with rain on
+the way, and were put for that night in the old prison, which was
+dilapidated and without fire. M. D—— complained next day. The officer
+to whom he complained apologised and said their imprisonment under these
+conditions was entirely a mistake. During most of his imprisonment M.
+D—— lived on the food provided, which he described as good, but not
+plentiful. Two fellow prisoners complained, and were allowed to get food
+from outside. As narrated in the appendix, M. D—— was released when it
+was found that there was nothing against him. He had indeed been
+indiscreet in order to meet the wishes of another, but that was all.
+After his release he was engaged professionally in forwarding the
+repairs at Maubeuge, and was repeatedly in touch with the German
+authorities, with whom he found it quite possible to work.
+
+For some time Madame D——’s house had guards posted outside. There was
+on one occasion an unpleasant incident with a drunken soldier who came
+and demanded wine. A sergeant who came along, however, promptly collared
+the man and turned him out.
+
+It is fair to add that the long German occupation, with its many
+requisitions and high-handed interference, has embittered M. D. His
+wife, however, remains quite unembittered. In spite of all the demands,
+“She seemed to think that, apart from one or two exceptions, the Germans
+in occupation behaved very much as any army in such circumstances would
+have done. Indeed, she added that when the English arrived, some of them
+were so impertinent ... that people thought that they used to get on
+better with the Germans.” I have quoted part of the last clause, as it
+seems fair to do so. For me it illustrates the general experience that
+the _present_ discomfort tends by its vividness to seem greater than
+past discomforts which were really equally great.
+
+One other remark of Mme. D. should be quoted: “I have seen many of the
+Germans, their doctors for instance, look after the poor and the sick
+with utter devotion.” I have, by request, omitted personal names, except
+that of Madame Cyon herself.
+
+At the occupation of Lille the Germans at once set about extinguishing
+fires that had broken out. In order to prevent these spreading, it was
+necessary to blow up some houses, and the Germans posted bills telling
+the people not to be alarmed at the explosions. When Madame Cyon
+returned to England a newspaper-reporter interviewed her. She stipulated
+that she must see the manuscript before the interview was published, and
+as she found the tone of the manuscript was not hers, she refused to let
+it be printed. A later interview with someone else was published in the
+same newspaper, in which it was made to appear that the Germans had
+deliberately set fire to the town. This Madame Cyon asserts is directly
+contrary to the facts. A similar case of exaggeration Madame Cyon
+noticed while in the occupied districts. There were all kinds of
+dreadful stories as to what went on about the country, and she was told
+it would never do to leave Lille. When she did leave, and made her way
+to Holland, she found no confirmation of these stories. Travelling was
+uncomfortable and tedious, but there was no peril of any kind.
+
+In the early days of the war there were Belgian refugees at Alexandra
+Palace. M. Cyon was a journalist, and took his notebook with him to put
+down interesting facts. He wished to confine himself to facts, however,
+which not all journalists do. He found the women full of stories about
+atrocities, but they were always terrible things that had happened to
+_someone else_. The student of war atrocities indeed finds this to be a
+very general feature of the stories told. It by no means follows that
+atrocities do not occur. Certainly they do, but the number undergoes
+extraordinary exaggeration in the excited minds of the people. M. Cyon,
+therefore, as a serious observer, asked for one person who could speak
+at first hand. One of the refugees, he was told, was a woman whose
+little boy had been branded on both cheeks by the Germans. He was
+directed to this woman. He asked for her experiences, but she had
+nothing startling to tell. “But,” he asked, “was not your little boy
+very badly treated by the Germans?” “Little boy!” she exclaimed, in
+astonishment, “I have no little boy, I have no son at all.”
+
+Madame Cyon had various patients at Lille. Her 24 Germans, she told me,
+gave her no more trouble than any ordinary patients. She had, however,
+four French Moroccan soldiers to nurse, and she describes them as
+extremely savage. She was sometimes afraid of them, and of one
+especially.
+
+Madame Cyon was often overworked, and patients are not always
+reasonable. One evening she brought her German patients some mutton
+stew, and one of the wounded men made a dissatisfied remark about it.
+Madame Cyon was feeling very tired and the remark hurt her. She remained
+outside in the corridor instead of coming to the men as usual during
+their meal. Presently one man who had acted as interpreter came out.
+“Madame, you are cross.” “Yes, I am.” “Why are you cross?” “The men have
+been well treated, I have done all I could, and now they grumble about
+nothing.” The man was very sorry, he went back, and presently all who
+could walk came out and apologised. How strangely alike, after all, we
+human beings are! But our rulers could never lead us out in armies to
+kill each other unless they persuaded us somehow that we only were
+wonderfully fine chaps, and the others were brutes. Yet the appeal of
+kindness and devotion tells everywhere. So when the German science
+student, Albin Claus, mentioned in Madame Cyon’s account (p. 262), found
+her much overworked, he said, “You go to sleep, and I will keep watch,”
+and he helped in all ways to keep things right.
+
+“I have since written to the same science student,” writes Madame Cyon;
+“before leaving the hospital he asked my address and I his. He told me
+he would always be glad to help me in any way, as he knew that I had
+five brothers in the French army. At the time one of my brothers was
+missing. I wrote to this man, then promoted a Lieutenant, and I had two
+letters from him via Switzerland. The correspondence was concerning my
+brother, and Lieutenant V. R. Albin Claus did his best to help me, and
+spoke in his letters of his stay in hospital 105, thanking me for my
+care.”
+
+
+ANOTHER SORT OF WITNESS.
+
+The soldier on both sides has been told all sorts of horrors about the
+enemy. Hatred is recognised as a great weapon of destruction. The
+contrast between what the soldier has seen and what he has heard is well
+illustrated by a story told by Mr. John Buchan in one of his lectures. A
+wounded Scot had said to him, of the Germans, “They’re a bad, black lot,
+_but no the men opposite us_. They were a very respectable lot, and
+grand fechters.”—_Times_, April 27, 1915.
+
+
+WAR ZONE CHILDREN.
+
+Under the heading “War Zone Children,” the following paragraph appeared
+in the _Westminster Gazette_ of the 30th November, 1915:
+
+The Society of Friends’ Emergency Committee for Aliens has just received
+the following letter from Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, of Berlin (before the
+war lecturer at Newnham College, Cambridge), showing that the German
+committee for helping alien enemies in distress is not behind similar
+committees in this country in looking after the little ones belonging to
+enemy countries:
+
+                                                             30/11/15.
+
+    Before I leave Switzerland, after a short visit, I should like
+    to write you a few lines.
+
+    I have been ten days in Belgium in order to get permission to
+    take Belgian and French children home to their parents, who had
+    left them in the occupied country before the outbreak of war and
+    were now living in France or in other foreign parts.
+
+    I was also to bring the first little group with me myself.
+    Others will be fetched during the next weeks by other ladies of
+    our committee. We spent the night in Frankfurt in the houses of
+    German ladies, who are already looking forward to their future
+    little guests. The whole expedition will belong to one of the
+    pleasantest peace remembrances of the war, and it was a
+    particular pleasure and benefit to me to see and to experience
+    personally in the work of my mission, in how many directions and
+    with what sincerely good and noble intentions the Governor
+    General endeavours to mitigate personal suffering, and
+    particularly how he cares for the children who are separated
+    from their parents.
+
+    I hope soon to write more. The children will now be taken to
+    their parents by Swiss ladies, and I am on the point of starting
+    for Frankfurt, where there are many important points to discuss
+    with the Committee for Advice and Aid in connection with our
+    common work.
+
+The last-named committee is a local Frankfort Emergency Committee for
+Aliens.
+
+
+A SOLDIER AND THE CHILDREN.
+
+Here is a German N.C.O. writing in _Vorwärts_ of some experiences in the
+Russian occupied territory:
+
+He describes the poverty of the people, the lack of even such
+necessaries of life as salt, boots, etc.; how little children are
+running about in the snow with bare feet, and often with no other
+garment on them than a shirt. He adds:
+
+    On the whole, however, the children give me great joy, though
+    also not a little annoyance owing to their importunity.
+    Fortunately, during my activity in connection with the school
+    children’s gymnastic society at —— I have gained so much
+    patience that I never permit myself to lose my temper. While I
+    am writing this already ten or twelve children have invaded my
+    room asking for bread. Everyone of them got something. I am now
+    almost reduced to beggary myself, and whatever I can get hold of
+    is given to the children, so that they may enjoy themselves. I
+    got from a friend a few packets of ginger cakes. I gave them all
+    away, and I do not even know how they tasted.
+
+    And when I show them photographs of my children’s gymnastic
+    society there is almost a riot. How I wish I could understand
+    them better! A little girl of 13, who always reminds me of my
+    own second daughter, has won my heart completely. Every day she
+    says to me a couple of German words which she has picked up
+    somewhere: “I don’t know,” “Potatoes without salt are no good,”
+    “Benzine is dangerous,” and phrases like that. I cannot realise
+    that these children belong to an enemy nation. I should have
+    dearly loved to roam about with them through forest and field,
+    as I used to in Berlin.—(Quoted in the _Daily News_, December
+    20, 1915.)[40]
+
+
+THE CHILD IN NO MAN’S LAND.
+
+The story of the child adopted by the Bedfordshires will be remembered
+by many. She was found in a ditch by the men on their way to the
+trenches, and was perforce for some time with them there.
+
+    The German trenches were about 150 yards off, and the level,
+    open space between the two lines wasn’t healthy. No man who
+    valued his life would go there unnecessarily, or recklessly put
+    his head above the parapet. One morning, to their horror the
+    men, through the periscope, saw the child standing above the
+    trench on the German side. Cries came from the enemy, but they
+    were not hostile. The sight of the girl, little more than an
+    infant, has touched their sentimental side, and she had offers
+    of chocolate and invitations to go and see them.
+
+    After that the girl went over the parapet quite often. She was
+    as safe in that danger zone as if she had been behind the lines.
+    No German would harm her, and once she went close up to their
+    first-line trench.—(_Daily News_, February 17, 1916).
+
+
+AUSTRO-HUNGARIANS IN CETINJE.
+
+When the Austro-Hungarian troops entered Cetinje there was already
+serious famine:
+
+    The children in the streets were begging bread from the passing
+    soldiers, who shared their tiny brown loaves with the hungry
+    little children, and the military authorities at the barracks
+    were besieged from the morning till late in the evening by the
+    starving population.
+
+    There were some fifty or sixty well-to-do better class families,
+    who had been in Government positions before, or prominent
+    business people, who suffered as terribly as their poorer
+    brethren. Among those who went begging for bread to headquarters
+    were wives of ex-Ministers and women who were ladies-in-waiting
+    at the Royal Court only a few weeks previously. For their
+    children’s sake they were all ready to beg for something to eat.
+
+    It must be admitted that the military authorities put the
+    soldiers on quarter rations and distributed all the available
+    food among the suffering population. The bad condition of the
+    roads and the consequent lack of supplies in the army itself
+    made it impossible for them to do more.—(_Daily News_, February
+    21, 1916.)
+
+    _On quarter rations_—that is worth remembering.
+
+
+NOT ALL BARBARIANS, NOR ALL CHIVALROUS.
+
+We have all of us heard many stories from our soldier friends. Many
+statements and opinions we cannot in these days publish, but some are
+allowable. Such as the following: “Some of our men were hung up on the
+German barbed wire. We could do nothing to get at them. We saw the
+Germans trying to make signs from their trenches and we couldn’t at
+first make out what they meant, but presently some of them ventured out
+and took in our wounded. I turned to my mate and said, ‘They tell us all
+the Germans are barbarians, but that doesn’t look much like it.’ It was
+difficult to keep some of our men from firing on the Germans even then.”
+The last statement will surprise only those who have not been told the
+truth about war. Passion gets the upper hand of humanity, and indeed
+reason may support passion, for is not destruction of the enemy one of
+the chief aims of war? Shall we spare the enemy when rescuing their
+_own_ wounded? By war logic that would be inconceivably foolish. Hence
+such incidents as the following: A lieutenant of Hussars wrote on
+October 22, 1914, of his work in a loft which he had previously
+loopholed. The letter is both frank and generous, and as usual with
+soldiers’ letters, without any of the malicious sanctity which so besets
+the civilian. The letter was published in the _Times_, November 26,
+1914. “When I got up I could see crowds of Germans advancing. I think
+they have learnt a lesson from us, for they didn’t advance in masses,
+but in extended order like we do. They were jolly good, too.... One
+fellow was jolly brave. I saw him carrying back a wounded man on his
+back, and it made a very good target. Though we didn’t succeed in
+hitting him, he had to drop his man.... We were having jolly good fun.”
+One sentence shows how far removed are the ethics of war from the ethics
+of peace: “I saw him carrying back a wounded man on his back, _and it
+made a very good target_.”
+
+And here is a case where chivalry was remembered and forgotten. The
+extract is from the _Daily News_, May 17, 1916. Most of us may get
+similar information privately, but it is wisest to confine oneself to
+what has already been published:
+
+    A sergeant on active service writes in the course of a letter on
+    his experiences: “I got stuck in a trench up to my waist in mud,
+    and who do you think pulled me out?—only a German about 6ft.
+    4in. One of my boys wanted to bayonet him.[41] I said: ‘Drop
+    that or I shoot you.’ The German said: ‘Sergeant, it is not my
+    fault—I am only fighting for my country as you are fighting for
+    yours.’”
+
+
+A GERMAN PRIEST.
+
+From the _Daily News_, February 17, 1916, I take the following story of
+a German priest:
+
+    Then the word came that we were to go for the enemy’s first
+    line, and we did. Our artillery started the music, and we made
+    our effort.
+
+    Our lads almost lost their reason for the time being, and
+    heedless of shells and bullets, mounted the first German
+    parapet. We killed many of them, but it is fair to say they
+    didn’t give in. They quickly had reinforcements, and we were
+    compelled against heavy odds to yield the trench to the enemy.
+    Angry fighting continued, and our game now was to lure as many
+    of the Germans towards our lines as possible so that we could
+    mow them down with our guns. On they came, many hundreds of
+    them, and as quickly they fell.
+
+    Our fellows got it too, and one little party was absolutely at
+    the mercy of the enemy. Two of our young officers and five men
+    were severely wounded and their position was helpless, for it
+    was impossible to rescue them. Despite our tremendous fire the
+    Germans, with fixed bayonets, tried to reach the party and their
+    intention was obvious. They got within a few yards of the
+    wounded when one of their number sprang in front of them and
+    flashed a crucifix. “Stop,” he shouted, and then he knelt down
+    by the side of our men and blessed them. The other Germans
+    immediately withdrew.
+
+    Then we managed to reach the wounded and our officer thanked the
+    priest for the brave way in which he had behaved in the face of
+    his own men. “Take me,” said the priest. “I am your prisoner.”
+    The officer said he would not do that, but he would see that he
+    returned to the German lines unharmed. The promise was kept, and
+    before they parted the priest, falling on his knees, thanked our
+    officer warmly, adding: “God bless you and good luck!”
+
+
+MUTUAL FEARS.
+
+Each side fears the barbarity of the other. “Would it be good military
+policy,” asked a military official, “to encourage any other idea?” “‘My
+comrades were afraid,’ said this German sergeant. ‘They cried out to me
+that the Indians would kill their prisoners, and that we should die if
+we surrendered. But I said, ‘That is not true, comrades, and is only a
+tale. Let us go forward with our hands up.’ So in that way we went, and
+the Indian horsemen closed about us, and I spoke to one of them, asking
+for mercy for our men, and he was very kind and a gentleman, and we
+surrendered to him safely.’ He was glad to be alive, this man from
+Wiesbaden. He showed me the portrait of his wife and boy, and cried a
+little, saying that the German people did not make the war, but had to
+fight for their country when told to fight, like other men.... He waved
+his hand back to the woodlands, and remembered the terror of the place
+from which he had just come. ‘Over there it was worse than death.’” Yes,
+and “If any man were to draw the picture of those things or to tell them
+more nakedly than I have told them, because now is not the time, nor
+this the place, no man or woman would dare to speak again of war’s
+‘glory,’ or of ‘the splendour of war,’ or any of those old lying phrases
+which hide the dreadful truth.” (Philip Gibbs in the _Daily Chronicle_,
+July 18, 1916.)
+
+
+THE CIVILIAN’S HATE.
+
+Yet, appalling as modern war is, there are things which some soldiers
+find worse. When I spoke to an old friend of mine about a popular print
+that disseminates hatred he said, “Whenever I see that paper it makes my
+blood run cold.” Yet in one of the charges which that man had faced only
+about a quarter of his company came back. That charge was to him less
+hideous than some newspaper malice—a malice which is so often a matter
+of business. Since then my friend has given his life, and has left in
+one heart a desolation that is worse than death. But in that heart there
+is no hate, only sympathy for all the sorrow, both on this side and the
+other.
+
+Mr. Frederick Niven tells us the impressions of a wounded soldier who
+saw the Zeppelin burned at Cuffley. “What stuck in his mind was the
+roars that occurred when the airship took fire and began to come sagging
+and flaming down. ‘It reminded me of what I have read of “Thumbs down”
+in the arenas of ancient Rome. It was the most terrible thing I have
+heard in my life. I’ve heard some cheering at the front, but this was
+different. Nothing out there had quite the same horrible sound.’” The
+difference can be explained. “These men,” says Mr. Niven, “have seen the
+procession of the maimed, grey propping khaki, khaki propping grey, all
+trooping down to the dressing station.” (_Daily News_, October 9, 1916.)
+
+And here is a letter from a brave young officer, since killed. “I
+drifted into the —— Parish Church last evening to hear the organ and
+the singing. I was pushed into a pew up in the front, and so could not
+escape until the end of the service. I could have wept when I heard the
+sermon; it was a dreadful medieval picture of Heaven and Hell, and a
+dreadful curse on all the German people as being ready for ‘Hell.’ ...
+The whole service was as artificial as one could imagine—so heartless
+and so soulless. It made me feel so very sad that, as I said before, I
+could have wept openly. Do you think that the congregation, a large one,
+would take in and believe all that they heard from the pulpit? It seems
+too dreadful!”
+
+
+AND CIVILIAN KINDNESS.
+
+Yet even civilians, even German civilians, do not always hate.
+
+There is a better Germany, but it is only occasionally that we are
+allowed glimpses of it now, and we must go usually among unknown people,
+and read unpopular or comparatively obscure publications if we seek a
+wider range of vision. In December, 1914, Mrs. Jackson, wife of a golf
+professional, returned from Germany to Clacton-on-Sea. Her husband had
+been in the employ of the Cologne Golf Club. “Do you think,” she was
+asked, “the German hatred of England is general?” “No,” replied Mrs.
+Jackson. “Of course, the Germans hate England fiercely as a nation, but
+I do not think they do as individuals. Everyone treated us extremely
+well, although they knew our nationality, and my husband’s employers are
+anxious for him to go back again to them when the war is finished.”
+“Does Germany know the truth?” “I do not think so. We could not get any
+British newspapers, and only heard the German side of the question. I
+was quite thunderstruck when I heard England had joined in, and I am
+sure the German people were, too. The Germans are confident of victory,
+and so much is this so that some of my friends did not want me to go
+back, saying that I should be much safer where I was.” I take this
+report from the _Clacton Graphic_ of February 20, 1915.
+
+Of course, there has been much kindness on this side, and much gratitude
+for it in Germany, but I confess that some things I have heard from the
+other side have given me twinges of patriotic jealousy. I should like to
+feel that my country is always first in generosity. When Chaplain
+O’Rorke walked unattended and in khaki through the streets of Burg,
+there was no offensive remark.[42] Three English ladies travelling in
+Germany in war-time tell me that they never suffered from one unpleasant
+word. Miss Littlefair tells of some anti-English demonstrations, but of
+far more kindness, and when her unpopular nationality became known in a
+railway carriage, there was no change in the friendliness of its
+occupants.[43] Again, a Canadian Chaplain has been allowed to travel
+free, and in his uniform, and to visit his men in different camps. He
+seems to have had no difficulty with the populace. As regards walks on
+parole, we hear from Crefeld, “There has been no trouble of any kind
+with the inhabitants.”[44]
+
+
+SOME GERMAN NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER GERMAN COMMENTS.
+
+The _Frankfurter Zeitung_ is one of those German newspapers which has
+often at least worked for sanity in the national attitude. We may differ
+from some of its conclusions, but we must admire its stand against the
+flood of foolish, indiscriminate hate. On February 27, 1915, it asked:
+“What sense is there in German professors declaring that they will no
+longer collaborate with this or that scientific institution in
+England?... Salutations such as the celebrated ‘God punish England’ are
+not only fundamentally tasteless and theatrical, but are quite
+ridiculous.... We are deep in war, and we have to collect all our
+strength to beat our enemies, and especially to subdue our most
+dangerous enemy, England; but after the war must follow a peace which
+shall render possible calm and assured work. This work must be performed
+in conjunction with other peoples which we cannot exterminate.” ...
+(Quoted in the _Times_, March 2, 1915.) On April 11, 1915, there
+appeared another telling little article, “English and German, according
+to Professor Sombart.” The article is quietly ironical over Professor
+Sombart, who brings us before the court on the old charge, that we are a
+nation of shopkeepers. “The traders’ spirit, that is Englishdom.” I
+confess that as an Englishman I have always felt there was an
+uncomfortable amount of truth in this sneer. We are surely a somewhat
+stodgy, money-making people with far too little receptivity for new
+ideas. “I have long thought and preached,” wrote Lord Haldane in the
+_Nation_ of August 7, 1915, “that the real problem in this country is
+the development of thought and ideas.” Dr. Drill does not in his review
+concern himself with this charge. He remarks in passing that it is quite
+possible for a tradesman to be a hero and for a minister of war to be a
+tradesman, and then goes on to point out the futile absurdity of all
+such general charges. He cites an amusing attack on German culture by a
+lecturer at Bedford College. “We smile over his attack,” says Dr. Drill.
+“May we not be afraid that educated Englishmen do the same about
+Professor Sombart?” The review tears the book to tatters, and the
+reviewer sums up the opinion of the thoughtful by declaring that the
+publication of such a piece of writing at this time of crisis is
+altogether scandalous. The course of journalists during this war has so
+often been down steep places that we are refreshed whenever we come,
+either in England or in Germany, upon so brave a stand for a sane view
+of the enemy. Karl Bleibtreu (as quoted in the _Daily News_, July 8,
+1915) writes in the _Kölnische Zeitung_, “Such foolish effusions as that
+of Professor Sombart’s ‘Traders and Heroes,’ revealing no conception of
+the more profound movements of the soul, must be regarded as an error.
+The true perception is here blurred by a confusion of the British
+private character, which is worthy in every way of the highest respect,
+with the State policy which is dominated by a national megalomania.” We
+are told that Bleibtreu abuses France. Well, we have known rather
+distinguished Englishmen abuse France, too. The _Frankfurter Zeitung_
+has spoken of “the really heroic bravery” of the Black Watch. The
+_Kölnische Zeitung_ reproduced a spirited article from the Austrian
+_Danzers Armee Zeitung_ in which that paper said the generous thing
+about Serbian, Belgian and Russian armies alike. This article also was a
+protest against the lower tone which has prevailed by no means only
+amongst the newspapers printed in German. The Serbians are spoken of as
+“an enemy who can hardly be surpassed in keenness and untiring energy.”
+No one has any right, the article says, to abuse the Belgians who had a
+right to fight and who fought very well, notwithstanding the notoriously
+unmilitary character of their country. Of the Russians we are told, “We
+must admit that these armies are well led, excellently equipped, and
+splendidly armed.... There have been individual cases of disregard of
+the Red Cross, and one hears of occasional plunderings, but, as regards
+the majority, it is an honourable and chivalrous enemy that is facing
+us.” The love of fair play is after all not confined to Englishmen, or
+to the opponents of Germany.
+
+The _Daily News_ of March 26, 1918, quotes from the _Kölnische Zeitung_,
+which writes of the British enemy as “defending himself with
+extraordinary determination and bravery.... Our men speak in terms of
+the highest praise of the attitude of the enemy. The Englishman is an
+extremely brave soldier.” I confess I should be glad to read tributes of
+like generosity in certain popular newspapers on this side. The
+_Deutsche Tageszeitung_ is also quoted as saying that the British
+defended every one of their points of support determinedly and bravely,
+giving way only step by step. Again, von Ludendorff (March 27) is quoted
+as saying: “The English use and distribute their machine guns very
+cleverly,” and there is something out of keeping with the attributed
+Ludendorff character in the remark: “The district over which the
+offensive has passed is pitiable.”
+
+On April 4, 1918, the _Daily News_ contained the following under the
+heading, “A Respectful Greeting sent per balloon by the Germans”:
+
+    In a dispatch from the front Reuter’s special correspondent says
+    there is a certain sporting element in the German army, and
+    relates the following incident:
+
+    During the thick of the first clash a small balloon came
+    floating down to where our men were making a splendid
+    resistance. On being captured it was found to be carrying the
+    following message: “Good old 51st! Sticking it still! Good
+    luck!”
+
+    The 51st, which is one of the three first divisions to be named
+    in official communiqués for magnificently opposing the enemy
+    hordes, is known to be regarded by the Germans as one of our
+    most formidable corps.
+
+On April 15 we read of Armentières: “A Berlin semi-official statement
+says that despite the ever-increasing pressure of the enveloping troops
+the town held out extraordinarily bravely. Only when, by a flank
+onslaught of the German troops, envelopment to the west of the town was
+almost completed, did the remnant of the brave garrison surrender.”
+
+And here is a letter from an Englishwoman in Germany (_Nation_, May 15,
+1915): “‘Gott strafe England’ is a ‘Spruch’ in great use here, and is to
+be had on rubber stamps.... School children are taught it.... This is a
+fact, but all the better-thinking people deplore it, and I wonder
+whether, if it is ever recorded in history, it will also be recorded
+that the Kaiser has now strictly forbidden it. It will die, but
+gradually. It is the idea of some silly loud-mouthed ass, and the
+people, like sheep, followed it.” Professor Wrangel, a German authority
+on pedagogy, urges the avoidance of instilling hatred into the young,
+and he tells us that the Bavarian Government has instructed its teachers
+to avoid in their lessons all language insulting to the enemy. (_Daily
+Chronicle_, June 19, 1915.) In July, 1915, the _Frankfurter Zeitung_
+published a long article on the situation in England, written by a
+neutral observer. The London _Daily News_ describes it as giving “on the
+whole a fair and conscientious presentation of facts.” The article
+points out that the average Englishman regards the war as a war of
+defence (just as the average German does). The article warmly praises
+England for the way in which it won the loyalty of the Boer Republics.
+
+In the _Montag_ (the Monday edition of the Berlin _Lokalanzeiger_) Herr
+E. Zimmermann stoutly defended actions of both neutrals and enemies that
+the more biased in Germany had condemned. “Reproach levelled against
+America for supplying war material to our enemies is unjust. Germany
+herself, at the Hague Conference, caused the rejection of the proposal
+to prohibit the supply of war material to belligerents by neutral
+countries. Only the prohibition of supply of war material by the
+Governments of neutral States exists, while private industry is free to
+act as it likes. So far America, as a State, has supplied no war
+material.” In his attitude towards America, says Herr Zimmermann, the
+Imperial Chancellor “need take no notice of those ferocious heroes who
+take care to keep themselves at a distance from the hail of bullets in
+safe retreat....” We know something of those ferocious heroes on this
+side too.
+
+Again, “I cannot share in the political sentimentality which represents
+England’s attempt to starve us into submission as an exceedingly mean
+thing. I cannot share in it because it would have been a pleasure to me
+if I could apply with success the same war tactics to England. We must
+not forget that it is not really a question of actually starving to
+death tens of millions of men and women, but only of constraining them
+to lay down their arms.”
+
+Sir Edwin Pears writes in the _Sunday Times_ of October 10, 1915:
+
+    The _Frankfurter Zeitung_ has been allowed to publish a
+    statement which not unfairly represents the situation. It says
+    that the Greek crisis raises the question: “Who is the stronger?
+    The King with the General Staff and the great part of the Army,
+    or Venizelos and the Cabinet who embody the will of the country
+    as represented in the Chamber?”
+
+This is a singularly fair and frank statement of the facts of the
+crisis, as they at first presented themselves. The _Frankfurter Zeitung_
+is no doubt distinguished for the reasonableness of its outlook, but I
+think that anyone reading the better German newspapers must (in the days
+when they were available) have felt a little prick of wounded pride when
+he compared them with our own. The _Kölnische Zeitung_ is, for instance,
+like all belligerent newspapers, ridiculously biased; but in the earlier
+days, when I was able to see it, I did not find gross misrepresentation
+or absurd hate. The “not very tasteful ‘Gott strafe England’” has given
+the English a new word, one writer remarks (Sept. 21, 1915). Naturally,
+American testimony favourable to Germany is exclusively quoted, just as
+in this country we quoted exclusively that favourable to the Entente.
+And some space was given to the utterances of such men as Sven Hedin and
+Björn Björnson, who, as neutral observers, had formed a high opinion of
+the way that German character was meeting the crisis. There was not,
+however, so much of the curious sanctimonious malice which has
+disfigured some of the well-known English papers.[45]
+
+
+SCHOOL-BOOKS.
+
+If children are to be told of the war at all, the central duty of any
+teacher should surely be to avoid stimulating those feelings of hatred
+which might obscure the chances of future peace. On the whole, the
+German school-books I have before me seem to fulfil this duty, or at
+least to aim at fulfilling it.[46] There are, of course, many stories of
+the achievements and the courage of the German soldiers. All peoples
+have dwelt on physical courage in too primitive a way. But these books
+scarcely encourage hate. A letter from France tells how German soldiers
+tried to help the starving people. The writer is very obviously sincere.
+“In one village near our fortifications the people were crying with
+hunger. It was woeful. I gave them all the bread I had. The children
+were always asking for more, and kissed our hands. That moved us all
+greatly. Naturally we told the Commandant.” As a result, twelve women
+were allowed to pass through the lines blindfolded to fetch food from
+——. This story is not one to encourage hate, and again and again there
+are stories of German sympathy with the enemy.
+
+A sad account of incidents of the Russian invasion begins: “Of course,
+not all Russians are barbarians, most of the misdeeds are due to the
+Cossacks.” (I could not help on reading this calling to mind some of the
+wilder anti-German outbursts. An official in a rather responsible
+position said to me that he could not see “a single redeeming feature in
+any one of them.” It was a childish outburst, but childishness in a
+position of authority becomes cruelty.) A story one German school-book
+tells of a wounded Belgian sounds only the note of pity, and there is a
+wonderful little picture of a wounded German’s suspicion of a wounded
+Russian. The story is finely told, but I cannot reproduce it all here.
+The Russian is in pain and thirst, the wounded German hesitates between
+suspicion and pity, but pity gets the upper hand, and he crawls with his
+water bottle to the Russian. Later, as he lies helpless, his fears are
+aroused by seeing the Russian fumble with something in his breast. Is it
+a revolver? The wounded German, overstrained with suffering, waits in
+terror, but the Russian dies before his hand can bring out what it
+sought. When the stretcher bearers come the German asks the leader to
+look for the revolver which he feared the Russian was trying to get out.
+The leader goes to look. He brings back what the Russian’s dying hand
+was seeking. No revolver, but the portrait of his mother. This rebuke of
+hatred and suspicion would live in a child’s mind for long.
+
+The effects of the anti-German outbursts can be traced even in these
+books. When an officer finds the Sisters of a nunnery in want, his ready
+help is accompanied by the words: “This little kindness is the act of
+German barbarians, who refuse all thanks. As long as we are here, each
+barbarian soldier will give up a little, so that you may have their
+savings every three days, and then you will have plenty.... Enjoy it,
+and be as happy as you can.”
+
+
+BELGIUM AND WAR AIMS.
+
+Professor Martin-Rade of Marburg University is a Protestant Liberal
+Theologian and a man well known in his own country on account of his
+literary and political activities. He writes as follows in the
+_Christliche Welt_, a widely-circulated magazine of which he is the
+editor: “I can only deplore the manner in which the Chancellor in his
+speech ... has treated the question of neutral countries, for there was
+no need for him to have recourse to the proverb, ‘Necessity knows no
+law.’ With that proverb I cannot convince these who behold in the
+existence of neutral States a triumph of the rights of man. That is why
+it is a pity—for which it is hard indeed to make reparation—that the
+German Empire should not have abstained altogether, at the very outset,
+from the sin ... which it has committed against Belgium. Whoever accuses
+my view of being unpatriotic I challenge, by whatever test he likes, to
+show that he loves his Fatherland better than I do.” (From a letter in
+the _Nation_, November 28, 1914.)
+
+Again, as early as December, 1914, at a meeting of the Socialist Party
+in the Reichstag a resolution was proposed in favour of (_a_) the
+evacuation of Belgium, and (_b_) the setting up of plebiscites in
+Schleswig and Alsace-Lorraine to determine the future government of
+those districts. It was defeated, but twenty four members voted for it.
+(_Nation_, January 23, 1915.) To estimate the full value of this we
+must try to envisage the state of mind of a nation at war. This is
+notoriously difficult. We cannot picture our _own_ state of mind,
+because it is obviously impossible at one and the same time to be
+intensely moved and to picture this emotion without emotional bias. And
+our bias renders us perhaps equally incapable of envisaging the mind of
+the enemy. It will be necessary therefore somewhat wilfully to
+exaggerate an analogy in order to see how Germans may feel. Let us
+conceive, then, twenty-four members of the House of Commons proposing
+(in the midst of the war) (_a_) the raising of all blockade restrictions
+against neutrals, the evacuation of all neutral territories (whether
+Grecian or Persian), and (_b_) the setting up of plebiscites in Ireland,
+India and Egypt, to determine the future governments of those districts.
+I can imagine somewhat heated or contemptuous treatment of this
+comparison. Just so: the Germans are heated too, and they no longer see
+clearly. And we must never forget that they have had long training in
+obedience to government. There are not wanting English politicians who
+would like to see similar training introduced here. It leads however to
+the hypnotic response of which Colonel Maude has written interestingly
+in his “War and the World’s Life.” The Government in Germany called for
+the defence of the Fatherland, the Government declared the invasion of
+Belgium as unavoidable. The hypnotic response followed, but at least
+twenty-four members of the national legislature woke from the trance and
+_thought_. I have attempted in my comparison only to suggest how much
+independence, how much cutting of bonds and attachments that thought
+required. I press the analogy no further. What is noticeable is that
+this thought, voiced so early and unmistakably, has been gaining wider
+and wider utterance. It appears that in December, 1914, Herr Haase,
+speaking in the Reichstag for the Social Democrats, declared that the
+party were unanimously of opinion that the facts which had come to
+light since the beginning of the war were not sufficient evidence for
+them to adopt the Imperial Chancellor’s view that the violation of the
+neutrality of Luxemburg and Belgium was justified by military reasons.
+The party had come to the conclusion and had agreed that the violation
+of Luxemburg and Belgium must be regarded as a violation of justice. The
+above declaration seems to have been suppressed in the German papers. It
+reached the _Labour Leader_ from Holland.
+
+
+AGAINST ANNEXATION.
+
+We have all of us read the celebrated manifesto issued by the National
+Executive of the German Social Democratic Party which the _Vorwärts_ was
+suppressed for publishing. Let us remind ourselves of a few passages in
+that document. It was issued in June, 1915. “When in recent years the
+threatening clouds of war gathered on the political horizon, the German
+Socialists stood with all their strength up to the last hour, for the
+preservation of peace. To the misfortune of the peoples, the Socialists
+in all countries were not yet strong enough to hold back the terrible
+fate which has come upon Europe. The torch of war flared up sharply and
+set the whole world on fire.
+
+“When the Cossacks of the Tsar passed over the frontiers, plundering and
+burning, the German Socialists proved true to the word which their
+leaders had given to the German people. They put themselves at the
+service of their country and voted the means for its defence....
+
+“The Parliamentary Party and the Party Executive have always unanimously
+opposed the policy of conquests and of annexations. We raise once more
+the sharpest protests against all attempts to secure the annexation of
+foreign territories and the violation of the rights of other peoples,
+particularly as they have been expressed in the demands of great
+Capitalist Federations and in the speeches of leading capitalist
+politicians. To make such attempts delays more than ever the peace which
+is strongly desired by the whole people. _The people do not want any
+annexations. The people want peace._—THE EXECUTIVE OF THE SOCIAL
+DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF GERMANY. June 23, 1915, Berlin.”
+
+When we remember that the Social Democrats of Germany number about four
+millions,[47] the importance of this manifesto becomes clearer. It is a
+tremendous fact. The loud-voiced threats of crushing, boycott, etc., by
+influential sections on this side have been one of the greatest
+hindrances to the Social Democrats, and one of the greatest aids to
+German militarists.
+
+We heard much in 1915 of the “annexation split” in Germany. The
+Delbrück-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial represented, to my thinking, nothing
+strange, or new, or abnormal, but rather the voice of natural and normal
+Germany making itself heard again amidst the clamour of foolish hatred
+and silly bombast in which present-day crises seem always to involve the
+contending nations. “Germany did not enter the war with the idea of
+annexation”—thus the Memorial opens. It is easy to scoff at this
+statement, because it is always easier in a crisis to be swayed entirely
+by bias. Frankly, as regards _Germany_, that is (if this word is to have
+any meaning), as regards the mass of the German people, I believe this
+statement to be true. Whatever the militarist and commercial schemers
+may have contrived, Germany as a whole did not enter the war with the
+idea of annexation, but, as the Memorial goes on, “in order to preserve
+its existence, threatened by the enemy coalition against its national
+unity and its progressive development. In concluding peace, Germany
+cannot pursue anything that does not serve these objects.” Who were the
+signatories to this Memorial? Amongst the 82 names are those of
+Professor Hans Delbrück, Dr. Dernburg (the ex-Minister), Professor
+Adolf von Harnack (the theologian and General Director of the Royal
+Library at Berlin), Theodore Wolff (Editor of the _Berliner Tageblatt_),
+Dr. Oppenheim (who holds an important position in the dye industries),
+Carl Permet (Judge of the Berlin Commercial Courts), Prince von
+Hatzfeld, Franz von Mendelsohn (President of the Berlin Chamber of
+Commerce), Prince Donnersmarck, Count von Leyden (ex-ambassador), Dr.
+August Stein (Editor of the _Frankfurter Zeitung_), Major von Parseval
+(the designer of the famous airship). These are representative names.
+They stand, I think, with the Social Democrats for the real Germany.
+
+The _Berliner Tageblatt_ has returned again and again to the charge.
+Here, for instance, is an extract from an article by Herr Theodore Wolff
+as given in the _Daily News_ of February 4, 1916:
+
+    Since August 4, 1914, the Belgian question has been withdrawn
+    from public discussion, and only the advocates of a boundless
+    policy of grab are now and again impelled by their temperament
+    to throw off all restraint. Because these voices are alone
+    audible, the Paris papers and those Belgian papers which are
+    published in London are able constantly to din into the ears of
+    the war-weary Belgians and the world at large that Belgium has
+    only the choice between the continuation of the war and complete
+    destruction. In this way, by asserting that in Germany at most
+    only a few Socialists and pacifists without influence are
+    opposed to the policy of annexation, they succeed in stifling
+    again and again any aspiration towards peace. It is therefore
+    necessary and useful at least to proclaim from time to time that
+    this assertion, as will be demonstrated on the very first day
+    when free discussion is allowed, is absolutely incorrect.[48]
+
+
+GERMANY AND CONTRACTS.
+
+The real German is not simply a brute, though the brute lies perdu in
+every civilised man. Mr. Herbert Hoover, formerly Chairman of the
+Commission of Relief in Belgium, said, “The German authorities place no
+obstruction in the way of relief, and, as far as can be ascertained, not
+one loaf of bread or one spoonful of salt supplied by the Relief
+Commission has been taken by the Germans.” (_Times_, c. December 6,
+1914).
+
+It has often been said in this country that according to German rules
+contracts with enemy subjects are cancelled by the mere fact of war. The
+_Kölnische Zeitung_ published a legal opinion disposing of this
+statement. No law to this effect exists, and none has been enacted.
+“Only the right of enemies to secure enforcement of contracts by means
+of legal process has been curtailed. Moreover, the making of payments to
+England, France or Russia has been prohibited. But these last-named
+prohibitions presuppose the legal validity of the contracts themselves,
+since they declare the payments due under them to be merely postponed.”
+(_Daily News_, August 20, 1915.)
+
+An old friend of mine was in process of negotiating patent rights in
+Germany for an invention of his at the time that war broke out. He was
+allowed to complete the claim to the patent, and it was granted him
+after Germany and Britain were at war.
+
+
+“FRIGHTFULNESS.”
+
+Not every one in Germany is obsessed with a conviction of the efficacy
+of “frightfulness.” This is plain from the fact that the _Frankfurter
+Zeitung_ published articles from its neutral correspondent in England
+which point out that each phase of frightfulness had precisely the
+opposite effect of that which was intended. The bombardments of coast
+towns, the use of asphyxiating gases, the sinking of the Lusitania all
+led, he remarks, to increased recruiting and intensified war feeling.
+Each act of frightfulness has of course been represented to the German
+public in a very different light from that in which it has been
+presented to us,[49] and it is therefore the more striking that so
+influential a newspaper should publish such an opinion. When the
+Lusitania was sunk, both the _Berliner Tageblatt_ and the _Vorwärts_
+maintained an absolute silence, and these are the two most influential
+organs in Berlin.
+
+
+THE BROTHERHOOD OF ENEMIES.
+
+The soldier’s attitude is often that of Captain Ball, the boy who did
+such wonders in the air fight:—
+
+    I attacked two Albatross scouts and crashed them, killing the
+    pilots. In the end I was brought down, but am quite O.K. Oh, it
+    was a good fight, and the Huns were fine sports. One tried to
+    ram me after he was hit, and only missed by inches. Am indeed
+    looked after by God, but oh! I do get tired of always living to
+    kill and am really beginning to feel like a murderer. Shall be
+    so pleased when I have finished.
+
+Quoted in the _Daily News_, May 7, 1918. Captain Ball has finished the
+killing in the only way boys can finish the killing now, for he is dead.
+The last words, _Requiescat in pace_, have a new poignancy in days when
+children are growing up who have never known peace.
+
+Yet underneath all the wild recriminations prompted by fear and hate,
+there is brotherhood. For at the worst what do all these charges mean?
+That a few foolish men without vision have slipped into power and direct
+the great beast-machine that kills. That Frankenstein is apt at all
+times to wild, primitive cruelty. What may it be when foolish, hard
+theorists are its masters? Yet, for all that, the people out of whom
+Frankensteins are made are of one flesh, are all brothers, all parts of
+the great Life which some call God. Now and then, amidst their fiercest
+fighting, this becomes plain. It sometimes seems as if the main concern
+of rulers were to prevent any permanent realisation of this truth; for
+if the peoples should realise their oneness, war would cease, and there
+is nothing that stops awkward questions as war does. Yet some day these
+awkward questions will be asked again, I hope, and Hans and Jack and
+François and Ivan may come to realise their brotherhood. Let us remind
+ourselves how now and then they can realise this even in war. “Who will
+not recall in this connection,” writes Prince Eugéne Troubetzky in the
+_Hibbert_ (July, 1915), “the touching description of the Christmas
+festival in the trenches, when the Germans, hearing the English singing
+their hymns, went out to meet them and heartily shook their enemies by
+the hand? Similar scenes have occurred more than once between the
+Russians and the Germans. At the present moment there lies before me the
+letter of a Russian soldier which refers to them: ‘What I am going to
+tell you,’ he says, ‘is a true miracle.’ The ‘miracle’ which had so
+appealed to his imagination was that, during an armistice, there were
+‘handshakes and hearty acclamations on both sides, to which no
+description could do justice.’ ... From the very heart of war there
+issues this mighty protest of life against the destructive force of
+death. But whenever life asserts itself, its object is always to
+re-establish a living unity. The more violently unity is threatened by
+war, or by the mutual hate which would tear it asunder, the more
+powerful becomes the answer of this spiritual force in its effort to
+re-establish the integrity of mankind. In this we have the explanation
+of a fact, which at first sight seems incredible, that in time of war
+the perception of the universal solidarity of mankind reaches a degree
+of elevation which would hardly be possible in time of peace.”
+
+“On Christmas Eve,” writes a member of the London Rifle Brigade, “the
+Germans burned coloured lights and candles along the top of their
+trenches, and on Christmas Day a football match was played between them
+and us in front of the trench. They even allowed us to bury all our dead
+lying in front, and some of them, with hats in hand, brought in some of
+our dead officers from behind their trench, so that we could bury them
+decently. They were really magnificent in the whole thing, and jolly
+good sorts. I have now a very different opinion of the German. Both
+sides have started the firing, and are already enemies again. Strange it
+all seems, doesn’t it?” (_Nation_, January 2, 1915.)
+
+“These Germans were enduring the same hardships, and the same squalor.
+There was only pity for them and a sense of comradeship, as of men
+forced by the cruel gods to be tortured by fate. This sense of
+comradeship reached strange lengths at Christmas, and on other days.
+Truces were established and men who had been engaged in trying to kill
+each other came out of opposite trenches and fraternised. They took
+photographs of mixed groups of Germans and English, arm-in-arm. They
+exchanged cigarettes, and patted each other on the shoulder, and cursed
+the war.... The war had become the most tragic farce in the world. The
+frightful senselessness of it was apparent when the enemies of two
+nations fighting to the death stood in the grey mist together and liked
+each other. They did not want to kill each other, these Saxons of the
+same race and blood, so like each other in physical appearance, and with
+the same human qualities.... The monstrous absurdity of war, this
+devil’s jest, stood revealed nakedly by those little groups of men
+standing together in the mists of Flanders.... It became so apparent
+that army orders had to be issued stopping such truces.”
+
+It is only by artificial stimulus, by artificially made ignorance, that
+war can be kept going in these days. By which I do not mean to imply
+that commanders and leaders are wilfully cruel men; but the leaders on
+each side are afraid lest _their_ men should give up fighting first. To
+be the first to acknowledge brotherhood seems like being the first to
+give in, and actually does foreshadow serious dangers. And yet the time
+will come when we shall have to face danger for the sake of brotherhood,
+as we do now for the sake of self-assertion. The orders to avoid
+friendship with the enemy were, even in these circumstances, not always
+obeyed. “For months after German and British soldiers in neighbouring
+trenches fixed up secret treaties by which they fired at fixed targets
+at stated periods to keep up appearances and then strolled about in
+safety, sure of each other’s loyalty.” (Gibbs, “The Soul of the War,” p.
+351.) Prisoners were sent back to their own trenches, and sometimes went
+with great reluctance.
+
+
+WOUNDED.
+
+“He told me how on the night he had his own wound French and German
+soldiers talked together by light of the moon, which shed its pale light
+upon all those prostrate men, making their faces look very white. He
+heard the murmurs of their voices about him, and the groans of the
+dying, rising to hideous anguish as men were tortured by ghastly wounds
+and broken limbs. In that night enmity was forgotten by those who had
+fought like beasts and now lay together. A French soldier gave his
+water-bottle to a German officer who was crying out with thirst. The
+German sipped a little and then kissed the hand of the man who had been
+his enemy. ‘There will be no war on the other side,’ he said. Another
+Frenchman—who came from Montmartre—found lying within a yard of him a
+Luxembourgeois whom he had known as his _chasseur_ in a big hotel in
+Paris. The young German wept to see his old acquaintance. ‘It is
+stupid,’ he said, ‘this war. You and I were happy when we were good
+friends in Paris. Why should we have been made to fight with each
+other?’ He died with his arms round the neck of the soldier, who told
+me the story unashamed of his own tears.” (Gibbs, l.c. p. 282) “At one
+spot where there had been a fierce hand-to-hand fight, there were
+indications that the combatants when wounded had shared their water
+bottles.” (_Sheffield Telegraph_, November 14, 1914.)
+
+The following letter must not be forgotten. It was found at the side of
+a dead French cavalry officer: “There are two other men lying near me,
+and I do not think there is much hope for them either. One is an officer
+of a Scottish regiment, and the other is a private in the Uhlans. They
+were struck down after me, and when I came to myself, I found them
+bending over me, rendering first aid. The Britisher was pouring water
+down my throat from his flask, while the German was endeavouring to
+staunch my wound with an anti-septic preparation served out to them by
+their medical corps. The Highlander had one of his legs shattered, and
+the German had several pieces of shrapnel buried in his side. In spite
+of their own suffering they were trying to help me, and when I was fully
+conscious again, the German gave us a morphia injection and took one
+himself. His medical corps had also provided him with the injection and
+the needle, together with printed instructions for its use. After the
+injection, feeling wonderfully at ease, we spoke of the lives we had
+lived before the war. We all spoke English, and we talked of the women
+we had left at home. Both the German and the Britisher had only been
+married a year. I wondered, and I suppose the others did, why we had
+fought each other at all....” (_Daily Citizen_, December 21, 1914.
+Quoted in Edward Carpenter’s “The Healing of Nations,” p. 261.)
+
+
+MORE CHRISTMAS INCIDENTS.
+
+Let us take one or two more of the Christmas experiences as quoted by
+Mr. Edward Carpenter, in his book, “The Healing of Nations”: “Last night
+(Christmas Eve) was the weirdest stunt I have ever seen. All day the
+Germans had been sniping industriously, with some success, but after
+sunset they started singing, and we replied with carols. Then they
+shouted, ‘Happy Christmas!’ to us, and some of us replied in German. It
+was a topping moonlight night, and we carried on long conversations, and
+kept singing to each other and cheering. Later they asked us to send one
+man out to the middle, between the trenches, with a cake, and they would
+give us a bottle of wine. Hunt went out, and five of them came out and
+gave him the wine, cigarettes and cigars. After that you could hear them
+for a long time calling from half-way, ‘Englishman, kom hier.’ So one or
+two more of our chaps went out and exchanged cigarettes, etc., and they
+all seemed decent fellows.”
+
+Again. “We had quite a sing-song last night (Christmas Eve). The Germans
+gave a song, and then our chaps gave them one in return. A German that
+could speak English, and some others, came right up to our trenches, and
+we gave them cigarettes and papers to read, as they never get any news,
+and then we let them walk back to their own trenches. Then our chaps
+went over to their trenches, and they let them come back all right.
+About five o’clock on Christmas Eve one of them shouted across and told
+us that if we did not fire on them they would not open fire on us, and
+so the officers agreed. About twenty of them came up all at once and
+started chatting away to our chaps like old chums, and neither side
+attempted to shoot.” Another soldier relates how his comrades and the
+Saxons opposed to them sang and shouted to each other through the night.
+He goes on, “When daylight came, two of our fellows, at the invitation
+of the enemy, left the trenches, met half-way and drank together. That
+completed it. They said they would not fire, if we did not; so after
+that we strolled about talking to each other.”
+
+On Christmas morning, elsewhere. “We mixed together, played
+mouth-organs and took part in dances. My word! The Germans can’t half
+sing part songs! We exchanged addresses and souvenirs, and when the time
+came we shook hands and saluted each other, returning to our trenches. I
+went up into the trenches on Christmas night. One wouldn’t have thought
+there was a war going on. All day our soldiers and the Germans were
+talking and singing half-way between the opposing trenches. The space
+was filled with English and Germans handing one another cigars. At night
+we sang carols.” Another records how souvenirs and food were exchanged,
+and how jollification and football were indulged in with the Germans.
+But “next day we got an order that all communication and friendly
+intercourse must cease.” The Germans had said frankly they were tired of
+the war, the English soldiers wished to be their friends, but far away
+were a few elderly men who wanted the fighting to go on.
+
+Into what depths the need of exacerbating hate may lead one is shown by
+the following extract from a telegram headed, “British Headquarters,
+France,” which I take from the _Daily News_ of December 23, 1915:
+
+    No doubt the Bosches will have plenty of Christmas trees, as
+    they did last year, but, without attaching too much credence to
+    the reports of an increasing difficulty in maintaining their
+    rations. I think it is quite safe to say that they will fare
+    very much more frugally than our own men. But may not their own
+    consciousness of the fact result in an outburst of “strafing?”
+    The principle that the next best thing to not getting well
+    served yourself is to spoil the other fellow’s enjoyment is a
+    good sound Hunnish axiom. There will certainly be no amenities
+    nor anything in the nature of a truce so far as the British are
+    concerned. All ranks are bidden to remember that war is war and
+    that the Germans invariably have some sinister motive in all
+    they do, especially under the guise of a gush of friendly
+    sentiment.—Reuter.
+
+The last sentences must surely, in any generous heart (if the moral
+destruction of war has left us such), produce a feeling of acute shame.
+In all the multitude of truces that occurred at Christmas, 1914, I have
+not seen a single case of German treachery reported. What is it that is
+feared in the truce? “In some places,” said a German officer, “we have
+had to change our men several times. They get too damn friendly.”[50]
+“If we don’t take care,” said an English officer that Christmas, “there
+will be a permanent peace without generals or c.o.’s having a say in the
+matter.” Is that thought really more terrible than the thought of
+unnumbered shattered bodies and hopeless hearts?
+
+How ineffectual so far are all European attempts at democracy! Carlyle’s
+satire about the thirty men of Dumdrudge called out, they know not why,
+to kill thirty men from a Dumdrudge elsewhere is not referred to in
+these days; but it still expresses the essential absurdity of wars.
+
+Here is an extract from the _Labour Leader_ of August 19, 1915:
+
+    My friend must not be identified. But here is an incident he
+    told me I can safely relate. During the unauthorised Christmas
+    truce of eight months ago so chummy did a British officer and a
+    Saxon officer become that the Saxon officer gave his enemy “an
+    invitation to visit him in Germany at the end of the war,” and
+    “stay as long as you like,” he added. The British officer is
+    still carrying the address in his pocket in the hope that one
+    day he may be able to accept the invitation.
+
+The _Labour Leader_ is much disliked by the orthodox of England, as is
+the _Vorwärts_ by the orthodox of Germany. It seems to me that both may
+be rendering a fine service to the cause of humanity, and one may surely
+say this without implying complete agreement with the opinions or the
+policy of either.
+
+
+WOUNDED ENEMIES.
+
+Writing home to his mother in Somerset, a member of the R.A.M.C. says:
+“You will find inside a German button for a souvenir. It was given me
+by a wounded German prisoner. After he had had his wound dressed, he
+pointed to his buttons and made signs for me to cut one off. He hardly
+knew how to thank us after he had finished his tea, and his eyes gleamed
+with gratitude as he looked around at us.” (_Daily News_, August 26,
+1915.)
+
+From a private letter: “The following is first hand, and of interest.
+Dr. S. lectures on first aid to C.’s squad. During the course of a
+lecture on the heart he referred to a visit paid to the local hospital.
+In the hospital was a man who had been a prisoner in Germany. Dr. S.
+asked the man about his treatment. In the course of the talk the man
+said that if he had his choice he would prefer to be in a German
+hospital! Dr. S. smiled when he related this. ‘This is not the kind of
+statement,’ he said, ‘that is published in the newspapers!’”
+
+There comes into my mind the photograph of a British prisoner in a
+German camp. The boy’s mother was delighted to see him looking so well.
+The photograph was the more striking as the lad was wounded in the
+stomach at the time he was taken prisoner.
+
+From a private letter: “My nephew was in the Canadians and was wounded
+in the spine in a recent advance.... He was brought back to London,
+where I saw him, and he died in hospital shortly after. He told me
+himself all about it. He lay for several hours after being wounded,
+unable of course to move. When the ambulance came up, the stretcher
+bearers were Germans—prisoners of war. They saw he was cold and took
+off their own coats and wrapped him up. All the while they were under
+fire from the British guns.[51] One of them was wounded in the arm by
+shrapnel as they were carrying him, but he kept his hold. He called to
+his mate to let down the stretcher, but till it was on the ground, he
+never flinched. My nephew knew what this meant, and as he thought of
+what had been done for him by an ‘enemy’ his face lighted up, as he
+said, ‘That man is a hero!’ And he added, ‘We don’t feel hard towards
+them at the front.’”
+
+Again, a wounded soldier who had been prisoner in Germany says: “I could
+not have been better treated, and I know ninety companions who say the
+same. But this is not the sort of story the newspapers want.” People
+very generally do not like to hear good of an enemy. In war-time this
+very human objection may become an important cause of continued strife.
+(cf., p. 108.)
+
+In the following, Philip Gibbs tells of a German doctor who tended
+friend and foe alike. “A number of Germans ... —about 250 of
+them—stayed in the dug-outs, without food and water, while our shells
+made a fury above them and smashed up the ground. They had a German
+doctor there, a giant of a man with a great heart, who had put his
+first-aid dressing station in the second line trench, and attended to
+the wounds of the men until our bombardment intensified so that no man
+could live there.
+
+“He took the wounded down to a dug-out—those who had not been carried
+back—and stayed there expecting death. But then, as he told me to-day,
+at about eleven o’clock this morning the shells ceased to scream and
+roar above-ground, and after a sudden silence he heard the noise of
+British troops. He went up to the entrance of his dug-out and said to
+some English soldiers who came up with fixed bayonets, ‘My friends, I
+surrender.’ Afterwards he helped to tend our own wounded, and did very
+good work for us under the fire of his own guns, which had now turned
+upon this position.” (_Daily Chronicle_, July 5, 1916.)
+
+It must be easy to tell bad stories of every furious fight, but the
+right spirit is surely that shown by Mr. Gibbs in another despatch
+(_Daily Chronicle_, July 7, 1916): “The enemy behaved well, I am told,
+to our wounded men at some parts of the line, and helped them over the
+parapets. This makes us loth to tell other stories not so good.”
+
+Again, on July 21, 1916: “It was the turn of the stretcher-bearers, and
+they worked with great courage. And here one must pay a tribute to the
+enemy. ‘We had white men against us,’ said one of the officers, ‘and
+they let us get in our wounded without hindrance as soon as the fight
+was over.’”
+
+“‘This war!’ said a German doctor, ‘We go on killing each other to no
+purpose.’” (_Daily Chronicle_, July 5, 1916.)
+
+And on this side:
+
+    The wife of a petty officer described to me the arrival of the
+    first batch of wounded. It happened that these were chiefly
+    Germans. “I thought I wouldn’t care so long as I didn’t see our
+    poor boys carried up,” she said, “but when I saw them, Germans
+    or not, I couldn’t help crying.” I gathered that the sight of
+    the sufferers swept away every feeling but sympathy amongst the
+    onlookers. She told me of the funerals to the little churchyard
+    outside the barracks, and of the “loneliness” of the dead
+    Germans. She had wept by those nameless graves, thinking of
+    those that belonged to these strangers.—Louie Bennett in the
+    _Labour Leader_.
+
+I remember a Cockney boy of fifteen telling me how at Southend he had
+gone for fun to see wounded Germans brought ashore. But the fun died out
+in his heart at the reality, and he ran away.
+
+The little incident I will next mention has special charm because of the
+beautiful spirit shown by every one concerned. A wounded German, Albert
+Dill, lay in hospital here. He was asked by a visitor if there was
+anything that he specially wished for. He answered. “Flowers for the
+dear English nurse, more than anything else.” The flowers were sent and
+his letter of gratitude is touching. There were far more than he
+expected, he said, and his joy was the greater. “The pleasure of the
+nurses and the doctors too was great when they saw this rich gift of
+flowers (diese reiche Blumenspende).... This day will often remind me of
+the good and self-sacrificing nursing that I have had here in this
+hospital.” And the “dear English nurse” writes: “The flowers you sent at
+the request of Albert Dill were indeed most beautiful.... I have been
+nursing the German patients for a considerable time, and their gratitude
+has always been most marked. We sincerely hope that while carrying out
+our duties we have been able to relieve their sufferings, and have
+perhaps helped them to bear the misfortunes of war a little more
+patiently.” This little incident is surely the greatest of victories,
+for it is a victory of the spirit.
+
+Nurse Kathleen Cambridge, who was near Mons at the time of the British
+retreat, spoke as follows of some of her experiences (_Daily News_,
+January 8, 1916):
+
+    After the battle I was very pleased to be of assistance to the
+    wounded, for whom my mother and I had arranged an ambulance. It
+    was at four o’clock that I saw the first party of British
+    prisoners being marched through from Mons to Brussels. A halt
+    was called just outside the Chateau. The Germans were very kind
+    at that time and offered their prisoners cigarettes and gave
+    them water from their bottles.
+
+    Two men, exhausted by terrible wounds, dropped into the ditch.
+    The baron went off to ask if we could be of assistance, and the
+    German doctor told him that he would be grateful for any help,
+    as he had to get on to Brussels and could not wait. The two men
+    were brought into the chateau. We did all we could for them, and
+    gradually, after some weeks, they recovered.
+
+Neglect and honourable conduct are both recorded in the next cutting
+from the _Manchester Guardian_ (September 17, 1917).
+
+    A Scotsman wounded at La Bassée had lain for eight days in a
+    German dug-out which our troops had captured and from which they
+    had been driven. One party of Germans peering into the darkness
+    had bombed him, and added one or two slight wounds to the
+    twenty-two he already possessed. He managed to signal to the
+    second bombing party some days later, and was carried away to
+    the field hospital, where hundreds of wounded Germans were
+    lying. Here he was found by a young German engineer who had
+    spent years in Glasgow and Liverpool. “Hullo, Jock,” the man
+    said kindly, “pretty bad, aren’t you? I’ll fetch a doctor for
+    you.”
+
+    He did so, and the wounds were roughly dressed. Nothing more was
+    done for eight days, when the Scot managed to attract the
+    attention of some visiting officer to the fact that his wounds
+    were in a dreadful condition, septic and suppurating.
+
+    “He was furious,” said the Scot: “made no end of a row about it,
+    and I was attended to at once. I have nothing to complain of
+    about my treatment when in hospital in Germany.”
+
+From the _Daily News_, April 16, 1918:
+
+    Here is a story vouched for by a young soldier now in hospital
+    in the North of England:—“I was shot in both legs during the
+    recent fighting. As I lay, helpless and almost hopeless, for our
+    lads had been pressed back, a German officer, also wounded,
+    crawled up to me. He spoke English fluently, and it turned out
+    that he had once worked in the town from which I come. When I
+    told him I was the last of the family left to my widowed mother,
+    and that I feared it would settle her when she heard I had gone
+    too, he said: ‘All right, old chap; we’ll see what can be done.’
+    As soon as it was quite dark he got me to pull myself on to his
+    back. In this way he crawled to within earshot of our outposts,
+    and only left me and dragged himself in the direction of his own
+    lines when he knew my cry had been heard.”
+
+From the same paper of April 11, 1918, I take the story told by a naval
+prisoner exchanged through Switzerland:
+
+    The sailor had one eye blown out and the other temporarily
+    damaged by a shell in a concentrated fire which sank his
+    destroyer in the battle of Jutland. He was picked up by an
+    already overcrowded British boat after swimming about for an
+    hour almost blind. Then a German destroyer ran alongside and
+    took aboard the whole boatload.
+
+    The voice of an officer hailed from the deck: “Don’t forget the
+    British way, lads, wounded first.” “He spoke such good English
+    that I took him for a Scottie,” said my informant, “and I
+    thought it was a British destroyer that had picked us up. I was
+    hauled aboard, and I saw him look at my face and turn away.
+    ‘What’s the matter, Jock?’ I said. ‘I’m not a Jock,’ says he,
+    ‘I’m one of the Huns.’ ‘What, ain’t this a British ship?’ says
+    I. ‘Throw me back into the sea, and let me take the chance of
+    being picked up by one of ours.’ ‘It can’t be done, sonny,’ he
+    says. ‘You’ve got to go to Germany. But you’ll be exchanged all
+    right. You’re disabled.’ It seems he had a relative in London,
+    and knew England well. All the time British ships were chasing
+    us and shelling us; and he hung a lifebelt near me, and said:
+    ‘If the British Fleet sink us that will give you a bit of a
+    chance yet.’”
+
+The following is from _Lloyd’s News_, May 12, 1918, under the heading of
+“Back from the dead”:
+
+    Three years ago a Twickenham resident, Mrs. Maunders, received
+    official news from the War Office that her husband, one of “The
+    Old Contemptibles,” had been killed in action.
+
+    Thrown on her own resources, and having a small family to keep,
+    she struggled on, and a very good offer of marriage came along
+    and was accepted. A few days before the wedding a letter came
+    from the supposed dead husband, stating that he was badly
+    wounded and left for dead on the battlefield, but was found by
+    the enemy and nursed back to health.
+
+The following is from a private letter: “I am happy to be able to tell
+you that through the German Flying Corps dropping a message, we heard of
+[my son’s] safety early in July. He writes to us and appears to be well
+and comfortable.... He was shot through the neck. He has happily quite
+recovered after being about four weeks in hospital. He has spoken only
+of kindness and attention from doctors and nurses.”
+
+Again: “As you have probably heard by now, I am a wounded prisoner of
+war.... I myself got my shoulder rather badly smashed up by a machine
+gun which knocked me out, and I lay in a shell hole for about ten hours
+while our guns strafed like hell and I expected every moment to be blown
+to bits. However, I at last managed to crawl up and stagger along, and
+as I was in German lines, ran into a lot of Germans. They were awfully
+kind to me, gave me food and drink and bound up my wound, and then sent
+me along to the dressing station. I am at present in hospital in
+Belgium and expect to go to Germany almost directly. My address at the
+back will find me.” What follows from the same correspondent has some
+bearing on the feeding in hospitals. “You mentioned in your last letter
+whether you could send me anything. Well, dear old chap, if you are
+feeling an angel, plenty of good plain chocolate and other delicacies
+would be awfully welcome, also some Gold Flake cigarettes.” It was only
+“delicacies,” it will be observed, that were asked for. This was in the
+middle of 1917.
+
+The next extract is from _Common Sense_, July 13, 1918:
+
+“The following experience of an Ullet Road boy, Private Arthur Bibby
+(6th S.W.B.), who is now recovering from a severe wound, is recorded in
+the Ullet Road Church _Calendar_ for July:
+
+    The part of the line in which Private Bibby was placed was
+    subjected to a heavy bombardment, after which the enemy
+    delivered an attack. The order to retire was given “and our
+    section made for a road which led into a village, but about a
+    hundred yards up the road I received a bullet wound which passed
+    under the shoulder-blade and pierced a portion of the lung.”
+
+“Private Bibby was forced to lie down by the side of the road, and
+shortly afterwards an advance party of the Germans came along delivering
+their attack. The first wave swept past, but of those who followed one
+stopped to give Private Bibby a cigarette, another took off his wounded
+foe’s equipment and made it into a pillow for his head, and put his
+water-bottle within reach, while a third made a pad out of his field
+dressing with which he staunched the wound. As he turned and followed
+his comrades, he assured his patient that the Red Cross would come soon.
+
+“A German Red Cross orderly came up shortly afterwards, and was engaged
+in dressing the wound when the order came for the Germans to retire
+before a British counter-attack. ‘About ten minutes after the last had
+passed down the road our lads, counter-attacking, were creeping up the
+road, and it was not long before the R.A.M.C. lifted me on a stretcher
+and took me to the advanced dressing station.’
+
+“We congratulate Private Bibby on the recovery he is making from a
+severe wound, and are glad that he is able to bear this testimony of
+gratitude to a company of unknown but chivalrous foes.
+
+“It is, of course, well known that the Northcliffe Press refuses to
+print experiences of this kind.”
+
+“Many of our wounded have passed through the same conditions of
+captivity and deliverance. They bear witness to the honourable conduct
+of the German Army doctors (majors). Here, for example, is one of the
+stories that I have heard: ‘I found myself in a ditch after the battle,
+unable to move. A German doctor came by; he gave me bread and coffee and
+promised to come back in the evening if he could, or next day. That
+night and the following day passed without my seeing any one; the time
+seemed long. In the evening he came: ‘I had not forgotten you,’ he said,
+‘but I have had no time.’ He had me carried away and gave me careful
+attention.’” (_La Guerre vue d’une Ambulance_, par L’Abbé Félix Klein,
+Aumonier de l’Ambulance américaine, p. 80.)
+
+The writer continues: “Facts of this nature deserve to be recorded.
+Amidst this setting loose of horrors and hates it would be well to lay
+stress on some of those deeds which are able to soften the soul. This
+morning I see that an article has been passed in one of the most widely
+read French journals recommending that no prisoners should be made in
+forthcoming battles, but that our enemies should be ‘struck down like
+wild beasts,’ ‘butchered like swine’! Nothing, not even the sack of
+Senlis, nothing justifies such outbursts of fury.” The French soldiers,
+M. L’Abbé indicates, confine their denunciations to the Prussian
+regulars and speak well of the reserves. “They are men like us, married
+men, fathers of families, fair-minded.” But for the doctors there is
+often a good word: “Le major allemand est venu, nous a soignés, nous a
+donné du café, du pain.” “Le major nous a soignés et donné de la soupe.”
+There was however, much plundering. The armies which do not plunder are
+indeed _raræ aves_. “The animosity of the English against the enemy,”
+says the Abbé, “is greater even than ours.” “In the evening,” runs one
+narrative, “the soldiers of the 101st put me in the wood where were many
+wounded Frenchmen and a German captain, wounded the day before. He
+suffered, he too, poor man (le pauvre malheureux).” When the Germans
+came, “some looked askance,” but the captain said the Frenchmen had been
+kind, and when the Germans had taken him they came back and attended to
+the French. It was a bad time in the retreat, but French and German
+wounded shared the same fate. (l.c., p. 98.)
+
+
+WHOSE FAULT?
+
+The poor soldiers, obliged to obey orders under penalty of death,
+defending (as they believe) their homes from wanton attack, are surely,
+in the mass, but little to blame. The blame rests elsewhere. A body of
+Russian prisoners was brought into a village in East Prussia. The
+sufferings of the inhabitants during the invasion had made them bitter,
+and from the crowd of onlookers there was a scornful outcry. “At that
+one of the prisoners bent forward, shook his head and said slowly, with
+great, sad eyes, ‘It is not your fault, and it is not mine.’” (Dr.
+Elisabeth Rotten in _Die Staatsbürgerin_.) Looking at it all with fresh
+knowledge, after more than three years of war, I feel that this Russian
+spoke for all the peoples, “It is not your fault, and it is not mine.”
+Meanwhile there still goes on what my wounded friend, writing from Rouen
+described as “this orgy of slaughter, this incredible and criminal
+lunacy.”
+
+
+AN ORDER AGAINST KINDNESS.
+
+A girl who, with others, was attending to the enemy wounded, writes:
+“Doubtless we should have more consolation among our little soldiers,
+since here _we are forbidden to give little kindnesses and attention;_
+but I believe that before the end we shall disobey the order, because we
+put our hearts into our devotion and our pity.” (_La Guerre vue d’une
+Ambulance_, p. 116.) It is a little startling to learn of orders against
+kindness to enemy wounded. In a country one of whose chief newspapers
+advocated slaughter of the enemy like swine, such orders seem unwise.
+They can surely scarcely be made except when we wilfully blind ourselves
+and imagine that our enemies do not share our humanity.
+
+
+OUR COMMON HUMANITY.
+
+Here is a letter found on one of the German dead, a man with “a good
+face, strong and kindly,” so wrote the _Daily Mail_ correspondent. “My
+dearest Heart,” runs the letter, “when the little ones have said their
+prayers and prayed for their dear father, and have gone to bed, I sit
+and think of thee, my love. I think of all the old days when we were
+betrothed, and I think of all our happy married life. Oh! Ludwig,
+beloved of my soul, why should people fight each other? I cannot think
+that God would wish it....”
+
+    Here in this leafy place
+    Quiet he lies;
+    Cold, with his sightless face
+    Turned to the skies;
+    ’Tis but another dead:
+    All you can say is said.
+
+    Carry the body hence;
+    Kings must have slaves;
+    Kings rise to eminence
+    Over men’s graves;
+    So this man’s eyes are dim.
+    Cast the earth over him.
+
+    What was that white you touched,
+    There by his side?
+    Paper his hand had clutched
+    Tight ere he died?
+    Message or wish, maybe?
+    Smooth out its folds and see.
+
+       *       *       *
+
+    Ah! That beside the dead
+    Slumbered the pain!
+    Ah! That the hearts that bled
+    Slept with the slain!
+    That the grief died. But no!
+    Death will not have it so.
+
+These words of Austin Dobson were written of a French sergeant in an
+earlier war, yet they serve equally well for the German soldier in this.
+Strange that we leave it to the dead to prove their brotherhood and
+ours.
+
+Philip Gibbs tells us how in a German dug-out he picked up some letters.
+“They were all written to ‘dear brother Wilhelm,’ from sisters and
+brothers, sending him their loving greetings, praying that his health
+might be good, promising to send him gifts of food and yearning for his
+home-coming.” They were anxious, for here had been no news for some
+time. “Every time the postman comes we hope for a little note from you.”
+Can any generous heart think of that anxious waiting unmoved? Shall we
+children of one Life wait till we have wholly darkened each other’s
+homes, and then call our handiwork peace?
+
+But by that time, by the judgment of God, our eyes will be opened.
+
+    We who are bound by the same grief for ever,
+    When all our sons are dead may talk together,
+    Each asking pardon of the other one,
+        For her dead son.[52]
+
+It is we at home who seem to yield only to this dread proof. With the
+fighters it is often different, as we have seen, and though the stories
+savour of repetition, the repetition is surely worth while. I have aimed
+here at no literary production, but simply at a collection of facts that
+may reach the heart. “We sing,” said a soldier from Baden, “to the
+accompaniment of the piano—especially during the interval for dinner.
+We have indeed entered into a tacit agreement with the French to stop
+all fire between 12 and 1 o’clock, so that they and we might not be
+disturbed when we feed.” (_Zeitung am Mittag_, as quoted in the _Daily
+Chronicle_, November 10, 1914.) “One of our teachers, a lieutenant in
+the R.F.A., who has been out most of the time, had a few days’ leave
+some weeks ago. He said to the school, assembled to do him honour,
+‘Boys, do not believe the stories you read about the Germans in the
+newspapers. Whatever they may have done at the beginning of the war, the
+German is a brave and noble soldier, and after the war we must be
+friends.’” (From a private letter.) A soldier writes that a diary he
+kept was blown to bits by a shell. He gave what remained of it to a
+wounded German who pleaded for it. He had met many German Socialists in
+the fighting. “It is a blessing to meet such men and amid all the
+slaughter brought about by our present system, it seems heaven upon
+earth.” (_Labour Leader_, June 24, 1915.)
+
+
+ARE WE ALWAYS CHIVALROUS?
+
+It will only be making the _amende honorable_ if we do our best now to
+spread reports of good deeds of the enemy, for in the early stages of
+the war we deliberately deleted them from messages, and we have
+certainly done a great deal to conceal them ever since. Writing to the
+_Times_ in October, 1914, Mr. Herbert Corey, the American correspondent,
+said: “The _Times_ leader quotes the _Post_ as charging that I ‘flatly
+made the charge that dispatches had been altered for the purpose of
+hiding the truth and blackening the German character.’ I do not
+recollect this phrase. I did charge that dispatches of German
+atrocities were permitted to go through unaltered, and that sentences in
+other dispatches in which credit was given the Germans for courtesy and
+kindness were deleted. I abide by that statement.”
+
+There have been many angry references to unfair German attempts to
+influence neutral opinion. A letter such as Mr. Corey’s makes me able to
+understand why some neutrals have accused England of the very same
+unfairness. There is other testimony to the same effect. Mr. Edward
+Price Bell, London Correspondent of the _Chicago Daily News_, has, in a
+pamphlet published by Fisher Unwin, indicted the British censorship in
+the following terms:
+
+    I call the censorship chaotic because of the chaos in its
+    administration. I call it political because it has changed or
+    suppressed political cables. I call it discriminatory because
+    there are flagrant instances of its not holding the scales
+    evenly between correspondents and newspapers. I call it
+    unchivalrous because it has been known to elide eulogies of
+    enemy decency and enemy valour. I call it destructive because
+    its function is to destroy; it has no constructive function
+    whatever. I call it in effect anti-British and pro-German
+    because its tendency—one means, of course, its unconscious
+    tendency—often is to elevate the German name for veracity and
+    for courage above the British. I call it ludicrous, because it
+    has censored such matter as Kipling’s “Recessional” and
+    Browning’s poetry. I call it incompetent because one can
+    perceive no sort of collective efficiency in its work. And
+    because of the sum of these things I give it the final
+    descriptive—“incredible.”—_Daily News_, January 7, 1916.
+
+There is no doubt that people often _fear_ to tell of German good deeds.
+An acquaintance of mine told me that his boy got decorated for bringing
+in a badly wounded comrade from near the German trenches. A little
+shamefacedly my informant went on: “I don’t mind telling _you_, but I
+_shouldn’t like it to be known generally here_, that I know the Germans
+act well sometimes. My boy wrote he would have had no chance, but he
+heard the Germans give the order to cease fire.” My informant evidently
+feared the neighbours would call him pro-German if he told this to them,
+but he thought he might venture to tell a pacifist.[53]
+
+One notices this fear sometimes in rather amusing ways. In a railway
+compartment with me were a loud-mouthed patriotic woman “war-worker” and
+a mere soldier back from the front. I’m afraid I got a little at
+loggerheads with the war-worker, who adopted in argument a kind of
+furious grin which revealed a formidable row of teeth that in my
+mind-picture of her have become symbolically almost gigantic. I turned
+for relief to the mere soldier, and while the train was moving we had a
+pleasant dip into soldier philosophy. “I’ve come to the conclusion that
+there’s good and bad everywhere,” he said. “I’ve known bad Germans, and
+I’ve known Germans to look after our wounded as well as a British Tommy
+could look after his chum.” There was more to this effect, but whenever
+the train stopped and our voices became audible to others, we were
+silent. The fear of that row of teeth was, I think in both our hearts,
+and I could see the mere soldier looking timid before them.
+
+Fair play to the enemy’s character is a concession not quite so easy to
+the average Englishman as he supposes. “The Anglo-Saxon race has never
+been remarkable for magnanimity towards a fallen foe.” Just now, when we
+are inclined to be almost afraid of the excess of chivalry which
+possesses us, there may be useful corrective in these words of
+Lieutenant-General Sir William Butler, K.C.B. There has been much
+searching of old history books of late to find out what was said in the
+days of Tacitus against the Germans.[54] (What Tacitus said in their
+favour is not considered.) Perhaps on the other side there are
+investigators searching their history books for ancient opinions of the
+English. “Strike well these English,” said Duke William to his Normans,
+“show no weakness towards these English, for they will have no pity for
+you. Neither the coward for running well, nor the bold man for fighting
+well will be better liked by the English, nor will any be more spared on
+either account.” Butler approved this verdict. We shall not readily
+agree with him. Yet he did not speak without cause: he had known an
+English general kick the dead body of an African King, who “was a
+soldier every inch of him,” and he had known the colonists spit upon an
+African chief brought bound and helpless through Natal. (“Far Out,” p.
+131.) I believe myself there is a great and ready generosity in the
+hearts of the English people, but he must surely be a man invariably on
+the “correct” side who has not more than once come across the official
+Englishman who could be a bully to those in his power.
+
+
+SOME BRITISH OPINIONS.
+
+“I am disgusted by the accounts I see in the papers of the inferiority
+of Germans as soldiers. Don’t believe one word of it. They are quite
+splendid in every way. Their courage, efficiency, organisation,
+equipment and leading are all of the very best, and never surpassed by
+any troops ever raised. They come on in masses against our trenches and
+machine guns, and come time after time, and they are never quiescent,
+but always on the offensive. I am full of admiration for them, and so
+are all who know anything about them. It is a pity that such fine
+soldiers should have behaved so badly in Belgium and here; they have
+behaved badly, there is no doubt about it, but nothing like what is said
+of them—any way in parts I have been through.” These words from a
+General Officer commanding a brigade occur in a letter published in the
+_Times_ of November 19, 1914. Yet these “quite splendid” fighters are
+the men of whom a learned professor appointed by the Government has
+written that they are “rotten to the core.” There is some discrepancy
+here. “They are great workers, these Germans,” wrote Philip Gibbs
+(_Daily Chronicle_, July 5, 1916), “and wonderful soldiers.”
+
+“An officer of the _Sydney_ gave a quite enthusiastic account of the
+officers of the _Emden_. ‘Vitthoef, the torpedo lieutenant, was a
+thoroughly nice fellow. Lieutenant Schal was also a good fellow and half
+English. It quite shook them when they found that the captain had asked
+that there be no cheering on entering Colombo, but we certainly did not
+want cheering with rows of badly wounded men (almost all German) laid
+out in cots on the quarter deck. Captain von Müller is a very fine
+fellow.... The day he was leaving the ship at Colombo, he came up to me
+on the quarter-deck and thanked me in connection with the rescue of the
+wounded, shook hands and saluted, which was very nice and polite of
+him.... Prince Hohenzollern was a decent enough fellow. In fact, we
+seemed to agree that it was our job to knock one another out, but there
+was no malice in it.’ This is the ideal fighting, ‘with no malice in
+it.’ It has been achieved by many English and Germans, and that gives
+hope for the future. Let us make the most, not the least, of what points
+towards a better understanding.... At the beginning of November
+‘Eye-Witness’ records how English prisoners had been sheltered by the
+Germans in cellars to protect them from the bombardment of their own
+side. An Anglo-Indian tells of a wounded havildar who was noticed by a
+German officer. ‘The German officer spoke to him in Hindustani, asking
+him the number of his regiment, and where he came from. He bound up his
+wounds, gave him a drink, and brought him a bundle of straw to support
+his head. This will be remembered to the credit side of our German
+account.’
+
+“A wounded officer addressed some students at one of our universities.
+He protested humorously that he was not a ‘pro-German,’ and then spoke
+up for a fair view of the enemy. When he was being carried into
+hospital, he noticed an anti-aircraft gun just outside the hospital.
+This struck him as, to say the least, unwise. He expected the hospital
+to be shelled, and this occurred. He did not blame the Germans. On
+another occasion a farm near the firing line was used for first aid. It
+was not obviously a hospital and was fired on. The Commanding Officer
+sent a note to Von Kluck to explain matters, and the farm was never
+after exposed to fire.[55] He had seen a church damaged by German shell
+fire, but this was one which he had himself seen used by the French for
+observation purposes.[56] The same officer uttered a warning against
+believing all that was in the ‘Tommies’ letters. At one time when he was
+censoring letters, one passed through his hands from a Tommy only just
+arrived in France, and never in the firing line. He described an immense
+battle in which the English did wonders and he himself had marvellous
+duties to perform. As far as the military situation was concerned the
+letter was quite harmless, so it was allowed to go through. It was
+something like the intelligence to the publication of which the Press
+Bureau ‘does not object.’”[57][58]
+
+In her book, “My War Experiences on Two Continents,” Miss Macnaughten
+writes of the Germans: “Individually, I always like them, and it is
+useless to say I don’t. They are all polite and grateful, and I thought
+to-day, when the prisoners were surrounded by a gaping crowd, that they
+bore themselves very well.” (p. 127). Again, “I found one young German
+with both hands smashed. He was not ill enough to have a bed, of course,
+but sat with his head fallen forward trying to sleep on a chair. I fed
+him with porridge and milk out of a little bowl, and when he had
+finished half of it he said, ‘I won’t have any more. I am afraid there
+will be none for the others.’” (p. 37.) Unfortunately, Miss Macnaughten
+too readily accepted war stories. She writes of “country houses” where
+he heard German prisoners here lived in luxury, “and they say girls are
+allowed to come and play lawn tennis with them.” The humour of this will
+be apparent to any who have visited internment camps. Lawn tennis was,
+however, possible at some camps, both here and in Germany—there were
+seven courts at Ruhleben. Some of the atrocity stories many of us will
+recognise as not so reliable as Miss Macnaughten supposed. It is her
+personal experiences which are important, and, like the Scotchman[59]
+(whom she quotes) she has, not hatred, but respect, for the Germans whom
+she herself meets.
+
+
+THE EASE OF ACCUSATION.
+
+Again and again, everywhere, we find readiness to accept stories against
+the enemy on very slender evidence. At the time of the loss of our three
+cruisers I saw in one of the better newspapers a large heading, “German
+Treachery. Fighting under the Dutch Flag.” I looked down the columns for
+evidence. No mention of such a circumstance in the official report, none
+in the letter from the chief correspondent; but at last I found that
+some one at Harwich had “heard of” such an incident. We must remember
+that only cool and clear intellects are likely at such a time to give
+an accurate account of facts. Between others mutual recrimination may
+readily arise. An officer on H.M.A.S. _Sydney_ wrote after the attack on
+the _Emden_: “It was very interesting talking to some of the German
+officers afterwards. On the first day they were on board one said to me,
+‘You fire on the white flag.’ I at once took the matter up, and the
+torpedo-lieutenant and an engineer (of the _Emden_) both said
+emphatically, ‘No, that is not so; you did not fire on the white flag.’
+But we did not leave it at that. One of us went to the captain, and he
+got from Captain von Müller an assurance that we had done nothing of the
+kind, and that he intended to assemble his officers and tell them so.”
+Note how readily on the other side, amongst those less responsible or
+less cool-headed, a tale may grow up against _us_. Let us observe in
+considering tales against them the same caution that we should wish them
+to exercise in considering tales against us.[60]
+
+
+TROOPS IN OCCUPATION.
+
+Witnesses from Brussels and from Ghent have spoken well of the personal
+behaviour of both soldiers and officers. A neutral correspondent writes
+in the _Times_ of January 28, 1915:
+
+    “On the whole it cannot be said that the behaviour of the German
+    officers and soldiers towards the population of Ghent is bad.
+    When the German troops entered the city, strict injunctions were
+    given them to refrain from pillaging, and to pay for everything
+    they bought in the shops, very much to the disgust of many....”
+
+Mr. Gabriel Mourey has written an account of his custody of the Palais
+de Compiègne during the invasion. The _Times_ review of this book is so
+interesting that I propose to give some extracts from it:
+
+    First the palace served as the general headquarters of the
+    British Army during the last stage of the strategic retreat to
+    the Marne; and in the closing days of August, M. Mourey looked
+    out of his window to see Generals French and Joffre walking up
+    and down the terrace in consultation, while in the park English
+    soldiers were shaving themselves calmly before little pieces of
+    broken mirror. In a night they had left Compiègne, blowing up
+    the Louis XV. bridge (“utterly improved,” and therefore no great
+    loss). On the next day came the Uhlans, by no means so terrible
+    as they had been painted.... Von Kluck was to make his
+    headquarters there for a day, and the first announcement of the
+    doubtful honour was brought by an engineer lieutenant, who came
+    to make a wireless installation on the palace roof. He was very
+    quick, but he found time to inform the conservator that his name
+    was Maurin, that it was a French name. He repeated it many
+    times, “C’est un nom français,” and he was plainly proud of it.
+    Then came Von Kluck himself, asking in polite and excellent
+    French that he might be shown over the palace. Of him M. Mourey
+    draws a by no means unattractive picture, urbane yet reserved,
+    with real admiration for the treasures of the Palace, discreetly
+    murmuring “Je sais” at the close of every explanation, not
+    offensively, but as though some long forgotten memory had
+    returned to him, making his frequent “Kolossal” sound in his
+    conductor’s ears as gently as the continual “Very nice” of the
+    British Officer, and, his visit over, promising that respect
+    should be paid to the monument of Imperial France.
+
+    But Von Kluck could not stay. He was followed by Von Marwitz, no
+    less polite, no less sympathetic to M. Mourey’s natural fears,
+    and generous enough to write and sign a proclamation forbidding
+    his troops to lay their hand upon the palace. He, too, went his
+    way. Von Kluck’s Quartermaster-General seized the opportunity of
+    making a private levy of 5,000f. upon the town before he sped
+    like Gehazi after his master’s chariot. Then ensued the brief
+    reign of lesser men, stupid, brutal, blustering, bullying,
+    insulting, because they feared a civilisation which they could
+    not understand.
+
+I think we know such men, and many privates know such men, elsewhere
+than in the German army. Germany may have cultivated them in greater
+numbers—that is highly probable—but they are rife everywhere, and
+under favourable circumstances they thrive exceedingly.
+
+    Their insolent arrogance culminated in a certain aide-de-camp,
+    who arrived post-haste to say that the Palace must be instantly
+    made ready to receive an Excellence _par excellence_. A man of
+    imagination this aide-de-camp, for when at his command M. Mourey
+    showed him over the palace and pointed out the gaps in the
+    collections made by the soldiers’ pilfery, he said with an
+    all-explanatory air, “But why didn’t you get souvenirs ready for
+    the officers?” The Excellence whom this right Brandenburger
+    heralded was no less than the Kaiser himself, and M. Mourey is
+    convinced that it is to the Imperial intention that the safety
+    of Compiègne is owing. It may be: but we prefer to think that
+    honourable foes such as Von Kluck and Von Marwitz had their
+    share in the unusual consummation.[61]
+
+“The Irish Nuns at Ypres” gives an account of their experiences by a
+member of the Community. In a review (May 27, 1915), the _Times_
+Literary Supplement says:
+
+    For us in England it is hard to realise the feeling of sickening
+    anxiety with which, on October 7, these defenceless ladies
+    witnessed the arrival in Ypres of the devastators of Belgium. On
+    this occasion, apart from a certain amount of looting, the
+    Germans behaved “pretty civilly,” and the Abbey had nothing to
+    complain of but want of bread.
+
+Another French account of the invaders in Northern France is given by
+Gabriele and Margerita Yerta, “Six Women and the Invasion.” Their
+experiences were variable. “It is clear,” writes a reviewer in the
+_Nation_, “that Herr Major, and ‘Barlu,’ and ‘Crafleux’ and the two
+‘model Prussians,’ who replenished the house with coal and provisions,
+and offered the ladies game they had shot, only sinned by their
+over-gallantry. But things changed for the worse with the coming of a
+hundred Death’s Head Hussars and Lieutenant von Bernhausen.... Nothing
+very outrageous is recorded, but there was dragooning, inquisition,
+drunkenness. Bernhausen’s reign lasted two months.” As to outrages on
+women, Madame Yerta writes: “To be sure there were rapes, but, thanks be
+to God, these were few, and they took place at the beginning of the
+invasion.... I must confess that many a woman was the victim of her own
+imprudence.” The book is, naturally, fiercely anti-German, its facts
+are, however, those of any war story.
+
+Again, “On the whole the Germans behaved well at St. Quentin. Their rule
+was stern but just, and although the civil population had been put on
+rations of black bread, they got enough, and it was not, after all, so
+bad.” This testimony is the more noteworthy because, “as one of the most
+important bases of the German Army in France the town was continually
+filled with troops of every regiment, who stayed a little while and then
+passed on.” (Philip Gibbs, “The Soul of the War,” p. 152.) It is a
+little startling to read some more that Mr. Gibbs has to say.
+French-women were ready to sell themselves to German soldiers, and “such
+outrageous scenes took place that the German order to close some of the
+cafés was hailed as a boon by the decent citizens, who saw the women
+expelled by order of the German commandant with enormous thankfulness.”
+I am not so surprised at this now as when I first read it. An English
+soldier has since told me that the “silliness” (as he called it) of
+women for soldiers leads them, in more cases than he could have
+imagined, to bestow themselves on either friend or enemy. Women with
+child had said to him quite proudly that it was by a German soldier!
+
+From a private letter: “One of the party is a French officer who tells
+the tale. After the Marne retreat he was crossing over the territory
+evacuated by the Germans, and made inquiry of the villagers who had
+housed the enemy, how they had been treated, what barbarities had been
+committed, and so forth. The villagers were surprised. The Germans had
+behaved like gentlemen, had paid for what they used, and had treated
+them with perfect courtesy. What, no looting? On the contrary, the
+German officer had a soldier shot for a very small act of pillage....
+‘We’re soldiers, not robbers,’ he said.” I cannot vouch for this story,
+but it gives just the same impression as the account given by Dr.
+Scarlett-Synge (see pp. 149ff). It is also remarkably similar to
+experiences recounted by C. A. Winn (Baron Headley) who was with the
+Prussians in 1870. (“What I saw of the War,” p. 44.) When he himself had
+taken some vegetables from a garden, he was told by his officer friends
+that any sort of pillage was the “greatest offence a friend of the
+Prussians could be guilty of.” And Mr. Winn speaks of “the many
+instances of the remarkable efforts of the authorities of the Prussian
+army to prevent plunders by their soldiers.” It must be remembered that
+deliberate destruction for military reasons, or as punishment (carried
+out by all armies) is very different from theft. I do not for a moment
+suppose that this standard is always reached by the German armies. That
+it has often been aimed at is something to remember.
+
+I may add here a rather interesting quotation from Colonel F. N. Maude’s
+book, “War and the World’s Life.” On page 11 he writes: “I do not
+suggest that life in the Prussian army has at any time been ideal, but I
+do assert, from personal knowledge, that relatively to their respective
+stages of civilisation the treatment of the Prussian soldier, since
+1815, has at all times been fairer and more humane than in any other
+army. The fact is proved by the very high standard of discipline
+maintained, together with the extraordinary absence of military crime
+which has so long distinguished it.”
+
+I am reminded, too, of one of the first experiences of a friend of mine
+in France. He reached a village through which the Uhlans had passed. Had
+the inhabitants any complaints of their behaviour? None whatever.[62]
+Their only indignation was directed against some English soldiers who
+(if their story be correct) had behaved abominably. It was a curious
+shock of reality for my friend. He realised that sometimes the enemy
+might behave well, and sometimes bad stories of English soldiers might
+be circulated (even amongst Allies). I am quite sure that no soldiers in
+the world would, in general, have more natural humanity than the
+British, and perhaps none would have as much. I contend only against the
+belief that one side is impeccable, and the other hopelessly barbarian.
+
+
+FROM THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW; A COMMON MEMORIAL.
+
+Here are a few extracts from the _International Review_, a periodical
+published at Zürich, and with co-operators in Russia, Denmark, Germany,
+Austria, Italy, America, Great Britain. “The yearning of human beings
+towards mutual understanding needs to-day a new organ for its
+expression.” Hence this review—a review naturally pronounced pro-German
+by our Junker Press, since it presents, amongst other things, moderate
+statements of the German standpoint. The only internationalism which
+this Press can recognise is one that is exclusively English. So exactly,
+_mutatis mutandis_, do German and English chauvinism coincide. The
+extracts which follow are taken from the first number of the review.
+“Under the title, ‘German-French Chivalry,’ the _Volksstimme_, of
+Frankfurt a.M. (June 19, 1915), describes the dedication of a memorial
+to three thousand dead at Sedan on June 12. The leaders of the German
+army were present, and the French authorities officially shared in the
+proceedings. The short inscriptions on the simple monuments are in both
+French and German. They refer alike to the seventeen hundred French and
+the thirteen hundred Germans who fell on August 27 during the battle on
+the heights of Noyers.”
+
+
+A STORY FROM FRANCE.
+
+From _L’Action Française_, Paris (June 12, 1915), is cited a description
+of the poignancy of war, of which the following is a translation:
+
+    There had been a fierce fight in front of a fortress. Many dead
+    lay on the ground, and a few wounded who were dying. In the
+    night we heard weak cries, ‘Kamerad, Kamerad!’ We answered,
+    thinking it was a German who wished to give himself up. The
+    cries were repeated. We thought of treachery, and each took his
+    stand in readiness. Suddenly, there came in pure French:
+    ‘Camerades Français!’ ‘What is it?’ ‘A wounded man lies near
+    you.’ ‘No.’ ‘Yes, in front of the trench.’ ‘We have just made a
+    round, and found only dead.’ ‘Yes, but there _is_ a wounded man
+    there who is calling. Can you not look for him?’ ‘No.’ And then
+    in the silence we hear again, ‘Kamerad, Kamerad!’ The German
+    officer speaks again, very politely: ‘French comrades, may we go
+    to look for the wounded man?’ An inflexible ‘No’ is the answer.
+    Is not some trick concealed under his apparent humanity and his
+    persistence? ‘Well, then,’ calls the German again, ‘go yourself
+    and look; we shall not shoot.’ Can we trust a German’s word,
+    after all that they have done? But there is no long delay. A man
+    from Lille springs forward: ‘All right, I will go to fetch him,’
+    he says. ‘I will go with him,’ I say to the Lieutenant. The
+    leader of my squadron brings some others. The wounded man calls:
+    ‘Kamerad! Do not kill me!’ We reassure him as to our intentions,
+    and as he has a shattered hip we carry him to our lines, and on
+    the way in spite of his suffering, he keeps on repeating with
+    every kind of modulation, ‘Good comrade.’ He was a young man,
+    scarcely eighteen years old, of the 205th Infantry.
+
+    I call to the enemy trenches: ‘We have brought in one wounded
+    man, are there any others there?’ ‘Yes. 20 metres further to the
+    right.’ We look round. ‘There are none there, only dead.’ ‘Wait,
+    we will give you some light.’ A few words in German which we
+    cannot understand. Will they simply shoot us down? Suddenly two
+    splendid rockets go up: we can see as if it were midday. We are
+    half a dozen marines and are standing twenty metres from the
+    German trenches. On the other side of the wire entanglements an
+    officer and men, behind the breastwork pointed helmets and caps.
+    All remains quiet. We look round carefully. ‘Nothing. There are
+    only corpses here. We are going back, you go back, too.’ ‘Merci,
+    camerades français!’ calls the officer, and his men repeat the
+    greeting of their superior. As soon as we are behind our
+    breastwork our Lieutenant gives a command loud enough to be
+    heard at sixty metres. ‘In the air—Fire!’ From over there once
+    more, ‘Thank you, comrades,’ as answer to our salvo, and all
+    falls back once more into the silence of the night; the work of
+    death can go on again. But for this one night not a shot was
+    heard around us.
+
+How much sanity is there in a world that sets such men to kill each
+other, and eggs them on to hate?
+
+
+GERMAN HELP OF “ALIEN ENEMIES.”
+
+In Germany (as already mentioned in Chap. IV.) is a ‘Committee for
+advice and help to natives and foreigners in State and international
+affairs.’ It deals with those of all nationalities, and one branch of it
+corresponds in many ways to the similar Emergency Committee in England
+for assistance of Germans, Austrians and Hungarians in distress.
+
+What, however, is most striking is the number of cases of individual
+kindness shown by Germans to “alien enemies.” The minds of many might be
+cleared on this subject if they would read a charming and unpretentious
+little book, “An English Girl’s Adventures in Hostile Germany,” by Mary
+Littlefair, published by John Long, Ltd. The authoress saw and heard
+absurd Press charges on the other side, and something, too, of the
+irrational hatred of war-time, but the little book is a record of almost
+nothing but kindness, and gives fresh hope to those who had begun to
+despair of human nature.[63] Here are two cases of singular beauty from
+Nauheim. A postman “happened to know of a poor English lady whose funds
+had come to an end, and who had in consequence offered to wash up the
+crockery at her pension in return for her board and lodging, and he told
+her one morning that he had forty pounds saved up which she should have,
+and welcome, if she was in need.” The case of the bath-chair woman was
+not less touching and generous, for she and her husband, a
+crossing-sweeper, also put their savings at the disposal of an invalid
+lady his wife used to wheel out every day, telling her that, though
+their cottage was only small, they did possess a tiny spare room, and
+they would be so glad if she would come to them as their honoured guest,
+supposing—as at present seemed likely—the English would have to spend
+the winter in Nauheim; they would indeed do their best to make her happy
+and comfortable.[64]
+
+On more than one occasion in the railway trains the “enemy” character of
+Miss Littlefair and those who were with her was revealed, but no
+unkindness was shown. The last occasion was in October, 1914. “‘Shall
+you have to travel farther, or does your journey end in Munich,’ ‘No,’ I
+said, ‘we hope to go on to Switzerland to-morrow.’ ‘O, how delightful!
+You are lucky. It is such a beautiful country. Tell me, are you
+foreigners by any chance—American, or perhaps English?’ she queried.
+‘English,’ I replied. The truth was out, and I looked to see a change of
+feeling reflected in her pleasant, winsome face; but her expression
+remained as kind and as interested as before, and her manner as cordial,
+so I told her more about ourselves, as there was no longer any need of
+reserve, and she had told me so much of their affairs.” There was, of
+course, the usual patriotic bias, but it was expressed with real good
+feeling. “‘Of course, we don’t hold the English people personally
+responsible for the war,’ she said, ‘but we think that England[65] has
+behaved very shabbily. It is very grieving, though, that the two
+countries should be at war.’ She had two or three English friends, and
+told me about them till our arrival in Munich, where our confidences
+were necessarily cut short, and we took an affectionate leave of one
+another.” (p. 123.)
+
+The following incident also shows simple folk made clear-sighted by
+kindness of heart: “On another occasion Christine and one of the ladies
+in our hotel went into a shop to buy some beautiful lace which was being
+sold at half-price. ‘We have to sell it cheaply because of the war,’
+explained the assistant: ‘ach! it is terrible! We never wanted this war,
+and I am sure you did not either. You and I are not enemies, it is
+ridiculous. Let us shake hands to show we are friends. Yes!’ And they
+did.”[66] Good! That handshake, let us hope, will outweigh many a
+hysterical outburst on both sides.
+
+An English schoolmaster was, with his wife and family, in Germany at the
+outbreak of war. He testifies to the quite wonderful kindness he
+received. Almost daily he was taken by his hosts to other houses, and at
+the _Kaffeeklatsch_ which ensued there was never anything but a finely
+chivalrous courtesy. So grateful did the schoolmaster feel that (just as
+with Germans befriended here) he felt he must make some sort of return
+to the “enemy.” He explained the situation, and obtained permission to
+take two interned enemy nationals into his house. They in their turn
+felt that movement of gratitude which the preachers of hate refuse to
+believe in. They wanted to make some return to the schoolmaster, for
+schoolmasters are usually poor men. “If you do that,” he said, “I shall
+feel I am doing nothing.” There was a dispute of kindness, and in the
+end a _modus vivendi_ of gratitude was arrived at. How strange the
+methods of force seem by comparison. The two men are now interned once
+more—surely a sorry end to a story of such fine humanity.
+
+From Mrs. K. Warmington: “There are two little instances that stand out
+in my mind very clearly, and I think speak for themselves. The first
+relates to an English lady, her husband, and her son, with whom I made
+acquaintance at the English Consul’s office. Later on I met the same
+lady at the American Consul’s office; she was in deep distress, as her
+husband and son had been arrested and put into prison. Through the
+influence of an American that we met at an hotel, we got a permit to go
+and see a military commandant at the barracks to see if anything could
+be done for them. When we arrived, he treated us most courteously, and
+listened patiently to what we had to say. He rang a doctor up on the
+telephone, and, as far as we could make out, told the doctor to examine
+these men, and to pronounce them ill. He then turned to us, and told us
+to return in the afternoon, when he would fetch them in his own
+motor-car, which he did. He also gave us a paper asking the civil
+authorities to do all they could to aid us to get away, shook hands, and
+wished us a safe journey.
+
+“The other instance relates more to myself. We were at Nüremberg,
+Bavaria. We had permission to leave for Lindau, on the borders of Lake
+Constance, on our way to Romanshorn in Switzerland. The journey was a
+rather expensive one for me, as I had very little money, little more
+indeed than a cheque, which was valueless. A young German, who was
+shortly going into the Navy, whom I had known only about a month,
+hearing of my case came to me, and gave me £9 in English gold to enable
+me to travel more comfortably.
+
+“My father was German, my mother English, and my husband English. I was
+in Germany in 1914 from July 26 to August 26. As my son was of military
+age, and I did not want him interned, I got what influence I could to
+get him away. He was finally released at the end of August, and we were
+allowed to go on to Switzerland.”
+
+In the course of 1915 an English born woman returned to her husband in
+Munich. Her sister wrote to me of the extreme kindness with which this
+lady was received by her German friends. Many English wives of interned
+men have gone to Germany to their husband’s families, and one hears the
+same account of extreme kindness. In Offenbach alone there are twenty
+English wives with forty English born children. _Special classes have
+been opened for them._ After all, there are some German methods which
+are worthy of imitation. There seems at times a danger of our imitating
+what is _worst_ in our enemies, partly as a result of a desire to ignore
+what is better.
+
+The letter which follows appeared in the _Times_ of September 2, 1914:
+
+    Sir,—Various rumours are finding their way into the German
+    papers respecting the harsh treatment which certain Germans are
+    said to have received in England. We British subjects who are
+    being kindly and hospitably treated by Germans earnestly hope
+    that these reports are, at any rate, much exaggerated.
+
+    It is well that the British public should understand the
+    position of their fellow countrymen here. At the outbreak of the
+    war British subjects in out-of-the-way places were given safe
+    conducts to suitable centres, such as Baden-Baden, and there
+    allowed to choose places of abode according to their tastes and
+    means. Such restrictions as are put upon their movements are in
+    their own interests. The authorities have exhorted the
+    inhabitants publicly as well as by house to house visitations to
+    treat foreigners with respect and courtesy, taking pride in thus
+    proving their claim to a truly high standard of civilisation,
+    and the people have responded nobly to this appeal. Not only
+    have hotel and pension-keepers done everything in their power to
+    accommodate their visitors, at the most reduced prices, giving
+    credit in many instances, but several cases have come to our
+    notice in which Germans have housed and fed English women and
+    children, who were perfect strangers to them, out of pure
+    humanity and good feeling.
+
+    You, sir, can imagine how galling it must be to these people
+    when they read in their papers of the very different treatment
+    alleged to have been shown to Germans in England, and how
+    painful and humiliating a position is thereby created for us
+    here. England has hitherto enjoyed such a high reputation for
+    chivalry and hospitality that tales to the contrary cause
+    Germans a half incredulous shock. It it not too late for
+    England to prove that she is living up to her old standard and
+    that she refuses to be outdone in magnanimity towards the
+    stranger within her gates....
+
+    (A paragraph follows as to the means by which money can be sent
+    to Britons _via_ neutral countries.)
+
+        (Signed) DOROTHY ACTON (Lady).
+                F. BULLOCK-WEBSTER, M.A., Oxon, Resident Chaplain of
+                  Baden-Baden.
+                WM. MACINTOSH, Dr. Ph., Resident English Chaplain,
+                  Freiburg, i.B.
+
+    Baden-Baden,
+        August 20, 1914.
+
+Some account may be given of a party of 190 Englishwomen and 14 children
+who landed at Queenborough on September 22, 1914. (_Times_, September
+23, 1914.) “... With one accord they spoke in terms of praise, both of
+their treatment in Germany and of the kindness shown to them on the
+journey.... ‘We have received kindness everywhere,’ said one of a party
+from Dantzig. ‘The Germans have been absolutely stunning to us.... I
+have not heard of one English person being molested anywhere in
+Germany.’” The Englishwomen did noble work on their part, especially for
+the fugitives from East Prussia. “One Sunday we fed and clothed 290 who
+had come in without a rag to their backs.”
+
+“I was arrested in Berlin as a Russian spy, because a bomb had been
+found in the house next to mine, and because a woman in the street said
+that she had seen me putting bombs in my hat-box, and that she had seen
+me with a Russian. I did, as a matter of fact, know a Russian student,
+but he was not the man she meant. I was taken to the police station and
+searched twice in the same day. They kept me in prison for two days and
+nights, giving me very bad food, and then they released me because they
+had no real evidence against me. When I came out, strangely enough it
+was German people who gave me hospitality until I was able to leave
+Berlin.”
+
+Again, “The German women are crazy over our Scottish troops and their
+kilts. Some of them used to go out and give the prisoners cigarettes,
+chocolates and flowers, but that has been forbidden now.”
+
+A party of 178 who landed at Folkestone had varying stories to tell.
+“Nothing could possibly be better than the treatment we have received,”
+said one, “everybody—official, police and public—treated us with the
+greatest kindness and the utmost courtesy.” “The Germans are brutes,
+absolute brutes,” said another. Probably a third, who described both
+statements as exaggerations, came nearer the average truth. One of this
+same party described the kilts referred to above as causing matronly
+indignation in Berlin.[67]
+
+In the _Times_ of September 24, 1914, appeared a letter on the subject
+of English exiles in Berlin:
+
+    I have read with interest and approval the statements of
+    Englishwomen who have returned from Germany, as reported in the
+    _Times_ to-day, with regard to the conduct of the German people.
+    As one of the party which arrived at Queensborough by the
+    special boat, I wish publicly to express my warm appreciation
+    not only of the considerate treatment which the people of Berlin
+    showed towards English people there, but particularly to the
+    splendid services rendered to us by the American Embassy, which
+    made all the arrangements for our return, and by the Consular
+    and municipal authorities in Holland, who supplied us with food
+    during our journey through that country.
+
+    May I add that I went about in Berlin as freely as I can now in
+    London, and that at no time since the outbreak of the war have I
+    seen a single British subject molested.
+
+                                 (Signed) L. TYRWHITT DRAKE.
+
+    Ladies’ Imperial Club,
+        September 23.
+
+Here also is a fact that should give us pause. In a prisoner camp at
+Frankfurt a-Oder is a large building erected as a place of entertainment
+and general meeting hall. It is used by Russian prisoners, and _a
+considerable contribution towards its erection was collected by
+house-to-house visitation in Frankfurt._ To appreciate this fact at its
+true significance we must remember that Germany suffered from direct
+invasion by Russia immediately on the outbreak of the war, and that all
+the stories of atrocities and devastation that we heard of Belgium were
+also told of East Prussia.
+
+“An old friend of our family,” a correspondent writes, “has been
+residing in Bavaria over forty years. He is an artist, and married a
+Bavarian lady. His eldest son is a doctor in London, and two of his
+daughters are married in London, but the father has no difficulty in
+getting permits to paint in the Austrian and German mountains, and still
+finds a sale for his pictures in Germany.”
+
+Forty years is, I know, a long time, but not by any means always
+sufficient to prevent persecution in the present war. On my writing
+table is a little ivory elephant. It was carved by a German who had been
+forty years in the service of one British firm. He was dismissed (a man
+over seventy) because of the war. This is not a unique case. “N.S.,
+clock-maker, who had been here thirty-nine years, and P.W., baker, fifty
+years. (He had two sons at the front, and ‘the longer he thought the
+more the number of his English grandchildren grew.’)” (See the Third
+Report of the Emergency Committee for these and other cases).
+
+I do not in the least wish to suggest that there has been little
+kindness on this side and much on the other. I am simply trying to
+restore the balance. So far (as is usual in war-time) the game of hatred
+has been played with loaded dice. Let us welcome kindness everywhere.
+Here, then, is a different kind of story from one of the Friends’
+reports:
+
+    A young man, smart and erect three months ago when he was in
+    employment, intelligent, speaks and writes four languages, with
+    excellent references, now but a sad wreck, wants to go to South
+    Africa, where he has friends, but, alas! the permit is
+    refused—has written abroad to his father, who is in a good
+    position, for money, but it takes so long to get a reply. His
+    English landlady, though poor, “has been so kind,” he had his
+    last dinner three days ago from her. We give temporary help, but
+    if this money does not come before January 1 he will have to go
+    into camp. Quite willing to do so, “but can we not give his poor
+    landlady something?”
+
+The kind landladies and other kind hearts exist, thank God, on both
+sides.[68] To enquire on which side there are most would (even if we
+could do so without bias) probably be profitless. The important point is
+that the kind hearts on the other side are there, and that a brotherhood
+of blessing will help the world more than a brotherhood of revenge—if,
+indeed, this last could be any brotherhood at all.
+
+Miss G. H. writes: “I am particularly anxious to do something for
+interned Germans. For four months of the war I was in Germany with my
+mother, sister, nephew and niece, and we were all most kindly treated
+and helped in every possible way both by friends, by my lawyer, my
+banker and the neighbouring peasants. Also by all the guards and waiters
+along our journey on November 21. Friends, peasants, and my lawyer are
+still looking after my property in Germany, and I have left everything
+in the hands of a neighbouring peasant, who sends me accounts of it. I
+would like to be able to do some kind acts here in return, and for the
+furtherance of better relationships later on.” Yet it can never be
+pleasant to be in an “enemy” country. Miss H. writes further: “In spite
+of having such unspeakable sympathy, really understanding sympathy,
+shown me by not only friends, but the common people—though I hardly
+like using this term, as no one with so much fellow feeling could really
+be termed common—in spite of this kindness, I know so well how one can
+suffer. Over there _we_ are looked upon in the same way that Germans are
+looked upon here, as quite outside the pale of common morality. Fully
+realising what this must mean for me, these kindly Germans would go off
+into a day dream of wonderment as to how _they_ might feel in a similar
+plight, and one ended up with the reflection, ‘Ja, es ist halt jetzt die
+Zeit der Märtyrer’ (it is indeed the time of the martyrs once more).”
+Surely there is something strangely poignant about the convinced and
+steadfast martyrdom and self-sacrifice of both sides. Surely the peoples
+who can thus offer themselves in destroying each other must both have
+noble gifts to give together one day in a nobler cause.
+
+The following is from the _Nation_ (Jan. 19, 1918):
+
+    A clergyman sends me the following. I think it best to publish
+    the story as it stands:—
+
+    “Some years before the outbreak of war there lived in a certain
+    German town, now frequently raided by air squadrons, an old
+    Englishwoman. She was a semi-invalid; difficult and
+    cantankerous. Subject to illusions, she imagined that the good
+    nuns, who received her as an unremunerative paying guest, were
+    in league against her mangy, but beloved dog. Yet both she and
+    her dog continued to receive the half-humorous tolerance of
+    their benefactors.
+
+    “Then came the 4th of August, 1914, and Miss X. passed into the
+    mists of war.
+
+    “A year later she emerged from the mists.
+
+    “A letter came, forwarded through a neutral in Switzerland; but
+    the letter was not from the pen of Miss X. It had been dictated.
+    Briefly, it said: ‘I am bed-ridden and almost blind. I have
+    hardly anything to live upon; and the Germans will not let me
+    go.’
+
+    “Certain details were added which clearly established identity
+    to the recipient of the letter. There followed, on the same
+    sheet of paper, and in the same handwriting, a postscript: ‘Sir,
+    I have taken this poor Englishwoman into my house. How can she
+    live on 10 marks a month?
+
+                                        Yours, Fräulein ...’
+
+    “Intervened the British Foreign Office and the American
+    Embassy. Then came another letter: ‘Sir, your efforts have not
+    been in vain....
+
+                                               Fräulein ...’
+
+    “But that is not the end of this incident of war. ‘Hate.’ had
+    still its ‘uses.’
+
+    “‘Sir. I thank you for your good letter and your very kind
+    question. All is paid, hospital and funeral. There were 30 marks
+    left to have the grave a little arranged.
+
+                                              Fräulein ...’”
+
+    My correspondent adds the following comment: “I was an enemy,
+    and ye took me in.”
+
+In Vienna newspapers there were in 1915 many advertisements in which
+French, English, and Russian natives offer their services as teachers,
+thus:
+
+    London Lady (Diploma) gives lessons.—L. Balman, VI Bez.
+    Gumpendorferstrasse 5, Th. 14.
+
+    Frenchman and Frenchwoman give instruction in French.—VIII,
+    Lerchengasse 10.
+
+    An Irishwoman, brought up in England, gives lessons.—Letters to
+    Miss Morris.
+
+Such advertisements, we learn from the _International Review_ of July,
+1915, appear daily in Vienna.
+
+From _Die Hilfe_, June 22, 1915: “in a weekly concert in Noyon the
+collaborators were Prof. Rivière, Sergeant Bonhoff, and Director Günzel.
+The performance of the Frenchman from an organ composition of his own
+was most effective.” There are, of course, also exhibitions of
+narrow-mindedness. In Halle the police forbade a performance because one
+of those who took part was an “enemy alien.” (_Vorwärts_, June 1, 1915.)
+On the other hand, when some Italian musicians complained of unjust
+dismissal, the court awarded them damages of 700 marks. The
+_Volksstimme_, of Frankfurt a.M., June 8, 1915, writing of Italy,
+deprecates any hatred of Italians. As soon as the responsible
+authorities had decided on war, obedience was the duty of each Italian
+citizen, just as of each German.[69] This outspoken deference to
+“responsible authority” is characteristically German, but the doctrine
+is here applied with great fairness. Some of our militarists apply it
+less fairly. And, alas, when the Italian _Avanti_ published an article
+“Against the Blunders of International Hate,” the wisdom of the Censor
+caused it to be largely blanked out. The Censors seem to have strict
+orders to keep us hating each other.[70]
+
+
+BROTHERHOOD AGAIN.
+
+And yet—“We picked up scrappily the hint, however, that ‘some of the
+Germans were all right.’” This from an article in the _Times_ on a
+homecomer from the front. With unconscious self-revelation the writer
+adds: “That somehow sounds depressing. One has heard the opposite.” Just
+so, it is disconcerting and depressing to have it suggested that the
+enemy is a man very much like ourselves; it injures our feeling of
+superiority. We “confess” any favourable impression of him as if it were
+a fault of our own. A correspondent of the _Petit Parisien_ tells of the
+capture of a German officer of Hussars, near Arras. “I confess,” he
+says, “that the impression he produced was rather favourable than
+otherwise.” (_Daily Telegraph_, June 11, 1915.)
+
+With others the confession is less reluctant.
+
+    There’s one spot in Ploegsteert Wood that German shells ought
+    never to reach. It’s a grave with a carefully made wooden cross
+    on it, and the lettering says:
+
+    “Here lie two gallant German officers.”
+
+    “That’s rather unexpected,” said a civilian who was with us.
+
+    “But they were brave,” said the major. “The Germans aren’t
+    always so bad. Five officers from my regiment were missing one
+    time, and we never even expected to find their bodies. But when
+    we drove the Germans back we found a grave on which was marked:
+    ‘Here lie five brave English officers.’ We identified them all,
+    and their bodies were taken back to England.”
+
+    We followed another sidewalk and came to a huge mound covered
+    with yellow flowers, which had been planted by the English
+    soldiers. On a neatly made cross at the head of the mound an
+    English soldier had patiently printed the words: “Here lie
+    seventeen German soldiers.”
+
+    There wasn’t an English grave in Ploegsteert Wood that was
+    better tended or more heavily beflowered than these mounds of
+    fallen Germans.—Mr. W. G. SHEPHERD, Special Correspondent of
+    the United Press.
+
+    _Daily News_, June 1, 1915.
+
+
+    If all the episodes of this action were recorded they would make
+    a long as well as a grim narrative revealing the ghastliness,
+    the wild passion, the self-sacrifice, and the cool cunning of
+    such an hour or two of modern war.
+
+    Some of the tales of the men would have been incredible except
+    that I heard them from soldiers who told the truth that lives on
+    the lips of men who have seen very close into the face of death.
+
+    It is, for instance, difficult to believe—yet true—that amidst
+    all this tumult and terror of noise one German prisoner was
+    taken as he sat very calmly in his dug-out reading a book of
+    religious meditations through gold-rimmed spectacles. Perhaps it
+    was the man—I only guess—in whose pocket-book was found a
+    letter to his wife saying, “The position here is hellish, and
+    death is certain. I only pray that it may come soon.”
+
+    _Daily Telegraph_, August 16, 1915.
+
+From Belfort in September came the report: “A German aviator this
+morning flew over Belfort, dropping a wreath on the spot where Pégoud
+was killed. The following inscription was placed on the wreath: ‘To
+Pégoud, who dies a hero. (Signed) His Adversary.’”
+
+The following is from the _Daily News_ of October 9, 1915:
+
+    The parents of a Lance-Corporal in a Highland regiment who was
+    killed in the recent fighting have received particulars about
+    their son’s death from a German lady in Frankfurt-on-Main.
+
+    The lady’s eldest brother was killed last year near Ypres and
+    she knows, she says, how glad they were to receive any details
+    of his death. Another brother, who is an officer in the German
+    army, had written from the front, begging her to inform the dead
+    soldier’s relatives of his fate.
+
+    In her letter the lady says: “Although we are enemies, pain and
+    mourning unite us. So thought my brother, too, for he wrote
+    everything about your son he could find out. I am sure my
+    brother and his comrades did all honour to their enemies.”
+
+The next extract is from the _Nation_ of November 13. 1915:
+
+    Soldiers are not reluctant to speak well of their foes. The
+    officer son of a friend of mine relates that beyond his line of
+    trenches is a German commemoration of a British advance in the
+    shape of a carefully wrought cross, bearing the inscription:
+    “Sacred to the memory of Lieutenants A—— and B—— of the
+    Staffordshire Regiment, who died like heroes.”
+
+From a private letter: “What impresses one most are the graveyards. All
+these are beautifully kept, all the graves have been cared for, and no
+distinction has been drawn between German, English, and French, who lie
+side by side. ‘Hier ruht ein tapferer Engländer, gefallen im Luftkampf’
+(Here lies a brave Englishman, fallen in the air fight), etc., etc.”
+
+The _Daily News_ of March 10, 1919, has the following:
+
+    From a staff sergeant in Germany: “Here, in Germany, an English
+    officer with the ’flu was nursed by his landlady, who, when her
+    patient was better, succumbed to its ravages. Her daughter
+    caught it from the mother, and is now lying at death’s door. But
+    merely ‘Huns,’ I suppose.”
+
+The roll of honour in the chapel at New College, Oxford, includes the
+names of three Germans, and the words of charity: _Pro patria—Memento
+fratres in Christo_.
+
+
+THE WAY OF NEW RUSSIA.
+
+In reprisals of good we may learn something from the new Russia. When
+the German prisoners were set to work Kerensky said, “Prisoners or not,
+they shall be paid at the same rate as other men,” and they were. What
+was the result? Again the movement of gratitude, which is so potent a
+force, if only we would believe it. _The German prisoners presented half
+their wages to the Russian Red Cross._ I have to rely on private
+information for this.
+
+
+THOUGHTS FROM THE OTHER SIDE.
+
+The thoughts of the others are much like our own—that is the difficult
+truth we have to learn. It is a truth that is absolutely essential to
+any peace that is to be more than an armistice of fools.
+
+    The war has produced in the public opinion of the nations a
+    state of mind which formerly would not have been regarded as
+    possible in our age of internationalism and intellectuality.
+    National egotism and the effort to assert one’s own national
+    interests by all and every means are dominating so exclusively
+    each belligerent group that it forms for itself a closed circle
+    of ideas, and under its influence conclusions are drawn which
+    are so contradictory that one is almost inclined to think that
+    logic and common sense have been entirely eliminated from the
+    thinking capacity of the warring nations....
+
+    We Germans, among the others, are subject to this
+    war-suggestion. We do not wish to say, after the manner of the
+    Pharisees, beating their breasts: “We thank Thee, Lord, that we
+    are not like these publicans.” We know that we, too, are
+    prisoners of our circle of ideas, and must remain so, for we,
+    too, are ruled by our national egotism and by our desire to win
+    the war.—_Kölnische Zeitung_, as quoted by the _Daily News_,
+    September 3, 1915.
+
+Ideas imprisoned, narrowed (beschränkt, as the Germans say), become
+putrescent through lack of free air. It is in this putrescence that the
+gospel of hate is bred. Here is a German officer’s protest against the
+infamy of this gospel. It is quoted from the _Kölnische Zeitung_ by Mr.
+A. G. Gardiner in his book, “The War Lords”:
+
+    Perhaps you will be so good as to assist, by the publication of
+    these lines, in freeing our troops from an evil which they feel
+    very strongly. I have on many occasions, when distributing among
+    the men the postal packets, observed among them postcards on
+    which the defeated French, English and Russians were derided in
+    a tasteless fashion. The impression made by these postcards on
+    our men is highly noteworthy. Scarcely anybody is pleased with
+    these postcards; on the contrary, every one expresses his
+    displeasure.
+
+    This is quite natural when one considers the position. We know
+    how victories are won. We also know by what tremendous
+    sacrifices they are obtained. We see with our own eyes the
+    unspeakable misery of the battlefield. We rejoice over our
+    victories, but our joy is damped by the recollection of the sad
+    pictures which we observe almost daily.
+
+    And our enemies have, in an overwhelming majority of cases,
+    truly not deserved to be derided in such a way. Had they not
+    fought bravely we should not have had to register such losses.
+
+    Insipid, therefore, as these postcards are in themselves, their
+    effect here on the battlefields, in face of our dead and
+    wounded, is only calculated to cause disgust. Such postcards are
+    as much out of place on the battlefield as a clown is at a
+    funeral. Perhaps these lines may prove instrumental in
+    decreasing the number of such postcards sent to our troops.
+
+Personally, I believe this to express the soul of the real Germany and
+the soul of the real England. The soul of any people is the _best_ that
+is in it.
+
+The following is from a lecture delivered by Prof. H. Gomperz in Vienna,
+early in 1915:
+
+    “Ladies and gentlemen, in our day all sorts of speakers and
+    writers feel called upon to preach to us the doctrine of hate,
+    in prose and even in verse, more especially against one of the
+    countries opposing us. I do them the honour of assuming that
+    even they do not mean that we are to translate this feeling into
+    action; rather, even they do not dream of doing the slightest
+    harm to any individual Englishman in so far as it is not
+    necessary or inevitable for the purposes of victory. What then
+    does this preaching of hatred mean, if indeed it means anything
+    at all, and is not the mere empty clamour of some people anxious
+    to attract attention without rendering useful service? Do they
+    mean us to nurse and cherish the feeling of hate? Truly a
+    strange demand after nearly two thousand years of training in
+    the teaching of the gospel! And besides, whom are we to hate?
+    The individual doing his duty in the service of his country,
+    just as we are? Or the responsible governors of the destinies of
+    that country, and the irresponsible leaders of its public
+    opinion?” Hatred of the individual serving his country and
+    governed by others Prof. Gomperz does not stop to discuss. It
+    can obviously be the product only of what with etymological
+    correctness we may term _insanity_. The governors and leaders
+    imagined an irreconcilable antagonism. If they were right their
+    case is justified; if they are wrong we must no more hate them
+    than we should hate a patient suffering temporarily from
+    delusion.—_International Review_, August, 1915.
+
+Magnus Schwantje spoke very plainly at a meeting of the Schopenhauer
+Society at Düsseldorf in June, 1915. He allows that the state has a
+right to wage a war of defence, but _not to force anyone to serve in the
+army_. Schopenhauer, he tells us, “esteems sympathy with all that lives
+and suffers more highly than love for the Fatherland.... During a war a
+noble man desires such an issue as may be most beneficial to the whole
+world.... With all our readiness to recognise the merit of patriotic
+self-denial, we, the admirers of Schopenhauer, have to warn our
+compatriots, especially during a war, of the danger of patriotism
+degenerating into injustice, or even hatred and malicious joy at the
+misfortune of other nations.... Not one of the European peoples can be
+suppressed without heavy loss to the whole world, and not one has the
+right to force its special character on the others.” (_International
+Review_, September, 1915.)
+
+
+WAR LITERATURE.
+
+It is the elderly gentlemen on both sides who exude vitriol. It is a
+pity that they are so much in evidence. But even some of them retain
+their sanity. The following is from the _Cambridge Magazine_ of May 15,
+1915:
+
+    Those who, at the beginning of the war, were induced by the
+    Press to wonder whether any elderly German professor had
+    retained his mental equilibrium will now be disposed to wonder
+    whether the proportion of serious cases is after all larger
+    there than here. At any rate the Schopenhauer Society is a very
+    important learned body, and Prof. Deussen, of Kiel, is one of
+    the most distinguished of German scholars. And this is how he
+    writes in the fourth year book of the Schopenhauer
+    Society—apparently in terms of contempt for a loquacious
+    minority (the translation is taken from the April number of the
+    _Open Court_, and the italics are ours, especially the
+    concluding shot at the Lady Patriot):
+
+    “‘Not to my contemporaries,’ says Schopenhauer, ‘not to my
+    countrymen, but to humanity do I commit my work which is now
+    completed, in the confidence that it will not be without value
+    to the race. Science, and more than every other science,
+    philosophy is international.’ ... Foolish, very foolish,
+    therefore is the conduct of _certain German professors_ who have
+    renounced their foreign honours and titles. And what shall we
+    say of a member of our society who demanded that citizens of
+    those states which are at war with us should be excluded from
+    the Schopenhauer Society, and who, when it was pointed out that
+    our foreign members certainly condemned this infamous war as
+    much as we Germans, protested that she could not belong to an
+    association in which Frenchmen, Englishmen and Russians took
+    part, and announced her withdrawal from our society, indeed,
+    even published her brave resolution in the columns of a local
+    paper in her provincial town. _We shall not shed any tears_ for
+    her having gone.”[71]
+
+Romain Rolland bears out the idea that “in all countries the extremest
+views have been expressed by writers already past middle age.” So it is
+in Germany, Rolland tells us. Dehmel, the enemy of war, has enlisted at
+51; Gerhart Hauptmann, “the poet of brotherly love,” cries out for
+slaughter. But Fritz von Unruh has, from the battlefield, written “Das
+Lamm”: “Lamb of God, I have seen Thy look of suffering; lead us back to
+the heaven of love.” Rudolf Leonhard, who was caught up in the storm,
+wrote afterwards on the front page of his poems: “These were written
+during the madness of the first weeks. That madness has spent itself,
+and only our strength is left. We shall again win control over ourselves
+and love one another.”
+
+    “Menschen in Not ...
+    Brüder dir tot ...
+    Krieg ist im Land ...”
+
+No “glory” of war is in these simple, poignant words of Ludwig
+Marck—simply a dire evil that we have not the sanity to avoid. “Whether
+you gaze trembling into the eyes of the beloved, or mark down your enemy
+with pitiless glance, think of the eye that will grow dim, of the
+failing breath, the parched lips and clenched hands, the final solitude,
+and the brow that grows moist in the last pangs.... Be kind....
+Tenderness is wisdom. Kindness is reason.... We are strangers all upon
+this earth, and die but to be reunited.” Thus Franz Werfel. Since these
+words cannot be called barbaric, they will perhaps be called
+sentimental. It is true that to those of us who have loved our comrades,
+of whatever nation, the sentiment of brotherhood does just now make a
+somewhat tragic appeal. If that appeal, in these days of decimated
+ideals, be at times strained and feverish, it scarcely lies in the
+mouths of the apostles of hate to deride us. The sentimentality of
+hatred is uglier and more fatuous than the sentimentality of
+brotherhood.
+
+Hermann Hesse is living at Berne. He has implored the writers of all
+nations not to join with their pens in destroying the future of Europe.
+From a poem of later date come these words: “All possessed it, but no
+one prized it. Like a cool spring it has refreshed us all. What a sound
+the word peace has for us now. Distant it sounds, and fearful, and heavy
+with tears. No one knows or can name the day for which all sigh with
+such longing.”
+
+Do not let us forget that almost everything that is most militarist is
+_old_. It is only the old who affect still to glory in war—the old
+newspapers, the old reviews, the old statesmen, and some, perhaps, of
+the old soldiers—it is to what is newest, youngest, most creative, most
+living that we look not in vain for an unshaken belief in brotherhood,
+for a clear acknowledgment that any other belief would throw us back
+into the ape and tiger struggle of world beginnings, but with the ape
+ten thousand times more cunning and the tiger ten thousand times more
+cruel. To some German publications the war is a stupid eruption of
+barbarism into a workshop where work was being done. _Die Aktion_ scoffs
+mercilessly at the Chauvinists and at Lissauer with his Hymn of
+Hate.[72] Even Lissauer, be it remarked, has published his repentance,
+and, personally, I respect him for it. The man who can say that he spoke
+too strongly is always worth knowing. The man who insists elaborately on
+his consistency (as the politicians do) is usually singularly devoid of
+any appreciation of truth. _Die Aktion_ (1915) goes on steadily with its
+appreciation of French artists, as if no war were in progress. There may
+be some affectation in this attitude, but it is to be preferred, I
+think, to the complete ostracism of work of the enemy called for by a
+noisy but, I believe, small section on this side. _Die Weissen Blätter_
+appeared in January, 1915, with the following announcement:
+
+    It seems good to us to begin the work of reconstruction in the
+    midst of the war. The community of Europe is at present
+    apparently destroyed. Is it not the duty of all of us who are
+    not bearing arms to live from to-day onwards according to the
+    dictates of our conscience, as it will be the duty of every
+    German when once the war is over?
+
+Evidently the editor has in his mind a contrast between the dictates of
+conscience and the dictates of officialism. He was born in Alsace, so he
+may well know this contrast. We are learning it here. In the February
+number the _Krieg mit dem Maul_ (war with the mouth) was most vigorously
+condemned:
+
+    If journalists hope to inspire courage by insulting the enemy,
+    they are mistaken—we refuse such stimulants. We dare to
+    maintain our opinion that the humblest volunteer of the enemy,
+    who, from an unreasoned but exalted sentiment of patriotism,
+    fires upon us from an ambush, knowing well what he risks, is
+    much superior to those journalists who profit by the public
+    feeling of the day, and under cover of high-sounding words of
+    patriotism do not fight the enemy, but spit on him.
+
+I am reminded of words used by one of my Swiss friends: “As soon as
+soldiers must get their fighting force from suggestions of puerile
+besmirching of the enemy, then war indeed becomes intolerably base.”
+
+Annette Kolb, daughter of a German father and a French mother, had the
+courage to proclaim openly in a public lecture at Dresden that _she was
+faithful to both sides_, and to express her regret that Germany should
+fail to understand France. After all, German intolerance must have its
+limits for such a bold speech to be possible.
+
+Wilhelm Herzog in the Munich _Forum_ has attacked the intellectual
+fire-eaters, the patriots who insult other peoples and the Chauvinists
+generally. He defends France, the French army and French civilisation,
+against the brilliant novelist, Thomas Mann. Above all does he condemn
+the intellectual babble: “The wrong that these privy councillors and
+professors have done us with their ‘Aufklärungsarbeit’ can hardly be
+measured. They have isolated themselves from humanity by their inability
+to realise the feelings of others.”
+
+Mr. Lowes Dickinson has called attention in the _Hibbert_ of October,
+1915, to a pamphlet by Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Förster, entitled
+“Deutschlands Jugend und der Weltkrieg.” The same pamphlet is quoted in
+_The Ethical Movement_ of the same date. Here are some extracts:
+
+    “Hate disorganises, love disciplines. Fill yourselves with
+    deepest sympathy for all who suffer in war, whose hearts are
+    crushed, whose bodies are broken, whose homes are burned ...
+    and win a peace which shall make the recurrence of such things
+    for ever impossible. Such a purification from the passion of
+    hate is often easier on the field than at home. Those who remain
+    behind have an abstract enemy in view. The soldier sees living
+    men who suffer and die like himself.” It will startle the
+    English reader to find Dr. Förster pleading earnestly that the
+    English soldier is not responsible for the ways of his
+    government or of his leaders. The Germans are to remain true to
+    themselves whatever the others may do. Each side, observe,
+    accuses the other of barbarous methods, and impartiality is
+    impossible. The most that one can expect of the ardent partisan
+    is perhaps that he should, like Dr. Förster, urge those on his
+    side to remain true to their ideals, whatever the enemy may do.
+    “England has given us also the Salvation Army, and invaluable
+    higher points of view for the treatment of Labour questions and
+    social work. She has taught our revolutionary spirits and
+    moderated our party passions. Let us always remember this, and
+    in that remembrance grasp again in the future the proffered
+    hand.” For Dr. Förster it is for this better England that
+    Germany now fights, just as for many an Englishman it is for the
+    better Germany that England is fighting. “And it is better for
+    us to fight for that better England than to rage and spit upon
+    ... Grey and his followers. In sleepless nights kindle the
+    eternal light of Christ in your souls and try to love your
+    enemies. Think of that great William Booth and of all the
+    English greatness and goodness embodied in him; of Florence
+    Nightingale, the heroine and saint, whose pioneer work is still
+    binding up to-day unnumbered wounds; and think of Carlyle,
+    Ruskin, and Toynbee and of those mighty forces of conscience
+    which spoke in their words and gave to us Germans, and will give
+    us yet, so much that is great.”
+
+Again:
+
+    “Christ stands against war and above war. He who loses sight of
+    this truth slays that deep conscience of civilisation which is
+    meant to goad us unceasingly on to allay this fury of war. We
+    know well that if we were Christians there would be no war.”
+    Förster denounces the bawling haters “who must open their mouths
+    42 centimetres wide,” and think that he who does not do it is no
+    patriot.
+
+    “To conquer and silence them must be your first task, young men
+    of the new Germany; you who have been purified by sacrifice and
+    suffering. For what would it profit our people if it gained the
+    whole world and lost its own soul?” May we not, _mutatis
+    mutandis_, take this appeal to heart ourselves?
+
+Again:
+
+    “The essence and foundation of the State is precisely the
+    opposite of power, viz., law, treaty, fellowship between opposed
+    interests, and the whole outer strength of a State rests upon
+    the depth and firmness of these, its inner conditions and links.
+    Therefore the first commandment of life for the State is not to
+    create for itself might but to care for the ethical unity of its
+    members, for the supremacy of the conscience and the sense of
+    law above rude self-interest.”—(Quoted in the _Ethical
+    Movement_, October, 1915.)
+
+Granted that voices such as those of Herzog, Förster, Schücking,
+Schwantje are a minority, it is yet plain that they represent more than
+themselves. The existence of such reviews and utterances implies the
+existence of at least many thousands who have not been deluded by their
+governors. Of those who have been deluded into enmity, but who have
+never dreamed of world dominance, there are, I am convinced, many
+millions. Bernhardi was introduced to Germany by England. There were
+four million Social Democrats. They have defended their country, but
+they have never dreamed of aggression. The time will come to claim the
+help of these men and the many others of the wiser Germany. That wiser
+Germany will yet live to be, not an army of destruction, but an army of
+progress.
+
+Henrietta Thomas, of Baltimore, Maryland, went early in 1915 with a
+message of fellowship from English people to German people. There was
+some surprise, some tendency to view the message as Utopian, but always
+a cordial acknowledgment and a real goodwill. Dr. Siegmund Schulze was
+most heartily in sympathy. “He feels that the ultimate hope of peace
+lies in the increasing use of arbitration.” “One very sweet-spirited
+elderly gentleman in Berlin said that when he prayed things looked
+different—he seemed to see things through God’s eyes—but as a man he
+had to fight.” “At Stuttgart and Frankfurt I found the peace people more
+thoroughgoing in their sentiments.” The secretary of the Stuttgart
+Peace Society said: “The armed peace of Europe is an exploded idea. As
+long as we have armies we shall use them. We must educate the people to
+realise this, and to work for disarmament.”
+
+_Lichtstrahlen_ was originally founded as an independent monthly
+periodical by a Socialist, Julian Borchardt. The periodical was
+unofficial and had a difficult struggle for existence. This was before
+the war. When the war broke out the editor took as strong a line against
+it as the censor allowed. The circulation rose so much that Borchardt
+was able to convert the monthly into a weekly. Rosa Luxembourg and Frank
+Mehring, greatly daring, started the _Internationale_ with the object of
+rebuilding the International Labour and Socialist movement during the
+war. The review was instantly suppressed, but was reprinted afterwards
+at Berne. Among the contributors is the well-known Clara Zetkin. She
+refers enthusiastically to the Christmas message sent by British women
+to the women of Germany and other belligerent countries. (_Labour
+Leader_, June 17, 1915.) Marie Engelmann, of Dresden, has protested with
+equal strength.
+
+
+FROM AN AMERICAN LADY.
+
+The following is an extract from a valuable letter by Madeline G. Doty,
+an American, which appeared in the _Nation_ of June 12, 1915:
+
+    My most revolutionary talk was with a gray-haired mother of
+    grown children, in a secluded corner of a quiet restaurant. A
+    burning flame this woman. Her face stamped with world suffering,
+    her eyes the tragic eyes of a Jane Addams. In a whisper she
+    uttered the great heresy: ‘German salvation lies in Germany’s
+    defeat. If Germany wins when so many of her progressive young
+    men have been slain, the people will be utterly crushed in the
+    grip of the mailed fist.’
+
+    With this companion I discussed the collapse of the Social
+    Democrats in the hour of crisis, the triumph of nationalism
+    over internationalism. She attributes it to military training.
+    During the period of service a man becomes a thing.
+    Automatically, he acquires habits of obedience, is reduced to an
+    unquestioning machine. Mechanically, when the call came, the
+    Social Democrats, with the others, fell into line. But with time
+    has come thought. Also knowledge—knowledge that, in the first
+    instance, Germany’s war was not one of self-defence. But it is
+    too late to rebel. Most of the Social Democrats are at the
+    front. From month to month they have put off protest as unwise.
+    Only Liebknecht has made himself heard. Now he has been caught
+    up in the iron hand, and sent to battle. But women are not bound
+    by the spell of militarism. While the Government rejoiced at the
+    submission of its Socialist men, the women grew active.
+    Organising a party of their own, they fought bravely. Last fall
+    Rosa Luxembourg dashed into the street and addressed a regiment
+    of soldiers. ‘Don’t go to war, don’t shoot your brothers,’ she
+    cried. For this offence she was sent to prison for a year.
+    To-day she lies in solitary confinement. But her suffering only
+    inspires the others. In March 750 women walked to the Reichstag.
+    At the entrance they halted. As the members entered they
+    shouted, ‘We will have no more war; we will have peace.’ Quickly
+    the police dispersed them, and the order went forth that no
+    newspaper should print one word of the protest. Still the women
+    work on. On April 8, an International Socialist Woman’s Congress
+    was held at Berne, Switzerland. Ten nations were represented,
+    including all the belligerents.
+
+    The task of peace propaganda in Germany is gigantic. Neither by
+    letter nor by Press can news be spread. Both are censored. The
+    work must be carried on by spoken word passed from mouth to
+    mouth. The courage of the little band of women I had met was
+    stupendous. Through them I learned to love Germany. So my life
+    in Berlin became a double one. I ate and slept, and was
+    unregenerate in one part of the town, and only really lived when
+    I escaped from respectability and, strange contradiction of
+    terms, became a criminal fighting for peace.
+
+    But wherever I was, one fact grew omnipresent. Germany was
+    magnificently organised. Here lay the country’s power and her
+    weakness. Her power because it made Germany a unit. There were
+    no weak links in the chain. Her weakness, because it robbed her
+    people of individuality, made them cogs in a machine.
+
+“Germany no longer cares whom she hurts,” runs another passage in this
+letter; “like an unloved child at bay she means, to smash and kill. The
+pity of it! Never was there a more generous, soft-hearted, kindly
+people. Germany, the land of the Christmas tree and folk songs, and
+hearthsides and gay childish laughter, turned into a relentless fighting
+machine! But each individual is a cog firmly fixed in the machine, which
+will go ever on as long as the ruling power turns the crank.”[73]
+
+
+TWO SOLDIERS’ LETTERS.
+
+“If I were not firmly convinced that even this war will help to
+establish the Kingdom of God I could hardly endure it. But I believe
+that after passing through this hell humanity will come to itself and
+learn to believe in the reign of human brotherhood.... I cannot tell you
+the moral suffering I go through. These butcheries are utter madness. I
+cannot forget for a moment that our enemies are men, and consequently
+our brothers.” So wrote a young German soldier student quoted by Mr.
+Jerome K. Jerome.
+
+The following letter is from the _Vossische Zeitung_. A soldier’s young
+sister had written asking him to “kill a lot of Russians” and “to gain a
+new victory in order to cheer us up.” “‘Kill a lot of Russians.’ You
+have not seen them lying about—those poor dead, with their singularly
+solemn faces.... You have not seen the battle which preceded, and the
+bad wounds which so many of my friends got in trying to kill a lot of
+them. You do not think of the fact that those dead men had parents,
+brothers, and sisters whom they loved. And you have not seen the
+harrowing destruction of the villages and towns—how the poor,
+hunted-down population is running away, leaving everything they had
+behind them to be consumed by the flames.... And then, remember, we are
+not fighting in order to cheer you up—we are not lying about in the
+open-air day and night, starved and suffering from wounds and
+homesickness, in order that you at home may be cheerful at the tea or
+beer table. We are fighting and bearing this terrible wretchedness in
+order that you may he spared the horrors of war, and that Germany’s
+future may be bright.” That is, I believe, what the enormous majority of
+Germany’s soldiers are fighting for. Soldiers on both sides have similar
+and quite reconcilable aims; but government is too complex to express
+the simple will of the people. In every country, it seems to me,
+anti-militarist opinion only needs its chance. I was struck by the
+frequency with which such an opinion cropped up when I was travelling a
+few weeks in Germany not long before the war. On the top of the Belchen
+I encountered it in talking to a native of Würtemberg. Again in a walk
+with a young German to the Feldberg; again in a book-shop at Freiburg;
+again in chance railway talk with a very well-educated German on my way
+to Berlin. In Berlin itself a giant Westphalian accosted me, as he
+wanted to make the acquaintance of “one of these terrible fellows who
+mean to smash up Germany.” His political ideal consisted in the belief
+that England and Germany, understanding each other, could keep the peace
+of the world.
+
+
+ALBERT KLEIN.
+
+Dr. Albert Klein, of Giessen, who was killed in the Champagne in
+February, felt compelled to side with his Government, as so many do in
+times of crisis. To that extent his was a biased judgment. It is a bias
+that one has seen possessing almost everywhere the noblest souls. But
+Klein could write thus:
+
+    When I read all this inflated stuff in the papers—written by
+    men guiltily conscious of being very safe in their offices at
+    home—to the effect that every soldier is a hero, I feel
+    positively disgusted. Heroism is far too rare to form a basis
+    for a national army. What is needed to make and keep that a
+    coherent whole is that men must respect their leaders and fear
+    them more than the enemy, and that leaders must be
+    conscientious, true to their duty, well informed, resourceful
+    and self-controlled. Thank God, there is plenty of the good old
+    discipline yet. But these fine fellows come along, concoct a
+    mess of New Year reflections and Centenary speeches and boldly
+    declaim about the German spirit that is to heal mankind. They
+    pick up all the filth of the foreign Press and fling it back
+    with threefold interest. It is just because I am so passionately
+    devoted to all that the noblest Germans have done for the
+    civilisation of the world that I do not desire to see us
+    burdened with a task we cannot accomplish.
+
+    If Germany’s contribution to the world’s civilisation is the
+    highest we can strive for, we must seek afresh to live in peace
+    and concord with the other nations. Then we shall cease calling
+    every Englishman a hypocrite and every Frenchman empty-headed,
+    quite apart from the daily proofs we get of their military
+    ability. Oh, my dear friends, believe me, the man on the spot
+    who sees and experiences all this, does not talk so complacently
+    of death and sacrifice and victory, as those who, far from the
+    front, ring the bells, make fine speeches and write the papers.
+    He resigns himself to the bitter necessity of suffering and
+    death when the hour comes, and he knows and sees how many, too
+    many sacrifices have already been made, knows it is time, high
+    time that all this devastation ceased, not only on our side, but
+    on the other side, too.
+
+    It is just in seeing all this suffering that we feel a new bond
+    of sympathy (and you, my dear ones, would feel just the same,
+    yes, I know, you feel it already) uniting us with the enemy.
+
+    If, as I hardly dare to hope, I return from this murderous war,
+    it will be one of my most welcome duties to steep my mind in the
+    culture of those that now oppose us. I mean to build up on a
+    broader basis the aim and purpose of my life, namely, historical
+    and philosophical meditation on culture in its highest form.
+
+    Last night I was strangely moved, having an opportunity of
+    seeing a convoy of prisoners and speaking to one of them, a
+    colleague, a classical philologist from Vigeac. Such a frank,
+    intelligent man, with an excellent military training, as indeed
+    were all the company with him! He told me how terrible it had
+    been to endure the firing of our machine-guns (démoralisant, he
+    called it)—and showed me clearly the utter senselessness of
+    war. How we should like to be friends with people so like us in
+    education, habits of life, thought and interest.
+
+    We soon got into conversation about a book on Rousseau and
+    began a regular argument, like two old philologists. He saw the
+    ribbon in my button-hole and when he heard it was the Iron Cross
+    he said: “Félicitations!” His sparkling interest in the striped
+    ribbon seemed to me so characteristic of a Southern Frenchman
+    and very touching.
+
+    How alike we are in worth and merit! How untrue all these tales
+    told by our papers of the French being broken and spent! Just as
+    untrue as all that the _Temps_ writes about us. And all he said,
+    this French colleague of mine, betrayed so much independent
+    thought and respect for German mind and character. Why should
+    we, fated to be friends, always be divided? I was deeply
+    troubled, and sat there for a long time lost in thought, but all
+    my brooding brought me no solution.
+
+    And the end not in sight yet, the end of this war, that for six
+    months has been gorging itself with human life and prosperity
+    and happiness! The same feeling amongst us and amongst them!
+    Always the same picture! We are so much alike, we achieve the
+    same, we suffer the same, just because we happen to be such
+    bitter enemies.—(From the _International Review_.)
+
+The following is another extract given by M. Romain Rolland. It is taken
+from the letter of a German soldier to a Swiss professor:
+
+    The longing for peace is intense with us. At least with all
+    those who are at the front, forced to kill and to be killed. The
+    newspapers say that it is not possible to stem the war-like
+    passion of the soldiers. They lie, knowingly or unknowingly. Our
+    pastors deny that this passion is abating. You cannot think how
+    indignant we are at such nonsense. Let them hold their tongues
+    and not speak of things they do not understand. Or, rather, let
+    them come here, not as chaplains in the rear, but in the line of
+    fire, with arms in their hands. Perhaps then they will perceive
+    the inner change which is going on in thousands of us. In the
+    eyes of these parsons a man who has no passion for war is
+    unworthy of his age. But it seems to me that we who are
+    faithfully doing our duty without enthusiasm for the war, and
+    hating it from the bottom of our souls, are finer heroes than
+    the others. They speak of a Holy War. I know of no Holy War. I
+    only know one war, and that is the sum of everything that is
+    inhuman, impious, and beastly in man, a visitation of God and a
+    call to repentance to the people who rushed into it, or allowed
+    themselves to be drawn into it. God has plunged men into this
+    Hell in order to teach them to love Heaven. As for the German
+    people, the war seems to be a chastisement and a call to
+    contrition—addressed first of all to our German Church.
+
+
+GERMANY IN PEACE TIME.
+
+Enough has been cited to give a glimpse of the better Germany in the
+time of this war. Let us remember, too, what she has been in peace.
+“After all, in our saner moments we all of us know that the Germans are
+a great people, with a great part in the world to play. Their boasts
+about their ‘culture’ are not idle boasts, and, when one comes to think
+of it, it is rather important to have in our midst a people that _cares_
+to boast about its culture. The Englishman is more given to complaining
+than boasting, and when he does boast it is certainly not about culture.
+As it seems to me, the Germans excel in two things—simple tenderness of
+sentiment and the work of patient observation. I am aware that it has
+for a considerable time been the mode in England to slight German
+literature. Personally, I consider this one of those temporary poses to
+which superior persons are liable. Leave out all the great names if you
+will—Goethe, Schiller, Heine, and the rest—and we still have the
+folk-songs. A nation that can produce those folk-songs has got unusual
+gifts for the world. And, of course, we envy the Germans their music. Of
+all the contemptible utterances that this war has produced (and it has
+produced a good many) none has been worse than the silly blathering
+against German music just because it is German. What have Beethoven,
+Bach, Schubert, Schumann, Wagner got to do with the politics of the
+present war? Leaving the arts aside, it is quite certain that in any
+region where careful observation and painstaking thought are required,
+no one can afford to neglect Germany. Recently I was looking through
+May’s ‘Guide to the Roman Pottery in the York Museum.’ Among the names
+of those dealing with the subject of Roman pottery I suppose the best
+known are those of Déchelette and Dragendorff—the one French, the other
+German. Among the other references I found fourteen to German
+publications and four to English, one of the latter being merely a
+museum catalogue. No one can study philosophy without continual
+reference to German thought. Even in a subject so English as the study
+of Shakespeare the work of Gervinus is fundamental, and from the time of
+Lessing to that of Ten Brink there has been a succession of German
+commentators. Those of us who have worked at all at science know only
+too well what we owe to Germany there. It has, indeed, been at times
+painful to compare the mass of the German output with the comparatively
+thin stream of English work. Of course, there has been splendid English
+research, but as a people we are not lovers of knowledge, and we are
+specially loath to apply it. Again and again our scientific papers have
+been filled with diatribes against our English neglect of science, and
+the diatribes were needed. I remember asking a British firm of repute to
+construct for me a resistance ‘bridge’ of a simple kind. I explained the
+whole purpose of the apparatus, but when it came back to me the
+resistance wire was soldered down in two places to broad bands of brass.
+This, of course, altered the resistance and rendered the apparatus
+useless. A rudimentary knowledge of electricity would have made such a
+mistake impossible. Contrast this with the following: When I was a
+student a lecturer wished to prepare a rather rare compound for some
+work of his. We both tried for long to prepare a specimen, but failed,
+probably because the temperature of our furnace was not high enough. We
+then sent to a German firm of manufacturing chemists, and they prepared
+it for us at once. I remarked recently to an English scientific chemist,
+‘No English firm would have done that.’ ‘Well, if you had pressed them,’
+he replied, ‘they would have sent over to —— (a German firm) and then
+put their own label on the bottle.’ A ‘chemist’ in too many of our works
+has too often been a lad who has picked up some routine knowledge, but
+who has no more scientific equipment than a farm labourer. Contrast this
+with the state of things at the _Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik_, where
+as many as _sixty_ trained chemists are employed.
+
+“I have often thought of these things when I have heard manufacturers
+bewailing German competition. The war has produced many strange
+intellectual somersaults, and it is curious to notice how many Free
+Traders are now eager for the destruction, not temporarily, but
+permanently, of German trade. A few months ago they would have preached
+in season and out on the advantage to England of receiving cheap goods,
+they would have extolled German scientific methods, and they would (with
+every right) have pointed out that a customer who buys forty million
+pounds’ worth of our goods is scarcely one whom we should wish to
+destroy. All these facts remain absolutely unaltered by the war. All
+that has happened is that a half-ashamed jealousy is no longer ashamed,
+and is masquerading as patriotism so successful as to have misled the
+majority of our countrymen—for a time. The day of reckoning will come,
+and we shall not then find it any better than previously to buy dear
+goods to please the manufacturers. Moreover, our men of business will
+not have learned scientific methods by the end of the war. A publisher’s
+circular that I recently received appealed, on patriotic grounds, for
+the purchase of a book on applied science. I am not very cynical, but I
+confess that I distrust these trade appeals to patriotism. The true
+patriot does not advertise his patriotism in order to make money. In
+this case the work was well known and important, but it was interesting
+to observe that almost every one of the contributors was German, and
+that the rest were German-Swiss. Surely, in spite of its horror, there
+are many things in this contest to make the gods laugh.”[74]
+
+
+BRITISH RECOGNITION.
+
+It is pleasant to find recognition of Germany’s commercial deserts among
+British commercial men. The annual conference of the United Kingdom
+Commercial Travellers’ Association was opened at the Town Hall,
+Manchester, on May 24, 1915. Sir William Mather, who was unanimously
+elected president, referred to Germany as follows:
+
+    The position of Germany in the world of commerce had been
+    attained as the result of years of patient and persistent
+    organisation, of close application to business, of exhaustive
+    and careful research work, and full appreciation of the
+    requirements and necessities of the markets for which she was
+    catering, and a determination to meet those requirements in
+    strict accordance with the wishes and needs of her potential
+    customers. Behind all the efforts had been lavish financial
+    support by the German Government, and the pledging of national
+    credit for individual and private enterprise.
+
+    The position secured by Germany as a result of her persistent
+    application of these methods was not to be seriously challenged,
+    nor would she be deprived of her hold upon it by anything other
+    than the use by Englishmen of the same skill, the same
+    elasticity, the same persistence, and the same efficiency in
+    every branch of commerce.
+
+    Commercial travellers, as one of the most important parts of the
+    mechanism, must, if the desired result be obtained, make
+    themselves fully efficient for their part in the work. They had
+    been perhaps, as vocal as any section of the community as to the
+    necessity and possibility of extending English trade, but it was
+    much to be regretted that when opportunities were given and
+    facilities provided, more particularly for the younger men to
+    equip themselves for the work which had to be done in extending
+    British commerce abroad, the response was extremely
+    inadequate.—(_Daily Telegraph_, May 25, 1915.)
+
+As regards chemical research there also fortunately remain those who
+still ungrudgingly admit our enormous indebtedness to Germany. In March,
+1915, Professor Percy Frankland, F.R.S., addressed the Birmingham
+Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on “The Chemical Industries
+of Germany.” With true and chivalrous courtesy, Professor Frankland, in
+a footnote to his printed address, writes: “The author has much pleasure
+in acknowledging the assistance he has received from the valuable
+compilation by Professor Lepsius of Berlin, ‘Deutschlands Chem.
+Industrie, 1888-1913,’ and from that by Dr. Duisberg, of Elberfeld,
+‘Wissenschaft und Technik,’ 1911.” I believe such courtesy is more
+characteristically British than the lack of it sometimes shown by
+others. The following quotations from Professor Frankland’s address are
+of interest:
+
+
+INDUSTRIES DEPENDENT ON SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
+
+    ... During the major part of the [past] 60 years the great bulk
+    of the discoveries in this domain have been made in Germany.
+    Organic chemistry is, perhaps, the branch of science which more
+    perfectly suits the German mind and temperament. It involves the
+    possession of those qualities in which Germans are so
+    pre-eminent—the capacity for taking an infinitude of pains, the
+    capacity to anticipate difficulties and organise means to
+    circumvent them.... It is in the possession of such schools of
+    research, both in the universities and in the chemical
+    factories, that Germany has by two generations the lead of all
+    other countries in the world.... The chemical manufacturers in
+    this country have, with some notable exceptions, failed to
+    establish anything worthy of the name of research laboratories
+    in connection with their works.... Whereas the artificial colour
+    industry started in England, that of artificial drugs is
+    entirely of German origin, and may be said to begin with the
+    discovery by Liebig of chloroform in 1831, and of chloral
+    hydrate in 1832.... The composition of the personnel who carry
+    on these German colour works is at the bottom of their success.
+    Take the works of Messrs. Meister, Lucius, und Brüning as an
+    example. In 1913, the composition was as follows: Workmen,
+    7,680; managers, 374; expert chemists, 307; technologists, 74;
+    commercial staff, 611. Contrast with the above the fact that the
+    six English factories now producing dyestuffs employ altogether
+    only 35 chemists, whilst evidence of their relative activities
+    is again furnished by the circumstance that between 1886 and
+    1900 the English firms took out only 86 patents, whereas the six
+    principal German firms were responsible for 948 during the same
+    period. Having shown that these German coal-tar colour
+    manufacturers are without rivals from the commercial point of
+    view, I feel it to be my duty to point out also that their
+    industry is carried on under conditions of labour which are
+    highly creditable to the management.
+
+Professor Frankland goes on to urge that we should at least pay heed to
+“the warnings repeated _ad nauseam_ by the chemical profession during a
+whole generation.” Those warnings told us of the stupidity and peril of
+neglecting science. It is not mere commercialism but science that is
+needed. The help of science, it may be added, will never be gained
+unless devotion is paid to it for its own sake, and not simply as a
+means to money. That reward is too far off for mere commercialism. Adolf
+Baeyer synthesised indigo in 1880, but it cost 17 years of laborious
+investigation and the investment of nearly £1,000,000 of capital before
+that synthesis could be made a commercial success. So long a chase is
+not carried out by those who are thinking only of the prize. The hunt
+itself must interest them. That, I personally fear, is where we in
+Britain (and especially in England) are somewhat lacking.
+
+Two other points in Professor Frankland’s address I would draw attention
+to. In emphasising the need of scientific men on the directorates he
+asks: “What does not the firm of Messrs. Brunner, Mond and Co., for
+example, owe to the late Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S.?” Just so. Dr. Ludwig
+Mond was a German. He came to this country and brought with him his
+energy, enterprise, and his very exceptional scientific endowments. With
+Mr. J. J. Brunner he was thus able to found what became the largest
+alkali works in the kingdom, and undoubtedly one of the most scientific
+and enterprising works we have. Incidentally it is worth mentioning that
+the firm of Brunner, Mond and Co. was one of the first to introduce the
+eight hours day. There are people about (a few of whom ought to know
+better) asking for the exclusion of the German in the future. I would
+venture to suggest that we might well exchange very many English people
+of such limited brain capacity for one Ludwig Mond. To shut the door to
+men is to shut the doors to talent, and talent produces its best by
+cross-fertilisation.
+
+I may at this point insert an illustration communicated to me privately.
+My informant said: “When I was a very young man I determined to try to
+save a business which was falling in ruin. My project was strongly
+opposed by my friends, but I determined to carry it out. The works which
+I took over were then employing 150 men. There was a great lack of
+scientific training, and _this_ I saw was the chief cause of disaster.
+So I began sending my men to Germany to be trained. The Germans have
+always, at their State-supported universities, welcomed the foreigner
+and given him their best knowledge. My men brought that knowledge back
+to England. The result was that by the time I withdrew from active work
+we were employing about three thousand men. The Germans had thus given
+work to nearly three thousand Englishmen. People should remember facts
+of this kind when they talk of Germans coming here and ‘taking the bread
+out of our mouths.’”
+
+The wife of an interned man struggled to keep his business. She was,
+however, ruined. “Serve you right,” she was told, “coming here and
+taking the bread out of our people’s mouths.” What a strange idea of
+humanity! What are “our people”? If a Scotsman settles in London is he
+“taking the bread out of our people’s mouths’”? We forget that the
+foreigner is very often an enormous accession to a State. The Norman
+conquerors who organised us, the Flemings who improved our weaving, the
+Huguenots who gave new ideas to our commerce, the Germans who brought
+us scientific method have all been amongst the makers of England.
+Exclusiveness is a constricting cord that strangles progress. Exchange
+of commodities is, we know, the life of trade, and exchange of men and
+ideas is the life of more than trade.
+
+The last quotation I shall make from Professor Frankland’s address has,
+I venture to think, very considerable bearing on the possibilities of
+future friendship:
+
+    Notwithstanding the absence of material inducements, I venture
+    to say without fear of contradiction that there is more original
+    investigation being prosecuted in this country by chemists than
+    by any other body of British men of science, and this I
+    attribute to the fact that such a large proportion of our number
+    have either been at German universities or are the pupils of
+    those who have been at these centres of research. Nor are any of
+    us, I am sure, even during this unfortunate crisis, unmindful of
+    the hospitality and inspiration which we have received in the
+    schools of the enemy.
+
+One has met with so much pettiness and folly masquerading as patriotism
+that it is delightful to welcome such a truly noble utterance.
+
+The allusion to the conditions of labour in Professor Frankland’s
+address is also important. Most of us regard the German labourer as far
+too controlled and regulated, but everyone knows that Germany was to the
+fore in care for the health and well-being of the workman: “As to the
+factory legislation in general, not only do they afford to children and
+juveniles a greater measure of protection in regard to hours and other
+conditions of work than is enforced by the English Factory Acts, but
+many of their provisions for ensuring the health, comfort, and safety of
+all workers go beyond the limits which are thought sufficient in this
+country.” (W. H. Dawson, “The Evolution of Modern Germany,” p. 332.)
+
+Insurance against sickness and old age were measures that we learned
+from Germany. They were intended to increase British efficiency and
+well-being, and our statesmen received every courtesy and help in
+studying German methods. It will be said by many that we shall not study
+those methods again. Perhaps not. They may prefer an English method as
+propounded by Lord Headley when speaking at a luncheon in connection
+with the Bakery and Confectionery Trades Exhibition held at Islington.
+The report is from the _Glasgow Herald_ as reproduced in the _Labour
+Leader_ (October 21, 1915):
+
+    In regard to many industries, the plain fact was that the
+    foreigner lived much more cheaply than the British workman and
+    charged far less for his labour. Where labour, and not
+    machinery, formed a small part of the cost of production we
+    should be able to compete with the foreigner, and that should be
+    the case in high class confectionery more than in anything else.
+    If we were to defeat the foreigner in other industries after the
+    war, it seemed to him that the British workman would have to
+    consent to work for lower wages than hitherto. At any rate, he
+    hoped so, in order that the country might supply itself with
+    necessities without having to go abroad for them.
+
+It seems to me that in this way we should “defeat” not only the
+foreigner, but the Englishman as well—except the privileged few who
+could get workmen at low wages without lowering their profits. I
+remember saying to a Colonial lady that we had gained much from the
+science of German settlers in this country. “Damn German science,” was
+her reply. A certain type of employer desires two protections—protection
+against the knowledge of the foreigner, and protection against the
+aspirations of the worker. Both the knowledge and the aspirations of
+others are a disturbance of repose.
+
+At a Nottingham meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry the
+unscientific character of British methods was again emphasised. So, too,
+at the Edinburgh meeting in December, 1914.
+
+Principal A. P. Laurie, speaking of paints and colours, said: “There
+were very few cases among those he had inquired into of a chemical, a
+colour product, or a pigment which was being made both in Germany and in
+England in which the German product was not better than that made in
+this country.... Again, it was admitted that German barytes was better
+ground than English. Yet an extensive literature on barytes and barytes
+mining had been published by the Germans, showing exactly how German
+barytes was ground. They had not found a barytes miner in England who
+owned a microscope.... The English manufacturer did not believe in or
+use the man of science.
+
+“Mr. Tatlock, speaking from the laboratory glass apparatus makers’ point
+of view, said that British manufacturers were finding it exceedingly
+difficult to replace German and Austrian products.... Professor
+Henderson had referred to the possibility of people buying more readily
+goods of British manufacture. They did not find that to be the case. The
+goods had to be cheaper or better; they would certainly never be bought
+purely because they were British, and he did not altogether think that
+they should be bought for that reason.”
+
+It is surely clear that the only wise world policy is one in which each
+nation brings its own particular contribution to the common stock and in
+no way tries to shut others out.
+
+
+THE POLICY OF BOYCOTTING THOUGHT.
+
+We find it impossible to shut out German music. “Germany, it must be
+said to its credit,” I read in the daily Press, “is not boycotting
+foreign art.” In the autumn of 1915 the Royal Theatres of Berlin
+announced Shakespeare’s “Macbeth,” and “Antony and Cleopatra,” and
+Scribe’s “Glass of Water.” “Shakespeare, one hears,” writes a reviewer
+in the _Daily News_, of December 4, 1915, “is still being played in the
+German theatres. If you go to a theatre in London you are more likely to
+see a performance with a title like ‘I _don’t_ Think!’ or ‘Pass the
+Mustard, Please!’ Shakespeare, to tell the truth, is in England left
+largely to professors and schoolboys.”
+
+A silly crusade was started in this country against German thought in
+general, a crusade so petty that it made some of us wince for shame. The
+upholders of creeds joined in hastily, for German investigators had
+given our beliefs many uncomfortable shocks. We remember how it came
+about that the President of the Training College in Mark Rutherford’s
+Autobiography could with such satisfaction to himself destroy the
+“infidel.” “The President’s task was all the easier because he knew
+nothing of German literature; and, indeed, the word ‘German’ was a term
+of reproach signifying something very awful, although nobody knew
+exactly what it was.” The obscurantist and opponent of free thought has
+shown signs of hope that the German’s reputation for awfulness may turn
+us from his evil companionship into the restful paths of British piety.
+The Englishman (especially, I believe, the Saxon element) has too often
+been prone to make a stronghold of ignorance. This stronghold has
+certainly in industry proved to be a house of cards, and I think it has
+proved to be equally a house of cards in religion. It would, indeed, be
+a disastrous outcome of the war if it led us still more to emphasise our
+insularity. Unless we are readier after the war to learn from everyone,
+we shall, as a nation, be mentally moribund. It matters not in the least
+whether the thought be German, French, Austrian, Swiss, Russian, or any
+other. Miss Petre, in her “Reflections of a Non-Combatant,” has finely
+stated the wider view:
+
+    Thought and learning, art and music, may bear certain
+    characteristics of the country in which they are begotten; but
+    they are also the products of humanity itself, or they would
+    make no appeal to the world at large. The monuments of the
+    German mind are no more robbed of their intellectual value by
+    the national crime of this war than German mountains are robbed
+    of their natural grandeur, German forests of their solemnity, or
+    German rivers of their width and volume.
+
+Any other attitude is extremely likely to degenerate into a petty
+jealousy that is bred of fear. This is how Mr. H. G. Wells wrote of our
+attitude towards Germany years ago:
+
+    We in Great Britain are now intensely jealous of Germany. We are
+    intensely jealous of Germany, not only because the Germans
+    outnumber us, and have a much larger and more diversified
+    country than ours, and lie in the very heart and body of Europe,
+    but because in the last hundred years, while we have fed on
+    platitudes and vanity, they have had the energy and humility to
+    develop a splendid system of national education, to toil at
+    science and art and literature, to develop social organisation,
+    to master and better our methods of business and industry, and
+    to clamber above us in the scale of civilisation. This has
+    humiliated and irritated rather than chastened us.
+
+Such jealousy is a strangely short-sighted mistake. No valuable or
+lasting peace will come till jealousy is exorcised. There are ominous
+signs of the possible triumph of a deadly Saxon insularity, but there
+are other signs that give us hope. When so ardent a combatant as Mr.
+Lloyd George can speak well of the services of Germany to the world, all
+is not lost. It is pleasant to be able to quote these passages from an
+interview reported in the _Daily News_ of January 25, 1916:
+
+“Mr. Lloyd George is not among those who imagine they are doing their
+country a service by decrying everything German. ‘I think,’ he said,
+‘that America and all of us should realise that there were two Germanies
+before the war. On the one hand, there was the industrial, the
+commercial, and the intellectual Germany, and in a most remarkable way
+she had blended the three elements. That Germany was rendering a great
+service to civilisation. It was conquering the world by the success of
+its methods and of its example, and that conquest would have proved a
+very genuine blessing. It would have been the means of saving some of
+the terrible waste from which most of the social evils of humanity
+spring. As an ardent social reformer, I freely confess that I myself was
+learning a good deal from that side of Germany, particularly in the
+direction of municipal and national organisation.’” Mr. Lloyd George
+goes on to say that the other Germany, the military Germany, had
+overthrown the Germany from which he had drawn inspiration. Our task
+then surely is to help to reduce military dominance everywhere and to
+help to set free that Germany whose peaceful conquest of the world
+“would have proved a very genuine blessing.”
+
+That Germany was, and still is, a Germany of simple hearts, of men and
+women who can love well. I have talked to many British-born wives of
+interned men. Over and over again I have heard the same story. “I could
+not have had a better husband, and the children could not have had a
+better father.” That is why many English wives have already gone to
+Germany to their husband’s families.
+
+It is time we got rid of grotesque caricatures of the German people.
+Such caricatures always represent the outlook of war-time, but they do
+not make for a lasting peace. There is a great German people, and that
+people and ours should find each other’s hearts. I am not so much
+concerned as to the Germany of brilliant science and industrious
+commerce. That is good, but there is something better: It is the Germany
+of loving husbands and true comrades, of true wives and devoted mothers.
+It is the heart that rules the world, and we need the true hearts in
+Germany, England, France, and over all the world to recognise each
+other. The one prayer for us all in every land in these days surely is,
+“Lord, that our eyes may be opened!” When we can pray that prayer, we
+shall begin to see the war to a peace of the heart—the only peace that
+will not be a “patched-up peace.”
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 40: Lieut. Dr. Kutscher writes with obvious pleasure
+    of the _grande loterie de Noël_ shared out by the officers to
+    the children of C. in France. The children’s parties went on,
+    too, in the New Year. (_Int. Review_, 10th Aug., 1915).]
+
+    [Footnote 41: Cf. p. 161. These are simply examples of the wild
+    passions war engenders, and there is not always the sergeant at
+    hand who says “Drop that or I shoot you.” One side may be
+    decidedly worse than the other (as seems, _e.g._, to have been
+    the case in the American Civil War), but this does not alter the
+    character of what war does for human nature.]
+
+    [Footnote 42: See p. 36.]
+
+    [Footnote 43: “An English Girl’s Adventures in Hostile Germany,”
+    pp. 58 and 124. For other incidents see p. 212.]
+
+    [Footnote 44: See above, p. 55. For further examples of civilian
+    kindness see pp. 212 ff.]
+
+    [Footnote 45: It is disconcerting to one’s pride to learn that
+    while the sale of German newspapers in England was entirely
+    “verboten” in 1916, English newspapers may still be readily
+    obtained in Germany in the autumn of 1918. Why are we so afraid
+    of the other side being known?]
+
+    [Footnote 46: Cf. p. 169.]
+
+    [Footnote 47: The war has greatly increased that number.]
+
+    [Footnote 48: My aim is not political, and I do not, therefore,
+    touch upon the many later utterances. The protests, for example,
+    against the unfairness of the Brest-Litovsk Peace have in
+    Reichstag and Press been numerous and emphatic. For such facts
+    the reader should consult the “Cambridge Magazine.”]
+
+    [Footnote 49: We were allowed to suppose that the Lusitania
+    carried no munitions, the Germans were encouraged to believe
+    that she carried mounted guns. Both views were incorrect. The
+    _New York Evening Post_ (quoted by the _Labour Leader_)
+    published the “manifest” of the number of cases of ammunition
+    carried.]
+
+    [Footnote 50: Ernest Poole in “Cassell’s Magazine,” No. 42.]
+
+    [Footnote 51: This seems unavoidable. “At last things quieted
+    down a bit, but many wounded had to be brought in between the
+    firing lines—dangerous work, as both sides are liable to fire
+    if they are seen.”—An R.A.M.C. Officer in the _Times_.]
+
+    [Footnote 52: From “The Pageant of War,” by Lady Margaret
+    Sackville.]
+
+    [Footnote 53: Cf. too p. 108.]
+
+    [Footnote 54: “There is no reason to suppose that he had seen
+    Germany.” wrote Mr. George Long in Sir William Smith’s
+    “Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology.”]
+
+    [Footnote 55: Further, we must remember that “The Red Cross on a
+    white field is not a magic mantle that can ward off shells fired
+    by an artillerist at a target which he cannot see, nor against
+    flyers dropping bombs from thousands of feet in the air.
+    ‘Bomb-dropping flyers are the terror of the doctors and wounded
+    behind the lines,’ remarked a doctor to me.”—Karl von Wiegand,
+    in the _New York World_, August 17, 1916. (“Cambridge Magazine,”
+    _Oct_. 7, 1916.)]
+
+    [Footnote 56: “Church towers in a flat country are the only
+    observation points, and so they are used, and so they are
+    shelled.”—Ernest Poole, in “Cassell’s Magazine,” No. 42, p.
+    27.]
+
+    [Footnote 57: From “Is It To Be Hate?” (Allen and Unwin), a
+    pamphlet which I wrote in 1915. On many points there dealt with
+    my second thoughts are different, as are those of many others.
+    We have learned much since then.]
+
+    [Footnote 58: The public is extraordinarily innocent as regards
+    this kind of information. It would form an interesting subject
+    for post-war analysis.]
+
+    [Footnote 59: Cf. p. 157.]
+
+    [Footnote 60: From “Is It To Be Hate?” by the Author.]
+
+    [Footnote 61: _La guerre devant Le Palais._ Par Gabriel Mourey.
+    Paris. Ollendorff 2f.—_Times_ Literary Supplement, Aug. 19,
+    1915.]
+
+    [Footnote 62: Cf. M. Mourey on the Uhlans at Compiègne, p. 206.]
+
+    [Footnote 63: See also p. 104.]
+
+    [Footnote 64: p. 90.]
+
+    [Footnote 65: “England,” “Germany,” “France,” etc., in these
+    connections actually stand for a very small group of diplomats
+    controlling foreign policy. The association of the names
+    unfortunately makes us think of the countries as a whole, a word
+    fallacy that leads to illimitable disaster.]
+
+    [Footnote 66: p. 91.]
+
+    [Footnote 67: The variability of war stories may be observed
+    also in the columns of the _Times_ during the Crimean War. The
+    truth is, no doubt, that great local differences of treatment
+    occur, and that stories to the discredit of an enemy are more
+    welcomed than stories in his favour.]
+
+    [Footnote 68: In the _International Review_ of August 10, 1915,
+    an Austrian lady, Charlotte Frankl, gives an account of the
+    warm-hearted help she received in France, and the even greater
+    kindness she and others received in England: “Not one of us had
+    had unhappy experiences in England.”]
+
+    [Footnote 69: War was declared upon Austria May 23, 1915, and
+    though formal declaration of war against Germany was delayed for
+    more than a year, the obvious fact was that Italy had taken
+    sides with the enemy.]
+
+    [Footnote 70: Cf. p. 199.]
+
+    [Footnote 71: The British Chemical Society expelled its honorary
+    German and Austrian Fellows, men who had worked for the whole of
+    humanity. The German Chemical Society was asked by some of its
+    members to expel an English Honorary Fellow who had attacked
+    German men of science with exceptional virulence. The Society
+    adopted the dignified course of taking no action amidst the
+    passions of war.]
+
+    [Footnote 72: “Whatever Mr. Ernest Lissauer and his fellows may
+    have set before themselves in their Tyrtæan poems of hate, in
+    any case it can be said of them that they knew not what they
+    did.... They did not know, though they should have known ...
+    that the solidarity of the nations ... has to-day already become
+    such that no great nation can aim at the very conditions of
+    existence of another without damaging itself at the same
+    time.”—Ed. Bernstein in _Das Forum_ Jan., 1915.]
+
+    [Footnote 73: This is one view. Others who have seen German life
+    during the war report a real solidarity of the people, a
+    solidarity which later developments and revelations of Entente
+    proposals has certainly not diminished.]
+
+    [Footnote 74: From “Is It To Be Hate?” by Harold Picton (Allen
+    and Unwin). See footnote p. 203.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+Mme. F. L. Cyon had some rather important experiences at Lille at the
+time of the German attack and during the German occupation. She is a
+woman of singularly cool mentality, and her evidence may be compared
+with that of Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge in a widely distant war area.
+
+Mme. Cyon has very kindly placed her notes of her experiences at my
+disposal. As the notes record also a point of view as to war in general,
+it has seemed more fitting to print them as an appendix. No statement of
+this kind is unbiased, for the pacifist has his own bias. Yet I am quite
+certain that everything set down by Mme. Cyon has been set down in
+complete sincerity and with unusual absence of mental distortion. The
+record is that made by a quiet worker amidst circumstances where few
+people remained sane.
+
+
+THE MENTAL HAVOC WROUGHT BY THE WAR.
+
+BY FRANÇOISE LAFITTE CYON.
+
+During the months of September, October, November, and December, 1914, I
+undertook a journey in Northern France; going first to Lille, thence to
+Maubeuge, and returning to England via Brussels, Malines, Antwerp, and
+Holland.
+
+I was at Lille on October 13, 1914, when the Germans took the town.
+During the first three months of my stay in France I was engaged in
+nursing work at the military hospital 105 at Lille. In the early part of
+December I travelled as well as I could, sometimes tramping and
+sometimes making use of peasants’ carts and local tramways, until I
+eventually reached Holland.
+
+It is not, however, my intention to speak much of my adventures or of
+the war itself, but rather to depict, to the best of my ability, the
+effect which the dreadful events of our doings have had on the minds of
+the men and women I have met with over there; be they French, Belgian,
+or German. This article will be an attempt to give a series of short
+studies in psychology, rather than a dramatic account of a perilous
+journey.
+
+I wish my readers to bear in mind at the outset that after October 13 I
+was in German territory, where, from that date onwards, I met with two
+kinds of people. On the one hand, the oppressors or Germans; on the
+other hand, the oppressed, namely, the French, Belgian, and a few
+English.
+
+For a psychological study to be of value, such a distinction is useful
+to begin with, for one seldom finds the same frame of mind in the victor
+and the vanquished, in the oppressor and the oppressed.
+
+Whilst endeavouring to give facts, I must distinguish between three
+types of people whom I met during my journey. First, civilians, French
+and Belgian; secondly, the hospital staff, doctors and nurses, mostly
+French, with the exception of two German doctors; thirdly, the military,
+officers and men, French and German, with a few British. I am obliged to
+make this division in order to make myself clear, as the events of the
+war do not seem to affect the people of these three divisions in the
+same way.
+
+In what follows I shall for the most part depict types.
+
+I met first with the civilian population. When I reached Lille, I found
+life there much as usual, excepting that all appeared very quiet. But a
+few days after my arrival Lille began to show an extraordinary and sad
+animation. The town, which had already given shelter to many refugees
+from Valenciennes and villages thereabouts, was suddenly crowded by the
+exodus of the inhabitants of Orchies; the latter town, it was reported,
+had been completely burnt to the ground by the Germans, only thirty
+houses having been left standing.
+
+Life in Lille became horrible. In the streets one met long processions
+of miserable creatures, looking haggard and exhausted. Here was a woman
+with three tiny children, two of them in a dilapidated perambulator, the
+other she carried in her arms. She looked grey with the dust of the
+road: I followed her. She was going to the office of some local paper,
+whence these poor refugees were directed where to go to find food and
+shelter. Waiting at the door of the office were such numbers of these
+worn-out human beings that many of them, too tired to stand any longer,
+were sitting on the pavement whilst the children were eating pieces of
+bread.
+
+One morning I followed the crowd going to get bread at the town hall. I
+saw a little boy of four standing at his mother’s side while she talked
+with another woman. The mother’s basket had been put down on the
+pavement and a round loaf of bread was partly coming out of it. The
+little mite kneeled down on the ground and, going at it with all his
+might, he began to eat off the loaf in a way which told a long, sad
+tale.
+
+But what one met with amongst one’s friends was often more horrible than
+the sights in the streets. The tale of the destruction of Orchies had
+been believed almost everywhere before any explanation had been
+forthcoming, and in these days hatred began to rear its head when people
+talked of the Germans.
+
+“If they had burned Orchies,” said one of my acquaintances, “it is
+because we are too tolerant with them. To brutes we must speak only the
+language of brutes. We treat their prisoners like guests; let us put
+them all against the wall and shoot them and their wounded, too.”
+
+When I replied that we should have little right to complain of German
+atrocities if we did what they are reported to do, I was looked at as
+too soft and as if I were a woman without patriotic feeling. My friend
+told me this as politely as his temper allowed.
+
+I left him and went into the street to try to find some distraction from
+his hatred. I chanced to meet a woman of Orchies and inquired what had
+happened there. I give her tale as told to me, though I have not been
+able to verify it.
+
+“The Germans,” said she, “behaved quite well the first time they came
+into our town. They were kind to the children and even gave them sweets
+and toys, but on their second visit they found that some of their
+wounded had had their ears cut off and they ordered that Orchies should
+be set on fire.”
+
+“It was monstrous,” she added, “but I know that an African soldier was
+found with a necklace of sixty ears, which he had certainly taken
+somewhere. This, too, was monstrous. I do not excuse the Germans for
+their crime—I have lost everything myself—but if we allow their
+wounded to be mutilated at such times, what can we expect? Who can say
+which side is the more barbarous? I must tell you that the officer
+ordered to set fire to Orchies was also told to arrest the mayor and
+some other men and to have them shot. However, he gave them timely
+warning to evacuate Orchies and to make good their escape, so no one was
+hurt.”
+
+How far this story was true I never knew, but the effect of it on my
+fellow creatures I had seen too well, and I went away bearing on my
+heart the words of the woman of Orchies: “Who can say which side is the
+more barbarous?”
+
+On October 7 we heard that the Germans were outside the city and in many
+quarters fear was added to the anguish already overburdening the hearts
+of so many. Yet one woman, hearing the Germans were near, exclaimed,
+“Say what you like, these men are just like our French men. War is war;
+you cannot expect it to be anything but cruel and barbarous. The Germans
+are no enemies of mine.”
+
+Her words made a bad impression on the listeners, and it was well that
+the kind-hearted soul had three brothers in the French Army or she would
+have been regarded with much suspicion.
+
+An old lady of my acquaintance almost lost her head with fright. “How
+dare they,” she said, speaking of the French, “let the Germans take
+Lille?”
+
+“What then,” said I, “of Rheims?”
+
+“Yes, Rheims, I know it was horrible! But Lille, the most beautiful town
+of the North, it is a crime to make it suffer.”
+
+Whilst discussing with me the doings of the French Army the old lady had
+often argued that Rheims and Arras had had to suffer because this was
+necessary to the success of the French operations. Recalling her own
+words, I asked: “But what could you say if for the good of the common
+cause Lille must suffer as did Rheims and Arras?”
+
+But in her terror, forgetful of what she had said previously, she only
+exclaimed: “Lille! It is a crime. What shall we do? How shall we live?”
+
+And I could see fear in her eyes, fear for her belongings as well as for
+her life, fear which made her forget for a moment the “good cause of
+this war” as she had often put it to me, fear which made her heart give
+out a note of real selfishness.
+
+So far as I can remember it was on October 8 that all the gates of the
+city were closed, and that there was fighting on the Grand Boulevard,
+the great wide thoroughfare which connects Lille with its sister-cities
+of Roubaix and Tourcoing. There was also fighting near one of the gates.
+
+On the following day, on returning from my work in Hospital 105, the
+people with whom I was living told me of the terrible spectacle they had
+witnessed when they had gone to get news of some relations living near
+the gate where the fight had taken place. One woman said:
+
+“The fight was on the bridge, which was covered in the evening with the
+dead bodies of Germans, amongst them two wounded men whom the Germans
+had left behind. By the bridge there is an inn, and we have been told
+that five men, civilians, who were there, killed the two ‘Boches’ by
+strangling them. This makes two less of them!”
+
+I looked at her in horror, thinking that fright had turned her brain. I
+could find no words to reply. I turned to go to my own room, when she
+added:
+
+“In any case, the ‘Boches’ won’t know of it for the bodies are buried
+under a heap of stones.”
+
+I left her with the words of the woman of Orchies echoing through my
+brain: “Who can tell which side is the more barbarous?”
+
+Some of these people I had known before the war to be peaceful, quiet
+citizens; they now appeared to me to have suddenly turned into devils.
+Fear and danger had made them crazy with hatred. Everywhere one went it
+was the same. If I tried to escape it, and took refuge in the street, I
+seemed to feel hatred rising from the very ground.
+
+Amongst the fugitives one saw, many had run away before even seeing a
+German helmet, but all were full of atrocious tales, all were mad with
+hatred and revenge.
+
+Not until the actual shelling of the town began did I fully realise the
+havoc that fear and hatred can work! To feel helpless while shells go
+whirling over one’s head at the rate of sixty a minute, while houses are
+burning on either side of one, is a horrible experience. To have to bear
+all these horrors without being able to put a stop to them, is
+maddening. At such moments one feels like a mouse caught in a trap. One
+would have to be more than human not to feel terror.
+
+We all felt this at Lille, the great majority were so panic-stricken
+that they made for the gates, quite oblivious of the fact that the gates
+were closed and that fighting was going on there.
+
+It is usually in these moments of supreme fear that the lurking hatred
+in the soul takes full possession of it, distorting the imagination,
+bringing back the most atavistic moral ideas, giving birth to falsehoods
+of every description, and widening the gulf of misunderstanding which
+seems to part the nations.
+
+I have always known that hatred is the offspring of war. I am well aware
+that ever since the beginning of the present crisis the newspapers and
+the warmongers have been daily adding fuel to the fire of hatred for
+fear that if the fire died out the war would do the same. But over
+there, at Lille, I felt that hatred had fallen on the hearts of many
+people like a fatal malediction with which they are to be cursed all
+their life long and which they will transmit to their descendants.
+
+These people whom fear has driven, like cattle, from their burning
+houses, who have suddenly been left without a roof over their heads or
+food to eat, are not likely easily to give up their hatred when this
+passion of war is a thing of the past. Deep in their hearts will be
+written the word “revenge” even though France does not lose a second
+Alsace-Lorraine.
+
+This same overpowering feeling of hatred I found amongst most of the
+staff of the hospital where I was working, and I was able to note at
+first hand the effect it had in the dealings of the nursing staff with
+the German wounded.
+
+After October 13, 1914, the Germans took control of all the hospitals at
+Lille, and soon they were crowded with German wounded, while, little by
+little, as soon as they were able to travel, the French and British were
+evacuated and taken to Germany as prisoners of war.
+
+At Hospital 105 the French staff were asked if they would agree to
+remain under the German authorities, and most of the doctors and nurses
+elected to remain at their post. The hospital was controlled by the
+“Société des femmes de France,” who financed it and managed the entire
+establishment. Many of these women were society ladies and, with the
+exception of two or three, most incompetent. Before the German
+occupation their activities had mostly been of a showy character. They
+were all dainty, smart, and useless, and so they remained under German
+rule—those, at least, who did not run away. They avoided nursing
+Germans with great skill, and overcrowded the French and English wards.
+They were very diplomatic in their dealings with the enemy, as silly and
+pitiful in their hatred of the German and their cautious dealings with
+him as they were in their other activities. Their hatred was of the
+emptyheaded kind, but all the more dangerous for being based on
+frivolity of heart and crass ignorance.
+
+Side by side with them were a few intellectual women, professors and
+teachers. Most of them followed in the wake of their sisters and behaved
+in a similar manner. One of them, a woman I had known before, had spent
+many years of her life in Germany and had taught the German language for
+nearly twenty years. Before the war she had often told me how lovable
+she had found the German people, what good friends she had in Germany
+and how she always enjoyed a holiday there, so that when some of my
+German patients asked me for books, I thought she would be the very
+person to whom to apply for some.
+
+To my astonishment she flew into a passion when she heard my request.
+
+“Want books, do they? They will soon ask for chickens and lobsters.”
+
+Walking into my ward, she exclaimed haughtily: “So you are asking for
+books! As you set fire to everything, there are no books left for you!”
+
+Very little of the nursing was done by these women, however, who,
+instead of being a real help for the most part, put spokes in the wheels
+of the more useful helpers. The hardships of overwork, of long hours, of
+day and night duties in succession, fell all the more heavily on the
+shoulders of a few willing women, the other part of the female element
+proving so unreliable.
+
+These women, whose devotion never flagged, comprised three trained
+nurses and nine or ten women clerks or teachers, of quite another type
+to those mentioned above. It is true they were not all free from hatred,
+but, if I may so express it, theirs was almost a hopeful hatred compared
+with the blind stupidity of those others.
+
+Amongst the three professional nurses I remember a tall, handsome girl
+of 22 or thereabouts. Hers was an ardent soul, one of those souls which
+keep young in spite of advancing years. Whatever task this girl sets
+herself to do she will carry it through with skill and earnestness.
+Whichever cause she champions she will do so in no light spirit, and it
+was thus that she hated the Germans with the strongest hatred and yet
+nursed them with utter devotion, for she was as earnest a nurse as she
+was keen a patriot. There was almost a kind of healthiness about her
+hatred, based as it was on deep-rooted feelings, knowing no caution and
+no fear. One might hope more for her who, fearless of consequences,
+could wave the French flag and shout “Vive la France” when French
+prisoners were led away, than for all the fine ladies whose little souls
+were filled with great fear and ignorant hatred.
+
+I remember also a small, fair nurse, silent for the most part, but up at
+all times of the night as well as working hard all day. She sometimes
+opened her heart to me and I found there, as deep-rooted as her
+colleague’s hatred, a great and sincere love for all men and women, an
+unflinching hope that in the long run “brotherhood” will be the
+watchword of all humanity.
+
+Amongst these hard-working women many were of this silent type, going
+about with sealed lips, but with treasures of unconscious kindliness and
+love hidden in their hearts, known only to God.
+
+My daily intercourse with the men on our hospital staff was on the whole
+never sufficiently intimate to allow me to speak here of their mental
+attitude towards “the enemy.” The French doctors I never saw except when
+I was on duty, and I had little or no opportunity of speaking with them,
+being only an assistant nurse, but I recollect one little incident
+connected with Professor L——, a man of acknowledged skill in France.
+At the time of which I speak, I had been transferred to a German ward,
+and one day, finding myself short of boiled water for the men to drink,
+I went to the chemist to ask for some. There I met Professor L——, who
+said:
+
+“So you want boiled water for your friends the Germans? What would you
+say if I were to put in it a few microbes of cholera morbus?”
+
+“I would hardly believe it of you!”
+
+“Of course, you would not, for I am told that you are surprisingly good
+to these Germans. But believe me, if it were not for the fear of
+spreading the disease far and wide, this would be the best thing to do.”
+
+I have, however, no means of ascertaining that this incident is typical
+of the attitude of the average Frenchman on the male staff towards the
+Germans. As a matter of fact, they had very little to do with the German
+wounded, as these were left entirely in the hands of the German doctors,
+aided by the French nurses.
+
+After my transfer to the German wards, where we were very short of
+nurses, I soon found myself in sole charge of from 16 to 26 wounded, a
+burden which I felt rather too heavy for me, as I had had but little
+experience in nursing previous to the war. But it was during this time,
+when my duties involved greater responsibility, that I came into closer
+contact with doctors, but they were German doctors, of course.
+
+I remember one of them, a small man, somewhat round, whom we had
+nicknamed “pupuce” (little flea). Pupuce always appeared to me to be
+kindness itself: intent on his work, good to his men and fair to his
+helpers. His position as head of a hospital where most of the men were
+French, was not an easy one. He was disliked by the majority of the
+nurses, mostly those who had not been willing to work under him; yet I
+never saw him manifest anything but the greatest tolerance and courtesy
+towards all.
+
+But where one felt the smallest amount of hatred existing on either side
+was amongst the men who had fought and been wounded.
+
+Being left so much alone with my German patients I got to know them
+well. I never had to complain of my “Boches.” They were so much like our
+own men; yes, so much like them! They were grateful for what was done
+for them just in the same way. They showed me photographs of their dear
+ones and told me stories of them which made my heart beat ever so
+quickly.
+
+But some of them were very funny. They ate, ate, so that one marvelled.
+They showed me plainly that I was to heap potatoes and other food on
+their plates. It was never too thick or too much for them. These men
+were of the peasant type, heavy in features and in general appearance. I
+found but few like them amongst our French men. They seemed to feel
+kindly towards me. Some of them used to pat me on the back heavily and
+call me: “Goode Petite Madam.” But their kindness was cow-like, so to
+speak, and reminded me of the animals when they have been well fed.
+
+But, of course, all were not like that. I remember many handsome and
+intelligent faces of men who seemed to have been born for better things
+than butchery. Here was a young man, a student of science, as gentle as
+a woman. He seemed to be the soul of all his comrades, so great was his
+influence for good over them. Day and night he was ready to help and to
+go to the assistance of his fellows, so far as his own wounds would
+allow him to do so.
+
+There were many of this type, and many others who seemed like children,
+and who could hardly be expected to realise how they got into such a
+scrape. One, a young mechanic, a lad with a bright rosy face, discovered
+that I was a Socialist, and, with finger on lip, he told me that he also
+was one. He whispered the great names of Jaurés, Keir Hardie, and
+Liebknecht; I could read in his eyes the hope these names roused in him,
+but I could also see that he was scarcely old enough to know his own
+mind, and that he might be brutally killed ere he had lived long enough
+to strengthen his hopes and to see his goal clearly through the maze of
+his youthful dreams.
+
+There were types on the French side corresponding more or less closely
+to these.
+
+It is true that the French peasant drinks wine in the place of beer,
+eats less than the German, is lighter in build and in wits, but apart
+from these superficial differences there is much similarity. Under an
+outside show of brains, both are often of dull and shallow intelligence.
+The German cracks heavy jokes and the French cynical ones: it is
+difficult to choose between them as both show little culture and an
+inherent commonplaceness of mind.
+
+Men of greater sensibility, of refined culture, I have found on either
+side, and be they French or German, I have nearly always found their
+behaviour correspond to that which I have here tried to delineate.
+
+Most of these men had seen many ghastly things, the horrors of which
+often remained impressed in their eyes for days and days after their
+arrival in hospital. It is often said that the trade of war, the heavy
+slaughter in which they have participated, is bound to brutalise them. I
+readily believe this to be so in the case of the most vulgar types on
+either side, though, even on these, the brutalising and demoralising
+effect of the war seems less to be feared than amongst their
+corresponding types among the civilians.
+
+It is amongst the soldiers and officers of the fighting ranks that I
+have found the greater readiness to fraternise with the enemy, to
+acknowledge the good points of the other side.
+
+The men in my ward one day having sent coffee to their French comrades,
+the latter replied by sending cigarettes, and soon both sides were
+conversing together. The men who have stood face to face in the fight,
+who have seen their enemies falling as bravely as they themselves have
+done, have little hatred left in their hearts; but those who have
+suffered all the horrors of war and who have not found either in work,
+or even in participation in the war itself, a means to cool their
+overheated feelings, are those who constitute the real danger for the
+future work of the pacifists, as, after all, the brutalising effect of
+war is not due so much to the use of physical force as to the hatred
+which such physical force, bent on destruction, brings in its wake.
+
+What I say here of the men does not, however, apply to the professional
+officers. Amongst the Germans these are mostly of the aristocracy. Their
+haughty, scarred faces were always repellent to me. Luckily I was not
+told off to nurse them. They had a special room of their own.
+
+Once only, at lunch time, when their usual nurse was away at her lunch,
+one of them beckoned to me as I was passing their door. Thinking that he
+wanted something, I went up to him, but he received me by putting out
+his tongue and taking a “sight” at me, to the amusement of all his
+friends. This young scamp was no other than Lieutenant von W——, the
+son of General von W——. We all knew that he was a cad and Pupuce
+himself seemed to find him rather a handful.
+
+I met very few French officers during my stay at Lille, but my knowledge
+of the professional military man in time of peace, leads me to believe
+that the type I have described, is far from uncommon in France. He is
+the embodiment of militarism anywhere, and neither in Germany nor
+elsewhere will these men’s brutal instincts be checked through war, or
+even through defeat.
+
+After leaving Lille, and during my subsequent journey through Northern
+France and Belgium, I had the opportunity to note the dealings of the
+Germans with the population of these invaded lands.
+
+After the numerous accounts of monstrous atrocities which were
+perpetrated over there, I hardly dare to mention here that personally I
+did not meet with any of these. I do not mean to imply by this that
+atrocities have not happened, but simply that it has been my good
+fortune not to come across any.
+
+At Lille itself, the Germans behaved decently when once in occupation.
+Posters were put on the walls of the town inviting the population to
+keep quiet. It is true that a few days later fresh bills appeared,
+worded in very peremptory fashion, warning the inhabitants to keep away
+from the bridges, railways, and so forth, under penalty of death for
+disobedience. However, to my knowledge, no disturbances occurred. There,
+as elsewhere, the Germans tried to reorganise ordinary life as quickly
+as possible; they helped to put out fires and to restore quiet and order
+amongst the civilians.
+
+At Maubeuge I met with a similar state of affairs, though I came to this
+town to find that my father, one of the citizens, had only the day
+before come out of prison, where the Germans had kept him for 28 days;
+on a false charge of trying to incite the inhabitants of Maubeuge
+against the Germans, he and two other men had been arrested. According
+to their own account the three of them were given a very fair trial and
+were acquitted. My father did not in any way complain of the treatment
+he had met with.
+
+I must admit, however, that the three prisoners did not all speak of
+their adventure in the same spirit. My father, always quiet and
+cool-headed by nature, resolved to make the best of a bad job, and
+having obtained paper and ink, wrote about half of a book whilst in
+prison. He found the food wholesome, though not always plentiful, and
+asked my mother after his release, to make him a pea soup like that he
+had had in his cell. The other two, however, one a mere lad, the other
+an old-maidish man of 50, complained bitterly of the food and other
+things. While narrating his part of the story the middle-aged man turned
+to me exclaiming: “Why, your father, no one would believe that he is a
+good bit over 60. He took it all so quietly, just as if he were still a
+young man!”
+
+I could not but infer from this that in times of such great crisis and
+passion a man over there in the invaded parts is often treated by “the
+enemy” according to the way in which he himself behaves towards the
+so-called “enemy.” Coolness of head and courtesy on the one side more
+often than not met with the same qualities on the other side.
+
+I suspect it was this, that, after the trial of the three, caused the
+President of the Court to apologise to my father, who had proved himself
+a man, but not to think of doing so to the two other prisoners, who had
+been more sheepish than human.
+
+On the average, the relations between the Germans and the inhabitants,
+from stories I have heard and facts I have witnessed, might roughly be
+summed up in the following statement:
+
+Arrogance, temper, haughtiness on the one side, provoke arrogance,
+temper and haughtiness on the other; while quietness and coolness of one
+party inspire the other with the same quietness and moderation. Provided
+we bear in mind that it takes less to provoke the victor than to provoke
+the vanquished, that it is more easy for the former to indulge in his
+temper without fear of consequences. I do not think that the atrocities
+perpetrated by the Germans in Belgium, the true ones as they came to my
+knowledge, and not the false ones which have been spread by the Press,
+have proved in any way that the Germans have passed the bounds of all
+that has been known in previous wars, and have deserved to be banned and
+thrust outside the pale of humanity.
+
+In this article I have endeavoured to give a fair account of my journey
+and to relate facts I have witnessed as they have impressed themselves
+upon my mind. I have done so not to pass judgment upon some of my
+fellow-creatures at such times of overheated passions, but merely in
+order to present to Socialists and Pacifists the enormity of their task
+after the war, such as I have felt it over there.
+
+It is in the hearts of the people that we shall have to work, to bring
+to them seeds of love and fraternal goodwill in the place of the weeds
+of hatred and ignorance which years of war and horrors will have left in
+the souls of many. Everywhere, but mostly in the countries which have
+been devastated by the war, be it in France, Belgium, Serbia, Poland or
+East Prussia and Galicia, it is in the hearts of the majority of the
+civilian population that we shall meet with the hardest task, but we
+must work so that our faith be so great as really to move mountains.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+_Where there are several references and one is of chief importance, that
+one is printed in heavy figures._
+
+
+PAGE.
+
+Accusation, Ease of, 204-5
+
+Achim, 136
+
+_Aktion, Die_, 231
+
+Alexandra Palace, Internment at, 103
+
+Altdamm, 8
+
+American Civil War, Prisoners in, 123-4
+
+Anderson, Chandler, 79
+
+Annexation
+  —Delbrück-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial Against, 176
+  —German Socialist Party Manifesto Against, 175
+
+Assistance Agency, German, for Prisoners, 12, =133-142=
+
+Assistance to British Subjects in Germany, 212-21
+
+Atrocities
+  —and Credulity, 31, 38
+  —German, 264, 265
+  —Unfounded Story of, 156
+
+_Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und Ausländer in
+    Deutschland_, 133-4
+
+Austin, L. J., 33, =37=
+
+Austria, a Prisoner in, 26
+
+_Avanti_, 223
+
+
+Bad Blenhorst, 48, 57
+
+Baden, Prisoners in, 60, 61
+
+_Basler Nachrichten_, 66
+
+Bathing Facilities
+  —in British Camps, 65
+  —in German Camps, 11, 13, 15, 48, 50
+
+Bath-Chair Woman and English Lady, 213
+
+Batochina, 150-2
+
+Bayreuth, 55
+
+Belgian Relief Commission, Germany’s Attitude to, 177-8
+
+Belgium, German Protests Against Annexation of, 173-177
+
+Bell, Mr. E. P., on the Censorship, 199
+
+Belle-Ile, 43
+
+Beresford, Lord, 29
+
+_Berliner Tageblatt_, 177, 179
+
+Bernhardi, 234
+
+Bernstein, Ed., 231
+
+Berry, Dr. F. M. Dickinson, 72
+
+Bibby, Private A., 193
+
+Birt, Capt. W. B., 146
+
+Bischofswerda, 45-6, 49
+
+Bishop of Winchester, 12, =132-3=
+
+Björnson, Björn, 171
+
+Blankenberg-i-Mark, 51
+
+Blankenburg, =19=, 52
+
+Blue Book on Prisoners in Germany, 24
+
+Boer War
+  —Concentration Camps, 126-31
+  —Prisoners in, 125
+
+Bogen, Col., 11
+
+Borchardt, Julian, 235
+
+Bouvigny, 38
+
+Boxing in Prison Camps, 51
+
+Brandenburg, 56
+
+British Subjects in Germany, Kindness to, 212-21
+
+Brunner, Mond & Co., 246
+
+Bryan, Mr., 6
+
+Buchan, John, 157
+
+Bulgaria, British Prisoners in, 73
+
+Burg, 34-37
+
+Burg-bei-Magdeburg, 10
+
+Bury, Bishop, 28, =102-3=, 107-8
+
+Butler, Lt.-Gen. Sir W., quoted, 200, 201
+
+
+_Cambridge Magazine_, 30, 73, 124, 228
+
+Carpenter, Edward, 183
+
+Cassabianda, 44
+
+Catering, Self-management in, 22
+
+Celle, 57
+
+Censor Fined by Prisoner, 35
+
+Censorship, E. P. Bell on the, 199
+
+Cetinje, Starvation in, 160
+
+Chemical Society,
+  —British, 229
+  —German, 229
+
+Chemistry, Germany and, 245_ff_
+
+Child in No-Man’s-Land, 159
+
+Children in Russia, 159
+
+Children Taken Home from Occupied Territory, 135, 158
+
+_Christliche Welt_, 173
+
+Christmas Truces, 180-2, 183-6
+
+Cimino, Dr., 84, =104=
+
+Civilian Hate, 163-4
+
+Civilians, Resident Enemy, Treatment of, 75
+
+_Clacton Graphic_, 165
+
+Clausthal, 49
+
+Clothes, British Prisoners and, 23
+
+Cohen, Israel, 79, =104=
+
+Colenso, Miss, 4
+
+Cologne
+  —Hospitals at, 12
+  —Military Prison at, 54
+
+Commandants, Good German, 56
+
+_Common Cause_, 66
+
+_Common Sense_, 111, 193
+
+Compiègne, Palais de, 205-7
+
+Complaints by Prisoners, 73
+
+Concentration Camps, Boer War, 126-31
+
+Contracts, Germany and, 177-8
+
+Corey, Mr. Herbert, and the _Times_, 198
+
+Correspondence, Complaints about, 6-8
+
+Cottbus, 57
+
+Coulston, Capt., 52
+
+Credulity and Atrocities, 31, 38
+
+Crefeld, 2, =13=, 55, 65
+
+Cüstrin, 49
+
+Cyon, Madame F. L., 153-7, 255_ff_
+
+
+_Daily Chronicle_, 83, 163, 168, 188, 189, 198, 202
+
+_Daily Citizen_, 183
+
+_Daily Mail_, 6, 196
+
+_Daily News_, 4, 7, 26, 28, 45, 59, 60, 61, 68, 71, 107, 119, 120, 159,
+    160, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 177, 178, 179, 185, 187, 190, 191, 199,
+    224, 225, 226, 251, 252
+
+_Daily Telegraph_, 96, 105, 122, 223, 224, 244
+
+Damm, Mr., 8
+
+Dartford Prisoners of War Hospital, 64
+
+Dawson, W. H., 248
+
+Dehmel, 229
+
+Delbrück-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial, 176
+
+Dernburg, Dr., 176-7
+
+Desmond, G. G., =61=
+
+Deussen, Prof., Against Hate, 228-9
+
+_Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung_, 73
+
+_Deutsche Tageszeitung_, 168
+
+Dickinson, Lowes, 232
+
+Döberitz, 5, =9=, 25, 30, 135
+
+Dobson, Austin, quoted, 196-7
+
+Dogs in German Prison Camps, =33=, 39
+
+Donington Hall and Luxury, 64
+
+Dorchester Camp, 9, =64=
+
+Doty, Madeline, 235
+
+Douglas, 25
+
+Dresel, Mr., 33, 110
+
+Drill, Dr., 167
+
+Dülmen, 61, 62
+
+Dyffry Camp, 9
+
+Dyffryn Aled Camp, 64
+
+Dyrötz, 52
+
+
+East Africa, German Women Prisoners from, 69
+
+Elswick, 7
+
+_Emden_, 202, 205
+
+England, Military Prisoners in, 63_ff_
+
+_English Girl’s Adventures in Hostile Germany_, 212-14
+
+_Englishman, Kamerad_, 8
+
+Erfurt, 22
+
+Erzberger, 73
+
+Escape, Attempts to, 48
+
+_Ethical Movement_, 232, 234
+
+Ethics of War, 161-2
+
+Eugster, Nat. Councillor A., =40-2=, 45, 67
+
+_Evolution of Modern Germany_, 248
+
+Ey-Steinecke, Gen. von, 56
+
+
+Families of Germans in England, 143-4
+
+_Far Out_, 201
+
+Farm Work
+  —Prisoners in Germany and, 21
+  —German Prisoners and, 68, 69
+
+Food
+  —at Ruhleben, 90, 91, 101-2, 104
+  —During Transport of Prisoners, 46
+  —German Prisoners and, 30, 69-70
+  —In Boer War Concentration Camps, 131
+  —In English Camps, 9, 27, 117
+  —In French Camps, 43, 44
+  —In German Camps, 3, 5, 10, 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, =27-31=, 34, 40,
+    50, 51
+  —Problem in Germany, 99
+
+Fougères, 44
+
+Foerster, Prof. W., 134
+
+Förster, Dr. F. W., 232
+
+Fort Friedrichshafen, 50
+
+_Forum, Das_, 231, 232
+
+Franco-German War, Prisoners in, 124
+
+Frankfort, Freedom of English in, 83
+
+Frankfurt-am-Oder, 137, 218
+
+_Frankfurter Zeitung_, 166, 169, 170, 177, 178
+
+Frankland, Prof., 245
+
+Frentz, Gen. Raitz von, 56
+
+Friedberg, 23, 48, 65
+
+Friedrichsfeld, 46
+
+_Friend, The_, 132, 138
+
+Friends’ Emergency Committee, 87, 132, =137-144=, 158
+
+“Frightfulness” Condemned by German Newspapers, 178
+
+Frongoch, 145
+
+Funeral of an English Officer in Germany, 146-8
+
+
+Gardelegen, 15
+
+Gardens, Prisoners’, 23, 49
+
+Gardiner, A. G., 226
+
+Gerard, Mr., 23, 25, 45, 47, 50, 53, 81, 82, 93, 97-8, 100, 102, 104
+
+German
+  —Feeling Towards England, 165
+  —Heroism at the Front, 161-2
+  —Newspaper Comments, 166_ff_
+  —Officers, Professional, 263-4
+  —Officers and Privates, Familiarity Between, 38
+  —Soldier, British Opinions of the, 201-3
+  —Soldiers, French Women and, 208
+  —School-books and the War, 171-3
+  —Tribute to Pégoud, 224
+  —Troops in Occupation, 205_ff_
+
+Germany
+  —and Commerce, 244
+  —Conditions of Labour in, 248
+  —In Peace Time, 241_ff_
+
+Germersheim Hospitals, 55
+
+George, Lieut., =36=
+
+Gibbs, Philip, 163, 182, 183, 188, 189, 197, 202, 208
+
+Giessen, 48, 53, 150
+
+Gilliland, Lieut., 73
+
+_Glasgow Herald_, 249
+
+Glass Apparatus, Germany and, 250
+
+Gmelin, Prof., 53
+
+“God Punish England,” 166, 169, 171
+
+Gomperz, Prof. H., 227
+
+Görlitz, 49
+
+“Gott Strafe England,” 166, 169, 171
+
+Göttingen, =11=, 27, 53, 67, 144
+
+Graaf, Excellenz de, and English Civilians, 82
+
+Grey, Sir Edward, 8, 24, 50, 77, 78, 80, 92, 97
+
+Güstrow i/Mecklenburg, =16=, 52, 53, 57
+
+
+Haase, Herr, on Belgian Neutrality, 174
+
+Hakenmoor, 51
+
+Hale, Chandler, 25
+
+Hall: _International Law_, 76
+
+Halle a/d Saale, 10
+
+Halle, 49
+
+Hamilton, Sir Ian, 7
+
+Harnack, Prof., 177
+
+Harris, H. W., 82
+
+Harte, A. C., 11
+
+Harvey, Lieut.-Observer J. E. P., 3
+
+Hate
+  —Civilian, 163-4
+  —Hymn of, 231
+  —Prof. Deussen Condemns, 228
+  —Prof. Gomperz Condemns, 227
+
+Hauptmann, Gerhart, 229
+
+Havelberg, 110
+
+Hay, the Hon. Ivan, 36
+
+Headley, Lord, 249
+
+_Healing of Nations_, 183
+
+Hedin, Sven, 171
+
+_Herald_, 109
+
+Heroism of German Prisoners, 119
+
+Herzog, Wilhelm, 232
+
+Hesse, Hermann, 230
+
+_Hibbert Journal_, 180, 232
+
+_Hilfe, Die_, 222
+
+Hobhouse, Miss Emily, 127-31
+
+Holderness, 26
+
+Holyport Camp, 9, 64
+
+Holzminden, 135
+
+Hoover, Herbert, 177
+
+Hope, James, 71
+
+Horrors of War, 163
+
+Hospital at Lille, 156-7, 258_ff_
+
+Hospital Treatment, Prisoners in Germany, 12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 47, 48,
+    55, =57-8=
+
+“Hymn of Hate,” 231
+
+
+_In the Hands of the Enemy_, 31
+
+Indian Prisoners at Wünsdorf, 55
+
+Indian Prisoners, Wounded, 13
+
+International Red Cross—see under Red Cross
+
+_International Review_, 210, 220, 222, 228, 240
+
+Internment Camps, Neutral, 121
+
+Internment
+  —Effects of, 6, =83-7=, 110, 114, 120
+  —Origin of, 76_ff_
+
+_Is it to be Hate?_ 203, 205, 244
+
+Isighem, 47
+
+Isle of Man, 9
+
+
+Jackson, Mr., 9, 10, 16, 19, 25, 27, 29, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57
+
+Jealousy, English, of Germany, 252
+
+Jens, Fräulein, 136
+
+Johnson, Capt. Benjamin, 13
+
+Journalists Condemned, 232, 238
+
+
+Kaiser, 207
+
+Kerensky, 225
+
+Kindness, Order Against, 196
+
+Kirchhoff, Frau, 136
+
+Klein, Albert, 238
+
+Klein, L’Abbé Félix, 194
+
+Kluck, General von, 203, =206-7=
+
+Knockaloe Camp, 114-17
+  —Accommodation at, Compared with Ruhleben, 115-16;
+  —Prisoners’ Aid Society, 136-7
+
+Kolb, Annette, 232
+
+_Kölnische Zeitung_, 148, 167, 168, 171, 178, 226
+
+Königsbrück, 49
+
+Kothe, Oberst, 56
+
+
+_La Guerre vue d’une Ambulance_, 194, 196
+
+_Labour Leader_, 117, 175, 186, 189, 198, 235, 249
+
+_L’Action Française_, 211
+
+Landrecies, 31
+
+Langen Halbach b/Haiger, 54
+
+Laurie, Principal, 250
+
+Leonhard, Rudolf, 229
+
+Letters, German Soldiers’, 237_ff_
+
+Lichnowsky, Prince, 12, 133
+
+_Lichtstrahlen_, 235
+
+Liebknecht, 236
+
+Lille, 153-7, 255_ff_
+  —Hospital at, 156-7, 258_ff_
+
+Limbau, 57
+
+Limburg, 21
+
+Lissauer, 231
+
+Literature, German War, 228-34
+
+Littlefair, Mary, 165, =212-14=
+
+Lloyd George, Mr., on the Two Germanies, 252
+
+_Lloyd’s News_, 192
+
+_Lokalanzeiger_, 170
+
+Lorient, 43
+
+Ludendorff, 168
+
+_Lusitania_, Sinking of, 178-9
+
+Luxembourg, Rosa, 235, 236
+
+
+Macnaughten, Miss, 203-4
+
+Maffe, 37
+
+Magdeburg, =10=, 33, 46
+
+Mainz, =20=, 36
+
+Malcolm, Ian, 6
+
+_Manchester Guardian_, 26, 74, 106, 149, 190
+
+Mann, Thomas, 232
+
+Marck, Ludwig, 230
+
+Markel, Dr. K. E., 144
+
+Martin-Rade, Prof., 173
+
+Marval, Dr. de, 41, 45
+
+Marwitz, von, 206-7
+
+Mather, Sir William, 244
+
+Maubeuge, =154=, 255, =264=
+
+Maude, Col. F. N., on the Prussian Army, 209
+
+Mehring, Frank, 235
+
+Merseberg, 23
+
+Merseburg, =4=, 51
+
+Michelson, Mr., 12, 46
+
+Minot, Mr., 93-5
+
+Mond, Ludwig, 246
+
+Monotony of Camp Life, 6—See also under Internment, Effects of
+
+Morgan, Mr., American Consul at Hamburg, 47
+
+_Morning Post_, 29
+
+Mourey, Gabriel, 205-7
+
+MS. Returned, 37
+
+Müller, Capt. von, 202, 205
+
+Münden, 23
+
+Munich, 3
+
+Münster, =17=, 28, =56=
+
+_My Experiences as Prisoner in Germany_, 33, =37=
+
+Motor-cycles, German Privates Ride Officers’, 38
+
+
+Namur, 37
+
+Napier, Col., 26
+
+Napoleonic Wars, Prisoners in, 123
+
+_Nation_, 72, 167, 169, 173, 207, 221, 225, 235
+
+Neubrandenburg, 48
+
+New College, Oxford, 225
+
+_News of the World_, 4
+
+Newspaper
+  —Advertisements in Vienna, 222
+  —Comments, German, 166_ff_
+  —Reports, Inaccurate, 53-4, 82
+
+Newton, Lord, on Prisoners in Germany, 26, 28, 105
+
+Nies, Archdeacon W. E., 55
+
+Nobbs, Capt. Gilbert, 7, 8
+
+Nurses, French, 260-1
+
+
+_Observer_, 107
+
+Occupation, German Troops in, 205_ff_
+
+Officers
+  —German, and Privates, Familiarity Between, 38
+  —German, at Lille Hospital, 263-4
+
+Ohnesorg, Dr., 12, 15, 18, 20, 33, 47, 48
+
+Ohrdruf, 22
+
+O’Rorke, Chaplain Benjamin, 31-37, 165
+
+Orchies, Burning of, 257
+
+Osborne, Lithgow, 1, 10, 19, 25, 50, 53
+
+O’Sullivan, Private, 1
+
+Ozendaal, 39
+
+
+Packages, Complaints About, =6-8=, 43, 50, 67, 96
+
+Paderborn, Lazarets, 47
+
+Padwick, Mr. H., 68
+
+Page, Mr., 9, 11, 24, 77, 78, 81, 92, 97
+
+Paillet, Léon, 11
+
+Panzera, Col. F. N., 116
+
+Parchim, 56
+
+Paris, Enemy Nationals in, in 1870, 76-7
+
+Pearce, Second-Lieut. F. Phillips, 2
+
+Pégoud, German Tribute to, 224
+
+Petre, Miss, 251
+
+Portsmouth Camp, 9
+
+Postman’s Help to English Lady, 212
+
+Prince Heinrich of Reuss, 38
+
+Princess Friedrich Leopold of Prussia, 52
+
+Prison, Military, at Cologne, 54
+
+Prisoner in Austria, A, 26
+
+Prisoner’s Life, Monotony of the, 6
+  (See also under Internment, Effects of)
+
+Prisoners
+  —British, Alleged Bad Treatment of, 16, 24, 53, 60
+  —British, and Clothes, 23
+  —Civilian and Military, Compared, 83-7
+  —False Statements by, 66
+  —Food During Transport of, 46
+  —Friction Between, 5-6, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 52
+  —German Army and, 190
+  —German, Heroism of, 118-19
+  —German Populace and, 32, 36
+  —Harsh Treatment of, During Transport, in France, 43
+  —Harsh Treatment of, During Transport, in Germany, 16, 45-6
+  —in American Civil War, 123-4
+  —in Boer War, 125
+  —in France, 43-5
+  —in Franco-German War, 124
+  —in Germany, Lord Newton on, 26, 28, 105
+  —in Germany, Officers’ Rooms, 23
+  —in Hospital, Germany, 12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 47, 48, 55, =57-8=
+  —in Napoleonic Wars, 123
+  —in Russo-Japanese War, 125
+  —in Russia, 125
+  —Indian, at Wünsdorf, 53
+  —Indian, Wounded, 13
+  —Military, in Germany: General Conclusions, 62
+  —on Farm Work, 21, 68, 69
+  —“Reprisal,” 36, 71
+  —Tact in Treatment of, 42
+
+
+Queensferry Camp, 9
+
+
+Railway Trucks and Interned Prisoners, 118
+
+Rastatt, 60
+
+Reciprocity in Good Treatment, 47
+
+Red Cross, International
+  —and English Prison Camps, 9
+  —Committee of the, 71
+  —Reports of the, 39-45
+
+Release of Civilian Prisoners, Appeals for, 111_ff_
+
+Repatriations
+  —of Civilian Prisoners, 109
+  —of Prisoners of War, =58=_ff_
+
+“Reprisal Prisoners,” 36, 71
+
+“Reprisals of Good,” 24, 105, =132=_ff_
+
+Reuss, Prince Heinrich of, 38
+
+Rolland, Romain, 229, 240
+
+Rotten, Dr. Elizabeth, 65, 85, 134, =138-40=, 144, 158, 195
+
+Roubaix, 258
+
+Ruhleben, 84, 133, 135
+  —Reports on, =87=_ff_
+
+Ruhleben,
+  —Accommodation at, 102
+  —Accommodation at, Compared with Knockaloe, 115-16
+  —Camp Committee, 99-100
+  —Leave of Absence from, 140
+  —Mr. Jackson on, 86
+  —Overcrowding at, 102-3
+  —Prisoners’ Activities at, 106-7
+  —Relatives’ Visits to Men at, 139
+
+_Ruhleben, My Visit to_, 102, 107-8
+
+_Ruhleben Prison Camp, The_, 79, =104=
+
+Rumours, 66, 156, 157
+  —Sir E. Grey on, 9, 24
+
+Russell, Mr., 51
+
+Russia, Prisoners in, 73
+
+Russo-Japanese War, Prisoners in, 125
+
+
+Sackville, Lady Margaret, quoted, 197
+
+Salzwedel, 15
+
+Scarlett-Synge, Dr. Ella, 50, =149-153=, 209
+
+Scheuen, near Celle, 17
+
+Schloss Celle, 49
+
+School-books, German, and the War, 171-3
+
+Schopenhauer Society, 228-9
+
+Schulze, Dr. Siegmund, =85-7=, 103, 133, 144, 234
+
+Schwantje, Magnus, 228
+
+Schwerin, Graf, 95, 98, 104
+
+Scotswood, 7
+
+Senne, =19=, =29=, 41
+
+Serbia
+  —Austro-German Conduct in, 150-3
+  —Austro-German Prisoners in, 72
+
+Serbian Prisoners and German Assistance Agency, 137
+
+Shakespeare, Germany and, 242, 250
+
+_Sheffield Telegraph_, 183
+
+Soltau, 17
+
+Sombart, Prof., 166-7
+
+_Soul of the War_, 182, 208
+
+Southend Camp, 9
+
+Spaight, Dr. J. M., =75-6=, 123, 125-6
+
+Spandau, 52
+
+Spectroscope Story, 140-2
+
+St. Quentin, Germans at, 208
+
+_Staatsbürgerin_, 195
+
+Stange, Prof., 11, 12, 27, 30, 53, =144=
+
+Stargard, 8
+
+Steen, M. T. E., on German Prison Camps, 62
+
+Stendal, 50
+
+Stettin, 68
+
+Stobs Camp, 65
+
+_Stobsiad_, 65
+
+Stücklen, Herr, 30
+
+_Sunday Times_, 170
+
+Swiss and Red Cross, 39
+
+_Sydney_, 202, 205
+
+Sympathetic Ink, 66
+
+
+Taylor, Dr. A. E., 56, 101-2
+
+Taube, Baron von, 88_ff_, 98
+
+Tennant, Mr., 67
+
+Tennis-court, Officer Prisoners’, 48
+
+_Times_, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 53, 64, 96, 132, 158, 161, 166, 178, 198, 201,
+    205, 216, 217, 218
+
+_Times Literary Supplement_, 207
+
+Torgau, 23, 24, 32, 33
+
+Treatment of Prisoners—See under Prisoners.
+
+Tourcoing, 258
+
+Turkey, Prisoners in, 71
+
+
+Uhlans, 37, 206, 209
+
+Unruh, Fritz von, 229
+
+
+Vermin in Camps, =41=, 43
+
+Vienna Newspapers, Advertisements in, 222
+
+Visits Outside Camp, 35, =52=, 55, 57, 105, 142
+
+Vitré, 43
+
+_Volksstimme_, 210, 222
+
+_Vorwärts_, 159, 175, 179, 186, 222
+
+_Vossische Zeitung_, 237
+
+
+Wahn, 18
+
+_War and the World’s Life_, 209
+
+Warmington, Mrs. K., 214
+
+Webster, J. P., 56
+
+_Weissen Blätter_, 231
+
+Wells, H. G., 252
+
+Werfel, Franz, 230
+
+Wesel, Lazarets, 48
+
+_Westminster Gazette_, 158
+
+Wilson, Capt. A. Stanley, 26
+
+Winchester, Bishop of, 12, =132-3=
+
+Wittenberg, 1, 50, 62, 129
+
+Wolff, Theodore, 176-7
+
+_Woman’s Dreadnought_, 117
+
+Women, French, and German Soldiers, 208
+
+Working Camps, 48, 51
+
+Wounded
+  —Brotherhood Among, 182-3;
+  —German, at Orchies, 257;
+  —German, at Lille Hospital, 262-3;
+  —German, Killed, 258;
+  —Treatment of, by Germans, =187-195=, 211
+
+Wünsdorf, 55
+
+
+Y.M.C.A. at Göttingen Camp, 11
+
+_Ypres, The Irish Nuns at_, 207
+
+
+Zetkin, Clara, 235
+
+Zimmermann, Herr E., 170
+
+Zossen, 23, 41, 66
+
+Züder Zollhaus, 18
+
+Zwickau, 49
+
+
+                   The National Labour Press, Ltd.,
+                        Manchester and London.
+                                 28375
+
+
+
+[Transriber’s Note: The table below lists all corrections applied to the
+original text.
+
+p. vii: par L’Abbé Felix Klein -> Félix
+p. 002: lights out at 10-45 -> 10.45
+p. 009: [normalized] visited camps at Hollyport -> Holyport
+p. 014: [removed extra comma] insufficient, light -> insufficient light
+p. 016: [added opening quotes] “Clothing is furnished when required
+p. 026: his intercourse wth the German delegates -> with
+p. 040: [added closing quotes] cereals is impossible.”
+p. 044: [normalized] Of Casabianda -> Cassabianda
+p. 053: the occurence mentioned -> occurrence
+p. 058: it seems very probable that -> It
+p. 074: most trivial beaches of discipline -> breaches
+p. 095: contsantly progressing -> constantly
+p. 100: recreation and asembling room -> assembling
+p. 107: [added closing quotes] skits on the camp, etc.”
+p. 112: [added closing brace] (Editor of the Journal de Genève)
+p. 112: official negotiaions -> negotiations
+p. 121: Even in neutral interment camps -> internment
+p. 128: [added period] by no means supports these charges.
+p. 139: so well satified -> satisfied
+p. 144: No interment camp -> internment
+p. 154: delapidated and without fire -> dilapidated
+p. 155: sme of them were so impertinent -> some
+p. 157: [added closing quotes] thanking me for my care.”
+p. 159: grande loterie de Noel -> Noël
+p. 160: troops entered Centinje -> Cetinje
+p. 163: [added closing quote] go forward with our hands up.’
+p. 161: [added comma] from the Daily News, May 17
+p. 167: herioc bravery-> heroic
+p. 170: bullets in safe reatreat -> retreat
+p. 170: This is a singuarly fair -> singularly
+p. 194: par L’Abée Félix Klein -> L’Abbé
+p. 198: [added period] to conceal them ever since.
+p. 205: [added opening quotes] “On the whole it cannot be said
+p. 207: imagination this aid-de-camp -> aide-de-camp
+p. 207: [added opening quotes] reviewer in the Nation, “that Herr Major
+p. 232: Deutschlands Jugend und der Weltkreig -> Weltkrieg
+p. 255: Francoise Lafitte Cyon -> Françoise
+p. 269: Güstrow î-Mecklenburg -> Güstrow i/Mecklenburg
+p. 269: Klein, L’Abée Félix -> L’Abbé
+p. 271: Turcoing, 258 -> Tourcoing ]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Better Germany in War Time, by Harold Picton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BETTER GERMANY IN WAR TIME ***
+
+***** This file should be named 24810-0.txt or 24810-0.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/8/1/24810/
+
+Produced by Irma Spehar, Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/24810-0.zip b/24810-0.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5f477b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24810-0.zip
diff --git a/24810-8.txt b/24810-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be59285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24810-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11559 @@
+Project Gutenberg's The Better Germany in War Time, by Harold Picton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Better Germany in War Time
+       Being some Facts towards Fellowship
+
+Author: Harold Picton
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2008 [EBook #24810]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BETTER GERMANY IN WAR TIME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Irma Spehar, Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                          THE BETTER GERMANY
+                              IN WAR TIME
+
+                _Being some Facts towards Fellowship._
+
+
+                                  BY
+                            HAROLD PICTON.
+
+
+                  THE NATIONAL LABOUR PRESS, LIMITED,
+                        MANCHESTER AND LONDON.
+
+
+
+                                TO THE
+                    BRITISH AND THE GERMAN PEOPLES
+                                  AND
+                             IN MEMORY OF
+                               MY MOTHER
+                          WHO KNEW AND LOVED
+                              THEM BOTH.
+
+
+
+    "Forsooth, brothers, fellowship is heaven, and lack of
+    fellowship is Hell."--_A Dream of John Ball._
+
+    "Either we are all citizens of the same city and war between us,
+    a civil war, a monstrous iniquity to be forgotten, as soon as it
+    may bring in peace; or else there is no city and no home for man
+    in the universe, but only an everlasting conflict between
+    creatures that have nothing in common and no place where they
+    can together be at rest."--_Times Literary Supplement_, Nov. 11,
+    1915.
+
+    "He had to be extremely careful, said Lord Newton at Knutsford
+    last Saturday, because if he made any statement which did not
+    accuse the Germans of brutality he was denounced by many people
+    as pro-German."--_Common Sense_, April 20, 1918.
+
+    "Des faits de ce genre m�ritent d�tre mis en evidence. Il
+    faudrait, dans ce d�cha�nement d'horreurs et de haines, insister
+    sur les quelques traits capables d'adoucir les �mes."--_La
+    Guerre vue d'une Ambulance_ par L'Abb� F�LIX KLEIN.
+
+    "Hate as a policy is either inadequate to deal with the crimes
+    (real and invented) of our enemies, or, if adequate, so recoils
+    on the hater that he himself becomes ruined as a moral
+    agent."--G. JARVIS SMITH, M.C. (late Chaplain at the Western
+    Front). _Nation_, Nov. 2, 1918.
+
+    "The belief at home that the individual enemy is an incurable
+    barbarian is simply wrong...."--Second-Lieut. A.�R. WILLIAMS,
+    killed in action August, 1917.
+
+    "I will go on fighting as long as it is necessary to get a
+    decision in this war.... But I will not hate Germans to the
+    order of any bloody politician; and the first thing I shall do
+    after I am free will be to go to Germany and create all the ties
+    I can with German life."--J.�H. KEELING (B.E.F., December,
+    1915).
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER.                                               PAGE.
+
+     FOREWORD                                            xi.
+
+  I. MILITARY PRISONERS                                    1
+
+ II. CIVILIAN PRISONERS                                   75
+
+III. PRISONERS IN PREVIOUS WARS                          123
+
+ IV. REPRISALS OF GOOD                                   132
+
+  V. WHAT THE GERMAN MAY BE                              149
+
+     APPENDIX                                            255
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD[1]
+
+
+One kind of German has been too often described, and not infrequently
+invented. I propose here to describe the other German. At a military
+hospital a lady visitor said to the wounded soldiers: "We've had lots of
+books and tales of horror; why don't some of you fellows prepare a book
+of the good deeds of the enemy?" There was a slight pause. "Ah," said
+one of the soldiers, "that would be a golden book." Very imperfectly,
+and in spite of all the barriers raised by war passions, I have tried to
+collect some of the materials already to hand for such a book.
+
+In any quarrel it is difficult to recognise that there is good in one's
+opponent. Yet in order that any strife may be wisely settled, this
+recognition is plainly necessary. Mere enmity, without recognition of
+good, belongs to primitive barbarism. It was against the foolish
+unpracticality of this older barbarism (not surely only against its
+wickedness) that Christ protested in the words, "But I say unto you,
+love your enemies." He saw around him the folly and unenlightenment of
+the perpetual feud. I have collected the testimonies that are in the
+following pages because such facts seem to me to need wider
+recognition, if we are ever to gain an outlook upon a fairer and a truer
+world.
+
+If my desire for peace has anywhere shown itself unduly, or in a way
+irritating to others, I ask forgiveness. Whenever peace is made, the
+world will need a peace built on all the facts of human nature. I have
+tried to give here some of those which war passions inevitably obscure.
+That is the whole of my task.
+
+                                              HAROLD PICTON.
+  _September, 1918._
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 1: With the exception of a few minor insertions the
+    whole of this book was compiled, and the preface written, before
+    Peace came. It seemed, however, that it might only be harmful if
+    published then. I, therefore, kept the book back, but, as the
+    wording expressed my feeling as I wrote, I have left it
+    unchanged.]
+
+
+
+
+                    The Better Germany in War Time
+
+                                  I.
+
+                          MILITARY PRISONERS.
+
+
+The cases of bad treatment of prisoners in Germany have been made known
+very widely. No one, I imagine, can wish to defend bad treatment of
+prisoners anywhere (even of criminal prisoners), and such a horrible
+state of things as that of Wittenberg during the typhus epidemic is a
+disgrace to human nature.
+
+But Mr. Lithgow Osborne says: "My whole impression of the camp
+authorities at Wittenberg was utterly unlike that which I have received
+in every other camp I have visited in Germany." (Miscel. 16, 1916, p.
+6). I propose to give some account of these other camps. I shall not
+exclude adverse criticism, but as the public have heard little but such
+criticism, I do not think it will be unfair to deal in these pages more
+fully with the favourable reports.
+
+
+LETTERS FROM OFFICERS AND OTHERS.
+
+The following letter from a British Officer appeared in the _Times_ of
+December 30, 1914. It may well serve as an introduction and a caution:
+
+    I do not doubt Private O'Sullivan's wonderful experience as a
+    prisoner, but his is, I am sure, only an isolated case, and not
+    at all the usual treatment to which British prisoners are
+    subjected. I can speak from experience, as I, too, was a
+    prisoner (wounded), but afterwards released, as the building in
+    which I was, along with several German wounded, was captured by
+    the British. During the time I was with the Germans they treated
+    me with every consideration. Food was scarce, owing to the fact
+    that the roads were so well shelled by our artillery that their
+    transport could not come up; but they shared their food with me.
+    They also dressed my wound with the greatest care, and in every
+    way made me as comfortable as possible. Being able to speak a
+    little German, I talked to the other wounded, and found that
+    their papers also published dreadful tales of our treatment of
+    prisoners, which I am glad to say I was able to refute.
+
+    I am, Sir, yours faithfully,
+                                          A BRITISH OFFICER.
+      December 27.
+
+I would especially call the attention of fair-minded men to the last
+sentences.
+
+Here is a letter written by Second-Lieut. F. Phillips Pearce (aged 18)
+of the 2nd Essex Regiment, from Crefeld on October 27, and printed in
+the _Times_ of November 19, 1914:
+
+    We are treated very well indeed here. We have good beds and
+    fires in the rooms, three good meals a day, and a French soldier
+    for a servant, and this morning I had a splendid hot bath. We
+    have roll call twice a day, at 8 a.m. and 9.45 p.m., and lights
+    out at 10.45, and we have a large courtyard to walk about in. We
+    have a canteen here where we can buy clothes and anything we
+    want. Prison fare is very good--new rolls and coffee and fresh
+    butter. Not bad! I had a very decent guard when I was coming up
+    on the train; he got me food, and when one man tried to get in
+    to attack me he threw him off the train. I am afraid I am out of
+    the firing line until the war ends (worse luck). I am in no
+    danger of being shot unless I try to bolt, which I shan't do. I
+    shot the man who was carrying their colours, and he wanted to
+    have me shot, but luckily nobody seemed to agree with him. The
+    next time I saw him he had been bandaged up--he was shot through
+    the shoulder--and he dashed up and shook me by the hand and
+    shouted, "Mein Freund, mein Freund."
+
+On November 25 other letters appeared in the _Times_. One was from a
+cavalry subaltern in a German fortress:
+
+    You ask about money; they provide lights and firing and all the
+    men's food. The officers get 16s. a week and buy their own.
+    Quite sufficient, as it is cheap. I have learnt German fairly
+    quickly and do interpreter now in the shop for the men, though,
+    I am afraid, _tant mal que bien_. One of the officials here
+    used to be a professor, and is very kind trying to teach us.
+    Thanks for the warm underclothes, and most awfully for the
+    footballs. We have quite good matches.... It is better not to
+    try to send any public news of any kind from England; people
+    having been stupid trying to smuggle letters in cakes and
+    things, and it only makes trouble for everyone.
+
+A Captain writes:
+
+    For dinner at 1 p.m. we are given soup, meat and vegetables....
+    Supper takes place at 7 o'clock and consists of tea, sausages or
+    meat and potatoes.... We receive �5 a month as pay, of which 1s.
+    6d. is deducted for food each day. We have a canteen here at
+    which we can buy everything we want, ... so there is no need to
+    send me anything at all, except perhaps those small 7d. editions
+    of novels.
+
+An English lady wrote early in 1915 from Munich:
+
+    I must tell you I had permission to visit a wounded English
+    officer, a cousin, and I think it would reassure many people at
+    home to know how warmly he speaks of the great kindness that has
+    been shown him now for five months, as well as the skill and
+    attention of the doctors.--(_Times_, March 17, 1915.)
+
+Here, too, is a letter from Lieut.-Observer J.�E.�P. Harvey, an officer
+of the Bedfordshire Yeomanry, and attached to the Royal Flying Corps:
+
+    I met one of the pilots of the German machines that had attacked
+    us. He could speak English well and we shook hands after a most
+    thrilling fight. I had brought down his machine with my
+    machine-gun, and he had to land quite close to where I landed.
+    He had a bullet through his radiator and petrol tank, but
+    neither he nor his observer was touched. I met two German
+    officers that knew several people that I knew, and they were
+    most awfully kind to me. They gave me a very good dinner of
+    champagne and oysters, etc., and I was treated like an honoured
+    guest. I then came by train the next day to Mainz, where I was
+    confined in a room by myself for two days. I have now been moved
+    into a general room with eight other English officers, where we
+    sleep and eat. We are treated very well, and play hockey and
+    tennis in the prison yard.--(_News of the World_, February 27,
+    1916.)
+
+Miss Colenso gives the following account, which appeared in the _Daily
+News_ of June 28, 1918:
+
+    A minister friend of mine told me the story of a young Scottish
+    boy of his acquaintance, now a military prisoner in Germany--I
+    forget for the moment in which camp. This boy received a letter
+    from home one day telling of his mother's serious illness and
+    the doctor's verdict that she could only live a few weeks. The
+    German Commandant, finding the boy in great distress, asked him
+    what was the matter, and on learning the cause of his grief,
+    said: "Would you like to go home to your mother?" The boy sprang
+    up, exclaiming indignantly, "How can you mock me when you know
+    it is impossible?" "But you shall go, my boy," said the
+    commandant. "I will pay your return fare on condition that you
+    give me your word of honour to come back here." The boy went
+    home to Scotland and remained by his mother's side for about
+    three weeks till her death, when, true to his word, he returned
+    to Germany.
+
+The writer of "Under the Clock" considers that "well-attested" stories
+of this kind should be given publicity. It is even more necessary to
+examine the "attestation" of the other kinds of stories, for all the
+bias is against the enemy, and demand is apt to create supply.
+
+
+MERSEBURG, DOEBERITZ.
+
+I pass on now to a report made by a United States Official. The American
+Consul writes from Leipzig under date of November 16, 1914: "On Saturday
+afternoon, the 14th instant, I visited the military concentration camp
+near Merseburg, where some 10,000 prisoners of war are interned. The
+object of my visit was to investigate the claim of a French prisoner
+that he is an American subject. The result of my observations regarding
+the welfare and humane treatment of the prisoners at large was a
+surprise to me.... Separated by nationality, these prisoners are housed
+in wooden buildings, well built, ventilated and heated.... They sleep
+upon straw mattresses in well-warmed quarters, and, as far as I could
+judge, are as well or better housed than labourers upon public works in
+the United States. The prisoners are fed three times a day. Breakfast
+consists of coffee and bread. Dinner consists of vegetable and meat,
+soup and bread, and for supper they are given bread and coffee. I was
+informed that many of the prisoners have some money, and that they are
+allowed to buy whatever else they may wish to eat. If I may judge from
+the mounds of empty beer bottles at hand, there is evidence in support
+of this statement. The prisoners appeared to be in good health and
+cheerful, many of them engaging in games and other pastimes."
+
+The diet described must be frightfully monotonous. Feeding has
+throughout been one of the German difficulties. "Germany claims to hold
+433,000 prisoners of war," wrote an anonymous American journalist
+(probably in November, 1914); "the housing and feeding of so great a
+number must be a tremendous strain upon resources drained by the
+necessities of war." The numbers must now exceed two million. The Press
+article referred to [Misc. No. 7 (1915)] is severe on the misery of camp
+life, and the verminousness of the men (they were of mixed nationality)
+in the camp at D�beritz which he visited. (See, however, the further
+official reports quoted below at p. 9). But the writer does not confine
+his condemnation to one side. "One hears of battles in which no quarter
+is granted. There are stories of one side or the other refusing an
+armistice to permit the other to gather its wounded. Each side is
+desperately determined to win, and neither is counting the cost. So men
+must rust in prison camps until the struggle is over." The monotony in
+this case seems to have been varied by fights between the prisoners of
+different nationality, each set considering that the others had not done
+their part in the war. We need not be contemptuous about that. The
+monotony of the prisoners' life must tend to produce the maximum degree
+of mutual friction. There is absolutely no privacy for the prisoner of
+war. To be forced to remain, day and night, for months and years in
+idleness, with a crowd of others, not of one's own choice is, I believe,
+one of the psychological factors which make internment (especially to
+many civilians) decidedly worse than imprisonment in a criminal prison.
+
+
+CORRESPONDENCE AND PACKAGES.
+
+My next document illustrates the fact that each side makes similar
+complaints about the other. Telegram received by American Embassy,
+London, December 23, 1914, 22nd from Berlin Embassy:
+
+    "Foreign Office reports receiving many complaints that money and
+    packages sent German military and civilian prisoners in enemy
+    countries from Germany do not reach addresses. Please secure
+    information for Department to forward German Foreign Office
+    whether money and other postal matter will be delivered to such
+    prisoners promptly and intact.--BRYAN, Washington."
+
+There is no doubt that many letters and parcels have _not_ reached
+German prisoners in England. Lord Robert Cecil has fully allowed this.
+(_Times_ report. March 11, 1915.) In spite of this, I have no doubt that
+the British authorities have done their best to expedite delivery. I
+would suggest that this is probably the case on the other side, too. We
+shall indeed later come upon some definite statements in support of this
+view. One frequent cause of the non-arrival of parcels in Germany has
+been convincingly described by Mr. Ian Malcolm, M.P. (_Daily Mail_,
+November 8, 1916, and Reprint):
+
+    I did not approach this subject quite "new to the game." I had
+    already visited general post offices in England, Switzerland and
+    elsewhere, and had seen thousands, literally thousands, of food
+    parcels intended for our prisoners of war in Germany falling to
+    bits and incapable of being forwarded for want of skilled
+    packing. The sight was enough to make angels weep. To think that
+    so much self-sacrifice had been exercised in humble homes to
+    save up bits of dripping, crusts of bread, broken cigarettes,
+    and what not, in order that these should reach son or brother or
+    sweetheart in Germany, yet packed so badly albeit by loving
+    hands, that in the first rough and tumble of the post the paper
+    burst, the string came undone, and the contents of a dozen
+    parcels fell in an inextricable jumble upon the floor.
+
+There will unfortunately, too, be those in every land who will take
+opportunities for mean thefts. We have all had experience of that during
+this war, and the following cutting from the _Daily News_ of October 5,
+1915, may be given in illustration:
+
+    In a letter of thanks to the secretary of the committee of the
+    Elswick and Scotswood workmen, formed for the purpose of sending
+    comforts to the troops, Sir Ian Hamilton says:
+
+        I am extremely touched by the extraordinary generosity and
+        kindness of the Elswick and Scotswood workmen. I will take
+        great care to let our soldiers know to whom they are
+        indebted for this most handsome contribution. Pray heaven
+        the parcels will escape thieves and scoundrels who waylaid
+        some of the gifts, and will arrive in good condition.
+
+If there are, alas, not a few men who will steal from their comrades,
+there are not likely to be fewer who will steal from their enemies.
+
+Speaking generally, however, the delivery of parcels on both sides soon
+became commendably regular. The care shown on the German side is warmly
+praised by Captain Gilbert Nobbs, who remained quite able to appreciate
+good deeds even after enduring terrible hardships and hearing worse
+stories from others. The bad deeds of war, soldiers are able to judge
+better than civilians. In his book "Englishman, Kamerad," Captain Nobbs
+writes:
+
+    I was very much impressed with the fair and systematic handling
+    of our parcels, letters and money; even letters and postcards
+    which arrived for me after I had been sent back to England, were
+    re-addressed and sent back. A remittance of five pounds which
+    arrived for me after I had left was even returned to me in
+    England, instead of being applied to the pressing need of the
+    German War Loan.--(_Daily News_, January 25, 1918.)
+
+An acquaintance of my own, a lecturer in a technical school, spoke to me
+to the same effect. He told me, as an illustration, of a parcel sent to
+him which had become quite shattered in transit (p.p. 7). The Germans
+transferred the contents to a sack, and, as he said, the temptation to
+pilfer the sorely-needed foodstuffs must have been great. My informant
+also spoke of the very thorough inoculation against disease.
+
+
+ALTDAMM.
+
+On December 31, 1914, Mr. Damm reported to Mr. Gerard on the Camp at
+Altdamm near Stettin. The general arrangement, he remarks, is the same
+as that of the camp at Stargard on which he had reported previously.
+
+"It appears to me that every effort is being made to treat the prisoners
+of war as humanely as possible in the two camps I visited. Dry and warm
+shelter is provided, the food is simple and perhaps monotonous, but of
+good material and well prepared, sanitary arrangements are good, and the
+health of the men is carefully looked after."
+
+
+RUMOURS V. INSPECTION.
+
+But the general inspection of all camps had not yet been agreed to by
+the German Government, and on February 23, 1915, Sir Edward Grey wrote
+to Mr. Page (the American Ambassador in London) complaining that no
+definite replies to his questions were forthcoming. "His Majesty's
+Government," he continues, "have only unofficial information and rumours
+on the subject to guide them, which they trust do not accurately
+represent the facts." The "unofficial information and rumours" had,
+however, attained wide publicity, and obtained still more later.
+
+The German authorities agreed on March 17, 1915, to general inspection
+of detention camps and consideration of complaints. The reports now to
+be cited were made after this date. [Misc. 11 (1915)]. I propose to give
+examples of almost all the earlier reports, for it was in the earlier
+stages of the war that there was most difficulty everywhere in providing
+accommodation for prisoners. We ought not to forget that the earliest
+reports on our own camps which the British Government have published
+begin with February, 1916.[2]
+
+
+DOEBERITZ.
+
+On March 31 Mr. Jackson reported on the camp at D�beritz, a large camp
+with between three and four thousand British prisoners. "So far as I
+could ascertain, British soldiers are called upon to do only their share
+in fatigue work.... So far as I could ascertain, after inquiry of a
+number of men, nothing was known as to the stopping of either incoming
+or outgoing correspondence.... The camp at D�beritz is in a healthy
+location, and the barracks are new and of a permanent character.... They
+are at least as good as those used by the Germans at present in the same
+neighbourhood. As was to be expected a number of men had individual
+grievances, but there were no general complaints, except with regard to
+the German character of the food--_and those were the exact counterparts
+of complaints made to me by German prisoners in England_." I have
+italicised the last clause as it will surely, to a fair-minded man, seem
+a somewhat important one.
+
+Mr. Lithgow Osborne visited the camp at the same time. He says:
+
+    Until two weeks ago the Russians and English were, in cases,
+    housed together--a source of complaint to the latter, more
+    especially on account of vermin. The races have now been
+    separated. The men all stated that they had the two blankets and
+    the other requisites provided in the German rules, and I heard
+    but one complaint about overcrowding. Most of the English and
+    French receive clothes from home. All the prisoners who do not,
+    are furnished from the camp supply; the men stated that this was
+    carried out according to the rules.
+
+    No complaints whatever were made regarding the Commandant, the
+    non-commissioned officers, or the general government of the
+    camp. The food was the source of the few real complaints that
+    could be heard, although at least half of the men spoken to
+    admitted that it was quite as good as could possibly be
+    expected.
+
+    The impression of the whole was excellent, and one received the
+    idea that everything that could reasonably be expected was done
+    for the men by the authorities in charge.
+
+
+THREE POOR CAMPS.
+
+Mr. Jackson's reports on Burg bei Magdeburg, Magdeburg and Halle a/d
+Saale are the most unfavourable. They were all small officers' camps,
+Burg containing 75, Magdeburg 30, Halle 50 British officers. There were
+a few orderlies at each camp.
+
+The chief points are inadequate ventilation, inadequate service for
+officers and, in the first two, the fact that living rooms were used
+for all purposes, there being no special mess or recreation rooms. There
+seemed, however, to be no discrimination against the British.
+
+
+GOETTINGEN.
+
+Mr. Page himself reports on G�ttingen, where there were about 6,000
+prisoners. "The Camp Commandant, Colonel Bogen, has done everything
+possible to make this a model camp, and he has accomplished a great
+work. The only complaint is as to the food, the quantity of which, of
+course, is not under the control of the Commandant, as he is limited to
+an expenditure of only 60 pfennigs (about 7d.) per day per man.
+
+"Everything was in the most beautiful order. There was a very fine steam
+laundry and drying room, bath rooms, with hot and cold showers, and the
+closets, etc., are in a very good condition and scientifically built.
+There is running water and electricity in the camp. A French barrister
+of Arras, named L�on Paillet, who was working with the French Red Cross
+and who, for some reason or other, has been made a prisoner, has done
+marvellous work in organising libraries, etc.
+
+"I am pleased to say that the professors and pastors in G�ttingen have,
+from the first, taken an interest in this camp, and Professor Stange has
+done much in helping the lot of the prisoners. The Y.M.C.A. building,
+erected through the efforts of Mr. A.�C. Harte, who for a number of
+years has been working with the Y.M.C.A. in India, will be a great help
+to the men in the camp.
+
+"At the opening ceremonies there were speeches by Colonel Bogen, Mr.
+Harte, and Professor Stange, and then each speech was delivered in
+English and French by prisoners. These were followed by short speeches
+by French, English, and Belgian prisoners. Then came a concert by the
+camp orchestra and the camp singing society, followed by songs and
+recitations by various prisoners."
+
+Dr. Ohnesorg reported further on April 22. At that time there were 6,577
+prisoners, of whom 1,586 were British. He warmly commends the steam
+laundry, the steam disinfecting plant, and the hospital. "A spirit of
+contentment pervaded the camp. The British prisoners were well clothed.
+I tasted the evening meal, consisting of a vegetable soup, which was
+very palatable and, I should say, nourishing.... The citizens of
+G�ttingen have taken a great interest in the camp, and some of them,
+notably Professor Stange, of the University, have given a great deal of
+their time to the welfare of prisoners and the formation of classes for
+study amongst them."
+
+
+GERMAN HELP FOR PRISONERS.
+
+The interest taken by prominent Germans in the welfare of prisoners of
+war is little recognised in this country. The Berlin Committee (of which
+more will be said later) has received considerable support. At the end
+of June, 1916, a meeting in support of its work was held at the house of
+Prince Lichnowsky, former Ambassador in London, who returned specially
+from the front to preside. The Bishop of Winchester, writing in the
+_Times_, tells us that many notable men and women were present, and that
+at the meeting a collection of 8,000 marks (about �400) was made.
+
+
+COLOGNE.
+
+Mr. Michelson visited in April, 1915, the three Cologne hospitals in
+which wounded British prisoners are lying. He reports as follows:
+
+    These institutions are so typical of large, modern, well ordered
+    hospitals that little need be said of their employment or
+    management. They are provided with all the machinery and
+    paraphernalia usual to surgical work on a large scale, contain
+    all standard and necessary conveniences and fittings, afford to
+    patients a maximum of protection in the matter of sanitation,
+    quiet and relief from preventable irritation, and are conducted
+    in a thoroughly scientific, professional and humane way.
+
+    The names of the 49 wounded British prisoners are hereunto
+    annexed. I personally spoke to every one of these men, and with
+    many of them I conversed privately and without being overheard.
+    With but one exception no English-speaking British prisoner had
+    any complaint to make, and a number of the British prisoners
+    eagerly expressed to me their appreciation for the care and
+    attention given them.
+
+    The physical condition of the Indians is particularly good. Only
+    21 deaths have occurred among the 1,000 wounded cared for in
+    hospital No. VI. since the war began, and the death rate in the
+    other two hospitals is correspondingly low. The physicians in
+    charge consider the rate to be somewhat remarkable in view of
+    the many grave injuries treated.
+
+    In closing I may say that there is no discrimination or
+    segregation among the patients and that certain French patients
+    with whom I spoke expressed, likewise, their appreciation for
+    the care and attention given them.
+
+
+CREFELD.
+
+At Crefeld Mr. Michelson visited the camp for interned officers. Of
+these interned 137 were British. The general statements of the
+Commandant "were afterwards independently confirmed by the one interned
+British medical officer, Captain Benjamin Johnson, who said that as a
+physician he had no complaints to make or improvements to suggest. He
+did, however, complain on the score of being held prisoner, but the
+Commandant and the German medical officer, and I with them, feel that
+the presence of a British medical officer in the barracks is desirable.
+
+"The bath room which I saw has a floor space of about 1,500 square feet,
+one-half of which, drained in the centre, lies under some 20 shower
+nozzles. There are a couple of porcelain tubs in the other half, and in
+the centre there is a large stove. Hot and cold water is available. The
+British officers were enthusiastic in their praise of this room.
+
+"As regards the sleeping rooms, wash rooms and latrines, and their
+equipment, the general German housing regulations are being fully
+complied with. I visited a great many sleeping rooms, and in none of
+them did I find overcrowding, uncleanliness, insufficient light, heat,
+or equipment.
+
+"The orderlies are housed in stalls in one of the stables, and in their
+regard, too, the general German housing regulations are being fully
+complied with. Their quarters looked sufficiently comfortable and clean,
+and two or three of the orderlies with whom I spoke said that they had
+no complaints to make, and that they were happy to be interned with, and
+not apart from their officers. I visited the one building fenced off
+from the others--also a stable--in which German soldiers are quartered,
+and I found the accommodation and equipment there to be precisely that
+furnished to the orderlies. The comparison was, however, somewhat in
+favour of the orderlies, for the orderlies were fewer in number and less
+crowded than the soldiers. Although exercise is not compulsory, there is
+ample space in the central rectangle for out-door games of all sorts and
+for walking. No appropriate form of exercise, recreation, or amusement
+is denied the interned, and opportunities for distraction within the
+barracks lie largely in their own hands. Smoking is freely permitted,
+and English, French and Russian songs are sung without interference. The
+walls of one French officer's room were covered with good-natured
+caricature drawings. When I asked the Commandant if the interned might
+not be permitted to go out into the country under guard, he replied that
+the barracks were too near the frontier for that, and he mentioned that
+one officer had already escaped and succeeded in getting over the
+border."
+
+Food is provided to all officers at the rate of two marks daily. This
+absorbs the whole of a lieutenant's pay, and the Commandant recognised
+the difficulty. But "none of the officers want the present arrangement
+altered if alteration is to involve a decrease in the quality,
+quantity, or variety of the food furnished. All of them agree that the
+food is entirely satisfactory, under the circumstances, and that it is
+fully worth two marks a day.
+
+"The officers told me that letters and packages were delivered to them
+with commendable rapidity, and that the Commandant was unfailingly
+obliging when, for important reasons, any officer needed to send off
+more than two letters a month."
+
+
+GARDELEGEN, SALZWEDEL.
+
+Dr. Ohnesorg, of the U.S. Navy, inspected Gardelegen and Salzwedel.
+Owing to typhus, the former was not completely inspected. Two hundred
+and twenty-eight British soldiers were interned here. Dr. Ohnesorg
+remarks that the situation is open, with natural drainage. There was a
+good and unstinted water supply. "I had a long talk alone with Captain
+Brown. He spoke well of the camp." "Work was being rushed on" for the
+complete eradication of the clothing louse which is the carrier of the
+infection. "It should be mentioned that the Russian prisoners, who are
+primarily responsible for the introduction of the disease, are quartered
+alone, ... but all the prisoners associate with one another in the
+compound." At Salzwedel, out of a total of 7,900 prisoners, only 49 were
+British. The supply of water was unstinted. Shower baths and hot water
+were available. Each man could have a bath every three days, and the
+baths were being added to. In the hospital "the English doctor informed
+me that the medicines and treatment accorded to the sick were good."
+
+"The majority of the English prisoners complained of not getting enough
+food and the monotony of the diet. The black bread was another point of
+protest. I myself was given a sample of the mid-day meal as it came
+from the kettle. It consisted of a thick soup containing potatoes,
+beans, and small portions of fish. It was palatable, and I should say
+nourishing. The prisoners do not do heavy work, their work being police
+duties, etc. I must add that those whom I saw were well nourished, of
+good colour, and appeared to be in good physical condition. There were
+only a half-dozen on the sick list, and, with one exception, they were
+under treatment for wounds."
+
+
+GUESTROW, MUENSTER (LAGER), SOLTAU, SCHEUEN, SCHLOSS CELLE.
+
+Mr. Jackson reported on the first four of these. The G�strow camp
+(Mecklenburg) contained about 6,000 prisoners, of whom 300 were British.
+It is situated in the pine woods, and consists of "solid, newly-built
+wooden barracks, lighted by electricity and heated." Washing and bathing
+facilities were good and the postal department well organised. "Clothing
+is furnished when required, _if asked for_."
+
+"There are several workrooms, and most of the men who have trades can
+find something to do to occupy their time and can earn a little money.
+
+"Most of the British soldiers spoke of harsh treatment immediately
+following their capture--at the beginning of the war--and while they
+were being transported to Germany, and several spoke of their having
+been handled roughly while in the tents. Others said frankly that most
+of those who had been treated badly since they came to the camp had done
+something to deserve it. In any event all admitted that their present
+treatment was good, and that there was now no discrimination against the
+British. British soldiers had never been called on to do more than their
+share of the dirty work about the camp. A party of Russians had always
+had charge of the latrines, voluntarily, in return for some small
+compensation. The spirits of the British prisoners seemed good."
+
+The account of M�nster is almost precisely similar--"solidly-built
+barracks," "good bathing arrangements," "well-arranged hospital."
+Suggestive of the nervous strain of internment is the following: "Here
+the relations between the British and Belgians seemed cordial, and the
+former participated in the recent celebration of King Albert's birthday,
+which the French declined to do."
+
+At Soltau there were about 30,000 prisoners, principally Belgian. Four
+hundred were British. German control was largely eliminated, but the
+results in this case do not seem to have been satisfactory.
+
+"In this camp there seemed to be fewer German soldiers on duty than is
+the rule elsewhere, and practically the whole of its administration is
+in the hands of the Belgians, who have organised many courses of study
+(under Belgian professors) and who have a Catholic Church, a theatre, an
+orchestra, and a choir. The British complained that there is
+discrimination against them here (apparently more by the Belgians than
+by the Germans), and that they are not permitted to participate in the
+administration or to be represented in the kitchen or post office.
+Complaints were made about the food and the delivery of mail and
+parcels, and it was said that the Belgians objected to have them join in
+football games, etc. They also said that they were compelled to do much
+more than their share of fatigue work in connection with the latrines.
+All these complaints were brought to the attention of the officer in
+charge, who promised to investigate them, as apparently but little
+attention had been paid to such matters so long as there had been no
+trouble in the camp."
+
+At Scheuen near Celle a similar difficulty existed. There were 118
+British out of a total of 9,000 prisoners. "The British
+non-commissioned officers muster their men and exercise some general
+control over them, but the French or Belgian non-commissioned officers
+are in charge of the barracks and designate the men who are to do
+fatigue duty. In consequence, it is claimed, British soldiers are
+detailed to such work more frequently than those of other nationalities.
+On speaking of this to the Commandant, he promised at once to arrange so
+that a more fair division of work should be made in the future.
+Otherwise the men made no complaint with regard to any discrimination
+against them."
+
+
+ZUEDER ZOLLHAUS, WAHN.
+
+The reports issued in Miscellaneous, No. 14 (1915) continue the
+inspections and reinspections up to the middle of May. As improvements
+were continuously being made in the camps, it is scarcely necessary to
+refer in detail to these further reports. There are reports on fifteen
+camps for military prisoners. Two of these reports (those on the
+"working camp" at Z�der Zollhaus and Wahn) are unfavourable, thirteen
+are favourable. At Z�der Zollhaus were 2,000 prisoners, of whom 479 were
+British. The camp was for prisoners who were willing to work on the
+land. "I was given to understand," writes Dr. Ohnesorg, "that this camp
+would only be occupied during the summer months." The inspector finds
+the hospital accommodation in this case "very crude." There were about
+thirty cases of sickness which should certainly have been removed
+elsewhere. The morning meal seems very small for the morning's work. It
+consists of either soup or coffee with 300 grammes (say 10 oz.) of
+bread. Altogether it is plain that improvements here were urgently
+needed. Dr. Ohnesorg, however, says: "All of them (the British
+prisoners) appeared to be in good physical condition.... The work is not
+hard, and they are permitted to take it leisurely.... They informed me
+that their treatment was good, they were not overworked, and practically
+the only complaint they had to make was that a more substantial meal to
+begin the day on should be given them." At Wahn the food was complained
+of, and the most unpleasant feature is that the Commandant did not seem
+on good terms with the British.
+
+
+BLANKENBURG.
+
+As regards the camp for officers at Blankenburg, Mr. Jackson writes:
+
+    The house itself is as comfortable as any of the places where I
+    saw interned officers in England.... It is surrounded by
+    attractive, well-kept grounds, in which a tennis-court has just
+    been made.... There are several modestly furnished mess and
+    recreation rooms, and a terrace which is used for afternoon
+    tea.... The Commandant is interested in his work, and evidently
+    does all he can to make conditions agreeable.
+
+There were 110 officers, of whom nine were British.
+
+
+SENNE.
+
+At Sennelager Mr. Osborne reports:
+
+    The situation of the camp is good ... on very dry, sandy soil,
+    surrounded at a few kilometres by pine forests. The buildings
+    are good. Though there were the customary complaints about the
+    food, more than half the men I spoke with expressed themselves
+    as satisfied.... The men looked healthy, and they all stated
+    that the general health of the camp was excellent.... There are
+    shower baths with hot and cold water.... The men said they were
+    well treated by the Commandants and the German soldiers and
+    N.C.O.'s in charge of them.
+
+The camps at Sennelager are large ones, and include more than two
+thousand British prisoners. Games, concerts, and theatrical performances
+help to pass the time. A play given by French prisoners was entitled:
+_Avant et apr�s la guerre._
+
+
+MAINZ.
+
+Of the officers' camp at Mainz, Dr. Ohnesorg reports that "The quality
+and quantity of the food was good and varied.... One and all the British
+officers spoke in the highest terms of their commanding officer, his
+kindness and courtesy, and said that they received every privilege which
+could be afforded them, considering their position." There were about
+700 officers, of whom 25 were British. "If anything," says the American
+Consul at Wiesbaden in a later report on Mainz, "I should think the
+British officers would ... receive almost greater courtesy at the hands
+of their keepers than those of the other nations."
+
+
+GENERAL REMARKS OF DR. OHNESORG.
+
+Dr. Ohnesorg appends some general remarks on the camps he visited. In
+the following quotations I have omitted nothing which is in the nature
+of adverse criticism:
+
+"On the whole the treatment accorded them is good, but frequent protests
+were made to me concerning the food--not so much because of its quality,
+as because of the insufficient quantity and the monotony of the diet.
+The prisoners, however, appeared to be in good physical condition and
+well nourished. Appended are various weekly dietary slips. I had an
+opportunity in various camps to sample either the mid-day or the evening
+meal. I found them palatable and, I should say, nourishing. Considering
+the fact that the men have practically no hard work to do, it appears to
+be sufficient in quantity, each man getting a liberal allowance--probably
+a litre and a half of food per meal.
+
+"The treatment accorded the sick and wounded prisoners is excellent.
+They are given every advantage of medicines and treatment, and special
+food when necessary. A dietary slip of the latter is appended. The same
+routine, the same food, etc., as in use in German military hospitals,
+apply for these various hospitals in prison camps.
+
+"I found no discrimination made between prisoners of various
+nationalities. With the exception of Limburg, the British prisoners are
+housed with the Russians, French and Belgians, and this is the cause
+oft-times of complaint on the part of the English, especially if they
+are under the direct supervision of a non-commissioned officer of
+another nationality. Some of them stated that the work, i.e., the police
+duties, etc., largely because of this are not equally and justly
+divided.
+
+"Every precaution is taken by the authorities against the spread of
+disease in camp. All the prisoners are vaccinated against smallpox, and
+are immunised against typhoid and cholera. Certain simple rules against
+the contraction of disease are posted throughout the camps, and the men
+are impressed with the importance of personal cleanliness. Baths are
+obligatory, the facilities affording each man a weekly bath under the
+showers.
+
+"The water supply in the camps is good. In most of them it is connected
+with the city supply, and when not, Artesian wells have been sunk on the
+premises and water thus obtained. Taps are placed throughout the company
+streets, and the use of water is unstinted.
+
+"As a rule, the prisoners were found to be well clothed, although not
+all in their own uniforms. Some were in French uniforms, and some in a
+combination of Russian, French, and British.
+
+"In many of these camps, prisoners are loaned out throughout the country
+to work upon farms, and, in some cases, in various industries. This is
+entirely voluntary on the part of the prisoner, and this service is
+mostly accepted by the French. No British volunteer. These men have a
+guard over them, are housed and fed by their employer and receive five
+pfennigs a day in pay. It breaks the monotony of prison life, and many
+more volunteer than are needed for this work."
+
+
+NEW REGULATIONS.
+
+On April 24, 1915, the Prussian Ministry of War issued a new set of
+regulations respecting the maintenance of prisoners of war. They show
+great thoroughness and forethought, but I am afraid the average
+Englishman would be as unready to believe that they showed genuine good
+intentions, as the average German would be to believe that favourable
+regulations issued by the English authorities were really _bona fide_.
+Yet, as it seems to me of general interest, I will here give the second
+regulation: "Self-management as regards catering has already been
+ordered for military and civilian prisoners' camps, as this system has
+been proved far preferable to the employment of contractors. Nearly all
+the complaints about the food come from camps where contractors are
+employed."
+
+
+ERFURT, OHRDRUF.
+
+It is impossible to do more than make very brief citations from the
+remaining reports. In no case is the report otherwise than favourable,
+and the food is described as good.
+
+At Erfurt "the kitchens are clean, and the midday soup (which I tasted)
+was good". The British soldiers had no complaint against German officers
+or soldiers, but "they claimed that the French or Belgian
+non-commissioned officers caused them to be detailed as members of
+working parties more frequently than their fellow prisoners of other
+nationalities." This reminds us that complaints arise in institutions
+other than those worked by "enemies."
+
+At Ohrdruf "a number of men who had been treated for their wounds in
+the lazaret at Weimar spoke in the highest praise of their treatment by
+German doctors and nurses.... Some of the British thought (as at Erfurt)
+that they were detailed to working parties (by French non-commissioned
+officers) more frequently than the others, but otherwise no complaint
+was made to me of any discrimination against them." The British did not
+like the soup, "but almost without exception they seemed in good
+physical condition and in good spirits."
+
+
+MR. GERARD'S COMMENTS.
+
+"The food question," writes Mr. Gerard (U.S. Ambassador at Berlin), "is
+of course a difficult one in a country where the whole population is put
+upon a bread ration. Most of the rumours current in England are without
+foundation or very exaggerated.... No British prisoner needs clothes in
+Germany ... and I have just learned that British prisoners at Zossen, to
+whom we sent clothes, shoes, etc., have sold these articles to the
+French prisoners and are asking for a second supply."
+
+
+MUENDEN, FRIEDBERG, TORGAU, MERSEBERG.
+
+Thirteen British prisoners at Hannover-M�nden "said that they were not
+discriminated against in any way.... All seemed in good spirits." At
+Friedberg were 13 British officers. "The commandant drew my particular
+attention to the row of little gardens cared for by the interned, and is
+much pleased with this feature of the place. He also told me he would
+like to allow officers to have dogs, but he fears this cannot be
+done.... The officers' rooms amply exceed all requirements as to housing
+and equipment.... The dining-rooms are two ... and either room would do
+credit to a club or hotel of the first class." At Torgau "the commandant
+spoke of the British officers to me in very complimentary terms." At
+Merseberg "the new food regulations are in force.... No complaints were
+made to me about the food, and the men appeared to be in good health."
+
+
+A PENNY BLUE BOOK.
+
+On May 14, 1915, Viscount (then Sir Edward) Grey, writing to Mr. Page
+(U.S. Ambassador in London), mentioned that His Majesty's Government
+"have heard with pleasure that there is a distinct disposition on the
+part of the German authorities to accept suggestions made for the
+welfare of the prisoners of war." These words gave hope of the
+development of better feeling and of those "reprisals of good" which
+many believe to be more constructive than reprisals of frightfulness.
+The Penny Blue Book on the treatment of prisoners of war, issued not
+long after this, was not helpful to these hopes. As regards Germany,
+this publication consists almost exclusively of the "unofficial
+information and rumours" which, as Sir Edward Grey stated in February,
+1915, His Majesty's Government "trusted did not accurately represent the
+facts." The result is unfortunate. The Blue Book is limited by its title
+to "the first eight months of the war," and deals almost exclusively
+with charges brought before the close of 1914, when, as is well known,
+there was confusion everywhere. The method of arranging the evidence is
+too much that of an advocate aiming at producing the maximum effect. For
+example, we read (page 6): "The United States Consul-General at Berlin
+heard on October 16 that information regarding the treatment of
+non-commissioned officers and men of the British Army who are prisoners
+of war in other camps is anxiously awaited at Torgau. 'Rumours of their
+exposure to the elements, their starvation and their treatment, are
+rampant all along the line.'" On turning to Misc. 7 (1915) we find that
+_these last words were not those of the American Consul-General_, but
+those of an officer interned at Torgau. The American Ambassador, Mr.
+Gerard, writes: "It should also be added that, although the British
+officers at Torgau state that they have heard reports of starvation and
+ill-treatment of British soldiers in other prisoners' camps, the Embassy
+have no reason for believing that this is the case." _This statement is
+omitted in the Penny Blue Book._
+
+To give the public an idea of the camp at D�beritz quotations are made
+(page 33) from an article by an anonymous American journalist. An early
+official report is cited which gives a very different impression, but as
+it is quoted in quite a different part (page 18) of the Blue Book, the
+contradiction is only seen on careful examination. On the covers of the
+two copies of the Blue Book which I have are lists of Foreign Office
+publications. Amongst these (see pages 9, 10) is Miscel. No. 11 (1915)
+(price 3d.), which contains two official U.S. reports on D�beritz, one
+by Mr. Jackson, the other by Mr. Lithgow Osborne, both of them entirely
+favourable. No hint of the existence of these reports (received on April
+10 and April 24 respectively) is given in the body of the Penny Blue
+Book. As regards British camps, the only evidence cited is the report
+made by Mr. Chandler Hale of the U.S. Embassy after the riot at Douglas
+in November, 1914.
+
+I am fully aware that the sufferings of prisoners of war, as of soldiers
+in the field, cannot be adequately presented in official reports, but
+the sifting of more human and biased evidence is an extremely difficult
+task, and it is sufficiently plain that we should not rely on official
+evidence to exculpate ourselves, while using rumours and unofficial
+information to condemn the enemy.
+
+There are very many prison camps in Germany, and their individual tone
+must depend enormously upon the aims and efforts of the commandant in
+charge. A mistake of appointment, almost a slip of the pen, and a man
+may be in charge who will make life unendurable as only unlimited
+authority can.
+
+The words used by Lord Newton in the House of Lords on July 31, 1917,
+are noteworthy in this connection. One impression he derived from his
+intercourse with the German delegates at the Hague was that "in spite of
+the German power of centralisation, Berlin headquarters did not know a
+great deal of what was going on. As the Germans had thirty times as many
+prisoners as we had, it would be surprising if they did know what went
+on." (_Daily News_, August 1, 1917.)
+
+
+A PRISONER IN AUSTRIA.
+
+Here is an account of a British member of Parliament, a prisoner in
+Austria:
+
+    Captain A. Stanley Wilson, M.P., who is a prisoner of war in
+    Austria, has written the following letter to Colonel Duncombe,
+    chairman of the Holderness Conservative Association, here:
+
+        "I am a prisoner of war, and with only one hope--that the
+        war will be over soon. I was taken off a Greek steamer by a
+        submarine on December 6. After two nights and a day on board
+        I was brought here. I must not give any details. Colonel
+        Napier was also taken prisoner, and we are together.
+        Fortunately I have in him a capital companion who can speak
+        German very well.
+
+        I am afraid it will be a very long time before I see my
+        constituents. I wish them all a happy new year and hope that
+        during next year I may meet them again. The outlook for me
+        is not very bright, but I intend to do my best to be
+        cheerful. Up to the present we have been very well treated.
+        We had some most exciting experiences in the submarine. The
+        officers on board treated us as though we were their guests
+        and not their prisoners. We have as companions two French
+        officers who were made prisoners the day before us, their
+        submarine having run ashore."--_Manchester Guardian_,
+
+    January 10, 1916.
+
+Captain Wilson (an able-bodied prisoner) has since been unconditionally
+released.
+
+
+THE FOOD QUESTION.
+
+The report already given makes it clear that very similar complaints, or
+(as Mr. Jackson puts it [page 16]) complaints that were "exact
+counterparts" as to food, have often been made on both sides. It is also
+plain that complaints on this score in German camps have been by no
+means universal. I do not in the least suppose that the food in general
+would be satisfying or other than dreadfully monotonous. ("Oft recht
+eint�nig," says Professor Stange quite frankly in his interesting
+pamphlet on G�ttingen camp.) Loss of appetite, depression, indigestion
+will then in many cases produce grave physical trouble. All this may
+occur and does occur, without anything like a deliberate attempt at
+starvation. British born wives of interned Germans would sometimes, even
+before the reduction of rations, speak bitterly of their husbands'
+needs. An anti-English journalist might have used such complaints to
+charge us with starvation. But even perfectly _bona fide_ complaints
+need indicate only monotony, loss of robustness, and consequent physical
+(and mental) ills--and indeed the tragedy of these things may become
+terribly dark. It is, however, something very different from deliberate
+starvation.
+
+In any comparison between the two sides it is only fair to take into
+account the special difficulties of the German case. The number of
+prisoners in Germany by August, 1915, was probably over one million.
+This is an enormous figure. While Great Britain and her Allies have
+tried to prevent food from reaching Germany, the drain upon the German
+food stock has continually grown as the number of prisoners has
+increased. By the end of 1917 this famished country had to support
+probably more than two million extra persons. The French Press long ago
+frankly regarded this as one of the means of helping towards the
+starving out of Germany, while in an American cartoon the Russian
+prisoners were figured as an enormous beast with its head in a cupboard
+labelled "Germany's Food Supply." These are considerations for the
+fair-minded, and it is for them to recall that as soon as there was in
+our own case a menace of food shortage, there was also what might in
+official language be described as a complete revision of the prisoners'
+rations. The prisoners' own language would very likely describe it
+differently. We can scarcely be surprised at sad and even very bitter
+words at times from prisoners' wives.
+
+That prisoners themselves are, however, sometimes able to envisage the
+difficulties is indicated by the following extract from a _Daily News_
+interview with a corporal repatriated from M�nster. He commented on the
+fact that some men were the recipients of more parcels than they needed,
+while others got none. The interview continues:
+
+    You see, without regular parcels from home a man simply starves
+    at a camp like M�nster. If the Germans had the food I believe
+    they would give it, but they haven't: they are starving
+    themselves.[3] All they allowed us was bread and water and thin
+    soup. The consequence is that the men who get no parcels have to
+    go round begging from the other chaps just to keep body and soul
+    together.
+
+    From what I saw of it, getting so much while others get nothing
+    isn't good for a man either. Some fellows--the stingy sort--will
+    save up their parcels against a rainy day. Make a regular little
+    store they will. Others--the lively sort--sell what they have
+    over to the unlucky ones, and spend their time gambling with the
+    few marks they make. Poor devils! You can't blame them!
+
+The word "starvation" has been, and is here, too freely, if very
+naturally, used. The remarks of Lord Newton, speaking in the House of
+Lords on May 31, 1916, are important in this connection:
+
+    If Lord Beresford was accurate in his assumption that prisoners
+    of war would literally starve to death if parcels did not
+    arrive, hundreds of thousands of prisoners would be dead
+    already. Russian prisoners, of whom there were over a million in
+    Germany, received no parcels at all, and if it was impossible to
+    exist upon the food supplied by the Germans, these men would
+    literally have died like flies.... Lord Beresford and other
+    noble lords had been rather prone to ignore the fact that
+    Germany was a blockaded country. It was common knowledge that
+    there was a general scarcity of food throughout Germany, and, if
+    the prisoners did not get as much as they ought to have, in all
+    probability the vast majority of the German population was in a
+    state of comparative hunger.... He could not see what advantage
+    there was in making out that the case of our prisoners was worse
+    than it really was, and it seemed to him little short of an act
+    of cruelty to the relations of these unfortunate men to lead
+    them to suppose that our men were not only in a state of misery,
+    but in a state of starvation.--(_Morning Post_, June 1, 1916).
+
+There is no question either that nerve strain and monotony accentuate
+the critical attitude towards food. Here is an extract from Mr.
+Jackson's report on Senne (September 11, 1915): "There were some
+complaints, as usual, in regard to the food. I had arrived in the camp
+just after the midday meal was served, and while some of the men said
+that the meat had been bad, and they wished that I had an opportunity to
+taste it, others said that the meat had been particularly good, because
+the officers had heard that I was coming. None of them knew that I had
+actually eaten a plate of their soup and had found it excellent, both
+palatable and nutritious, and that my visit to this particular camp had
+not been announced in advance. The menu for the day had been made out at
+the beginning of the week, and could not have been changed after my
+presence in the camp was known, and I had a bowl of the soup which was
+left over after the prisoners had been served." (Miscel. 19 [1915], page
+41.)
+
+It is sometimes forgotten that complaints as to food are frequent in all
+institutions, schools, colleges, workhouses, hospitals, etc. I have
+before me a recent letter from an Englishman in a consumptive sanatorium
+in his own country: "I exist as best I can, and the less said about it
+the better. I am no better, and only glad that I am not worse. I at
+least don't feel so ill as I did a week ago, although I have lost 3�
+lbs. since then. The food is atrocious, and my appetite small. The
+fellows here buy quite two-thirds of what they eat, otherwise they too
+would lose in weight. No good comes of making complaints ... nothing is
+ever done." Things _may_ be so, I am not a great believer in
+institutions, but certainly independent investigation is needed to
+warrant any conclusion. The same I feel to be the case as to complaints
+of feeding, whether in British or German camps.
+
+Each side, too, is also unreasonably certain of its own justice and of
+the injustice of the others. Thus the Social Democrat, Herr St�cklen,
+speaking in the Reichstag debate of June 6, 1916, said: "I have received
+a letter about the treatment of our prisoners in France which says, 'If
+pigs were so fed by us they would go on hunger strike.' But I do not
+wish our Government to exercise reprisals, which, after all, could only
+hit the innocent." [_Cambridge Magazine_, August 26, 1916, Supplement
+"Prisoners." An important supplement for those who wish to get a glimpse
+(it is no more than a glimpse) of recriminations made by others as to
+treatment of prisoners.] It is odd how exactly the same phrases occur on
+both sides. Thus a private at D�beritz, according to the unknown
+American journalist referred to on pages 5 and 25, relieved his feelings
+as to the German food with the words: "I 'ad a sow. And even she
+wouldn't eat skilly."
+
+To suit the tastes of all the different nationalities would at any time
+be difficult; under war conditions it is impossible. Professor Stange
+relates how the hostess of some Russian working prisoners thought to
+give them a specially good meal of meat. The result, however, was less
+bulky than a soup, and the Russian comment on this occasion was, "Mother
+good, eating not good." ("Das Gefangenen-Lager in G�ttingen," page 9.)
+
+
+A PRISONER'S REPORT.
+
+A serious and responsible statement of experiences has been made by
+Chaplain Benjamin O'Rorke, M.A., in his little book, "In the Hands of
+the Enemy." I commend the book to the notice of those who wish for a
+fair statement by a patriot who has actual experience of a good many
+German camps in the early days of the war. As he was taken prisoner in
+August, 1914, his experiences belong to the time before the improvements
+introduced in all countries had been begun. There are callous episodes,
+for instance, one of revolting caddishness of an orderly standing by
+without offering help when an invalid officer is struggling to tie up
+his bootlace. Military bounce, popular vulgarity, hardships,
+homesickness, courage--all these things one may read of, but the
+incidents which some journalists revel in are to seek. It was a neutral
+journalist, we should remember, who sent to a German paper a wonderful
+account of the panic fears and regulations of London under the Zeppelin
+menace.
+
+Chaplain O'Rorke's reminiscences give us a good many "facts towards
+fellowship." Let us select a few. Even the unpleasant ones may help us,
+where they show that the failings of the others are the same as our own.
+The prisoners were taken to Germany from Landrecies.
+
+
+THE CREDULITY OF HATE.
+
+    At Aachen a hostile demonstration took place at our expense.
+    There happened to be a German troop train in the station at the
+    time. A soldier of our escort displayed a specimen of the
+    British soldier's knife, holding it up with the marline-spike
+    open, and declared that this was the deadly instrument which
+    British medical officers had been using to gouge out the eyes of
+    the wounded Germans who had fallen into their vindictive hands!
+    From the knife he pointed to the medical officers sitting
+    placidly in the train, as much as to say. "And these are some of
+    the culprits." [It is not surprising that thus monstrously
+    misinformed, and ready to believe all evil against the hated
+    English, the soldiers] strained like bloodhounds on the leash.
+    "Out with them!" said their irate colonel, pointing with his
+    thumb over his shoulder to the carriages in which these
+    blood-thirsty British officers sat. The colonel, however, did
+    not wait to see his behest carried out, and a very gentlemanly
+    German subaltern quietly urged his men to get back to their
+    train and leave us alone. The only daggers that pierced us were
+    the eyes of a couple of priests, a few women and boys, who
+    appeared to be shocked beyond words that even a clergyman was
+    amongst such wicked men.
+
+I have quoted this passage as I have not the least wish to give a merely
+_couleur de rose_ picture of the situation. Human nature is, I fear,
+everywhere very much the same, and, once its passions are aroused,
+extremely credulous of evil against its opponents. Only one thing in the
+account a little surprises me, and that is the colonel's order. If the
+officer was a colonel, would a subaltern be able quietly to countermand
+his orders? Is there not some mistake of rank here, or perhaps a
+misunderstanding of an angry exclamation?
+
+
+TORGAU.
+
+The populace at Torgau called them swine with variations--all of which,
+alas, is exactly what has been done, in some cases, by the populace on
+our side too. At Torgau "the Commandant was a Prussian reservist officer
+with a long heavy moustache. We were told [by the other prisoners] that
+he was courteous and considerate in every respect, and that, provided we
+took care, to salute him whenever we passed him, we should find him
+everything we could reasonably wish." And later, "It was a subject of
+universal regret when the first Commandant resigned his position."
+
+
+DOGS.
+
+A great deal has been made of the use of dogs in some prison camps. The
+following is the account given in Mr. O'Rorke's book (page 41):
+
+    As time went on our numbers increased to about 230 British
+    officers, and 800 French officers joined us from Maubeuge,
+    including four generals. One of the latter had been interned in
+    Torgau before, in the 1870 war, and had made good his escape.
+    The authorities guarded against the recurrence of such an
+    eventuality on the present occasion, their most elaborate
+    precaution being the enlistment of dogs to reinforce their
+    sentries. Their barkings could be heard occasionally by night,
+    but their presence disturbed neither our repose nor our
+    equanimity.
+
+It is worth while to quote from a report made by Dr. Ohnesorg and Mr.
+Dresel on Wittenberg in March, 1916:
+
+    The police dogs are not now a cause of complaint on the part of
+    the prisoners.--(_Miscel_. 16 [1916] p. 85).
+
+Dr. Austin in "My Experiences as a German Prisoner" writes:
+
+    For a long time previous to our arrival at Magdeburg we had been
+    informed that large and savage dogs were to be provided to aid
+    the sentries.... They were certainly savage enough, but were
+    always led by a sentry, or chained in their den, and were never
+    let loose on us. (p. 141).
+
+To return to Chaplain O'Rorke's narrative: "When we first arrived [the
+barrack warder] had adopted the r�le of gaoler in his demeanour towards
+us, but after a while he became civil and deferential, and--when his son
+was captured in the war--actually sympathetic." (p. 45.) At Torgau "the
+meals, though far from sumptuous and not always palatable, were
+sufficient for our needs." (p. 43.)
+
+
+BURG.
+
+At Burg, at the canteen, "we used to treat one another to a whole roll
+or a cake and a cup of excellent coffee; and, until they were put on the
+_verboten_ list, to a chop or steak. The serving was done under the
+direction of a kind, motherly _Frau_ at the one canteen, and by a polite
+German boy-waiter at the other.... The regular meals seemed to be
+provided by the proprietor of the larger canteen under contract with the
+German Government. They were served at 8 a.m., 12 noon and 6-30 p.m. In
+quality they were superior to the Torgau fare, but in quantity scarcely
+sufficient in the depth of winter for hungry young men. Still it must be
+remembered that they cost only 1s. 6d. a day" [out of the daily pay
+allowed]. Weekly baths were the regulation, but "it was often possible
+for pushing natures to get an extra bath on other days," by a method
+which works all the world over. At Burg "the new Commandant was a tall,
+well-made, soldierly figure. He had a strong face, curiously resembling
+an owl." An amusing little story follows as to the preciseness of the
+Commandant and Mr. O'Rorke continues: "It is pleasant to add that this
+new Commandant was in one respect just the man that was needed. From the
+first day he began to make the place hum, the foul clean, and in time
+rendered it habitable. Had there been any, he would have made the dust
+fly, but there was not. Indeed the court was at first almost a bog
+through which we threaded our way inch deep in mud, and hopped over the
+pools. All this disappeared in a few weeks under the Commandant's
+direction; the swamp was drained and the path widened." British
+officials, too, know that the problem of mud in a confined space trodden
+by thousands of feet is one needing energy for its solution.
+
+The Commandant seems to have had a quality more valuable even than
+energy--a capacity for learning from those under him. He was a judge by
+profession, and was at first stern and terrible, as well as thorough. To
+him the prisoners were as ordinary prisoners, "but in time he learnt to
+place us in a different category. As for myself, eventually he granted
+me facilities for carrying on my work outside the _Lager_, which he
+might easily have refused, and when, five months later, we parted, it
+was with a certain measure of mutual cordiality" (p. 74). The Adjutant
+also learned more cordiality, and adjutants are sometimes prouder of
+making others feel their authority than commandants are.
+
+
+CENSOR FINED BY PRISONER.
+
+The Chaplain instituted a system of fines for "unparliamentary
+expressions." "Once I had to fine the German censor. He was engaged on a
+hot day in examining a very large number of packages before distributing
+them to their owners. He let fall in an unguarded moment the remark that
+it was a nuisance to have to open so many parcels--specifying the
+particular kind of nuisance he felt it to be ... but unfortunately I
+overheard it and he had to pay the penalty. He did so with a good
+grace." A touch like this seems to me, personally, to tell more
+eloquently than many orations how absurd it is to be regarding one
+another as all monsters who ought to be put out of the world.
+
+
+VISITS OUTSIDE CAMP.
+
+The hospital accommodation at the camp was very poor, and a lieutenant
+was sent out to a hospital in the town to have his little finger
+amputated. Mr. O'Rorke asked for permission to visit him. The Adjutant
+at once agreed. "It was not long before I presented myself at the office
+for my escort. I expected a couple of armed soldiers at the least,
+remembering our reception at the hands of the populace. Instead, my
+escort consisted of Herr Kost--the friendly censor and interpreter--and
+a soldier. 'Are you going to run away?' asked Herr Kost. I smiled at the
+futility of such an idea. 'Then we won't take a soldier.' My journey of
+half an hour to the hospital, my reception there, and my return to the
+prison were unmarred by any unpleasant incident whatever. The hospital
+was of the latest and best. Lieut. George had nothing but words of
+gratitude about the doctors and nurses."
+
+The Chaplain was allowed to visit the "reprisal prisoners," those put in
+solitary confinement owing to the infliction of this penalty on the
+officers and men of two German submarines. He found them well treated.
+"The privacy of this little room," said the Hon. Ivan Hay "is preferable
+to the liberty and Babel of the Burg dormitories." The prisoners were
+specially selected from families of distinction.
+
+
+PRISONERS AND POPULACE.
+
+The other Burg prisoners were afterwards removed to Mainz. "The German
+Commandant took pity on my loneliness and offered me the privilege of
+going into the town where and when I liked if I would give my word of
+honour that I would make no attempt to escape. I agreed to the proposal.
+We shook hands over it, put it down in writing, and he presented me with
+a passport for the period of a week." Mr. O'Rorke, dressed in khaki, was
+soon the centre of a crowd of about twenty-five boys and girls. But, and
+this is really worth our noting, "they behaved extraordinarily well, and
+made no offensive remark." His followers increased, and he made things
+worse by giving them sweets! He called upon the German Pastor in order
+to get rid of them, but even this failed. A long stop at a caf� did not
+tire the vigilance of his escort. When he again came out, there they
+were. "We exchanged smiles and off we started." A bookseller, whose shop
+Mr. O'Rorke visited, came to his rescue and dispersed most of the
+little crowd, but another one gathered later, though again it showed no
+impoliteness or unfriendliness.
+
+
+MS. RETURNED.
+
+It remains to be said that Mr. O'Rorke's diary was confiscated on his
+release, but was restored to him by post a few weeks later, marked as
+having passed the German Censor!
+
+
+ANOTHER PRISONER'S REPORT.
+
+Another useful little book of reminiscences is that of Mr. L.�J. Austin,
+F.R.C.S., of the British Red Cross, "My Experiences as Prisoner in
+Germany." "About ten miles from Namur we suddenly ran into the outposts
+of the German Army, consisting of a picket of about twenty Uhlans, who
+examined our papers, obligingly removed the tree from across the road,
+and allowed us to proceed. Shortly afterwards we were again held up,
+this time by an officer, who re-examined us all, and again we were
+allowed to proceed.... Near midday we came to a small village called
+Maffe, and here we had the misfortune to run straight into the head of
+the main German Army marching upon Namur." Detention was, under the
+circumstances, practically inevitable. The party could scarcely be
+allowed to motor off with valuable information as to the position of the
+German Army in their possession. They were indeed suspected of being
+spies. Said an interpreter: "You know you've been incredibly foolish to
+come anywhere near our forces; you will not be able to return after
+seeing our Army, but will have to be sent back into Germany. I do not
+know what will become of you, but you will be treated as gentlemen."
+"During the afternoon of the first day an officer of the Motor Cycle
+Corps who spoke excellent English came in and had a friendly talk with
+us, and seemed to be inclined to laugh at the position he found us in.
+We were struck by the familiarity between the privates and some of the
+officers. For instance, in this particular case, some of the soldiers
+had practice rides on their officers' motor-bicycles." There followed a
+long interview with Prince Heinrich, the 33rd of Reuss. He was very
+suspicious, but polite. "Finally His Royal Highness shook hands with us
+and said: 'I do not know what will become of you gentlemen, but probably
+you'll be sent back to Germany to assist in looking after wounded
+soldiers of France and Belgium, and possibly English if they are foolish
+enough to cross the Channel.'" The prolonged detention of Mr. Austin is
+inexcusable, but there seem to be somewhat inexplicable detentions on
+both sides. A document handed to the prisoners on their release was to
+this effect: "The German Government advises the English Government that
+unless all Red Cross units at present in England are immediately
+returned, no further exchange of British medical officers can be
+contemplated." [Cf. too Miscel. 30 (1916) pp. 2, 36; also International
+Red Cross Reports, First Series, pp. 18, 19.]
+
+
+CREDULITY ONCE MORE.
+
+The general experiences of Mr. Austin are very similar to those of Mr.
+O'Rorke. At Bouvigny "a somewhat offensive non-commissioned officer ...
+removed all knives that we had and was greatly excited at the presence
+of the large jack-knife which had been issued to us before we left.
+These knives carried a long spike, for punching leather and opening
+tins, and the story has been circulated in Germany that these knives
+were issued to the troops for the express purpose of gouging out the
+eyes of the German wounded." There is something pathetically hopeless
+about these aspects of human credulity in war-time. When we see the
+extraordinary nonsense that each side readily believes of the other, we
+must accept it as something to the credit of human nature that any
+reasonable treatment of prisoners occurs at all.
+
+
+ORDINARY HUMANITY.
+
+"Our other personal effects," the narrative goes on, "including our
+money, were returned to us." The doctor's papers had not been returned
+by the German officers who originally examined him, and this fact caused
+many delays and annoyances, but one does not read of any actual
+ill-treatment. The use of dogs is referred to (see p. 33). The last
+incident on German territory is thus recorded: "When the Holland train
+drew in the officer had not returned, but one of our party who spoke
+German well informed the sergeant that the officers had told us we were
+to go by this train, and he very obligingly placed us in it after we had
+taken tickets to the nearest Dutch station, Ozendaal."
+
+
+REPORTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS.
+
+To me it seems that the Swiss have made some of the finest efforts of
+the spirit during this war. It is no mean achievement. Some are bound by
+many ties of friendship to the German people, some to the French. There
+has, of course, been occasional failure and sheer partisanship, but an
+utterance such as that of Carl Spitteler is marvellous in its
+determination to do justice, and in its reverence for the suffering of
+all the nations. The International Committee of the Red Cross at Geneva
+has been a centre of kindliness in the midst of carnage. In France and
+in Germany a committee was, by mutual agreement, established consisting
+of representatives of the national Red Cross, of the American and
+Spanish Embassies, and one delegate of the International Committee.
+These committees arranged that delegates of the International Committee
+should visit prisoners' camps in both countries. No such committee
+existed in Great Britain, but with the consent of the British
+authorities some camps in this country were visited in January, 1915.
+(See footnote, page 9.)
+
+
+GERMAN CAMPS: FOOD.
+
+In January, 1915, National Councillor A. Eugster was deputed to visit
+French prisoners in Germany. In general, the Swiss reports[4] give an
+almost exactly similar impression to those made by the United States. As
+regards the food, M. Eugster remarks that the sum of 60 pf. (just over
+7d.) is allowed daily for the German private, and exactly the same sum
+for the prisoners. In his second report, made in March, he points out
+that the food question has become more serious and (as far as his
+experience goes) complaints are more numerous. He summarises very
+reasonably the difficulties of the case, especially as regards the bread
+problem. Prisoners were originally allowed 500 grammes daily, but when
+the bread rations of the German civilians were reduced from 250 to 200
+grammes, some reduction in the prisoners' allowance was only to be
+expected, and their ration was fixed at 300 grammes. They would
+otherwise have been allowed two and a half times as much as the Germans
+themselves. Potato meal was allowed to make up the quantity, but the
+result was not good. Writing in March, M. Eugster says: "There are
+to-day from 750 to 800,000 prisoners in Germany. Allowing 300 grammes
+per man, this makes a daily consumption of 240,000 kilos. of bread
+(about 235 tons). This is not a bagatelle at a moment when the
+importation of cereals is impossible."[5] By Art. 7 of the Hague rules
+an arrangement between belligerents as to prisoners should be possible,
+and Eugster suggests that meal might be sent under neutral care to the
+camps, and bread baked there under neutral surveillance.
+
+
+GENERAL RESULT.
+
+M. Eugster's reports on the individual camps convey almost exactly the
+same impression as the American reports. At Sennelager the English
+doctor spoke highly of the treatment of the wounded, and the French
+doctors readily acknowledges that German wounded and French wounded were
+treated alike. At Zossen a sculptor was at work in his studio, a painter
+painted landscapes, a gardener ornamented the grounds, and a musician
+had his compositions rendered by a choir of 150 to 200 practised
+singers. It is the best educated prisoners, remarks the deputy, who are
+the most content. Summarising the impressions of his first tour, Herr
+Eugster says: "I am glad ... to be able to assert that the French
+prisoners are humanely treated. In such distracted times errors and
+mistakes can easily occur, but on the whole one can say that Germany
+does her duty by her French prisoners."
+
+It is not surprising to learn that M. Eugster received anonymous letters
+reviling him for not producing evidence to support the prejudices of the
+writers. Some readers of this account may indeed be made suspicious by
+his German name. M. Eugster was fully alive to these suspicions, and he
+suggested that a German and French Swiss might with advantage visit
+camps jointly. The suggestion was carried out, and in the third series
+of visits Dr. de Marval accompanied him. The general evidence is as
+before.
+
+
+VERMIN.
+
+The Swiss reports are in some respects more outspoken than the American
+ones. The heading "vermin" occurs in almost all. It requires a special
+campaign to deal with the lice, but the campaign seems to be carried on
+with vigour.
+
+
+TACT.
+
+There is another point. "We must not forget," writes Eugster, "that to
+be a prisoner is in itself a very trying fate." It needs a little
+contact with prisoners to realise _how_ hard their fate is, and how
+easily the wrong way with them may produce soured and embittered men.
+Writing of Halle in May, Eugster and de Marval remark: "The relationship
+between the Commandant and the prisoners is correct, but without
+cordiality; the subordinates were often wanting in tact." I confess it
+is simple words like these that depress me more than rumours of
+starvation or bad housing. Anyone knows that authority does not readily
+become the friend of the fallen. The military manner, even when acquired
+by Englishmen, is not always pleasant, and the sergeant who bullies his
+own men is not likely to be more considerate to prisoners. Let us face
+plain facts in these matters, and remember that all imprisonment is
+rather terrible, and that all absolute authority (especially among
+underlings) is apt to become tyrannous. In the prison camps of every
+nation it is examples of a foolish military officialdom that make for
+embitterment and degradation; and in these camps, too, it is the tact
+which comes of true insight, that is doing much for that brotherhood of
+hearts which is the only way to peace. "These people," says Eugster in
+another place, "ought to be treated with tact. They should not be
+treated as enemy prisoners, but as men and chivalrous adversaries. A
+little consideration, not costing much, will make a good impression. A
+friendly word, as from man to man, breaks the ice of discontent, and the
+chivalrous spirit of the superior is recognised with gratitude."
+
+To reach this standard we must try to think the best of our
+adversaries. Charity is something less meagre than justice, and it holds
+the future of the world in its grasp. In the past we denounced French,
+Russians, Irish and Boers in turn. It was not denunciation that did much
+for the future, but the larger-hearted charity which took its place.
+
+
+PRISONERS IN FRANCE.
+
+M. de Marval reports well of the feeding of prisoners in France. There
+is the usual difficulty about vermin. The officer prisoners seem, in
+many ways, to have the worst time. "Their lodging is in general too
+crowded, badly ventilated, and badly lighted ... and lacking in
+elementary comforts. They can ... buy ... chairs, tables, blankets,
+etc."[6] There was in France, as elsewhere, considerable complaint in
+the earlier days as to the delivery of parcels. The parcels arrived
+broken and partly or wholly emptied of their contents. So it was, we may
+remember, with parcels intended for English prisoners in Germany. The
+probability is that in both cases imperfect packing was responsible for
+the damage. (Cf. pp. 6, 8.) In the report just cited, De Marval states
+that, in general, there has been great improvement in the lodging of the
+prisoners, and that some bad camps (Vitr�, Lorient, Belle-Ile) have been
+broken up (January, 1915). Here again the reports coincide with those
+made upon German camps. In all countries the prisoners of war presented
+at first a problem not readily solved, and great hardships resulted.
+"Some of the hospitals," writes M. de Marval, "lack comforts, are not
+sufficiently roomy, or do not possess the necessary medicaments." He
+goes on: "I shall not delay over the retrospective complaints often
+formulated by prisoners.... Officers who had been injured by the
+populace or bound during transport and soldiers who had told me of bad
+treatment were alike pleased to declare that all such things were
+past." Here again the report is exactly paralleled by the American
+report on the German Camps. (Cf. p. 16). "Religious services are in
+general arranged for the Catholics; it is very difficult to secure
+ministrations for the Protestants." "If the officers are often meanly
+lodged, the same is true of the soldiers. The bedding sometimes leaves
+much to be desired, the straw in many of the camps is scanty, damp, and
+pretty often full of lice. The litter is actually being replaced
+everywhere by straw palliasses. As a support for these an open wooden
+framework is placed on the beaten ground which is often wet. Those who
+sleep under tents are subject to bronchitis and rheumatism, those who
+are in forts or old convents sometimes lack the proper allowance of
+air.... Though the quality of the water leaves something to be desired,
+it is supplied filtered and boiled, and in amount generally
+sufficient.... In some camps there is not enough water for washing
+either the person or clothing.... In general each man has a blanket, but
+it is very small and often much worn; some are still needed in some of
+the camps.... If I have not referred to certain regrettable incidents of
+which I have been told, it is because they appear isolated, and one must
+guard against generalising from them. Besides, these incidents are
+bygones and few in number." At Foug�res (Brittany) "the beds are
+touching each other." Cassabianda was a bad camp. So much has been made
+of earlier defects in German camps that it is well to remember (as
+indeed the above report shows) that defects may easily occur in other
+countries besides Germany. Of Cassabianda (February 12)[7] we read:
+"Huts extremely dilapidated. Sanitary accommodation worse than scanty.
+(_Les W.--C. sont plus que sommaires_). Nourishment scarcely sufficient
+for those who are working.... The cooking arrangements are worse than
+scanty.... Sleeping accommodation extraordinary: beds made from boughs
+by prisoners and superposed in two or three tiers. The ceilings and
+windows are falling in ruins.... Wishes of the prisoners--to have more
+to eat.... A very poor camp (_d�p�t tr�s m�diocre_), but well governed
+by a good and conscientious commandant who is badly seconded by his
+officers. It is a difficult task to render habitable premises that are
+falling into ruins." I am quite sure that none of us would impute ill
+intent to the French authorities. We should say simply that the prisoner
+problem was at first beyond their power, that in exceptional cases there
+were bad officers and in others lack of organisation. If we are capable
+of fair play, we shall, in many cases, say exactly the same thing about
+the German authorities. In Germany the one outstanding question is food,
+otherwise, as M.M. de Marval and Eugster state in a joint report issued
+in May: "We fully recognise the excellent arrangement and perfect
+organisation, thought out to the smallest detail, and the admirable
+administration of the Camps."
+
+
+LATER U.S. REPORTS.
+
+It is allowed by all investigators that camps almost everywhere have
+been improved as the war went on. Mr. Gerard himself writes, under date
+June 10, 1915: "It is generally admitted that conditions in the camps
+are constantly improving, and no good can be attained by the
+investigations of complaints based upon reports of conditions as they
+are supposed to have been several months ago." In citing the _earlier_
+U.S. and Swiss reports I have therefore by no means exaggerated the
+facts favourable to German treatment. There have been many later
+reports, but it will be impossible and unnecessary to give more than a
+few references:
+
+The reports in Miscel. No. 15 (1915) give a quite favourable account of
+the German efforts on behalf of the prisoners. Canadian officers at
+Bischofswerda, however, complained of their treatment on the way from
+the front. They said that "they were at first compelled to share their
+compartments with French Algerian (black) soldiers, but that other
+arrangements were made by a German officer in the course of their
+journey." Some may consider this an interesting comment on the
+employment of Algerian and other native troops.
+
+
+HUNGER DURING TRANSPORT.
+
+The Canadian officers also said "that while on the road they had
+received but little food, their treatment not differing, however, from
+that of other prisoners." On reading this I could not help recalling a
+_Daily News_ interview headed "The Blue Ladies: Good work at the Free
+Buffet at Euston." (June 24, 1916.) "We have just had the escort of some
+German prisoners in," said one of the ladies. "We do not give anything
+to the prisoners. We have enough to do to look after our own men." I
+recalled, too, the British nurse who said in my presence, with a snap of
+her fingers, "We have not _that_ much sympathy with the German wounded."
+I want to believe that in the great majority of cases the attitude on
+both sides is very different; but what a sundering influence war-like
+patriotism is! We must surely reach brotherhood by some other way.
+
+
+FRIEDRICHSFELD.
+
+Mr. Michelson reports highly of the camp at Friedrichsfeld. All kinds of
+work was going on. "No German foreman were to be seen, and only on
+looking for them did I notice that there were, here and there, guards
+watching the prisoners. In two instances I saw unguarded prisoners at
+work." Some wounded at Magdeburg "all, without exception, said they had
+been treated with great consideration while being transported from the
+front." (June 3, 1915). The hospital treatment is spoken well of both
+here and at the base hospital at Isighem, W. Flanders, visited by Dr.
+Ohnesorg.
+
+
+ORGANISATION AND RECIPROCITY.
+
+I pass on to Miscel. No. 19 (1915). Writing in June, Mr. Gerard gives an
+interesting account of the courses of instruction and lectures arranged
+for German N.C.O.'s and men in order to increase their efficiency in
+managing the camp kitchens. There is a characteristic touch of German
+thoroughness in the scheme. Mr. Gerard concludes: "I should be glad to
+have you bring the foregoing to the attention of the British Government.
+The German military authorities have now satisfied themselves that
+German prisoners in England are being treated as well as the conditions
+admit (except with regard to the confinement on board ships, which is
+still a sore point), and they are showing every disposition to treat
+British prisoners (both officers and men) in the most favourable manner
+possible, and to pay attention to their wishes in so far as can be done
+consistently with the principle that all the prisoners (of whom there
+are considerably more than one million) must be treated in practically
+the same manner."
+
+
+LAZARETS.
+
+Writing from Hamburg, the American Consul-General, Mr. Morgan, says: "It
+is not necessary for me to enter into the details of the different
+lazarets which I visited, beyond stating that they are all in the most
+up-to-date condition, and everything is being done for the wounded that
+could be done anywhere." At the Paderborn lazarets, "Some of the men
+said to me that it would be necessary to drive them away (that they
+would make no attempt to escape) because they were so well cared for and
+so comfortable." (p. 40, l.c.) At the Wesel lazarets, "Many of (the
+British) were very uncomfortable from their wounds, but all replied that
+their present treatment, as well as that which they had received at the
+front, and on the way from the front, was, and had been, entirely
+satisfactory.... All those consulted in regard to the matter said that
+they had come from the front in a German lazaret train, together with
+German wounded, and that, as nearly as they could tell, they had
+received exactly similar treatment and care as accorded to the German
+wounded. Their only request was for books and tobacco." (October 26,
+1915.)
+
+
+A DIFFICULTY.
+
+At Neubrandenburg, "until a few days ago the officers were permitted to
+use a tennis court outside the enclosure, to swim in the lake, and to
+walk in the neighbouring woods. As four officers (one Englishman) made
+an attempt to escape (from the bath house) these privileges were
+temporarily suspended, but I was told by the Commandant, whose relations
+with the prisoners are of the best, that they would be restored at an
+early date."
+
+The excellence of the bathing facilities at the officers' camp,
+Friedberg, is commented on, as it frequently is in other cases. At
+Giessen, Dr. Ohnesorg spoke with many prisoners who had had experience
+of working camps. "They said (the work) was not hard, and before being
+allotted to these various working camps, they underwent a thorough
+medical examination, and those who were found in an unfit physical
+condition were not detailed for this work. They are fed and housed by
+their employer, and in one instance I met a complaint of insufficient
+food."
+
+
+SOME OFFICER CAMPS.
+
+At Bad Blenhorst a number of prisoner officers are taking the "cure"
+under a German military surgeon. At Clausthal "the situation of the
+camp is ideal, being placed in the midst of the Hartz mountains, with a
+wide expanse of view, and my visit gave me a very favourable impression
+in general." At C�strin "The German officers treat the prisoners like
+unfortunate comrades." At Bischofswerda the complaints were that
+"shorts" were forbidden for football, and that baths were not allowed
+more than once daily. The Commandant promised to remedy both grievances.
+The report on Halle is unfavourable. There was overcrowding, and "the
+enclosure for exercise leaves much to be desired." The food was not
+complained of, except as regards monotony.[8]
+
+
+KOENIGSBRUECK, ZWICKAU, GOERLITZ.
+
+K�nigsbr�ck, a camp for 15,000 prisoners (but with only three British),
+"is complete in all respects, and adheres to a high standard in regard
+to the kitchens, theatre, washing-places, canteens, supply-room for
+clothing, etc." Zwickau (with two British) "is excellent ... outside
+each barrack is a specially built stand where the mattresses are aired
+every day ... and within the confines of the camp are several acres of
+vegetable gardens ... in which the French take particular interest." The
+arrangements at G�rlitz (with thirteen British) "in all details struck
+me as being exceedingly good." In general hospital treatment at the
+camps is entirely satisfactory.
+
+
+SCHLOSS CELLE, WITTENBERG, STENDAL, FOOD.
+
+In Miscel. No. 16 (1916) we may note the following: At the officers'
+camp, Schloss Celle, "the Commandant in civil life is a judge, and
+seemed on excellent terms with the prisoners." Mr. Gerard reports on a
+visit of his own to Wittenberg on November 8, 1915. The soup for the
+mid-day meal appeared to him "to be very good," and the testimony of the
+men was to the effect "that the food had improved considerably during
+the last two months." About 300 out of the 4,000 prisoners in this camp
+were British.[9] At Stendal Mr. Osborne found the thick soup
+"exceedingly palatable, though thoroughly un-English." The British
+prisoners "admitted that they could live on the camp rations, if
+necessary, and still retain good health, as is the case with the
+Russians, and that their objection to the food was on account of its
+sameness, and because it was not cooked in an English way." In March,
+1916, Mr. Osborne reports that a large swimming pool is in process of
+completion at one end of the camp.
+
+
+REPORTS AND INFORMATION.
+
+At Fort Friedrichshafen, Ingolstadt, "those who had no overcoats said
+that they could get them from the German authorities if necessary, but
+that they preferred to wait for the present to see if they could not be
+sent from home. All would like new boots, as they are not pleased with
+the wooden-soled boots provided locally." Sir Edward Grey, writing just
+before the receipt of this report, referred to information "that the few
+British prisoners of war at this camp are very badly fed, and that
+parcels arrive with great irregularity, their contents being frequently
+abstracted." In a reply dated a week later, Mr. Gerard (U.S. Ambassador
+at Berlin) writes that "in reply to a direct inquiry, which was made out
+of the hearing of any German officer or man," the British prisoners at
+Ingolstadt "stated that there was nothing to which they would care to
+have special attention paid. The men were in good spirits, and there was
+no evidence to show that any of them were badly fed. All were in touch
+with their friends at home, and no complaint was made with regard to
+irregularity in the receipt of parcels."
+
+
+FAVOURABLE AND HUMOROUS.
+
+Of the officers' camp at Blankenberg i/Mark, Messrs. Jackson and Russell
+report, "The atmosphere of the camp is excellent." There is a touch of
+humour in the report on Merseburg (l.c. p. 29). "One man complained to
+me that he had been punished for 'having a hole in his trousers' (as he
+said), but on investigation I found that he had cut a new pair of
+trousers, which had been given him by the German authorities, in order
+to make a pair of boxing shorts. One man had a black eye, another a
+sprained thumb, and a third a broken nose, as the result of boxing
+matches."[10] The four English prisoners at K�nigsmoor said "that there
+was no discrimination against them of any kind, and their relations with
+the German guard were evidently pleasant. They all said that they had
+plenty of warm clothing, including overcoats, and one even had an
+overcoat which had been given him by the German authorities in addition
+to one which he had received from home. They said the food was 'not
+bad' ..." At the working camp at Hakenmoor, "the midday 'soup' was
+excellent.... All looked in good health and seemed to be contented, and
+their relations with the German guards appeared to be friendly....
+Several complained that the clothing furnished soon became too tight for
+comfort, and nearly every man in the camp had put on from ten to thirty
+(even more) pounds of flesh. None spoke of any bad treatment ...
+although one Englishman said that there were occasional differences with
+the (Belgian) barrack captains. The Commandant is interested in his
+work; he knows most of the men by name, and seems to try to do all in
+his power to add to their comfort."
+
+
+FOOD.
+
+In these reports the food is almost invariably referred to as good, and
+to save further quotations we may cite the evidence at G�strow
+i/Mecklenburg as giving a fair general view of the case (January, 1916):
+"The men told me that while they depend on their home parcels for
+variety, a man who received nothing (as is the case with the Russian
+prisoners) could live on the food supplied, although in that case he
+would always be glad when meal time came."
+
+
+"ATMOSPHERE."
+
+At Dyr�tz, "the general atmosphere of the camp certainly seemed
+excellent, both on the part of the men and on the part of the
+authorities." (January, 1916.) At Blankenburg "the Commandant has now
+adopted the practice of taking different officer prisoners of war with
+him for occasional walks in the neighbouring country." "In a lazaret at
+Spandau," writes Mr. Jackson, "I sat alone with Captain Coulston in the
+good-sized, comfortably furnished room which he occupies by himself....
+Recently he had had a conversation with Her Royal Highness the Princess
+Friedrich Leopold of Prussia, who visited the lazaret, but ordinarily he
+had little opportunity to talk, as he speaks only a few words of German,
+French, or Russian. On my speaking of this, I was told that an effort
+would be made to have English-speaking German officers call on him from
+time to time."
+
+
+GERMAN PROFESSORS.
+
+Attention is again drawn to the excellent work of Prof. Stange at
+G�ttingen. "He has an office in the camp at which he is present for two
+hours every day, during which time he can be consulted by any prisoner,
+and has formed classes of study, which are well attended." At Giessen,
+too, "Prof. Gmelin of the local university has taken a great interest in
+the prisoners and visits them regularly with a view to providing for
+their instruction."
+
+
+A CONTRADICTION.
+
+The following is important and I quote it in full. _Mr. Osborne to Mr.
+Gerard._ (_February 23, 1916_) (l.c. p. 62.):
+
+    In accordance with your instructions and with reference to the
+    article in the London _Times_ of February 7, stating the report
+    of an exchanged British prisoner of war that two British
+    prisoners at the detention camp at G�strow, in Mecklenburg, had
+    been bayonetted for smoking in a forbidden vicinity, and that
+    one had died and the other was still in hospital, I have the
+    honour to inform you that I visited the camp at G�strow on
+    February 12, 1916. I did not notify the camp authorities of my
+    arrival. I was shown every courtesy and received every facility
+    for speaking to the British prisoners out of earshot of the
+    Germans. I talked with a large number of British
+    non-commissioned officers and with some of the men, and all were
+    unanimous on two points; first, that if such an occurrence as
+    the one mentioned had taken place, they would certainly have
+    heard of it; and, second, that they had heard of no such
+    occurrence. I visited the lazaret, through which I was taken by
+    a British N.C.O., who is an assistant in caring for the sick,
+    and spoke to every British patient under treatment there, not
+    one of whom could possibly have been suffering from a bayonet
+    wound. It seems to me quite out of the question that the
+    occurrence mentioned in the English newspaper accounts could
+    have actually taken place at G�strow.
+
+    In point of fact, instead of complaints at G�strow, I heard
+    rather praise of the camp from the British interned there, and
+    praise of the British prisoners from the camp authorities. The
+    men were all well fitted out with clothes of all sorts, and
+    seemed particularly cheerful. The authorities stated that it
+    had never been necessary, in recent times at least, to place a
+    British prisoner under arrest. On the whole, the camp struck me
+    as being as nearly ideal as it is possible for a place of
+    detention of this kind to be.
+
+The discrepancy between the last sentence in Mr. Osborne's report and
+the _Times_ article is a striking one. It should give one pause in
+placing too much reliance upon untested accusations, or upon newspaper
+articles based upon them. We forget sometimes that all the bias is
+_against_ an enemy, and the only stories likely to be free from
+exaggeration are those told in his favour.
+
+
+A MILITARY PRISON.
+
+In the military prison at Cologne (Miscel. 16 [1916] p. 67), "the
+prisoners receive the same food and the same general treatment as the
+German military prisoners, with whom they are permitted to talk.... The
+prisoners are not permitted to receive food from outside sources....
+Generally speaking the conditions do not differ materially from those in
+an ordinary working camp.... Corporal B. was found guilty of lack of
+respect to his British superior, Corporal J. was punished for striking
+the French non-commissioned officer in charge of his barrack, and
+Corporals O. and S. had trouble with the German Landsturmmann in charge
+of a cooking party...." Most of the sentences were for striking work at
+various work centres, the men sentenced stating that the conditions were
+bad. There was a special complaint against the railway work at
+Langen-Halbach b/Haiger, but not all the British joined in the strike.
+"I saw the men's midday meal, consisting of a thick porridge which
+appeared to be nutritious. One man claimed that it was thicker to-day
+than usual, but several of his comrades contradicted this flatly. No
+complaints were made to me of any rough treatment in the Gef�ngnis
+[prison]."
+
+
+BAVARIAN COURTESY.
+
+The Venerable Archdeacon Wm. E. Nies, who had been given permission to
+visit British prisoners of war in Bavaria, writes: "I think it is only
+fair to comment favourably upon the friendly way in which my mission to
+the men is received and furthered by the commanders without exception
+thus far."
+
+
+HOSPITAL TREATMENT.
+
+Of Germersheim hospitals we read: "The food served in these hospitals is
+exceptionally satisfactory. Dr. Algeron, the chief surgeon in charge, a
+broad-minded man and indefatigable worker, attends personally to the
+catering.... Under this regime there have been some noteworthy increases
+in weight...."
+
+At Bayreuth a private of the Black Watch had been "removed--for the
+purpose of electrical treatment of his arm by which it is hoped to avoid
+an operation--to the military lazaret in the city, which is an admirably
+equipped modern hospital."
+
+
+WUENSDORF, CREFELD.
+
+We pass now to reports in Miscel. No. 26 (1916). Indian prisoners of war
+at W�nsdorf (Zossen) find their treatment "very good." At Crefeld
+officers' camp, "the walks on parole ... have been entirely
+successful.... The only complaint as to these was that the German
+accompanying the party was a non-commissioned instead of a regular
+officer. This will, however, be rectified at once.... There is no
+trouble of any kind with the inhabitants on these.... The relations with
+the camp authorities are excellent." As regards the behaviour of the
+inhabitants, I would refer also to Chaplain O'Rorke's statement (see p.
+36), though, as one would expect, the inhabitants have in some other
+cases behaved badly (_e.g._, p. 32).
+
+
+MUENSTER II., MUENSTER III.
+
+At M�nster II, "The Commandment, General von Ey-Steinecke, as well as
+the other officers, and the general treatment, are well spoken of by the
+men." Some improvements suggested on March 16 were already started on
+the 18th. At M�nster III. the benches in the English Chapel "were
+provided at the expense of the camp, although the British prisoners
+offered to pay for them.... The camp authorities have endeavoured to
+arrange courses of instruction with some success, and several British
+are taking lessons in French.... Sergeant Middleditch, the ranking
+non-commissioned officer, who has taken an active part in the work of
+improvement, stated that the relations with the camp authorities were
+excellent, and that the officers showed much consideration in acceding
+to reasonable requests. The commandant, General Raitz von Frentz, is
+well spoken of by all, and shows a liberal and progressive spirit in
+dealing with such difficulties as arise."
+
+
+PARCHIM, BRANDENBURG.
+
+From Miscel. No. 7 (1917) a few extracts may be made. Of Parchim Dr.
+A.�E. Taylor and Mr. J.�P. Webster write: "We believe that special
+commendation should be given to the Commandant, Oberst Kothe, for the
+spirit in which he governs the camp, and for the way in which he does
+everything in his power for the welfare of the prisoners, and for the
+promotion of a cordial relationship between the men and those in
+charge." Of Brandenburg, Mr. Jackson writes candidly: "The part of the
+building occupied by the British prisoners was not so clean as the
+remainder, but for this the men themselves are responsible." It is
+obvious that the spirit as to this and other matters will vary in every
+country among different sets of men (c.f., _e.g._, below the very
+different G�strow report).
+
+
+COTTBUS.
+
+Men in hospital at Cottbus "said that the food was good and their
+treatment excellent." Men in the main camp complained that bread sent to
+them from Switzerland and England arrived in a mouldy condition, but "as
+the mouldiness seemed to start in the middle of the loaf, they thought
+this was due to the quality of the bread itself or the manner in which
+it was packed."
+
+
+ABSENCE ON LEAVE.
+
+At Celle, where "inactive officers" and some others are detained, Mr.
+Jackson found one British subject absent on leave, while "several others
+have been permitted to make visits to their families in Germany. A
+request from another, who had obtained no benefit from his stay at Bad
+Blenhorst, for permission to go somewhere for a 'cure' is under
+consideration."
+
+
+LIMBAU, GUESTROW.
+
+At the working camp at Limbau (occupied Russian territory) "the men
+described the commandant as a 'gentleman,' and said they had no
+difficulty in communicating with him in regard to their wishes. None had
+any complaint to make of their treatment, and only a very few spoke of
+the work as hard." The camp contained 500 British prisoners.
+
+At G�strow, "the treatment of the men and the conditions found in their
+camp appeared to be very favourable. The commandant stated that the
+British were the most satisfactory prisoners under his care...." Two
+million, five hundred thousand letters passed through the camp post
+office in the previous year, and about sixty thousand packages were
+distributed.
+
+
+HOSPITAL TREATMENT.
+
+Hospital treatment is again and again described favourably in the
+individual reports (_e.g._, pp. 4, 6, 14, 22, 50, 57), but the opinion
+may here be cited of a Swiss doctor who has been occupied in German
+hospitals during most of the war:
+
+    The writer of these lines never saw anything anywhere that could
+    be considered as intentional change for the worse in the lot of
+    prisoners and sick; on the contrary, he was able to ascertain
+    that the prisoners and the sick are treated in a manner that
+    could not be more humane. If later on the food was insufficient,
+    the English must be aware of the reasons which brought about
+    far-reaching starvation among great circles of the population of
+    Germany.... From deepest conviction the writer of these lines
+    affirms that the German people and the German doctors are
+    [generally] without guilt in the face of the accusations made
+    against them. Individual exceptions, if proved, could not alter
+    this judgment.
+
+
+THE REPATRIATIONS.
+
+There are bad stories of men arriving half-starving at the British and
+French lines at the time of the general repatriations. It would require
+care and impartiality to sift these. The more experience one gains, the
+less one trusts the average newspaper report in war-time. It seems very
+probable that, as Erzberger contended, many prisoners made off of their
+own accord after the German Revolution, and the straits to which these
+men were reduced could scarcely be ascribed to the German authorities.
+That there were brutal cases of men being _driven_ away is also quite
+probable. As regards the general question of prisoners, Erzberger said:
+"If England can now actually prove that English prisoners of war have
+been illegally treated, I give my word no guilty person shall go
+unpunished. But allow me the counter question, Is it known in enemy
+countries how _German_ prisoners of war were frequently treated? I do
+not believe that is sufficiently well known. Only listen to our soldiers
+who come from France...." (Berlin, Nov., 24, 1918, _Wolff_.) It should
+be obvious that both sides must be heard before justice can decide, but
+the obvious is the unrecognised in war time. And probably even by the
+best and most impartial judgment only very rough generalisations can be
+arrived at. One need seems to me paramount, that each side shall become
+once more aware of the _good_ in the other. Here, then, are one or two
+favourable facts from repatriated men: "We understand that the Germans
+could not let us march to the frontier, as we were prepared to do, lest
+we should start to plunder the inhabitants. For the same reason we were
+accompanied on the train by a German N.C.O. with a rifle. At night we
+slept in school buildings at Zevenaar (?) where we were given food and
+coal, and were well treated. We gave some of our food there to Sisters
+for the poor.... We had not to pay any fare at Wesel. The Germans on the
+train wished to be very friendly. We understand that the German
+authorities helped to make the arrangements about our taking the train
+at Wesel. No special compartments were put on for us. We travelled with
+the ordinary passengers." (_Daily News_, November 25, 1918.)
+
+Again:
+
+    The first contingent of British prisoners from Germany to arrive
+    in London under the terms of the armistice reached Cannon Street
+    Station from Dover yesterday. The party, numbering nearly 300,
+    were provided with hot refreshments on arrival. The men looked
+    remarkably fit, and one of the party explained that they had
+    mostly been working on the railways behind the lines, and their
+    treatment had been fairly good.
+
+    Another contingent of returned prisoners, numbering about 800,
+    arrived at Dover yesterday afternoon.
+
+                              (_Daily News_, Nov. 21, 1918.)
+
+The _Daily News_ has honourably distinguished itself by publishing
+favourable articles by repatriated prisoners. An officer writes:
+
+    Three days ago I arrived in England after having spent eight
+    months in a German prison camp. We were among the first
+    repatriated prisoners of war to come through Switzerland, and
+    were secretly amused at the attitude of friends and relatives on
+    our arrival home. They seemed to be quite surprised because most
+    of us were looking healthy and fit, and were not walking
+    skeletons or physical wrecks.
+
+    But after reading the home newspapers, we understood their point
+    of view. I do not for one moment suggest that these tales of
+    inhuman treatment are untrue or exaggerated, because I know many
+    cases which confirm them;[11] but I do say that this horrible
+    treatment has not been general, nor does it apply to all
+    prisoners of war. For this reason I am writing of what I know of
+    the prisoners in Baden, in Southern Germany, and I hope that
+    this article may allay the anxiety of those who are daily
+    expecting some dear one home, and who fear that he will be
+    terribly changed through suffering.
+
+Men behind the lines had suffered far more, this officer considered.
+This is somewhat at variance with the extract last cited. The writer
+continues:
+
+    But the lot of the prisoners in the permanent camps in Baden was
+    much brighter. My authority for saying so is an old Roman
+    Catholic priest, Father Nugent, a native of Lancashire, I
+    believe, who was in Southern Germany when the war broke out. He
+    had free access to all prison camps and hospitals in Baden, and
+    had no stories of harsh and brutal treatment to tell. Two
+    American doctors were allowed to visit the hospitals in Rastatt,
+    Lazaret 4, and the Russenlager Hospital. They said that the
+    patients were comfortable and well looked after, in spite of the
+    great shortage of medical supplies in Germany.
+
+    Some of the soldiers had a good time working on the Baden farms.
+    One orderly at our camp, who was away for a fortnight in the
+    fruit season, picking plums, told me that he had met one of his
+    old regiment working on a farm. This man had just driven in to
+    the railway station for the Red Cross parcels, and told him that
+    they were working with an old German and his wife. They shared
+    rations with each other, and once a week the whole household
+    visited the cinema.
+
+Delay in repatriation occurred owing to disorganisation.
+
+    But there is no ill feeling towards the prisoners in Baden.
+    After the armistice we wandered at will round Freiburg and in
+    the Black Forest; and everyone was treated with civility. There
+    were no cases of open hostility at all.
+
+                              (_Daily News_, Dec. 18, 1918.)
+
+Mr. G.�G. Desmond volunteered at the age of 46. He was taken prisoner
+and gave (_Daily News_, Dec. 10, 1918) some account of his general
+outlook after his imprisonment. Unlike some of the stay-at-homes he can
+still believe in the German people, as the following concluding
+paragraphs of his article show:
+
+    The soldiers and the country people round D�lmen, and afterwards
+    everybody we met in those parts, expressed no sense of rancour
+    at their defeat, and simply leapt over it all to the prime,
+    joyful fact that the _Krieg_ was _fertig_. Everybody greeted you
+    with that, and covered his face with smiles thereby. Some said
+    that the terms were very hard, but agreed with me when I told
+    them that they were made hard in order to defeat thoroughly the
+    old gang and ensure a lasting peace. I wish I felt as certain
+    now as then that the Allies had that clean intention. One farmer
+    chuckled when he told me that Germany must give up a hundred and
+    fifty U-boats, because, he said, she had no such number.
+
+    One of the political parties, I am afraid I cannot remember
+    which, published a manifesto stating that Germany had been
+    deceived and betrayed by the military party, whereby among other
+    things she inflicted great wrongs on Belgium and the Allies, and
+    that she must pay in full for those wrongs. I do not doubt that
+    is a widespread feeling in Germany. If, however, the terms of
+    peace are to be vindictive, we shall in turn be in the wrong,
+    and the new Germany may have better cause than the old to hate
+    us.
+
+    When we were fighting the Kaiser, we took pains to tell the
+    German people that we were fighting their battle against their
+    enemies. We were, in fact, liberating the traditional distressed
+    damsel from the clutches of the ogre. It was a pity that so many
+    of our blows fell upon the damsel and not on the ogre. It would
+    be not only a pity but a crime and a grievous blunder if, now
+    that the damsel is free, we proceeded to thrash her for the
+    faults of the ogre.
+
+    The Germans, apart from their late Government, are not
+    Orientals intent upon deceiving us at every turn. They say they
+    have turned over a new leaf, and I am thoroughly persuaded that
+    they speak the truth. In business of all kinds, under
+    circumstances that made it very easy for them to have cheated
+    me, I found them, during my stay at D�lmen, the straightest
+    people I ever had anything to do with. They think the same of
+    us. Feldwebels and others who have had to do with us both
+    assured me that they much preferred the British to any other
+    class of prisoner, because we are blunt and true, say what we
+    mean, and stick to what we say. Certainly the Germans are the
+    most English of the great peoples on the Continent.
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+Our survey of the reliable evidence at present available seems to me to
+prove that there has usually been a serious effort in Germany to treat
+military prisoners well. This does not imply that their lot is otherwise
+than hard, and the prolongation of the imprisonment adds terribly to the
+hardship. It is impossible to banish from one's mind such horrors as
+those of Wittenberg, but it is quite plain that these were very far from
+typical. When militarism goes wrong, it goes very wrong. If we consider
+the special German difficulties with regard to prisoners, and the
+special dangers of the militarist state, we may, I think, conclude a
+very fair standard of humanity amongst the German people from the fact
+that in so large a proportion of cases treatment has been reasonable and
+in many even excellent.
+
+I have no wish to arouse any resentment, and in case this conclusion
+should do so, I quote here a further neutral opinion, that of a
+well-known Norwegian, M.�T.�E. Steen, who had been allowed to visit
+prisoners' camps in Britain, France, and Germany. M. Steen gave a
+lecture at the Queen's (Small) Hall on July 15, 1915, under the auspices
+of the British Red Cross Society. Sir Louis Mallet presided. According
+to the _Daily Telegraph_ report, "M. Steen spoke favourably to the
+conditions prevailing at the various internment camps he visited in
+Germany, and expressed the hope that his remarks would remove misgivings
+and allay anxiety. The general impression which the camps made on him,
+he said, was 'very satisfactory.'"
+
+We must remember, too, that in Germany also all kinds of rumours and
+statements have circulated with regard to the treatment of prisoners and
+wounded by us and our Allies (cf. pp. 2, 32, 38, and 80). Such rumours
+and exaggerations are apparently a part of war. On the other side they
+have not made for a benevolent attitude, and the really large amount of
+interest openly shown in prisoners of war by such men as Prince
+Lichnowsky, Prof. Stange, Prof. Gmelin, the G�ttingen Pastors, and
+others, is a remarkable fact. We realise this the more, when we consider
+that it is not easy on this side for men in prominent positions openly
+to show interest in German prisoners of war.
+
+
+CAMPS IN U.K.
+
+It would be interesting to compare the U.S. reports on British camps
+with their reports on German ones. Unfortunately any useful comparison
+is impossible. A collection of reports on "various internment camps in
+the United Kingdom" is published in White Paper No. 30 (1916), but the
+earliest inspection here recorded took place on February 21, 1916. As
+the chief difficulties everywhere occurred earlier, the earlier reports
+are plainly necessary for a fair comparison. "Are we as compassionate to
+our prisoners as our ancestors were to theirs?" wrote the _Daily
+Chronicle_ on October 29, 1914, and added "From accounts that have
+reached us of the conditions that prevail at some of our concentration
+camps, we fear not." Moreover, in these later reports it is difficult to
+know the exact meaning of such remarks as the following, unless we have
+the earlier reports: "They seemed much happier and more contented than
+at the time of my former visit...." (Officers' Camp, Holyport). "There
+has been no change in the sleeping accommodations since the last report,
+but as the number of the prisoners is much less than it was at that
+time, there is much more room...." (Dorchester.)
+
+"The general tone of the hospital seemed to be much happier than at the
+time of my last visit." (Dartford, Lower Southern Hospital for wounded
+prisoners of war.)
+
+"There has been no change in the sleeping accommodation since the last
+visit, except that, owing to the smaller number of men, there is now
+more room than before.... The men seemed much happier and more contented
+than at the time of our last visit." (Officers' camp, Donington Hall.)
+
+The last quotation recalls the once famous charges as to the excessive
+luxury of Donington Hall. In every country the same kind of protest
+arises as to the luxurious treatment of prisoners, and this is declared
+a scandal in view of the inhuman policy of the enemy. In every country
+is to be found the type of patriot who feels that all is lost if it can
+be proved that he has treated an enemy too well. The hubbub about
+Donington Hall led to the appointment of a Commons delegation to visit
+various camps, and to a report in the _Times_ (April 26, 1915). In this
+report the Hall is described as "a large, bare house situated in a
+hollow.... The style of furnishing was that of a sergeant's mess." There
+was one piano, provided at the prisoners' expense. The billiard tables
+and other accessories imagined by perfervid patriots vanish into thin
+air.
+
+Dyffryn Aled Officers' camp in North Wales is described in the same
+account as "an inaccessible, gloomy, mildewed-looking house, with all
+the windows on the front side covered with iron bars. It was previously
+used as a private lunatic asylum. The kitchen seemed about the best room
+in the house.... There are no fixed baths, but the officers' valets
+carry hot water from the kitchen for hip baths." As regards the site of
+Dyffryn Aled it is only fair to quote the U.S. report: "The situation of
+the house, in a romantic valley among the Welsh mountains, is fine and
+healthy." But even in April, 1916, the bathing arrangements remained
+primitive: "Each officer has his tin tub." One would certainly not wish
+to make any hardship of this, yet it is perhaps as well to recall the
+U.S. reports on Friedberg and Crefeld in May and April, 1915,
+respectively. "The room containing the shower-nozzles would ... do
+credit to a club or hotel of the first class." (See p. 23.) At Crefeld:
+"The bathroom which I saw has a floor space of about 1,500 square feet,
+one-half of which, drained in the centre, lies under some 20 shower
+nozzles. There are a couple of porcelain tubs in the other half, and in
+the centre there is a large stove. Hot and cold water is available. The
+British officers were enthusiastic in their praise of this room." (P.
+13.)
+
+
+A FRIENDLY THOUGHT.
+
+The "Stobsiad," the magazine of the prisoners' camp at Stobs, Scotland,
+contains in its seventeenth number (Jan., 1918) a friendly thought for
+the interned "enemy" in Germany. The Y.M.C.A. and the Friends tell them
+of the ever-increasing need of the interned Englishmen for English
+books. "Would it not be possible," the paragraph proceeds, "for our
+German readers to place English books that they could part with at the
+disposal of the English prisoners of war, just as here German books have
+been placed at our disposal. Dr. Elisabeth Rotten's Committee (Berlin,
+No. 24, Monbijou-Platz 3) will gladly give further information. It would
+give us pleasure if many of our readers would fulfil this wish."
+
+
+UNRELIABLE COMPLAINTS.
+
+"There has been some trouble with correspondence," we read (_Times_,
+l.c.). The Commandant of one camp, while censoring a prisoner's
+correspondence, came across a statement that "he slept on a plank bed
+with a verminous mattress ... the prisoner admitted that he had written
+a false statement in order to induce his friends to send him more
+luxuries." I am reminded of a report from Zossen mentioned by the Swiss
+Red Cross delegate. I quote from the abstract in the _Basler
+Nachrichten_: "It appears that there is much correspondence with
+sympathetic ink at Zossen. A great deal of iodine, starch and condensed
+milk are sent to the prisoners by their friends. These materials serve
+for the preparation of such inks." We have heard of the use of
+sympathetic ink in this country. Experience suggests that complaints
+made by these methods are not to be relied on. The man who likes to tell
+a tall story is not very infrequent, either amongst civilians or
+soldiers, and if he can gain notoriety or advantage thereby, the
+temptation is considerable. Let these be obtained at the expense of the
+enemy, and the temptation is greater still. Some German girls were being
+taken back to Germany. An officer asked a girl what kind of a time she
+had in England. "Oh, dreadful," she replied at first. It was the way to
+gain kudos. But generosity came to her rescue, she repented and
+corrected herself: "No, perfectly lovely," she said, "everyone was good
+to us."[12] There are many on both sides who would not repent, but would
+make capital out of their interlocutor's ignorance.
+
+
+RUMOURS.
+
+Rumours, of course, still continue. They will continue as long as
+passions run high. There was a rumour of smallpox at Ruhleben. The
+English Captain of the Camp wrote to say: "There have been no cases of
+smallpox since the camp was started here." There were repeated rumours
+that parcels were not delivered. An appeal was made to the Director of
+the Press Bureau by C.Q.M.S. J.�R. Wheeler of the 2nd Wilts. Regt.,
+prisoner at G�ttingen. He pointed out that these rumours (apparently
+confirmed by postal officials) were totally unfounded. "Parcels arrive
+safely, and are issued to men often within a couple of hours of being
+received from the Post Office." The same matter is dealt with by U.S.
+representatives, but, as the Swiss delegate, Arthur Eugster, remarks,
+even neutral reports are in these days distrusted. In fact, often it is
+only what seems to confirm the worst suspicions that is believed. Mr.
+Wheeler points out that "the packing of parcels leaves much to be
+desired; in many cases a cake is put in a cardboard box and lightly
+wrapped up in brown paper," a statement that is important in view of the
+common opinion that British parcels were specially maltreated. The idea
+of differential treatment had indeed become an obsession. An example of
+the extraordinary nonsense that is believed is the story that "on the
+hospital ship, Oxfordshire, on March 19, sixty wounded British soldiers,
+the majority of them from the Black Watch and 6th Gordon regiments, were
+taken out of their cots to make room for sixty Germans ... and that, in
+addition, the Germans were supplied with fresh eggs and bread, while the
+British wounded soldiers had only biscuits." All this was the subject of
+a grave question in Parliament. The story was, of course, without
+foundation, but, according to Mr. Tennant himself, "it had obtained
+widespread credence." Marvellous indeed is the credulity of war-time.
+
+
+PRISONER WORKERS.
+
+How far hatred is due to want of knowledge the record of prisoner farm
+workers on this side proves:
+
+    As to the German prisoners, it took both the farmers and the
+    townspeople in the places where they are quartered, and from
+    which they are often motored to the farms, some little time to
+    overcome the widespread prejudice against their employment. But,
+    after a little acquaintance with them, this prejudice appears to
+    be dying down.
+
+    "They are one of our mainstays on the farms in West Sussex," Mr.
+    Herbert Padwick, chairman of the West Sussex War Agricultural
+    Committee, and vice-president of the Farmers' Union, told me.
+    "Some of them," he said, "are themselves farmers, and the sons
+    of farmers. Their work looks slow, but in the end, as a rule, we
+    find it very thorough. They used to say, perhaps chaffingly,
+    they wanted to produce the best crop we have ever had in
+    England, because they were sure the Germans would take it. No
+    doubt they really thought it at one time, but they are not, I
+    think, under this illusion any longer."
+
+                                _Daily News_, Aug. 20, 1918.
+
+Most of us have heard favourable comments from farmers and others as to
+the work of their German helpers. "I think they've done jolly well, and
+they deserve some encouragement," said one man to me. The idea that all
+Germans are "Huns" vanishes on personal acquaintance. On the other side
+prejudices similarly vanish, and I remember seeing an account of how a
+German farmer took his prisoner helpers for a picnic. Evidently he was
+allowed considerable freedom with them. There were German Press protests
+against the picnic.
+
+From the _Daily News_ of September 28, 1918, I take the following:
+
+    Here is a "gleaning" worth setting beside those which "Kuklos"
+    gave us yesterday. A West-country farmer of my acquaintance has
+    a brother who is a prisoner in the hands of the Germans at a
+    place not far from Stettin. Recently a number of German
+    prisoners were sent to work on his farm, and among them was a
+    German farmer from that very place. The German told him that he
+    had English prisoners on his own fields in the Fatherland, so
+    that quite possibly this curious exchange may be complete.
+
+    It may be mentioned, incidentally, that the English prisoner
+    speaks well of his treatment in Germany. The German, for his
+    part, assured my friend that while his prisoner-hands were not
+    receiving excellent cider, like that which he himself was now
+    allowed, they had plenty of good beer during the harvest.
+
+I have often thought that a widespread distribution of prisoner workers
+throughout each belligerent country might do more than anything else to
+allay mutual misunderstanding. In all wars the tendency is to regard the
+enemies as terrible beings, scarcely even of human shape. To a
+considerable extent this is due to the fact that all the horror of war
+is attributed by civilians to the enemy. The soldiers of course know
+better. But when the civilian finds enemy prisoners good fellows to work
+with, he cannot often resist the proof of our common humanity. A village
+girl was telling me lately how the feelings of many had altered since
+German prisoners had been in the neighbourhood, and especially marked
+had been the effect upon those who had actually worked with them. "So
+you've changed your mind about them," she said to a friend who worked
+with prisoners, and the friend had the courage to answer quite simply:
+"Yes, I have." If we all have the courage to change our minds, the peace
+that comes will be real.
+
+
+SOME OTHER PRISONERS.
+
+There is often so much similarity in the complaints made on both sides
+that the sufferings would seem to be very similar. I happened once, in a
+private hotel, to get into conversation with some German women who had
+been taken prisoner in East Africa. They were scarcely "military
+prisoners," but they were taken prisoner in the ordinary operations of
+war. With the women were three children. A young baby was wizened and
+pitiable, a little boy of between three and four had evidently had his
+whole body covered with boils or abscesses, a little girl of perhaps
+five would have been a charming little creature, but for a large abscess
+on her forehead and big swellings under the eyes. I asked how it was the
+children were in this condition. The Belgians, by whom these women were
+originally taken prisoner, would not, I was told, supply any milk for
+the children. It may be said that the Belgian officials should be
+consulted on this point, and I am well aware that prisoners' statements
+need corroboration. Do we, however, apply this rule in other cases? Are
+we careful to investigate newspaper reports of the statements of
+prisoners who have been in German hands, and should we suggest that the
+evidence of German officials should also be taken? The women struck me
+as singularly quiet, and unhysterical, and I must add, fair-minded.
+There were officials at times, they said, who were more humane, and
+provided milk on the quiet. Did they make any protests, I asked. "At
+first we did," they answered, "but we were always told 'You are
+prisoners, and have nothing to say.'" The condition of the children
+certainly suggested that they had suffered severely from malnutrition.
+This may indeed have been unavoidable, and not the fault of any one. I
+had a little further chat with one of the group, a very quiet woman,
+whose rather drawn, set face showed that she had passed through hard
+times. It was a little pathetic to me to note how sincerely she was
+convinced of the superior virtues of her side. "In the earlier days of
+the war when we had English prisoners," she said, "they were always well
+fed, even though we went short. Our Commandant always made a point of
+seeing that they were well provided for." There was in the quiet, rather
+weary voice just a gentle shade of reproach, and that was all. I have
+not the slightest doubt that the woman was perfectly sincere. I made
+only the very obvious remark that it seemed to me there were good and
+bad on both sides, and that some officials behaved well, and some not
+well. It was a mistake to generalise and think all was ill on the other
+side and all was well on one's own. She saw fairness in this view, I
+think. There was a mutual approach, and a growing kindliness. I felt
+then, and feel more strongly now, that kindness cannot grow out of
+merely aggressive patriotism.
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+It seems plain that in France, Germany and Great Britain there has been
+an honest, if not always a very sympathetic attempt to treat prisoners
+decently. But we hear little about the condition of prisoners elsewhere.
+It is curious to note how, in spite of all the horror perpetrated
+repeatedly by Turkish authorities in times, not of war, but of peace,
+British feeling is never very indignant against the Turk; and how
+prisoners of war are faring in Turkey we scarcely know. Not till July,
+1917, does there seem to have been any definite application for the
+inspection of Turkish internment camps. On July 18, 1917, an
+announcement appeared in the Press to the effect that, in response to a
+request from the British Government, the International Committee of the
+Red Cross at Geneva had applied to the Turkish Government for the
+necessary permission.
+
+Yet here, as in all war matters, we come upon "reprisals." The following
+is a cutting from the _Daily News_ of July 20, 1917:
+
+    Mr. James Hope, for the Foreign Office, stated in the Commons
+    yesterday that five British officers had been for over three
+    months imprisoned in Constantinople as a reprisal for the
+    alleged imprisonment of Turkish officers in Egypt. The United
+    States Ambassador was requested on April 25 to explain to the
+    Porte by telegram that only one of the five Turkish officers in
+    Egypt had been under arrest, and that for attempted escape. He
+    regretted to say that one of the five British officers had died.
+    They had just received a message from the Danish Minister at
+    Constantinople stating that the four surviving officers returned
+    to camp on July 4.
+
+Statements about _enemy_ reprisals are usually less frank than this. The
+neutral observer has usually to watch each side describing its most
+drastic actions as reprisals upon the other for similar deeds.
+
+
+SERBIA.
+
+The condition of Austrian and German prisoners in Serbia has been
+touched upon by Dr. F.�M. Dickinson Berry, Physician to the
+Anglo-Serbian Hospital Unit. I give the following quotations from an
+article by Dr. Berry in the _Nation_ of August 21, 1915.
+
+"There is no doubt that the prisoners suffered badly during the
+winter.... Typhus decimated them earlier and more universally, probably
+owing to the way in which they were crowded together. Outside the town
+our prisoner pointed out a cottage adjacent to a brick-kiln, where he,
+with 250 men, had stayed some months without beds, blankets, or even
+straw to sleep on, and with the scantiest of food." But the villagers
+showed kindness, said the prisoner, and bestowed on them the food placed
+by Serbian custom on the graves of the dead. "Many of the prisoners fell
+sick and were taken off to the hospital. Here, too, they lay on the
+floor with nothing to cover them but a great-coat, if the fortunate
+possessors of such. Few who entered the hospital ever came back; if not
+ill with typhus when they came in, they were pretty safe to get it
+there, and they passed on to the cemetery beyond the town, where, as in
+so many Serbian cemeteries, however remotely situated, there is a
+portion covered thickly with plain wooden crosses, marking the graves of
+Austrian prisoners. Our informant told us that of those with him 50 per
+cent. had died; of eleven Italians whom he had under his charge one only
+survived. Asked whether they had any guards, he said no; each sergeant
+(he himself was one) was put in charge of fifty men, and was answerable
+with his life in case any should escape." There were, however, some
+compensations for the primitive barbarity of these arrangements. The
+Serbian people did not attack their prisoners, they fed them. They might
+have learned a less human attitude under more civilised conditions. "As
+we motored through the town we were amused at the number of greetings
+our prisoner received; he was evidently a well known and popular person.
+As we passed he pointed out the houses of acquaintances and other
+objects of interest. On one side lived a municipal official, who,
+finding that he held the same sort of post in Bohemia, greeted him as a
+colleague and used to ask him to his house. Further on was the fountain
+where he had come to wash his clothes in the bitter winter weather, and
+close by the house of the kind but match-making old lady who washed his
+clothes for him, and having a daughter's hand to dispose of, wished to
+keep him as a son-in-law."
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Of what happened in Russian prison camps we have only rumours, and the
+usual individual statements. The old Russian r�gime was scarcely likely
+to be very efficient or very humane in its treatment of prisoners, but
+any one who has examined war stories will be very cautious of believing
+all that is told. What the "unofficial information and rumours" were may
+be sufficiently gathered by referring to the _Cambridge Magazine_ of
+August 26, 1916, Supplement "Prisoners." It may be well to add this: in
+November, 1918, Erzberger, interviewed by Dr. Stollberg, of the
+_Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung_, asserted that out of 250 thousand
+prisoners in Russia only 100 thousand remained alive.
+
+
+AN IMPORTANT COMPARISON.
+
+It will help to clarify our ideas of charges of ill-treatment to remind
+ourselves of the following. A British officer, Lieut. Gilliland, was put
+in charge of the British prisoners of war captured by the Bulgarians.
+Mr. MacVeagh brought forward in the House of Commons various charges
+made against this officer by repatriated prisoners. It was said that he
+distributed unfairly food and clothing consigned to Irish prisoners,
+and that he ordered the flogging of British prisoners by their Bulgarian
+captors for the most trivial breaches of discipline. Mr. Macpherson, for
+the War Office, said prisoners repatriated from Bulgaria had made
+allegations against Lieut. Gilliland which were entirely opposed to
+information received from independent sources, especially from the U.S.
+Legation in Sofia, who stated that the officer had done everything
+possible for our men. Further inquiry was promised (_Manchester
+Guardian_, November 8, 1917). The charges of the prisoners are in this
+case not considered as necessarily true or unbiased. Ought not similar
+caution to be observed against whomsoever the charges may be made?
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 2: It is fair to add that the International Red Cross
+    in January, 1915, visited camps at Holyport, Dyffry, Dorchester,
+    Southend, Portsmouth, and Queensferry. They did not visit the
+    Isle of Man, where even then about 4,600 civilians were
+    interned, and they were evidently, if somewhat innocently,
+    hoping for the release of civilians (First Series, p. 25). The
+    reports are quite satisfactory as far as they go, and the
+    delegates considered that the prisoners, and especially the
+    military prisoners (_surtout les militaires_), were treated
+    well. The feeding is, however, criticised rather adversely in
+    the case of Portsmouth (both military and civilian) and at
+    Queensferry (civilian). (_La nourriture est elle bien ce qu'elle
+    doit �tre_?) Removal from boats at Southend to _terra firma_ is
+    recommended. The eternal soup, which seems to have been the lot
+    of prisoners in all countries, must become fearfully wearisome.
+    The preserved fish, etc., of later days may become even more
+    trying.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Bishop Bury (_My Visit to Ruhleben_) writes: "Again
+    I was conscious of just the same spirit of
+    privation--extraordinarily pathetic it was--about people and
+    places...." (p. 79) It is to be feared that some who "profess
+    and call themselves Christians" can see nothing pathetic in the
+    sufferings of an enemy people.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: _Comit� International de la Croix Rouge, Premi�re
+    S�rie._]
+
+    [Footnote 5: The number of prisoners now (October, 1917) in
+    Germany is probably nearly three times as great.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: _Comit� International Rapports_ (Premi�re S�rie, p.
+    31).]
+
+    [Footnote 7: l.c., p. 60.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: Reporting on March 9, 1916, Mr. Jackson wrote that,
+    though, "owing to its situation and character," it could never
+    be made "an entirely satisfactory camp," yet "there had been a
+    marked improvement in its general 'atmosphere.'" (Misc. 16
+    [1916].)]
+
+    [Footnote 9: Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge (M.D., D.P.H.) visited this
+    camp on December 17, 1915. She reports: "The prisoners of war
+    are housed in well-built, well-drained barracks having excellent
+    ventilation. Each man has an iron bedstead with two blankets (or
+    a thick quilt), a straw mattress, good pillow and sheet...."]
+
+    [Footnote 10: These indulgences can also be paralleled on this
+    side. A writer from a British internment camp says, during "a
+    great sports week": "There are already a lot in hospital with
+    broken legs and arms."]
+
+    [Footnote 11: It is astounding how extremely rare are
+    responsible accounts of the worser ill-deeds by those who have
+    actually suffered them. These stories have almost always been
+    heard from someone else. (Cf. pp. 156, 157.)]
+
+    [Footnote 12: "The Common Cause." October 16, 1914.]
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+CIVILIAN PRISONERS.
+
+RESIDENT ENEMY NATIONALS.
+
+
+A few extracts from Dr. J.�M. Spaight's important work, "War Rights on
+Land," will be useful as an introduction to this section. "Resident
+enemy nationals," runs Dr. Spaight's marginal summary, "are not
+interfered with" (l.c., p. 28). The text proceeds: "The treatment of
+resident enemy nationals has undergone a great change for the better in
+modern times. Ancient theory and practice regarded them as enemies,
+individually, and admitted the right to arrest and imprison them. The
+last instance of this rigorous rule being put in force is Napoleon's
+detention of British subjects who happened to be in France when war
+broke out in 1803. Present usage allows enemy nationals to depart
+freely, even when they belong to the armed forces of the other
+belligerent." The State has the right to detain such subjects, but usage
+is against it. Again, "'Present usage,' says Professor LeFur, 'does not
+admit of the expulsion _en masse_ of enemy subjects resident in a
+belligerent's territory, save when the needs of defence demand such
+expulsion....' The bad precedent set by the Confederate Government in
+1861, when it ordered the banishment of all alien enemies, has not been
+followed in subsequent wars. France and Germany allowed enemy subjects
+to continue to reside in their respective territories during the war of
+1870-1, but the former country was led by military exigencies to rescind
+the general privilege so far as Paris and the Department of the Seine
+were concerned, at the end of August, 1870. A Proclamation was then
+issued by General Trochu which enjoined 'every person not a naturalised
+Frenchman and belonging to one of the countries at war with France' to
+depart within three days, under penalty of arrest and trial in the event
+of disobedience. The incident is instructive as showing usage [viz.,
+non-interference with resident enemy nationals] in the making; for
+though there were 35,000 in Paris alone, and their expulsion was clearly
+justifiable as a measure of defence, the general opinion in Europe was
+that they were harshly treated, and a sum of 100 million francs was
+claimed, as part of the war indemnity, in respect of the losses they
+sustained in being driven out. It shows, as Hall observed, that public
+opinion 'was already ripe for the establishment of a distinct rule
+allowing such persons to remain during good behaviour' (_Hall,
+International Law_, p. 392). The usage has been strengthened by the
+precedents set in the Russo-Turkish War in 1877-8, the Chino-Japanese
+War of 1894, and the Russo-Japanese War, in all of which enemy residents
+were suffered to remain."
+
+
+ORIGIN OF GENERAL INTERNMENT.
+
+How did it come about that this more humane usage was in the present war
+departed from? The average Englishman, I fear, assumes that all the
+blame is in this case due to the enemy. The following correspondence
+should make the matter clearer. [See Miscel. Nos. 7, 8 (1915).]
+
+    _Memorandum communicated by American Embassy,_
+
+    October 17, 1914.
+
+    The American Embassy has the honour to submit the following copy
+    of a telegram which has just been received from the Secretary of
+    State at Washington relating to civilian prisoners in the United
+    Kingdom and Germany:
+
+    There are a very few English civilians in Germany who have been
+    placed in prison or in prison camps--about 300. The German
+    Government is informed that a great number of German civilian
+    prisoners--over 6,000--are in prison camps in England.
+    Department is requested by Ambassador, Berlin, to suggest that
+    liberty, so far as possible, be allowed alien enemies detained
+    by war.
+
+
+        _Mr. Page, United States Ambassador in London, to
+            Sir Edward Grey._ (Received Oct. 31.)
+                American Embassy, London,
+                                October 30, 1914.
+
+    Sir,--I have the honour to transmit herewith enclosed the
+    attached copy of an open telegram I have received from the
+    Minister at Copenhagen relating to reports on the imprisonment
+    of German subjects in England.
+
+    Inasmuch as the Minister at Copenhagen has dispatched this to
+    the Secretary of State at Washington, it seems probable that I
+    shall receive definite instructions from him to transmit it to
+    you, but in view of the desirability of an early consideration
+    of the matter I now venture to submit this copy of the telegram
+    for your information.
+
+                                      I have, etc.,
+                                          WALTER HINES PAGE.
+
+
+    Copy of Telegram received October 29, 1914.
+
+    Following telegram sent to Department to-day (by the Ambassador
+    at Berlin):
+
+    The Foreign Office requests this Embassy to find out through the
+    American Embassy in London whether the reports concerning the
+    imprisonment of German subjects in England are well founded.
+    Unless a reply is received from the British Government before
+    November 5 that all Germans who have not rendered themselves
+    especially suspicious have been released, the German Government
+    will be obliged to take retaliatory measures, and accordingly
+    arrest all male British subjects in Germany between 17 and 55
+    years. American Minister, Copenhagen.
+
+
+    Copy of Telegram received from Berlin by the American Embassy,
+    November 3, 1914.
+
+    Are Germans over 45 being arrested wholesale in England? If
+    arrests are only of those under 45, I may be able to keep
+    English over that age out of jail. Will not British Government
+    allow all over 45 to leave? That is the legal military age here,
+    and no one over that age can be compelled to serve.
+
+
+    _Sir Edward Grey to Mr. Page, United States Ambassador in
+    London._
+
+
+                                                   Foreign Office,
+                                                     November 9, 1914.
+
+    Your Excellency,
+
+    I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your
+    Excellency's note of the 30th ult., and of subsequent notes
+    informing me of the attitude likely to be adopted by the German
+    Government with regard to the measures that have been taken in
+    this country for the detention of German subjects of military
+    age.
+
+    The decision of His Majesty's Government in this respect being
+    clearly irrevocable, the communications which you were good
+    enough to transmit did not appear to call for an immediate
+    reply, although, as your Excellency is aware, the German
+    Government threatened, and have since carried out, reprisals
+    against British subjects in Germany.
+
+    At the same time, I hope in due course, when the measures taken
+    here have assumed a definite form, proper consideration having
+    been given to reasonable claims for exemption as regards
+    particular categories of persons, to address your Excellency
+    further on the subject, with a view of obtaining the release at
+    least of British subjects in Germany who correspond to those
+    categories.
+
+    I may state at once that no Germans over the age of 45 are being
+    arrested.[13]
+
+    I should, however, be glad if your Excellency would endeavour to
+    bring home to the German Government that His Majesty's
+    Government are faced with a problem which does not apply to the
+    same extent in Germany.
+
+    There are, roughly, 50,000 Germans resident in this country, and
+    the presence of such large numbers of the subjects of a country
+    with whom Great Britain is at war must necessarily be a cause of
+    anxiety to the military authorities who are concerned with
+    taking adequate measures for the defence of the realm.[14]
+
+    In detaining persons who might, in certain eventualities, become
+    a source of danger to the State, His Majesty's Government are
+    only acting in accordance with the dictates of a legitimate and
+    reasonable policy, and they would be clearly lacking in their
+    duty to the country if they neglected to safeguard its interests
+    by allowing the continuance of possible risks to the public
+    safety.
+
+    In proceeding as they have done they have only had this one
+    consideration before them, and it has never once been their
+    intention to indulge in a domestic act of hostility towards
+    German subjects as such, or in any way to inflict hardship for
+    hardship's sake on innocent civilians.
+
+    Every endeavour is being made, as Your Excellency is aware from
+    Mr. Chandler Anderson's report on the concentration camps, to
+    mitigate the inconvenience to the persons detained, and to
+    provide the best possible treatment for them under the
+    circumstances.
+
+    As time goes on it is hoped that it will be possible to improve
+    further the necessarily austere conditions of the military
+    discipline to which the prisoners are bound to be subjected, and
+    every endeavour is being made already to rectify any mistakes
+    that may have occurred, both in the arrest of persons who should
+    properly be exempt, and in the r�gime, which, through its
+    hurried organisation, could not fail to contain a certain number
+    of defects at the outset....
+
+Into the case for and against general internment I do not propose to
+enter; it has nothing to do with the main purpose of this book. It does,
+however, concern that purpose to point out first that the general
+internment of resident enemy nationals (whatever its justification in
+any particular case) is contrary to modern usage, and second that the
+order for general internment was given first not in Germany, but in
+Britain. The popular view on this subject is erroneous. The German order
+was issued as a "reprisal,"[15] but, once issued, it was carried out
+with dispatch, a dispatch which was, of course, easier because of the
+comparatively small number of British subjects in Germany.
+
+It will, I think, be useful to quote some further letters. The first
+document is an extract from a telegram received, _via_ Copenhagen, by
+the U.S. Embassy in London on November 7, 1914. The telegram is from the
+Ambassador (Mr. Gerard) at Berlin, and conveys the representations of
+Mr. Chandler Anderson, of the American Embassy in London, who was at
+the moment in Berlin. Anderson says:
+
+    Tell Foreign Office that there is no compulsory military service
+    required by German law for men over 45, and any men over that
+    age serving in the army are volunteers. Agreement to release all
+    men over 45 would produce better understanding, refusal is
+    regarded as questioning truth of their assurances, which were
+    endorsed by our Ambassador. Would like to settle these matters
+    while here, and want to leave on Tuesday or Wednesday. Am
+    arranging to have someone from this Embassy return with me to
+    report, for information of Foreign Office here, about
+    concentration camp and reasons for internment of civilians, in
+    order to establish common basis for their treatment and
+    provisions and clothing furnished and pay of officers, on the
+    understanding that accounts will be balanced at close of war or
+    at stated intervals.--GERARD, Berlin.
+
+                              American Minister, Copenhagen.
+
+The following documents deserve careful consideration:
+
+    _Memorandum communicated by American Embassy._
+
+    November 9, 1914.
+
+    The American Embassy has the honour to submit the following copy
+    of a telegram which the Ambassador at Berlin has sent to the
+    Department of State at Washington:
+
+    "Order for internment British between 17 and 55 has gone into
+    effect. This does not apply to clericals, doctors, or women, or
+    to British subjects from colonies or protectorates where Germans
+    are not interned. German Government wishes to receive official
+    information regarding such colonies, as it understands Germans
+    are interned in South Africa. Germany is willing to release men
+    over 45 if England will do so. Germans over 45, except officers,
+    have no compulsory military obligations."
+
+    American Embassy, London, Nov. 9, 1914.
+
+
+    _Memorandum by Sir Edward Grey._
+
+    The American Ambassador asked me to-day whether the American
+    Embassy would be allowed, as reports were being made in Germany
+    about the treatment of German civilians in England, to send
+    someone to visit the Germans interned in Newbury and Newcastle.
+
+    The Ambassador also said that he had received specific
+    complaints from Germans interned in Queensferry.
+
+    He has given me the following copy of a letter from the American
+    Ambassador in Berlin.
+
+    The object of the Ambassador's enquiry is simply, by bringing
+    out the facts, to prevent false statements from doing harm in
+    Germany, and at the same time, I assume, to contribute to the
+    remedying of any grievances that may exist.
+
+    The American Ambassador in Berlin is, I know, doing all in his
+    power to secure good treatment for British subjects in Germany,
+    and I think that it would be desirable to let the American
+    Embassy here have full information as to our treatment of
+    Germans.
+
+                                            I have, etc.,
+                                                    E. GREY.
+    Foreign Office, November 13, 1914.
+
+
+    _Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page._
+                                          American Embassy, Berlin.
+                                                     November 8, 1914.
+
+    Sir,--Although it may already be too late to be of much
+    practical effect, I feel it my duty, in the interest of
+    humanity, to urge upon you to obtain some formal declaration on
+    the part of the British Government, as to its purpose in
+    ordering the wholesale concentration of Germans in Great Britain
+    and Ireland, as is understood here to be the case. It is known
+    here that many of the Germans interned belong to the labouring
+    classes, and that their position is actually improved by their
+    internment, and it is recognised that the British Government has
+    the right to arrest persons when any well-founded ground for
+    suspecting them to be spies exists. Great popular resentment has
+    been created by the reports of the arrests of other Germans,
+    however, and the German authorities cannot explain or understand
+    why German travellers who have been taken from ocean steamers
+    should not be permitted to remain at liberty, of course under
+    police control, even if they are compelled to stay in England.
+    The order for the general concentration of British males between
+    the ages of 17 and 55, which went into effect on the 6th inst.,
+    was occasioned by the pressure of public opinion, which has been
+    still further excited by the newspaper reports of a considerable
+    number of deaths in concentration camps. Up to the 6th
+    considerable liberty of movement has been allowed to British
+    subjects in Germany,[16] and, as you were informed in my
+    telegram of the 5th, many petitions were received from them
+    setting forth the favourable conditions under which they were
+    permitted to live and to carry on their business, and urging the
+    similar treatment of German subjects in England. I cannot but
+    feel that to a great extent the English action and the German
+    retaliation has been caused by a misunderstanding which we
+    should do our best to remove. It seems to me that we should do
+    all in our power to prevent an increase of the bitterness which
+    seems to have arisen between the German and English peoples, and
+    to make it possible for the two countries to become friends on
+    the close of the war.
+
+                                          I have, etc.,
+                                            JAMES W. GERARD.
+
+
+    _Mr. Harris to Mr. Gerard_.
+
+                                               Frankfort-on-Main,
+                                                     November 9, 1914.
+
+    Sir,--In a letter of the same date as this I have referred to
+    the return from Giessen of four officers sent to Giessen, and
+    returned again to Frankfort and to Nauheim, from which they
+    came. I referred in this letter to the commander of the XVIIIth.
+    Army Corps here. The commando is in charge of Excellenz de
+    Graaf, who has, as he tells me, an American wife, and who
+    through the past few months has shown this consulate all
+    possible consideration, as it seems to Mr. Ives and myself.
+    Twice during the great press of the first few weeks of the war,
+    he came to the office in person and made known his desire to
+    assist us in any way possible. Both Mr. Ives and myself have had
+    occasion to go to the commando many times on various errands,
+    and in nearly every case we have been granted the things we
+    desired. It would be difficult to find a man at home or abroad
+    with a more pleasant manner than de Graaf's, or who shows less
+    of the harsh or severe. Many of the English have gone to him,
+    and they in all cases, so far as I have heard, speak in highest
+    terms as to the way he has received them, and as to the entire
+    freedom given them in this city until the order of last Friday.
+
+    I have gone into the matter just a little because of a vicious
+    and, I think, wholly unwarranted attack in the papers, in which
+    Mr. George Edwardes, of London, is made to say quite improbable
+    things as coming from de Graaf, and perhaps made our work just a
+    little more difficult. Whether this be the case or not, I am
+    sure you will be glad to know that the commander here has given
+    ample evidence of desire to meet Mr. Ives and myself in every
+    request we have had to make of him.
+
+                        I have, etc.,
+                      H.�W. HARRIS, American Consul-General.
+
+The "entire freedom" allowed to English in Frankfort until the reprisal
+order was made out is a fact that should be emphasised. It bears out the
+idea that it was British action which brought about the general
+internment order in Germany. Moreover, the reports as to ill-treatment
+and deaths produced the same kind of effect on the other side as they
+did on this. Of course, there were grave hardships on both sides, and,
+indeed, Sir Edward Grey allowed (vide p. 79) that "the r�gime ...
+through its hurried organisation, could not fail to contain a certain
+number of defects at the outset."
+
+The r�gime, like some other steps taken in this war, was too hurriedly
+arranged in response to newspaper agitation. The _Cologne Gazette_,
+complaining that Germans are treated like pariahs in England, asks if
+Englishmen in Germany are "to enjoy for ever a life of gods unmolested."
+(_Daily Chronicle_, October 29, 1914.) The old demand for "reprisals,"
+leading to counter-reprisals and a crescendo of cruelty.
+
+In Austria no general internment order was made. The _Daily Chronicle_
+correspondent, writing in January, 1915, from Vienna, spoke of the
+freedom of all foreigners there, even when the subjects of enemy
+Governments. All such subjects, his host reminded him, "enjoy full, or
+nearly full liberty, whereas in Great Britain and France Austro-German
+subjects have either been clapped into prison, or at any rate confined
+in a camp or barracks."
+
+
+CIVILIAN AND MILITARY PRISONERS COMPARED.
+
+"Confinement in a camp or barracks" sounds a small thing. It is really,
+wherever it occurs, a rather terrible thing. The universal experience is
+that civilians suffer under this restraint more than soldiers, and
+consequently are more "difficult" to deal with.[17] There are, I think,
+various fairly obvious reasons for this difference. To the soldier the
+prison camp is an escape from worse horrors, the soldier is inured to a
+large measure of monotony, he is also inured to military control and
+certain peculiarities of the military manner. To the civilian the prison
+camp is a change from freedom to confinement, from comfort to hardship,
+often from prosperity to ruin. The civilian's life has been one of
+varied activities, and becomes one of almost unrelieved monotony. He is
+in most cases quite unused to military control, and feels himself
+degraded to a kind of servitude. Used to a separate and individual life,
+he is forced into contact, day and night, with others not of his own
+choice, and often antipathetic to him. He finds himself deprived of
+every vestige of privacy, and his thoughts revolve often round chances
+gone, work lost, hopes vanished, a wife living in penury, and a future
+altogether dark. If anyone will try to picture such a life continued not
+for weeks or months only, but for _years_, he will, I think, feel that
+hysteria, loss of mental balance and actual insanity are consequences
+that are only too likely to follow.
+
+Civilian control for civilian prisoners seems in general to be
+desirable. Military control was practically withdrawn from Ruhleben in
+the autumn of 1915. At a few camps here, such as the one at Cornwallis
+Road, it is practically absent, and I feel this is one reason why,
+writing in March, 1916, the U.S. Attach� was able to report that there
+had at this camp been no attempts at escape.
+
+There was much that was harsh and bad in the earlier days of internment
+in Germany, but the official U.S. reports certainly make us aware of
+cordial German co-operation in improving matters. The unofficial
+account, moreover, of Dr. Cimino ("Behind the Prison Bars in Germany")
+astonishes me chiefly by the amount of politeness which it reveals in
+the German official.
+
+There will always be stupid officials, and complete military authority
+is a very dangerous thing. This obvious conclusion should be recognised
+as applying (to some extent at least) to both sides. It is a rather
+dreadful thing to be under more or less hostile restraint, whether one
+be German or British. "Even if ideal conditions prevailed, one could not
+remove the unavoidable feeling of restraint and the sorrow of separation
+of men from their wives and families. There is in all the camps a
+feeling of gloom which one visitor said 'haunted him for days.' It is
+scarcely surprising that feelings of resentment should arise. Many of
+the men have lived in this country for twenty or thirty years; some have
+come over here as young children, some are even unable to speak German;
+very many have married British wives and have come to regard themselves
+as citizens of this country. The visit of someone who is not in
+authority over them, but who will listen to their troubles and give them
+a kind word of encouragement, has done very much to lighten the
+bitterness of confinement." So write the Emergency Committee in their
+second report on their work for the assistance of Germans, Austrians and
+Hungarians in distress. Dr. Siegmund Schulze, who has worked for a
+similar organisation in Berlin, writes: "It appears that those who have
+recently expressed their opinion in the British Parliament have taken
+the complaints of a few dissatisfied prisoners as a basis for their
+general opinion. We can quite understand these complaints, because we
+notice among all prisoners that the longer the imprisonment lasts, the
+greater is the feeling of dissatisfaction.... It is noteworthy that in
+the English utterance even the trustworthiness of neutral reports is
+doubted; for example, the statements of the American Ambassador are
+regarded as pro-German, therefore distorted. Frl. Dr. Rotten and I have
+heard a great number of neutral opinions on the prisoners camps; I have
+myself discussed the conditions of the detention camp with neutrals who
+have visited them, and ascertained the truth as to their reports. Our
+verdict can only be that there is absolutely no question of any
+conditions which would constitute an infringement of international law,
+or which could imperil the health of the soldiers.... Moreover, I have
+in Ruhleben formed my own opinion as to the condition of the prisoners.
+I acknowledge that the depressed state of mind in which the prisoners
+must naturally be after more than six months' imprisonment has an effect
+upon their reports, and that many prisoners are in a state of suppressed
+rage. On the other hand I cannot but say that after the removal of
+certain insanitary conditions there have been absolutely no substantial
+complaints made by the prisoners. Much as I regret the position of the
+prisoners, among whom I have many personal acquaintances, I must, on the
+other hand, say that the accommodation and also the behaviour of the
+officers is, on the whole, as humane as possible under the difficult
+conditions. The American Attach�, Mr. Jackson, who formerly visited the
+detention camps in England, and has now again visited the German
+detention camps, has confirmed to me the assertion which he made to the
+Commandant of the Ruhleben Camp, viz., that if he were obliged to choose
+where, among the countries now at war, he would be interned, he would
+certainly choose Ruhleben.... Without doubt, as is now apparent
+everywhere, an imprisonment extending over a long period, say, for
+instance, a year, means far more for men of the present generation than
+one could have thought. I consider it possible that many prisoners who
+are detained for such a long time will return to their homes with an
+essential deterioration of their mental condition." These last are very
+grave, and indeed terrible words, words that I fear only too accurately
+represent the facts, but yet, as Dr. Schulze continues, "We ought not to
+conclude from this that we are justified in making reproaches against
+the other country in respect of the treatment of prisoners, but rather
+conclude that we should work energetically towards the termination of
+the war."
+
+The mental suffering (_stagnant_ suffering) caused to civilian prisoners
+(in Britain, as elsewhere) is, I fear, very far from being understood.
+The following few sentences may give some glimpses--I was going to say
+"enlightening glimpses," but, alas, they are only glimpses into the
+darkness: "Our visitors in talking to the men in the camps receive from
+them many kinds of requests; of these by far the most frequent and
+urgent is that their wives and families may be visited. For one reason
+or another, letters from home very frequently do not reach the
+prisoners, and often for weeks or months together they receive no word
+of their families." The report goes on: "One man's wife was at the point
+of death when he left her and her young children; another's wife with
+several children was addicted to drink, and was only kept from it by her
+husband's influence; in other cases children were left behind with no
+mother to care for them." (The quotations are from the second report of
+the Friends' Emergency Committee, January, 1915.) To imagine the anguish
+of these cases, whether in Germany or in Britain, is to shrink as from a
+blow. Many will feel that the policy of general internment was
+unavoidable. But we may surely show generous sympathy where an
+unavoidable policy has brought great misery upon thousands who were
+innocent. Such sympathy, as we shall see later, always assists
+reciprocal sympathy on the other side.
+
+
+SOME REPORTS ON RUHLEBEN.
+
+I will now turn to the consideration of reports on individual camps for
+civilians. The most important German civilian camp, of course, for us,
+is that of Ruhleben. If I cite a Report on the Meeting of the Camp
+Committee held there on February 4, 1915, a good deal as to the general
+management of the camp will become plain. [Miscel. No. 7 (1915) p. 67.]
+
+    The following minutes of a meeting of the select committee of
+    the camp committee and of the overseers,[18] which was called by
+    Baron von Taube on February 2, were read by the Secretary:
+
+    At 6-30 p.m., Baron von Taube received a select committee of the
+    camp committee in the presence of the assembled overseers of the
+    latter. Messrs. Powell, Fischer, Jones, Blakely, Cocker,
+    Overweg, Asher, Hallam, Russel, Aman, and Jones were present;
+    also[19] Messrs. Delmer, Butcher, Stern, Scholl, Mackenzie,
+    Horn, Klingender, Butterworth, and Hatfield.
+
+    Having greeted the assembled members, the Baron proceeded to say
+    that he thought it would be best if only three or four delegates
+    from the camp committee were to discuss matters directly with
+    the overseers. He expressed his views and compared the
+    management of the camp with the administration of a town of
+    10,000 inhabitants. Too many participants might only render the
+    work of the overseers more arduous. He therefore suggested that
+    at the meetings of the overseers, the select committee of the
+    camp committee should consist of from three to four gentlemen
+    with deciding votes. The suggestion was accepted. Thereupon the
+    Baron informed the meeting that Messrs. Butcher, Klingender, and
+    Stern had been proposed. In reply to this, Mr. Delmer, chairman
+    of the camp committee, said that from among the eight men whose
+    names had been submitted, three or four should from time to time
+    be chosen as delegates according to their special knowledge and
+    the business to be transacted. After a short discussion it was
+    agreed, upon the proposal of Mr. Powell, that three or four
+    gentlemen should, as delegates from the camp committee, take
+    part in a general meeting of overseers to be held once a
+    fortnight. At these meetings a strict account of the work of the
+    overseers during the interval should be rendered. On the
+    proposal of the chairman, Mr. Delmer, it was further agreed that
+    delegates of the camp committee should have the right at all
+    times to require the overseers to furnish explanations of any
+    incidents affecting the interests of the camp. A motion of the
+    chairman, which was also approved by the Baron, was to the
+    effect that, in order to spare the overseers' committee time and
+    trouble, any incidents occurring in the camp should be
+    thoroughly sifted and investigated by the camp committee, and
+    then reported to the administration as soon as possible by a
+    single competent deputy through the overseers.
+
+    The presiding overseer welcomed a further motion by the
+    chairman, Mr. Delmer, which was as follows: In the interests of
+    the necessary reciprocity, a delegate of the overseers should
+    attend the meetings of the camp committee.
+
+    Mr. Klingender drew attention to the two points contained in the
+    camp committee's letter to Baron von Taube. The Baron said he
+    agreed with the contents of the letter.
+
+    At the conclusion the chairman (Mr. Delmer) remarked that the
+    camp committee had been formed with a view to beneficial
+    co-operation with the overseers, and for the advancement of the
+    existing organisation, and that it intended loyally to carry out
+    this principle, of which words the Baron graciously took note.
+    The chairman (Mr. Delmer) then expressed his hearty thanks in
+    the name of the assembled members of the camp committee to the
+    Baron for his presence and for the consideration he had kindly
+    given to the arrangement, whereupon the Baron said that he would
+    be very pleased personally from time to time to take part in the
+    meetings of the camp committee.
+
+    Baron von Taube then closed the meeting.
+
+    The secretary announced that he had laid a copy of the minutes
+    before the Baron, who had kindly accepted and signed it, and
+    had, with his own hand, written on it the words, "Have taken
+    note of the minutes and agree on all points."
+
+    The chairman greeted Mr. Fischer, overseer of hut 3, who was
+    present as delegate of the overseers. The meeting proceeded to
+    discuss the following matters:
+
+    LATRINES FOR INVALIDS.--At the last meeting the camp committee
+    had requested a member to procure information on this matter.
+    Mr. Fischer reported that the small latrine between huts 3 and 4
+    (which was formerly intended for women) should be used for this
+    purpose. A door with a lock would be put in. Permits would
+    probably be issued by the doctor or his representative. The
+    overseers had for a long time striven to obtain permission for
+    the sick to use the water closets, but these for the most part
+    were not in the premises which were at the disposal of the
+    military authorities, and therefore could not, even on payment,
+    be opened. He would again inquire if it were not possible to
+    obtain a closed water closet for the sick.
+
+    POSTAL MATTERS.--Questions concerning the postal regulations
+    and the censoring of letters were brought up. A member expressed
+    his intention of obtaining precise information and of reporting
+    thereon.
+
+    OUTBREAK OF DIARRHOEA.--It was announced that 78 cases had
+    occurred at hut 1.[20] Mr. Fischer was asked whether the number
+    of cases in each hut was known to the overseers. He replied that
+    they had furnished a report on the previous day. It was
+    suggested that in such a case the overseers might with advantage
+    seek the assistance of the delegates of the camp committee, and
+    especially in the present case, as the overseers were much
+    occupied with other work, and could not collect complete
+    statistics.
+
+    BREAD.--The question of the quality of the bread was raised; it
+    was alleged that bread insufficiently baked and bread which
+    consisted of remains insufficiently ground together was
+    sometimes distributed. As 2,000 of the prisoners were penniless,
+    the question was one of great importance. Mr. Fischer said that
+    bread of inferior quality, if returned immediately, would be
+    exchanged.
+
+    YOUTHS UNDER 17 YEARS OF AGE.--It was alleged that not all the
+    prisoners under 17 years of age had yet taken the necessary
+    steps to obtain their release. The meeting, however, thought
+    that it was the presence of young sailors, for whose release
+    repeated application had been made, that had produced this
+    impression. These sailors, however, were in quite a different
+    position from the civilian prisoners. Civilian prisoners under
+    17 were released. The overseers had the matter under
+    consideration.
+
+    WASHING.--Mr. Whitwell had taken cast-off clothing from the
+    rubbish-box. He had had them washed, and found that they were
+    still serviceable. In his opinion, the whole of the camp washing
+    could be done by two machines costing about 60M. each. Mr.
+    Fischer observed that the overseers had given this matter their
+    attention, but that great difficulties would arise if any
+    proposals adverse to the concessions granted by the military
+    authority to private concerns were to be made.
+
+    The meeting was then adjourned.
+
+We may next cite an unofficial statement:
+
+    STATEMENT RESPECTING CONDITIONS AT RUHLEBEN COMMUNICATED TO HOME
+    OFFICE BY TWO RELEASED CIVILIANS ON MARCH 18, 1915.
+
+    Mr. John P. Bradshaw, of Ballymoney, co. Antrim, and Mr. William
+    David Coyne, of Ballyhaunis, co. Mayo, both British subjects,
+    arrived in England on the March 15, having just been released
+    from detention at Ruhleben on account of their unfitness for
+    military service.
+
+    The following statement has been made by them to the Home
+    Office:
+
+    They were examined by the Camp Doctor, and released as unfit for
+    military service.
+
+    A fortnight ago all who considered themselves unfit were invited
+    to send their names in with a statement of the grounds of
+    unfitness.
+
+    A week later all were asked to state where they would go if
+    released from Ruhleben, but few of the real British subjects
+    were anxious to be released now unless they can leave Germany
+    because of the bitterness against England.[21]
+
+    Since March 7 a very important change has taken place in the
+    food supply to the prisoners; thanks to investigations by
+    Rittmeister von M�ller, the caterer has been dispensed with. It
+    is believed in the camp that the United States authorities
+    prompted these investigations.
+
+    The German authorities provide bread which is of better quality
+    than formerly. The allowance is over half a pound per man per
+    day, i.e., more than the civilian population is allowed, but it
+    is believed that a regulation has been made, though not yet
+    brought into force, to reduce the bread allowance to correspond
+    with that allowed to persons outside the camp. Bread is no
+    longer purchaseable at the canteen.
+
+    The Government allows 60 pfennige (just over 7d.) per head for
+    the rest of the food. The canteen committee buys 100 grammes of
+    meat (gristle, bone, etc., included) per man per day. Pork is
+    much used, then comes mutton, and, more rarely, beef.
+
+    The meat is cooked in the soup and each man is given a piece
+    about the size of a cutlet with his soup at midday. The spare
+    pieces are divided amongst the men from the last barracks to be
+    served; the barracks take it in turn to be last.
+
+    On one day a week dinner consists of a piece of sausage and rice
+    and prunes.
+
+    A piece of sausage is now served with the evening tea or coffee.
+    This sausage is bought out of the savings under the new system.
+
+    The rest of the savings on the catering and the profit on the
+    sales at the canteen go towards providing clothes, etc., for the
+    poorest men in the camp.
+
+    The meat is inspected by two of the prisoners, one a veterinary
+    surgeon and the other a butcher; it is cooked by ships' cooks
+    who are interned, and served by men chosen from among the
+    prisoners. The food is said to be well cooked and the meals
+    quite appetising, at any rate when compared with the previous
+    r�gime.
+
+    The two men named above received all parcels sent to them.
+    Formerly parcels took about four weeks to reach the camp from
+    England, but now they arrive in ten to twelve days.
+
+    The officials are scrupulously honest as regards money owned by
+    or sent to the prisoners, except that they pay out in paper or
+    silver, whereas they took in gold. Money is paid out to those
+    prisoners who have an account at the rate of 20M. per fortnight,
+    but an extra 20M. can be obtained for the purchase of boots,
+    clothes, etc., if shown to be necessary.
+
+    The correspondence regulations are now that one postcard with
+    nine lines of writing may be sent each week, and two letters,
+    each of four pages of notepaper may be sent per month. In
+    addition, business letters may be sent to any reasonable extent.
+
+    A dramatic society has been started and recently gave its first
+    performance, Shaw's "Androcles and the Lion." Admission was
+    free, but seats cost from 20 to 40 pfennigs, not according to
+    the position of the seat, but according to the means of the
+    purchaser.
+
+    Baron von Taube and Graf von Schwerin make a point of being
+    present at all entertainments organised by the prisoners, and
+    make a short speech of thanks at the end. Since the trouble over
+    the food has been settled the relations between the officials
+    and the prisoners have greatly improved.
+
+    A month ago all British colonial subjects were re-arrested and
+    interned. [Miscel. No. 7. (1915). P. 81.]
+
+We now come to the official U.S. report of June 8, 1915, with
+accompanying letters. [Miscel. No. 13 (1915)]
+
+
+    _Mr. Page, United States Ambassador at London, to Sir Edward
+    Grey._ (Received June 15.)
+
+    The American Ambassador presents his compliments to His
+    Majesty's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and has the
+    honour to transmit, herewith enclosed, a copy of a letter he has
+    received from the Embassy at Berlin, dated the 8th inst.,
+    enclosing a report made by Mr. G.�W. Minot upon the conditions
+    at present existing in the British civil internment camp at
+    Ruhleben.
+
+    Mr. Gerard has added a postscript expressing the hope that this
+    report may be published together with his covering letter.
+
+      American Embassy, London,
+        June 14, 1915.
+
+The need for publication was obvious in view of the character of the
+rumours circulated in this country, but, unfortunately, when published
+as a Government White Paper, such a report falls into but few hands,
+while newspaper extracts from the White Papers can, in general, scarcely
+be described as selected without bias.
+
+    ENCLOSURE 1.
+
+    _Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page._
+
+                                             American Embassy,
+                                                 Berlin, June 8, 1915.
+
+    Sir,--I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a triplicate
+    copy of a report made by Mr. G.�W. Minot upon conditions at
+    present existing in the British civil internment camp at
+    Ruhleben, Spandau. In connection with this I beg to say that the
+    devotion to duty and uniform kindness of all the camp
+    authorities has been wonderful and the relations of our Embassy
+    with them always most agreeable. It is impossible to conceive of
+    better camp commanders than Graf Schwerin and Baron Taube.--I
+    have, etc.,
+
+                                            JAMES W. GERARD.
+
+The last sentence is noteworthy. Commendation of the Camp Commanders
+could not be more emphatic.
+
+    ENCLOSURE 2.
+
+    _Mr. Minot to Mr. Gerard._
+
+                                                         June 3, 1915.
+
+    Sir,--I have the honour to submit to you the following report
+    upon various improvements which have taken place in the civil
+    internment camp for British prisoners at Ruhleben-bei-Spandau
+    since the month of November, 1914:
+
+    Of the 4,500 British civil prisoners interned in Germany,
+    approximately 4,000 are at this date held at Ruhleben, the
+    remaining 500 being scattered in small detachments in various
+    other internment camps. The German Government have arranged
+    that these detachments shall be absorbed by Ruhleben, so that
+    within a few months all the British civil prisoners interned in
+    Germany will be in Ruhleben. The difficulty of enlarging the
+    facilities of Ruhleben and the necessary precautionary measures
+    of quarantining have made the process of combination a long one,
+    but there is every reason to believe that it will soon be
+    completed.
+
+    The increase in the number of prisoners at Ruhleben has
+    necessitated substantial additions to the barracks, most of
+    which were overcrowded at the beginning of the war. Eight new
+    barracks of one storey have been erected (four being already
+    occupied), affording accommodation for 120 men each. These
+    barracks are substantially built of wood, with well-set floors
+    and large windows. The roofs have been waterproofed with tarred
+    paper, and the walls stained to resist the rain.[22] In the four
+    new barracks which are now occupied a small room for the guard
+    has been added, but in the new barracks this has been considered
+    unnecessary, as it is hoped that the guards in the barracks at
+    night may shortly be dispensed with. The last new barracks has
+    been built with a special view towards housing convalescent or
+    delicate persons. Partitions have been erected so as to cut up
+    the barrack into small divisions, and two water-closets have
+    been installed. A new washhouse for these barracks has been
+    erected, with shower baths and washing troughs.
+
+    The construction of the new barracks, the transfer of some
+    hundred persons to Dr. Weiler's sanatorium, and the release of
+    about a hundred persons have made it possible largely to reduce
+    the crowded conditions of the "obens," or lofts, of the old
+    barracks. Twenty per cent. of the occupants of these "obens"
+    have been removed, and it is estimated that when the new
+    barracks are fully occupied another 55 per cent. will be removed
+    from the obens, so that only a quarter of the original occupants
+    will be left there.
+
+    The most signal improvement which has been effected in the last
+    two months has been the permission afforded the prisoners to use
+    the ground encircled by the race-track for the hours from 8 a.m.
+    to 12 noon and from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. The space thus gained is
+    approximately 200 yards by 150 yards, and affords a splendid
+    field for all kinds of games. Materials for the various sports
+    have been provided by the camp, including the laying out of a
+    football field and a small golf course. This ground has provided
+    a chance for every interned prisoner to take part in some form
+    of good out-of-door exercise or for those who so desire to move
+    out their chairs to the field to watch the games. Permission to
+    use the grandstands from 8 a.m. to 8-30 p.m. has further been
+    obtained. As the stands are of modern brick and cement
+    construction, a large enclosed hall is formed underneath the
+    tiers of seats. In this hall a stage has been erected and a
+    complete theatre installed with scenery, dressing-rooms,
+    orchestra, etc. Performances, varying from Shakespeare to
+    musical shows, are given practically every night. The betting
+    boxes have been boarded up to afford small rooms for study,
+    musical practice, etc. In other parts of this building space has
+    been allotted for a carpenter's shop, a tailor's shop, barber
+    and cobbler's shop. The grandstand tiers have been turned over
+    to the educational department for schools and lectures, which
+    are systematically conducted. Black-boards and other materials
+    have been provided for the department.
+
+A favourable account of Dr. Weiler's sanatorium follows. About this
+sanatorium individual expressions of opinion have varied.
+
+Mr. Minot's report next gives a list of improvements effected at
+Ruhleben, under such headings as _Laundry_, _Whitewashing_, _Beds_,
+_Dentist_, _Business Post_, etc. The report then proceeds:
+
+    It can be seen from the above that very considerable
+    improvements have been effected at Ruhleben. Graf Schwerin,
+    Baron Taube, and the other camp authorities have done everything
+    in their power to bring about these improvements, and have been
+    materially helped throughout by the camp captains.
+
+    The effect produced has been a general improvement in the
+    physical and moral condition of the camp. In general the health
+    of the prisoners can be said to be excellent, practically no
+    cases of contagious or infectious diseases, barring a mild
+    epidemic of German measles, having occurred. The improvement in
+    the food and the increased possibilities of the purchase of
+    additional nourishment from the outside, have nearly silenced
+    all complaints.
+
+    The work is still constantly progressing, and it is fair to
+    state that the conditions are steadily, if slowly, improving.
+
+    I am submitting to you, herewith, a plan of Ruhleben, upon which
+    are marked the various buildings and locations mentioned in this
+    report. I have further included a selection of programmes of the
+    various entertainments, sports, etc., which have taken place in
+    the camp.--I have, etc.,
+
+                                                G.�W. MINOT.
+
+The following two extracts are also of some significance. The first is
+from the _Times_, the second is from the _Daily Telegraph_ of June 18,
+1915. The suspension of correspondence was due to some demonstration on
+the part of the prisoners.
+
+    Sir,--It may perhaps interest some of those who are feeling
+    anxious about the treatment of their relatives at Ruhleben to
+    hear that we have direct evidence of kindly action and
+    consideration for the prisoners on the part of the German
+    authorities at a date later than that at which the regular
+    postal communication was suspended.--I am faithfully yours,
+
+                                     A PARENT OF A PRISONER.
+
+    February 17.
+
+    We received the following from the Press Bureau last night:
+
+    "A statement recently appeared in a letter to an organ of the
+    Press to the effect that it was inadvisable to send parcels to
+    civilian prisoners interned at Ruhleben in view of the heavy
+    charges made on delivery.
+
+    "Information has now been received from the United States
+    Ambassador at Berlin that no such charges have been made for the
+    delivery of parcels at Ruhleben, but for a short time certain
+    prisoners who had been temporarily released and sent to a
+    sanatorium were charged duty on parcels sent to them there. This
+    matter was, however, satisfactorily adjusted in a very short
+    time, and duty is no longer charged on parcels to such
+    prisoners."
+
+In the early autumn of 1915 civilian self-government was fully
+established at Ruhleben. Writing on October 16, Mr. Page remarks: "The
+administration of the camp to-day is entirely in the hands of the
+prisoners themselves. There are no guards in the barracks, and all
+internal arrangements, including discipline, are in the hands of the
+camp and barrack captains." [Miscel. No. 3 (1916), p. 4.]
+
+
+A CONTROVERSY.
+
+White Paper Miscel. No. 3 (1916) is in many ways rather important to the
+student of internment. It affords some evidence of the kind of mental
+friction developing in all internment camps, and it makes clear that
+prisoners' statements often need to be subjected to impartial outside
+investigation. There is not space, however, to enter fully into details
+here. The paper opens with a report on Ruhleben camp "compiled by a
+British subject recently released," and forwarded by Sir Edward Grey to
+Mr. Gerard through Mr. Page. It is complained that the distance from the
+new barracks to the wash-houses is "in some cases over 200 yards." Mr.
+Page points out by reference to a scale map that "in every case the
+wash-houses are nearer than 60 yards from the barracks, and not at a
+distance of 200 yards, as stated. The barracks which are not diagrammed
+on this map have their own washing appliances." Mr. Page writes further:
+"The open space beneath the central tribune has not been, as stated in
+the report transmitted by the British Foreign Office, used for every
+conceivable purpose, but has been enclosed entirely for recreation
+purposes, religious services, lectures, debates, etc.... I cannot see
+how the introduction of [the] cinema show has in the least affected the
+comfort of the hall." "With regard to whitewashing, this was done in all
+of the barracks at the expense of the camp fund, and not, as stated, at
+the cost of those interned at the barracks. Extra whitewashing, borders,
+etc., were naturally paid for at the private expense. No measures were
+taken for exterminating mosquitoes for the reason that it has been found
+impossible to procure petroleum in Germany for the purpose." Three
+internees who tried to escape were in consequence imprisoned, and are
+stated in the report transmitted by the British Foreign Office to be
+starving. Mr. Gerard writes: "I visited Messrs. Ettlinger, Ellison and
+Kirkpatrick at the Stadtvogtei-Gef�ngnis about three weeks ago, and
+heard from them that they had no complaint to make about the food. They
+are now allowed to receive parcels and money from the outside, and are
+no longer in solitary confinement. The limitation of exercise to half
+an hour seems regrettable, but owing to their attempt to escape, I fear
+that it will be impossible to obtain a change until their sentence
+expires."
+
+The report forwarded to Mr. Gerard says:
+
+    It would be of material benefit to the interned if a
+    representative of the United States Embassy could call at the
+    Camp fortnightly, and receive complaints direct from prisoners,
+    without the inevitable presence of the captains [i.e., the
+    internees' own captains] in the room.
+
+Mr. Gerard replies:
+
+    A representative of this Embassy has visited the camp at
+    Ruhleben (with the exception of the time when the camp was first
+    formed) certainly on an average of more than once a fortnight,
+    and it has been possible for any prisoners to speak to him
+    without the presence of the captains. For the past few months
+    the camp has been visited once a week if not more often. In
+    addition to this Mr. Powell, sometimes accompanied by other
+    captains of the camp, has visited this Embassy regularly once a
+    week for consultation with me.
+
+"I wish again to reiterate," says Mr. Page, "that Count Schwerin, Baron
+Taube and the other officers in charge of the camp, are all kindly and
+considerate gentlemen, who do everything within their power to help the
+prisoners."
+
+But the real quarrel was not with Count Schwerin or Baron Taube (of whom
+all seem to speak well), but with the English captains and their
+management. The financial statements and the distributions effected by
+the captains are adversely criticised by the released British subject.
+He adds, somewhat acidly:
+
+    It would be a kindness to the captains and to the camp if the
+    Government could convey to them a message informing them that
+    they are public men holding important and responsible positions,
+    and that public men must allow criticism and seek to profit by
+    it.
+
+Here we get to the root of the matter. The original "Camp Committee"
+was (to quote Mr. Gerard's words) "disbanded by the order of the
+military authorities in February last (1915), because of its refusal to
+co-operate with the captains and its insistence upon publishing notices
+and minutes of its meetings after it had been forbidden to do so."[23]
+This "Camp Committee" continued to object to the financial arrangement
+and the general administration of Mr. Powell and the other captains, and
+pressed their objections upon the Ambassador on August 23, 1915. "I
+thereupon suggested that perhaps the best way would be to refer the
+matter to a general election. To this the 'Camp Committee' demurred, and
+upon my asking what suggestion they had to proffer appeared to consider
+that they, a self-constituted body, should be given charge of the camp
+by me. This proposition I naturally rejected, especially as the members
+of this self-appointed committee were, although very estimable
+gentlemen, _person� non grat�_ both to the majority of the prisoners and
+to the military authorities.... A final decision of the question as to
+whether the present government of Ruhleben is representative or not is
+to be found in the election of September 15, 1915, when every one of the
+captains at that time in authority was re-elected. The occasion was
+caused by the decision of the military authorities to withdraw the
+soldiers from the camp, and the captains therefore considered it
+desirable that they should appeal to the camp for decision as to whether
+it was wished that they should continue the government or not. I cannot
+see that any further proof is required as to whether the captains
+represent the feelings of the majority of the camp."
+
+One cannot help asking oneself, was the critic a member of the
+disbanded "Camp Committee"? The United States Ambassador on more than
+one occasion proved himself capable of speaking very decidedly to the
+German authorities of things he disapproved of. In this case, too, he
+speaks (though not to the German authorities) with some decision:
+
+    A properly heated and lighted recreation and assembling room is
+    certainly extremely desirable for the damp and cold winter time.
+    A new barrack has been sanctioned by the military authorities
+    for the purpose, and I will do my best to press the work. I
+    might venture to suggest that if so many private individuals had
+    not occupied necessary space by election of private clubs the
+    military authorities would be more willing to grant permission
+    for the erection of further buildings intended for public good.
+    Further, if the very men, such as the "camp committee" (who are
+    all members of the "summer house" club), had devoted some of the
+    energies which they expended upon the erection of the club for
+    their own private use to the construction of a public
+    sitting-room, the building might already be in use.
+
+    The British tax-payer is paying a large sum in wages because the
+    Ruhleben prisoners are unwilling to do the fatigue work of the
+    camp. The captured British soldiers who have been fighting in
+    the trenches are compelled to do work in work camps, are often
+    not properly clothed, do not receive an allowance from the
+    British tax-payer of 5M. a week, cannot buy food at less than
+    cost price, nor go to a sanatorium (at the expense of the
+    British tax-payer) when sick; have not the benefit of expert
+    dental and optical treatment, have no public libraries,
+    lectures, schools, debates, or camp newspapers, have not seven
+    tennis courts, three football fields, athletic games, cricket,
+    golf and hockey, are not amused by dramas, comic operas and
+    cinema shows, and above all are not paid extra wages for doing
+    their own work to make themselves comfortable. All of these
+    advantages and more which the Ruhleben prisoners enjoy have been
+    largely the result of the effort of the camp administration
+    which this commentator criticises.
+
+These rather strong words of Mr. Gerard's display a not unnatural
+irritation against a critic whose facts prove unreliable and whose
+mental attitude suggests a somewhat querulous bias, but it is only fair
+to remind ourselves that after long internment all suffer from nerve
+strain and many suffer very severely. Under these circumstances complete
+reasonableness is probably more than any of us would be capable of.
+
+
+SHORT RATIONS.
+
+At Ruhleben there are (with the exception of some negroes) English only.
+The English receive many packages. The German authorities have been
+tempted to rely on those packages increasingly. That is the state of
+things revealed in Dr. A.�E. Taylor's report of June 14, 1916. [Miscel.
+No. 21 (1916).]
+
+    A review of the present ration of the prisoners of war indicates
+    that it is the aim of the 'Kriegsern�hrungsamt' to supply a
+    ration which shall be physiologically adequate, though
+    professedly containing little more than enough to cover minimal
+    requirements; and it is believed that the official prisoners'
+    ration contains as much as the daily food of many millions of
+    German subjects. There is no question that the official prison
+    ration is an adequate ration from the standpoint of animal
+    nutrition. In addition to this allotted camp ration the
+    prisoners possess the food sent in from abroad as addenda.
+
+    In the case of the Russian prisoners, these extra food stuffs
+    sent in from abroad are small in amount; in the case of the
+    French, moderate; in the case of the English, large. In all the
+    prison camps that I have visited it is the practice to prepare
+    food for the number of men in the camp, irrespective of
+    nationality, in accordance with the menu of Professor Backhaus.
+    As a rule, the British prisoners take little or none of the
+    food, and their share is eaten by prisoners of other
+    nationalities. In Ruhleben the state of affairs at present
+    existing has convinced the interned civilians that the situation
+    is, so to speak, reversed: that the German authorities seem to
+    regard the foodstuffs sent in from abroad as the regular diet of
+    the interned men, and the camp allotments as the addenda.
+
+It is not surprising that "the interned men are deeply dissatisfied with
+the present state of affairs." The German authorities, finding that at
+least half the total number of the interned at Ruhleben subsist largely
+upon private packages, have made a "sharp reduction in the amount of
+foodstuff allotted to the camp." I have no wish to defend this
+proceeding, but it must be allowed that to the Government of a blockaded
+country there is a great temptation to cut down supplies when this will
+not be a danger to the prisoners themselves.
+
+Both reports of Dr. Taylor [Miscel. No. 18 (1916) and Miscel. No. 21
+(1916)] are important studies of the question of nutrition, and his
+short discussion (No. 18, p. 4) of the psychological aspects of
+monotonous diet and the nutritional effects of internment is worth
+careful attention. "A diet that would be tolerated if the subject were
+at liberty may become intolerable under conditions of imprisonment.
+There is a large personal equation operative in this direction. The
+soldier imbued with a high sense of his value to his country and of the
+justice of his cause will endure a monotonous diet that would not be
+endurable in the prisoner overwhelmed with disappointment and crushed
+with sorrow." These considerations are obviously of general application.
+
+
+SOME COMPARISONS.
+
+Mr. Gerard, in a note of June 28, 1916 [Miscel. No. 25 (1916)],
+animadverts strongly on the bad accommodation still provided at
+Ruhleben. The letter is rather strikingly different in tone from his
+other reports on Ruhleben.
+
+    It is intolerable that people of education should be herded six
+    together in a horse's stall, and in some of the lofts the bunks
+    touch one another. The light for reading is bad, and reading is
+    a necessity if these poor prisoners are to be detained during
+    another winter. In the haylofts above the stables the conditions
+    are even worse.[24]
+
+Bishop Bury's account ("My Visit to Ruhleben," p. 30) reads:
+
+    I don't know whether it was our internment at Newbury,[25] the
+    race-course for Reading, or our using race-courses, such as
+    Kempton Park, for the training of our own men, which caused
+    Ruhleben to be chosen in November, 1914, as a suitable place for
+    civilians' internment.... Without any description of mine it may
+    be easily understood what they had to suffer until proper
+    arrangements were made.... The loose boxes are now properly
+    fitted with bunks, some being larger than others. The large
+    corridor, with its stone floor, gives air and space, the lofts
+    particularly being extremely well adapted now for their present
+    purpose. I prefer the lofts to the boxes, because they have
+    corridors out of which one can look, whereas the windows in the
+    boxes are usually far above the ground. I went to tea more
+    frequently in the boxes, and on one occasion we sat down sixteen
+    in number--rather a crowd--but we were quite comfortable.
+
+Bishop Bury has seen something on both sides, and his impressions are
+for that reason all the more important. We must not forget, too, that he
+lived a week with the prisoners at Ruhleben. It is also only fair to
+remember that no one has been invited to spend a week in any camp on
+this side. Bishop Bury also tells us "that when, a little time ago, the
+authorities proposed to relieve the overcrowding and construct another
+camp at Havilburg which could accommodate 600 men, the men at once
+petitioned that this idea might not be carried out, as they preferred,
+after this length of time to stay where they are." (l.c., p. 40.)
+
+One caution must, however, be given to the readers of Bishop Bury's
+book. The conditions of the camp during the excitement and interest of
+his visit could not be the normal conditions. The frightful monotony of
+the long confinement does not obtrude itself in his book. Yet there is
+no doubt, I fear, that internment everywhere (at Ruhleben, as elsewhere)
+is becoming "intolerable." To live, as at Alexandra Palace, day and
+night, for _years_ in a great hall with more than a thousand others must
+become almost destructive to any sensitive nature. But (to quote Dr.
+Siegmund Schulze once more) "We ought not to conclude from this that we
+are justified in making reproaches.... in respect of the treatment of
+prisoners, but rather conclude that we should work energetically towards
+the termination of the war."
+
+Dr. Cimino, very, and very naturally, anti-German as he is, writes:
+
+    The only real suffering we experienced at Ruhleben was from the
+    cold.... The fact is that he (Count Schwerin) was as
+    kind-hearted an old soldier as ever fondled an English wife, and
+    loved his English prisoners.... He used to take part in our
+    daily life as much as possible.... As to the concerts, he was
+    always present, _et pour cause_; he was passionately fond of
+    music.... at the end of the concert he would make his little
+    speech, and we filed out. But one night we gave him a rousing
+    cheer, and the whole crowd struck up, "For he's a jolly good
+    fellow." ("Behind the Prison Bars in Germany," p. 95).[26]
+
+As to the food question, we must not forget that the blockade against
+Germany and the pressure upon neutrals have been continually increased
+in stringency. Up to October, 1915, Mr. Gerard could write as follows of
+Ruhleben:
+
+    The food material is excellent and the cooking, as I have
+    stated, is attended to by the prisoners themselves, those doing
+    the cooking receiving payment from the British fund, with the
+    exception of 150M. weekly allowed for cooks' wages by the German
+    authorities. The prisoners are given, if they choose, a
+    bread-card, and are allowed to purchase extra bread--the
+    Kriegsbrod, which we all use in Germany and which is quite
+    palatable--at the price of 55 pfennige a loaf. Food also, as I
+    have stated, can be purchased in the canteen at prices very much
+    less than food can be purchased in Berlin, and at very much less
+    than cost.--[Miscel, No. 3 (1916)].
+
+The low price at the canteen, was, however, I take it, owing to the
+existence of the camp fund contributed to by the British Government.
+
+Lord Newton spoke in the House of Lords on February 22, 1917, on the
+question of prisoners of war. The following extract is from the _Daily
+Telegraph_ report:
+
+    There was nothing to be gained by exaggerating the conditions of
+    prisoners in Germany or elsewhere. There was neither sense nor
+    truth in representing, as was constantly done, that Ruhleben was
+    a sort of unspeakable hell upon earth, and that a British
+    internment camp was a kind of paradise compared with it. He
+    deplored the hardship that these men underwent, but it was a
+    great mistake to suppose that these civilians at Ruhleben were
+    undergoing greater hardships than those being endured by our
+    military prisoners. Like anyone who ventured to state the facts,
+    he would no doubt be accused of being a pro-German, but
+    certainly the conditions at Ruhleben had greatly improved
+    recently. These conditions had improved, not on account of any
+    action on the part of the German Government, but rather on
+    account of their inaction. They had permitted the British there
+    to organise on their own lines and make the conditions
+    tolerable. Anyone could satisfy himself as to the conditions,
+    because there were men who had arrived here recently who could
+    give the fullest information. In addition, they were able to
+    form their own opinions to a certain extent from independent
+    testimony, for example, the visit of Bishop Bury. He could not
+    understand why this prelate had been subjected to so much attack
+    on the part of certain persons in this country. He went to
+    Germany by permission of the German Government. He went to
+    Ruhleben, lived in the camp, and was able to see what the
+    conditions were. He reported exactly what he saw, and was
+    thereupon denounced as not only being an inaccurate person but
+    obviously pro-German.
+
+
+ABSENCE ON LEAVE.
+
+The following private testimony is also of interest: "A nephew of mine
+who is interned at Ruhleben has been let out for a fortnight's visit to
+some people whose son is interned in England, and who has been
+befriended here. My nephew met with the most overwhelming kindness, and
+his letters are most interesting and touching." The "reprisals of good,"
+which we shall consider more fully presently, are, after all, the most
+practical measures in the world. There have been several other absences
+on leave, and a good many men have been released permanently. Moreover,
+at Christmas, 1916, most of the British officials in the camp were given
+three days leave in Berlin.
+
+
+PRISONERS' ACTIVITY.
+
+We may well be proud of the organising capacity of the British prisoners
+at Ruhleben and of the resolute determination of so many to make the
+very most of every slender opportunity, and to turn difficulties into a
+stimulus for ingenuity. The following is from the _Manchester Guardian_,
+February 23, 1916:
+
+    A letter from Mr. Walter Butterworth, dated January 22, and
+    written from his internment quarters at Ruhleben, Germany, has
+    been received by the Chairman of the Manchester Art Gallery, Mr.
+    F. Todd. After a reference to newly added pictures in the
+    Manchester Gallery and to the death of his friend, Mr. Roger
+    Oldham, Mr. Butterworth continues: "You will perhaps like to
+    hear a little about art matters in Ruhleben. We really have some
+    activity in arts and crafts. A great crowd of musicians are
+    here, including some composers and many excellently equipped
+    executants. We have actors in plenty, not without a sprinkling
+    of professionals. Professors, journalists, and lecturers are our
+    nearest approximation to workers in the literary field. There is
+    no stint of craftsmen, who produce very clever work in wood,
+    metals, etc. With provision tins they make the most astonishing
+    things, including tackle for our physics and chemical
+    departments, for weighing, testing, measuring, etc. With only
+    tins and wire a man made an amazing electrical clock, which has
+    kept faultless time for over a year. Other men made a handloom
+    for demonstration purposes, which wove cloth before our eyes at
+    a meeting of Yorkshiremen, at which I presided.
+
+    Turning to the fine arts of painting and sculpture, I did not
+    know we had any sculptors until this month, except one clever
+    young artist who models heads in clay. But this month we have
+    had a great deal of snow, and two men who have hitherto been
+    resting came forward, and, like Michael Angelo on a famous
+    occasion began to model in snow. But our designers and painters
+    are the most numerous and active (after the musicians). They
+    have a shed, in which art exhibitions are held periodically.
+    Many portraits are drawn and a few painted. One artist is just
+    completing a portrait of me in pastels. There is an endless
+    outpouring of theatre posters, caricatures, humorous drawings,
+    skits on the camp, etc."
+
+Six students at Ruhleben passed the London University Matriculation
+examination in December, 1916. One of them took the Edinburgh papers as
+well later on. (_Observer_, August 26, 1917.) These are remarkable
+cases, for the strain of prolonged internment seems most of all to
+affect the power of concentrated attention.
+
+The case of another successful student is recorded in the _Daily News_
+of June 2, 1918:
+
+    The distinction--probably unique--of graduating for the degree
+    of Doctor of Music of Oxford University while a prisoner in
+    enemy hands has been achieved by Mr. Ernest Macmillan, a young
+    man with Edinburgh connections. Mr. Macmillan, who is the son of
+    a clergyman in Toronto, was studying music in Germany when the
+    war broke out, and since then he has been interned as a civil
+    prisoner at Ruhleben. His answer to examination papers and his
+    "exercise" (or composition) were sent from Ruhleben to Oxford.
+
+That such things are possible at Ruhleben is a great tribute to English
+spirit and endurance. We must also not forget that they would clearly be
+wholly impossible if the Germans were actually barbarians.
+
+
+A FRIENDLY ENEMY.
+
+When Bishop Bury during his visit in November, 1915, asked what he might
+be allowed to say at Ruhleben, General Friedrich replied: "Please do all
+you can to hearten and cheer up your fellow countrymen. Appeal to their
+patriotism, speak to their manhood. You and they will have no one
+between you. There will be no official of the camp; no one to listen to
+you, no one to come between yourself and them. We trust you entirely
+with them, and you will understand, I am sure, that we do not wish to
+diminish anyone's sense of nationality who is imprisoned or interned in
+Germany." ("My Visit to Ruhleben," p. 21.) The words, says Bishop Bury,
+"seemed to come straight from the heart of the speaker." Some readers
+will be sceptical; but at least _the words were acted on_. The Bishop
+spoke about the armies and the war to the men, and told them of his own
+experiences in the war area, "just as I should have told them to my own
+countrymen in this country." At his last address the British flag was
+run in on a cord and "God Save the King" was sung. The Bishop had no
+time to propose the omission of the second verse, but one is proud to
+know that those Englishmen, even amidst their excitement, spontaneously
+omitted it. The whole scene revealed what was finest on both sides.
+Bishop Bury told the German Staff that at the meeting "we all sang 'Send
+him victorious.' They smiled indulgently."
+
+
+WAR TERRORISM.
+
+A good many more things of a favourable character could be said.
+Unfortunately men who speak well of their German captors are accused of
+pro-Germanism, and they dare not speak. This is a rather terrible fact,
+but it is a fact. As one man said to me: "I have my living to get, and
+if my identity could be traced through any account I gave I should be
+ruined. My work has already been very materially affected, but in
+private conversation I shall continue to speak the truth, come what
+may." War prejudice indeed desires one kind of story only, and
+victimises those who give it what it does not want. And so all along the
+line suppression begets suppression of the truths most needed to heal
+our ills. A woman teacher writes to me: "I think I have a fairly open
+mind myself to recognise good deeds of the enemy; but to tell such to my
+pupils is another matter, and I fear would be very impolitic seeing that
+I depend on my school for my daily bread." And again the Editor of a
+provincial paper writes: "... but when one has to rely on the public
+for one's living one has to think twice before expressing one's views."
+
+
+LAST DAYS AT RUHLEBEN.
+
+Mr. Desmond wrote of the coming of the Revolution at D�lmen (vide p.
+61), Mr. Sylvester Leon has told us something of the last days at
+Ruhleben (_Herald_, January 4, 1919). "The soldiers are with you," said
+Mr. Powell to the interned men. "For with the triumph of the Revolution,
+that friendliness which had existed in the days of the old r�gime
+between the interned and many an individual German soldier now became
+general among the military of Ruhleben; the officers had flitted, or had
+capitulated to the new order of things with more or less grace; Councils
+of soldiers and workmen ruled in the towns of the Fatherland; the era of
+Social Democracy was dawning upon Central Europe.... It is but fair to
+admit that the Ruhleben Guard acted very loyally in the performance of
+their duty. For when they were given the option of returning to their
+homes they did not avail themselves of that opportunity, but volunteered
+to remain at their posts until the disbandment of the camp. It is of
+historic interest to note that the red flag--the symbol of the triumph
+of the Revolution--which flew from the flag-pole in the camp, had
+formerly done service in the cubicle of one of the interned. It was dyed
+red by another of the interned, a doctor of science and a member of our
+little camp school, and then given to the soldiers.... The first
+impression gained on a visit outside the camp was the terrible
+seriousness of the food question. No one who has once seen can ever
+forget the sight of the crowds of hungry women and school children
+standing outside the gates of Ruhleben, literally besieging the interned
+as they passed out." For it was only the interned who had food to spare.
+The Ruhlebenites gave, they had the facts before them. And "the people
+of Spandau turned out in force to wish us 'Godspeed' on our departure
+for home; and the send-off they gave us was astonishing in its
+enthusiasm, arresting in its spontaneity, and touching in its obvious
+sincerity."
+
+
+HAVELBERG.
+
+At Havelberg the camp for civilians had a population of 4,500. Of these
+only 372 were British subjects, being men from British India. Mr. Dresel
+writes on September 17, 1916: "This camp produces an excellent
+impression, the arrangements being unusually hygienic and modern."
+[Miscel. No. 7 (1917), p. 6.]
+
+
+ON BEHALF OF THE CIVILIANS.
+
+Yet, however excellent the impression may be, an internment camp is a
+miserable place.[27] It is, of course, especially miserable for those
+whose nature is at all sensitive, and it is surely such men whom we
+shall need everywhere if we are to make a less brutal world. Man after
+man has gone into internment seeking to employ himself and to make the
+best of it. For months, for a year, less often for nearly two years he
+has succeeded. But slowly success has dwindled and turned into failure.
+The monotony, the sense of oppression, the physical and mental
+discomfort, the deadly uselessness of the life--even where to these
+things is not added concern for those outside--have made him incapable
+of fixed attention, incapable of effort, incapable of rest, alternately
+nervous and torpid, fearful, despairing. The "barbed wire disease" has
+him in its grip at last. "Another winter interned here," wrote such a
+one, "and I shall need a padded cell." He had a fine nature and had
+struggled hard. But "the people outside do not understand." Certainly,
+there are those who can hold out to the end. I admire and envy them. I
+do not think any of us could predict with certainty that we should not
+give way.
+
+There is only one remedy short of stopping the war, and that is the
+release of all civilians. Those who wish to remain, either in Germany or
+here, should certainly be allowed to do so, and if the police have no
+case against them, and if they can support themselves, they should be
+set free. Others should be repatriated or sent to neutral countries. The
+imprisonment of civilians is against the usage of war, and it is this
+fact which gave force to the claim of the German Government that there
+should be complete release on both sides.
+
+I append extracts from a Swiss appeal to the belligerents on behalf of
+the civilian prisoners. It was issued in August, 1917, and has already
+appeared in _Common Sense_.
+
+    A civilian is not a prisoner of war.
+
+    We gladly acknowledge that the belligerent powers have
+    effectively lessened the sufferings of the prisoners of war with
+    an intelligent understanding of their duty; the military
+    authorities have listened favourably to the proposals of the Red
+    Cross, and already the soldiers have been spared many
+    unnecessary sufferings. Humane measures have softened the
+    captivity of military prisoners.
+
+    In the name of Justice we now address this urgent appeal to the
+    authorities in the belligerent countries to adopt the same
+    attitude towards civilian prisoners.
+
+    We have in mind all civil prisoners, for these, almost without
+    exception, are innocent victims of the war; both those who since
+    the beginning of the war have been interned, and those others in
+    the occupied territories who have been isolated, oppressed or
+    imprisoned, many of them in poor health, women, children, old
+    men, who are not allowed to join their families in a neutral
+    land. Our deep compassion and brotherly sympathy are especially
+    moved on behalf of non-combatants who have been carried away
+    like herds.
+
+    We pray all belligerents without distinction to hearken to our
+    appeal; with dread we watch the approach of another war-winter,
+    bearing, as it must, a fresh succession of distresses,
+    deprivations and reprisals. Therefore we cannot keep silence....
+    Numbers of civilian prisoners have been suffering since the
+    beginning of the war from the depressing conditions of the
+    concentration camps.... The civilian took no part in the war,
+    and in most cases did not even desire it. He should not
+    therefore be treated as a prisoner of war.
+
+    Belligerent States! We call upon you to exchange all your
+    civilians now interned.... This exchange must naturally be
+    effected under certain conditions to be established. Each State
+    must bind itself not to employ the liberated civilians for
+    war-work; just as was arranged in the case of military prisoners
+    who have been repatriated or sent to neutral countries. With
+    these conditions, no belligerent should refuse to liberate the
+    civilians so unjustly imprisoned.
+
+    Honour will be theirs who act upon this appeal....
+
+The signatories to this appeal are G. Wagni�re (Editor of the _Journal
+de Gen�ve_), Dr. A. Forel (Professor at Zurich University), Ed. Secr�tan
+(National Councillor), Benjamin Vallotton, Charles Baudouin (Professor
+at the Institut J.�J. Rousseau), Ch. Bernard, P. Seidel (Professor at
+the Cantonal Technical College, Z�rich), A. de Morsier, Ph. Dunant
+(Lawyer of Geneva), Paul Moriand (Professor of Medicine at Geneva), and
+MM. Blonde and Arcos.
+
+The Swiss Red Cross has also appealed for the release of all interned
+civilians.
+
+From this side the following private appeal on behalf of all prisoners
+has been addressed to the Red Cross at Cologne:
+
+    I feel it incumbent upon me ... to draw your attention to the
+    acute disappointment that is being caused among the prisoners in
+    all the camps, and almost equally among their friends outside,
+    by the delay in repatriation. Every phase in the long series of
+    public discussions and official negotiations, every hitch, and
+    every hesitation, has been followed with painful anxiety by
+    those of us who know what it means for all these thousands of
+    victims languishing in confinement, and you may be sure, with
+    much more intensely painful anxiety by the victims themselves,
+    whose ears are pathetically strained to catch the feeblest echo
+    of any rumour from the outside world that brings them the
+    slightest hint of release. For months these poor fellows had
+    been continually alternating between hope and despair, when the
+    news of the Hague meeting seemed for large numbers to bring them
+    definitely, at long last, within measurable distance of the
+    reality. Knowing therefore as you do, equally well with us, the
+    mental condition of these men, and the terribly demoralising
+    effect of long internment, even under the best conditions, you
+    will realise the deep depression into which they are now being
+    plunged by all the inexplicable delays in carrying out the terms
+    of the convention. From every one who comes in contact with them
+    I gather the same impression, that unless the Gordian knot is
+    cut and a way is quickly found out of the present impasse, the
+    most serious results are to be apprehended, as numbers of
+    prisoners here--and the case can be no better in other
+    countries--are on the verge of insanity....[28]
+
+    I would put it therefore to you in all earnestness that it is
+    your duty, as representing humanity, to bring without delay all
+    the pressure and all the influence you possess to bear upon the
+    authorities to consider the sufferings of the prisoners and
+    induce them, if possible, even at the cost of some concessions,
+    to facilitate from their side the carrying through of this
+    scheme, in which I can assure you not merely the happiness but
+    even the life of many men is involved.
+
+    I speak, of course, quite unofficially, and with no other motive
+    than pure philanthropy, but I may venture to hope that my
+    representations, though only those of a private individual, will
+    carry more than ordinary weight, inasmuch as there is perhaps
+    nobody whose information and experience in these matters are
+    more real and vital, or entitle him to speak with more
+    authority.
+
+    Nor do I stand alone, for there are many others with whom I have
+    worked from the beginning in the same field. All these associate
+    themselves with me in this appeal, and, like myself, with no
+    other motive than that of simple humanity. If the time, the
+    energy, and the money we have all spent so unstintingly to
+    improve the prisoners' lot give us any title to be heard, we all
+    implore you, not only for the sake of the prisoners themselves,
+    but in the eternal interests of humanity and justice, to do, and
+    to do quickly whatever you can in furtherance of this object. We
+    quite understand, of course, that military interests must be
+    considered, but it is not always possible for those in high
+    places, with whom such decisions rest, to realise as vividly as
+    we do all that is at stake in a question of this sort, and that
+    is why we feel entitled to assume that your advice would not be
+    without effect, and that being the case, we submit it becomes
+    your solemn duty to tender it.
+
+The sufferings of this war are indeed vast beyond all comprehension. Is
+not there danger that this very fact may lead us to add to that
+suffering without need?
+
+
+"ROTTING AWAY."
+
+In a pathetic appeal to be given work the men at one internment camp
+here said, "We are simply rotting away." And others say, "The people
+outside do not understand." Loss, heartache, privation, stagnation,
+friction, stupid and malicious gossip, mental and moral
+deterioration--"rotting away." This disintegration of personality, the
+gradual rotting of the man's selfhood, is perhaps, clearly envisaged, as
+great a horror as war can bring. It is not the result of deliberate
+cruelty, but simply of conditions most of which are inevitable if there
+is to be internment at all.
+
+
+A REPORT ON KNOCKALOE.
+
+The reports available on our own internment camps do not go back beyond
+March, 1916.[29] It is perhaps well to remind ourselves that even by
+May, 1916, there were still defects. Thus in the American Report of May
+18, 1916, on Knockaloe, we read: "The huts are being put in good
+weather-proof condition, and are being protected against the wind and
+rain by felt and tarred paper."[30] As to sanitation, "There have been
+improvements in the sanitary arrangements since our last visit." "In the
+hospital in Camp IV. there is now being built a recreation room, where
+convalescents may sit, which will give more room for the patients; also
+a special sink has been provided for washing the hospital utensils, and
+new latrines have been installed. They seem to be at work at this
+hospital to improve its condition. As Camp IV. has the largest number of
+older men interned, this hospital has more patients than others, and
+seemed rather crowded at the time of our visit." "In the isolation
+hospital we found only one bath and one tap for all the patients who are
+suffering from various sorts of contagious diseases. We took this matter
+up with the proper authorities, who assured us that it should have their
+attention. The sanitary arrangements in all the hospitals might be
+improved, except possibly in Camp I." "There were complaints about the
+hospital treatment, particularly of the care of the eyes, ears and
+teeth, for which the interned men claimed that there was not sufficient
+opportunity for special treatment."
+
+These last complaints are curiously parallel to some made at Ruhleben.
+[See Miscel. No. 3 (1916) pp. 3, 15, 16.]
+
+"There was complaint that there were no shelters for the men while
+waiting to receive parcels, nor for outside patients visiting the
+doctor. This matter was taken up."
+
+"In Camp III. a complaint was made about the difficulty of personal
+intercourse between the representatives of the camp and the Commandant.
+This had caused dissatisfaction. The men seemed to have confidence in
+the new Commandant, but they told us that they had difficulty in
+approaching him. We took this matter up with the proper authorities, and
+were informed that they would in future have more opportunity for
+personal intercourse."
+
+The huts for sleeping accommodation "are sectional, being of the regular
+War Office pattern, 30 feet by 15 feet, each section holding thirty
+men." This gives us a floor space of 450 square feet for each thirty
+men. In that portion of the Ruhleben loft most adversely criticised by
+Mr. Gerard the roof slopes from 10 feet at the ridge to a height of
+4� feet only at the sides. The floor space allowed, however, is 10.2
+metres by 12.8 metres, giving us about 1,390 square feet for 64 men, or
+651 square feet for thirty men. When all allowance is made for the
+lowness of the sides in the rather wide loft (it seems to be more than
+30 feet wide), this worst accommodation at Ruhleben seems, as regards
+space available, not inferior to that at Knockaloe. Further details
+would be needed for a complete comparison.
+
+The report on Knockaloe is not enthusiastic, but evidently there had
+been many improvements, and still more was hoped for from the new
+Commandant. "The new Commandant, who has only been there some ten weeks,
+seems to have gained the confidence and respect of the interned men. He
+seems to be doing all in his power to better the conditions of the camp.
+He finds difficulty in getting material, such as tarred paper or felt,
+etc., for use on the huts. He told us that he had the matter in hand,
+and was giving betterment of the conditions at the camp every
+attention.... The whole tone of the camp is much better than it was at
+the time of the last visit. (See report of January 8, 1916.) There were
+fewer complaints, and the prisoners seemed much more contented."
+
+
+A BRITISH COMMANDANT.
+
+It is unfortunate that we cannot "see" the earlier report to which we
+are directed. But it is good to know that the new Commandant, Col. F.�N.
+Panzera, proved to be a Christian gentleman with real sympathy for the
+unfortunate men under his charge. Like many other commandants, both here
+and in Germany, he did, amidst the various difficulties, what he could.
+As he is, alas, now dead, we may perhaps quote the words he addressed to
+the men in his care at the Christmas of 1916. It is a strange reflection
+that it might have injured his position to quote this fine and simple
+message during his life-time. Colonel Panzera wrote:
+
+    I am sorry that the size of the camp prevents my seeing you all,
+    which I should do if it were smaller and thus possible. It would
+    be a mockery to wish you a "Happy Christmas," I am afraid, but I
+    wish you as happy a one as is possible under the circumstances.
+    I most earnestly wish you a happier New Year. May the New Year
+    bring Peace and restore you to all dear to you. I hope that
+    prosperity and happiness may come to you in the future, and may
+    in time obliterate the memory of the present period of sadness.
+
+    I should like to take the opportunity of saying how much I
+    appreciate the general good behaviour of the camps during the
+    past year. There have been little lapses, as there must always
+    be in a mixed community of 25,000 people, but on the whole the
+    conduct has been extremely good, which has been a great help to
+    those placed over you. Once more I wish you as good a Christmas
+    as possible and a better New Year.
+
+
+FOOD DIFFICULTIES.
+
+The food question also becomes increasingly serious in the camps, as it
+does in prisons. I confess I feel we ought to ration ourselves very
+strictly before we cut down the supplies of our prisoners, criminal or
+otherwise. "The reduced diet," wrote Fenner Brockway of his prison
+experiences, "is one of semi-starvation, and every prisoner is becoming
+thin and physically weak." (_Labour Leader_, September 6. 1917.) Those
+who care to inquire of the wives of interned men will learn their side
+of the case as regards the effect of changed conditions in the camps.
+The sad feature is that the increasing rigour comes upon men already
+weakened, both physically and mentally, by long confinement. The
+original published statement of Sir Edward (now Viscount) Grey [Misc. 7
+(1915), p. 23] no longer obtains. The food is, of course, very
+different, and may not be supplemented.
+
+
+TWO KINDS OF RUMOUR AND SOME REALITY.
+
+I have not cared to quote adverse "unofficial information and rumours,"
+either as regards our own or other detention camps. What some adverse
+critics say about our own may be read in the _Woman's Dreadnought_, Vol
+III., p. 551. The rather terrible appeal of the Captains at Knockaloe is
+also printed on p. 561. It is a letter which is unwise and hysterical. I
+do not wonder at its hysteria, and I confess that some things in the
+letter hit me rather hard. But, alas, the desperation of the interned
+men on either side does not help towards wise judgment, and for that
+desperation we are all, in every country, in some measure responsible.
+It is best to remember instead the real sympathy that those actually in
+touch with prisoners do often feel. Colonel Panzera's message is clear
+evidence of this, and from a private letter I take the following:
+
+    The attitude of prejudice or even hatred towards enemies,
+    whether prisoners or not, often disappears when men are brought
+    face to face in the work of an internment camp, for example, and
+    find that they are very much like each other. An officer of a
+    certain camp here was taken prisoner and interned for six months
+    in Germany before he escaped. He says that two or three times
+    the officers of the camp were changed, and in each case began
+    with harsh treatment, either the result of official suggestion
+    or of the general feeling. In each case, after the lapse of a
+    short time, close acquaintance modified this attitude, and
+    finally kindly relations and treatment resulted. In the same way
+    the nurses in a certain hospital here refused to receive or
+    treat German prisoners until a company of the wounded men
+    arrived, when the feeling of natural humanity proved too strong,
+    and they were quite eager to attend to them. At the internment
+    camps in this country the officers generally speak of the men
+    under their charge with humanity and respect.
+
+The following is significant. "In the town near a certain internment
+camp of ours much indignation was roused by the story that some of the
+interned aliens had set in motion some railway trucks on a sloping
+siding, with the intention of allowing them to crash into an arriving
+passenger train at the bottom. An English friend of mine happened to
+observe the real origin of the story. The trucks _began to move in an
+accidental way, and two or three of the aliens nearly lost their own
+lives, certainly risked serious accident, in endeavouring to stop the
+trucks when they were already moving_."
+
+Thus in the quiet neighbourhood of an internment camp a brave deed
+becomes by popular passion transformed into something monstrous. What
+would this popular imagination do in an invaded district? Its vagaries
+must be experienced and studied by any investigator of the atrocities of
+war.
+
+Another example of heroism amongst German prisoners I take from the
+_Daily News_ of April 30, 1918. A small boat in which two men were
+sailing capsized about 200 yards out from the Leasowe Embankment,
+Cheshire. The men, clinging to the bottom of the boat, were being driven
+out by the tide when two members of an escort of German prisoners,
+Sergeant Phillips and Private Matthews, jumped into the water and with
+difficulty brought one man back. One of the German prisoners, named
+Bunte, volunteered to go to the rescue of the other man, who was by then
+in great danger. The German swam out strongly and brought the man back.
+
+
+AGAINST BITTERNESS.
+
+I fear that on both sides it is embittered men who will be released from
+the civilian internment camps. People do not realise how financial ruin,
+harassment, illness and death (to which the harassment may have
+contributed) follow in the track of internment. A man is interned, his
+wife and family are reduced to a mere pittance, the woman is, it may be,
+delicate. She falls ill and dies.[31] And amid such incidents and the
+mental strain of the confinement a brooding hatred gradually settles
+down upon the souls of these sufferers. Personally, I do not feel one
+can expect much favourable memory of the authorities on either side.
+Certainly every one who has worked for prisoners is touched by their
+gratitude, but the iron has entered into their souls for all that. And
+perhaps it is well to remind ourselves that a far larger number of
+civilians have been suffering in the internment camps on this side. Let
+us not add to their bitterness by unworthy abuse or credulous malice.
+Men who, after long confinement for no offence of their own, have tried
+to save enemy lives, and find their efforts described as an attempt at
+murder, must begin to feel hopeless of justice. Excess of generosity
+would be far wiser. The world wants no more missioners of hate. Let us
+try to avoiding creating such.
+
+In our own internment camps there was often, even early in the war, an
+atmosphere of depression which one worker said "haunted him for days."
+The following extract is from the letter of an interned man who showed
+quite remarkable courage and fought with considerable success against
+depression till the end of 1917. "I refuse to give way to depression,"
+he wrote. But in 1918 the strain of useless monotony had become too
+great, he became physically ill, and how low hope had fallen the letter
+itself shows: "You can't think how good it is to hear you speak with so
+much sympathy. I feel sure you understand the dreariness of this life,
+the long and fruitless waiting, the nights of anguish--and all the
+misery of it, the terrible discontent and the passionate heart
+longings.... You don't know how sore it is sometimes about my heart...."
+
+Methods that seem to many of us avoidable contribute also to increase
+ill-feeling. I take the following from the _Daily News_ of September,
+27, 1918:
+
+    Among others, I had my Christmas dinner last year with a German.
+    At least, his name is German and he was born in Germany. He is
+    less interested, personally, in those facts than in these, viz.,
+    that he is an international Socialist and a first class
+    electrical engineer. For four years he has done extremely
+    responsible work for a large engineering firm with important
+    contracts from the M. of M. For four years he has had his
+    liberty within the usual five-mile radius; for four years the
+    local police have not found the least fault with him.
+
+    Now, thanks to the Northcliffe Intern-them-all-Stunt, he is shut
+    up in the Isle of Man, and the country has lost the services of
+    a man who was worth more to us than many Northcliffes.
+
+    From a letter which he wrote recently to an English friend I
+    have copied the following:
+
+        As a result of the fact that no German paper is permitted
+        here in the camp, not even those advocating understanding
+        nor those critical of the German Government, and practically
+        no English paper hitherto except those abounding in
+        Hun-talk, there is still a general feeling here towards
+        "England" exactly the opposite of what these restrictions
+        are intended to create--a bitterness and a contempt which
+        exist side by side with the most violent criticism of the
+        governing clique of Germany, and with anti-capitalistic,
+        revolutionary sentiment! So I am exerting myself to make
+        people realise that, however influential, the Northcliffe
+        and Allied Press is not "England," and that the best German
+        papers constantly work for the abatement of hatred and for
+        genuine reconciliation and co-operation in a League of
+        Nations.
+
+I am sorry to say that I fear acts of kindness and fairness will be
+largely forgotten by the majority of prisoners on both sides. An
+Englishman writes to me of his treatment in Germany: "Consideration was
+extended in even greater measure to others, yet not one has opened his
+mouth to record it. It makes one loathe one's fellow-men." I quote this
+because I am sure that neither side must expect fairness of statement
+from men so long exposed to so depressing and often petty a constraint.
+After all, when we see the war bias of the man who has not suffered at
+all, a calm regard for both sides of the case can scarcely be expected
+from those who for wasted years have been too often exposed to hardship,
+petty tyranny and a kind of barbed annoyance.
+
+
+NEUTRAL CAMPS.
+
+Even in neutral internment camps, though there the initial hostility is
+absent, misery and bitterness may become very great. The following
+cable from Rotterdam appeared in the _Daily Telegraph_ of June 13, 1918:
+
+    Interned Britishers here are intensely interested in the
+    British-German Conference at the Hague, in the hope that it may
+    result in their repatriation. This is especially the case at
+    Groningen, where the men of the Royal Naval Division, who have
+    been interned since October, 1914, are getting desperate. The
+    June number of the camp magazine had two blank pages, which the
+    editor explains have been censored out because they contained an
+    account of the recent "hunger demonstration" and "a moderate
+    record of the general feeling of the camp."
+
+It is in the internment camps everywhere, rather than in the fighting
+line, that bitterness sinks into the soul. It will not be remedied by
+more bitterness. But if the suffering of these men's stagnant years
+helps to strengthen a universal resolve for peace it will not have been
+a useless suffering. And peace means understanding by each of the good
+in the other.
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 13: Many older men (even those over seventy) were
+    subsequently interned.]
+
+    [Footnote 14: There were 35,000 Germans in Paris alone in 1870,
+    but though expelled from the Department of the Seine, they were
+    not interned.]
+
+    [Footnote 15: This was emphasised by the German authorities.
+    See, for instance, Israel Cohen, "The Ruhleben Prison Camp," pp.
+    21-24.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: Cf. pp. 216, 218, etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 17: "In this camp, as is usual where civilians are
+    detained, the atmosphere is one of depression."--Mr. Jackson on
+    a civilian camp at Senne, Sept. 11, 1915.]
+
+    [Footnote 18: "Overseer" seems to be a translation of the German
+    "Obermann," and represents, I think, the captain of a barrack.]
+
+    [Footnote 19: The second list represents members of the Camp
+    Committee (see further p. 99).]
+
+    [Footnote 20: "Barrack" is no doubt meant.]
+
+    [Footnote 21: There are a large number of men interned at
+    Ruhleben who are technically British subjects by reason of their
+    having been born in British territory of naturalised British
+    subjects, but who have spent practically all their lives in
+    Germany.]
+
+    [Footnote 22: Cf. the report on Knockaloe (May, 1916) on p.
+    114.]
+
+    [Footnote 23: The original barrack captains were chosen, as an
+    informant of mine writes, "in a hurry, when things were
+    chaotic." Dissatisfaction was felt with their action, or
+    inaction, and a "Camp Committee" was formed of newly elected
+    representatives of the different barracks, which was, as it
+    were, to supervise the captains (overseers). The arrangement was
+    scarcely likely to work, and did not. The election, moreover,
+    seems to have been but partial.]
+
+    [Footnote 24: Cf. p. 115.]
+
+    [Footnote 25: One of the difficulties at Newbury was the absence
+    of light.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: A very useful account of Ruhleben is given by
+    Israel Cohen in "The Ruhleben Prison Camp." In reading such
+    accounts one must always, however, remember that to complete the
+    picture we ought to be able to read accounts written by interned
+    German civilians of their experiences on this side. Such a
+    consideration should be obvious, but in war the obvious and
+    reasonable are too often vehemently rejected as "unpatriotic"!]
+
+    [Footnote 27: For the mental difference between the civilian and
+    the military prisoner see page 84.]
+
+    [Footnote 28: Compare the letter written by Oscar Levy, M.D.,
+    from M�rren, Switzerland, which appeared in the _Manchester
+    Guardian_ of Sept. 4, 1916: "That such grave cases exist the
+    letters I have been receiving from both sides prove without
+    doubt." That was _two years ago_.]
+
+    [Footnote 29: The earlier reports of the International Red Cross
+    covered very little of this ground. (See footnote, p. 9.)]
+
+    [Footnote 30: Compare Report on Ruhleben, June 3, 1915 (p. 94).]
+
+    [Footnote 31: A case is in my mind where a man lost wife and two
+    children thus. I shall never forget my task of trying to allay
+    his misery and his bitterness.]
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+PRISONERS IN PREVIOUS WARS.
+
+SOME PREVIOUS RECORDS.
+
+
+The suffering of prisoners has been great enough, God knows, yet if we
+are to help the future we must try to see even this, amongst the other
+terrible facts, in its proper perspective. The imprisonment of resident
+enemy nationals has certainly been a most unfortunate step
+backwards--unfortunate even if we regard it as inevitable.[32] Yet we
+must recognise that far more solicitude has been shown as to prisoners
+than was the case in most earlier wars, and this though prisoners have
+never been taken on so large a scale, and though there has probably
+never been greater embitterment. It will be useful to cite a few
+previous records.
+
+
+NAPOLEONIC WARS.
+
+I quote once more from Dr. Spaight's work, where much information may be
+found in a condensed form. "A hundred years ago, England, while she
+prayed in her national liturgy for all prisoners and captives, had no
+compunction about confining the French prisoners of war in noisome hulks
+and feeding them on weevily biscuits, salt junk and jury rum, which
+sowed the seed for a plentiful harvest of scurvy, dysentery and typhus."
+("War Rights on Land," p. 265.)
+
+
+AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.
+
+Here is a description of the state of things in the Confederate
+internment camp at Andersonville during the American Civil War, which,
+after all, did not happen so very long ago. "Over 30,000 prisoners were
+cooped up in a narrow space; there was no shelter from the sun or cold
+but what the men could improvise for themselves; every possible disease
+was rampant; the prisoners were largely naked; the dead were pitched
+into a ditch and covered with quicklime; the smell of the dreadful
+stockade extended for two miles.... The state of affairs was known, or
+might have been known, at Richmond, for Colonel Chandler,
+inspector-general of the Confederate army, inspected the camp, and
+reported upon its administration in no halting terms. 'It is a place,'
+he said, 'the horrors of which it is difficult to describe--it is a
+disgrace to civilisation.'"
+
+Of the prisoners returning from the South, Whitman writes: "The sight is
+worse than any sight of battlefield or any collection of wounded, even
+the bloodiest. There was (as a sample) one large boat load of several
+hundreds--and out of the whole number only three individuals were able
+to walk from the boat. Can those be _men_--those little, livid, brown,
+ash-streaked, monkey-looking dwarfs?" (_Cambridge Magazine_, August 26,
+1916, Supplement "Prisoners," p. iv.) In spite of such appalling horrors
+(worse than the atrocities of rage and fear and drink) the North and
+South became reconciled, and with the passing of war bitterness passed
+too. The South was hard pressed, supplies often ran out, and there was
+indifference at Richmond. And so the military bullies often got the
+upper hand, and their appetite for bullying grew with what it fed on.
+The North refused all exchanges. "The prisoners at Richmond, Belle-Isle,
+and Andersonville were the pawns in a great match, and had to be
+sacrificed to the rigour of the game." (Spaight, _l.c._, p. 270.)
+
+
+FRANCO-GERMAN WAR, 1870.
+
+In the Franco-German War of 1870 terrible hardships were endured by
+prisoners on both sides. The winter transport to Germany in open trucks
+led to scenes of indescribable misery for the French prisoners, who
+arrived sometimes "frozen to the boards in their own filth." German
+prisoners at Pau had for six days only bread and water till English and
+German ladies took pity on them. Faidherbe's prisoners had no fire, no
+blankets and insufficient food in a cold of sixteen degrees. Things now
+are at least better than that.
+
+
+RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904.
+
+The Japanese seem to have behaved remarkably well to their Russian
+prisoners in the Russo-Japanese War. But even here there was a food
+problem. The Japanese food did not suit the Russian soldier, and Sir Ian
+Hamilton was told by Russian prisoners going South that they felt hungry
+again half an hour after eating their ration of rice. The Japanese have
+usually been held up as models for their treatment of prisoners, yet,
+for all that, Professor Ariga admits that in Manchuria the prisoners
+were _in many cases badly fed, badly housed and insufficiently clothed_.
+We know that this involves great misery, suffering and mortality, yet we
+are, quite rightly, very far from considering the Japanese as
+barbarians. We are ready to consider their difficulties. Were we,
+however, fighting Japan, we should not be so ready.
+
+
+BOER WAR.
+
+There is plenty of evidence of good treatment of prisoners on both sides
+during the Boer War. It is in these days strange to find the German
+General Staff historian quoted in defence of the British treatment of
+prisoners. They behaved, he wrote, "as perfect gentlemen towards the
+prisoners." "The testimony of a responsible writer of this kind," says
+Dr. Spaight, "is more valuable than the catch-penny stories of British
+inhumanity which flooded the Press of Europe at the time of the war."
+"One is surprised to find such a writer as M. Arthur Desjardins lending
+his authority to back the uninformed newspaper abuse, and ascribing the
+brutality of the British Army (which he presumes) to the fact that 'a
+certain number of its soldiers, accustomed to fighting away from Europe,
+have not the least notion of the laws and customs of war obtaining among
+civilised nations'." (Spaight, _l.c._, p. 275.) Dr. Spaight's comments
+on such outbursts is: "There was a popular demand [in Europe] at the
+time for denunciation of England, the hotter the better, and the writers
+were too good journalists not to suit their output to the popular
+taste." I will not spoil the rather rich humour of these extracts by any
+remarks of my own.
+
+Undoubtedly the Boers usually behaved well. Undoubtedly, too, there were
+some bad lapses. A Free State commandant was, for instance, convicted of
+putting prisoners in the firing line and driving starving prisoners on
+foot with a mounted commando. Such things, however, were very far from
+being the rule. During the guerilla warfare treatment depended entirely
+on the local commandants. The stripping of prisoners before they were
+turned adrift was often carried out, "and there is some force in De
+Wet's contention that the seizure was justified by the British practice
+of removing or burning all the clothes left in the farms and even taking
+the hides out of the tanning tubs and cutting them in pieces." In some
+cases starving, unarmed and practically naked men were abandoned far
+from any white settlement. What is and what is not allowable in war
+seems so largely a matter of "military necessity" that the layman is
+reluctant to comment, for, in the last resort, it is only the
+_needlessly_ barbarous that is condemned in war.
+
+
+CONCENTRATION CAMPS.
+
+On our side, we cannot, I think, contemplate the history of the
+concentration camps with equanimity. Let us recall a few of the facts.
+The following are amongst the death rates recorded in July, 1901:
+Norval's Pont, 218.4 (per thousand per annum); Bloemfontein, 242.4;
+Springfontein, 462.0; Kronstad, 459.6. In June the _average_ death rate
+was practically 200 (199.3). In the year ending February, 1902, the
+official returns (which are incomplete) show more than 20,000 deaths in
+camps with an average total population of about 100,000.[33] Our
+accusers said the camps were instituted for the purpose of killing off
+the Boer population. The truth is, the feeling against Britain, even
+amongst the onlookers, was extremely bitter, and great bitterness does
+not make for sane judgment. What is certain is that the camps
+illustrated some of the callousness and carelessness which war always
+produces. "The sites chosen for the camps were mostly chosen on purely
+military grounds, and were often unsuitable; the medical and sanitary
+staff was at first insufficient," writes Dr. Spaight. But, "unsuitable
+sites, and insufficient" sanitation may produce terrible results, where
+human lives are concerned, and one would not convert an adverse critic
+by simply quoting the "_Times_ History" to the effect that "the Boers
+themselves proved to be helpless, utterly averse to cleanliness, and
+ignorant of the simplest principles of health and sanitation." The
+attempt to shift the chief burden of responsibility on to the prisoners
+is surely scarcely chivalrous. Carelessness and ignorance amongst the
+prisoners are certain in all such cases to be contributory causes, they
+are amongst the difficulties to be combatted, but to suggest that they
+should have been permitted to produce such appalling results is to court
+derision. Moreover, the chief authority on the subject, Lieut.-Col.
+S.�J. Thomson, C.I.E., I.M.S., who became Director of Burgher Camps in
+February, 1902, by no means supports these charges. "Much has been
+said," he writes, "about the want of personal cleanliness among the
+Boers, but it must be remembered that ablutions are apt to be less
+frequent and popular when water has to be laboriously brought from
+considerable distances, as is often the case with farms on the veldt.
+When bathrooms were provided in the camps, they were very freely and
+regularly used. Nevertheless it is a fact that the Boer's notion of
+sanitation as understood by Englishmen is very vague, and all classes
+resort for purposes of nature to the open country. This custom, probably
+innocuous enough under the conditions of existence on an isolated
+homestead, made it extremely difficult to maintain the cleanliness of a
+camp site, and it was very long before the people could be brought to
+see that foul matters and dirty water could not be most satisfactorily
+disposed of by the simple process of flinging them out of the tent. It
+was found indeed that such proceedings had hopelessly fouled certain
+camps, and the removal of the people to a fresh site was followed by the
+best results. In a later chapter, the procedure which was found most
+successful is described in detail."[34] In July, 1902, the average death
+rate for the Burgher Camps had sunk to 23.0, and it fell afterwards even
+lower.
+
+Tents were, in general, the only housing allowed, and this, though "the
+cold in the 'upper veldt' country in winter was intense." (Thomson.)
+What were known as _bona fide_ refugees were allowed meat, but those who
+had their man on commando were, at first, allowed none. This was
+altered, however, in March, 1901. As to the families of this class,
+Major Goodwin reported in this month: "I would, therefore, beg
+respectfully to here place on record my opinion that had we compelled
+class 3 to decide between unprotected starvation on their farms, and at
+their homes, or taking up their quarters in or behind the enemy's lines,
+we should have facilitated the work of proselytism." Thus readily, we
+observe, may the starvation of women and children be advocated by an
+English Major as an aid to "proselytism." There were other ways in which
+"military necessity" showed itself. A Board of three reported on the
+site of Merebank Camp in December, 1901. The President was Surgeon-Gen.
+Clery, C.B., and the two members, Col. McCormack, R.A.M.C., and Mr.
+Ernest Hill, Health Officer of Natal. "The Board is of opinion that the
+site is by no means an ideal site, and has imperfection as regards
+elevation, drainage, etc., but do not recommend that the camp should be
+removed ... for the following reasons: (1) It is necessary that any camp
+should be on a railway line. (2) Purely sanitary arrangements as to site
+have to be held subservient to military exigencies. The latter do not
+permit the camps being located in the uplands, as military and civil
+traffic arrangements make it essential that the main line should not be
+further congested," ... and so on. The Camp had been condemned by the
+Ladies' Commission.[35]
+
+The view I have given is the view admitted gradually and reluctantly by
+officials themselves. Miss Hobhouse gives a rather different account of
+things. In the earlier days of the camps, she tells me, the condition of
+things might be summarised thus: "Overcrowding (up to sixteen in a
+bell-tent)--no water supply--no soap--no beds or bedding--no fuel
+supplied--no utensils--barest rations--sanitary staff inefficient or
+non-existent." In "The Brunt of the War" Miss Hobhouse writes on page
+118 of Bloemfontein Camp: "My request for soap was met with the reply,
+'Soap is a luxury.' ... Finally it was requisitioned for, also
+forage[36]--more tents--boilers to boil the drinking water--water to be
+laid on from the town--and a matron for the camp. Candles, matches, and
+such like I did not aspire to. It was about three weeks before the
+answer to the requisition came, and in the interim I gave away soap.
+Then we advanced a step. Soap was to be given, though so sparingly as to
+be almost useless--forage was too precious--brick boilers might be
+built--but to lay on a supply of water was negatived, as 'the price was
+prohibitive.' Later on, after I had visited other camps, and came back
+to find people being brought in by the hundred and the population
+rapidly doubling, I called repeated attention to the insufficient
+sanitary accommodation, and still more to the negligence of the camp
+authorities in attending to the latrines. I had seen in other camps that
+under proper administrative organisation all could be kept sweet and
+clean. But week after week went by, and daily unemptied pails stood till
+a late hour in the boiling sun, and the tent homes of the near section
+of the camp were rendered unbearable by the resulting effluvia."
+
+A sentence at page 120 has a bearing upon other wars and other helpers
+of distressed "enemies":--"It became clear to my astonished mind that
+both the censorship and system of espionage were not merely military in
+character, but political and almost personal, so that even to feel, much
+more to show, sympathy to the people was to render yourself suspect....
+Everyone knows what class of men accept the work which means spying upon
+neighbours, and can draw their own conclusions as to the value of such
+reports."
+
+As regards the food ration it has been seriously contended by others
+besides Miss Hobhouse (_e.g._, T.�S. Haldane, M.D., F.R.S.), that it was
+totally inadequate. Dr. Haldane considered that "nothing but seething
+discontent" and "an enormous death-rate" could be expected from the
+dietary allowed. (_l.c._ p. 159.) But those who wish to learn more about
+this and many other matters should consult Miss Hobhouse's remarkable
+book.
+
+The truth is, the prisoner's lot is always hard, and all nations have at
+times made it a terrible one. It is only the recognition of brotherhood
+that can alter this, and the recognition of brotherhood would end war.
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 32: See the full statement, pp. 75 ff.]
+
+    [Footnote 33: See the summary of the official returns given by
+    Miss Emily Hobhouse on p. 328 of "The Brunt of the War." The
+    careful Boer compilation made after the war records the death of
+    26,370 women and children--more than four times the mortality
+    among the Boer combatants. The full details are recorded in the
+    archives at Pretoria, and it is to these that Miss Hobhouse
+    refers in the pamphlet containing her speech at the unveiling of
+    the National Monument at Bloemfontein on "Vrouwen-Dag," 1913.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: "The Transvaal Burgher Camps," by Lieut.-Col.
+    S.�J. Thomson.]
+
+    [Footnote 35: The marshy site of Merebank is compared by Miss
+    Emily Hobhouse to that of the German camp at Wittenberg.]
+
+    [Footnote 36: "'Forage' needs explanation," writes Miss
+    Hobhouse. "We requisitioned for forage, because, as there was no
+    milk for the children, we were planning to buy some cows, _if_
+    we could secure forage. However, we failed."]
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+REPRISALS OF GOOD.
+
+
+For the information contained in this chapter I am greatly indebted to
+the Friends' Emergency Committee. Most of it has already appeared in
+their leaflets and reports, and in articles in _The Friend_. The
+following is a reprint of a letter sent by the Bishop of Winchester to
+the _Times_. It appeared in the issue of September 29, 1916:
+
+
+    GERMAN WORK FOR PRISONERS.
+
+    Sir,--The following facts, if you can find space for them, will,
+    I think, be of interest and encouragement amidst all the sorrow
+    and misery of war.
+
+    The word "reprisals" is often heard in diplomacy and in war;
+    reprisals are attempted or suggested; or reprisals of cruelty
+    are condemned, we rejoice to know, by the instinct and
+    conscience of the nation. These are all reprisals of what is
+    bad. Rarer, at least on the surface, are reprisals of good. But
+    here is such a case.
+
+    At the outbreak of the war members of the Society of Friends and
+    others came together for the purpose of bringing help to those
+    men and women of enemy nationality in this country upon whom the
+    war had brought suffering. Their lot was often a pitiable one.
+    The pull of contrary affections, the unkindness of former
+    friends, the sudden loss of means of livelihood, the internment
+    of the men, with its enforced idleness, were some of the
+    troubles which would have produced despair in many cases had not
+    the members of this "Emergency Committee" (169, St. Stephen's
+    House, Westminster)[37] come to the rescue. They have given
+    material help to thousands of families, and, above all, brought
+    the healing touch of human sympathy to the men in the camps and
+    their wives and children (mostly British-born) left to struggle
+    on alone outside.
+
+    It was early in the war also that a group of Germans came
+    together in Berlin and determined to start a similar work. The
+    news of what was being done by the British Committee soon
+    reached them and made them increase their efforts. Since then
+    the two bodies have been in close communication, and each has
+    endeavoured to see that what is done for "alien enemies" in one
+    country is promptly repeated in the other.
+
+    Among the recent activities of the Berlin Committee has been the
+    organising of travelling facilities and hospitality for wives
+    from other parts of Germany, who are now allowed to visit their
+    husbands at Ruhleben Camp; and it is now making vigorous efforts
+    to co-ordinate and increase the work of the various agencies in
+    Germany that are trying to lighten the lot of the military and
+    civilian prisoners of war in their camps. At the end of June, I
+    learn, a meeting in support of this work was held at the house
+    of Prince Lichnowsky, former Ambassador in London, who returned
+    specially from the front to preside. Many notable men and women
+    were present, and a collection of 8,000 marks was made.
+
+    My reasons for writing to you with this information are two. In
+    the first place, because these Berlin workers are incessantly
+    spreading, through the German Press and otherwise, news of the
+    doings of the British Committee, and even in this matter there
+    should be reprisals. And, secondly, one cannot be too thankful
+    to be able to put on record instances of that common humanity
+    which we knew must exist in some quarters even among our
+    enemies, overleaping national hates and prejudices, and which in
+    this great work of Dr. Siegmund Schultze and his colleagues is
+    so active and persistent. The names of several who are diligent
+    in the work in Germany are those of men personally known to me
+    in respect and affection; and (whatever their views of war and
+    of Britain may be--which I do not know) I can feel as sure of
+    their simple sincerity and good purpose as if they were my own
+    countrymen. This may be, perhaps, an added excuse for troubling
+    you.--Yours faithfully,
+
+                                                EDW. WINTON.
+      Farnham Castle. Surrey,
+          September 27.
+
+The German work is an offshoot of the general work undertaken by the
+Enquiry and Assistance Agency for Germans abroad and foreigners in
+Germany (_Auskunfts-und Hilfsstelle f�r Deutsche im Ausland und
+Ausl�nder in Deutschland_). The following is a translation of the appeal
+issued by the parent society:
+
+    The war has caused great distress amongst countless Germans in
+    foreign countries. In helping our countrymen we have to rely
+    almost exclusively on the benevolence of the societies which
+    have been for years in co-operation with us in those countries,
+    especially upon our English and American co-workers in the
+    religious societies for international friendship. In England,
+    where great difficulties for German subjects might have been
+    expected from the exceptional conditions prevailing, a Committee
+    was formed directly the war broke out, whose object was to
+    provide support for distressed Germans and Austrians in England;
+    and already many Germans have told us verbally and in writing of
+    the valuable help given to them by this Committee.
+
+    In consequence of many requests and complaints we have felt that
+    it was our duty to interest ourselves in those foreigners who
+    were in difficulties in Germany. At a time when the German
+    people, from the highest to the lowest, have joined together in
+    the consciousness of a stern defence against their enemies, and
+    are fighting out the great struggle for existence and freedom,
+    it may well appear to many that it is superfluous to render to
+    the alien enemies amongst us any more than the most necessary
+    services. But we have not only to think of those Germans who are
+    now abroad, not only to remember that those foreigners who are
+    in need in Germany are for the most part Germany's best friends
+    and are bound to us by a thousand ties; besides all this the
+    task is laid upon us by our own desire to render friendly
+    service in these times of hatred to those who now find it so
+    difficult to obtain help. Even in war time, whoever needs our
+    help is our neighbour, and love of their enemies remains the
+    distinguishing mark of those who are loyal to our Lord.
+
+    We have accordingly decided to establish a Berlin Enquiry and
+    Assistance Office to work with the corresponding offices at home
+    and abroad, especially with the above-mentioned Emergency
+    Committee in London, the Berne and Stuttgart Peace Bureaux, etc.
+    We beg for help and gifts, which may be sent to the following
+    address: Berliner Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle f�r Deutsche im
+    Ausland und Ausl�nder in Deutschland; communications to be
+    addressed to Fr�ulein Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, Berlin No. 18,
+    Friedenstrasse 60.
+
+    The signatories to this appeal were: Prof. W. Foerster, Ehrich
+    Gramm (Banker), Dr. Kleineidam (Provost), Eduard de Neufville,
+    Prof. Rade, Julius Rohrbach (Pastor), Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, Dr.
+    Alice Solomon, F. Siegmund-Schultze (Pastor), Dr. Spiecker,
+    Pastor Umfried.
+
+It is important to note that of the families and others helped by the
+Committee, the largest percentage (49) were English. Russians made up
+24 per cent, and French 9 per cent. (Dr. Elisabeth Rotten's circular of
+April, 1916.)
+
+The following documents explain themselves:--Extract from a letter of
+Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, dated January 6, 1916.
+
+    In spite of the fact that the numbers of permanent workers in
+    the office and out of it increase all the time, we have work
+    here from morning to night, often including holidays. But we do
+    it gladly, for it is a labour of love. At present our chief work
+    lies in taking home French children from the occupied territory
+    of France. In Belgium this work is now nearly discharged, and a
+    lady has only to go there once more, this month, to fetch the
+    last batch of children. The French children are not fetched by
+    our delegates; they travel in the larger trains for civilians,
+    who are brought from the occupied territory of France, through
+    Switzerland, back into the unoccupied[38] parts. What we now
+    have to do is to see that the children who had been left behind,
+    separated from their parents, are reunited with them as quickly
+    as possible. The children themselves seldom know where their
+    parents are, but we have the addresses through working in
+    conjunction with the International "Feminist" Bureau at
+    Lausanne. This creates a great deal of correspondence with the
+    respective authorities. I am glad to be able to add that the
+    [German] War Office has come forward with sympathy to help us in
+    this work.
+
+    We have sent large consignments of warm clothing and
+    food--including honeycake--to the civilian prisoners' camps at
+    Ruhleben and Holzminden, to be distributed among those that
+    received nothing from other sources. French and Russian
+    civilians are interned at Holzminden.
+
+    German women workers in connection with our Committee in other
+    parts have also sent Christmas gifts to the camps nearest them.
+    I enclose extracts from letters from Fr�ulein Jens, of Hamburg,
+    and Frau Kirchhoff, of Bremen, which I put at your disposal. The
+    Berlin Committee of the Women's Suffrage Union has done the same
+    for D�beritz, and other Committees in South and West Germany
+    have also carried out similar work. It is of particular interest
+    to note that the request that German women might remember the
+    prisoners of war in such a way came from a German soldier at the
+    front. The ladies were already planning something of the sort,
+    and would certainly have done it; but still, such a request, so
+    heartily and earnestly expressed, is remarkable.
+
+From Frau Senator Kirchhoff, December 28, 1915:
+
+    The camp at Achim, near Bremen, in the province of Hanover, is
+    called Etelsen Moor. Frau Schmitt and I finished off everything
+    in one day, and early on the 23rd we drove out with two large
+    trunks and three cardboard boxes. Altogether we had collected
+    536 marks; 190 went to Frau Feist, 100 marks cash went to the
+    camp at Etelsen. Our trunks contained 40 flannel shirts and 40
+    pairs of pants, 40 pairs of slippers, 32 pairs of socks,
+    mittens, helmets, scarves, 1,000 cigars, 100 cakes of chocolate,
+    25 note-books, 50 pencils, 50 blotters, drawing paper, india
+    rubber, calendars, etc. Three prisoners--two Belgian and one
+    Frenchman--came with two wheelbarrows; they were accompanied by
+    two German non-commissioned officers. The men were exceedingly
+    pleased: the German soldier said they had long been wishing to
+    give the men presents and were happy that we had made it
+    possible for them to do so. Afterwards I received two charming
+    letters; one from the Commandant, who thanked me very heartily.
+    They had been able to give every prisoner--chiefly Belgians and
+    French, but also Russians and one Englishman--a present. He
+    enclosed a touching, grateful letter from a Belgian prisoner, an
+    adjutant, and a programme of their Christmas theatricals. I have
+    seldom been so glad about anything as I am that this has been a
+    success.
+
+From Fr�ulein Jens, December 30, 1915. Work at Hamburg.
+
+    We had altogether about 400 marks, and out of this fund 100
+    parcels containing each about 3 marks worth of goods were
+    purchased and handed over with 100 marks in money--for sick and
+    needy prisoners--into the care of the camp chaplain. He took the
+    opportunity of explaining in our presence to three of the camp
+    "Captains," an Englishman, a Frenchman and a Russian, the object
+    of the gift. They were greatly touched and most grateful. The
+    Englishman thanked us in the name of his country. We were only
+    sorry that we could not do far, far more, but if even this
+    little is a seed of corn which may in the future bring forth
+    thoughts of reconciliation between the nations we shall be
+    happy. Our presents were given for the New Year, as it is the
+    custom for English and French to make presents then....
+
+
+SOME THANKS ON BOTH SIDES.
+
+The following is from the Prisoners' Aid Society of the German civilians
+interned in Camp III., Knockaloe, Isle of Man. If the English shows
+signs of effort, it is an effort of sincerity:--
+
+    To the Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans,
+    Austrians and Hungarians in Distress.
+
+    Dear Madam,--We do not wish to fail to remember at the beginning
+    of the New Year with gratitude those who, during the past
+    difficult year, have made it their task to alleviate, wherever
+    possible, the misery and the most pressing sorrows of such
+    families who, by their internment as prisoners of war, were
+    deprived of their bread-winners. When assembled in silent prayer
+    during the last festive season--the season of Peace and Goodwill
+    to all mankind--our hearts felt the particular necessity of
+    expressing our innermost thanks to your Committee for all the
+    magnanimous acts of brotherly love and relief shown and granted
+    to the dependents of the interned.
+
+    Whilst we venture to ask you to see in these few lines the
+    unanimous vote of thanks of all the prisoners of war at
+    Knockaloe Camp III., and kindly bring it to the notice of those
+    who in a self-sacrificing manner generously assisted your work
+    of love, we, the undersigned, respectfully offer our heartfelt
+    wishes for the New Year.
+
+    P.�H. Bernhard, Chairman; Carl Glock, Deputy Chairman; C.�P.
+    Toellner, Treasurer; B. Pflug, Hospital.
+
+And here we have an extract from a letter of gratitude from some Serbian
+prisoners to one of the German Committees. It was despatched by the
+Serbian Aid Committee at the camp Frankfurt-am-Oder, on February 22,
+1917. "The hundred or so parcels for Serbian Prisoners of War mentioned
+in your kind letter of December 20, 1916, came to hand in good time and
+in good condition from Switzerland, and were distributed to those who
+were in the weakest condition, and those who were most needy. In all
+there were 94 parcels, and you have the blessing of 94 human beings,
+ill, weak, and altogether deserted by the world. As our former camp
+(Halbe b. Berlin) was broken up just at that time and distributed
+amongst four other camps, we have only just learned who it was who had
+given us such kindly and noble thoughts. We thank you therefore once
+more with our whole heart for your great goodness and charity--God will
+repay it to you.
+
+"The gifts (the many good and beautiful things) reached us here in good
+time, and were divided amongst Serbians who [were in various camps] and
+the remainder we distributed here on Christmas Eve in the camp. You
+should have seen the joy of these poor men!... May God only grant a
+speedy peace!... While thanking you heartily once again, we beg you to
+think of us in the future also.... P.S.--In all the camps belonging to
+our group we have a total of 30-40 sick men."
+
+
+"JOINING HANDS WITH THE ENEMY."
+
+The spirit produced by reprisals of good is well shown in the following
+extracts from an article in _The Friend_. (April 20, 1917):--
+
+    There have been fresh evidences lately of the response from
+    Germany to our efforts here, and of the likeness between our
+    work and that of the Berlin Committee. The animating spirit is
+    evidently so much the same that a wife left behind in England
+    wrote to her repatriated husband in Germany, "Just write your
+    letter and send it to _St. Stephen's House_ at Berlin, and
+    they'll send it for you." The italics are ours.
+
+    Dr. Rotten wrote March 8:
+
+    "Just a few lines to tell you that a second parcel from Berne
+    arrived to-day, containing the remainder of the reports about
+    your work, namely, 25 copies of your Fourth Report and 100
+    copies of "A Day at St. Stephen's House." We are much pleased to
+    make these vivid descriptions of your assistance to the Germans
+    in England accessible to so many, as our experience has taught
+    us that direct information has a much greater effect than our
+    own full or abbreviated translations. But we try again and again
+    with the latter, and at the present moment two different
+    sketches of our endeavours in England and Germany for mutual
+    help have been accepted by various papers, so we may hope to be
+    able to send you a copy before long. Grateful as ever, with
+    kindest greetings in the name of all."
+
+    The same idea is carried further in a letter received by one of
+    our helpers from a personal friend in Germany:
+
+    "Your printed report which came into my hands a few days ago
+    has made me very happy. I was not surprised, but it only
+    strengthened my belief in you and in the good of humanity. What
+    you have done and are still doing brings nearer the goal that
+    now seems so far off--everlasting peace grounded in respect and
+    mutual understanding."
+
+From Dr. Rotten:
+
+    THE RELATIVES OF MEN IN RUHLEBEN.
+
+    When in April of last year, after repeated applications by us,
+    regular visits by the wives and children were at last permitted,
+    the regulations were at first rather strict. The separation of
+    husband and wife by a table was felt to be a special
+    hardship.[39] The visits taking a satisfactory course, however,
+    this was altered in a few weeks, and since then visitors have
+    been allowed in the camp itself and may walk around and converse
+    freely with their relatives. Permission was, indeed, soon
+    extended to mothers and sisters, and also fianc�es of those
+    interned, provided the engagement had taken place before
+    internment. At the present time wives living in and around
+    Berlin are allowed to visit once a month, the time permitted
+    being nominally one hour, but this is fortunately not
+    interpreted very strictly, so that in actual practice two hours
+    are often allowed. Wives coming from a distance receive
+    permission every three months; and it was for a long time a
+    concern of these women and of their husbands--a concern shared
+    by us--that these visits had to be made in a single period of
+    two hours. Over and over again one found that the joy of reunion
+    after so long a separation was so unnerving that they could
+    scarcely unburden themselves on a single occasion of all the
+    important matters reserved for discussion, and that only
+    afterwards did they remember all that they had intended to say.
+    We repeatedly made representations on this score in the proper
+    quarter, appealing for a change in the regulation, and in
+    December last we had the joy of obtaining permission for the
+    wives from outside to stay in Berlin for a week and to make two
+    visits of two hours during this period. In special cases a third
+    visit might be allowed. All wives coming from a distance, at the
+    same time as they receive the permit, are instructed by the
+    Commandant to apply to us in the event of their needing any
+    advice in respect of accommodation in Berlin. And so we are
+    visited by many, whose reception in Berlin we either arrange for
+    at their request in advance, or who, though acquainted with
+    Berlin, yet come for information. They are so well satisfied
+    with the conditions of their visits that at the present time
+    there is no occasion to ask for further concessions.
+
+
+    GETTING MEN OUT OF RUHLEBEN.
+
+    Apart from our interest in the repatriation of the "over
+    forty-fivers," our principal concern for Ruhleben consists for
+    the present in finding work outside the camp for the younger
+    prisoners, for, thanks to the recent decision of the Commandant,
+    resulting from our repeated applications, such prisoners may
+    obtain leave of absence provided they find situations. It is, of
+    course, very difficult for those in the camp to seek situations,
+    and we are therefore making special efforts to find
+    opportunities for work, induce employers to engage an alien, and
+    then conduct negotiations. There are among those desiring to
+    exchange their forced idleness at Ruhleben for productive work
+    many who are concerned to remain loyal British subjects.
+
+The following quotation from Dr. Rotten refers to a specially
+interesting intercommunication:
+
+    We are delighted and thankful to see from your letter of January
+    31 that an unnamed gentleman in America has sent you the sum of
+    �400 with instructions to assign half of it to our work for
+    foreigners in Germany, and saying that the British Government at
+    once gave their consent to the payment of the amount to us. It
+    will be a great help to our work and will be conscientiously
+    used for British subjects and for the subjects of nations allied
+    with England. For a considerable time our work has been such
+    that we can take advantage of the relief agencies of other
+    countries for the assistance of Germans abroad, and for that
+    reason can apply the means placed at our disposal for the
+    support of foreigners in Germany only. So our help is now
+    practically confined to "alien enemies," because the subjects of
+    neutral States, should they be in need, can obtain other
+    assistance, and it is our uppermost wish to relieve those who,
+    but for us, would perhaps be utterly friendless. It is,
+    moreover, a great satisfaction and encouragement to us that
+    outside your and our spheres the community of our work is so
+    strongly felt that people desire to further the efforts of the
+    two societies simultaneously. The confidence so kindly felt in
+    our efforts even abroad incites us to an ever increasing
+    devotion to our work, to the undertaking of new tasks, and to
+    the fulfilling of the old ones with more and more care in every
+    detail.
+
+
+THE SPECTROSCOPE STORY.
+
+The spectroscope story is a particularly good example of the way
+reprisals of good work out. I take the following account from a leaflet
+signed W.R.H., and already known to many workers in the cause of
+fellowship.
+
+    A spectroscope, I believe, is an instrument which takes a ray of
+    light and proceeds to spread it abroad. At all events, the
+    description seems to suit in this case.
+
+    The spectroscope game was started by Bishop Bury. After his
+    return from his visit to Ruhleben Camp he mentioned in a lecture
+    that some of the science students interned there were very
+    anxious to obtain the use of a spectroscope. The report of this
+    lecture was read by one of the camp visitors of the Friends'
+    Emergency Committee, who was a schoolmaster and a scientist.
+    Moreover, he possessed a spectroscope. So he joined in the game
+    and played his piece. But instead of trying to send the
+    instrument to Germany, he wrote to St. Stephen's House and
+    suggested that inquiries should be made as to whether any of the
+    schools in the internment camps in England were in need of such
+    an apparatus. If so, he would lend his, and ask our friends of
+    the Berlin Committee for assisting alien enemies to try to do
+    the same for Ruhleben. It was soon discovered that a group of
+    men in Douglas Camp would welcome the spectroscope, which was at
+    once sent them, and the corresponding message written to Berlin.
+    It was not long before a reply was received telling us, as we
+    expected, that every effort would be made, as usual, to carry
+    out such a proposal for reciprocal service to prisoners.
+
+    A little later another player came into the game in the shape of
+    the German War Office. (There seems to be a War Office player in
+    every game that takes place in these days.) The German War
+    Office was reluctant to permit valuable lenses to enter the
+    internment camp without being quite sure first of all that the
+    corresponding privilege had been allowed in England. Would we,
+    therefore, obtain and forward a written certificate from the
+    Commandant of the camp to say that the instrument had been
+    allowed. This was soon done, and we next hear that the Berlin
+    Committee, being unable to find a spectroscope themselves, had
+    collected the sum of 900 marks for the purchase of one, and has
+    asked permission for two of the leaders of the "University" of
+    Ruhleben to be allowed out of camp to inspect instruments before
+    purchase. This permission seems to have been readily granted,
+    and Dr. Higgins and Mr. Chadwick met Dr. Rotten, the secretary
+    of the Berlin Committee, in order to choose the most suitable
+    apparatus. They finally decided upon one offered by Herr H., the
+    head of an optical instrument firm.
+
+    At this point the game became specially interesting. Dr. Rotten
+    was aware that Herr H.'s brother and his family had been closely
+    in touch with the Emergency Committee, and had received
+    considerable help in difficult and distressing circumstances. In
+    recognition of the assistance given to his brother, he at once
+    offered to lend to the camp, for the period of the war, a
+    spectrometer and prisms valued together at 1,650 marks. The 900
+    marks collected were thus released to be used for other
+    enterprises. Herr H. also sent a warm message offering to
+    receive his brother's children, who had lost their mother during
+    the war, and to welcome his brother as soon as he was free to
+    cross to Germany. He also offered to provide him with anything
+    he might desire to help him pass away the weary hours in camp.
+    We learnt that the brother had been studying French, and now
+    wish to take up Spanish, and he has therefore chosen a set of
+    Spanish instruction books as what he would like best.
+
+    The game still continues. Other well-known scientific firms in
+    Berlin have been approached and interested in an effort to
+    provide material for scientific work in Ruhleben, and we have
+    received a request from Dr. Higgins to follow up an effort he is
+    making to provide similar assistance for some men at Knockaloe,
+    about whom he has written to various University professors and
+    business friends in England. Herr H. has also sent us a list of
+    nine firms whose principals he is acquainted with, to see if
+    they also will help in like manner.
+
+    A spectroscope I believe, is an instrument which takes a ray of
+    light and proceeds to spread it abroad. A fine instrument!
+
+                                                      W.R.H.
+
+The ray of light is spread by reprisals of good. When the nephew of a
+friend of mine was let out from Ruhleben on a fortnight's leave, and
+received "overwhelming kindness" from his German hosts, what was it that
+so specially drew out their kindness? The fact that their own son,
+interned in this country, has been befriended here. (P. 105.)
+
+
+A BABY CASE VISITOR.
+
+Yet, in spite of all the efforts of sympathy, suffering, in camp and
+out, grows ever greater as the war continues. Here are two short stories
+of February, 1915, as reported to the Committee on this side. If, for a
+moment we can forget our passions, the sufferings of these, our
+fellows, must touch our hearts. Nearly four more years have passed and
+we know that greater loneliness and sorrow must have come to these
+hearts, as to so many more.
+
+    Our first call is in a horrid little street off Tottenham Court
+    Road. Four knocks on a very shaky door brings Bertha, the wife
+    of a German, a ships' cook, who has never been long enough on
+    shore to become a naturalised Englishman. Bertha was a servant
+    for many years before she married, and had collected many
+    precious possessions, and she and Friedrich had a comfortable
+    home with plenty of furniture and full of all the useless and
+    hideous knicknack which apparently make so many people happy.
+    Only a few remain, for nearly all have "had to go"--the term we
+    know so well to mean that they are now in pawn, and that it will
+    probably never be possible to redeem them. When first we visited
+    them they were living in a basement room where rats made it
+    difficult for them to sleep, and where, on the many unexpected
+    calls I paid, I never once found a fire.
+
+    "We are not people wot feel the cold like some, Miss," they told
+    me; "and the room's so small it likely wouldn't be 'ealthy to
+    have a fire all day" so the "bit of washing" used to hang on a
+    string for days and days before it dried, and they did their
+    "bit of cooking" on a small gas ring. One day I called and found
+    Friedrich still in bed; he was quite well, he said, "but we take
+    turns to stay in bed, Miss, for it's warmer there and you don't
+    seem to feel so hungry in bed as when you're up."
+
+    They were trying to save something out of a weekly 12s. 6d.,
+    after 6s. had been paid for rent, for the time when Bertha would
+    have to go into hospital, and to buy some clothes that her
+    little babe would need. Then _you sent me_, and let me tell her
+    you would remember her when that time came, and you sent her
+    flannel and wool to make the little clothes: after that a
+    shilling a week could be spent on coals, and each time I went
+    they sent you thanks and blessed you for your love.
+
+    We say good-bye here and go north to Camden Town where we call
+    on Ludwig and Marie and their five children, the eldest of whom
+    is six. He is Austrian and she is Irish, and they live in two
+    rooms for which they pay 8s. 6d. a week. He was a waiter for
+    thirteen years in a well known London restaurant, and his master
+    has told him many times he would take him back if only the
+    public or the newspapers would let him. But _they won't_. So
+    Ludwig had nothing to do, and tells me he thinks he shall go
+    out of his mind sitting in idleness in his miserable
+    surroundings. Marie has been in hospital, too, and then Ludwig
+    _had_ plenty to do looking after his four little children alone
+    for two weeks, and says it was the hardest work he ever had to
+    do, and is glad his lot in life is not to be a woman!
+
+    The doctor in the hospital told Marie she must have plenty of
+    milk every day, and we smiled together, for we knew their weekly
+    income left no margin for milk for her--the children must be fed
+    first. So _you_ are helping, and Marie has her milk each day,
+    and she and her babe are growing strong and well again.
+
+The work done by the Friends' Emergency Committee, Dr. K.�E. Markel and
+others on this side, and by Dr. Rotten, Siegmund Schulze, Prof. Stange
+and their fellows on the other, is indeed as "a clear flame of truth in
+a dark and haunted night."
+
+
+PROF. STANGE.
+
+To the great work of Prof. Stange, of G�ttingen, I have once or twice
+alluded. He directs all the instruction given in the G�ttingen camp,
+attends daily, gives lectures and superintends the library. He
+experienced the usual difficulties of any civilian who tries to practice
+Christianity in war-time. "One great German newspaper wrote with
+indignation that the prisoners in the G�ttingen Camp had as good a time
+as if they were at a health resort." Doubtless this paper, like some
+others, contrasted the (rumoured) abominable treatment of German
+prisoners by their enemies with the too great indulgence shown to
+prisoners in Germany. But Prof. Stange is not abashed. "No internment
+camp," he writes, "can be compared with a 'holiday resort.' In spite of
+everything that may be done for the prisoners, internment is and remains
+always a very hard lot. In the G�ttingen camp, too, many a prisoner
+needs not only the exertion of his whole strength, but help as well to
+make the endurance of his lot physically and spiritually possible."
+Stange is one of those who have learned to envisage the anxieties, the
+loneliness, the uncertainty, the ennui of the prisoner, and the terrible
+enervation of long months, and, alas, years of confinement. In this, as
+in so many circumstances of the war, it is the more sensitive and
+developed minds that suffer most, and are most easily destroyed, those
+minds that are indispensable in the building of any worthy future.
+
+Prof. Stange quite frankly acknowledges to a war prejudice against the
+English. But when he found their great need of help, his prejudices
+melted away, and he soon engaged in helping them too with books classes,
+and other means of activity.
+
+Prof. Stange recognises that such work for enemy prisoners helps towards
+better treatment of their own prisoners abroad, but, he adds, "It must
+certainly be emphatically stated that we in G�ttingen never took up our
+work for the prisoners with this object. What compelled us to work was
+simply and entirely the great distress and need of the prisoners
+themselves." (P. 36. The extracts are from Prof. Stange's pamphlet on
+G�ttingen Camp.)
+
+
+THE LAST RESTING PLACE.
+
+At last, rest. To many weary hearts it must have become a pitiful
+consolation that this at least is sure. "After life's fitful fever he
+sleeps well." And in that sleep no fevered passion can even "ruffle one
+corner of the folded shroud." At last, rest; where the enmities and the
+ambitions are forgotten. In the presence of this stillness of death,
+even to the living their disputes seem small. If the mood could endure,
+death might not be needed to bring peace.
+
+
+I.--ENGLAND.
+
+"In a corner of the bonny little churchyard of Frongoch, adjoining the
+extended camp, there are two solitary graves. Here, in a strange land,
+the land of their captivity, two German prisoner soldiers lie at rest,
+as in many a plot of ground in France and Flanders, German and British
+lie together, strife hushed in the last sleep. Here there are no grim
+sounds and sights of battle, but instead there is all the peace and
+beauty of a lovely spring. Immediately beyond the graves a wooded bank
+descends to the stream, and over and through the fresh green foliage,
+amidst which the birds are happily melodious this bright April morning,
+and all around can be seen the mountains of Wales, the 'land of
+freedom.' Over the grave of one of these liberated captives is a
+tombstone erected at the expense of, and engraved by, his fellow
+prisoners. It marks the place where Hugo Schr�ter, Under-Officer of one
+of the Crown Prince's Infantry Regiments, who died on April 9, 1915, as
+the result of wounds received in the cause of his country, was laid to
+rest by his grateful comrades.
+
+"The other grave has no stone as yet, but one is being prepared. It is
+that of a prisoner who died of consumption, after many months of
+lingering suffering in the hospital, where every care was bestowed upon
+him. It was in reference to this man that the Chief Officer wrote me:
+'To our regret died last Thursday the patient in the isolation hospital.
+If only he could have seen the two beautiful bunches of violets you
+sent! The funeral took place yesterday at 10-30. It was an impressive
+sight but a very sad one, too.'
+
+"My daughter laid a little offering of white flowers on the grave, and
+then I photographed them in order to send copies to the families of the
+poor men, which I hope may prove little winged messengers of sympathy
+and goodwill."
+
+                                                 W. WHITING.
+
+
+II.--GERMANY.
+
+"A British officer, of whom one can truly say that he had not been
+afraid to speak the truth about his treatment in Germany, and in the
+Cologne hospital, was carried to his last resting-place yesterday.
+
+"It was Captain Wilfred Beckett Birt, of the East Surrey Regiment No.
+31, who, on the occasion of the attack in September, 1915, had his thigh
+shattered and was taken prisoner. Since January, 1916, he had been
+nursed in the fortress hospital, No. 6, situated in the Empress Augusta
+School. His chivalrous character and his conscientious impartiality made
+him respected and popular with his French and English fellow sufferers
+and the German Hospital Staff. Gratefully he acknowledged what the
+surgical art of assistant-surgeon Dr. Meyer had done to lessen his
+sufferings, and the loving care the German nurses, male and female, had
+bestowed on him and his comrades.
+
+"The great affection in which he was held by friend and foe alike showed
+itself in the mourning over his death, which took place a few days ago.
+His wound, a short time before, had shown improvement, but the heart was
+no longer equal to the terrible strain. Those of his comrades who were
+not confined to bed rallied round his coffin yesterday, which had been
+put upon a bier in the hospital garden surrounded by flowers and palms.
+
+"The principal mourners were his countrymen, who were seated on benches
+at the foot of the coffin; around it were the French and Belgians, the
+German doctors and hospital staff. Large lighted candles stood at the
+head of the coffin, which was covered with wreaths decorated with the
+English, French, Belgian, and German colours.
+
+"Garrison Pastor Hartmann, in a moving speech, which went straight to
+the heart of the hearers, spoke about the deceased as a chivalrous
+fighter for his native land, as a good Christian and a truly noble
+character. It was touching to hear the parting hymn sung by the sonorous
+voices of the British wounded, accompanied solemnly on the harmonium by
+a British performer. All escorted the coffin to the gates. Once outside,
+it was reverently lifted on to the funeral car, which German gunners
+escorted to the cemetery. Four British and one French officer, as well
+as the German doctors who could be spared, followed in motor cars.
+
+"At the gates of the cemetery, Lieutenant-General Schach, Colonel
+Lindemann, as representative of the Governor of the fortress, Major
+Esser, Dr. Lamberts, the chief medical officer of the garrison,
+deputations of the Officers' and Medical Corps, the Band of the Reserve
+Battalion Pioneer Regiment No. 25, awaited the cort�ge.
+
+"Pastor Hartmann spoke again, and, in words which made a deep impression
+on all, closed with prayer and benediction. Dr. Rademacher, the Catholic
+priest of the garrison, then made a funeral oration in English,
+affecting all who heard it.
+
+"In the name of the hospital staff, Dr. Meyer expressed his heartfelt
+sorrow to the British officers present, the band played the hymn, 'How
+gently they rest, those who are with the Lord,' and, profoundly touched,
+Englishmen and Frenchmen shook hands with the clergy and the German
+officers.
+
+"Three handfuls of earth on to the coffin of one who had found eternal
+rest, and the mourners dispersed." _K�lnische Zeitung._
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 37: Now at 27, Chancery Lane, W.C.2.]
+
+    [Footnote 38: Unoccupied, that is, by the Germans.]
+
+    [Footnote 39: Such a regulation is a hardship. It may, however,
+    prove unavoidable, as in some camps here. Friends of prisoners
+    are not always wise.]
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+WHAT THE GERMAN MAY BE.
+
+A WITNESS FROM SERBIA.
+
+
+The following letter may not inappropriately open this section. Dr. Ella
+Scarlett-Synge is the daughter of the third Baron Abinger. She has a
+long medical experience, and served by Government appointment with Mrs.
+Fawcett on the Concentration Camps Commission in the Boer War. Dr.
+Scarlett-Synge was present in Serbia during the Austro-German invasion,
+she was in Germany afterwards and visited various prisoners' camps. On
+her return she wrote the brief letter which follows. Of her _bona fides_
+there was no doubt, and she had introductions to various editors. Yet
+only one daily paper (_The Manchester Guardian_) would publish her
+letter. This is a small illustration of the methods of war-time.
+Belligerent nations manage to convince themselves that by suppression of
+disconcerting evidence one arrives at truth. It is easy to understand,
+for all of us who are frank with ourselves know the difficulty of
+complete fairness even in ordinary controversy. But the consequences of
+arguing for mere victory are in war sometimes as grave and sad as the
+consequences of fighting for mere victory. Dr. Synge tells us simply
+what she saw:
+
+    Having just returned from Serbia, via Berlin, I have one great
+    wish, the desire to bring home to my own country the things that
+    I have seen with my own eyes, and the truths that I have
+    personally realised.
+
+    After the South African War, I was a doctor in Canada for ten
+    years and when, during the second year of this war, the call
+    came from Serbia for doctors, I was one of those responding,
+    and was stationed by the Serbian Government as Medical Officer
+    of Health for Batochina and district, where I was in residence
+    at the time of the German invasion in October, and was with my
+    wounded men when the German army entered northern Serbia, and
+    saw the whole campaign.
+
+    Contrary to all my expectations, the conduct of the German army
+    was excellent in every respect. The men entered no occupied
+    house without the permission of the owner, they took nothing
+    without payment or a requisition paper. Never did I ask a German
+    soldier in vain for half of his bread for a wounded Serbian
+    soldier. Generally it was all given to me and I cut the portion
+    and returned half.
+
+    After I had been for some weeks with the German Red Cross
+    doctors and began to realise how wrong an impression all in
+    England had concerning our enemies, I decided to ask permission
+    to go to Germany and see for myself whether equally wrong ideas
+    existed concerning the treatment of British prisoners in the
+    detention camps. This permission was accorded me, and I went to
+    Berlin where I waited a fortnight while the War Office decided
+    upon the matter. I was then given a long list of camps to choose
+    from and permitted to go with an officer to inspect and report
+    upon the same.
+
+    In this short letter I can only say that I was justified in my
+    belief that all was well with our men, and, as a fine Canadian
+    sergeant at Giessen said to me (whose regiment I had seen march
+    out of Vancouver a year ago), "If a man behaves himself, he will
+    have nothing to complain of."
+
+    Now, to my sorrow, I am forced to confess that the nations do
+    not yet incline towards peace, and to my regret I have to state
+    that Germany's resources at the present drain will last another
+    four or five years. Also there is no lack of food, and one may
+    also say of luxuries in the land. The people are united to fight
+    as long as England wishes to continue in the useless struggle in
+    which neither can win, for while we hold the sea, they are
+    equally powerful on land. I can see that this is going to be a
+    drawn war, but neither nation has yet had enough.
+
+    The object of this letter is not to encourage a premature peace
+    which would be ultimately worse than war, but to plead for a
+    fairer treatment for our foe. Let the truth, and the truth only,
+    be known. "Let us fight if we must fight--but not with lies."
+
+    No one, in time of peace, respects the British Press more than I
+    do. It is the greatest power in the land. And, let me to-day
+    appeal to that mighty influence for weal or for woe, according
+    to whether it decides wisely or not, to play the game fairly and
+    let the same spirit prevail that we have in our great public
+    schools: "win if you can--but only by fair play."--I beg to
+    remain, Yours faithfully, ELLA SCARLETT-SYNGE, M.D., D.P.H.
+
+      Hyde Park Hotel, Knightsbridge.
+
+Dr. Scarlett-Synge was, at the outset, intensely anti-German. Her
+personal experience of Germans (both military and civilian) in war-time
+has profoundly modified her views. Dr. Scarlett-Synge went out from
+Canada to take over a position as Medical Officer of Health in the north
+of Serbia. She had twelve villages under her care, and found the
+absolute lack of sanitation or sanitary knowledge in that country very
+trying. At the time of the invasion, Dr. Synge was strongly urged to
+leave, but decided to stop with her wounded men. Strangely enough the
+only soldiers from whom she had to flee were the Serbians. The Serbian
+Army in its retreat through Batochina was absolutely drunk, officers as
+well as men, and while the soldiers were forcing the doors of the
+priest's house, where Dr. Synge resided, she fled with the priest's wife
+(at the latter's terror-struck entreaty) through a back window. The
+house was rifled by the soldiers, and next day the German patrol
+arrived. Dr. Synge was asked by the sergeant to assure the people of
+Batochina that if there was no shooting, they would be perfectly safe.
+She was urged to collect any firearms, and the patrol then withdrew. The
+doctor, with the help of the people, collected 17 rifles. There was,
+however, one obstinate Serbian soldier who had apparently not been able
+to keep up with the retreat, who threatened to retain his rifle, and
+seemed quite capable of endangering the whole population. "Your thumb
+needs attention, does it not?" asked the doctor. "Just let me look at
+it?" The man opened his hand and she snatched his rifle away. A joyful
+crowd accompanied her with the rifle to the dispensary, where it was
+locked up.
+
+Had there been firing by the populace, there would undoubtedly have been
+reprisals. Our own action in the Boer War, and the action of the
+military in _every_ invasion, illustrates this fundamental rule. As it
+was, there was absolutely no destruction and the soldiers were
+scrupulously honest. When the owners had fled, their houses and their
+cattle were certainly made use of, but whenever the owner was present
+the soldiers "were not allowed to touch a single thing." The exception
+proves the rule; Dr. Scarlett-Synge's hostess had her pig stolen, but a
+German soldier caught her an unowned pig of larger size. She was very
+pleased with the exchange!
+
+"May we use your schoolhouse for our wounded?" said the German doctors,
+"it seems the best place." Dr. Scarlett-Synge was amazed. She had
+expected anything but this kind of politeness. Only _once_ in her three
+months' experience of the Germans was she treated rudely, and that was
+by an extremely anti-English doctor of the Deutsche Kriegshospital No.
+58, Belgrade. This particular man corresponded to a certain type of
+anti-German here, and a private soldier present afterwards apologised
+for his rudeness.
+
+The Serbians shelled Batochina, and so killed some of their own people.
+While the doctor was passing through the streets, some German soldiers
+beckoned her to take shelter in a caf� where they were. This she
+ultimately did. "I could not have had more consideration shown me," she
+averred. One little incident is singularly expressive. One of the
+Germans had bought a glass of brandy. Dr. Scarlett-Synge, with the
+picture of drunken soldiery very vivid in her remembrance, ventured to
+remonstrate. She pointed out to the man what the Serbians had become
+under the influence of drink. He said nothing, but presently he got up
+and threw the brandy out of the door. "There's not much good in that
+stuff, anyway," he said. It is not surprising that after such
+experiences the doctor was puzzled at the ordinary British view of the
+German army. "How do you account for these lies?" she asked a Bavarian
+soldier. "Ah, without lies there would be no war," he said.
+
+In her travels in Germany Dr. Scarlett-Synge experienced uniform
+kindness, and brought away with her a deep conviction of the
+self-sacrificing patriotism of the German people. "Moreover," she said,
+"I was able to express my views to them, and they were always listened
+to with tolerance and courtesy."
+
+I give Dr. Scarlett-Synge's experiences as she describes them. Of her
+own honesty and accuracy there can be no question. It may be said, with
+reason, that there is another side. Dr. Scarlett-Synge came across the
+better German and the better Germany. The important fact is that the
+better Germany exists, and that those who have been in Germany since the
+war began have found that better element conspicuous. This is much to
+say for a country at war.
+
+In case Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge's testimony is thought to need
+confirmation, I may add the following from a private letter:--"Dr. A.P.
+was interned in Serbia for some months with about thirty other doctors
+and nurses. She sent to me over twelve months since saying she would
+like to be of some use to German prisoners in this country, as a slight
+return for the consideration and kindness shown by Germans and Austrians
+whom she had to do with while in Serbia."
+
+
+A WITNESS FROM FRANCE.
+
+Madame F.�L. Cyon was at Lille when it was taken by the Germans, and
+spent some time there nursing during the German occupation. Madame
+Cyon's general experiences are printed in an appendix at the end of this
+volume, but she has given me some further details which are worth
+recording. I think they will serve to bring out the universal facts of
+human nature. From her mother, Madame D---- she heard the particulars of
+her father's arrest. One of the officers who arrested M. D---- was
+ungentlemanly and rough, the others were polite. The house was searched.
+Later a second military search was made, the officers on that occasion
+being most polite, and apologising for the trouble they caused. As he
+was leaving, the chief officer said to Mme. D----, "We shall carry away
+with us the memory of your house as a house of peace and quietness, and
+of you as a very brave woman." After her husband's arrest, Madame D----
+asked for permission to take meals to him, and this was accorded without
+any demur. One day later the officer just mentioned crossed the street
+to speak to her. "I want to bring you some good news," he said, "the
+release of your husband is only a matter of time."
+
+M. D---- was at Maubeuge at the time of his arrest. When he and others
+were brought back to Maubeuge for trial they got drenched with rain on
+the way, and were put for that night in the old prison, which was
+dilapidated and without fire. M. D---- complained next day. The officer
+to whom he complained apologised and said their imprisonment under these
+conditions was entirely a mistake. During most of his imprisonment M.
+D---- lived on the food provided, which he described as good, but not
+plentiful. Two fellow prisoners complained, and were allowed to get food
+from outside. As narrated in the appendix, M. D---- was released when it
+was found that there was nothing against him. He had indeed been
+indiscreet in order to meet the wishes of another, but that was all.
+After his release he was engaged professionally in forwarding the
+repairs at Maubeuge, and was repeatedly in touch with the German
+authorities, with whom he found it quite possible to work.
+
+For some time Madame D----'s house had guards posted outside. There was
+on one occasion an unpleasant incident with a drunken soldier who came
+and demanded wine. A sergeant who came along, however, promptly collared
+the man and turned him out.
+
+It is fair to add that the long German occupation, with its many
+requisitions and high-handed interference, has embittered M.�D. His
+wife, however, remains quite unembittered. In spite of all the demands,
+"She seemed to think that, apart from one or two exceptions, the Germans
+in occupation behaved very much as any army in such circumstances would
+have done. Indeed, she added that when the English arrived, some of them
+were so impertinent ... that people thought that they used to get on
+better with the Germans." I have quoted part of the last clause, as it
+seems fair to do so. For me it illustrates the general experience that
+the _present_ discomfort tends by its vividness to seem greater than
+past discomforts which were really equally great.
+
+One other remark of Mme. D. should be quoted: "I have seen many of the
+Germans, their doctors for instance, look after the poor and the sick
+with utter devotion." I have, by request, omitted personal names, except
+that of Madame Cyon herself.
+
+At the occupation of Lille the Germans at once set about extinguishing
+fires that had broken out. In order to prevent these spreading, it was
+necessary to blow up some houses, and the Germans posted bills telling
+the people not to be alarmed at the explosions. When Madame Cyon
+returned to England a newspaper-reporter interviewed her. She stipulated
+that she must see the manuscript before the interview was published, and
+as she found the tone of the manuscript was not hers, she refused to let
+it be printed. A later interview with someone else was published in the
+same newspaper, in which it was made to appear that the Germans had
+deliberately set fire to the town. This Madame Cyon asserts is directly
+contrary to the facts. A similar case of exaggeration Madame Cyon
+noticed while in the occupied districts. There were all kinds of
+dreadful stories as to what went on about the country, and she was told
+it would never do to leave Lille. When she did leave, and made her way
+to Holland, she found no confirmation of these stories. Travelling was
+uncomfortable and tedious, but there was no peril of any kind.
+
+In the early days of the war there were Belgian refugees at Alexandra
+Palace. M. Cyon was a journalist, and took his notebook with him to put
+down interesting facts. He wished to confine himself to facts, however,
+which not all journalists do. He found the women full of stories about
+atrocities, but they were always terrible things that had happened to
+_someone else_. The student of war atrocities indeed finds this to be a
+very general feature of the stories told. It by no means follows that
+atrocities do not occur. Certainly they do, but the number undergoes
+extraordinary exaggeration in the excited minds of the people. M. Cyon,
+therefore, as a serious observer, asked for one person who could speak
+at first hand. One of the refugees, he was told, was a woman whose
+little boy had been branded on both cheeks by the Germans. He was
+directed to this woman. He asked for her experiences, but she had
+nothing startling to tell. "But," he asked, "was not your little boy
+very badly treated by the Germans?" "Little boy!" she exclaimed, in
+astonishment, "I have no little boy, I have no son at all."
+
+Madame Cyon had various patients at Lille. Her 24 Germans, she told me,
+gave her no more trouble than any ordinary patients. She had, however,
+four French Moroccan soldiers to nurse, and she describes them as
+extremely savage. She was sometimes afraid of them, and of one
+especially.
+
+Madame Cyon was often overworked, and patients are not always
+reasonable. One evening she brought her German patients some mutton
+stew, and one of the wounded men made a dissatisfied remark about it.
+Madame Cyon was feeling very tired and the remark hurt her. She remained
+outside in the corridor instead of coming to the men as usual during
+their meal. Presently one man who had acted as interpreter came out.
+"Madame, you are cross." "Yes, I am." "Why are you cross?" "The men have
+been well treated, I have done all I could, and now they grumble about
+nothing." The man was very sorry, he went back, and presently all who
+could walk came out and apologised. How strangely alike, after all, we
+human beings are! But our rulers could never lead us out in armies to
+kill each other unless they persuaded us somehow that we only were
+wonderfully fine chaps, and the others were brutes. Yet the appeal of
+kindness and devotion tells everywhere. So when the German science
+student, Albin Claus, mentioned in Madame Cyon's account (p. 262), found
+her much overworked, he said, "You go to sleep, and I will keep watch,"
+and he helped in all ways to keep things right.
+
+"I have since written to the same science student," writes Madame Cyon;
+"before leaving the hospital he asked my address and I his. He told me
+he would always be glad to help me in any way, as he knew that I had
+five brothers in the French army. At the time one of my brothers was
+missing. I wrote to this man, then promoted a Lieutenant, and I had two
+letters from him via Switzerland. The correspondence was concerning my
+brother, and Lieutenant V.�R. Albin Claus did his best to help me, and
+spoke in his letters of his stay in hospital 105, thanking me for my
+care."
+
+
+ANOTHER SORT OF WITNESS.
+
+The soldier on both sides has been told all sorts of horrors about the
+enemy. Hatred is recognised as a great weapon of destruction. The
+contrast between what the soldier has seen and what he has heard is well
+illustrated by a story told by Mr. John Buchan in one of his lectures. A
+wounded Scot had said to him, of the Germans, "They're a bad, black lot,
+_but no the men opposite us_. They were a very respectable lot, and
+grand fechters."--_Times_, April 27, 1915.
+
+
+WAR ZONE CHILDREN.
+
+Under the heading "War Zone Children," the following paragraph appeared
+in the _Westminster Gazette_ of the 30th November, 1915:
+
+The Society of Friends' Emergency Committee for Aliens has just received
+the following letter from Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, of Berlin (before the
+war lecturer at Newnham College, Cambridge), showing that the German
+committee for helping alien enemies in distress is not behind similar
+committees in this country in looking after the little ones belonging to
+enemy countries:
+
+                                                             30/11/15.
+
+    Before I leave Switzerland, after a short visit, I should like
+    to write you a few lines.
+
+    I have been ten days in Belgium in order to get permission to
+    take Belgian and French children home to their parents, who had
+    left them in the occupied country before the outbreak of war and
+    were now living in France or in other foreign parts.
+
+    I was also to bring the first little group with me myself.
+    Others will be fetched during the next weeks by other ladies of
+    our committee. We spent the night in Frankfurt in the houses of
+    German ladies, who are already looking forward to their future
+    little guests. The whole expedition will belong to one of the
+    pleasantest peace remembrances of the war, and it was a
+    particular pleasure and benefit to me to see and to experience
+    personally in the work of my mission, in how many directions and
+    with what sincerely good and noble intentions the Governor
+    General endeavours to mitigate personal suffering, and
+    particularly how he cares for the children who are separated
+    from their parents.
+
+    I hope soon to write more. The children will now be taken to
+    their parents by Swiss ladies, and I am on the point of starting
+    for Frankfurt, where there are many important points to discuss
+    with the Committee for Advice and Aid in connection with our
+    common work.
+
+The last-named committee is a local Frankfort Emergency Committee for
+Aliens.
+
+
+A SOLDIER AND THE CHILDREN.
+
+Here is a German N.C.O. writing in _Vorw�rts_ of some experiences in the
+Russian occupied territory:
+
+He describes the poverty of the people, the lack of even such
+necessaries of life as salt, boots, etc.; how little children are
+running about in the snow with bare feet, and often with no other
+garment on them than a shirt. He adds:
+
+    On the whole, however, the children give me great joy, though
+    also not a little annoyance owing to their importunity.
+    Fortunately, during my activity in connection with the school
+    children's gymnastic society at ---- I have gained so much
+    patience that I never permit myself to lose my temper. While I
+    am writing this already ten or twelve children have invaded my
+    room asking for bread. Everyone of them got something. I am now
+    almost reduced to beggary myself, and whatever I can get hold of
+    is given to the children, so that they may enjoy themselves. I
+    got from a friend a few packets of ginger cakes. I gave them all
+    away, and I do not even know how they tasted.
+
+    And when I show them photographs of my children's gymnastic
+    society there is almost a riot. How I wish I could understand
+    them better! A little girl of 13, who always reminds me of my
+    own second daughter, has won my heart completely. Every day she
+    says to me a couple of German words which she has picked up
+    somewhere: "I don't know," "Potatoes without salt are no good,"
+    "Benzine is dangerous," and phrases like that. I cannot realise
+    that these children belong to an enemy nation. I should have
+    dearly loved to roam about with them through forest and field,
+    as I used to in Berlin.--(Quoted in the _Daily News_, December
+    20, 1915.)[40]
+
+
+THE CHILD IN NO MAN'S LAND.
+
+The story of the child adopted by the Bedfordshires will be remembered
+by many. She was found in a ditch by the men on their way to the
+trenches, and was perforce for some time with them there.
+
+    The German trenches were about 150 yards off, and the level,
+    open space between the two lines wasn't healthy. No man who
+    valued his life would go there unnecessarily, or recklessly put
+    his head above the parapet. One morning, to their horror the
+    men, through the periscope, saw the child standing above the
+    trench on the German side. Cries came from the enemy, but they
+    were not hostile. The sight of the girl, little more than an
+    infant, has touched their sentimental side, and she had offers
+    of chocolate and invitations to go and see them.
+
+    After that the girl went over the parapet quite often. She was
+    as safe in that danger zone as if she had been behind the lines.
+    No German would harm her, and once she went close up to their
+    first-line trench.--(_Daily News_, February 17, 1916).
+
+
+AUSTRO-HUNGARIANS IN CETINJE.
+
+When the Austro-Hungarian troops entered Cetinje there was already
+serious famine:
+
+    The children in the streets were begging bread from the passing
+    soldiers, who shared their tiny brown loaves with the hungry
+    little children, and the military authorities at the barracks
+    were besieged from the morning till late in the evening by the
+    starving population.
+
+    There were some fifty or sixty well-to-do better class families,
+    who had been in Government positions before, or prominent
+    business people, who suffered as terribly as their poorer
+    brethren. Among those who went begging for bread to headquarters
+    were wives of ex-Ministers and women who were ladies-in-waiting
+    at the Royal Court only a few weeks previously. For their
+    children's sake they were all ready to beg for something to eat.
+
+    It must be admitted that the military authorities put the
+    soldiers on quarter rations and distributed all the available
+    food among the suffering population. The bad condition of the
+    roads and the consequent lack of supplies in the army itself
+    made it impossible for them to do more.--(_Daily News_, February
+    21, 1916.)
+
+    _On quarter rations_--that is worth remembering.
+
+
+NOT ALL BARBARIANS, NOR ALL CHIVALROUS.
+
+We have all of us heard many stories from our soldier friends. Many
+statements and opinions we cannot in these days publish, but some are
+allowable. Such as the following: "Some of our men were hung up on the
+German barbed wire. We could do nothing to get at them. We saw the
+Germans trying to make signs from their trenches and we couldn't at
+first make out what they meant, but presently some of them ventured out
+and took in our wounded. I turned to my mate and said, 'They tell us all
+the Germans are barbarians, but that doesn't look much like it.' It was
+difficult to keep some of our men from firing on the Germans even then."
+The last statement will surprise only those who have not been told the
+truth about war. Passion gets the upper hand of humanity, and indeed
+reason may support passion, for is not destruction of the enemy one of
+the chief aims of war? Shall we spare the enemy when rescuing their
+_own_ wounded? By war logic that would be inconceivably foolish. Hence
+such incidents as the following: A lieutenant of Hussars wrote on
+October 22, 1914, of his work in a loft which he had previously
+loopholed. The letter is both frank and generous, and as usual with
+soldiers' letters, without any of the malicious sanctity which so besets
+the civilian. The letter was published in the _Times_, November 26,
+1914. "When I got up I could see crowds of Germans advancing. I think
+they have learnt a lesson from us, for they didn't advance in masses,
+but in extended order like we do. They were jolly good, too.... One
+fellow was jolly brave. I saw him carrying back a wounded man on his
+back, and it made a very good target. Though we didn't succeed in
+hitting him, he had to drop his man.... We were having jolly good fun."
+One sentence shows how far removed are the ethics of war from the ethics
+of peace: "I saw him carrying back a wounded man on his back, _and it
+made a very good target_."
+
+And here is a case where chivalry was remembered and forgotten. The
+extract is from the _Daily News_, May 17, 1916. Most of us may get
+similar information privately, but it is wisest to confine oneself to
+what has already been published:
+
+    A sergeant on active service writes in the course of a letter on
+    his experiences: "I got stuck in a trench up to my waist in mud,
+    and who do you think pulled me out?--only a German about 6ft.
+    4in. One of my boys wanted to bayonet him.[41] I said: 'Drop
+    that or I shoot you.' The German said: 'Sergeant, it is not my
+    fault--I am only fighting for my country as you are fighting for
+    yours.'"
+
+
+A GERMAN PRIEST.
+
+From the _Daily News_, February 17, 1916, I take the following story of
+a German priest:
+
+    Then the word came that we were to go for the enemy's first
+    line, and we did. Our artillery started the music, and we made
+    our effort.
+
+    Our lads almost lost their reason for the time being, and
+    heedless of shells and bullets, mounted the first German
+    parapet. We killed many of them, but it is fair to say they
+    didn't give in. They quickly had reinforcements, and we were
+    compelled against heavy odds to yield the trench to the enemy.
+    Angry fighting continued, and our game now was to lure as many
+    of the Germans towards our lines as possible so that we could
+    mow them down with our guns. On they came, many hundreds of
+    them, and as quickly they fell.
+
+    Our fellows got it too, and one little party was absolutely at
+    the mercy of the enemy. Two of our young officers and five men
+    were severely wounded and their position was helpless, for it
+    was impossible to rescue them. Despite our tremendous fire the
+    Germans, with fixed bayonets, tried to reach the party and their
+    intention was obvious. They got within a few yards of the
+    wounded when one of their number sprang in front of them and
+    flashed a crucifix. "Stop," he shouted, and then he knelt down
+    by the side of our men and blessed them. The other Germans
+    immediately withdrew.
+
+    Then we managed to reach the wounded and our officer thanked the
+    priest for the brave way in which he had behaved in the face of
+    his own men. "Take me," said the priest. "I am your prisoner."
+    The officer said he would not do that, but he would see that he
+    returned to the German lines unharmed. The promise was kept, and
+    before they parted the priest, falling on his knees, thanked our
+    officer warmly, adding: "God bless you and good luck!"
+
+
+MUTUAL FEARS.
+
+Each side fears the barbarity of the other. "Would it be good military
+policy," asked a military official, "to encourage any other idea?" "'My
+comrades were afraid,' said this German sergeant. 'They cried out to me
+that the Indians would kill their prisoners, and that we should die if
+we surrendered. But I said, 'That is not true, comrades, and is only a
+tale. Let us go forward with our hands up.' So in that way we went, and
+the Indian horsemen closed about us, and I spoke to one of them, asking
+for mercy for our men, and he was very kind and a gentleman, and we
+surrendered to him safely.' He was glad to be alive, this man from
+Wiesbaden. He showed me the portrait of his wife and boy, and cried a
+little, saying that the German people did not make the war, but had to
+fight for their country when told to fight, like other men.... He waved
+his hand back to the woodlands, and remembered the terror of the place
+from which he had just come. 'Over there it was worse than death.'" Yes,
+and "If any man were to draw the picture of those things or to tell them
+more nakedly than I have told them, because now is not the time, nor
+this the place, no man or woman would dare to speak again of war's
+'glory,' or of 'the splendour of war,' or any of those old lying phrases
+which hide the dreadful truth." (Philip Gibbs in the _Daily Chronicle_,
+July 18, 1916.)
+
+
+THE CIVILIAN'S HATE.
+
+Yet, appalling as modern war is, there are things which some soldiers
+find worse. When I spoke to an old friend of mine about a popular print
+that disseminates hatred he said, "Whenever I see that paper it makes my
+blood run cold." Yet in one of the charges which that man had faced only
+about a quarter of his company came back. That charge was to him less
+hideous than some newspaper malice--a malice which is so often a matter
+of business. Since then my friend has given his life, and has left in
+one heart a desolation that is worse than death. But in that heart there
+is no hate, only sympathy for all the sorrow, both on this side and the
+other.
+
+Mr. Frederick Niven tells us the impressions of a wounded soldier who
+saw the Zeppelin burned at Cuffley. "What stuck in his mind was the
+roars that occurred when the airship took fire and began to come sagging
+and flaming down. 'It reminded me of what I have read of "Thumbs down"
+in the arenas of ancient Rome. It was the most terrible thing I have
+heard in my life. I've heard some cheering at the front, but this was
+different. Nothing out there had quite the same horrible sound.'" The
+difference can be explained. "These men," says Mr. Niven, "have seen the
+procession of the maimed, grey propping khaki, khaki propping grey, all
+trooping down to the dressing station." (_Daily News_, October 9, 1916.)
+
+And here is a letter from a brave young officer, since killed. "I
+drifted into the ---- Parish Church last evening to hear the organ and
+the singing. I was pushed into a pew up in the front, and so could not
+escape until the end of the service. I could have wept when I heard the
+sermon; it was a dreadful medieval picture of Heaven and Hell, and a
+dreadful curse on all the German people as being ready for 'Hell.' ...
+The whole service was as artificial as one could imagine--so heartless
+and so soulless. It made me feel so very sad that, as I said before, I
+could have wept openly. Do you think that the congregation, a large one,
+would take in and believe all that they heard from the pulpit? It seems
+too dreadful!"
+
+
+AND CIVILIAN KINDNESS.
+
+Yet even civilians, even German civilians, do not always hate.
+
+There is a better Germany, but it is only occasionally that we are
+allowed glimpses of it now, and we must go usually among unknown people,
+and read unpopular or comparatively obscure publications if we seek a
+wider range of vision. In December, 1914, Mrs. Jackson, wife of a golf
+professional, returned from Germany to Clacton-on-Sea. Her husband had
+been in the employ of the Cologne Golf Club. "Do you think," she was
+asked, "the German hatred of England is general?" "No," replied Mrs.
+Jackson. "Of course, the Germans hate England fiercely as a nation, but
+I do not think they do as individuals. Everyone treated us extremely
+well, although they knew our nationality, and my husband's employers are
+anxious for him to go back again to them when the war is finished."
+"Does Germany know the truth?" "I do not think so. We could not get any
+British newspapers, and only heard the German side of the question. I
+was quite thunderstruck when I heard England had joined in, and I am
+sure the German people were, too. The Germans are confident of victory,
+and so much is this so that some of my friends did not want me to go
+back, saying that I should be much safer where I was." I take this
+report from the _Clacton Graphic_ of February 20, 1915.
+
+Of course, there has been much kindness on this side, and much gratitude
+for it in Germany, but I confess that some things I have heard from the
+other side have given me twinges of patriotic jealousy. I should like to
+feel that my country is always first in generosity. When Chaplain
+O'Rorke walked unattended and in khaki through the streets of Burg,
+there was no offensive remark.[42] Three English ladies travelling in
+Germany in war-time tell me that they never suffered from one unpleasant
+word. Miss Littlefair tells of some anti-English demonstrations, but of
+far more kindness, and when her unpopular nationality became known in a
+railway carriage, there was no change in the friendliness of its
+occupants.[43] Again, a Canadian Chaplain has been allowed to travel
+free, and in his uniform, and to visit his men in different camps. He
+seems to have had no difficulty with the populace. As regards walks on
+parole, we hear from Crefeld, "There has been no trouble of any kind
+with the inhabitants."[44]
+
+
+SOME GERMAN NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER GERMAN COMMENTS.
+
+The _Frankfurter Zeitung_ is one of those German newspapers which has
+often at least worked for sanity in the national attitude. We may differ
+from some of its conclusions, but we must admire its stand against the
+flood of foolish, indiscriminate hate. On February 27, 1915, it asked:
+"What sense is there in German professors declaring that they will no
+longer collaborate with this or that scientific institution in
+England?... Salutations such as the celebrated 'God punish England' are
+not only fundamentally tasteless and theatrical, but are quite
+ridiculous.... We are deep in war, and we have to collect all our
+strength to beat our enemies, and especially to subdue our most
+dangerous enemy, England; but after the war must follow a peace which
+shall render possible calm and assured work. This work must be performed
+in conjunction with other peoples which we cannot exterminate." ...
+(Quoted in the _Times_, March 2, 1915.) On April 11, 1915, there
+appeared another telling little article, "English and German, according
+to Professor Sombart." The article is quietly ironical over Professor
+Sombart, who brings us before the court on the old charge, that we are a
+nation of shopkeepers. "The traders' spirit, that is Englishdom." I
+confess that as an Englishman I have always felt there was an
+uncomfortable amount of truth in this sneer. We are surely a somewhat
+stodgy, money-making people with far too little receptivity for new
+ideas. "I have long thought and preached," wrote Lord Haldane in the
+_Nation_ of August 7, 1915, "that the real problem in this country is
+the development of thought and ideas." Dr. Drill does not in his review
+concern himself with this charge. He remarks in passing that it is quite
+possible for a tradesman to be a hero and for a minister of war to be a
+tradesman, and then goes on to point out the futile absurdity of all
+such general charges. He cites an amusing attack on German culture by a
+lecturer at Bedford College. "We smile over his attack," says Dr. Drill.
+"May we not be afraid that educated Englishmen do the same about
+Professor Sombart?" The review tears the book to tatters, and the
+reviewer sums up the opinion of the thoughtful by declaring that the
+publication of such a piece of writing at this time of crisis is
+altogether scandalous. The course of journalists during this war has so
+often been down steep places that we are refreshed whenever we come,
+either in England or in Germany, upon so brave a stand for a sane view
+of the enemy. Karl Bleibtreu (as quoted in the _Daily News_, July 8,
+1915) writes in the _K�lnische Zeitung_, "Such foolish effusions as that
+of Professor Sombart's 'Traders and Heroes,' revealing no conception of
+the more profound movements of the soul, must be regarded as an error.
+The true perception is here blurred by a confusion of the British
+private character, which is worthy in every way of the highest respect,
+with the State policy which is dominated by a national megalomania." We
+are told that Bleibtreu abuses France. Well, we have known rather
+distinguished Englishmen abuse France, too. The _Frankfurter Zeitung_
+has spoken of "the really heroic bravery" of the Black Watch. The
+_K�lnische Zeitung_ reproduced a spirited article from the Austrian
+_Danzers Armee Zeitung_ in which that paper said the generous thing
+about Serbian, Belgian and Russian armies alike. This article also was a
+protest against the lower tone which has prevailed by no means only
+amongst the newspapers printed in German. The Serbians are spoken of as
+"an enemy who can hardly be surpassed in keenness and untiring energy."
+No one has any right, the article says, to abuse the Belgians who had a
+right to fight and who fought very well, notwithstanding the notoriously
+unmilitary character of their country. Of the Russians we are told, "We
+must admit that these armies are well led, excellently equipped, and
+splendidly armed.... There have been individual cases of disregard of
+the Red Cross, and one hears of occasional plunderings, but, as regards
+the majority, it is an honourable and chivalrous enemy that is facing
+us." The love of fair play is after all not confined to Englishmen, or
+to the opponents of Germany.
+
+The _Daily News_ of March 26, 1918, quotes from the _K�lnische Zeitung_,
+which writes of the British enemy as "defending himself with
+extraordinary determination and bravery.... Our men speak in terms of
+the highest praise of the attitude of the enemy. The Englishman is an
+extremely brave soldier." I confess I should be glad to read tributes of
+like generosity in certain popular newspapers on this side. The
+_Deutsche Tageszeitung_ is also quoted as saying that the British
+defended every one of their points of support determinedly and bravely,
+giving way only step by step. Again, von Ludendorff (March 27) is quoted
+as saying: "The English use and distribute their machine guns very
+cleverly," and there is something out of keeping with the attributed
+Ludendorff character in the remark: "The district over which the
+offensive has passed is pitiable."
+
+On April 4, 1918, the _Daily News_ contained the following under the
+heading, "A Respectful Greeting sent per balloon by the Germans":
+
+    In a dispatch from the front Reuter's special correspondent says
+    there is a certain sporting element in the German army, and
+    relates the following incident:
+
+    During the thick of the first clash a small balloon came
+    floating down to where our men were making a splendid
+    resistance. On being captured it was found to be carrying the
+    following message: "Good old 51st! Sticking it still! Good
+    luck!"
+
+    The 51st, which is one of the three first divisions to be named
+    in official communiqu�s for magnificently opposing the enemy
+    hordes, is known to be regarded by the Germans as one of our
+    most formidable corps.
+
+On April 15 we read of Armenti�res: "A Berlin semi-official statement
+says that despite the ever-increasing pressure of the enveloping troops
+the town held out extraordinarily bravely. Only when, by a flank
+onslaught of the German troops, envelopment to the west of the town was
+almost completed, did the remnant of the brave garrison surrender."
+
+And here is a letter from an Englishwoman in Germany (_Nation_, May 15,
+1915): "'Gott strafe England' is a 'Spruch' in great use here, and is to
+be had on rubber stamps.... School children are taught it.... This is a
+fact, but all the better-thinking people deplore it, and I wonder
+whether, if it is ever recorded in history, it will also be recorded
+that the Kaiser has now strictly forbidden it. It will die, but
+gradually. It is the idea of some silly loud-mouthed ass, and the
+people, like sheep, followed it." Professor Wrangel, a German authority
+on pedagogy, urges the avoidance of instilling hatred into the young,
+and he tells us that the Bavarian Government has instructed its teachers
+to avoid in their lessons all language insulting to the enemy. (_Daily
+Chronicle_, June 19, 1915.) In July, 1915, the _Frankfurter Zeitung_
+published a long article on the situation in England, written by a
+neutral observer. The London _Daily News_ describes it as giving "on the
+whole a fair and conscientious presentation of facts." The article
+points out that the average Englishman regards the war as a war of
+defence (just as the average German does). The article warmly praises
+England for the way in which it won the loyalty of the Boer Republics.
+
+In the _Montag_ (the Monday edition of the Berlin _Lokalanzeiger_) Herr
+E. Zimmermann stoutly defended actions of both neutrals and enemies that
+the more biased in Germany had condemned. "Reproach levelled against
+America for supplying war material to our enemies is unjust. Germany
+herself, at the Hague Conference, caused the rejection of the proposal
+to prohibit the supply of war material to belligerents by neutral
+countries. Only the prohibition of supply of war material by the
+Governments of neutral States exists, while private industry is free to
+act as it likes. So far America, as a State, has supplied no war
+material." In his attitude towards America, says Herr Zimmermann, the
+Imperial Chancellor "need take no notice of those ferocious heroes who
+take care to keep themselves at a distance from the hail of bullets in
+safe retreat...." We know something of those ferocious heroes on this
+side too.
+
+Again, "I cannot share in the political sentimentality which represents
+England's attempt to starve us into submission as an exceedingly mean
+thing. I cannot share in it because it would have been a pleasure to me
+if I could apply with success the same war tactics to England. We must
+not forget that it is not really a question of actually starving to
+death tens of millions of men and women, but only of constraining them
+to lay down their arms."
+
+Sir Edwin Pears writes in the _Sunday Times_ of October 10, 1915:
+
+    The _Frankfurter Zeitung_ has been allowed to publish a
+    statement which not unfairly represents the situation. It says
+    that the Greek crisis raises the question: "Who is the stronger?
+    The King with the General Staff and the great part of the Army,
+    or Venizelos and the Cabinet who embody the will of the country
+    as represented in the Chamber?"
+
+This is a singularly fair and frank statement of the facts of the
+crisis, as they at first presented themselves. The _Frankfurter Zeitung_
+is no doubt distinguished for the reasonableness of its outlook, but I
+think that anyone reading the better German newspapers must (in the days
+when they were available) have felt a little prick of wounded pride when
+he compared them with our own. The _K�lnische Zeitung_ is, for instance,
+like all belligerent newspapers, ridiculously biased; but in the earlier
+days, when I was able to see it, I did not find gross misrepresentation
+or absurd hate. The "not very tasteful 'Gott strafe England'" has given
+the English a new word, one writer remarks (Sept. 21, 1915). Naturally,
+American testimony favourable to Germany is exclusively quoted, just as
+in this country we quoted exclusively that favourable to the Entente.
+And some space was given to the utterances of such men as Sven Hedin and
+Bj�rn Bj�rnson, who, as neutral observers, had formed a high opinion of
+the way that German character was meeting the crisis. There was not,
+however, so much of the curious sanctimonious malice which has
+disfigured some of the well-known English papers.[45]
+
+
+SCHOOL-BOOKS.
+
+If children are to be told of the war at all, the central duty of any
+teacher should surely be to avoid stimulating those feelings of hatred
+which might obscure the chances of future peace. On the whole, the
+German school-books I have before me seem to fulfil this duty, or at
+least to aim at fulfilling it.[46] There are, of course, many stories of
+the achievements and the courage of the German soldiers. All peoples
+have dwelt on physical courage in too primitive a way. But these books
+scarcely encourage hate. A letter from France tells how German soldiers
+tried to help the starving people. The writer is very obviously sincere.
+"In one village near our fortifications the people were crying with
+hunger. It was woeful. I gave them all the bread I had. The children
+were always asking for more, and kissed our hands. That moved us all
+greatly. Naturally we told the Commandant." As a result, twelve women
+were allowed to pass through the lines blindfolded to fetch food from
+----. This story is not one to encourage hate, and again and again there
+are stories of German sympathy with the enemy.
+
+A sad account of incidents of the Russian invasion begins: "Of course,
+not all Russians are barbarians, most of the misdeeds are due to the
+Cossacks." (I could not help on reading this calling to mind some of the
+wilder anti-German outbursts. An official in a rather responsible
+position said to me that he could not see "a single redeeming feature in
+any one of them." It was a childish outburst, but childishness in a
+position of authority becomes cruelty.) A story one German school-book
+tells of a wounded Belgian sounds only the note of pity, and there is a
+wonderful little picture of a wounded German's suspicion of a wounded
+Russian. The story is finely told, but I cannot reproduce it all here.
+The Russian is in pain and thirst, the wounded German hesitates between
+suspicion and pity, but pity gets the upper hand, and he crawls with his
+water bottle to the Russian. Later, as he lies helpless, his fears are
+aroused by seeing the Russian fumble with something in his breast. Is it
+a revolver? The wounded German, overstrained with suffering, waits in
+terror, but the Russian dies before his hand can bring out what it
+sought. When the stretcher bearers come the German asks the leader to
+look for the revolver which he feared the Russian was trying to get out.
+The leader goes to look. He brings back what the Russian's dying hand
+was seeking. No revolver, but the portrait of his mother. This rebuke of
+hatred and suspicion would live in a child's mind for long.
+
+The effects of the anti-German outbursts can be traced even in these
+books. When an officer finds the Sisters of a nunnery in want, his ready
+help is accompanied by the words: "This little kindness is the act of
+German barbarians, who refuse all thanks. As long as we are here, each
+barbarian soldier will give up a little, so that you may have their
+savings every three days, and then you will have plenty.... Enjoy it,
+and be as happy as you can."
+
+
+BELGIUM AND WAR AIMS.
+
+Professor Martin-Rade of Marburg University is a Protestant Liberal
+Theologian and a man well known in his own country on account of his
+literary and political activities. He writes as follows in the
+_Christliche Welt_, a widely-circulated magazine of which he is the
+editor: "I can only deplore the manner in which the Chancellor in his
+speech ... has treated the question of neutral countries, for there was
+no need for him to have recourse to the proverb, 'Necessity knows no
+law.' With that proverb I cannot convince these who behold in the
+existence of neutral States a triumph of the rights of man. That is why
+it is a pity--for which it is hard indeed to make reparation--that the
+German Empire should not have abstained altogether, at the very outset,
+from the sin ... which it has committed against Belgium. Whoever accuses
+my view of being unpatriotic I challenge, by whatever test he likes, to
+show that he loves his Fatherland better than I do." (From a letter in
+the _Nation_, November 28, 1914.)
+
+Again, as early as December, 1914, at a meeting of the Socialist Party
+in the Reichstag a resolution was proposed in favour of (_a_) the
+evacuation of Belgium, and (_b_) the setting up of plebiscites in
+Schleswig and Alsace-Lorraine to determine the future government of
+those districts. It was defeated, but twenty four members voted for it.
+(_Nation_, January 23, 1915.) To estimate the full value of this we
+must try to envisage the state of mind of a nation at war. This is
+notoriously difficult. We cannot picture our _own_ state of mind,
+because it is obviously impossible at one and the same time to be
+intensely moved and to picture this emotion without emotional bias. And
+our bias renders us perhaps equally incapable of envisaging the mind of
+the enemy. It will be necessary therefore somewhat wilfully to
+exaggerate an analogy in order to see how Germans may feel. Let us
+conceive, then, twenty-four members of the House of Commons proposing
+(in the midst of the war) (_a_) the raising of all blockade restrictions
+against neutrals, the evacuation of all neutral territories (whether
+Grecian or Persian), and (_b_) the setting up of plebiscites in Ireland,
+India and Egypt, to determine the future governments of those districts.
+I can imagine somewhat heated or contemptuous treatment of this
+comparison. Just so: the Germans are heated too, and they no longer see
+clearly. And we must never forget that they have had long training in
+obedience to government. There are not wanting English politicians who
+would like to see similar training introduced here. It leads however to
+the hypnotic response of which Colonel Maude has written interestingly
+in his "War and the World's Life." The Government in Germany called for
+the defence of the Fatherland, the Government declared the invasion of
+Belgium as unavoidable. The hypnotic response followed, but at least
+twenty-four members of the national legislature woke from the trance and
+_thought_. I have attempted in my comparison only to suggest how much
+independence, how much cutting of bonds and attachments that thought
+required. I press the analogy no further. What is noticeable is that
+this thought, voiced so early and unmistakably, has been gaining wider
+and wider utterance. It appears that in December, 1914, Herr Haase,
+speaking in the Reichstag for the Social Democrats, declared that the
+party were unanimously of opinion that the facts which had come to
+light since the beginning of the war were not sufficient evidence for
+them to adopt the Imperial Chancellor's view that the violation of the
+neutrality of Luxemburg and Belgium was justified by military reasons.
+The party had come to the conclusion and had agreed that the violation
+of Luxemburg and Belgium must be regarded as a violation of justice. The
+above declaration seems to have been suppressed in the German papers. It
+reached the _Labour Leader_ from Holland.
+
+
+AGAINST ANNEXATION.
+
+We have all of us read the celebrated manifesto issued by the National
+Executive of the German Social Democratic Party which the _Vorw�rts_ was
+suppressed for publishing. Let us remind ourselves of a few passages in
+that document. It was issued in June, 1915. "When in recent years the
+threatening clouds of war gathered on the political horizon, the German
+Socialists stood with all their strength up to the last hour, for the
+preservation of peace. To the misfortune of the peoples, the Socialists
+in all countries were not yet strong enough to hold back the terrible
+fate which has come upon Europe. The torch of war flared up sharply and
+set the whole world on fire.
+
+"When the Cossacks of the Tsar passed over the frontiers, plundering and
+burning, the German Socialists proved true to the word which their
+leaders had given to the German people. They put themselves at the
+service of their country and voted the means for its defence....
+
+"The Parliamentary Party and the Party Executive have always unanimously
+opposed the policy of conquests and of annexations. We raise once more
+the sharpest protests against all attempts to secure the annexation of
+foreign territories and the violation of the rights of other peoples,
+particularly as they have been expressed in the demands of great
+Capitalist Federations and in the speeches of leading capitalist
+politicians. To make such attempts delays more than ever the peace which
+is strongly desired by the whole people. _The people do not want any
+annexations. The people want peace._--THE EXECUTIVE OF THE SOCIAL
+DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF GERMANY. June 23, 1915, Berlin."
+
+When we remember that the Social Democrats of Germany number about four
+millions,[47] the importance of this manifesto becomes clearer. It is a
+tremendous fact. The loud-voiced threats of crushing, boycott, etc., by
+influential sections on this side have been one of the greatest
+hindrances to the Social Democrats, and one of the greatest aids to
+German militarists.
+
+We heard much in 1915 of the "annexation split" in Germany. The
+Delbr�ck-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial represented, to my thinking, nothing
+strange, or new, or abnormal, but rather the voice of natural and normal
+Germany making itself heard again amidst the clamour of foolish hatred
+and silly bombast in which present-day crises seem always to involve the
+contending nations. "Germany did not enter the war with the idea of
+annexation"--thus the Memorial opens. It is easy to scoff at this
+statement, because it is always easier in a crisis to be swayed entirely
+by bias. Frankly, as regards _Germany_, that is (if this word is to have
+any meaning), as regards the mass of the German people, I believe this
+statement to be true. Whatever the militarist and commercial schemers
+may have contrived, Germany as a whole did not enter the war with the
+idea of annexation, but, as the Memorial goes on, "in order to preserve
+its existence, threatened by the enemy coalition against its national
+unity and its progressive development. In concluding peace, Germany
+cannot pursue anything that does not serve these objects." Who were the
+signatories to this Memorial? Amongst the 82 names are those of
+Professor Hans Delbr�ck, Dr. Dernburg (the ex-Minister), Professor
+Adolf von Harnack (the theologian and General Director of the Royal
+Library at Berlin), Theodore Wolff (Editor of the _Berliner Tageblatt_),
+Dr. Oppenheim (who holds an important position in the dye industries),
+Carl Permet (Judge of the Berlin Commercial Courts), Prince von
+Hatzfeld, Franz von Mendelsohn (President of the Berlin Chamber of
+Commerce), Prince Donnersmarck, Count von Leyden (ex-ambassador), Dr.
+August Stein (Editor of the _Frankfurter Zeitung_), Major von Parseval
+(the designer of the famous airship). These are representative names.
+They stand, I think, with the Social Democrats for the real Germany.
+
+The _Berliner Tageblatt_ has returned again and again to the charge.
+Here, for instance, is an extract from an article by Herr Theodore Wolff
+as given in the _Daily News_ of February 4, 1916:
+
+    Since August 4, 1914, the Belgian question has been withdrawn
+    from public discussion, and only the advocates of a boundless
+    policy of grab are now and again impelled by their temperament
+    to throw off all restraint. Because these voices are alone
+    audible, the Paris papers and those Belgian papers which are
+    published in London are able constantly to din into the ears of
+    the war-weary Belgians and the world at large that Belgium has
+    only the choice between the continuation of the war and complete
+    destruction. In this way, by asserting that in Germany at most
+    only a few Socialists and pacifists without influence are
+    opposed to the policy of annexation, they succeed in stifling
+    again and again any aspiration towards peace. It is therefore
+    necessary and useful at least to proclaim from time to time that
+    this assertion, as will be demonstrated on the very first day
+    when free discussion is allowed, is absolutely incorrect.[48]
+
+
+GERMANY AND CONTRACTS.
+
+The real German is not simply a brute, though the brute lies perdu in
+every civilised man. Mr. Herbert Hoover, formerly Chairman of the
+Commission of Relief in Belgium, said, "The German authorities place no
+obstruction in the way of relief, and, as far as can be ascertained, not
+one loaf of bread or one spoonful of salt supplied by the Relief
+Commission has been taken by the Germans." (_Times_, c. December 6,
+1914).
+
+It has often been said in this country that according to German rules
+contracts with enemy subjects are cancelled by the mere fact of war. The
+_K�lnische Zeitung_ published a legal opinion disposing of this
+statement. No law to this effect exists, and none has been enacted.
+"Only the right of enemies to secure enforcement of contracts by means
+of legal process has been curtailed. Moreover, the making of payments to
+England, France or Russia has been prohibited. But these last-named
+prohibitions presuppose the legal validity of the contracts themselves,
+since they declare the payments due under them to be merely postponed."
+(_Daily News_, August 20, 1915.)
+
+An old friend of mine was in process of negotiating patent rights in
+Germany for an invention of his at the time that war broke out. He was
+allowed to complete the claim to the patent, and it was granted him
+after Germany and Britain were at war.
+
+
+"FRIGHTFULNESS."
+
+Not every one in Germany is obsessed with a conviction of the efficacy
+of "frightfulness." This is plain from the fact that the _Frankfurter
+Zeitung_ published articles from its neutral correspondent in England
+which point out that each phase of frightfulness had precisely the
+opposite effect of that which was intended. The bombardments of coast
+towns, the use of asphyxiating gases, the sinking of the Lusitania all
+led, he remarks, to increased recruiting and intensified war feeling.
+Each act of frightfulness has of course been represented to the German
+public in a very different light from that in which it has been
+presented to us,[49] and it is therefore the more striking that so
+influential a newspaper should publish such an opinion. When the
+Lusitania was sunk, both the _Berliner Tageblatt_ and the _Vorw�rts_
+maintained an absolute silence, and these are the two most influential
+organs in Berlin.
+
+
+THE BROTHERHOOD OF ENEMIES.
+
+The soldier's attitude is often that of Captain Ball, the boy who did
+such wonders in the air fight:--
+
+    I attacked two Albatross scouts and crashed them, killing the
+    pilots. In the end I was brought down, but am quite O.K. Oh, it
+    was a good fight, and the Huns were fine sports. One tried to
+    ram me after he was hit, and only missed by inches. Am indeed
+    looked after by God, but oh! I do get tired of always living to
+    kill and am really beginning to feel like a murderer. Shall be
+    so pleased when I have finished.
+
+Quoted in the _Daily News_, May 7, 1918. Captain Ball has finished the
+killing in the only way boys can finish the killing now, for he is dead.
+The last words, _Requiescat in pace_, have a new poignancy in days when
+children are growing up who have never known peace.
+
+Yet underneath all the wild recriminations prompted by fear and hate,
+there is brotherhood. For at the worst what do all these charges mean?
+That a few foolish men without vision have slipped into power and direct
+the great beast-machine that kills. That Frankenstein is apt at all
+times to wild, primitive cruelty. What may it be when foolish, hard
+theorists are its masters? Yet, for all that, the people out of whom
+Frankensteins are made are of one flesh, are all brothers, all parts of
+the great Life which some call God. Now and then, amidst their fiercest
+fighting, this becomes plain. It sometimes seems as if the main concern
+of rulers were to prevent any permanent realisation of this truth; for
+if the peoples should realise their oneness, war would cease, and there
+is nothing that stops awkward questions as war does. Yet some day these
+awkward questions will be asked again, I hope, and Hans and Jack and
+Fran�ois and Ivan may come to realise their brotherhood. Let us remind
+ourselves how now and then they can realise this even in war. "Who will
+not recall in this connection," writes Prince Eug�ne Troubetzky in the
+_Hibbert_ (July, 1915), "the touching description of the Christmas
+festival in the trenches, when the Germans, hearing the English singing
+their hymns, went out to meet them and heartily shook their enemies by
+the hand? Similar scenes have occurred more than once between the
+Russians and the Germans. At the present moment there lies before me the
+letter of a Russian soldier which refers to them: 'What I am going to
+tell you,' he says, 'is a true miracle.' The 'miracle' which had so
+appealed to his imagination was that, during an armistice, there were
+'handshakes and hearty acclamations on both sides, to which no
+description could do justice.' ... From the very heart of war there
+issues this mighty protest of life against the destructive force of
+death. But whenever life asserts itself, its object is always to
+re-establish a living unity. The more violently unity is threatened by
+war, or by the mutual hate which would tear it asunder, the more
+powerful becomes the answer of this spiritual force in its effort to
+re-establish the integrity of mankind. In this we have the explanation
+of a fact, which at first sight seems incredible, that in time of war
+the perception of the universal solidarity of mankind reaches a degree
+of elevation which would hardly be possible in time of peace."
+
+"On Christmas Eve," writes a member of the London Rifle Brigade, "the
+Germans burned coloured lights and candles along the top of their
+trenches, and on Christmas Day a football match was played between them
+and us in front of the trench. They even allowed us to bury all our dead
+lying in front, and some of them, with hats in hand, brought in some of
+our dead officers from behind their trench, so that we could bury them
+decently. They were really magnificent in the whole thing, and jolly
+good sorts. I have now a very different opinion of the German. Both
+sides have started the firing, and are already enemies again. Strange it
+all seems, doesn't it?" (_Nation_, January 2, 1915.)
+
+"These Germans were enduring the same hardships, and the same squalor.
+There was only pity for them and a sense of comradeship, as of men
+forced by the cruel gods to be tortured by fate. This sense of
+comradeship reached strange lengths at Christmas, and on other days.
+Truces were established and men who had been engaged in trying to kill
+each other came out of opposite trenches and fraternised. They took
+photographs of mixed groups of Germans and English, arm-in-arm. They
+exchanged cigarettes, and patted each other on the shoulder, and cursed
+the war.... The war had become the most tragic farce in the world. The
+frightful senselessness of it was apparent when the enemies of two
+nations fighting to the death stood in the grey mist together and liked
+each other. They did not want to kill each other, these Saxons of the
+same race and blood, so like each other in physical appearance, and with
+the same human qualities.... The monstrous absurdity of war, this
+devil's jest, stood revealed nakedly by those little groups of men
+standing together in the mists of Flanders.... It became so apparent
+that army orders had to be issued stopping such truces."
+
+It is only by artificial stimulus, by artificially made ignorance, that
+war can be kept going in these days. By which I do not mean to imply
+that commanders and leaders are wilfully cruel men; but the leaders on
+each side are afraid lest _their_ men should give up fighting first. To
+be the first to acknowledge brotherhood seems like being the first to
+give in, and actually does foreshadow serious dangers. And yet the time
+will come when we shall have to face danger for the sake of brotherhood,
+as we do now for the sake of self-assertion. The orders to avoid
+friendship with the enemy were, even in these circumstances, not always
+obeyed. "For months after German and British soldiers in neighbouring
+trenches fixed up secret treaties by which they fired at fixed targets
+at stated periods to keep up appearances and then strolled about in
+safety, sure of each other's loyalty." (Gibbs, "The Soul of the War," p.
+351.) Prisoners were sent back to their own trenches, and sometimes went
+with great reluctance.
+
+
+WOUNDED.
+
+"He told me how on the night he had his own wound French and German
+soldiers talked together by light of the moon, which shed its pale light
+upon all those prostrate men, making their faces look very white. He
+heard the murmurs of their voices about him, and the groans of the
+dying, rising to hideous anguish as men were tortured by ghastly wounds
+and broken limbs. In that night enmity was forgotten by those who had
+fought like beasts and now lay together. A French soldier gave his
+water-bottle to a German officer who was crying out with thirst. The
+German sipped a little and then kissed the hand of the man who had been
+his enemy. 'There will be no war on the other side,' he said. Another
+Frenchman--who came from Montmartre--found lying within a yard of him a
+Luxembourgeois whom he had known as his _chasseur_ in a big hotel in
+Paris. The young German wept to see his old acquaintance. 'It is
+stupid,' he said, 'this war. You and I were happy when we were good
+friends in Paris. Why should we have been made to fight with each
+other?' He died with his arms round the neck of the soldier, who told
+me the story unashamed of his own tears." (Gibbs, l.c. p. 282) "At one
+spot where there had been a fierce hand-to-hand fight, there were
+indications that the combatants when wounded had shared their water
+bottles." (_Sheffield Telegraph_, November 14, 1914.)
+
+The following letter must not be forgotten. It was found at the side of
+a dead French cavalry officer: "There are two other men lying near me,
+and I do not think there is much hope for them either. One is an officer
+of a Scottish regiment, and the other is a private in the Uhlans. They
+were struck down after me, and when I came to myself, I found them
+bending over me, rendering first aid. The Britisher was pouring water
+down my throat from his flask, while the German was endeavouring to
+staunch my wound with an anti-septic preparation served out to them by
+their medical corps. The Highlander had one of his legs shattered, and
+the German had several pieces of shrapnel buried in his side. In spite
+of their own suffering they were trying to help me, and when I was fully
+conscious again, the German gave us a morphia injection and took one
+himself. His medical corps had also provided him with the injection and
+the needle, together with printed instructions for its use. After the
+injection, feeling wonderfully at ease, we spoke of the lives we had
+lived before the war. We all spoke English, and we talked of the women
+we had left at home. Both the German and the Britisher had only been
+married a year. I wondered, and I suppose the others did, why we had
+fought each other at all...." (_Daily Citizen_, December 21, 1914.
+Quoted in Edward Carpenter's "The Healing of Nations," p. 261.)
+
+
+MORE CHRISTMAS INCIDENTS.
+
+Let us take one or two more of the Christmas experiences as quoted by
+Mr. Edward Carpenter, in his book, "The Healing of Nations": "Last night
+(Christmas Eve) was the weirdest stunt I have ever seen. All day the
+Germans had been sniping industriously, with some success, but after
+sunset they started singing, and we replied with carols. Then they
+shouted, 'Happy Christmas!' to us, and some of us replied in German. It
+was a topping moonlight night, and we carried on long conversations, and
+kept singing to each other and cheering. Later they asked us to send one
+man out to the middle, between the trenches, with a cake, and they would
+give us a bottle of wine. Hunt went out, and five of them came out and
+gave him the wine, cigarettes and cigars. After that you could hear them
+for a long time calling from half-way, 'Englishman, kom hier.' So one or
+two more of our chaps went out and exchanged cigarettes, etc., and they
+all seemed decent fellows."
+
+Again. "We had quite a sing-song last night (Christmas Eve). The Germans
+gave a song, and then our chaps gave them one in return. A German that
+could speak English, and some others, came right up to our trenches, and
+we gave them cigarettes and papers to read, as they never get any news,
+and then we let them walk back to their own trenches. Then our chaps
+went over to their trenches, and they let them come back all right.
+About five o'clock on Christmas Eve one of them shouted across and told
+us that if we did not fire on them they would not open fire on us, and
+so the officers agreed. About twenty of them came up all at once and
+started chatting away to our chaps like old chums, and neither side
+attempted to shoot." Another soldier relates how his comrades and the
+Saxons opposed to them sang and shouted to each other through the night.
+He goes on, "When daylight came, two of our fellows, at the invitation
+of the enemy, left the trenches, met half-way and drank together. That
+completed it. They said they would not fire, if we did not; so after
+that we strolled about talking to each other."
+
+On Christmas morning, elsewhere. "We mixed together, played
+mouth-organs and took part in dances. My word! The Germans can't half
+sing part songs! We exchanged addresses and souvenirs, and when the time
+came we shook hands and saluted each other, returning to our trenches. I
+went up into the trenches on Christmas night. One wouldn't have thought
+there was a war going on. All day our soldiers and the Germans were
+talking and singing half-way between the opposing trenches. The space
+was filled with English and Germans handing one another cigars. At night
+we sang carols." Another records how souvenirs and food were exchanged,
+and how jollification and football were indulged in with the Germans.
+But "next day we got an order that all communication and friendly
+intercourse must cease." The Germans had said frankly they were tired of
+the war, the English soldiers wished to be their friends, but far away
+were a few elderly men who wanted the fighting to go on.
+
+Into what depths the need of exacerbating hate may lead one is shown by
+the following extract from a telegram headed, "British Headquarters,
+France," which I take from the _Daily News_ of December 23, 1915:
+
+    No doubt the Bosches will have plenty of Christmas trees, as
+    they did last year, but, without attaching too much credence to
+    the reports of an increasing difficulty in maintaining their
+    rations. I think it is quite safe to say that they will fare
+    very much more frugally than our own men. But may not their own
+    consciousness of the fact result in an outburst of "strafing?"
+    The principle that the next best thing to not getting well
+    served yourself is to spoil the other fellow's enjoyment is a
+    good sound Hunnish axiom. There will certainly be no amenities
+    nor anything in the nature of a truce so far as the British are
+    concerned. All ranks are bidden to remember that war is war and
+    that the Germans invariably have some sinister motive in all
+    they do, especially under the guise of a gush of friendly
+    sentiment.--Reuter.
+
+The last sentences must surely, in any generous heart (if the moral
+destruction of war has left us such), produce a feeling of acute shame.
+In all the multitude of truces that occurred at Christmas, 1914, I have
+not seen a single case of German treachery reported. What is it that is
+feared in the truce? "In some places," said a German officer, "we have
+had to change our men several times. They get too damn friendly."[50]
+"If we don't take care," said an English officer that Christmas, "there
+will be a permanent peace without generals or c.o.'s having a say in the
+matter." Is that thought really more terrible than the thought of
+unnumbered shattered bodies and hopeless hearts?
+
+How ineffectual so far are all European attempts at democracy! Carlyle's
+satire about the thirty men of Dumdrudge called out, they know not why,
+to kill thirty men from a Dumdrudge elsewhere is not referred to in
+these days; but it still expresses the essential absurdity of wars.
+
+Here is an extract from the _Labour Leader_ of August 19, 1915:
+
+    My friend must not be identified. But here is an incident he
+    told me I can safely relate. During the unauthorised Christmas
+    truce of eight months ago so chummy did a British officer and a
+    Saxon officer become that the Saxon officer gave his enemy "an
+    invitation to visit him in Germany at the end of the war," and
+    "stay as long as you like," he added. The British officer is
+    still carrying the address in his pocket in the hope that one
+    day he may be able to accept the invitation.
+
+The _Labour Leader_ is much disliked by the orthodox of England, as is
+the _Vorw�rts_ by the orthodox of Germany. It seems to me that both may
+be rendering a fine service to the cause of humanity, and one may surely
+say this without implying complete agreement with the opinions or the
+policy of either.
+
+
+WOUNDED ENEMIES.
+
+Writing home to his mother in Somerset, a member of the R.A.M.C. says:
+"You will find inside a German button for a souvenir. It was given me
+by a wounded German prisoner. After he had had his wound dressed, he
+pointed to his buttons and made signs for me to cut one off. He hardly
+knew how to thank us after he had finished his tea, and his eyes gleamed
+with gratitude as he looked around at us." (_Daily News_, August 26,
+1915.)
+
+From a private letter: "The following is first hand, and of interest.
+Dr. S. lectures on first aid to C.'s squad. During the course of a
+lecture on the heart he referred to a visit paid to the local hospital.
+In the hospital was a man who had been a prisoner in Germany. Dr. S.
+asked the man about his treatment. In the course of the talk the man
+said that if he had his choice he would prefer to be in a German
+hospital! Dr. S. smiled when he related this. 'This is not the kind of
+statement,' he said, 'that is published in the newspapers!'"
+
+There comes into my mind the photograph of a British prisoner in a
+German camp. The boy's mother was delighted to see him looking so well.
+The photograph was the more striking as the lad was wounded in the
+stomach at the time he was taken prisoner.
+
+From a private letter: "My nephew was in the Canadians and was wounded
+in the spine in a recent advance.... He was brought back to London,
+where I saw him, and he died in hospital shortly after. He told me
+himself all about it. He lay for several hours after being wounded,
+unable of course to move. When the ambulance came up, the stretcher
+bearers were Germans--prisoners of war. They saw he was cold and took
+off their own coats and wrapped him up. All the while they were under
+fire from the British guns.[51] One of them was wounded in the arm by
+shrapnel as they were carrying him, but he kept his hold. He called to
+his mate to let down the stretcher, but till it was on the ground, he
+never flinched. My nephew knew what this meant, and as he thought of
+what had been done for him by an 'enemy' his face lighted up, as he
+said, 'That man is a hero!' And he added, 'We don't feel hard towards
+them at the front.'"
+
+Again, a wounded soldier who had been prisoner in Germany says: "I could
+not have been better treated, and I know ninety companions who say the
+same. But this is not the sort of story the newspapers want." People
+very generally do not like to hear good of an enemy. In war-time this
+very human objection may become an important cause of continued strife.
+(cf., p. 108.)
+
+In the following, Philip Gibbs tells of a German doctor who tended
+friend and foe alike. "A number of Germans ... --about 250 of
+them--stayed in the dug-outs, without food and water, while our shells
+made a fury above them and smashed up the ground. They had a German
+doctor there, a giant of a man with a great heart, who had put his
+first-aid dressing station in the second line trench, and attended to
+the wounds of the men until our bombardment intensified so that no man
+could live there.
+
+"He took the wounded down to a dug-out--those who had not been carried
+back--and stayed there expecting death. But then, as he told me to-day,
+at about eleven o'clock this morning the shells ceased to scream and
+roar above-ground, and after a sudden silence he heard the noise of
+British troops. He went up to the entrance of his dug-out and said to
+some English soldiers who came up with fixed bayonets, 'My friends, I
+surrender.' Afterwards he helped to tend our own wounded, and did very
+good work for us under the fire of his own guns, which had now turned
+upon this position." (_Daily Chronicle_, July 5, 1916.)
+
+It must be easy to tell bad stories of every furious fight, but the
+right spirit is surely that shown by Mr. Gibbs in another despatch
+(_Daily Chronicle_, July 7, 1916): "The enemy behaved well, I am told,
+to our wounded men at some parts of the line, and helped them over the
+parapets. This makes us loth to tell other stories not so good."
+
+Again, on July 21, 1916: "It was the turn of the stretcher-bearers, and
+they worked with great courage. And here one must pay a tribute to the
+enemy. 'We had white men against us,' said one of the officers, 'and
+they let us get in our wounded without hindrance as soon as the fight
+was over.'"
+
+"'This war!' said a German doctor, 'We go on killing each other to no
+purpose.'" (_Daily Chronicle_, July 5, 1916.)
+
+And on this side:
+
+    The wife of a petty officer described to me the arrival of the
+    first batch of wounded. It happened that these were chiefly
+    Germans. "I thought I wouldn't care so long as I didn't see our
+    poor boys carried up," she said, "but when I saw them, Germans
+    or not, I couldn't help crying." I gathered that the sight of
+    the sufferers swept away every feeling but sympathy amongst the
+    onlookers. She told me of the funerals to the little churchyard
+    outside the barracks, and of the "loneliness" of the dead
+    Germans. She had wept by those nameless graves, thinking of
+    those that belonged to these strangers.--Louie Bennett in the
+    _Labour Leader_.
+
+I remember a Cockney boy of fifteen telling me how at Southend he had
+gone for fun to see wounded Germans brought ashore. But the fun died out
+in his heart at the reality, and he ran away.
+
+The little incident I will next mention has special charm because of the
+beautiful spirit shown by every one concerned. A wounded German, Albert
+Dill, lay in hospital here. He was asked by a visitor if there was
+anything that he specially wished for. He answered. "Flowers for the
+dear English nurse, more than anything else." The flowers were sent and
+his letter of gratitude is touching. There were far more than he
+expected, he said, and his joy was the greater. "The pleasure of the
+nurses and the doctors too was great when they saw this rich gift of
+flowers (diese reiche Blumenspende).... This day will often remind me of
+the good and self-sacrificing nursing that I have had here in this
+hospital." And the "dear English nurse" writes: "The flowers you sent at
+the request of Albert Dill were indeed most beautiful.... I have been
+nursing the German patients for a considerable time, and their gratitude
+has always been most marked. We sincerely hope that while carrying out
+our duties we have been able to relieve their sufferings, and have
+perhaps helped them to bear the misfortunes of war a little more
+patiently." This little incident is surely the greatest of victories,
+for it is a victory of the spirit.
+
+Nurse Kathleen Cambridge, who was near Mons at the time of the British
+retreat, spoke as follows of some of her experiences (_Daily News_,
+January 8, 1916):
+
+    After the battle I was very pleased to be of assistance to the
+    wounded, for whom my mother and I had arranged an ambulance. It
+    was at four o'clock that I saw the first party of British
+    prisoners being marched through from Mons to Brussels. A halt
+    was called just outside the Chateau. The Germans were very kind
+    at that time and offered their prisoners cigarettes and gave
+    them water from their bottles.
+
+    Two men, exhausted by terrible wounds, dropped into the ditch.
+    The baron went off to ask if we could be of assistance, and the
+    German doctor told him that he would be grateful for any help,
+    as he had to get on to Brussels and could not wait. The two men
+    were brought into the chateau. We did all we could for them, and
+    gradually, after some weeks, they recovered.
+
+Neglect and honourable conduct are both recorded in the next cutting
+from the _Manchester Guardian_ (September 17, 1917).
+
+    A Scotsman wounded at La Bass�e had lain for eight days in a
+    German dug-out which our troops had captured and from which they
+    had been driven. One party of Germans peering into the darkness
+    had bombed him, and added one or two slight wounds to the
+    twenty-two he already possessed. He managed to signal to the
+    second bombing party some days later, and was carried away to
+    the field hospital, where hundreds of wounded Germans were
+    lying. Here he was found by a young German engineer who had
+    spent years in Glasgow and Liverpool. "Hullo, Jock," the man
+    said kindly, "pretty bad, aren't you? I'll fetch a doctor for
+    you."
+
+    He did so, and the wounds were roughly dressed. Nothing more was
+    done for eight days, when the Scot managed to attract the
+    attention of some visiting officer to the fact that his wounds
+    were in a dreadful condition, septic and suppurating.
+
+    "He was furious," said the Scot: "made no end of a row about it,
+    and I was attended to at once. I have nothing to complain of
+    about my treatment when in hospital in Germany."
+
+From the _Daily News_, April 16, 1918:
+
+    Here is a story vouched for by a young soldier now in hospital
+    in the North of England:--"I was shot in both legs during the
+    recent fighting. As I lay, helpless and almost hopeless, for our
+    lads had been pressed back, a German officer, also wounded,
+    crawled up to me. He spoke English fluently, and it turned out
+    that he had once worked in the town from which I come. When I
+    told him I was the last of the family left to my widowed mother,
+    and that I feared it would settle her when she heard I had gone
+    too, he said: 'All right, old chap; we'll see what can be done.'
+    As soon as it was quite dark he got me to pull myself on to his
+    back. In this way he crawled to within earshot of our outposts,
+    and only left me and dragged himself in the direction of his own
+    lines when he knew my cry had been heard."
+
+From the same paper of April 11, 1918, I take the story told by a naval
+prisoner exchanged through Switzerland:
+
+    The sailor had one eye blown out and the other temporarily
+    damaged by a shell in a concentrated fire which sank his
+    destroyer in the battle of Jutland. He was picked up by an
+    already overcrowded British boat after swimming about for an
+    hour almost blind. Then a German destroyer ran alongside and
+    took aboard the whole boatload.
+
+    The voice of an officer hailed from the deck: "Don't forget the
+    British way, lads, wounded first." "He spoke such good English
+    that I took him for a Scottie," said my informant, "and I
+    thought it was a British destroyer that had picked us up. I was
+    hauled aboard, and I saw him look at my face and turn away.
+    'What's the matter, Jock?' I said. 'I'm not a Jock,' says he,
+    'I'm one of the Huns.' 'What, ain't this a British ship?' says
+    I. 'Throw me back into the sea, and let me take the chance of
+    being picked up by one of ours.' 'It can't be done, sonny,' he
+    says. 'You've got to go to Germany. But you'll be exchanged all
+    right. You're disabled.' It seems he had a relative in London,
+    and knew England well. All the time British ships were chasing
+    us and shelling us; and he hung a lifebelt near me, and said:
+    'If the British Fleet sink us that will give you a bit of a
+    chance yet.'"
+
+The following is from _Lloyd's News_, May 12, 1918, under the heading of
+"Back from the dead":
+
+    Three years ago a Twickenham resident, Mrs. Maunders, received
+    official news from the War Office that her husband, one of "The
+    Old Contemptibles," had been killed in action.
+
+    Thrown on her own resources, and having a small family to keep,
+    she struggled on, and a very good offer of marriage came along
+    and was accepted. A few days before the wedding a letter came
+    from the supposed dead husband, stating that he was badly
+    wounded and left for dead on the battlefield, but was found by
+    the enemy and nursed back to health.
+
+The following is from a private letter: "I am happy to be able to tell
+you that through the German Flying Corps dropping a message, we heard of
+[my son's] safety early in July. He writes to us and appears to be well
+and comfortable.... He was shot through the neck. He has happily quite
+recovered after being about four weeks in hospital. He has spoken only
+of kindness and attention from doctors and nurses."
+
+Again: "As you have probably heard by now, I am a wounded prisoner of
+war.... I myself got my shoulder rather badly smashed up by a machine
+gun which knocked me out, and I lay in a shell hole for about ten hours
+while our guns strafed like hell and I expected every moment to be blown
+to bits. However, I at last managed to crawl up and stagger along, and
+as I was in German lines, ran into a lot of Germans. They were awfully
+kind to me, gave me food and drink and bound up my wound, and then sent
+me along to the dressing station. I am at present in hospital in
+Belgium and expect to go to Germany almost directly. My address at the
+back will find me." What follows from the same correspondent has some
+bearing on the feeding in hospitals. "You mentioned in your last letter
+whether you could send me anything. Well, dear old chap, if you are
+feeling an angel, plenty of good plain chocolate and other delicacies
+would be awfully welcome, also some Gold Flake cigarettes." It was only
+"delicacies," it will be observed, that were asked for. This was in the
+middle of 1917.
+
+The next extract is from _Common Sense_, July 13, 1918:
+
+"The following experience of an Ullet Road boy, Private Arthur Bibby
+(6th S.W.B.), who is now recovering from a severe wound, is recorded in
+the Ullet Road Church _Calendar_ for July:
+
+    The part of the line in which Private Bibby was placed was
+    subjected to a heavy bombardment, after which the enemy
+    delivered an attack. The order to retire was given "and our
+    section made for a road which led into a village, but about a
+    hundred yards up the road I received a bullet wound which passed
+    under the shoulder-blade and pierced a portion of the lung."
+
+"Private Bibby was forced to lie down by the side of the road, and
+shortly afterwards an advance party of the Germans came along delivering
+their attack. The first wave swept past, but of those who followed one
+stopped to give Private Bibby a cigarette, another took off his wounded
+foe's equipment and made it into a pillow for his head, and put his
+water-bottle within reach, while a third made a pad out of his field
+dressing with which he staunched the wound. As he turned and followed
+his comrades, he assured his patient that the Red Cross would come soon.
+
+"A German Red Cross orderly came up shortly afterwards, and was engaged
+in dressing the wound when the order came for the Germans to retire
+before a British counter-attack. 'About ten minutes after the last had
+passed down the road our lads, counter-attacking, were creeping up the
+road, and it was not long before the R.A.M.C. lifted me on a stretcher
+and took me to the advanced dressing station.'
+
+"We congratulate Private Bibby on the recovery he is making from a
+severe wound, and are glad that he is able to bear this testimony of
+gratitude to a company of unknown but chivalrous foes.
+
+"It is, of course, well known that the Northcliffe Press refuses to
+print experiences of this kind."
+
+"Many of our wounded have passed through the same conditions of
+captivity and deliverance. They bear witness to the honourable conduct
+of the German Army doctors (majors). Here, for example, is one of the
+stories that I have heard: 'I found myself in a ditch after the battle,
+unable to move. A German doctor came by; he gave me bread and coffee and
+promised to come back in the evening if he could, or next day. That
+night and the following day passed without my seeing any one; the time
+seemed long. In the evening he came: 'I had not forgotten you,' he said,
+'but I have had no time.' He had me carried away and gave me careful
+attention.'" (_La Guerre vue d'une Ambulance_, par L'Abb� F�lix Klein,
+Aumonier de l'Ambulance am�ricaine, p. 80.)
+
+The writer continues: "Facts of this nature deserve to be recorded.
+Amidst this setting loose of horrors and hates it would be well to lay
+stress on some of those deeds which are able to soften the soul. This
+morning I see that an article has been passed in one of the most widely
+read French journals recommending that no prisoners should be made in
+forthcoming battles, but that our enemies should be 'struck down like
+wild beasts,' 'butchered like swine'! Nothing, not even the sack of
+Senlis, nothing justifies such outbursts of fury." The French soldiers,
+M. L'Abb� indicates, confine their denunciations to the Prussian
+regulars and speak well of the reserves. "They are men like us, married
+men, fathers of families, fair-minded." But for the doctors there is
+often a good word: "Le major allemand est venu, nous a soign�s, nous a
+donn� du caf�, du pain." "Le major nous a soign�s et donn� de la soupe."
+There was however, much plundering. The armies which do not plunder are
+indeed _rar� aves_. "The animosity of the English against the enemy,"
+says the Abb�, "is greater even than ours." "In the evening," runs one
+narrative, "the soldiers of the 101st put me in the wood where were many
+wounded Frenchmen and a German captain, wounded the day before. He
+suffered, he too, poor man (le pauvre malheureux)." When the Germans
+came, "some looked askance," but the captain said the Frenchmen had been
+kind, and when the Germans had taken him they came back and attended to
+the French. It was a bad time in the retreat, but French and German
+wounded shared the same fate. (l.c., p. 98.)
+
+
+WHOSE FAULT?
+
+The poor soldiers, obliged to obey orders under penalty of death,
+defending (as they believe) their homes from wanton attack, are surely,
+in the mass, but little to blame. The blame rests elsewhere. A body of
+Russian prisoners was brought into a village in East Prussia. The
+sufferings of the inhabitants during the invasion had made them bitter,
+and from the crowd of onlookers there was a scornful outcry. "At that
+one of the prisoners bent forward, shook his head and said slowly, with
+great, sad eyes, 'It is not your fault, and it is not mine.'" (Dr.
+Elisabeth Rotten in _Die Staatsb�rgerin_.) Looking at it all with fresh
+knowledge, after more than three years of war, I feel that this Russian
+spoke for all the peoples, "It is not your fault, and it is not mine."
+Meanwhile there still goes on what my wounded friend, writing from Rouen
+described as "this orgy of slaughter, this incredible and criminal
+lunacy."
+
+
+AN ORDER AGAINST KINDNESS.
+
+A girl who, with others, was attending to the enemy wounded, writes:
+"Doubtless we should have more consolation among our little soldiers,
+since here _we are forbidden to give little kindnesses and attention;_
+but I believe that before the end we shall disobey the order, because we
+put our hearts into our devotion and our pity." (_La Guerre vue d'une
+Ambulance_, p. 116.) It is a little startling to learn of orders against
+kindness to enemy wounded. In a country one of whose chief newspapers
+advocated slaughter of the enemy like swine, such orders seem unwise.
+They can surely scarcely be made except when we wilfully blind ourselves
+and imagine that our enemies do not share our humanity.
+
+
+OUR COMMON HUMANITY.
+
+Here is a letter found on one of the German dead, a man with "a good
+face, strong and kindly," so wrote the _Daily Mail_ correspondent. "My
+dearest Heart," runs the letter, "when the little ones have said their
+prayers and prayed for their dear father, and have gone to bed, I sit
+and think of thee, my love. I think of all the old days when we were
+betrothed, and I think of all our happy married life. Oh! Ludwig,
+beloved of my soul, why should people fight each other? I cannot think
+that God would wish it...."
+
+    Here in this leafy place
+    Quiet he lies;
+    Cold, with his sightless face
+    Turned to the skies;
+    'Tis but another dead:
+    All you can say is said.
+
+    Carry the body hence;
+    Kings must have slaves;
+    Kings rise to eminence
+    Over men's graves;
+    So this man's eyes are dim.
+    Cast the earth over him.
+
+    What was that white you touched,
+    There by his side?
+    Paper his hand had clutched
+    Tight ere he died?
+    Message or wish, maybe?
+    Smooth out its folds and see.
+
+       *       *       *
+
+    Ah! That beside the dead
+    Slumbered the pain!
+    Ah! That the hearts that bled
+    Slept with the slain!
+    That the grief died. But no!
+    Death will not have it so.
+
+These words of Austin Dobson were written of a French sergeant in an
+earlier war, yet they serve equally well for the German soldier in this.
+Strange that we leave it to the dead to prove their brotherhood and
+ours.
+
+Philip Gibbs tells us how in a German dug-out he picked up some letters.
+"They were all written to 'dear brother Wilhelm,' from sisters and
+brothers, sending him their loving greetings, praying that his health
+might be good, promising to send him gifts of food and yearning for his
+home-coming." They were anxious, for here had been no news for some
+time. "Every time the postman comes we hope for a little note from you."
+Can any generous heart think of that anxious waiting unmoved? Shall we
+children of one Life wait till we have wholly darkened each other's
+homes, and then call our handiwork peace?
+
+But by that time, by the judgment of God, our eyes will be opened.
+
+    We who are bound by the same grief for ever,
+    When all our sons are dead may talk together,
+    Each asking pardon of the other one,
+        For her dead son.[52]
+
+It is we at home who seem to yield only to this dread proof. With the
+fighters it is often different, as we have seen, and though the stories
+savour of repetition, the repetition is surely worth while. I have aimed
+here at no literary production, but simply at a collection of facts that
+may reach the heart. "We sing," said a soldier from Baden, "to the
+accompaniment of the piano--especially during the interval for dinner.
+We have indeed entered into a tacit agreement with the French to stop
+all fire between 12 and 1 o'clock, so that they and we might not be
+disturbed when we feed." (_Zeitung am Mittag_, as quoted in the _Daily
+Chronicle_, November 10, 1914.) "One of our teachers, a lieutenant in
+the R.F.A., who has been out most of the time, had a few days' leave
+some weeks ago. He said to the school, assembled to do him honour,
+'Boys, do not believe the stories you read about the Germans in the
+newspapers. Whatever they may have done at the beginning of the war, the
+German is a brave and noble soldier, and after the war we must be
+friends.'" (From a private letter.) A soldier writes that a diary he
+kept was blown to bits by a shell. He gave what remained of it to a
+wounded German who pleaded for it. He had met many German Socialists in
+the fighting. "It is a blessing to meet such men and amid all the
+slaughter brought about by our present system, it seems heaven upon
+earth." (_Labour Leader_, June 24, 1915.)
+
+
+ARE WE ALWAYS CHIVALROUS?
+
+It will only be making the _amende honorable_ if we do our best now to
+spread reports of good deeds of the enemy, for in the early stages of
+the war we deliberately deleted them from messages, and we have
+certainly done a great deal to conceal them ever since. Writing to the
+_Times_ in October, 1914, Mr. Herbert Corey, the American correspondent,
+said: "The _Times_ leader quotes the _Post_ as charging that I 'flatly
+made the charge that dispatches had been altered for the purpose of
+hiding the truth and blackening the German character.' I do not
+recollect this phrase. I did charge that dispatches of German
+atrocities were permitted to go through unaltered, and that sentences in
+other dispatches in which credit was given the Germans for courtesy and
+kindness were deleted. I abide by that statement."
+
+There have been many angry references to unfair German attempts to
+influence neutral opinion. A letter such as Mr. Corey's makes me able to
+understand why some neutrals have accused England of the very same
+unfairness. There is other testimony to the same effect. Mr. Edward
+Price Bell, London Correspondent of the _Chicago Daily News_, has, in a
+pamphlet published by Fisher Unwin, indicted the British censorship in
+the following terms:
+
+    I call the censorship chaotic because of the chaos in its
+    administration. I call it political because it has changed or
+    suppressed political cables. I call it discriminatory because
+    there are flagrant instances of its not holding the scales
+    evenly between correspondents and newspapers. I call it
+    unchivalrous because it has been known to elide eulogies of
+    enemy decency and enemy valour. I call it destructive because
+    its function is to destroy; it has no constructive function
+    whatever. I call it in effect anti-British and pro-German
+    because its tendency--one means, of course, its unconscious
+    tendency--often is to elevate the German name for veracity and
+    for courage above the British. I call it ludicrous, because it
+    has censored such matter as Kipling's "Recessional" and
+    Browning's poetry. I call it incompetent because one can
+    perceive no sort of collective efficiency in its work. And
+    because of the sum of these things I give it the final
+    descriptive--"incredible."--_Daily News_, January 7, 1916.
+
+There is no doubt that people often _fear_ to tell of German good deeds.
+An acquaintance of mine told me that his boy got decorated for bringing
+in a badly wounded comrade from near the German trenches. A little
+shamefacedly my informant went on: "I don't mind telling _you_, but I
+_shouldn't like it to be known generally here_, that I know the Germans
+act well sometimes. My boy wrote he would have had no chance, but he
+heard the Germans give the order to cease fire." My informant evidently
+feared the neighbours would call him pro-German if he told this to them,
+but he thought he might venture to tell a pacifist.[53]
+
+One notices this fear sometimes in rather amusing ways. In a railway
+compartment with me were a loud-mouthed patriotic woman "war-worker" and
+a mere soldier back from the front. I'm afraid I got a little at
+loggerheads with the war-worker, who adopted in argument a kind of
+furious grin which revealed a formidable row of teeth that in my
+mind-picture of her have become symbolically almost gigantic. I turned
+for relief to the mere soldier, and while the train was moving we had a
+pleasant dip into soldier philosophy. "I've come to the conclusion that
+there's good and bad everywhere," he said. "I've known bad Germans, and
+I've known Germans to look after our wounded as well as a British Tommy
+could look after his chum." There was more to this effect, but whenever
+the train stopped and our voices became audible to others, we were
+silent. The fear of that row of teeth was, I think in both our hearts,
+and I could see the mere soldier looking timid before them.
+
+Fair play to the enemy's character is a concession not quite so easy to
+the average Englishman as he supposes. "The Anglo-Saxon race has never
+been remarkable for magnanimity towards a fallen foe." Just now, when we
+are inclined to be almost afraid of the excess of chivalry which
+possesses us, there may be useful corrective in these words of
+Lieutenant-General Sir William Butler, K.C.B. There has been much
+searching of old history books of late to find out what was said in the
+days of Tacitus against the Germans.[54] (What Tacitus said in their
+favour is not considered.) Perhaps on the other side there are
+investigators searching their history books for ancient opinions of the
+English. "Strike well these English," said Duke William to his Normans,
+"show no weakness towards these English, for they will have no pity for
+you. Neither the coward for running well, nor the bold man for fighting
+well will be better liked by the English, nor will any be more spared on
+either account." Butler approved this verdict. We shall not readily
+agree with him. Yet he did not speak without cause: he had known an
+English general kick the dead body of an African King, who "was a
+soldier every inch of him," and he had known the colonists spit upon an
+African chief brought bound and helpless through Natal. ("Far Out," p.
+131.) I believe myself there is a great and ready generosity in the
+hearts of the English people, but he must surely be a man invariably on
+the "correct" side who has not more than once come across the official
+Englishman who could be a bully to those in his power.
+
+
+SOME BRITISH OPINIONS.
+
+"I am disgusted by the accounts I see in the papers of the inferiority
+of Germans as soldiers. Don't believe one word of it. They are quite
+splendid in every way. Their courage, efficiency, organisation,
+equipment and leading are all of the very best, and never surpassed by
+any troops ever raised. They come on in masses against our trenches and
+machine guns, and come time after time, and they are never quiescent,
+but always on the offensive. I am full of admiration for them, and so
+are all who know anything about them. It is a pity that such fine
+soldiers should have behaved so badly in Belgium and here; they have
+behaved badly, there is no doubt about it, but nothing like what is said
+of them--any way in parts I have been through." These words from a
+General Officer commanding a brigade occur in a letter published in the
+_Times_ of November 19, 1914. Yet these "quite splendid" fighters are
+the men of whom a learned professor appointed by the Government has
+written that they are "rotten to the core." There is some discrepancy
+here. "They are great workers, these Germans," wrote Philip Gibbs
+(_Daily Chronicle_, July 5, 1916), "and wonderful soldiers."
+
+"An officer of the _Sydney_ gave a quite enthusiastic account of the
+officers of the _Emden_. 'Vitthoef, the torpedo lieutenant, was a
+thoroughly nice fellow. Lieutenant Schal was also a good fellow and half
+English. It quite shook them when they found that the captain had asked
+that there be no cheering on entering Colombo, but we certainly did not
+want cheering with rows of badly wounded men (almost all German) laid
+out in cots on the quarter deck. Captain von M�ller is a very fine
+fellow.... The day he was leaving the ship at Colombo, he came up to me
+on the quarter-deck and thanked me in connection with the rescue of the
+wounded, shook hands and saluted, which was very nice and polite of
+him.... Prince Hohenzollern was a decent enough fellow. In fact, we
+seemed to agree that it was our job to knock one another out, but there
+was no malice in it.' This is the ideal fighting, 'with no malice in
+it.' It has been achieved by many English and Germans, and that gives
+hope for the future. Let us make the most, not the least, of what points
+towards a better understanding.... At the beginning of November
+'Eye-Witness' records how English prisoners had been sheltered by the
+Germans in cellars to protect them from the bombardment of their own
+side. An Anglo-Indian tells of a wounded havildar who was noticed by a
+German officer. 'The German officer spoke to him in Hindustani, asking
+him the number of his regiment, and where he came from. He bound up his
+wounds, gave him a drink, and brought him a bundle of straw to support
+his head. This will be remembered to the credit side of our German
+account.'
+
+"A wounded officer addressed some students at one of our universities.
+He protested humorously that he was not a 'pro-German,' and then spoke
+up for a fair view of the enemy. When he was being carried into
+hospital, he noticed an anti-aircraft gun just outside the hospital.
+This struck him as, to say the least, unwise. He expected the hospital
+to be shelled, and this occurred. He did not blame the Germans. On
+another occasion a farm near the firing line was used for first aid. It
+was not obviously a hospital and was fired on. The Commanding Officer
+sent a note to Von Kluck to explain matters, and the farm was never
+after exposed to fire.[55] He had seen a church damaged by German shell
+fire, but this was one which he had himself seen used by the French for
+observation purposes.[56] The same officer uttered a warning against
+believing all that was in the 'Tommies' letters. At one time when he was
+censoring letters, one passed through his hands from a Tommy only just
+arrived in France, and never in the firing line. He described an immense
+battle in which the English did wonders and he himself had marvellous
+duties to perform. As far as the military situation was concerned the
+letter was quite harmless, so it was allowed to go through. It was
+something like the intelligence to the publication of which the Press
+Bureau 'does not object.'"[57][58]
+
+In her book, "My War Experiences on Two Continents," Miss Macnaughten
+writes of the Germans: "Individually, I always like them, and it is
+useless to say I don't. They are all polite and grateful, and I thought
+to-day, when the prisoners were surrounded by a gaping crowd, that they
+bore themselves very well." (p. 127). Again, "I found one young German
+with both hands smashed. He was not ill enough to have a bed, of course,
+but sat with his head fallen forward trying to sleep on a chair. I fed
+him with porridge and milk out of a little bowl, and when he had
+finished half of it he said, 'I won't have any more. I am afraid there
+will be none for the others.'" (p. 37.) Unfortunately, Miss Macnaughten
+too readily accepted war stories. She writes of "country houses" where
+he heard German prisoners here lived in luxury, "and they say girls are
+allowed to come and play lawn tennis with them." The humour of this will
+be apparent to any who have visited internment camps. Lawn tennis was,
+however, possible at some camps, both here and in Germany--there were
+seven courts at Ruhleben. Some of the atrocity stories many of us will
+recognise as not so reliable as Miss Macnaughten supposed. It is her
+personal experiences which are important, and, like the Scotchman[59]
+(whom she quotes) she has, not hatred, but respect, for the Germans whom
+she herself meets.
+
+
+THE EASE OF ACCUSATION.
+
+Again and again, everywhere, we find readiness to accept stories against
+the enemy on very slender evidence. At the time of the loss of our three
+cruisers I saw in one of the better newspapers a large heading, "German
+Treachery. Fighting under the Dutch Flag." I looked down the columns for
+evidence. No mention of such a circumstance in the official report, none
+in the letter from the chief correspondent; but at last I found that
+some one at Harwich had "heard of" such an incident. We must remember
+that only cool and clear intellects are likely at such a time to give
+an accurate account of facts. Between others mutual recrimination may
+readily arise. An officer on H.M.A.S. _Sydney_ wrote after the attack on
+the _Emden_: "It was very interesting talking to some of the German
+officers afterwards. On the first day they were on board one said to me,
+'You fire on the white flag.' I at once took the matter up, and the
+torpedo-lieutenant and an engineer (of the _Emden_) both said
+emphatically, 'No, that is not so; you did not fire on the white flag.'
+But we did not leave it at that. One of us went to the captain, and he
+got from Captain von M�ller an assurance that we had done nothing of the
+kind, and that he intended to assemble his officers and tell them so."
+Note how readily on the other side, amongst those less responsible or
+less cool-headed, a tale may grow up against _us_. Let us observe in
+considering tales against them the same caution that we should wish them
+to exercise in considering tales against us.[60]
+
+
+TROOPS IN OCCUPATION.
+
+Witnesses from Brussels and from Ghent have spoken well of the personal
+behaviour of both soldiers and officers. A neutral correspondent writes
+in the _Times_ of January 28, 1915:
+
+    "On the whole it cannot be said that the behaviour of the German
+    officers and soldiers towards the population of Ghent is bad.
+    When the German troops entered the city, strict injunctions were
+    given them to refrain from pillaging, and to pay for everything
+    they bought in the shops, very much to the disgust of many...."
+
+Mr. Gabriel Mourey has written an account of his custody of the Palais
+de Compi�gne during the invasion. The _Times_ review of this book is so
+interesting that I propose to give some extracts from it:
+
+    First the palace served as the general headquarters of the
+    British Army during the last stage of the strategic retreat to
+    the Marne; and in the closing days of August, M. Mourey looked
+    out of his window to see Generals French and Joffre walking up
+    and down the terrace in consultation, while in the park English
+    soldiers were shaving themselves calmly before little pieces of
+    broken mirror. In a night they had left Compi�gne, blowing up
+    the Louis XV. bridge ("utterly improved," and therefore no great
+    loss). On the next day came the Uhlans, by no means so terrible
+    as they had been painted.... Von Kluck was to make his
+    headquarters there for a day, and the first announcement of the
+    doubtful honour was brought by an engineer lieutenant, who came
+    to make a wireless installation on the palace roof. He was very
+    quick, but he found time to inform the conservator that his name
+    was Maurin, that it was a French name. He repeated it many
+    times, "C'est un nom fran�ais," and he was plainly proud of it.
+    Then came Von Kluck himself, asking in polite and excellent
+    French that he might be shown over the palace. Of him M. Mourey
+    draws a by no means unattractive picture, urbane yet reserved,
+    with real admiration for the treasures of the Palace, discreetly
+    murmuring "Je sais" at the close of every explanation, not
+    offensively, but as though some long forgotten memory had
+    returned to him, making his frequent "Kolossal" sound in his
+    conductor's ears as gently as the continual "Very nice" of the
+    British Officer, and, his visit over, promising that respect
+    should be paid to the monument of Imperial France.
+
+    But Von Kluck could not stay. He was followed by Von Marwitz, no
+    less polite, no less sympathetic to M. Mourey's natural fears,
+    and generous enough to write and sign a proclamation forbidding
+    his troops to lay their hand upon the palace. He, too, went his
+    way. Von Kluck's Quartermaster-General seized the opportunity of
+    making a private levy of 5,000f. upon the town before he sped
+    like Gehazi after his master's chariot. Then ensued the brief
+    reign of lesser men, stupid, brutal, blustering, bullying,
+    insulting, because they feared a civilisation which they could
+    not understand.
+
+I think we know such men, and many privates know such men, elsewhere
+than in the German army. Germany may have cultivated them in greater
+numbers--that is highly probable--but they are rife everywhere, and
+under favourable circumstances they thrive exceedingly.
+
+    Their insolent arrogance culminated in a certain aide-de-camp,
+    who arrived post-haste to say that the Palace must be instantly
+    made ready to receive an Excellence _par excellence_. A man of
+    imagination this aide-de-camp, for when at his command M. Mourey
+    showed him over the palace and pointed out the gaps in the
+    collections made by the soldiers' pilfery, he said with an
+    all-explanatory air, "But why didn't you get souvenirs ready for
+    the officers?" The Excellence whom this right Brandenburger
+    heralded was no less than the Kaiser himself, and M. Mourey is
+    convinced that it is to the Imperial intention that the safety
+    of Compi�gne is owing. It may be: but we prefer to think that
+    honourable foes such as Von Kluck and Von Marwitz had their
+    share in the unusual consummation.[61]
+
+"The Irish Nuns at Ypres" gives an account of their experiences by a
+member of the Community. In a review (May 27, 1915), the _Times_
+Literary Supplement says:
+
+    For us in England it is hard to realise the feeling of sickening
+    anxiety with which, on October 7, these defenceless ladies
+    witnessed the arrival in Ypres of the devastators of Belgium. On
+    this occasion, apart from a certain amount of looting, the
+    Germans behaved "pretty civilly," and the Abbey had nothing to
+    complain of but want of bread.
+
+Another French account of the invaders in Northern France is given by
+Gabriele and Margerita Yerta, "Six Women and the Invasion." Their
+experiences were variable. "It is clear," writes a reviewer in the
+_Nation_, "that Herr Major, and 'Barlu,' and 'Crafleux' and the two
+'model Prussians,' who replenished the house with coal and provisions,
+and offered the ladies game they had shot, only sinned by their
+over-gallantry. But things changed for the worse with the coming of a
+hundred Death's Head Hussars and Lieutenant von Bernhausen.... Nothing
+very outrageous is recorded, but there was dragooning, inquisition,
+drunkenness. Bernhausen's reign lasted two months." As to outrages on
+women, Madame Yerta writes: "To be sure there were rapes, but, thanks be
+to God, these were few, and they took place at the beginning of the
+invasion.... I must confess that many a woman was the victim of her own
+imprudence." The book is, naturally, fiercely anti-German, its facts
+are, however, those of any war story.
+
+Again, "On the whole the Germans behaved well at St. Quentin. Their rule
+was stern but just, and although the civil population had been put on
+rations of black bread, they got enough, and it was not, after all, so
+bad." This testimony is the more noteworthy because, "as one of the most
+important bases of the German Army in France the town was continually
+filled with troops of every regiment, who stayed a little while and then
+passed on." (Philip Gibbs, "The Soul of the War," p. 152.) It is a
+little startling to read some more that Mr. Gibbs has to say.
+French-women were ready to sell themselves to German soldiers, and "such
+outrageous scenes took place that the German order to close some of the
+caf�s was hailed as a boon by the decent citizens, who saw the women
+expelled by order of the German commandant with enormous thankfulness."
+I am not so surprised at this now as when I first read it. An English
+soldier has since told me that the "silliness" (as he called it) of
+women for soldiers leads them, in more cases than he could have
+imagined, to bestow themselves on either friend or enemy. Women with
+child had said to him quite proudly that it was by a German soldier!
+
+From a private letter: "One of the party is a French officer who tells
+the tale. After the Marne retreat he was crossing over the territory
+evacuated by the Germans, and made inquiry of the villagers who had
+housed the enemy, how they had been treated, what barbarities had been
+committed, and so forth. The villagers were surprised. The Germans had
+behaved like gentlemen, had paid for what they used, and had treated
+them with perfect courtesy. What, no looting? On the contrary, the
+German officer had a soldier shot for a very small act of pillage....
+'We're soldiers, not robbers,' he said." I cannot vouch for this story,
+but it gives just the same impression as the account given by Dr.
+Scarlett-Synge (see pp. 149ff). It is also remarkably similar to
+experiences recounted by C.�A. Winn (Baron Headley) who was with the
+Prussians in 1870. ("What I saw of the War," p. 44.) When he himself had
+taken some vegetables from a garden, he was told by his officer friends
+that any sort of pillage was the "greatest offence a friend of the
+Prussians could be guilty of." And Mr. Winn speaks of "the many
+instances of the remarkable efforts of the authorities of the Prussian
+army to prevent plunders by their soldiers." It must be remembered that
+deliberate destruction for military reasons, or as punishment (carried
+out by all armies) is very different from theft. I do not for a moment
+suppose that this standard is always reached by the German armies. That
+it has often been aimed at is something to remember.
+
+I may add here a rather interesting quotation from Colonel F.�N. Maude's
+book, "War and the World's Life." On page 11 he writes: "I do not
+suggest that life in the Prussian army has at any time been ideal, but I
+do assert, from personal knowledge, that relatively to their respective
+stages of civilisation the treatment of the Prussian soldier, since
+1815, has at all times been fairer and more humane than in any other
+army. The fact is proved by the very high standard of discipline
+maintained, together with the extraordinary absence of military crime
+which has so long distinguished it."
+
+I am reminded, too, of one of the first experiences of a friend of mine
+in France. He reached a village through which the Uhlans had passed. Had
+the inhabitants any complaints of their behaviour? None whatever.[62]
+Their only indignation was directed against some English soldiers who
+(if their story be correct) had behaved abominably. It was a curious
+shock of reality for my friend. He realised that sometimes the enemy
+might behave well, and sometimes bad stories of English soldiers might
+be circulated (even amongst Allies). I am quite sure that no soldiers in
+the world would, in general, have more natural humanity than the
+British, and perhaps none would have as much. I contend only against the
+belief that one side is impeccable, and the other hopelessly barbarian.
+
+
+FROM THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW; A COMMON MEMORIAL.
+
+Here are a few extracts from the _International Review_, a periodical
+published at Z�rich, and with co-operators in Russia, Denmark, Germany,
+Austria, Italy, America, Great Britain. "The yearning of human beings
+towards mutual understanding needs to-day a new organ for its
+expression." Hence this review--a review naturally pronounced pro-German
+by our Junker Press, since it presents, amongst other things, moderate
+statements of the German standpoint. The only internationalism which
+this Press can recognise is one that is exclusively English. So exactly,
+_mutatis mutandis_, do German and English chauvinism coincide. The
+extracts which follow are taken from the first number of the review.
+"Under the title, 'German-French Chivalry,' the _Volksstimme_, of
+Frankfurt a.M. (June 19, 1915), describes the dedication of a memorial
+to three thousand dead at Sedan on June 12. The leaders of the German
+army were present, and the French authorities officially shared in the
+proceedings. The short inscriptions on the simple monuments are in both
+French and German. They refer alike to the seventeen hundred French and
+the thirteen hundred Germans who fell on August 27 during the battle on
+the heights of Noyers."
+
+
+A STORY FROM FRANCE.
+
+From _L'Action Fran�aise_, Paris (June 12, 1915), is cited a description
+of the poignancy of war, of which the following is a translation:
+
+    There had been a fierce fight in front of a fortress. Many dead
+    lay on the ground, and a few wounded who were dying. In the
+    night we heard weak cries, 'Kamerad, Kamerad!' We answered,
+    thinking it was a German who wished to give himself up. The
+    cries were repeated. We thought of treachery, and each took his
+    stand in readiness. Suddenly, there came in pure French:
+    'Camerades Fran�ais!' 'What is it?' 'A wounded man lies near
+    you.' 'No.' 'Yes, in front of the trench.' 'We have just made a
+    round, and found only dead.' 'Yes, but there _is_ a wounded man
+    there who is calling. Can you not look for him?' 'No.' And then
+    in the silence we hear again, 'Kamerad, Kamerad!' The German
+    officer speaks again, very politely: 'French comrades, may we go
+    to look for the wounded man?' An inflexible 'No' is the answer.
+    Is not some trick concealed under his apparent humanity and his
+    persistence? 'Well, then,' calls the German again, 'go yourself
+    and look; we shall not shoot.' Can we trust a German's word,
+    after all that they have done? But there is no long delay. A man
+    from Lille springs forward: 'All right, I will go to fetch him,'
+    he says. 'I will go with him,' I say to the Lieutenant. The
+    leader of my squadron brings some others. The wounded man calls:
+    'Kamerad! Do not kill me!' We reassure him as to our intentions,
+    and as he has a shattered hip we carry him to our lines, and on
+    the way in spite of his suffering, he keeps on repeating with
+    every kind of modulation, 'Good comrade.' He was a young man,
+    scarcely eighteen years old, of the 205th Infantry.
+
+    I call to the enemy trenches: 'We have brought in one wounded
+    man, are there any others there?' 'Yes. 20 metres further to the
+    right.' We look round. 'There are none there, only dead.' 'Wait,
+    we will give you some light.' A few words in German which we
+    cannot understand. Will they simply shoot us down? Suddenly two
+    splendid rockets go up: we can see as if it were midday. We are
+    half a dozen marines and are standing twenty metres from the
+    German trenches. On the other side of the wire entanglements an
+    officer and men, behind the breastwork pointed helmets and caps.
+    All remains quiet. We look round carefully. 'Nothing. There are
+    only corpses here. We are going back, you go back, too.' 'Merci,
+    camerades fran�ais!' calls the officer, and his men repeat the
+    greeting of their superior. As soon as we are behind our
+    breastwork our Lieutenant gives a command loud enough to be
+    heard at sixty metres. 'In the air--Fire!' From over there once
+    more, 'Thank you, comrades,' as answer to our salvo, and all
+    falls back once more into the silence of the night; the work of
+    death can go on again. But for this one night not a shot was
+    heard around us.
+
+How much sanity is there in a world that sets such men to kill each
+other, and eggs them on to hate?
+
+
+GERMAN HELP OF "ALIEN ENEMIES."
+
+In Germany (as already mentioned in Chap. IV.) is a 'Committee for
+advice and help to natives and foreigners in State and international
+affairs.' It deals with those of all nationalities, and one branch of it
+corresponds in many ways to the similar Emergency Committee in England
+for assistance of Germans, Austrians and Hungarians in distress.
+
+What, however, is most striking is the number of cases of individual
+kindness shown by Germans to "alien enemies." The minds of many might be
+cleared on this subject if they would read a charming and unpretentious
+little book, "An English Girl's Adventures in Hostile Germany," by Mary
+Littlefair, published by John Long, Ltd. The authoress saw and heard
+absurd Press charges on the other side, and something, too, of the
+irrational hatred of war-time, but the little book is a record of almost
+nothing but kindness, and gives fresh hope to those who had begun to
+despair of human nature.[63] Here are two cases of singular beauty from
+Nauheim. A postman "happened to know of a poor English lady whose funds
+had come to an end, and who had in consequence offered to wash up the
+crockery at her pension in return for her board and lodging, and he told
+her one morning that he had forty pounds saved up which she should have,
+and welcome, if she was in need." The case of the bath-chair woman was
+not less touching and generous, for she and her husband, a
+crossing-sweeper, also put their savings at the disposal of an invalid
+lady his wife used to wheel out every day, telling her that, though
+their cottage was only small, they did possess a tiny spare room, and
+they would be so glad if she would come to them as their honoured guest,
+supposing--as at present seemed likely--the English would have to spend
+the winter in Nauheim; they would indeed do their best to make her happy
+and comfortable.[64]
+
+On more than one occasion in the railway trains the "enemy" character of
+Miss Littlefair and those who were with her was revealed, but no
+unkindness was shown. The last occasion was in October, 1914. "'Shall
+you have to travel farther, or does your journey end in Munich,' 'No,' I
+said, 'we hope to go on to Switzerland to-morrow.' 'O, how delightful!
+You are lucky. It is such a beautiful country. Tell me, are you
+foreigners by any chance--American, or perhaps English?' she queried.
+'English,' I replied. The truth was out, and I looked to see a change of
+feeling reflected in her pleasant, winsome face; but her expression
+remained as kind and as interested as before, and her manner as cordial,
+so I told her more about ourselves, as there was no longer any need of
+reserve, and she had told me so much of their affairs." There was, of
+course, the usual patriotic bias, but it was expressed with real good
+feeling. "'Of course, we don't hold the English people personally
+responsible for the war,' she said, 'but we think that England[65] has
+behaved very shabbily. It is very grieving, though, that the two
+countries should be at war.' She had two or three English friends, and
+told me about them till our arrival in Munich, where our confidences
+were necessarily cut short, and we took an affectionate leave of one
+another." (p. 123.)
+
+The following incident also shows simple folk made clear-sighted by
+kindness of heart: "On another occasion Christine and one of the ladies
+in our hotel went into a shop to buy some beautiful lace which was being
+sold at half-price. 'We have to sell it cheaply because of the war,'
+explained the assistant: 'ach! it is terrible! We never wanted this war,
+and I am sure you did not either. You and I are not enemies, it is
+ridiculous. Let us shake hands to show we are friends. Yes!' And they
+did."[66] Good! That handshake, let us hope, will outweigh many a
+hysterical outburst on both sides.
+
+An English schoolmaster was, with his wife and family, in Germany at the
+outbreak of war. He testifies to the quite wonderful kindness he
+received. Almost daily he was taken by his hosts to other houses, and at
+the _Kaffeeklatsch_ which ensued there was never anything but a finely
+chivalrous courtesy. So grateful did the schoolmaster feel that (just as
+with Germans befriended here) he felt he must make some sort of return
+to the "enemy." He explained the situation, and obtained permission to
+take two interned enemy nationals into his house. They in their turn
+felt that movement of gratitude which the preachers of hate refuse to
+believe in. They wanted to make some return to the schoolmaster, for
+schoolmasters are usually poor men. "If you do that," he said, "I shall
+feel I am doing nothing." There was a dispute of kindness, and in the
+end a _modus vivendi_ of gratitude was arrived at. How strange the
+methods of force seem by comparison. The two men are now interned once
+more--surely a sorry end to a story of such fine humanity.
+
+From Mrs. K. Warmington: "There are two little instances that stand out
+in my mind very clearly, and I think speak for themselves. The first
+relates to an English lady, her husband, and her son, with whom I made
+acquaintance at the English Consul's office. Later on I met the same
+lady at the American Consul's office; she was in deep distress, as her
+husband and son had been arrested and put into prison. Through the
+influence of an American that we met at an hotel, we got a permit to go
+and see a military commandant at the barracks to see if anything could
+be done for them. When we arrived, he treated us most courteously, and
+listened patiently to what we had to say. He rang a doctor up on the
+telephone, and, as far as we could make out, told the doctor to examine
+these men, and to pronounce them ill. He then turned to us, and told us
+to return in the afternoon, when he would fetch them in his own
+motor-car, which he did. He also gave us a paper asking the civil
+authorities to do all they could to aid us to get away, shook hands, and
+wished us a safe journey.
+
+"The other instance relates more to myself. We were at N�remberg,
+Bavaria. We had permission to leave for Lindau, on the borders of Lake
+Constance, on our way to Romanshorn in Switzerland. The journey was a
+rather expensive one for me, as I had very little money, little more
+indeed than a cheque, which was valueless. A young German, who was
+shortly going into the Navy, whom I had known only about a month,
+hearing of my case came to me, and gave me �9 in English gold to enable
+me to travel more comfortably.
+
+"My father was German, my mother English, and my husband English. I was
+in Germany in 1914 from July 26 to August 26. As my son was of military
+age, and I did not want him interned, I got what influence I could to
+get him away. He was finally released at the end of August, and we were
+allowed to go on to Switzerland."
+
+In the course of 1915 an English born woman returned to her husband in
+Munich. Her sister wrote to me of the extreme kindness with which this
+lady was received by her German friends. Many English wives of interned
+men have gone to Germany to their husband's families, and one hears the
+same account of extreme kindness. In Offenbach alone there are twenty
+English wives with forty English born children. _Special classes have
+been opened for them._ After all, there are some German methods which
+are worthy of imitation. There seems at times a danger of our imitating
+what is _worst_ in our enemies, partly as a result of a desire to ignore
+what is better.
+
+The letter which follows appeared in the _Times_ of September 2, 1914:
+
+    Sir,--Various rumours are finding their way into the German
+    papers respecting the harsh treatment which certain Germans are
+    said to have received in England. We British subjects who are
+    being kindly and hospitably treated by Germans earnestly hope
+    that these reports are, at any rate, much exaggerated.
+
+    It is well that the British public should understand the
+    position of their fellow countrymen here. At the outbreak of the
+    war British subjects in out-of-the-way places were given safe
+    conducts to suitable centres, such as Baden-Baden, and there
+    allowed to choose places of abode according to their tastes and
+    means. Such restrictions as are put upon their movements are in
+    their own interests. The authorities have exhorted the
+    inhabitants publicly as well as by house to house visitations to
+    treat foreigners with respect and courtesy, taking pride in thus
+    proving their claim to a truly high standard of civilisation,
+    and the people have responded nobly to this appeal. Not only
+    have hotel and pension-keepers done everything in their power to
+    accommodate their visitors, at the most reduced prices, giving
+    credit in many instances, but several cases have come to our
+    notice in which Germans have housed and fed English women and
+    children, who were perfect strangers to them, out of pure
+    humanity and good feeling.
+
+    You, sir, can imagine how galling it must be to these people
+    when they read in their papers of the very different treatment
+    alleged to have been shown to Germans in England, and how
+    painful and humiliating a position is thereby created for us
+    here. England has hitherto enjoyed such a high reputation for
+    chivalry and hospitality that tales to the contrary cause
+    Germans a half incredulous shock. It it not too late for
+    England to prove that she is living up to her old standard and
+    that she refuses to be outdone in magnanimity towards the
+    stranger within her gates....
+
+    (A paragraph follows as to the means by which money can be sent
+    to Britons _via_ neutral countries.)
+
+        (Signed) DOROTHY ACTON (Lady).
+                F. BULLOCK-WEBSTER, M.A., Oxon, Resident Chaplain of
+                  Baden-Baden.
+                WM. MACINTOSH, Dr. Ph., Resident English Chaplain,
+                  Freiburg, i.B.
+
+    Baden-Baden,
+        August 20, 1914.
+
+Some account may be given of a party of 190 Englishwomen and 14 children
+who landed at Queenborough on September 22, 1914. (_Times_, September
+23, 1914.) "... With one accord they spoke in terms of praise, both of
+their treatment in Germany and of the kindness shown to them on the
+journey.... 'We have received kindness everywhere,' said one of a party
+from Dantzig. 'The Germans have been absolutely stunning to us.... I
+have not heard of one English person being molested anywhere in
+Germany.'" The Englishwomen did noble work on their part, especially for
+the fugitives from East Prussia. "One Sunday we fed and clothed 290 who
+had come in without a rag to their backs."
+
+"I was arrested in Berlin as a Russian spy, because a bomb had been
+found in the house next to mine, and because a woman in the street said
+that she had seen me putting bombs in my hat-box, and that she had seen
+me with a Russian. I did, as a matter of fact, know a Russian student,
+but he was not the man she meant. I was taken to the police station and
+searched twice in the same day. They kept me in prison for two days and
+nights, giving me very bad food, and then they released me because they
+had no real evidence against me. When I came out, strangely enough it
+was German people who gave me hospitality until I was able to leave
+Berlin."
+
+Again, "The German women are crazy over our Scottish troops and their
+kilts. Some of them used to go out and give the prisoners cigarettes,
+chocolates and flowers, but that has been forbidden now."
+
+A party of 178 who landed at Folkestone had varying stories to tell.
+"Nothing could possibly be better than the treatment we have received,"
+said one, "everybody--official, police and public--treated us with the
+greatest kindness and the utmost courtesy." "The Germans are brutes,
+absolute brutes," said another. Probably a third, who described both
+statements as exaggerations, came nearer the average truth. One of this
+same party described the kilts referred to above as causing matronly
+indignation in Berlin.[67]
+
+In the _Times_ of September 24, 1914, appeared a letter on the subject
+of English exiles in Berlin:
+
+    I have read with interest and approval the statements of
+    Englishwomen who have returned from Germany, as reported in the
+    _Times_ to-day, with regard to the conduct of the German people.
+    As one of the party which arrived at Queensborough by the
+    special boat, I wish publicly to express my warm appreciation
+    not only of the considerate treatment which the people of Berlin
+    showed towards English people there, but particularly to the
+    splendid services rendered to us by the American Embassy, which
+    made all the arrangements for our return, and by the Consular
+    and municipal authorities in Holland, who supplied us with food
+    during our journey through that country.
+
+    May I add that I went about in Berlin as freely as I can now in
+    London, and that at no time since the outbreak of the war have I
+    seen a single British subject molested.
+
+                                 (Signed) L. TYRWHITT DRAKE.
+
+    Ladies' Imperial Club,
+        September 23.
+
+Here also is a fact that should give us pause. In a prisoner camp at
+Frankfurt a-Oder is a large building erected as a place of entertainment
+and general meeting hall. It is used by Russian prisoners, and _a
+considerable contribution towards its erection was collected by
+house-to-house visitation in Frankfurt._ To appreciate this fact at its
+true significance we must remember that Germany suffered from direct
+invasion by Russia immediately on the outbreak of the war, and that all
+the stories of atrocities and devastation that we heard of Belgium were
+also told of East Prussia.
+
+"An old friend of our family," a correspondent writes, "has been
+residing in Bavaria over forty years. He is an artist, and married a
+Bavarian lady. His eldest son is a doctor in London, and two of his
+daughters are married in London, but the father has no difficulty in
+getting permits to paint in the Austrian and German mountains, and still
+finds a sale for his pictures in Germany."
+
+Forty years is, I know, a long time, but not by any means always
+sufficient to prevent persecution in the present war. On my writing
+table is a little ivory elephant. It was carved by a German who had been
+forty years in the service of one British firm. He was dismissed (a man
+over seventy) because of the war. This is not a unique case. "N.S.,
+clock-maker, who had been here thirty-nine years, and P.W., baker, fifty
+years. (He had two sons at the front, and 'the longer he thought the
+more the number of his English grandchildren grew.')" (See the Third
+Report of the Emergency Committee for these and other cases).
+
+I do not in the least wish to suggest that there has been little
+kindness on this side and much on the other. I am simply trying to
+restore the balance. So far (as is usual in war-time) the game of hatred
+has been played with loaded dice. Let us welcome kindness everywhere.
+Here, then, is a different kind of story from one of the Friends'
+reports:
+
+    A young man, smart and erect three months ago when he was in
+    employment, intelligent, speaks and writes four languages, with
+    excellent references, now but a sad wreck, wants to go to South
+    Africa, where he has friends, but, alas! the permit is
+    refused--has written abroad to his father, who is in a good
+    position, for money, but it takes so long to get a reply. His
+    English landlady, though poor, "has been so kind," he had his
+    last dinner three days ago from her. We give temporary help, but
+    if this money does not come before January 1 he will have to go
+    into camp. Quite willing to do so, "but can we not give his poor
+    landlady something?"
+
+The kind landladies and other kind hearts exist, thank God, on both
+sides.[68] To enquire on which side there are most would (even if we
+could do so without bias) probably be profitless. The important point is
+that the kind hearts on the other side are there, and that a brotherhood
+of blessing will help the world more than a brotherhood of revenge--if,
+indeed, this last could be any brotherhood at all.
+
+Miss G.�H. writes: "I am particularly anxious to do something for
+interned Germans. For four months of the war I was in Germany with my
+mother, sister, nephew and niece, and we were all most kindly treated
+and helped in every possible way both by friends, by my lawyer, my
+banker and the neighbouring peasants. Also by all the guards and waiters
+along our journey on November 21. Friends, peasants, and my lawyer are
+still looking after my property in Germany, and I have left everything
+in the hands of a neighbouring peasant, who sends me accounts of it. I
+would like to be able to do some kind acts here in return, and for the
+furtherance of better relationships later on." Yet it can never be
+pleasant to be in an "enemy" country. Miss H. writes further: "In spite
+of having such unspeakable sympathy, really understanding sympathy,
+shown me by not only friends, but the common people--though I hardly
+like using this term, as no one with so much fellow feeling could really
+be termed common--in spite of this kindness, I know so well how one can
+suffer. Over there _we_ are looked upon in the same way that Germans are
+looked upon here, as quite outside the pale of common morality. Fully
+realising what this must mean for me, these kindly Germans would go off
+into a day dream of wonderment as to how _they_ might feel in a similar
+plight, and one ended up with the reflection, 'Ja, es ist halt jetzt die
+Zeit der M�rtyrer' (it is indeed the time of the martyrs once more)."
+Surely there is something strangely poignant about the convinced and
+steadfast martyrdom and self-sacrifice of both sides. Surely the peoples
+who can thus offer themselves in destroying each other must both have
+noble gifts to give together one day in a nobler cause.
+
+The following is from the _Nation_ (Jan. 19, 1918):
+
+    A clergyman sends me the following. I think it best to publish
+    the story as it stands:--
+
+    "Some years before the outbreak of war there lived in a certain
+    German town, now frequently raided by air squadrons, an old
+    Englishwoman. She was a semi-invalid; difficult and
+    cantankerous. Subject to illusions, she imagined that the good
+    nuns, who received her as an unremunerative paying guest, were
+    in league against her mangy, but beloved dog. Yet both she and
+    her dog continued to receive the half-humorous tolerance of
+    their benefactors.
+
+    "Then came the 4th of August, 1914, and Miss X. passed into the
+    mists of war.
+
+    "A year later she emerged from the mists.
+
+    "A letter came, forwarded through a neutral in Switzerland; but
+    the letter was not from the pen of Miss X. It had been dictated.
+    Briefly, it said: 'I am bed-ridden and almost blind. I have
+    hardly anything to live upon; and the Germans will not let me
+    go.'
+
+    "Certain details were added which clearly established identity
+    to the recipient of the letter. There followed, on the same
+    sheet of paper, and in the same handwriting, a postscript: 'Sir,
+    I have taken this poor Englishwoman into my house. How can she
+    live on 10 marks a month?
+
+                                        Yours, Fr�ulein ...'
+
+    "Intervened the British Foreign Office and the American
+    Embassy. Then came another letter: 'Sir, your efforts have not
+    been in vain....
+
+                                               Fr�ulein ...'
+
+    "But that is not the end of this incident of war. 'Hate.' had
+    still its 'uses.'
+
+    "'Sir. I thank you for your good letter and your very kind
+    question. All is paid, hospital and funeral. There were 30 marks
+    left to have the grave a little arranged.
+
+                                              Fr�ulein ...'"
+
+    My correspondent adds the following comment: "I was an enemy,
+    and ye took me in."
+
+In Vienna newspapers there were in 1915 many advertisements in which
+French, English, and Russian natives offer their services as teachers,
+thus:
+
+    London Lady (Diploma) gives lessons.--L. Balman, VI Bez.
+    Gumpendorferstrasse 5, Th. 14.
+
+    Frenchman and Frenchwoman give instruction in French.--VIII,
+    Lerchengasse 10.
+
+    An Irishwoman, brought up in England, gives lessons.--Letters to
+    Miss Morris.
+
+Such advertisements, we learn from the _International Review_ of July,
+1915, appear daily in Vienna.
+
+From _Die Hilfe_, June 22, 1915: "in a weekly concert in Noyon the
+collaborators were Prof. Rivi�re, Sergeant Bonhoff, and Director G�nzel.
+The performance of the Frenchman from an organ composition of his own
+was most effective." There are, of course, also exhibitions of
+narrow-mindedness. In Halle the police forbade a performance because one
+of those who took part was an "enemy alien." (_Vorw�rts_, June 1, 1915.)
+On the other hand, when some Italian musicians complained of unjust
+dismissal, the court awarded them damages of 700 marks. The
+_Volksstimme_, of Frankfurt a.M., June 8, 1915, writing of Italy,
+deprecates any hatred of Italians. As soon as the responsible
+authorities had decided on war, obedience was the duty of each Italian
+citizen, just as of each German.[69] This outspoken deference to
+"responsible authority" is characteristically German, but the doctrine
+is here applied with great fairness. Some of our militarists apply it
+less fairly. And, alas, when the Italian _Avanti_ published an article
+"Against the Blunders of International Hate," the wisdom of the Censor
+caused it to be largely blanked out. The Censors seem to have strict
+orders to keep us hating each other.[70]
+
+
+BROTHERHOOD AGAIN.
+
+And yet--"We picked up scrappily the hint, however, that 'some of the
+Germans were all right.'" This from an article in the _Times_ on a
+homecomer from the front. With unconscious self-revelation the writer
+adds: "That somehow sounds depressing. One has heard the opposite." Just
+so, it is disconcerting and depressing to have it suggested that the
+enemy is a man very much like ourselves; it injures our feeling of
+superiority. We "confess" any favourable impression of him as if it were
+a fault of our own. A correspondent of the _Petit Parisien_ tells of the
+capture of a German officer of Hussars, near Arras. "I confess," he
+says, "that the impression he produced was rather favourable than
+otherwise." (_Daily Telegraph_, June 11, 1915.)
+
+With others the confession is less reluctant.
+
+    There's one spot in Ploegsteert Wood that German shells ought
+    never to reach. It's a grave with a carefully made wooden cross
+    on it, and the lettering says:
+
+    "Here lie two gallant German officers."
+
+    "That's rather unexpected," said a civilian who was with us.
+
+    "But they were brave," said the major. "The Germans aren't
+    always so bad. Five officers from my regiment were missing one
+    time, and we never even expected to find their bodies. But when
+    we drove the Germans back we found a grave on which was marked:
+    'Here lie five brave English officers.' We identified them all,
+    and their bodies were taken back to England."
+
+    We followed another sidewalk and came to a huge mound covered
+    with yellow flowers, which had been planted by the English
+    soldiers. On a neatly made cross at the head of the mound an
+    English soldier had patiently printed the words: "Here lie
+    seventeen German soldiers."
+
+    There wasn't an English grave in Ploegsteert Wood that was
+    better tended or more heavily beflowered than these mounds of
+    fallen Germans.--Mr. W.�G. SHEPHERD, Special Correspondent of
+    the United Press.
+
+    _Daily News_, June 1, 1915.
+
+
+    If all the episodes of this action were recorded they would make
+    a long as well as a grim narrative revealing the ghastliness,
+    the wild passion, the self-sacrifice, and the cool cunning of
+    such an hour or two of modern war.
+
+    Some of the tales of the men would have been incredible except
+    that I heard them from soldiers who told the truth that lives on
+    the lips of men who have seen very close into the face of death.
+
+    It is, for instance, difficult to believe--yet true--that amidst
+    all this tumult and terror of noise one German prisoner was
+    taken as he sat very calmly in his dug-out reading a book of
+    religious meditations through gold-rimmed spectacles. Perhaps it
+    was the man--I only guess--in whose pocket-book was found a
+    letter to his wife saying, "The position here is hellish, and
+    death is certain. I only pray that it may come soon."
+
+    _Daily Telegraph_, August 16, 1915.
+
+From Belfort in September came the report: "A German aviator this
+morning flew over Belfort, dropping a wreath on the spot where P�goud
+was killed. The following inscription was placed on the wreath: 'To
+P�goud, who dies a hero. (Signed) His Adversary.'"
+
+The following is from the _Daily News_ of October 9, 1915:
+
+    The parents of a Lance-Corporal in a Highland regiment who was
+    killed in the recent fighting have received particulars about
+    their son's death from a German lady in Frankfurt-on-Main.
+
+    The lady's eldest brother was killed last year near Ypres and
+    she knows, she says, how glad they were to receive any details
+    of his death. Another brother, who is an officer in the German
+    army, had written from the front, begging her to inform the dead
+    soldier's relatives of his fate.
+
+    In her letter the lady says: "Although we are enemies, pain and
+    mourning unite us. So thought my brother, too, for he wrote
+    everything about your son he could find out. I am sure my
+    brother and his comrades did all honour to their enemies."
+
+The next extract is from the _Nation_ of November 13. 1915:
+
+    Soldiers are not reluctant to speak well of their foes. The
+    officer son of a friend of mine relates that beyond his line of
+    trenches is a German commemoration of a British advance in the
+    shape of a carefully wrought cross, bearing the inscription:
+    "Sacred to the memory of Lieutenants A---- and B---- of the
+    Staffordshire Regiment, who died like heroes."
+
+From a private letter: "What impresses one most are the graveyards. All
+these are beautifully kept, all the graves have been cared for, and no
+distinction has been drawn between German, English, and French, who lie
+side by side. 'Hier ruht ein tapferer Engl�nder, gefallen im Luftkampf'
+(Here lies a brave Englishman, fallen in the air fight), etc., etc."
+
+The _Daily News_ of March 10, 1919, has the following:
+
+    From a staff sergeant in Germany: "Here, in Germany, an English
+    officer with the 'flu was nursed by his landlady, who, when her
+    patient was better, succumbed to its ravages. Her daughter
+    caught it from the mother, and is now lying at death's door. But
+    merely 'Huns,' I suppose."
+
+The roll of honour in the chapel at New College, Oxford, includes the
+names of three Germans, and the words of charity: _Pro patria--Memento
+fratres in Christo_.
+
+
+THE WAY OF NEW RUSSIA.
+
+In reprisals of good we may learn something from the new Russia. When
+the German prisoners were set to work Kerensky said, "Prisoners or not,
+they shall be paid at the same rate as other men," and they were. What
+was the result? Again the movement of gratitude, which is so potent a
+force, if only we would believe it. _The German prisoners presented half
+their wages to the Russian Red Cross._ I have to rely on private
+information for this.
+
+
+THOUGHTS FROM THE OTHER SIDE.
+
+The thoughts of the others are much like our own--that is the difficult
+truth we have to learn. It is a truth that is absolutely essential to
+any peace that is to be more than an armistice of fools.
+
+    The war has produced in the public opinion of the nations a
+    state of mind which formerly would not have been regarded as
+    possible in our age of internationalism and intellectuality.
+    National egotism and the effort to assert one's own national
+    interests by all and every means are dominating so exclusively
+    each belligerent group that it forms for itself a closed circle
+    of ideas, and under its influence conclusions are drawn which
+    are so contradictory that one is almost inclined to think that
+    logic and common sense have been entirely eliminated from the
+    thinking capacity of the warring nations....
+
+    We Germans, among the others, are subject to this
+    war-suggestion. We do not wish to say, after the manner of the
+    Pharisees, beating their breasts: "We thank Thee, Lord, that we
+    are not like these publicans." We know that we, too, are
+    prisoners of our circle of ideas, and must remain so, for we,
+    too, are ruled by our national egotism and by our desire to win
+    the war.--_K�lnische Zeitung_, as quoted by the _Daily News_,
+    September 3, 1915.
+
+Ideas imprisoned, narrowed (beschr�nkt, as the Germans say), become
+putrescent through lack of free air. It is in this putrescence that the
+gospel of hate is bred. Here is a German officer's protest against the
+infamy of this gospel. It is quoted from the _K�lnische Zeitung_ by Mr.
+A.�G. Gardiner in his book, "The War Lords":
+
+    Perhaps you will be so good as to assist, by the publication of
+    these lines, in freeing our troops from an evil which they feel
+    very strongly. I have on many occasions, when distributing among
+    the men the postal packets, observed among them postcards on
+    which the defeated French, English and Russians were derided in
+    a tasteless fashion. The impression made by these postcards on
+    our men is highly noteworthy. Scarcely anybody is pleased with
+    these postcards; on the contrary, every one expresses his
+    displeasure.
+
+    This is quite natural when one considers the position. We know
+    how victories are won. We also know by what tremendous
+    sacrifices they are obtained. We see with our own eyes the
+    unspeakable misery of the battlefield. We rejoice over our
+    victories, but our joy is damped by the recollection of the sad
+    pictures which we observe almost daily.
+
+    And our enemies have, in an overwhelming majority of cases,
+    truly not deserved to be derided in such a way. Had they not
+    fought bravely we should not have had to register such losses.
+
+    Insipid, therefore, as these postcards are in themselves, their
+    effect here on the battlefields, in face of our dead and
+    wounded, is only calculated to cause disgust. Such postcards are
+    as much out of place on the battlefield as a clown is at a
+    funeral. Perhaps these lines may prove instrumental in
+    decreasing the number of such postcards sent to our troops.
+
+Personally, I believe this to express the soul of the real Germany and
+the soul of the real England. The soul of any people is the _best_ that
+is in it.
+
+The following is from a lecture delivered by Prof. H. Gomperz in Vienna,
+early in 1915:
+
+    "Ladies and gentlemen, in our day all sorts of speakers and
+    writers feel called upon to preach to us the doctrine of hate,
+    in prose and even in verse, more especially against one of the
+    countries opposing us. I do them the honour of assuming that
+    even they do not mean that we are to translate this feeling into
+    action; rather, even they do not dream of doing the slightest
+    harm to any individual Englishman in so far as it is not
+    necessary or inevitable for the purposes of victory. What then
+    does this preaching of hatred mean, if indeed it means anything
+    at all, and is not the mere empty clamour of some people anxious
+    to attract attention without rendering useful service? Do they
+    mean us to nurse and cherish the feeling of hate? Truly a
+    strange demand after nearly two thousand years of training in
+    the teaching of the gospel! And besides, whom are we to hate?
+    The individual doing his duty in the service of his country,
+    just as we are? Or the responsible governors of the destinies of
+    that country, and the irresponsible leaders of its public
+    opinion?" Hatred of the individual serving his country and
+    governed by others Prof. Gomperz does not stop to discuss. It
+    can obviously be the product only of what with etymological
+    correctness we may term _insanity_. The governors and leaders
+    imagined an irreconcilable antagonism. If they were right their
+    case is justified; if they are wrong we must no more hate them
+    than we should hate a patient suffering temporarily from
+    delusion.--_International Review_, August, 1915.
+
+Magnus Schwantje spoke very plainly at a meeting of the Schopenhauer
+Society at D�sseldorf in June, 1915. He allows that the state has a
+right to wage a war of defence, but _not to force anyone to serve in the
+army_. Schopenhauer, he tells us, "esteems sympathy with all that lives
+and suffers more highly than love for the Fatherland.... During a war a
+noble man desires such an issue as may be most beneficial to the whole
+world.... With all our readiness to recognise the merit of patriotic
+self-denial, we, the admirers of Schopenhauer, have to warn our
+compatriots, especially during a war, of the danger of patriotism
+degenerating into injustice, or even hatred and malicious joy at the
+misfortune of other nations.... Not one of the European peoples can be
+suppressed without heavy loss to the whole world, and not one has the
+right to force its special character on the others." (_International
+Review_, September, 1915.)
+
+
+WAR LITERATURE.
+
+It is the elderly gentlemen on both sides who exude vitriol. It is a
+pity that they are so much in evidence. But even some of them retain
+their sanity. The following is from the _Cambridge Magazine_ of May 15,
+1915:
+
+    Those who, at the beginning of the war, were induced by the
+    Press to wonder whether any elderly German professor had
+    retained his mental equilibrium will now be disposed to wonder
+    whether the proportion of serious cases is after all larger
+    there than here. At any rate the Schopenhauer Society is a very
+    important learned body, and Prof. Deussen, of Kiel, is one of
+    the most distinguished of German scholars. And this is how he
+    writes in the fourth year book of the Schopenhauer
+    Society--apparently in terms of contempt for a loquacious
+    minority (the translation is taken from the April number of the
+    _Open Court_, and the italics are ours, especially the
+    concluding shot at the Lady Patriot):
+
+    "'Not to my contemporaries,' says Schopenhauer, 'not to my
+    countrymen, but to humanity do I commit my work which is now
+    completed, in the confidence that it will not be without value
+    to the race. Science, and more than every other science,
+    philosophy is international.' ... Foolish, very foolish,
+    therefore is the conduct of _certain German professors_ who have
+    renounced their foreign honours and titles. And what shall we
+    say of a member of our society who demanded that citizens of
+    those states which are at war with us should be excluded from
+    the Schopenhauer Society, and who, when it was pointed out that
+    our foreign members certainly condemned this infamous war as
+    much as we Germans, protested that she could not belong to an
+    association in which Frenchmen, Englishmen and Russians took
+    part, and announced her withdrawal from our society, indeed,
+    even published her brave resolution in the columns of a local
+    paper in her provincial town. _We shall not shed any tears_ for
+    her having gone."[71]
+
+Romain Rolland bears out the idea that "in all countries the extremest
+views have been expressed by writers already past middle age." So it is
+in Germany, Rolland tells us. Dehmel, the enemy of war, has enlisted at
+51; Gerhart Hauptmann, "the poet of brotherly love," cries out for
+slaughter. But Fritz von Unruh has, from the battlefield, written "Das
+Lamm": "Lamb of God, I have seen Thy look of suffering; lead us back to
+the heaven of love." Rudolf Leonhard, who was caught up in the storm,
+wrote afterwards on the front page of his poems: "These were written
+during the madness of the first weeks. That madness has spent itself,
+and only our strength is left. We shall again win control over ourselves
+and love one another."
+
+    "Menschen in Not ...
+    Br�der dir tot ...
+    Krieg ist im Land ..."
+
+No "glory" of war is in these simple, poignant words of Ludwig
+Marck--simply a dire evil that we have not the sanity to avoid. "Whether
+you gaze trembling into the eyes of the beloved, or mark down your enemy
+with pitiless glance, think of the eye that will grow dim, of the
+failing breath, the parched lips and clenched hands, the final solitude,
+and the brow that grows moist in the last pangs.... Be kind....
+Tenderness is wisdom. Kindness is reason.... We are strangers all upon
+this earth, and die but to be reunited." Thus Franz Werfel. Since these
+words cannot be called barbaric, they will perhaps be called
+sentimental. It is true that to those of us who have loved our comrades,
+of whatever nation, the sentiment of brotherhood does just now make a
+somewhat tragic appeal. If that appeal, in these days of decimated
+ideals, be at times strained and feverish, it scarcely lies in the
+mouths of the apostles of hate to deride us. The sentimentality of
+hatred is uglier and more fatuous than the sentimentality of
+brotherhood.
+
+Hermann Hesse is living at Berne. He has implored the writers of all
+nations not to join with their pens in destroying the future of Europe.
+From a poem of later date come these words: "All possessed it, but no
+one prized it. Like a cool spring it has refreshed us all. What a sound
+the word peace has for us now. Distant it sounds, and fearful, and heavy
+with tears. No one knows or can name the day for which all sigh with
+such longing."
+
+Do not let us forget that almost everything that is most militarist is
+_old_. It is only the old who affect still to glory in war--the old
+newspapers, the old reviews, the old statesmen, and some, perhaps, of
+the old soldiers--it is to what is newest, youngest, most creative, most
+living that we look not in vain for an unshaken belief in brotherhood,
+for a clear acknowledgment that any other belief would throw us back
+into the ape and tiger struggle of world beginnings, but with the ape
+ten thousand times more cunning and the tiger ten thousand times more
+cruel. To some German publications the war is a stupid eruption of
+barbarism into a workshop where work was being done. _Die Aktion_ scoffs
+mercilessly at the Chauvinists and at Lissauer with his Hymn of
+Hate.[72] Even Lissauer, be it remarked, has published his repentance,
+and, personally, I respect him for it. The man who can say that he spoke
+too strongly is always worth knowing. The man who insists elaborately on
+his consistency (as the politicians do) is usually singularly devoid of
+any appreciation of truth. _Die Aktion_ (1915) goes on steadily with its
+appreciation of French artists, as if no war were in progress. There may
+be some affectation in this attitude, but it is to be preferred, I
+think, to the complete ostracism of work of the enemy called for by a
+noisy but, I believe, small section on this side. _Die Weissen Bl�tter_
+appeared in January, 1915, with the following announcement:
+
+    It seems good to us to begin the work of reconstruction in the
+    midst of the war. The community of Europe is at present
+    apparently destroyed. Is it not the duty of all of us who are
+    not bearing arms to live from to-day onwards according to the
+    dictates of our conscience, as it will be the duty of every
+    German when once the war is over?
+
+Evidently the editor has in his mind a contrast between the dictates of
+conscience and the dictates of officialism. He was born in Alsace, so he
+may well know this contrast. We are learning it here. In the February
+number the _Krieg mit dem Maul_ (war with the mouth) was most vigorously
+condemned:
+
+    If journalists hope to inspire courage by insulting the enemy,
+    they are mistaken--we refuse such stimulants. We dare to
+    maintain our opinion that the humblest volunteer of the enemy,
+    who, from an unreasoned but exalted sentiment of patriotism,
+    fires upon us from an ambush, knowing well what he risks, is
+    much superior to those journalists who profit by the public
+    feeling of the day, and under cover of high-sounding words of
+    patriotism do not fight the enemy, but spit on him.
+
+I am reminded of words used by one of my Swiss friends: "As soon as
+soldiers must get their fighting force from suggestions of puerile
+besmirching of the enemy, then war indeed becomes intolerably base."
+
+Annette Kolb, daughter of a German father and a French mother, had the
+courage to proclaim openly in a public lecture at Dresden that _she was
+faithful to both sides_, and to express her regret that Germany should
+fail to understand France. After all, German intolerance must have its
+limits for such a bold speech to be possible.
+
+Wilhelm Herzog in the Munich _Forum_ has attacked the intellectual
+fire-eaters, the patriots who insult other peoples and the Chauvinists
+generally. He defends France, the French army and French civilisation,
+against the brilliant novelist, Thomas Mann. Above all does he condemn
+the intellectual babble: "The wrong that these privy councillors and
+professors have done us with their 'Aufkl�rungsarbeit' can hardly be
+measured. They have isolated themselves from humanity by their inability
+to realise the feelings of others."
+
+Mr. Lowes Dickinson has called attention in the _Hibbert_ of October,
+1915, to a pamphlet by Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm F�rster, entitled
+"Deutschlands Jugend und der Weltkrieg." The same pamphlet is quoted in
+_The Ethical Movement_ of the same date. Here are some extracts:
+
+    "Hate disorganises, love disciplines. Fill yourselves with
+    deepest sympathy for all who suffer in war, whose hearts are
+    crushed, whose bodies are broken, whose homes are burned ...
+    and win a peace which shall make the recurrence of such things
+    for ever impossible. Such a purification from the passion of
+    hate is often easier on the field than at home. Those who remain
+    behind have an abstract enemy in view. The soldier sees living
+    men who suffer and die like himself." It will startle the
+    English reader to find Dr. F�rster pleading earnestly that the
+    English soldier is not responsible for the ways of his
+    government or of his leaders. The Germans are to remain true to
+    themselves whatever the others may do. Each side, observe,
+    accuses the other of barbarous methods, and impartiality is
+    impossible. The most that one can expect of the ardent partisan
+    is perhaps that he should, like Dr. F�rster, urge those on his
+    side to remain true to their ideals, whatever the enemy may do.
+    "England has given us also the Salvation Army, and invaluable
+    higher points of view for the treatment of Labour questions and
+    social work. She has taught our revolutionary spirits and
+    moderated our party passions. Let us always remember this, and
+    in that remembrance grasp again in the future the proffered
+    hand." For Dr. F�rster it is for this better England that
+    Germany now fights, just as for many an Englishman it is for the
+    better Germany that England is fighting. "And it is better for
+    us to fight for that better England than to rage and spit upon
+    ... Grey and his followers. In sleepless nights kindle the
+    eternal light of Christ in your souls and try to love your
+    enemies. Think of that great William Booth and of all the
+    English greatness and goodness embodied in him; of Florence
+    Nightingale, the heroine and saint, whose pioneer work is still
+    binding up to-day unnumbered wounds; and think of Carlyle,
+    Ruskin, and Toynbee and of those mighty forces of conscience
+    which spoke in their words and gave to us Germans, and will give
+    us yet, so much that is great."
+
+Again:
+
+    "Christ stands against war and above war. He who loses sight of
+    this truth slays that deep conscience of civilisation which is
+    meant to goad us unceasingly on to allay this fury of war. We
+    know well that if we were Christians there would be no war."
+    F�rster denounces the bawling haters "who must open their mouths
+    42 centimetres wide," and think that he who does not do it is no
+    patriot.
+
+    "To conquer and silence them must be your first task, young men
+    of the new Germany; you who have been purified by sacrifice and
+    suffering. For what would it profit our people if it gained the
+    whole world and lost its own soul?" May we not, _mutatis
+    mutandis_, take this appeal to heart ourselves?
+
+Again:
+
+    "The essence and foundation of the State is precisely the
+    opposite of power, viz., law, treaty, fellowship between opposed
+    interests, and the whole outer strength of a State rests upon
+    the depth and firmness of these, its inner conditions and links.
+    Therefore the first commandment of life for the State is not to
+    create for itself might but to care for the ethical unity of its
+    members, for the supremacy of the conscience and the sense of
+    law above rude self-interest."--(Quoted in the _Ethical
+    Movement_, October, 1915.)
+
+Granted that voices such as those of Herzog, F�rster, Sch�cking,
+Schwantje are a minority, it is yet plain that they represent more than
+themselves. The existence of such reviews and utterances implies the
+existence of at least many thousands who have not been deluded by their
+governors. Of those who have been deluded into enmity, but who have
+never dreamed of world dominance, there are, I am convinced, many
+millions. Bernhardi was introduced to Germany by England. There were
+four million Social Democrats. They have defended their country, but
+they have never dreamed of aggression. The time will come to claim the
+help of these men and the many others of the wiser Germany. That wiser
+Germany will yet live to be, not an army of destruction, but an army of
+progress.
+
+Henrietta Thomas, of Baltimore, Maryland, went early in 1915 with a
+message of fellowship from English people to German people. There was
+some surprise, some tendency to view the message as Utopian, but always
+a cordial acknowledgment and a real goodwill. Dr. Siegmund Schulze was
+most heartily in sympathy. "He feels that the ultimate hope of peace
+lies in the increasing use of arbitration." "One very sweet-spirited
+elderly gentleman in Berlin said that when he prayed things looked
+different--he seemed to see things through God's eyes--but as a man he
+had to fight." "At Stuttgart and Frankfurt I found the peace people more
+thoroughgoing in their sentiments." The secretary of the Stuttgart
+Peace Society said: "The armed peace of Europe is an exploded idea. As
+long as we have armies we shall use them. We must educate the people to
+realise this, and to work for disarmament."
+
+_Lichtstrahlen_ was originally founded as an independent monthly
+periodical by a Socialist, Julian Borchardt. The periodical was
+unofficial and had a difficult struggle for existence. This was before
+the war. When the war broke out the editor took as strong a line against
+it as the censor allowed. The circulation rose so much that Borchardt
+was able to convert the monthly into a weekly. Rosa Luxembourg and Frank
+Mehring, greatly daring, started the _Internationale_ with the object of
+rebuilding the International Labour and Socialist movement during the
+war. The review was instantly suppressed, but was reprinted afterwards
+at Berne. Among the contributors is the well-known Clara Zetkin. She
+refers enthusiastically to the Christmas message sent by British women
+to the women of Germany and other belligerent countries. (_Labour
+Leader_, June 17, 1915.) Marie Engelmann, of Dresden, has protested with
+equal strength.
+
+
+FROM AN AMERICAN LADY.
+
+The following is an extract from a valuable letter by Madeline G. Doty,
+an American, which appeared in the _Nation_ of June 12, 1915:
+
+    My most revolutionary talk was with a gray-haired mother of
+    grown children, in a secluded corner of a quiet restaurant. A
+    burning flame this woman. Her face stamped with world suffering,
+    her eyes the tragic eyes of a Jane Addams. In a whisper she
+    uttered the great heresy: 'German salvation lies in Germany's
+    defeat. If Germany wins when so many of her progressive young
+    men have been slain, the people will be utterly crushed in the
+    grip of the mailed fist.'
+
+    With this companion I discussed the collapse of the Social
+    Democrats in the hour of crisis, the triumph of nationalism
+    over internationalism. She attributes it to military training.
+    During the period of service a man becomes a thing.
+    Automatically, he acquires habits of obedience, is reduced to an
+    unquestioning machine. Mechanically, when the call came, the
+    Social Democrats, with the others, fell into line. But with time
+    has come thought. Also knowledge--knowledge that, in the first
+    instance, Germany's war was not one of self-defence. But it is
+    too late to rebel. Most of the Social Democrats are at the
+    front. From month to month they have put off protest as unwise.
+    Only Liebknecht has made himself heard. Now he has been caught
+    up in the iron hand, and sent to battle. But women are not bound
+    by the spell of militarism. While the Government rejoiced at the
+    submission of its Socialist men, the women grew active.
+    Organising a party of their own, they fought bravely. Last fall
+    Rosa Luxembourg dashed into the street and addressed a regiment
+    of soldiers. 'Don't go to war, don't shoot your brothers,' she
+    cried. For this offence she was sent to prison for a year.
+    To-day she lies in solitary confinement. But her suffering only
+    inspires the others. In March 750 women walked to the Reichstag.
+    At the entrance they halted. As the members entered they
+    shouted, 'We will have no more war; we will have peace.' Quickly
+    the police dispersed them, and the order went forth that no
+    newspaper should print one word of the protest. Still the women
+    work on. On April 8, an International Socialist Woman's Congress
+    was held at Berne, Switzerland. Ten nations were represented,
+    including all the belligerents.
+
+    The task of peace propaganda in Germany is gigantic. Neither by
+    letter nor by Press can news be spread. Both are censored. The
+    work must be carried on by spoken word passed from mouth to
+    mouth. The courage of the little band of women I had met was
+    stupendous. Through them I learned to love Germany. So my life
+    in Berlin became a double one. I ate and slept, and was
+    unregenerate in one part of the town, and only really lived when
+    I escaped from respectability and, strange contradiction of
+    terms, became a criminal fighting for peace.
+
+    But wherever I was, one fact grew omnipresent. Germany was
+    magnificently organised. Here lay the country's power and her
+    weakness. Her power because it made Germany a unit. There were
+    no weak links in the chain. Her weakness, because it robbed her
+    people of individuality, made them cogs in a machine.
+
+"Germany no longer cares whom she hurts," runs another passage in this
+letter; "like an unloved child at bay she means, to smash and kill. The
+pity of it! Never was there a more generous, soft-hearted, kindly
+people. Germany, the land of the Christmas tree and folk songs, and
+hearthsides and gay childish laughter, turned into a relentless fighting
+machine! But each individual is a cog firmly fixed in the machine, which
+will go ever on as long as the ruling power turns the crank."[73]
+
+
+TWO SOLDIERS' LETTERS.
+
+"If I were not firmly convinced that even this war will help to
+establish the Kingdom of God I could hardly endure it. But I believe
+that after passing through this hell humanity will come to itself and
+learn to believe in the reign of human brotherhood.... I cannot tell you
+the moral suffering I go through. These butcheries are utter madness. I
+cannot forget for a moment that our enemies are men, and consequently
+our brothers." So wrote a young German soldier student quoted by Mr.
+Jerome K. Jerome.
+
+The following letter is from the _Vossische Zeitung_. A soldier's young
+sister had written asking him to "kill a lot of Russians" and "to gain a
+new victory in order to cheer us up." "'Kill a lot of Russians.' You
+have not seen them lying about--those poor dead, with their singularly
+solemn faces.... You have not seen the battle which preceded, and the
+bad wounds which so many of my friends got in trying to kill a lot of
+them. You do not think of the fact that those dead men had parents,
+brothers, and sisters whom they loved. And you have not seen the
+harrowing destruction of the villages and towns--how the poor,
+hunted-down population is running away, leaving everything they had
+behind them to be consumed by the flames.... And then, remember, we are
+not fighting in order to cheer you up--we are not lying about in the
+open-air day and night, starved and suffering from wounds and
+homesickness, in order that you at home may be cheerful at the tea or
+beer table. We are fighting and bearing this terrible wretchedness in
+order that you may he spared the horrors of war, and that Germany's
+future may be bright." That is, I believe, what the enormous majority of
+Germany's soldiers are fighting for. Soldiers on both sides have similar
+and quite reconcilable aims; but government is too complex to express
+the simple will of the people. In every country, it seems to me,
+anti-militarist opinion only needs its chance. I was struck by the
+frequency with which such an opinion cropped up when I was travelling a
+few weeks in Germany not long before the war. On the top of the Belchen
+I encountered it in talking to a native of W�rtemberg. Again in a walk
+with a young German to the Feldberg; again in a book-shop at Freiburg;
+again in chance railway talk with a very well-educated German on my way
+to Berlin. In Berlin itself a giant Westphalian accosted me, as he
+wanted to make the acquaintance of "one of these terrible fellows who
+mean to smash up Germany." His political ideal consisted in the belief
+that England and Germany, understanding each other, could keep the peace
+of the world.
+
+
+ALBERT KLEIN.
+
+Dr. Albert Klein, of Giessen, who was killed in the Champagne in
+February, felt compelled to side with his Government, as so many do in
+times of crisis. To that extent his was a biased judgment. It is a bias
+that one has seen possessing almost everywhere the noblest souls. But
+Klein could write thus:
+
+    When I read all this inflated stuff in the papers--written by
+    men guiltily conscious of being very safe in their offices at
+    home--to the effect that every soldier is a hero, I feel
+    positively disgusted. Heroism is far too rare to form a basis
+    for a national army. What is needed to make and keep that a
+    coherent whole is that men must respect their leaders and fear
+    them more than the enemy, and that leaders must be
+    conscientious, true to their duty, well informed, resourceful
+    and self-controlled. Thank God, there is plenty of the good old
+    discipline yet. But these fine fellows come along, concoct a
+    mess of New Year reflections and Centenary speeches and boldly
+    declaim about the German spirit that is to heal mankind. They
+    pick up all the filth of the foreign Press and fling it back
+    with threefold interest. It is just because I am so passionately
+    devoted to all that the noblest Germans have done for the
+    civilisation of the world that I do not desire to see us
+    burdened with a task we cannot accomplish.
+
+    If Germany's contribution to the world's civilisation is the
+    highest we can strive for, we must seek afresh to live in peace
+    and concord with the other nations. Then we shall cease calling
+    every Englishman a hypocrite and every Frenchman empty-headed,
+    quite apart from the daily proofs we get of their military
+    ability. Oh, my dear friends, believe me, the man on the spot
+    who sees and experiences all this, does not talk so complacently
+    of death and sacrifice and victory, as those who, far from the
+    front, ring the bells, make fine speeches and write the papers.
+    He resigns himself to the bitter necessity of suffering and
+    death when the hour comes, and he knows and sees how many, too
+    many sacrifices have already been made, knows it is time, high
+    time that all this devastation ceased, not only on our side, but
+    on the other side, too.
+
+    It is just in seeing all this suffering that we feel a new bond
+    of sympathy (and you, my dear ones, would feel just the same,
+    yes, I know, you feel it already) uniting us with the enemy.
+
+    If, as I hardly dare to hope, I return from this murderous war,
+    it will be one of my most welcome duties to steep my mind in the
+    culture of those that now oppose us. I mean to build up on a
+    broader basis the aim and purpose of my life, namely, historical
+    and philosophical meditation on culture in its highest form.
+
+    Last night I was strangely moved, having an opportunity of
+    seeing a convoy of prisoners and speaking to one of them, a
+    colleague, a classical philologist from Vigeac. Such a frank,
+    intelligent man, with an excellent military training, as indeed
+    were all the company with him! He told me how terrible it had
+    been to endure the firing of our machine-guns (d�moralisant, he
+    called it)--and showed me clearly the utter senselessness of
+    war. How we should like to be friends with people so like us in
+    education, habits of life, thought and interest.
+
+    We soon got into conversation about a book on Rousseau and
+    began a regular argument, like two old philologists. He saw the
+    ribbon in my button-hole and when he heard it was the Iron Cross
+    he said: "F�licitations!" His sparkling interest in the striped
+    ribbon seemed to me so characteristic of a Southern Frenchman
+    and very touching.
+
+    How alike we are in worth and merit! How untrue all these tales
+    told by our papers of the French being broken and spent! Just as
+    untrue as all that the _Temps_ writes about us. And all he said,
+    this French colleague of mine, betrayed so much independent
+    thought and respect for German mind and character. Why should
+    we, fated to be friends, always be divided? I was deeply
+    troubled, and sat there for a long time lost in thought, but all
+    my brooding brought me no solution.
+
+    And the end not in sight yet, the end of this war, that for six
+    months has been gorging itself with human life and prosperity
+    and happiness! The same feeling amongst us and amongst them!
+    Always the same picture! We are so much alike, we achieve the
+    same, we suffer the same, just because we happen to be such
+    bitter enemies.--(From the _International Review_.)
+
+The following is another extract given by M. Romain Rolland. It is taken
+from the letter of a German soldier to a Swiss professor:
+
+    The longing for peace is intense with us. At least with all
+    those who are at the front, forced to kill and to be killed. The
+    newspapers say that it is not possible to stem the war-like
+    passion of the soldiers. They lie, knowingly or unknowingly. Our
+    pastors deny that this passion is abating. You cannot think how
+    indignant we are at such nonsense. Let them hold their tongues
+    and not speak of things they do not understand. Or, rather, let
+    them come here, not as chaplains in the rear, but in the line of
+    fire, with arms in their hands. Perhaps then they will perceive
+    the inner change which is going on in thousands of us. In the
+    eyes of these parsons a man who has no passion for war is
+    unworthy of his age. But it seems to me that we who are
+    faithfully doing our duty without enthusiasm for the war, and
+    hating it from the bottom of our souls, are finer heroes than
+    the others. They speak of a Holy War. I know of no Holy War. I
+    only know one war, and that is the sum of everything that is
+    inhuman, impious, and beastly in man, a visitation of God and a
+    call to repentance to the people who rushed into it, or allowed
+    themselves to be drawn into it. God has plunged men into this
+    Hell in order to teach them to love Heaven. As for the German
+    people, the war seems to be a chastisement and a call to
+    contrition--addressed first of all to our German Church.
+
+
+GERMANY IN PEACE TIME.
+
+Enough has been cited to give a glimpse of the better Germany in the
+time of this war. Let us remember, too, what she has been in peace.
+"After all, in our saner moments we all of us know that the Germans are
+a great people, with a great part in the world to play. Their boasts
+about their 'culture' are not idle boasts, and, when one comes to think
+of it, it is rather important to have in our midst a people that _cares_
+to boast about its culture. The Englishman is more given to complaining
+than boasting, and when he does boast it is certainly not about culture.
+As it seems to me, the Germans excel in two things--simple tenderness of
+sentiment and the work of patient observation. I am aware that it has
+for a considerable time been the mode in England to slight German
+literature. Personally, I consider this one of those temporary poses to
+which superior persons are liable. Leave out all the great names if you
+will--Goethe, Schiller, Heine, and the rest--and we still have the
+folk-songs. A nation that can produce those folk-songs has got unusual
+gifts for the world. And, of course, we envy the Germans their music. Of
+all the contemptible utterances that this war has produced (and it has
+produced a good many) none has been worse than the silly blathering
+against German music just because it is German. What have Beethoven,
+Bach, Schubert, Schumann, Wagner got to do with the politics of the
+present war? Leaving the arts aside, it is quite certain that in any
+region where careful observation and painstaking thought are required,
+no one can afford to neglect Germany. Recently I was looking through
+May's 'Guide to the Roman Pottery in the York Museum.' Among the names
+of those dealing with the subject of Roman pottery I suppose the best
+known are those of D�chelette and Dragendorff--the one French, the other
+German. Among the other references I found fourteen to German
+publications and four to English, one of the latter being merely a
+museum catalogue. No one can study philosophy without continual
+reference to German thought. Even in a subject so English as the study
+of Shakespeare the work of Gervinus is fundamental, and from the time of
+Lessing to that of Ten Brink there has been a succession of German
+commentators. Those of us who have worked at all at science know only
+too well what we owe to Germany there. It has, indeed, been at times
+painful to compare the mass of the German output with the comparatively
+thin stream of English work. Of course, there has been splendid English
+research, but as a people we are not lovers of knowledge, and we are
+specially loath to apply it. Again and again our scientific papers have
+been filled with diatribes against our English neglect of science, and
+the diatribes were needed. I remember asking a British firm of repute to
+construct for me a resistance 'bridge' of a simple kind. I explained the
+whole purpose of the apparatus, but when it came back to me the
+resistance wire was soldered down in two places to broad bands of brass.
+This, of course, altered the resistance and rendered the apparatus
+useless. A rudimentary knowledge of electricity would have made such a
+mistake impossible. Contrast this with the following: When I was a
+student a lecturer wished to prepare a rather rare compound for some
+work of his. We both tried for long to prepare a specimen, but failed,
+probably because the temperature of our furnace was not high enough. We
+then sent to a German firm of manufacturing chemists, and they prepared
+it for us at once. I remarked recently to an English scientific chemist,
+'No English firm would have done that.' 'Well, if you had pressed them,'
+he replied, 'they would have sent over to ---- (a German firm) and then
+put their own label on the bottle.' A 'chemist' in too many of our works
+has too often been a lad who has picked up some routine knowledge, but
+who has no more scientific equipment than a farm labourer. Contrast this
+with the state of things at the _Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik_, where
+as many as _sixty_ trained chemists are employed.
+
+"I have often thought of these things when I have heard manufacturers
+bewailing German competition. The war has produced many strange
+intellectual somersaults, and it is curious to notice how many Free
+Traders are now eager for the destruction, not temporarily, but
+permanently, of German trade. A few months ago they would have preached
+in season and out on the advantage to England of receiving cheap goods,
+they would have extolled German scientific methods, and they would (with
+every right) have pointed out that a customer who buys forty million
+pounds' worth of our goods is scarcely one whom we should wish to
+destroy. All these facts remain absolutely unaltered by the war. All
+that has happened is that a half-ashamed jealousy is no longer ashamed,
+and is masquerading as patriotism so successful as to have misled the
+majority of our countrymen--for a time. The day of reckoning will come,
+and we shall not then find it any better than previously to buy dear
+goods to please the manufacturers. Moreover, our men of business will
+not have learned scientific methods by the end of the war. A publisher's
+circular that I recently received appealed, on patriotic grounds, for
+the purchase of a book on applied science. I am not very cynical, but I
+confess that I distrust these trade appeals to patriotism. The true
+patriot does not advertise his patriotism in order to make money. In
+this case the work was well known and important, but it was interesting
+to observe that almost every one of the contributors was German, and
+that the rest were German-Swiss. Surely, in spite of its horror, there
+are many things in this contest to make the gods laugh."[74]
+
+
+BRITISH RECOGNITION.
+
+It is pleasant to find recognition of Germany's commercial deserts among
+British commercial men. The annual conference of the United Kingdom
+Commercial Travellers' Association was opened at the Town Hall,
+Manchester, on May 24, 1915. Sir William Mather, who was unanimously
+elected president, referred to Germany as follows:
+
+    The position of Germany in the world of commerce had been
+    attained as the result of years of patient and persistent
+    organisation, of close application to business, of exhaustive
+    and careful research work, and full appreciation of the
+    requirements and necessities of the markets for which she was
+    catering, and a determination to meet those requirements in
+    strict accordance with the wishes and needs of her potential
+    customers. Behind all the efforts had been lavish financial
+    support by the German Government, and the pledging of national
+    credit for individual and private enterprise.
+
+    The position secured by Germany as a result of her persistent
+    application of these methods was not to be seriously challenged,
+    nor would she be deprived of her hold upon it by anything other
+    than the use by Englishmen of the same skill, the same
+    elasticity, the same persistence, and the same efficiency in
+    every branch of commerce.
+
+    Commercial travellers, as one of the most important parts of the
+    mechanism, must, if the desired result be obtained, make
+    themselves fully efficient for their part in the work. They had
+    been perhaps, as vocal as any section of the community as to the
+    necessity and possibility of extending English trade, but it was
+    much to be regretted that when opportunities were given and
+    facilities provided, more particularly for the younger men to
+    equip themselves for the work which had to be done in extending
+    British commerce abroad, the response was extremely
+    inadequate.--(_Daily Telegraph_, May 25, 1915.)
+
+As regards chemical research there also fortunately remain those who
+still ungrudgingly admit our enormous indebtedness to Germany. In March,
+1915, Professor Percy Frankland, F.R.S., addressed the Birmingham
+Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on "The Chemical Industries
+of Germany." With true and chivalrous courtesy, Professor Frankland, in
+a footnote to his printed address, writes: "The author has much pleasure
+in acknowledging the assistance he has received from the valuable
+compilation by Professor Lepsius of Berlin, 'Deutschlands Chem.
+Industrie, 1888-1913,' and from that by Dr. Duisberg, of Elberfeld,
+'Wissenschaft und Technik,' 1911." I believe such courtesy is more
+characteristically British than the lack of it sometimes shown by
+others. The following quotations from Professor Frankland's address are
+of interest:
+
+
+INDUSTRIES DEPENDENT ON SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
+
+    ... During the major part of the [past] 60 years the great bulk
+    of the discoveries in this domain have been made in Germany.
+    Organic chemistry is, perhaps, the branch of science which more
+    perfectly suits the German mind and temperament. It involves the
+    possession of those qualities in which Germans are so
+    pre-eminent--the capacity for taking an infinitude of pains, the
+    capacity to anticipate difficulties and organise means to
+    circumvent them.... It is in the possession of such schools of
+    research, both in the universities and in the chemical
+    factories, that Germany has by two generations the lead of all
+    other countries in the world.... The chemical manufacturers in
+    this country have, with some notable exceptions, failed to
+    establish anything worthy of the name of research laboratories
+    in connection with their works.... Whereas the artificial colour
+    industry started in England, that of artificial drugs is
+    entirely of German origin, and may be said to begin with the
+    discovery by Liebig of chloroform in 1831, and of chloral
+    hydrate in 1832.... The composition of the personnel who carry
+    on these German colour works is at the bottom of their success.
+    Take the works of Messrs. Meister, Lucius, und Br�ning as an
+    example. In 1913, the composition was as follows: Workmen,
+    7,680; managers, 374; expert chemists, 307; technologists, 74;
+    commercial staff, 611. Contrast with the above the fact that the
+    six English factories now producing dyestuffs employ altogether
+    only 35 chemists, whilst evidence of their relative activities
+    is again furnished by the circumstance that between 1886 and
+    1900 the English firms took out only 86 patents, whereas the six
+    principal German firms were responsible for 948 during the same
+    period. Having shown that these German coal-tar colour
+    manufacturers are without rivals from the commercial point of
+    view, I feel it to be my duty to point out also that their
+    industry is carried on under conditions of labour which are
+    highly creditable to the management.
+
+Professor Frankland goes on to urge that we should at least pay heed to
+"the warnings repeated _ad nauseam_ by the chemical profession during a
+whole generation." Those warnings told us of the stupidity and peril of
+neglecting science. It is not mere commercialism but science that is
+needed. The help of science, it may be added, will never be gained
+unless devotion is paid to it for its own sake, and not simply as a
+means to money. That reward is too far off for mere commercialism. Adolf
+Baeyer synthesised indigo in 1880, but it cost 17 years of laborious
+investigation and the investment of nearly �1,000,000 of capital before
+that synthesis could be made a commercial success. So long a chase is
+not carried out by those who are thinking only of the prize. The hunt
+itself must interest them. That, I personally fear, is where we in
+Britain (and especially in England) are somewhat lacking.
+
+Two other points in Professor Frankland's address I would draw attention
+to. In emphasising the need of scientific men on the directorates he
+asks: "What does not the firm of Messrs. Brunner, Mond and Co., for
+example, owe to the late Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S.?" Just so. Dr. Ludwig
+Mond was a German. He came to this country and brought with him his
+energy, enterprise, and his very exceptional scientific endowments. With
+Mr. J.�J. Brunner he was thus able to found what became the largest
+alkali works in the kingdom, and undoubtedly one of the most scientific
+and enterprising works we have. Incidentally it is worth mentioning that
+the firm of Brunner, Mond and Co. was one of the first to introduce the
+eight hours day. There are people about (a few of whom ought to know
+better) asking for the exclusion of the German in the future. I would
+venture to suggest that we might well exchange very many English people
+of such limited brain capacity for one Ludwig Mond. To shut the door to
+men is to shut the doors to talent, and talent produces its best by
+cross-fertilisation.
+
+I may at this point insert an illustration communicated to me privately.
+My informant said: "When I was a very young man I determined to try to
+save a business which was falling in ruin. My project was strongly
+opposed by my friends, but I determined to carry it out. The works which
+I took over were then employing 150 men. There was a great lack of
+scientific training, and _this_ I saw was the chief cause of disaster.
+So I began sending my men to Germany to be trained. The Germans have
+always, at their State-supported universities, welcomed the foreigner
+and given him their best knowledge. My men brought that knowledge back
+to England. The result was that by the time I withdrew from active work
+we were employing about three thousand men. The Germans had thus given
+work to nearly three thousand Englishmen. People should remember facts
+of this kind when they talk of Germans coming here and 'taking the bread
+out of our mouths.'"
+
+The wife of an interned man struggled to keep his business. She was,
+however, ruined. "Serve you right," she was told, "coming here and
+taking the bread out of our people's mouths." What a strange idea of
+humanity! What are "our people"? If a Scotsman settles in London is he
+"taking the bread out of our people's mouths'"? We forget that the
+foreigner is very often an enormous accession to a State. The Norman
+conquerors who organised us, the Flemings who improved our weaving, the
+Huguenots who gave new ideas to our commerce, the Germans who brought
+us scientific method have all been amongst the makers of England.
+Exclusiveness is a constricting cord that strangles progress. Exchange
+of commodities is, we know, the life of trade, and exchange of men and
+ideas is the life of more than trade.
+
+The last quotation I shall make from Professor Frankland's address has,
+I venture to think, very considerable bearing on the possibilities of
+future friendship:
+
+    Notwithstanding the absence of material inducements, I venture
+    to say without fear of contradiction that there is more original
+    investigation being prosecuted in this country by chemists than
+    by any other body of British men of science, and this I
+    attribute to the fact that such a large proportion of our number
+    have either been at German universities or are the pupils of
+    those who have been at these centres of research. Nor are any of
+    us, I am sure, even during this unfortunate crisis, unmindful of
+    the hospitality and inspiration which we have received in the
+    schools of the enemy.
+
+One has met with so much pettiness and folly masquerading as patriotism
+that it is delightful to welcome such a truly noble utterance.
+
+The allusion to the conditions of labour in Professor Frankland's
+address is also important. Most of us regard the German labourer as far
+too controlled and regulated, but everyone knows that Germany was to the
+fore in care for the health and well-being of the workman: "As to the
+factory legislation in general, not only do they afford to children and
+juveniles a greater measure of protection in regard to hours and other
+conditions of work than is enforced by the English Factory Acts, but
+many of their provisions for ensuring the health, comfort, and safety of
+all workers go beyond the limits which are thought sufficient in this
+country." (W.�H. Dawson, "The Evolution of Modern Germany," p. 332.)
+
+Insurance against sickness and old age were measures that we learned
+from Germany. They were intended to increase British efficiency and
+well-being, and our statesmen received every courtesy and help in
+studying German methods. It will be said by many that we shall not study
+those methods again. Perhaps not. They may prefer an English method as
+propounded by Lord Headley when speaking at a luncheon in connection
+with the Bakery and Confectionery Trades Exhibition held at Islington.
+The report is from the _Glasgow Herald_ as reproduced in the _Labour
+Leader_ (October 21, 1915):
+
+    In regard to many industries, the plain fact was that the
+    foreigner lived much more cheaply than the British workman and
+    charged far less for his labour. Where labour, and not
+    machinery, formed a small part of the cost of production we
+    should be able to compete with the foreigner, and that should be
+    the case in high class confectionery more than in anything else.
+    If we were to defeat the foreigner in other industries after the
+    war, it seemed to him that the British workman would have to
+    consent to work for lower wages than hitherto. At any rate, he
+    hoped so, in order that the country might supply itself with
+    necessities without having to go abroad for them.
+
+It seems to me that in this way we should "defeat" not only the
+foreigner, but the Englishman as well--except the privileged few who
+could get workmen at low wages without lowering their profits. I
+remember saying to a Colonial lady that we had gained much from the
+science of German settlers in this country. "Damn German science," was
+her reply. A certain type of employer desires two protections--protection
+against the knowledge of the foreigner, and protection against the
+aspirations of the worker. Both the knowledge and the aspirations of
+others are a disturbance of repose.
+
+At a Nottingham meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry the
+unscientific character of British methods was again emphasised. So, too,
+at the Edinburgh meeting in December, 1914.
+
+Principal A.�P. Laurie, speaking of paints and colours, said: "There
+were very few cases among those he had inquired into of a chemical, a
+colour product, or a pigment which was being made both in Germany and in
+England in which the German product was not better than that made in
+this country.... Again, it was admitted that German barytes was better
+ground than English. Yet an extensive literature on barytes and barytes
+mining had been published by the Germans, showing exactly how German
+barytes was ground. They had not found a barytes miner in England who
+owned a microscope.... The English manufacturer did not believe in or
+use the man of science.
+
+"Mr. Tatlock, speaking from the laboratory glass apparatus makers' point
+of view, said that British manufacturers were finding it exceedingly
+difficult to replace German and Austrian products.... Professor
+Henderson had referred to the possibility of people buying more readily
+goods of British manufacture. They did not find that to be the case. The
+goods had to be cheaper or better; they would certainly never be bought
+purely because they were British, and he did not altogether think that
+they should be bought for that reason."
+
+It is surely clear that the only wise world policy is one in which each
+nation brings its own particular contribution to the common stock and in
+no way tries to shut others out.
+
+
+THE POLICY OF BOYCOTTING THOUGHT.
+
+We find it impossible to shut out German music. "Germany, it must be
+said to its credit," I read in the daily Press, "is not boycotting
+foreign art." In the autumn of 1915 the Royal Theatres of Berlin
+announced Shakespeare's "Macbeth," and "Antony and Cleopatra," and
+Scribe's "Glass of Water." "Shakespeare, one hears," writes a reviewer
+in the _Daily News_, of December 4, 1915, "is still being played in the
+German theatres. If you go to a theatre in London you are more likely to
+see a performance with a title like 'I _don't_ Think!' or 'Pass the
+Mustard, Please!' Shakespeare, to tell the truth, is in England left
+largely to professors and schoolboys."
+
+A silly crusade was started in this country against German thought in
+general, a crusade so petty that it made some of us wince for shame. The
+upholders of creeds joined in hastily, for German investigators had
+given our beliefs many uncomfortable shocks. We remember how it came
+about that the President of the Training College in Mark Rutherford's
+Autobiography could with such satisfaction to himself destroy the
+"infidel." "The President's task was all the easier because he knew
+nothing of German literature; and, indeed, the word 'German' was a term
+of reproach signifying something very awful, although nobody knew
+exactly what it was." The obscurantist and opponent of free thought has
+shown signs of hope that the German's reputation for awfulness may turn
+us from his evil companionship into the restful paths of British piety.
+The Englishman (especially, I believe, the Saxon element) has too often
+been prone to make a stronghold of ignorance. This stronghold has
+certainly in industry proved to be a house of cards, and I think it has
+proved to be equally a house of cards in religion. It would, indeed, be
+a disastrous outcome of the war if it led us still more to emphasise our
+insularity. Unless we are readier after the war to learn from everyone,
+we shall, as a nation, be mentally moribund. It matters not in the least
+whether the thought be German, French, Austrian, Swiss, Russian, or any
+other. Miss Petre, in her "Reflections of a Non-Combatant," has finely
+stated the wider view:
+
+    Thought and learning, art and music, may bear certain
+    characteristics of the country in which they are begotten; but
+    they are also the products of humanity itself, or they would
+    make no appeal to the world at large. The monuments of the
+    German mind are no more robbed of their intellectual value by
+    the national crime of this war than German mountains are robbed
+    of their natural grandeur, German forests of their solemnity, or
+    German rivers of their width and volume.
+
+Any other attitude is extremely likely to degenerate into a petty
+jealousy that is bred of fear. This is how Mr. H.�G. Wells wrote of our
+attitude towards Germany years ago:
+
+    We in Great Britain are now intensely jealous of Germany. We are
+    intensely jealous of Germany, not only because the Germans
+    outnumber us, and have a much larger and more diversified
+    country than ours, and lie in the very heart and body of Europe,
+    but because in the last hundred years, while we have fed on
+    platitudes and vanity, they have had the energy and humility to
+    develop a splendid system of national education, to toil at
+    science and art and literature, to develop social organisation,
+    to master and better our methods of business and industry, and
+    to clamber above us in the scale of civilisation. This has
+    humiliated and irritated rather than chastened us.
+
+Such jealousy is a strangely short-sighted mistake. No valuable or
+lasting peace will come till jealousy is exorcised. There are ominous
+signs of the possible triumph of a deadly Saxon insularity, but there
+are other signs that give us hope. When so ardent a combatant as Mr.
+Lloyd George can speak well of the services of Germany to the world, all
+is not lost. It is pleasant to be able to quote these passages from an
+interview reported in the _Daily News_ of January 25, 1916:
+
+"Mr. Lloyd George is not among those who imagine they are doing their
+country a service by decrying everything German. 'I think,' he said,
+'that America and all of us should realise that there were two Germanies
+before the war. On the one hand, there was the industrial, the
+commercial, and the intellectual Germany, and in a most remarkable way
+she had blended the three elements. That Germany was rendering a great
+service to civilisation. It was conquering the world by the success of
+its methods and of its example, and that conquest would have proved a
+very genuine blessing. It would have been the means of saving some of
+the terrible waste from which most of the social evils of humanity
+spring. As an ardent social reformer, I freely confess that I myself was
+learning a good deal from that side of Germany, particularly in the
+direction of municipal and national organisation.'" Mr. Lloyd George
+goes on to say that the other Germany, the military Germany, had
+overthrown the Germany from which he had drawn inspiration. Our task
+then surely is to help to reduce military dominance everywhere and to
+help to set free that Germany whose peaceful conquest of the world
+"would have proved a very genuine blessing."
+
+That Germany was, and still is, a Germany of simple hearts, of men and
+women who can love well. I have talked to many British-born wives of
+interned men. Over and over again I have heard the same story. "I could
+not have had a better husband, and the children could not have had a
+better father." That is why many English wives have already gone to
+Germany to their husband's families.
+
+It is time we got rid of grotesque caricatures of the German people.
+Such caricatures always represent the outlook of war-time, but they do
+not make for a lasting peace. There is a great German people, and that
+people and ours should find each other's hearts. I am not so much
+concerned as to the Germany of brilliant science and industrious
+commerce. That is good, but there is something better: It is the Germany
+of loving husbands and true comrades, of true wives and devoted mothers.
+It is the heart that rules the world, and we need the true hearts in
+Germany, England, France, and over all the world to recognise each
+other. The one prayer for us all in every land in these days surely is,
+"Lord, that our eyes may be opened!" When we can pray that prayer, we
+shall begin to see the war to a peace of the heart--the only peace that
+will not be a "patched-up peace."
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 40: Lieut. Dr. Kutscher writes with obvious pleasure
+    of the _grande loterie de No�l_ shared out by the officers to
+    the children of C. in France. The children's parties went on,
+    too, in the New Year. (_Int. Review_, 10th Aug., 1915).]
+
+    [Footnote 41: Cf. p. 161. These are simply examples of the wild
+    passions war engenders, and there is not always the sergeant at
+    hand who says "Drop that or I shoot you." One side may be
+    decidedly worse than the other (as seems, _e.g._, to have been
+    the case in the American Civil War), but this does not alter the
+    character of what war does for human nature.]
+
+    [Footnote 42: See p. 36.]
+
+    [Footnote 43: "An English Girl's Adventures in Hostile Germany,"
+    pp. 58 and 124. For other incidents see p. 212.]
+
+    [Footnote 44: See above, p. 55. For further examples of civilian
+    kindness see pp. 212 ff.]
+
+    [Footnote 45: It is disconcerting to one's pride to learn that
+    while the sale of German newspapers in England was entirely
+    "verboten" in 1916, English newspapers may still be readily
+    obtained in Germany in the autumn of 1918. Why are we so afraid
+    of the other side being known?]
+
+    [Footnote 46: Cf. p. 169.]
+
+    [Footnote 47: The war has greatly increased that number.]
+
+    [Footnote 48: My aim is not political, and I do not, therefore,
+    touch upon the many later utterances. The protests, for example,
+    against the unfairness of the Brest-Litovsk Peace have in
+    Reichstag and Press been numerous and emphatic. For such facts
+    the reader should consult the "Cambridge Magazine."]
+
+    [Footnote 49: We were allowed to suppose that the Lusitania
+    carried no munitions, the Germans were encouraged to believe
+    that she carried mounted guns. Both views were incorrect. The
+    _New York Evening Post_ (quoted by the _Labour Leader_)
+    published the "manifest" of the number of cases of ammunition
+    carried.]
+
+    [Footnote 50: Ernest Poole in "Cassell's Magazine," No. 42.]
+
+    [Footnote 51: This seems unavoidable. "At last things quieted
+    down a bit, but many wounded had to be brought in between the
+    firing lines--dangerous work, as both sides are liable to fire
+    if they are seen."--An R.A.M.C. Officer in the _Times_.]
+
+    [Footnote 52: From "The Pageant of War," by Lady Margaret
+    Sackville.]
+
+    [Footnote 53: Cf. too p. 108.]
+
+    [Footnote 54: "There is no reason to suppose that he had seen
+    Germany." wrote Mr. George Long in Sir William Smith's
+    "Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology."]
+
+    [Footnote 55: Further, we must remember that "The Red Cross on a
+    white field is not a magic mantle that can ward off shells fired
+    by an artillerist at a target which he cannot see, nor against
+    flyers dropping bombs from thousands of feet in the air.
+    'Bomb-dropping flyers are the terror of the doctors and wounded
+    behind the lines,' remarked a doctor to me."--Karl von Wiegand,
+    in the _New York World_, August 17, 1916. ("Cambridge Magazine,"
+    _Oct_. 7, 1916.)]
+
+    [Footnote 56: "Church towers in a flat country are the only
+    observation points, and so they are used, and so they are
+    shelled."--Ernest Poole, in "Cassell's Magazine," No. 42, p.
+    27.]
+
+    [Footnote 57: From "Is It To Be Hate?" (Allen and Unwin), a
+    pamphlet which I wrote in 1915. On many points there dealt with
+    my second thoughts are different, as are those of many others.
+    We have learned much since then.]
+
+    [Footnote 58: The public is extraordinarily innocent as regards
+    this kind of information. It would form an interesting subject
+    for post-war analysis.]
+
+    [Footnote 59: Cf. p. 157.]
+
+    [Footnote 60: From "Is It To Be Hate?" by the Author.]
+
+    [Footnote 61: _La guerre devant Le Palais._ Par Gabriel Mourey.
+    Paris. Ollendorff 2f.--_Times_ Literary Supplement, Aug. 19,
+    1915.]
+
+    [Footnote 62: Cf. M. Mourey on the Uhlans at Compi�gne, p. 206.]
+
+    [Footnote 63: See also p. 104.]
+
+    [Footnote 64: p. 90.]
+
+    [Footnote 65: "England," "Germany," "France," etc., in these
+    connections actually stand for a very small group of diplomats
+    controlling foreign policy. The association of the names
+    unfortunately makes us think of the countries as a whole, a word
+    fallacy that leads to illimitable disaster.]
+
+    [Footnote 66: p. 91.]
+
+    [Footnote 67: The variability of war stories may be observed
+    also in the columns of the _Times_ during the Crimean War. The
+    truth is, no doubt, that great local differences of treatment
+    occur, and that stories to the discredit of an enemy are more
+    welcomed than stories in his favour.]
+
+    [Footnote 68: In the _International Review_ of August 10, 1915,
+    an Austrian lady, Charlotte Frankl, gives an account of the
+    warm-hearted help she received in France, and the even greater
+    kindness she and others received in England: "Not one of us had
+    had unhappy experiences in England."]
+
+    [Footnote 69: War was declared upon Austria May 23, 1915, and
+    though formal declaration of war against Germany was delayed for
+    more than a year, the obvious fact was that Italy had taken
+    sides with the enemy.]
+
+    [Footnote 70: Cf. p. 199.]
+
+    [Footnote 71: The British Chemical Society expelled its honorary
+    German and Austrian Fellows, men who had worked for the whole of
+    humanity. The German Chemical Society was asked by some of its
+    members to expel an English Honorary Fellow who had attacked
+    German men of science with exceptional virulence. The Society
+    adopted the dignified course of taking no action amidst the
+    passions of war.]
+
+    [Footnote 72: "Whatever Mr. Ernest Lissauer and his fellows may
+    have set before themselves in their Tyrt�an poems of hate, in
+    any case it can be said of them that they knew not what they
+    did.... They did not know, though they should have known ...
+    that the solidarity of the nations ... has to-day already become
+    such that no great nation can aim at the very conditions of
+    existence of another without damaging itself at the same
+    time."--Ed. Bernstein in _Das Forum_ Jan., 1915.]
+
+    [Footnote 73: This is one view. Others who have seen German life
+    during the war report a real solidarity of the people, a
+    solidarity which later developments and revelations of Entente
+    proposals has certainly not diminished.]
+
+    [Footnote 74: From "Is It To Be Hate?" by Harold Picton (Allen
+    and Unwin). See footnote p. 203.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+Mme. F.�L. Cyon had some rather important experiences at Lille at the
+time of the German attack and during the German occupation. She is a
+woman of singularly cool mentality, and her evidence may be compared
+with that of Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge in a widely distant war area.
+
+Mme. Cyon has very kindly placed her notes of her experiences at my
+disposal. As the notes record also a point of view as to war in general,
+it has seemed more fitting to print them as an appendix. No statement of
+this kind is unbiased, for the pacifist has his own bias. Yet I am quite
+certain that everything set down by Mme. Cyon has been set down in
+complete sincerity and with unusual absence of mental distortion. The
+record is that made by a quiet worker amidst circumstances where few
+people remained sane.
+
+
+THE MENTAL HAVOC WROUGHT BY THE WAR.
+
+BY FRAN�OISE LAFITTE CYON.
+
+During the months of September, October, November, and December, 1914, I
+undertook a journey in Northern France; going first to Lille, thence to
+Maubeuge, and returning to England via Brussels, Malines, Antwerp, and
+Holland.
+
+I was at Lille on October 13, 1914, when the Germans took the town.
+During the first three months of my stay in France I was engaged in
+nursing work at the military hospital 105 at Lille. In the early part of
+December I travelled as well as I could, sometimes tramping and
+sometimes making use of peasants' carts and local tramways, until I
+eventually reached Holland.
+
+It is not, however, my intention to speak much of my adventures or of
+the war itself, but rather to depict, to the best of my ability, the
+effect which the dreadful events of our doings have had on the minds of
+the men and women I have met with over there; be they French, Belgian,
+or German. This article will be an attempt to give a series of short
+studies in psychology, rather than a dramatic account of a perilous
+journey.
+
+I wish my readers to bear in mind at the outset that after October 13 I
+was in German territory, where, from that date onwards, I met with two
+kinds of people. On the one hand, the oppressors or Germans; on the
+other hand, the oppressed, namely, the French, Belgian, and a few
+English.
+
+For a psychological study to be of value, such a distinction is useful
+to begin with, for one seldom finds the same frame of mind in the victor
+and the vanquished, in the oppressor and the oppressed.
+
+Whilst endeavouring to give facts, I must distinguish between three
+types of people whom I met during my journey. First, civilians, French
+and Belgian; secondly, the hospital staff, doctors and nurses, mostly
+French, with the exception of two German doctors; thirdly, the military,
+officers and men, French and German, with a few British. I am obliged to
+make this division in order to make myself clear, as the events of the
+war do not seem to affect the people of these three divisions in the
+same way.
+
+In what follows I shall for the most part depict types.
+
+I met first with the civilian population. When I reached Lille, I found
+life there much as usual, excepting that all appeared very quiet. But a
+few days after my arrival Lille began to show an extraordinary and sad
+animation. The town, which had already given shelter to many refugees
+from Valenciennes and villages thereabouts, was suddenly crowded by the
+exodus of the inhabitants of Orchies; the latter town, it was reported,
+had been completely burnt to the ground by the Germans, only thirty
+houses having been left standing.
+
+Life in Lille became horrible. In the streets one met long processions
+of miserable creatures, looking haggard and exhausted. Here was a woman
+with three tiny children, two of them in a dilapidated perambulator, the
+other she carried in her arms. She looked grey with the dust of the
+road: I followed her. She was going to the office of some local paper,
+whence these poor refugees were directed where to go to find food and
+shelter. Waiting at the door of the office were such numbers of these
+worn-out human beings that many of them, too tired to stand any longer,
+were sitting on the pavement whilst the children were eating pieces of
+bread.
+
+One morning I followed the crowd going to get bread at the town hall. I
+saw a little boy of four standing at his mother's side while she talked
+with another woman. The mother's basket had been put down on the
+pavement and a round loaf of bread was partly coming out of it. The
+little mite kneeled down on the ground and, going at it with all his
+might, he began to eat off the loaf in a way which told a long, sad
+tale.
+
+But what one met with amongst one's friends was often more horrible than
+the sights in the streets. The tale of the destruction of Orchies had
+been believed almost everywhere before any explanation had been
+forthcoming, and in these days hatred began to rear its head when people
+talked of the Germans.
+
+"If they had burned Orchies," said one of my acquaintances, "it is
+because we are too tolerant with them. To brutes we must speak only the
+language of brutes. We treat their prisoners like guests; let us put
+them all against the wall and shoot them and their wounded, too."
+
+When I replied that we should have little right to complain of German
+atrocities if we did what they are reported to do, I was looked at as
+too soft and as if I were a woman without patriotic feeling. My friend
+told me this as politely as his temper allowed.
+
+I left him and went into the street to try to find some distraction from
+his hatred. I chanced to meet a woman of Orchies and inquired what had
+happened there. I give her tale as told to me, though I have not been
+able to verify it.
+
+"The Germans," said she, "behaved quite well the first time they came
+into our town. They were kind to the children and even gave them sweets
+and toys, but on their second visit they found that some of their
+wounded had had their ears cut off and they ordered that Orchies should
+be set on fire."
+
+"It was monstrous," she added, "but I know that an African soldier was
+found with a necklace of sixty ears, which he had certainly taken
+somewhere. This, too, was monstrous. I do not excuse the Germans for
+their crime--I have lost everything myself--but if we allow their
+wounded to be mutilated at such times, what can we expect? Who can say
+which side is the more barbarous? I must tell you that the officer
+ordered to set fire to Orchies was also told to arrest the mayor and
+some other men and to have them shot. However, he gave them timely
+warning to evacuate Orchies and to make good their escape, so no one was
+hurt."
+
+How far this story was true I never knew, but the effect of it on my
+fellow creatures I had seen too well, and I went away bearing on my
+heart the words of the woman of Orchies: "Who can say which side is the
+more barbarous?"
+
+On October 7 we heard that the Germans were outside the city and in many
+quarters fear was added to the anguish already overburdening the hearts
+of so many. Yet one woman, hearing the Germans were near, exclaimed,
+"Say what you like, these men are just like our French men. War is war;
+you cannot expect it to be anything but cruel and barbarous. The Germans
+are no enemies of mine."
+
+Her words made a bad impression on the listeners, and it was well that
+the kind-hearted soul had three brothers in the French Army or she would
+have been regarded with much suspicion.
+
+An old lady of my acquaintance almost lost her head with fright. "How
+dare they," she said, speaking of the French, "let the Germans take
+Lille?"
+
+"What then," said I, "of Rheims?"
+
+"Yes, Rheims, I know it was horrible! But Lille, the most beautiful town
+of the North, it is a crime to make it suffer."
+
+Whilst discussing with me the doings of the French Army the old lady had
+often argued that Rheims and Arras had had to suffer because this was
+necessary to the success of the French operations. Recalling her own
+words, I asked: "But what could you say if for the good of the common
+cause Lille must suffer as did Rheims and Arras?"
+
+But in her terror, forgetful of what she had said previously, she only
+exclaimed: "Lille! It is a crime. What shall we do? How shall we live?"
+
+And I could see fear in her eyes, fear for her belongings as well as for
+her life, fear which made her forget for a moment the "good cause of
+this war" as she had often put it to me, fear which made her heart give
+out a note of real selfishness.
+
+So far as I can remember it was on October 8 that all the gates of the
+city were closed, and that there was fighting on the Grand Boulevard,
+the great wide thoroughfare which connects Lille with its sister-cities
+of Roubaix and Tourcoing. There was also fighting near one of the gates.
+
+On the following day, on returning from my work in Hospital 105, the
+people with whom I was living told me of the terrible spectacle they had
+witnessed when they had gone to get news of some relations living near
+the gate where the fight had taken place. One woman said:
+
+"The fight was on the bridge, which was covered in the evening with the
+dead bodies of Germans, amongst them two wounded men whom the Germans
+had left behind. By the bridge there is an inn, and we have been told
+that five men, civilians, who were there, killed the two 'Boches' by
+strangling them. This makes two less of them!"
+
+I looked at her in horror, thinking that fright had turned her brain. I
+could find no words to reply. I turned to go to my own room, when she
+added:
+
+"In any case, the 'Boches' won't know of it for the bodies are buried
+under a heap of stones."
+
+I left her with the words of the woman of Orchies echoing through my
+brain: "Who can tell which side is the more barbarous?"
+
+Some of these people I had known before the war to be peaceful, quiet
+citizens; they now appeared to me to have suddenly turned into devils.
+Fear and danger had made them crazy with hatred. Everywhere one went it
+was the same. If I tried to escape it, and took refuge in the street, I
+seemed to feel hatred rising from the very ground.
+
+Amongst the fugitives one saw, many had run away before even seeing a
+German helmet, but all were full of atrocious tales, all were mad with
+hatred and revenge.
+
+Not until the actual shelling of the town began did I fully realise the
+havoc that fear and hatred can work! To feel helpless while shells go
+whirling over one's head at the rate of sixty a minute, while houses are
+burning on either side of one, is a horrible experience. To have to bear
+all these horrors without being able to put a stop to them, is
+maddening. At such moments one feels like a mouse caught in a trap. One
+would have to be more than human not to feel terror.
+
+We all felt this at Lille, the great majority were so panic-stricken
+that they made for the gates, quite oblivious of the fact that the gates
+were closed and that fighting was going on there.
+
+It is usually in these moments of supreme fear that the lurking hatred
+in the soul takes full possession of it, distorting the imagination,
+bringing back the most atavistic moral ideas, giving birth to falsehoods
+of every description, and widening the gulf of misunderstanding which
+seems to part the nations.
+
+I have always known that hatred is the offspring of war. I am well aware
+that ever since the beginning of the present crisis the newspapers and
+the warmongers have been daily adding fuel to the fire of hatred for
+fear that if the fire died out the war would do the same. But over
+there, at Lille, I felt that hatred had fallen on the hearts of many
+people like a fatal malediction with which they are to be cursed all
+their life long and which they will transmit to their descendants.
+
+These people whom fear has driven, like cattle, from their burning
+houses, who have suddenly been left without a roof over their heads or
+food to eat, are not likely easily to give up their hatred when this
+passion of war is a thing of the past. Deep in their hearts will be
+written the word "revenge" even though France does not lose a second
+Alsace-Lorraine.
+
+This same overpowering feeling of hatred I found amongst most of the
+staff of the hospital where I was working, and I was able to note at
+first hand the effect it had in the dealings of the nursing staff with
+the German wounded.
+
+After October 13, 1914, the Germans took control of all the hospitals at
+Lille, and soon they were crowded with German wounded, while, little by
+little, as soon as they were able to travel, the French and British were
+evacuated and taken to Germany as prisoners of war.
+
+At Hospital 105 the French staff were asked if they would agree to
+remain under the German authorities, and most of the doctors and nurses
+elected to remain at their post. The hospital was controlled by the
+"Soci�t� des femmes de France," who financed it and managed the entire
+establishment. Many of these women were society ladies and, with the
+exception of two or three, most incompetent. Before the German
+occupation their activities had mostly been of a showy character. They
+were all dainty, smart, and useless, and so they remained under German
+rule--those, at least, who did not run away. They avoided nursing
+Germans with great skill, and overcrowded the French and English wards.
+They were very diplomatic in their dealings with the enemy, as silly and
+pitiful in their hatred of the German and their cautious dealings with
+him as they were in their other activities. Their hatred was of the
+emptyheaded kind, but all the more dangerous for being based on
+frivolity of heart and crass ignorance.
+
+Side by side with them were a few intellectual women, professors and
+teachers. Most of them followed in the wake of their sisters and behaved
+in a similar manner. One of them, a woman I had known before, had spent
+many years of her life in Germany and had taught the German language for
+nearly twenty years. Before the war she had often told me how lovable
+she had found the German people, what good friends she had in Germany
+and how she always enjoyed a holiday there, so that when some of my
+German patients asked me for books, I thought she would be the very
+person to whom to apply for some.
+
+To my astonishment she flew into a passion when she heard my request.
+
+"Want books, do they? They will soon ask for chickens and lobsters."
+
+Walking into my ward, she exclaimed haughtily: "So you are asking for
+books! As you set fire to everything, there are no books left for you!"
+
+Very little of the nursing was done by these women, however, who,
+instead of being a real help for the most part, put spokes in the wheels
+of the more useful helpers. The hardships of overwork, of long hours, of
+day and night duties in succession, fell all the more heavily on the
+shoulders of a few willing women, the other part of the female element
+proving so unreliable.
+
+These women, whose devotion never flagged, comprised three trained
+nurses and nine or ten women clerks or teachers, of quite another type
+to those mentioned above. It is true they were not all free from hatred,
+but, if I may so express it, theirs was almost a hopeful hatred compared
+with the blind stupidity of those others.
+
+Amongst the three professional nurses I remember a tall, handsome girl
+of 22 or thereabouts. Hers was an ardent soul, one of those souls which
+keep young in spite of advancing years. Whatever task this girl sets
+herself to do she will carry it through with skill and earnestness.
+Whichever cause she champions she will do so in no light spirit, and it
+was thus that she hated the Germans with the strongest hatred and yet
+nursed them with utter devotion, for she was as earnest a nurse as she
+was keen a patriot. There was almost a kind of healthiness about her
+hatred, based as it was on deep-rooted feelings, knowing no caution and
+no fear. One might hope more for her who, fearless of consequences,
+could wave the French flag and shout "Vive la France" when French
+prisoners were led away, than for all the fine ladies whose little souls
+were filled with great fear and ignorant hatred.
+
+I remember also a small, fair nurse, silent for the most part, but up at
+all times of the night as well as working hard all day. She sometimes
+opened her heart to me and I found there, as deep-rooted as her
+colleague's hatred, a great and sincere love for all men and women, an
+unflinching hope that in the long run "brotherhood" will be the
+watchword of all humanity.
+
+Amongst these hard-working women many were of this silent type, going
+about with sealed lips, but with treasures of unconscious kindliness and
+love hidden in their hearts, known only to God.
+
+My daily intercourse with the men on our hospital staff was on the whole
+never sufficiently intimate to allow me to speak here of their mental
+attitude towards "the enemy." The French doctors I never saw except when
+I was on duty, and I had little or no opportunity of speaking with them,
+being only an assistant nurse, but I recollect one little incident
+connected with Professor L----, a man of acknowledged skill in France.
+At the time of which I speak, I had been transferred to a German ward,
+and one day, finding myself short of boiled water for the men to drink,
+I went to the chemist to ask for some. There I met Professor L----, who
+said:
+
+"So you want boiled water for your friends the Germans? What would you
+say if I were to put in it a few microbes of cholera morbus?"
+
+"I would hardly believe it of you!"
+
+"Of course, you would not, for I am told that you are surprisingly good
+to these Germans. But believe me, if it were not for the fear of
+spreading the disease far and wide, this would be the best thing to do."
+
+I have, however, no means of ascertaining that this incident is typical
+of the attitude of the average Frenchman on the male staff towards the
+Germans. As a matter of fact, they had very little to do with the German
+wounded, as these were left entirely in the hands of the German doctors,
+aided by the French nurses.
+
+After my transfer to the German wards, where we were very short of
+nurses, I soon found myself in sole charge of from 16 to 26 wounded, a
+burden which I felt rather too heavy for me, as I had had but little
+experience in nursing previous to the war. But it was during this time,
+when my duties involved greater responsibility, that I came into closer
+contact with doctors, but they were German doctors, of course.
+
+I remember one of them, a small man, somewhat round, whom we had
+nicknamed "pupuce" (little flea). Pupuce always appeared to me to be
+kindness itself: intent on his work, good to his men and fair to his
+helpers. His position as head of a hospital where most of the men were
+French, was not an easy one. He was disliked by the majority of the
+nurses, mostly those who had not been willing to work under him; yet I
+never saw him manifest anything but the greatest tolerance and courtesy
+towards all.
+
+But where one felt the smallest amount of hatred existing on either side
+was amongst the men who had fought and been wounded.
+
+Being left so much alone with my German patients I got to know them
+well. I never had to complain of my "Boches." They were so much like our
+own men; yes, so much like them! They were grateful for what was done
+for them just in the same way. They showed me photographs of their dear
+ones and told me stories of them which made my heart beat ever so
+quickly.
+
+But some of them were very funny. They ate, ate, so that one marvelled.
+They showed me plainly that I was to heap potatoes and other food on
+their plates. It was never too thick or too much for them. These men
+were of the peasant type, heavy in features and in general appearance. I
+found but few like them amongst our French men. They seemed to feel
+kindly towards me. Some of them used to pat me on the back heavily and
+call me: "Goode Petite Madam." But their kindness was cow-like, so to
+speak, and reminded me of the animals when they have been well fed.
+
+But, of course, all were not like that. I remember many handsome and
+intelligent faces of men who seemed to have been born for better things
+than butchery. Here was a young man, a student of science, as gentle as
+a woman. He seemed to be the soul of all his comrades, so great was his
+influence for good over them. Day and night he was ready to help and to
+go to the assistance of his fellows, so far as his own wounds would
+allow him to do so.
+
+There were many of this type, and many others who seemed like children,
+and who could hardly be expected to realise how they got into such a
+scrape. One, a young mechanic, a lad with a bright rosy face, discovered
+that I was a Socialist, and, with finger on lip, he told me that he also
+was one. He whispered the great names of Jaur�s, Keir Hardie, and
+Liebknecht; I could read in his eyes the hope these names roused in him,
+but I could also see that he was scarcely old enough to know his own
+mind, and that he might be brutally killed ere he had lived long enough
+to strengthen his hopes and to see his goal clearly through the maze of
+his youthful dreams.
+
+There were types on the French side corresponding more or less closely
+to these.
+
+It is true that the French peasant drinks wine in the place of beer,
+eats less than the German, is lighter in build and in wits, but apart
+from these superficial differences there is much similarity. Under an
+outside show of brains, both are often of dull and shallow intelligence.
+The German cracks heavy jokes and the French cynical ones: it is
+difficult to choose between them as both show little culture and an
+inherent commonplaceness of mind.
+
+Men of greater sensibility, of refined culture, I have found on either
+side, and be they French or German, I have nearly always found their
+behaviour correspond to that which I have here tried to delineate.
+
+Most of these men had seen many ghastly things, the horrors of which
+often remained impressed in their eyes for days and days after their
+arrival in hospital. It is often said that the trade of war, the heavy
+slaughter in which they have participated, is bound to brutalise them. I
+readily believe this to be so in the case of the most vulgar types on
+either side, though, even on these, the brutalising and demoralising
+effect of the war seems less to be feared than amongst their
+corresponding types among the civilians.
+
+It is amongst the soldiers and officers of the fighting ranks that I
+have found the greater readiness to fraternise with the enemy, to
+acknowledge the good points of the other side.
+
+The men in my ward one day having sent coffee to their French comrades,
+the latter replied by sending cigarettes, and soon both sides were
+conversing together. The men who have stood face to face in the fight,
+who have seen their enemies falling as bravely as they themselves have
+done, have little hatred left in their hearts; but those who have
+suffered all the horrors of war and who have not found either in work,
+or even in participation in the war itself, a means to cool their
+overheated feelings, are those who constitute the real danger for the
+future work of the pacifists, as, after all, the brutalising effect of
+war is not due so much to the use of physical force as to the hatred
+which such physical force, bent on destruction, brings in its wake.
+
+What I say here of the men does not, however, apply to the professional
+officers. Amongst the Germans these are mostly of the aristocracy. Their
+haughty, scarred faces were always repellent to me. Luckily I was not
+told off to nurse them. They had a special room of their own.
+
+Once only, at lunch time, when their usual nurse was away at her lunch,
+one of them beckoned to me as I was passing their door. Thinking that he
+wanted something, I went up to him, but he received me by putting out
+his tongue and taking a "sight" at me, to the amusement of all his
+friends. This young scamp was no other than Lieutenant von W----, the
+son of General von W----. We all knew that he was a cad and Pupuce
+himself seemed to find him rather a handful.
+
+I met very few French officers during my stay at Lille, but my knowledge
+of the professional military man in time of peace, leads me to believe
+that the type I have described, is far from uncommon in France. He is
+the embodiment of militarism anywhere, and neither in Germany nor
+elsewhere will these men's brutal instincts be checked through war, or
+even through defeat.
+
+After leaving Lille, and during my subsequent journey through Northern
+France and Belgium, I had the opportunity to note the dealings of the
+Germans with the population of these invaded lands.
+
+After the numerous accounts of monstrous atrocities which were
+perpetrated over there, I hardly dare to mention here that personally I
+did not meet with any of these. I do not mean to imply by this that
+atrocities have not happened, but simply that it has been my good
+fortune not to come across any.
+
+At Lille itself, the Germans behaved decently when once in occupation.
+Posters were put on the walls of the town inviting the population to
+keep quiet. It is true that a few days later fresh bills appeared,
+worded in very peremptory fashion, warning the inhabitants to keep away
+from the bridges, railways, and so forth, under penalty of death for
+disobedience. However, to my knowledge, no disturbances occurred. There,
+as elsewhere, the Germans tried to reorganise ordinary life as quickly
+as possible; they helped to put out fires and to restore quiet and order
+amongst the civilians.
+
+At Maubeuge I met with a similar state of affairs, though I came to this
+town to find that my father, one of the citizens, had only the day
+before come out of prison, where the Germans had kept him for 28 days;
+on a false charge of trying to incite the inhabitants of Maubeuge
+against the Germans, he and two other men had been arrested. According
+to their own account the three of them were given a very fair trial and
+were acquitted. My father did not in any way complain of the treatment
+he had met with.
+
+I must admit, however, that the three prisoners did not all speak of
+their adventure in the same spirit. My father, always quiet and
+cool-headed by nature, resolved to make the best of a bad job, and
+having obtained paper and ink, wrote about half of a book whilst in
+prison. He found the food wholesome, though not always plentiful, and
+asked my mother after his release, to make him a pea soup like that he
+had had in his cell. The other two, however, one a mere lad, the other
+an old-maidish man of 50, complained bitterly of the food and other
+things. While narrating his part of the story the middle-aged man turned
+to me exclaiming: "Why, your father, no one would believe that he is a
+good bit over 60. He took it all so quietly, just as if he were still a
+young man!"
+
+I could not but infer from this that in times of such great crisis and
+passion a man over there in the invaded parts is often treated by "the
+enemy" according to the way in which he himself behaves towards the
+so-called "enemy." Coolness of head and courtesy on the one side more
+often than not met with the same qualities on the other side.
+
+I suspect it was this, that, after the trial of the three, caused the
+President of the Court to apologise to my father, who had proved himself
+a man, but not to think of doing so to the two other prisoners, who had
+been more sheepish than human.
+
+On the average, the relations between the Germans and the inhabitants,
+from stories I have heard and facts I have witnessed, might roughly be
+summed up in the following statement:
+
+Arrogance, temper, haughtiness on the one side, provoke arrogance,
+temper and haughtiness on the other; while quietness and coolness of one
+party inspire the other with the same quietness and moderation. Provided
+we bear in mind that it takes less to provoke the victor than to provoke
+the vanquished, that it is more easy for the former to indulge in his
+temper without fear of consequences. I do not think that the atrocities
+perpetrated by the Germans in Belgium, the true ones as they came to my
+knowledge, and not the false ones which have been spread by the Press,
+have proved in any way that the Germans have passed the bounds of all
+that has been known in previous wars, and have deserved to be banned and
+thrust outside the pale of humanity.
+
+In this article I have endeavoured to give a fair account of my journey
+and to relate facts I have witnessed as they have impressed themselves
+upon my mind. I have done so not to pass judgment upon some of my
+fellow-creatures at such times of overheated passions, but merely in
+order to present to Socialists and Pacifists the enormity of their task
+after the war, such as I have felt it over there.
+
+It is in the hearts of the people that we shall have to work, to bring
+to them seeds of love and fraternal goodwill in the place of the weeds
+of hatred and ignorance which years of war and horrors will have left in
+the souls of many. Everywhere, but mostly in the countries which have
+been devastated by the war, be it in France, Belgium, Serbia, Poland or
+East Prussia and Galicia, it is in the hearts of the majority of the
+civilian population that we shall meet with the hardest task, but we
+must work so that our faith be so great as really to move mountains.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+_Where there are several references and one is of chief importance, that
+one is printed in heavy figures._
+
+
+PAGE.
+
+Accusation, Ease of, 204-5
+
+Achim, 136
+
+_Aktion, Die_, 231
+
+Alexandra Palace, Internment at, 103
+
+Altdamm, 8
+
+American Civil War, Prisoners in, 123-4
+
+Anderson, Chandler, 79
+
+Annexation
+  --Delbr�ck-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial Against, 176
+  --German Socialist Party Manifesto Against, 175
+
+Assistance Agency, German, for Prisoners, 12, =133-142=
+
+Assistance to British Subjects in Germany, 212-21
+
+Atrocities
+  --and Credulity, 31, 38
+  --German, 264, 265
+  --Unfounded Story of, 156
+
+_Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle f�r Deutsche im Ausland und Ausl�nder in
+    Deutschland_, 133-4
+
+Austin, L.�J., 33, =37=
+
+Austria, a Prisoner in, 26
+
+_Avanti_, 223
+
+
+Bad Blenhorst, 48, 57
+
+Baden, Prisoners in, 60, 61
+
+_Basler Nachrichten_, 66
+
+Bathing Facilities
+  --in British Camps, 65
+  --in German Camps, 11, 13, 15, 48, 50
+
+Bath-Chair Woman and English Lady, 213
+
+Batochina, 150-2
+
+Bayreuth, 55
+
+Belgian Relief Commission, Germany's Attitude to, 177-8
+
+Belgium, German Protests Against Annexation of, 173-177
+
+Bell, Mr. E.�P., on the Censorship, 199
+
+Belle-Ile, 43
+
+Beresford, Lord, 29
+
+_Berliner Tageblatt_, 177, 179
+
+Bernhardi, 234
+
+Bernstein, Ed., 231
+
+Berry, Dr. F.�M. Dickinson, 72
+
+Bibby, Private A., 193
+
+Birt, Capt. W.�B., 146
+
+Bischofswerda, 45-6, 49
+
+Bishop of Winchester, 12, =132-3=
+
+Bj�rnson, Bj�rn, 171
+
+Blankenberg-i-Mark, 51
+
+Blankenburg, =19=, 52
+
+Blue Book on Prisoners in Germany, 24
+
+Boer War
+  --Concentration Camps, 126-31
+  --Prisoners in, 125
+
+Bogen, Col., 11
+
+Borchardt, Julian, 235
+
+Bouvigny, 38
+
+Boxing in Prison Camps, 51
+
+Brandenburg, 56
+
+British Subjects in Germany, Kindness to, 212-21
+
+Brunner, Mond & Co., 246
+
+Bryan, Mr., 6
+
+Buchan, John, 157
+
+Bulgaria, British Prisoners in, 73
+
+Burg, 34-37
+
+Burg-bei-Magdeburg, 10
+
+Bury, Bishop, 28, =102-3=, 107-8
+
+Butler, Lt.-Gen. Sir W., quoted, 200, 201
+
+
+_Cambridge Magazine_, 30, 73, 124, 228
+
+Carpenter, Edward, 183
+
+Cassabianda, 44
+
+Catering, Self-management in, 22
+
+Celle, 57
+
+Censor Fined by Prisoner, 35
+
+Censorship, E.�P. Bell on the, 199
+
+Cetinje, Starvation in, 160
+
+Chemical Society,
+  --British, 229
+  --German, 229
+
+Chemistry, Germany and, 245_ff_
+
+Child in No-Man's-Land, 159
+
+Children in Russia, 159
+
+Children Taken Home from Occupied Territory, 135, 158
+
+_Christliche Welt_, 173
+
+Christmas Truces, 180-2, 183-6
+
+Cimino, Dr., 84, =104=
+
+Civilian Hate, 163-4
+
+Civilians, Resident Enemy, Treatment of, 75
+
+_Clacton Graphic_, 165
+
+Clausthal, 49
+
+Clothes, British Prisoners and, 23
+
+Cohen, Israel, 79, =104=
+
+Colenso, Miss, 4
+
+Cologne
+  --Hospitals at, 12
+  --Military Prison at, 54
+
+Commandants, Good German, 56
+
+_Common Cause_, 66
+
+_Common Sense_, 111, 193
+
+Compi�gne, Palais de, 205-7
+
+Complaints by Prisoners, 73
+
+Concentration Camps, Boer War, 126-31
+
+Contracts, Germany and, 177-8
+
+Corey, Mr. Herbert, and the _Times_, 198
+
+Correspondence, Complaints about, 6-8
+
+Cottbus, 57
+
+Coulston, Capt., 52
+
+Credulity and Atrocities, 31, 38
+
+Crefeld, 2, =13=, 55, 65
+
+C�strin, 49
+
+Cyon, Madame F.�L., 153-7, 255_ff_
+
+
+_Daily Chronicle_, 83, 163, 168, 188, 189, 198, 202
+
+_Daily Citizen_, 183
+
+_Daily Mail_, 6, 196
+
+_Daily News_, 4, 7, 26, 28, 45, 59, 60, 61, 68, 71, 107, 119, 120, 159,
+    160, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 177, 178, 179, 185, 187, 190, 191, 199,
+    224, 225, 226, 251, 252
+
+_Daily Telegraph_, 96, 105, 122, 223, 224, 244
+
+Damm, Mr., 8
+
+Dartford Prisoners of War Hospital, 64
+
+Dawson, W.�H., 248
+
+Dehmel, 229
+
+Delbr�ck-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial, 176
+
+Dernburg, Dr., 176-7
+
+Desmond, G.�G., =61=
+
+Deussen, Prof., Against Hate, 228-9
+
+_Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung_, 73
+
+_Deutsche Tageszeitung_, 168
+
+Dickinson, Lowes, 232
+
+D�beritz, 5, =9=, 25, 30, 135
+
+Dobson, Austin, quoted, 196-7
+
+Dogs in German Prison Camps, =33=, 39
+
+Donington Hall and Luxury, 64
+
+Dorchester Camp, 9, =64=
+
+Doty, Madeline, 235
+
+Douglas, 25
+
+Dresel, Mr., 33, 110
+
+Drill, Dr., 167
+
+D�lmen, 61, 62
+
+Dyffry Camp, 9
+
+Dyffryn Aled Camp, 64
+
+Dyr�tz, 52
+
+
+East Africa, German Women Prisoners from, 69
+
+Elswick, 7
+
+_Emden_, 202, 205
+
+England, Military Prisoners in, 63_ff_
+
+_English Girl's Adventures in Hostile Germany_, 212-14
+
+_Englishman, Kamerad_, 8
+
+Erfurt, 22
+
+Erzberger, 73
+
+Escape, Attempts to, 48
+
+_Ethical Movement_, 232, 234
+
+Ethics of War, 161-2
+
+Eugster, Nat. Councillor A., =40-2=, 45, 67
+
+_Evolution of Modern Germany_, 248
+
+Ey-Steinecke, Gen. von, 56
+
+
+Families of Germans in England, 143-4
+
+_Far Out_, 201
+
+Farm Work
+  --Prisoners in Germany and, 21
+  --German Prisoners and, 68, 69
+
+Food
+  --at Ruhleben, 90, 91, 101-2, 104
+  --During Transport of Prisoners, 46
+  --German Prisoners and, 30, 69-70
+  --In Boer War Concentration Camps, 131
+  --In English Camps, 9, 27, 117
+  --In French Camps, 43, 44
+  --In German Camps, 3, 5, 10, 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, =27-31=, 34, 40,
+    50, 51
+  --Problem in Germany, 99
+
+Foug�res, 44
+
+Foerster, Prof. W., 134
+
+F�rster, Dr. F.�W., 232
+
+Fort Friedrichshafen, 50
+
+_Forum, Das_, 231, 232
+
+Franco-German War, Prisoners in, 124
+
+Frankfort, Freedom of English in, 83
+
+Frankfurt-am-Oder, 137, 218
+
+_Frankfurter Zeitung_, 166, 169, 170, 177, 178
+
+Frankland, Prof., 245
+
+Frentz, Gen. Raitz von, 56
+
+Friedberg, 23, 48, 65
+
+Friedrichsfeld, 46
+
+_Friend, The_, 132, 138
+
+Friends' Emergency Committee, 87, 132, =137-144=, 158
+
+"Frightfulness" Condemned by German Newspapers, 178
+
+Frongoch, 145
+
+Funeral of an English Officer in Germany, 146-8
+
+
+Gardelegen, 15
+
+Gardens, Prisoners', 23, 49
+
+Gardiner, A.�G., 226
+
+Gerard, Mr., 23, 25, 45, 47, 50, 53, 81, 82, 93, 97-8, 100, 102, 104
+
+German
+  --Feeling Towards England, 165
+  --Heroism at the Front, 161-2
+  --Newspaper Comments, 166_ff_
+  --Officers, Professional, 263-4
+  --Officers and Privates, Familiarity Between, 38
+  --Soldier, British Opinions of the, 201-3
+  --Soldiers, French Women and, 208
+  --School-books and the War, 171-3
+  --Tribute to P�goud, 224
+  --Troops in Occupation, 205_ff_
+
+Germany
+  --and Commerce, 244
+  --Conditions of Labour in, 248
+  --In Peace Time, 241_ff_
+
+Germersheim Hospitals, 55
+
+George, Lieut., =36=
+
+Gibbs, Philip, 163, 182, 183, 188, 189, 197, 202, 208
+
+Giessen, 48, 53, 150
+
+Gilliland, Lieut., 73
+
+_Glasgow Herald_, 249
+
+Glass Apparatus, Germany and, 250
+
+Gmelin, Prof., 53
+
+"God Punish England," 166, 169, 171
+
+Gomperz, Prof. H., 227
+
+G�rlitz, 49
+
+"Gott Strafe England," 166, 169, 171
+
+G�ttingen, =11=, 27, 53, 67, 144
+
+Graaf, Excellenz de, and English Civilians, 82
+
+Grey, Sir Edward, 8, 24, 50, 77, 78, 80, 92, 97
+
+G�strow i/Mecklenburg, =16=, 52, 53, 57
+
+
+Haase, Herr, on Belgian Neutrality, 174
+
+Hakenmoor, 51
+
+Hale, Chandler, 25
+
+Hall: _International Law_, 76
+
+Halle a/d Saale, 10
+
+Halle, 49
+
+Hamilton, Sir Ian, 7
+
+Harnack, Prof., 177
+
+Harris, H.�W., 82
+
+Harte, A.�C., 11
+
+Harvey, Lieut.-Observer J.�E.�P., 3
+
+Hate
+  --Civilian, 163-4
+  --Hymn of, 231
+  --Prof. Deussen Condemns, 228
+  --Prof. Gomperz Condemns, 227
+
+Hauptmann, Gerhart, 229
+
+Havelberg, 110
+
+Hay, the Hon. Ivan, 36
+
+Headley, Lord, 249
+
+_Healing of Nations_, 183
+
+Hedin, Sven, 171
+
+_Herald_, 109
+
+Heroism of German Prisoners, 119
+
+Herzog, Wilhelm, 232
+
+Hesse, Hermann, 230
+
+_Hibbert Journal_, 180, 232
+
+_Hilfe, Die_, 222
+
+Hobhouse, Miss Emily, 127-31
+
+Holderness, 26
+
+Holyport Camp, 9, 64
+
+Holzminden, 135
+
+Hoover, Herbert, 177
+
+Hope, James, 71
+
+Horrors of War, 163
+
+Hospital at Lille, 156-7, 258_ff_
+
+Hospital Treatment, Prisoners in Germany, 12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 47, 48,
+    55, =57-8=
+
+"Hymn of Hate," 231
+
+
+_In the Hands of the Enemy_, 31
+
+Indian Prisoners at W�nsdorf, 55
+
+Indian Prisoners, Wounded, 13
+
+International Red Cross--see under Red Cross
+
+_International Review_, 210, 220, 222, 228, 240
+
+Internment Camps, Neutral, 121
+
+Internment
+  --Effects of, 6, =83-7=, 110, 114, 120
+  --Origin of, 76_ff_
+
+_Is it to be Hate?_ 203, 205, 244
+
+Isighem, 47
+
+Isle of Man, 9
+
+
+Jackson, Mr., 9, 10, 16, 19, 25, 27, 29, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57
+
+Jealousy, English, of Germany, 252
+
+Jens, Fr�ulein, 136
+
+Johnson, Capt. Benjamin, 13
+
+Journalists Condemned, 232, 238
+
+
+Kaiser, 207
+
+Kerensky, 225
+
+Kindness, Order Against, 196
+
+Kirchhoff, Frau, 136
+
+Klein, Albert, 238
+
+Klein, L'Abb� F�lix, 194
+
+Kluck, General von, 203, =206-7=
+
+Knockaloe Camp, 114-17
+  --Accommodation at, Compared with Ruhleben, 115-16;
+  --Prisoners' Aid Society, 136-7
+
+Kolb, Annette, 232
+
+_K�lnische Zeitung_, 148, 167, 168, 171, 178, 226
+
+K�nigsbr�ck, 49
+
+Kothe, Oberst, 56
+
+
+_La Guerre vue d'une Ambulance_, 194, 196
+
+_Labour Leader_, 117, 175, 186, 189, 198, 235, 249
+
+_L'Action Fran�aise_, 211
+
+Landrecies, 31
+
+Langen Halbach b/Haiger, 54
+
+Laurie, Principal, 250
+
+Leonhard, Rudolf, 229
+
+Letters, German Soldiers', 237_ff_
+
+Lichnowsky, Prince, 12, 133
+
+_Lichtstrahlen_, 235
+
+Liebknecht, 236
+
+Lille, 153-7, 255_ff_
+  --Hospital at, 156-7, 258_ff_
+
+Limbau, 57
+
+Limburg, 21
+
+Lissauer, 231
+
+Literature, German War, 228-34
+
+Littlefair, Mary, 165, =212-14=
+
+Lloyd George, Mr., on the Two Germanies, 252
+
+_Lloyd's News_, 192
+
+_Lokalanzeiger_, 170
+
+Lorient, 43
+
+Ludendorff, 168
+
+_Lusitania_, Sinking of, 178-9
+
+Luxembourg, Rosa, 235, 236
+
+
+Macnaughten, Miss, 203-4
+
+Maffe, 37
+
+Magdeburg, =10=, 33, 46
+
+Mainz, =20=, 36
+
+Malcolm, Ian, 6
+
+_Manchester Guardian_, 26, 74, 106, 149, 190
+
+Mann, Thomas, 232
+
+Marck, Ludwig, 230
+
+Markel, Dr. K.�E., 144
+
+Martin-Rade, Prof., 173
+
+Marval, Dr. de, 41, 45
+
+Marwitz, von, 206-7
+
+Mather, Sir William, 244
+
+Maubeuge, =154=, 255, =264=
+
+Maude, Col. F.�N., on the Prussian Army, 209
+
+Mehring, Frank, 235
+
+Merseberg, 23
+
+Merseburg, =4=, 51
+
+Michelson, Mr., 12, 46
+
+Minot, Mr., 93-5
+
+Mond, Ludwig, 246
+
+Monotony of Camp Life, 6--See also under Internment, Effects of
+
+Morgan, Mr., American Consul at Hamburg, 47
+
+_Morning Post_, 29
+
+Mourey, Gabriel, 205-7
+
+MS. Returned, 37
+
+M�ller, Capt. von, 202, 205
+
+M�nden, 23
+
+Munich, 3
+
+M�nster, =17=, 28, =56=
+
+_My Experiences as Prisoner in Germany_, 33, =37=
+
+Motor-cycles, German Privates Ride Officers', 38
+
+
+Namur, 37
+
+Napier, Col., 26
+
+Napoleonic Wars, Prisoners in, 123
+
+_Nation_, 72, 167, 169, 173, 207, 221, 225, 235
+
+Neubrandenburg, 48
+
+New College, Oxford, 225
+
+_News of the World_, 4
+
+Newspaper
+  --Advertisements in Vienna, 222
+  --Comments, German, 166_ff_
+  --Reports, Inaccurate, 53-4, 82
+
+Newton, Lord, on Prisoners in Germany, 26, 28, 105
+
+Nies, Archdeacon W.�E., 55
+
+Nobbs, Capt. Gilbert, 7, 8
+
+Nurses, French, 260-1
+
+
+_Observer_, 107
+
+Occupation, German Troops in, 205_ff_
+
+Officers
+  --German, and Privates, Familiarity Between, 38
+  --German, at Lille Hospital, 263-4
+
+Ohnesorg, Dr., 12, 15, 18, 20, 33, 47, 48
+
+Ohrdruf, 22
+
+O'Rorke, Chaplain Benjamin, 31-37, 165
+
+Orchies, Burning of, 257
+
+Osborne, Lithgow, 1, 10, 19, 25, 50, 53
+
+O'Sullivan, Private, 1
+
+Ozendaal, 39
+
+
+Packages, Complaints About, =6-8=, 43, 50, 67, 96
+
+Paderborn, Lazarets, 47
+
+Padwick, Mr. H., 68
+
+Page, Mr., 9, 11, 24, 77, 78, 81, 92, 97
+
+Paillet, L�on, 11
+
+Panzera, Col. F.�N., 116
+
+Parchim, 56
+
+Paris, Enemy Nationals in, in 1870, 76-7
+
+Pearce, Second-Lieut. F. Phillips, 2
+
+P�goud, German Tribute to, 224
+
+Petre, Miss, 251
+
+Portsmouth Camp, 9
+
+Postman's Help to English Lady, 212
+
+Prince Heinrich of Reuss, 38
+
+Princess Friedrich Leopold of Prussia, 52
+
+Prison, Military, at Cologne, 54
+
+Prisoner in Austria, A, 26
+
+Prisoner's Life, Monotony of the, 6
+  (See also under Internment, Effects of)
+
+Prisoners
+  --British, Alleged Bad Treatment of, 16, 24, 53, 60
+  --British, and Clothes, 23
+  --Civilian and Military, Compared, 83-7
+  --False Statements by, 66
+  --Food During Transport of, 46
+  --Friction Between, 5-6, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 52
+  --German Army and, 190
+  --German, Heroism of, 118-19
+  --German Populace and, 32, 36
+  --Harsh Treatment of, During Transport, in France, 43
+  --Harsh Treatment of, During Transport, in Germany, 16, 45-6
+  --in American Civil War, 123-4
+  --in Boer War, 125
+  --in France, 43-5
+  --in Franco-German War, 124
+  --in Germany, Lord Newton on, 26, 28, 105
+  --in Germany, Officers' Rooms, 23
+  --in Hospital, Germany, 12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 47, 48, 55, =57-8=
+  --in Napoleonic Wars, 123
+  --in Russo-Japanese War, 125
+  --in Russia, 125
+  --Indian, at W�nsdorf, 53
+  --Indian, Wounded, 13
+  --Military, in Germany: General Conclusions, 62
+  --on Farm Work, 21, 68, 69
+  --"Reprisal," 36, 71
+  --Tact in Treatment of, 42
+
+
+Queensferry Camp, 9
+
+
+Railway Trucks and Interned Prisoners, 118
+
+Rastatt, 60
+
+Reciprocity in Good Treatment, 47
+
+Red Cross, International
+  --and English Prison Camps, 9
+  --Committee of the, 71
+  --Reports of the, 39-45
+
+Release of Civilian Prisoners, Appeals for, 111_ff_
+
+Repatriations
+  --of Civilian Prisoners, 109
+  --of Prisoners of War, =58=_ff_
+
+"Reprisal Prisoners," 36, 71
+
+"Reprisals of Good," 24, 105, =132=_ff_
+
+Reuss, Prince Heinrich of, 38
+
+Rolland, Romain, 229, 240
+
+Rotten, Dr. Elizabeth, 65, 85, 134, =138-40=, 144, 158, 195
+
+Roubaix, 258
+
+Ruhleben, 84, 133, 135
+  --Reports on, =87=_ff_
+
+Ruhleben,
+  --Accommodation at, 102
+  --Accommodation at, Compared with Knockaloe, 115-16
+  --Camp Committee, 99-100
+  --Leave of Absence from, 140
+  --Mr. Jackson on, 86
+  --Overcrowding at, 102-3
+  --Prisoners' Activities at, 106-7
+  --Relatives' Visits to Men at, 139
+
+_Ruhleben, My Visit to_, 102, 107-8
+
+_Ruhleben Prison Camp, The_, 79, =104=
+
+Rumours, 66, 156, 157
+  --Sir E. Grey on, 9, 24
+
+Russell, Mr., 51
+
+Russia, Prisoners in, 73
+
+Russo-Japanese War, Prisoners in, 125
+
+
+Sackville, Lady Margaret, quoted, 197
+
+Salzwedel, 15
+
+Scarlett-Synge, Dr. Ella, 50, =149-153=, 209
+
+Scheuen, near Celle, 17
+
+Schloss Celle, 49
+
+School-books, German, and the War, 171-3
+
+Schopenhauer Society, 228-9
+
+Schulze, Dr. Siegmund, =85-7=, 103, 133, 144, 234
+
+Schwantje, Magnus, 228
+
+Schwerin, Graf, 95, 98, 104
+
+Scotswood, 7
+
+Senne, =19=, =29=, 41
+
+Serbia
+  --Austro-German Conduct in, 150-3
+  --Austro-German Prisoners in, 72
+
+Serbian Prisoners and German Assistance Agency, 137
+
+Shakespeare, Germany and, 242, 250
+
+_Sheffield Telegraph_, 183
+
+Soltau, 17
+
+Sombart, Prof., 166-7
+
+_Soul of the War_, 182, 208
+
+Southend Camp, 9
+
+Spaight, Dr. J.�M., =75-6=, 123, 125-6
+
+Spandau, 52
+
+Spectroscope Story, 140-2
+
+St. Quentin, Germans at, 208
+
+_Staatsb�rgerin_, 195
+
+Stange, Prof., 11, 12, 27, 30, 53, =144=
+
+Stargard, 8
+
+Steen, M.�T.�E., on German Prison Camps, 62
+
+Stendal, 50
+
+Stettin, 68
+
+Stobs Camp, 65
+
+_Stobsiad_, 65
+
+St�cklen, Herr, 30
+
+_Sunday Times_, 170
+
+Swiss and Red Cross, 39
+
+_Sydney_, 202, 205
+
+Sympathetic Ink, 66
+
+
+Taylor, Dr. A.�E., 56, 101-2
+
+Taube, Baron von, 88_ff_, 98
+
+Tennant, Mr., 67
+
+Tennis-court, Officer Prisoners', 48
+
+_Times_, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 53, 64, 96, 132, 158, 161, 166, 178, 198, 201,
+    205, 216, 217, 218
+
+_Times Literary Supplement_, 207
+
+Torgau, 23, 24, 32, 33
+
+Treatment of Prisoners--See under Prisoners.
+
+Tourcoing, 258
+
+Turkey, Prisoners in, 71
+
+
+Uhlans, 37, 206, 209
+
+Unruh, Fritz von, 229
+
+
+Vermin in Camps, =41=, 43
+
+Vienna Newspapers, Advertisements in, 222
+
+Visits Outside Camp, 35, =52=, 55, 57, 105, 142
+
+Vitr�, 43
+
+_Volksstimme_, 210, 222
+
+_Vorw�rts_, 159, 175, 179, 186, 222
+
+_Vossische Zeitung_, 237
+
+
+Wahn, 18
+
+_War and the World's Life_, 209
+
+Warmington, Mrs. K., 214
+
+Webster, J.�P., 56
+
+_Weissen Bl�tter_, 231
+
+Wells, H.�G., 252
+
+Werfel, Franz, 230
+
+Wesel, Lazarets, 48
+
+_Westminster Gazette_, 158
+
+Wilson, Capt. A. Stanley, 26
+
+Winchester, Bishop of, 12, =132-3=
+
+Wittenberg, 1, 50, 62, 129
+
+Wolff, Theodore, 176-7
+
+_Woman's Dreadnought_, 117
+
+Women, French, and German Soldiers, 208
+
+Working Camps, 48, 51
+
+Wounded
+  --Brotherhood Among, 182-3;
+  --German, at Orchies, 257;
+  --German, at Lille Hospital, 262-3;
+  --German, Killed, 258;
+  --Treatment of, by Germans, =187-195=, 211
+
+W�nsdorf, 55
+
+
+Y.M.C.A. at G�ttingen Camp, 11
+
+_Ypres, The Irish Nuns at_, 207
+
+
+Zetkin, Clara, 235
+
+Zimmermann, Herr E., 170
+
+Zossen, 23, 41, 66
+
+Z�der Zollhaus, 18
+
+Zwickau, 49
+
+
+                   The National Labour Press, Ltd.,
+                        Manchester and London.
+                                 28375
+
+
+
+[Transriber's Note: The table below lists all corrections applied to the
+original text.
+
+p. vii: par L'Abb� Felix Klein -> F�lix
+p. 002: lights out at 10-45 -> 10.45
+p. 009: [normalized] visited camps at Hollyport -> Holyport
+p. 014: [removed extra comma] insufficient, light -> insufficient light
+p. 016: [added opening quotes] "Clothing is furnished when required
+p. 026: his intercourse wth the German delegates -> with
+p. 040: [added closing quotes] cereals is impossible."
+p. 044: [normalized] Of Casabianda -> Cassabianda
+p. 053: the occurence mentioned -> occurrence
+p. 058: it seems very probable that -> It
+p. 074: most trivial beaches of discipline -> breaches
+p. 095: contsantly progressing -> constantly
+p. 100: recreation and asembling room -> assembling
+p. 107: [added closing quotes] skits on the camp, etc."
+p. 112: [added closing brace] (Editor of the Journal de Gen�ve)
+p. 112: official negotiaions -> negotiations
+p. 121: Even in neutral interment camps -> internment
+p. 128: [added period] by no means supports these charges.
+p. 139: so well satified -> satisfied
+p. 144: No interment camp -> internment
+p. 154: delapidated and without fire -> dilapidated
+p. 155: sme of them were so impertinent -> some
+p. 157: [added closing quotes] thanking me for my care."
+p. 159: grande loterie de Noel -> No�l
+p. 160: troops entered Centinje -> Cetinje
+p. 163: [added closing quote] go forward with our hands up.'
+p. 161: [added comma] from the Daily News, May 17
+p. 167: herioc bravery-> heroic
+p. 170: bullets in safe reatreat -> retreat
+p. 170: This is a singuarly fair -> singularly
+p. 194: par L'Ab�e F�lix Klein -> L'Abb�
+p. 198: [added period] to conceal them ever since.
+p. 205: [added opening quotes] "On the whole it cannot be said
+p. 207: imagination this aid-de-camp -> aide-de-camp
+p. 207: [added opening quotes] reviewer in the Nation, "that Herr Major
+p. 232: Deutschlands Jugend und der Weltkreig -> Weltkrieg
+p. 255: Francoise Lafitte Cyon -> Fran�oise
+p. 269: G�strow �-Mecklenburg -> G�strow i/Mecklenburg
+p. 269: Klein, L'Ab�e F�lix -> L'Abb�
+p. 271: Turcoing, 258 -> Tourcoing ]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Better Germany in War Time, by Harold Picton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BETTER GERMANY IN WAR TIME ***
+
+***** This file should be named 24810-8.txt or 24810-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/8/1/24810/
+
+Produced by Irma Spehar, Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/24810-8.zip b/24810-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a537197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24810-8.zip
diff --git a/24810-h.zip b/24810-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1463d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24810-h.zip
diff --git a/24810-h/24810-h.htm b/24810-h/24810-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4208363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24810-h/24810-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,13840 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Better Germany in War Time, by Harold Picton
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    body {
+        margin-left: 10%;
+        margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+    p {
+        margin-top: .75em;
+        text-align: justify;
+        margin-bottom: .75em;
+        text-indent: 1em;
+        }
+    h1,h2,h3 {
+        text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+        clear: both;
+        margin-top: 0em;
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        font-weight: normal;
+        }
+    h1 {
+        font-size: xx-large;
+        margin-top: 1em;
+        line-height: 150%;
+        }
+    h2 {
+        font-size: large;
+        line-height: 200%;
+        margin-top: 3em;
+       }
+    h2.contents, h2.index {
+        font-size: large;
+        }
+    h2.foreword {
+        font-size: x-large;
+        margin-bottom: 1em;
+        }
+    h3 {
+        font-size: medium;
+        margin-top: 1.5em;
+       }
+
+    hr {
+        margin-left: auto;
+        margin-right: auto;
+        margin-top: 0em;
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        clear: both;
+        height: 1px;
+        border: 0;
+        background-color: black;
+        color: black;
+        }
+    div.short {
+        margin-top: 0.5em;
+        margin-bottom: 0.5em;
+        }
+    div.short hr {
+        width: 3em;
+        }
+    div.medium {
+        margin-top: 1.5em;
+        margin-bottom: 1.5em;
+        }
+    div.medium hr {
+        width: 4em;
+        }
+    div.longer {
+        margin-top: 2em;
+        margin-bottom: 2em;
+        }
+    div.longer hr {
+        width: 5em;
+        }
+
+    div.note {
+        margin: 4em 10% 0 10%;
+        padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em;
+        border: 1px dashed black;
+        color: inherit;
+        background-color: #F0F8FF;
+        font-size: smaller;
+        }
+    div.note p {
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+
+    p.subtitle {
+        font-size: large;
+        text-align: center;
+        margin-top: 3em;
+        margin-bottom: 3em;
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+    p.by {
+        font-size: medium;
+        text-align: center;
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+    p.author {
+        font-size: x-large;
+        text-align: center;
+        margin-top: 0.5em;
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+    p.publisher {
+        font-size: medium;
+        letter-spacing: 0.1ex;
+        padding-left: 0.1ex;
+        line-height: 150%;
+        margin-top: 8em;
+        text-align: center;
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+    p.dedication {
+        font-size: small;
+        line-height: 200%;
+        margin-top: 5em;
+        margin-bottom: 5em;
+        text-align: center;
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+    p.booktitle {
+        font-size: x-large;
+        margin-top: 3em;
+        text-align: center;
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+    p.printer {
+        text-align: center;
+        font-size: smaller;
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        margin-top: 3em;
+        margin-bottom: 3em;
+        }
+    p.tb {
+        margin-top: 2em;
+        }
+
+    .noindent {
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+    .withsig {
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        }
+    .date,.signature {
+        text-align: right;
+        padding-right: 10%;
+        margin-top: 0em;
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        }
+    .sigdate {
+        margin-top: 0em;
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        }
+    .newletter {
+        text-align: center;
+        margin-top: 2em;
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        }
+    .right20 {
+        text-align: right;
+        padding-right: 20%;
+        margin-top: 0em;
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        }
+    .right25 {
+        text-align: right;
+        padding-right: 25%;
+        margin-top: 0em;
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        }
+    .stars {
+        padding-left: 6ex;
+        }
+    p.signers {
+        margin-top: 0em;
+        margin-bottom: 0em;
+        text-indent: -1em;
+        padding-left: 1em;
+        margin-left: 6em;
+        }
+
+    p.newchapter {
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+    .firstword {
+        font-size: large;
+        font-variant: small-caps;
+        }
+
+
+    table {
+        margin-left: auto;
+        margin-right: auto;
+        }
+    table.toc {
+        font-size: medium;
+        line-height: 200%;
+        margin-top: 0em;
+        margin-bottom: 1em;
+        }
+
+    th {
+        text-align: left;
+        vertical-align: top;
+        font-size: small;
+        font-weight: normal;
+        }
+    td {
+        text-align: left;
+        vertical-align: top;
+        }
+    th.page, td.page {
+        text-align: right;
+        vertical-align: bottom;
+        padding-left: 3em;
+        }
+    td.right {
+        text-align: right;
+        padding-right: 1em;
+        }
+
+    ul {
+        list-style: none;
+        margin-left: 0em;
+        padding-left: 0em;
+        }
+    ul.index {
+        margin-left: 10%;
+        margin-right: 10%;
+        line-height: 150%;
+        }
+    ul.index li {
+        padding-left: 1em;
+        text-indent: -1em;
+        }
+    ul.index li.nexletter {
+        margin-top: 2em;
+        }
+    ul.index li.sub {
+        padding-left: 2em;
+        text-indent: -1em;
+        line-height: 125%;
+        }
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+        /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+        position: absolute;
+        right: 1%;
+        font-size: x-small;
+        font-weight: normal;
+        font-style: normal;
+        text-align: right;
+        letter-spacing: 0ex;
+        padding-left: 0ex;
+        color: gray;
+        background-color: inherit;
+        }
+
+    a:link {
+        text-decoration: none;
+        color: rgb(10%,30%,60%);
+        background-color: inherit;
+        }
+    a:visited {
+        text-decoration: none;
+        color: rgb(10%,30%,60%);
+        background-color: inherit;
+        }
+    a:hover {
+        text-decoration: underline;
+        }
+    a:active {
+        text-decoration: underline;
+        }
+
+    .blockquote {
+        margin-left: 5%;
+        margin-right: 5%;
+        font-size: 90%;
+        }
+    .blockquote2 {
+        margin-left: 5%;
+        margin-right: 0%;
+        }
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    .footnotes {
+        border: dotted 1px;
+        padding-bottom: 1em;
+        margin-top: 2em;
+        }
+    .footnote {
+        margin-left: 10%;
+        margin-right: 10%;
+        font-size: smaller;
+        }
+    .footnote .label {
+        position: absolute;
+        right: 84%;
+        text-align: right;
+        }
+    .fnanchor {
+        vertical-align: baseline;
+        font-size: 80%;
+        position: relative;
+        top: -.4em;
+        }
+    p.footnotetitle {
+        text-align: center;
+        clear: both;
+        font-size: medium;
+        font-style: italic;
+        font-weight: normal;
+        }
+    div.footnotes div.footnote p {
+        text-indent: 0em;
+        }
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
+    .poem .stanza     {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    // -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Better Germany in War Time, by Harold Picton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Better Germany in War Time
+       Being some Facts towards Fellowship
+
+Author: Harold Picton
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2008 [EBook #24810]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BETTER GERMANY IN WAR TIME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Irma Spehar, Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<!-- <h1><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span>THE BETTER GERMANY IN
+WAR-TIME</h1> -->
+
+<!-- <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span>[Blank Page]</p> -->
+
+<h1><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span>
+THE BETTER GERMANY<br />
+<span style="font-size: 75%">IN WAR TIME</span></h1>
+
+<p class="subtitle"><i>Being some Facts towards Fellowship.</i></p>
+
+<p class="by">BY</p>
+
+<p class="author">HAROLD PICTON.</p>
+
+<p class="publisher">THE NATIONAL LABOUR PRESS, LIMITED,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Manchester and London.</span></p>
+
+<!-- <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span>[Blank Page]</p> -->
+
+<p class="dedication"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span>
+TO THE<br />
+BRITISH AND THE GERMAN PEOPLES<br />
+AND<br />
+IN MEMORY OF<br />
+MY MOTHER<br />
+WHO KNEW AND LOVED<br />
+THEM BOTH.</p>
+
+<!-- <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span>[Blank Page]</p> -->
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span>&#8220;Forsooth, brothers, fellowship is heaven, and lack of
+fellowship is Hell.&#8221;&mdash;<i>A Dream of John Ball.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Either we are all citizens of the same city and war
+between us, a civil war, a monstrous iniquity to be forgotten,
+as soon as it may bring in peace; or else there is no city
+and no home for man in the universe, but only an everlasting
+conflict between creatures that have nothing in common and
+no place where they can together be at rest.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Times Literary
+Supplement</i>, Nov. 11, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He had to be extremely careful, said Lord Newton at
+Knutsford last Saturday, because if he made any statement
+which did not accuse the Germans of brutality he was
+denounced by many people as pro-German.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Common Sense</i>,
+April 20, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Des faits de ce genre m&eacute;ritent d&ecirc;tre mis en evidence.
+Il faudrait, dans ce d&eacute;cha&icirc;nement d&#8217;horreurs et de haines,
+insister sur les quelques traits capables d&#8217;adoucir les &acirc;mes.&#8221;&mdash;<i>La
+Guerre vue d&#8217;une Ambulance</i> par L&#8217;Abb&eacute; <span class="smcap">F&eacute;lix Klein</span>.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Hate as a policy is either inadequate to deal with the
+crimes (real and invented) of our enemies, or, if adequate,
+so recoils on the hater that he himself becomes ruined as a
+moral agent.&#8221;&mdash;<span class="smcap">G. Jarvis Smith</span>, M.C. (late Chaplain at the
+Western Front). <i>Nation</i>, Nov. 2, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The belief at home that the individual enemy is an incurable
+barbarian is simply wrong ...&#8221;&mdash;Second-Lieut.
+<span class="smcap">A.&nbsp;R. Williams</span>, killed in action August, 1917.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I will go on fighting as long as it is necessary to get a
+decision in this war.... But I will not hate Germans
+to the order of any bloody politician; and the first thing I
+shall do after I am free will be to go to Germany and create
+all the ties I can with German life.&#8221;&mdash;<span class="smcap">J.&nbsp;H. Keeling</span> (B.E.F.,
+December, 1915).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<!-- <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>[Blank Page]</p> -->
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="contents"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class="medium"><hr /></div>
+
+<table class="toc" summary="Contents">
+<tr><th class="left" colspan="2">CHAPTER.</th><th class="page">PAGE.</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td><a href="#FOREWORD1"><span class="smcap">Foreword</span></a></td><td class="page"><a href="#Page_xi">xi.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right"><a href="#I">I.</a></td><td><a href="#I"><span class="smcap">Military Prisoners</span></a></td><td class="page"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right"><a href="#II">II.</a></td><td><a href="#II"><span class="smcap">Civilian Prisoners</span></a></td><td class="page"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right"><a href="#III">III.</a></td><td><a href="#III"><span class="smcap">Prisoners in Previous Wars</span></a></td><td class="page"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right"><a href="#IV">IV.</a></td><td><a href="#IV"><span class="smcap">Reprisals of Good</span></a></td><td class="page"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right"><a href="#V">V.</a></td><td><a href="#V"><span class="smcap">What the German May Be</span></a></td><td class="page"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td><a href="#APPENDIX"><span class="smcap">Appendix</span></a></td><td class="page"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<!-- <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span>[Blank Page]</p> -->
+
+
+
+<h2 class="foreword"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span><a name="FOREWORD1" id="FOREWORD1"></a>FOREWORD<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword">One</span> kind of German has been too often described, and
+not infrequently invented. I propose here to
+describe the other German. At a military hospital a
+lady visitor said to the wounded soldiers: &#8220;We&#8217;ve
+had lots of books and tales of horror; why don&#8217;t some
+of you fellows prepare a book of the good deeds of the
+enemy?&#8221; There was a slight pause. &#8220;Ah,&#8221; said
+one of the soldiers, &#8220;that would be a golden book.&#8221;
+Very imperfectly, and in spite of all the barriers
+raised by war passions, I have tried to collect some of
+the materials already to hand for such a book.</p>
+
+<p>In any quarrel it is difficult to recognise that there
+is good in one&#8217;s opponent. Yet in order that any
+strife may be wisely settled, this recognition is
+plainly necessary. Mere enmity, without recognition
+of good, belongs to primitive barbarism. It was
+against the foolish unpracticality of this older
+barbarism (not surely only against its wickedness)
+that Christ protested in the words, &#8220;But I say unto
+you, love your enemies.&#8221; He saw around him the
+folly and unenlightenment of the perpetual feud. I
+have collected the testimonies that are in the following
+pages because such facts seem to me to need
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span>wider recognition, if we are ever to gain an outlook
+upon a fairer and a truer world.</p>
+
+<p>If my desire for peace has anywhere shown itself
+unduly, or in a way irritating to others, I ask forgiveness.
+Whenever peace is made, the world will need
+a peace built on all the facts of human nature. I
+have tried to give here some of those which war
+passions inevitably obscure. That is the whole of my
+task.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">HAROLD PICTON.</p>
+<p class="sigdate"><i>September, 1918.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotetitle">Footnotes:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> With the exception of a few minor insertions the whole of this
+book was compiled, and the preface written, before Peace came. It
+seemed, however, that it might only be harmful if published then. I,
+therefore, kept the book back, but, as the wording expressed my feeling
+as I wrote, I have left it unchanged.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="booktitle"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span>The Better Germany in War Time</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 style="margin-top: 1em"><a name="I" id="I"></a>I.<br />
+MILITARY PRISONERS.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword">The</span> cases of bad treatment of prisoners in Germany
+have been made known very widely. No one, I
+imagine, can wish to defend bad treatment of
+prisoners anywhere (even of criminal prisoners), and
+such a horrible state of things as that of Wittenberg
+during the typhus epidemic is a disgrace to human
+nature.</p>
+
+<p>But Mr. Lithgow Osborne says: &#8220;My whole
+impression of the camp authorities at Wittenberg was
+utterly unlike that which I have received in every
+other camp I have visited in Germany.&#8221; (Miscel. 16,
+1916, p.&nbsp;6). I propose to give some account of
+these other camps. I shall not exclude adverse
+criticism, but as the public have heard little but such
+criticism, I do not think it will be unfair to deal in
+these pages more fully with the favourable reports.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Letters from Officers and Others.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The following letter from a British Officer appeared
+in the <i>Times</i> of December 30, 1914. It may well
+serve as an introduction and a caution:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p class="withsig">I do not doubt Private O&#8217;Sullivan&#8217;s wonderful experience
+as a prisoner, but his is, I am sure, only an isolated case,
+and not at all the usual treatment to which British prisoners
+are subjected. I can speak from experience, as I, too, was a
+prisoner (wounded), but afterwards released, as the building
+in which I was, along with several German wounded, was
+captured by the British. During the time I was with the
+Germans they treated me with every consideration. Food
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>was scarce, owing to the fact that the roads were so well
+shelled by our artillery that their transport could not come
+up; but they shared their food with me. They also dressed
+my wound with the greatest care, and in every way made
+me as comfortable as possible. Being able to speak a little
+German, I talked to the other wounded, and found that
+their papers also published dreadful tales of our treatment
+of prisoners, which I am glad to say I was able to refute.
+<br />I am, Sir, yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">A British Officer.</span></p>
+<p class="sigdate">December 27.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I would especially call the attention of fair-minded
+men to the last sentences.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a letter written by Second-Lieut. F. Phillips
+Pearce (aged 18) of the 2nd Essex Regiment, from
+Crefeld on October 27, and printed in the <i>Times</i> of
+November 19, 1914:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>We are treated very well indeed here. We have good beds
+and fires in the rooms, three good meals a day, and a French
+soldier for a servant, and this morning I had a splendid hot
+bath. We have roll call twice a day, at 8 a.m. and 9.45
+p.m., and lights out at 10.45, and we have a large courtyard
+to walk about in. We have a canteen here where we can
+buy clothes and anything we want. Prison fare is very good&mdash;new
+rolls and coffee and fresh butter. Not bad! I had a
+very decent guard when I was coming up on the train; he
+got me food, and when one man tried to get in to attack
+me he threw him off the train. I am afraid I am out of the
+firing line until the war ends (worse luck). I am in no danger
+of being shot unless I try to bolt, which I shan&#8217;t do. I shot
+the man who was carrying their colours, and he wanted to
+have me shot, but luckily nobody seemed to agree with him.
+The next time I saw him he had been bandaged up&mdash;he was
+shot through the shoulder&mdash;and he dashed up and shook me
+by the hand and shouted, &#8220;Mein Freund, mein Freund.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>On November 25 other letters appeared in the
+<i>Times</i>. One was from a cavalry subaltern in a
+German fortress:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>You ask about money; they provide lights and firing and
+all the men&#8217;s food. The officers get 16s. a week and buy their
+own. Quite sufficient, as it is cheap. I have learnt German
+fairly quickly and do interpreter now in the shop for the
+men, though, I am afraid, <i>tant mal que bien</i>. One of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>officials here used to be a professor, and is very kind trying
+to teach us. Thanks for the warm underclothes, and most
+awfully for the footballs. We have quite good matches....
+It is better not to try to send any public news of
+any kind from England; people having been stupid trying
+to smuggle letters in cakes and things, and it only makes
+trouble for everyone.</p></div>
+
+<p>A Captain writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>For dinner at 1 p.m. we are given soup, meat and
+vegetables.... Supper takes place at 7 o&#8217;clock and consists
+of tea, sausages or meat and potatoes.... We
+receive &pound;5 a month as pay, of which 1s. 6d. is deducted for
+food each day. We have a canteen here at which we can
+buy everything we want, ... so there is no need to send
+me anything at all, except perhaps those small 7d. editions
+of novels.</p></div>
+
+<p>An English lady wrote early in 1915 from Munich:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>I must tell you I had permission to visit a wounded
+English officer, a cousin, and I think it would reassure many
+people at home to know how warmly he speaks of the great
+kindness that has been shown him now for five months, as
+well as the skill and attention of the doctors.&mdash;(<i>Times</i>,
+March 17, 1915.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Here, too, is a letter from Lieut.-Observer J.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;P.
+Harvey, an officer of the Bedfordshire Yeomanry, and
+attached to the Royal Flying Corps:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>I met one of the pilots of the German machines that
+had attacked us. He could speak English well and we shook
+hands after a most thrilling fight. I had brought down his
+machine with my machine-gun, and he had to land quite
+close to where I landed. He had a bullet through his
+radiator and petrol tank, but neither he nor his observer
+was touched. I met two German officers that knew several
+people that I knew, and they were most awfully kind to me.
+They gave me a very good dinner of champagne and oysters,
+etc., and I was treated like an honoured guest. I then came
+by train the next day to Mainz, where I was confined in a
+room by myself for two days. I have now been moved into
+a general room with eight other English officers, where we
+sleep and eat. We are treated very well, and play hockey
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>and tennis in the prison yard.&mdash;(<i>News of the World</i>,
+February 27, 1916.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Miss Colenso gives the following account, which
+appeared in the <i>Daily News</i> of June 28, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>A minister friend of mine told me the story of a young
+Scottish boy of his acquaintance, now a military prisoner in
+Germany&mdash;I forget for the moment in which camp. This
+boy received a letter from home one day telling of his
+mother&#8217;s serious illness and the doctor&#8217;s verdict that she
+could only live a few weeks. The German Commandant,
+finding the boy in great distress, asked him what was the
+matter, and on learning the cause of his grief, said: &#8220;Would
+you like to go home to your mother?&#8221; The boy sprang up,
+exclaiming indignantly, &#8220;How can you mock me when you
+know it is impossible?&#8221; &#8220;But you shall go, my boy,&#8221; said
+the commandant. &#8220;I will pay your return fare on condition
+that you give me your word of honour to come back here.&#8221;
+The boy went home to Scotland and remained by his mother&#8217;s
+side for about three weeks till her death, when, true to his
+word, he returned to Germany.</p></div>
+
+<p>The writer of &#8220;Under the Clock&#8221; considers that
+&#8220;well-attested&#8221; stories of this kind should be given
+publicity. It is even more necessary to examine the
+&#8220;attestation&#8221; of the other kinds of stories, for all the
+bias is against the enemy, and demand is apt to create
+supply.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Merseburg, D&#339;beritz.</span></h3>
+
+<p>I pass on now to a report made by a United States
+Official. The American Consul writes from Leipzig
+under date of November 16, 1914: &#8220;On Saturday
+afternoon, the 14th instant, I visited the military
+concentration camp near Merseburg, where some
+10,000 prisoners of war are interned. The object of
+my visit was to investigate the claim of a French
+prisoner that he is an American subject. The result
+of my observations regarding the welfare and humane
+treatment of the prisoners at large was a surprise to
+me.... Separated by nationality, these prisoners
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>are housed in wooden buildings, well built, ventilated
+and heated.... They sleep upon straw mattresses
+in well-warmed quarters, and, as far as I could judge,
+are as well or better housed than labourers upon public
+works in the United States. The prisoners are fed
+three times a day. Breakfast consists of coffee and
+bread. Dinner consists of vegetable and meat, soup
+and bread, and for supper they are given bread and
+coffee. I was informed that many of the prisoners
+have some money, and that they are allowed to buy
+whatever else they may wish to eat. If I may judge
+from the mounds of empty beer bottles at hand, there
+is evidence in support of this statement. The
+prisoners appeared to be in good health and cheerful,
+many of them engaging in games and other
+pastimes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The diet described must be frightfully monotonous.
+Feeding has throughout been one of the German
+difficulties. &#8220;Germany claims to hold 433,000
+prisoners of war,&#8221; wrote an anonymous American
+journalist (probably in November, 1914); &#8220;the housing
+and feeding of so great a number must be a
+tremendous strain upon resources drained by the
+necessities of war.&#8221; The numbers must now exceed
+two million. The Press article referred to [Misc.
+No. 7 (1915)] is severe on the misery of camp life,
+and the verminousness of the men (they were of
+mixed nationality) in the camp at D&ouml;beritz which he
+visited. (See, however, the further official reports
+quoted below at p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_9">9</a>). But the writer does not
+confine his condemnation to one side. &#8220;One hears of
+battles in which no quarter is granted. There are
+stories of one side or the other refusing an armistice
+to permit the other to gather its wounded. Each
+side is desperately determined to win, and neither is
+counting the cost. So men must rust in prison
+camps until the struggle is over.&#8221; The monotony in
+this case seems to have been varied by fights between
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>the prisoners of different nationality, each set considering
+that the others had not done their part in the war.
+We need not be contemptuous about that. The
+monotony of the prisoners&#8217; life must tend to produce
+the maximum degree of mutual friction. There is
+absolutely no privacy for the prisoner of war. To be
+forced to remain, day and night, for months and years
+in idleness, with a crowd of others, not of one&#8217;s own
+choice is, I believe, one of the psychological factors
+which make internment (especially to many civilians)
+decidedly worse than imprisonment in a criminal
+prison.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Correspondence and Packages.</span></h3>
+
+<p>My next document illustrates the fact that each
+side makes similar complaints about the other.
+Telegram received by American Embassy, London,
+December 23, 1914, 22nd from Berlin Embassy:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>&#8220;Foreign Office reports receiving many complaints that
+money and packages sent German military and civilian
+prisoners in enemy countries from Germany do not reach
+addresses. Please secure information for Department to
+forward German Foreign Office whether money and other
+postal matter will be delivered to such prisoners promptly
+and intact.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Bryan</span>, Washington.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that many letters and parcels have
+<i>not</i> reached German prisoners in England. Lord
+Robert Cecil has fully allowed this. (<i>Times</i> report.
+March 11, 1915.) In spite of this, I have no doubt
+that the British authorities have done their best to
+expedite delivery. I would suggest that this is
+probably the case on the other side, too. We shall
+indeed later come upon some definite statements in
+support of this view. One frequent cause of the non-arrival
+of parcels in Germany has been convincingly
+described by Mr. Ian Malcolm, M.P. (<i>Daily Mail</i>,
+November 8, 1916, and Reprint):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>I did not approach this subject quite &#8220;new to the game.&#8221;
+I had already visited general post offices in England, Switzerland
+and elsewhere, and had seen thousands, literally
+thousands, of food parcels intended for our prisoners of war
+in Germany falling to bits and incapable of being forwarded
+for want of skilled packing. The sight was enough to make
+angels weep. To think that so much self-sacrifice had been
+exercised in humble homes to save up bits of dripping, crusts
+of bread, broken cigarettes, and what not, in order that
+these should reach son or brother or sweetheart in Germany,
+yet packed so badly albeit by loving hands, that in the first
+rough and tumble of the post the paper burst, the string
+came undone, and the contents of a dozen parcels fell in an
+inextricable jumble upon the floor.</p></div>
+
+<p>There will unfortunately, too, be those in every
+land who will take opportunities for mean thefts. We
+have all had experience of that during this war, and
+the following cutting from the <i>Daily News</i> of October
+5, 1915, may be given in illustration:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>In a letter of thanks to the secretary of the committee
+of the Elswick and Scotswood workmen, formed for the
+purpose of sending comforts to the troops, Sir Ian Hamilton
+says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote2">
+<p>I am extremely touched by the extraordinary generosity
+and kindness of the Elswick and Scotswood workmen. I
+will take great care to let our soldiers know to whom they are
+indebted for this most handsome contribution. Pray
+heaven the parcels will escape thieves and scoundrels who
+waylaid some of the gifts, and will arrive in good condition.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>If there are, alas, not a few men who will steal from
+their comrades, there are not likely to be fewer who
+will steal from their enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Speaking generally, however, the delivery of
+parcels on both sides soon became commendably
+regular. The care shown on the German side is
+warmly praised by Captain Gilbert Nobbs, who
+remained quite able to appreciate good deeds even
+after enduring terrible hardships and hearing worse
+stories from others. The bad deeds of war, soldiers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>are able to judge better than civilians. In his book
+&#8220;Englishman, Kamerad,&#8221; Captain Nobbs writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>I was very much impressed with the fair and systematic
+handling of our parcels, letters and money; even letters and
+postcards which arrived for me after I had been sent back
+to England, were re-addressed and sent back. A remittance
+of five pounds which arrived for me after I had
+left was even returned to me in England, instead of being
+applied to the pressing need of the German War Loan.&mdash;(<i>Daily
+News</i>, January 25, 1918.)</p></div>
+
+<p>An acquaintance of my own, a lecturer in a technical
+school, spoke to me to the same effect. He told me,
+as an illustration, of a parcel sent to him which had
+become quite shattered in transit (p.p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_7">7</a>). The
+Germans transferred the contents to a sack, and, as
+he said, the temptation to pilfer the sorely-needed
+foodstuffs must have been great. My informant also
+spoke of the very thorough inoculation against
+disease.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Altdamm.</span></h3>
+
+<p>On December 31, 1914, Mr. Damm reported to Mr.
+Gerard on the Camp at Altdamm near Stettin. The
+general arrangement, he remarks, is the same as that
+of the camp at Stargard on which he had reported
+previously.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It appears to me that every effort is being made
+to treat the prisoners of war as humanely as possible
+in the two camps I visited. Dry and warm shelter
+is provided, the food is simple and perhaps
+monotonous, but of good material and well prepared,
+sanitary arrangements are good, and the health of the
+men is carefully looked after.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Rumours v. Inspection.</span></h3>
+
+<p>But the general inspection of all camps had not yet
+been agreed to by the German Government, and on
+February 23, 1915, Sir Edward Grey wrote to Mr.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>Page (the American Ambassador in London) complaining
+that no definite replies to his questions were
+forthcoming. &#8220;His Majesty&#8217;s Government,&#8221; he
+continues, &#8220;have only unofficial information and
+rumours on the subject to guide them, which they
+trust do not accurately represent the facts.&#8221; The
+&#8220;unofficial information and rumours&#8221; had, however,
+attained wide publicity, and obtained still more later.</p>
+
+<p>The German authorities agreed on March 17, 1915,
+to general inspection of detention camps and consideration
+of complaints. The reports now to be cited
+were made after this date. [Misc. 11 (1915)]. I
+propose to give examples of almost all the earlier
+reports, for it was in the earlier stages of the war that
+there was most difficulty everywhere in providing
+accommodation for prisoners. We ought not to forget
+that the earliest reports on our own camps which the
+British Government have published begin with
+February, 1916.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">D&#339;beritz.</span></h3>
+
+<p>On March 31 Mr. Jackson reported on the camp at
+D&ouml;beritz, a large camp with between three and four
+thousand British prisoners. &#8220;So far as I could
+ascertain, British soldiers are called upon to do only
+their share in fatigue work.... So far as I could
+ascertain, after inquiry of a number of men, nothing
+was known as to the stopping of either incoming or
+outgoing correspondence.... The camp at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>D&ouml;beritz is in a healthy location, and the barracks
+are new and of a permanent character.... They
+are at least as good as those used by the Germans
+at present in the same neighbourhood. As was to be
+expected a number of men had individual grievances,
+but there were no general complaints, except with
+regard to the German character of the food&mdash;<i>and those
+were the exact counterparts of complaints made to me
+by German prisoners in England</i>.&#8221; I have italicised
+the last clause as it will surely, to a fair-minded man,
+seem a somewhat important one.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lithgow Osborne visited the camp at the same
+time. He says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Until two weeks ago the Russians and English were, in
+cases, housed together&mdash;a source of complaint to the latter,
+more especially on account of vermin. The races have now
+been separated. The men all stated that they had the two
+blankets and the other requisites provided in the German
+rules, and I heard but one complaint about overcrowding.
+Most of the English and French receive clothes from home.
+All the prisoners who do not, are furnished from the camp
+supply; the men stated that this was carried out according
+to the rules.</p>
+
+<p>No complaints whatever were made regarding the Commandant,
+the non-commissioned officers, or the general
+government of the camp. The food was the source of the
+few real complaints that could be heard, although at least
+half of the men spoken to admitted that it was quite as good
+as could possibly be expected.</p>
+
+<p>The impression of the whole was excellent, and one received
+the idea that everything that could reasonably be expected
+was done for the men by the authorities in charge.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Three Poor Camps.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Jackson&#8217;s reports on Burg bei Magdeburg,
+Magdeburg and Halle a/d Saale are the most
+unfavourable. They were all small officers&#8217; camps,
+Burg containing 75, Magdeburg 30, Halle 50 British
+officers. There were a few orderlies at each camp.</p>
+
+<p>The chief points are inadequate ventilation,
+inadequate service for officers and, in the first two,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>the fact that living rooms were used for all purposes,
+there being no special mess or recreation rooms.
+There seemed, however, to be no discrimination
+against the British.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">G&#339;ttingen.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Page himself reports on G&ouml;ttingen, where there
+were about 6,000 prisoners. &#8220;The Camp Commandant,
+Colonel Bogen, has done everything possible to make
+this a model camp, and he has accomplished a great
+work. The only complaint is as to the food, the
+quantity of which, of course, is not under the control
+of the Commandant, as he is limited to an expenditure
+of only 60 pfennigs (about 7d.) per day per man.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Everything was in the most beautiful order. There
+was a very fine steam laundry and drying room, bath
+rooms, with hot and cold showers, and the closets,
+etc., are in a very good condition and scientifically
+built. There is running water and electricity in the
+camp. A French barrister of Arras, named L&eacute;on
+Paillet, who was working with the French Red Cross
+and who, for some reason or other, has been made a
+prisoner, has done marvellous work in organising
+libraries, etc.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I am pleased to say that the professors and pastors
+in G&ouml;ttingen have, from the first, taken an interest in
+this camp, and Professor Stange has done much in
+helping the lot of the prisoners. The Y.M.C.A.
+building, erected through the efforts of Mr. A.&nbsp;C.
+Harte, who for a number of years has been working
+with the Y.M.C.A. in India, will be a great help to
+the men in the camp.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At the opening ceremonies there were speeches by
+Colonel Bogen, Mr. Harte, and Professor Stange, and
+then each speech was delivered in English and French
+by prisoners. These were followed by short speeches
+by French, English, and Belgian prisoners. Then
+came a concert by the camp orchestra and the camp
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>singing society, followed by songs and recitations by
+various prisoners.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Ohnesorg reported further on April 22. At that
+time there were 6,577 prisoners, of whom 1,586 were
+British. He warmly commends the steam laundry,
+the steam disinfecting plant, and the hospital. &#8220;A
+spirit of contentment pervaded the camp. The
+British prisoners were well clothed. I tasted the
+evening meal, consisting of a vegetable soup, which
+was very palatable and, I should say, nourishing....
+The citizens of G&ouml;ttingen have taken a
+great interest in the camp, and some of them, notably
+Professor Stange, of the University, have given a great
+deal of their time to the welfare of prisoners and the
+formation of classes for study amongst them.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">German Help for Prisoners.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The interest taken by prominent Germans in the
+welfare of prisoners of war is little recognised in this
+country. The Berlin Committee (of which more will
+be said later) has received considerable support. At
+the end of June, 1916, a meeting in support of its
+work was held at the house of Prince Lichnowsky,
+former Ambassador in London, who returned specially
+from the front to preside. The Bishop of Winchester,
+writing in the <i>Times</i>, tells us that many notable men
+and women were present, and that at the meeting a
+collection of 8,000 marks (about &pound;400) was made.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Cologne.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Michelson visited in April, 1915, the three
+Cologne hospitals in which wounded British prisoners
+are lying. He reports as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>These institutions are so typical of large, modern, well
+ordered hospitals that little need be said of their employment
+or management. They are provided with all the machinery
+and paraphernalia usual to surgical work on a large scale,
+contain all standard and necessary conveniences and fittings,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>afford to patients a maximum of protection in the matter
+of sanitation, quiet and relief from preventable irritation,
+and are conducted in a thoroughly scientific, professional and
+humane way.</p>
+
+<p>The names of the 49 wounded British prisoners are hereunto
+annexed. I personally spoke to every one of these
+men, and with many of them I conversed privately and
+without being overheard. With but one exception no English-speaking
+British prisoner had any complaint to make, and a
+number of the British prisoners eagerly expressed to me their
+appreciation for the care and attention given them.</p>
+
+<p>The physical condition of the Indians is particularly good.
+Only 21 deaths have occurred among the 1,000 wounded
+cared for in hospital No. VI. since the war began, and the
+death rate in the other two hospitals is correspondingly low.
+The physicians in charge consider the rate to be somewhat
+remarkable in view of the many grave injuries treated.</p>
+
+<p>In closing I may say that there is no discrimination or
+segregation among the patients and that certain French
+patients with whom I spoke expressed, likewise, their
+appreciation for the care and attention given them.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Crefeld.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Crefeld Mr. Michelson visited the camp for
+interned officers. Of these interned 137 were British.
+The general statements of the Commandant &#8220;were
+afterwards independently confirmed by the one
+interned British medical officer, Captain Benjamin
+Johnson, who said that as a physician he had no complaints
+to make or improvements to suggest. He did,
+however, complain on the score of being held prisoner,
+but the Commandant and the German medical officer,
+and I with them, feel that the presence of a British
+medical officer in the barracks is desirable.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The bath room which I saw has a floor space of
+about 1,500 square feet, one-half of which, drained in
+the centre, lies under some 20 shower nozzles. There
+are a couple of porcelain tubs in the other half, and
+in the centre there is a large stove. Hot and cold
+water is available. The British officers were
+enthusiastic in their praise of this room.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As regards the sleeping rooms, wash rooms and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>latrines, and their equipment, the general German
+housing regulations are being fully complied with. I
+visited a great many sleeping rooms, and in none of
+them did I find overcrowding, uncleanliness,
+insufficient light, heat, or equipment.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The orderlies are housed in stalls in one of the
+stables, and in their regard, too, the general German
+housing regulations are being fully complied with.
+Their quarters looked sufficiently comfortable and
+clean, and two or three of the orderlies with whom I
+spoke said that they had no complaints to make, and
+that they were happy to be interned with, and not
+apart from their officers. I visited the one building
+fenced off from the others&mdash;also a stable&mdash;in which
+German soldiers are quartered, and I found the
+accommodation and equipment there to be precisely
+that furnished to the orderlies. The comparison was,
+however, somewhat in favour of the orderlies, for the
+orderlies were fewer in number and less crowded than
+the soldiers. Although exercise is not compulsory,
+there is ample space in the central rectangle for out-door
+games of all sorts and for walking. No appropriate
+form of exercise, recreation, or amusement is
+denied the interned, and opportunities for distraction
+within the barracks lie largely in their own hands.
+Smoking is freely permitted, and English, French and
+Russian songs are sung without interference. The
+walls of one French officer&#8217;s room were covered with
+good-natured caricature drawings. When I asked the
+Commandant if the interned might not be permitted to
+go out into the country under guard, he replied that
+the barracks were too near the frontier for that, and he
+mentioned that one officer had already escaped and
+succeeded in getting over the border.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Food is provided to all officers at the rate of two
+marks daily. This absorbs the whole of a lieutenant&#8217;s
+pay, and the Commandant recognised the difficulty.
+But &#8220;none of the officers want the present arrangement
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>altered if alteration is to involve a decrease in
+the quality, quantity, or variety of the food furnished.
+All of them agree that the food is entirely satisfactory,
+under the circumstances, and that it is fully worth
+two marks a day.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The officers told me that letters and packages
+were delivered to them with commendable rapidity,
+and that the Commandant was unfailingly obliging
+when, for important reasons, any officer needed to
+send off more than two letters a month.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Gardelegen, Salzwedel.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Dr. Ohnesorg, of the U.S. Navy, inspected
+Gardelegen and Salzwedel. Owing to typhus, the
+former was not completely inspected. Two hundred
+and twenty-eight British soldiers were interned here.
+Dr. Ohnesorg remarks that the situation is open,
+with natural drainage. There was a good and
+unstinted water supply. &#8220;I had a long talk alone
+with Captain Brown. He spoke well of the camp.&#8221;
+&#8220;Work was being rushed on&#8221; for the complete
+eradication of the clothing louse which is the carrier
+of the infection. &#8220;It should be mentioned that the
+Russian prisoners, who are primarily responsible for
+the introduction of the disease, are quartered alone,
+... but all the prisoners associate with one another
+in the compound.&#8221; At Salzwedel, out of a total of
+7,900 prisoners, only 49 were British. The supply of
+water was unstinted. Shower baths and hot water
+were available. Each man could have a bath every
+three days, and the baths were being added to. In
+the hospital &#8220;the English doctor informed me that
+the medicines and treatment accorded to the sick were
+good.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The majority of the English prisoners complained
+of not getting enough food and the monotony of the
+diet. The black bread was another point of protest.
+I myself was given a sample of the mid-day meal as it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>came from the kettle. It consisted of a thick soup
+containing potatoes, beans, and small portions of fish.
+It was palatable, and I should say nourishing. The
+prisoners do not do heavy work, their work being
+police duties, etc. I must add that those whom I saw
+were well nourished, of good colour, and appeared to
+be in good physical condition. There were only a
+half-dozen on the sick list, and, with one exception,
+they were under treatment for wounds.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Guestrow, Muenster (Lager), Soltau, Scheuen,
+Schloss Celle.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Jackson reported on the first four of these. The
+G&uuml;strow camp (Mecklenburg) contained about 6,000
+prisoners, of whom 300 were British. It is situated in
+the pine woods, and consists of &#8220;solid, newly-built
+wooden barracks, lighted by electricity and heated.&#8221;
+Washing and bathing facilities were good and the
+postal department well organised. &#8220;Clothing is
+furnished when required, <i>if asked for</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There are several workrooms, and most of the men
+who have trades can find something to do to occupy
+their time and can earn a little money.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Most of the British soldiers spoke of harsh treatment
+immediately following their capture&mdash;at the
+beginning of the war&mdash;and while they were being
+transported to Germany, and several spoke of their
+having been handled roughly while in the tents.
+Others said frankly that most of those who had been
+treated badly since they came to the camp had done
+something to deserve it. In any event all admitted
+that their present treatment was good, and that there
+was now no discrimination against the British.
+British soldiers had never been called on to do more
+than their share of the dirty work about the camp. A
+party of Russians had always had charge of the
+latrines, voluntarily, in return for some small compensation.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>The spirits of the British prisoners seemed
+good.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The account of M&uuml;nster is almost precisely similar&mdash;&#8220;solidly-built
+barracks,&#8221; &#8220;good bathing arrangements,&#8221;
+&#8220;well-arranged hospital.&#8221; Suggestive of
+the nervous strain of internment is the following:
+&#8220;Here the relations between the British and
+Belgians seemed cordial, and the former participated
+in the recent celebration of King Albert&#8217;s birthday,
+which the French declined to do.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At Soltau there were about 30,000 prisoners,
+principally Belgian. Four hundred were British.
+German control was largely eliminated, but the
+results in this case do not seem to have been satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In this camp there seemed to be fewer German
+soldiers on duty than is the rule elsewhere, and
+practically the whole of its administration is in the
+hands of the Belgians, who have organised many
+courses of study (under Belgian professors) and who
+have a Catholic Church, a theatre, an orchestra, and
+a choir. The British complained that there is discrimination
+against them here (apparently more by
+the Belgians than by the Germans), and that they
+are not permitted to participate in the administration
+or to be represented in the kitchen or post office.
+Complaints were made about the food and the delivery
+of mail and parcels, and it was said that the Belgians
+objected to have them join in football games, etc.
+They also said that they were compelled to do much
+more than their share of fatigue work in connection
+with the latrines. All these complaints were brought
+to the attention of the officer in charge, who promised
+to investigate them, as apparently but little attention
+had been paid to such matters so long as there had
+been no trouble in the camp.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At Scheuen near Celle a similar difficulty existed.
+There were 118 British out of a total of 9,000 prisoners.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>&#8220;The British non-commissioned officers muster their
+men and exercise some general control over them,
+but the French or Belgian non-commissioned officers
+are in charge of the barracks and designate the men
+who are to do fatigue duty. In consequence, it is
+claimed, British soldiers are detailed to such work
+more frequently than those of other nationalities. On
+speaking of this to the Commandant, he promised at
+once to arrange so that a more fair division of work
+should be made in the future. Otherwise the men
+made no complaint with regard to any discrimination
+against them.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Zueder Zollhaus, Wahn.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The reports issued in Miscellaneous, No. 14 (1915)
+continue the inspections and reinspections up to the
+middle of May. As improvements were continuously
+being made in the camps, it is scarcely necessary to
+refer in detail to these further reports. There are
+reports on fifteen camps for military prisoners. Two
+of these reports (those on the &#8220;working camp&#8221; at
+Z&uuml;der Zollhaus and Wahn) are unfavourable, thirteen
+are favourable. At Z&uuml;der Zollhaus were 2,000
+prisoners, of whom 479 were British. The camp was
+for prisoners who were willing to work on the land.
+&#8220;I was given to understand,&#8221; writes Dr. Ohnesorg,
+&#8220;that this camp would only be occupied during the
+summer months.&#8221; The inspector finds the hospital
+accommodation in this case &#8220;very crude.&#8221; There
+were about thirty cases of sickness which should
+certainly have been removed elsewhere. The morning
+meal seems very small for the morning&#8217;s work. It
+consists of either soup or coffee with 300 grammes
+(say 10 oz.) of bread. Altogether it is plain that
+improvements here were urgently needed. Dr.
+Ohnesorg, however, says: &#8220;All of them (the British
+prisoners) appeared to be in good physical condition....
+The work is not hard, and they are permitted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>to take it leisurely.... They informed me that
+their treatment was good, they were not overworked,
+and practically the only complaint they had to make
+was that a more substantial meal to begin the day on
+should be given them.&#8221; At Wahn the food was complained
+of, and the most unpleasant feature is that
+the Commandant did not seem on good terms with
+the British.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Blankenburg.</span></h3>
+
+<p>As regards the camp for officers at Blankenburg,
+Mr. Jackson writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The house itself is as comfortable as any of the places
+where I saw interned officers in England.... It is
+surrounded by attractive, well-kept grounds, in which a
+tennis-court has just been made.... There are several
+modestly furnished mess and recreation rooms, and a terrace
+which is used for afternoon tea.... The Commandant
+is interested in his work, and evidently does all he can to
+make conditions agreeable.</p></div>
+
+<p>There were 110 officers, of whom nine were British.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Senne.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Sennelager Mr. Osborne reports:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The situation of the camp is good ... on very dry,
+sandy soil, surrounded at a few kilometres by pine forests.
+The buildings are good. Though there were the customary
+complaints about the food, more than half the men I spoke
+with expressed themselves as satisfied.... The men looked
+healthy, and they all stated that the general health of the
+camp was excellent.... There are shower baths with hot
+and cold water.... The men said they were well treated
+by the Commandants and the German soldiers and N.C.O.&#8217;s
+in charge of them.</p></div>
+
+<p>The camps at Sennelager are large ones, and include
+more than two thousand British prisoners. Games,
+concerts, and theatrical performances help to pass the
+time. A play given by French prisoners was entitled:
+<i>Avant et apr&egrave;s la guerre.</i></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span><span class="smcap">Mainz.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Of the officers&#8217; camp at Mainz, Dr. Ohnesorg
+reports that &#8220;The quality and quantity of the food
+was good and varied.... One and all the British
+officers spoke in the highest terms of their commanding
+officer, his kindness and courtesy, and said that
+they received every privilege which could be afforded
+them, considering their position.&#8221; There were
+about 700 officers, of whom 25 were British. &#8220;If
+anything,&#8221; says the American Consul at Wiesbaden
+in a later report on Mainz, &#8220;I should think the
+British officers would ... receive almost greater
+courtesy at the hands of their keepers than those of
+the other nations.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">General Remarks of Dr. Ohnesorg.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Dr. Ohnesorg appends some general remarks on the
+camps he visited. In the following quotations I have
+omitted nothing which is in the nature of adverse
+criticism:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;On the whole the treatment accorded them is
+good, but frequent protests were made to me concerning
+the food&mdash;not so much because of its quality, as
+because of the insufficient quantity and the monotony
+of the diet. The prisoners, however, appeared to be
+in good physical condition and well nourished.
+Appended are various weekly dietary slips. I had an
+opportunity in various camps to sample either the
+mid-day or the evening meal. I found them palatable
+and, I should say, nourishing. Considering the fact
+that the men have practically no hard work to do, it
+appears to be sufficient in quantity, each man getting
+a liberal allowance&mdash;probably a litre and a half of
+food per meal.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The treatment accorded the sick and wounded
+prisoners is excellent. They are given every
+advantage of medicines and treatment, and special
+food when necessary. A dietary slip of the latter
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>is appended. The same routine, the same food, etc.,
+as in use in German military hospitals, apply for these
+various hospitals in prison camps.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I found no discrimination made between prisoners
+of various nationalities. With the exception of
+Limburg, the British prisoners are housed with the
+Russians, French and Belgians, and this is the cause
+oft-times of complaint on the part of the English,
+especially if they are under the direct supervision of a
+non-commissioned officer of another nationality. Some
+of them stated that the work, i.e., the police duties,
+etc., largely because of this are not equally and justly
+divided.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Every precaution is taken by the authorities
+against the spread of disease in camp. All the
+prisoners are vaccinated against smallpox, and are
+immunised against typhoid and cholera. Certain
+simple rules against the contraction of disease are
+posted throughout the camps, and the men are
+impressed with the importance of personal cleanliness.
+Baths are obligatory, the facilities affording each man
+a weekly bath under the showers.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The water supply in the camps is good. In most
+of them it is connected with the city supply, and
+when not, Artesian wells have been sunk on the
+premises and water thus obtained. Taps are placed
+throughout the company streets, and the use of water
+is unstinted.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As a rule, the prisoners were found to be well
+clothed, although not all in their own uniforms.
+Some were in French uniforms, and some in a combination
+of Russian, French, and British.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In many of these camps, prisoners are loaned out
+throughout the country to work upon farms, and, in
+some cases, in various industries. This is entirely
+voluntary on the part of the prisoner, and this service
+is mostly accepted by the French. No British
+volunteer. These men have a guard over them, are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>housed and fed by their employer and receive five
+pfennigs a day in pay. It breaks the monotony of
+prison life, and many more volunteer than are needed
+for this work.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">New Regulations.</span></h3>
+
+<p>On April 24, 1915, the Prussian Ministry of War
+issued a new set of regulations respecting the maintenance
+of prisoners of war. They show great
+thoroughness and forethought, but I am afraid the
+average Englishman would be as unready to believe
+that they showed genuine good intentions, as the
+average German would be to believe that favourable
+regulations issued by the English authorities were
+really <i>bona fide</i>. Yet, as it seems to me of general
+interest, I will here give the second regulation:
+&#8220;Self-management as regards catering has already
+been ordered for military and civilian prisoners&#8217;
+camps, as this system has been proved far preferable
+to the employment of contractors. Nearly all the
+complaints about the food come from camps where
+contractors are employed.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Erfurt, Ohrdruf.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It is impossible to do more than make very brief
+citations from the remaining reports. In no case is
+the report otherwise than favourable, and the food is
+described as good.</p>
+
+<p>At Erfurt &#8220;the kitchens are clean, and the midday
+soup (which I tasted) was good&#8221;. The British soldiers
+had no complaint against German officers or soldiers,
+but &#8220;they claimed that the French or Belgian non-commissioned
+officers caused them to be detailed as
+members of working parties more frequently than their
+fellow prisoners of other nationalities.&#8221; This reminds
+us that complaints arise in institutions other than those
+worked by &#8220;enemies.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At Ohrdruf &#8220;a number of men who had been treated
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>for their wounds in the lazaret at Weimar spoke in the
+highest praise of their treatment by German doctors
+and nurses.... Some of the British thought (as at
+Erfurt) that they were detailed to working parties (by
+French non-commissioned officers) more frequently
+than the others, but otherwise no complaint was made
+to me of any discrimination against them.&#8221; The
+British did not like the soup, &#8220;but almost without
+exception they seemed in good physical condition and
+in good spirits.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Mr. Gerard&#8217;s Comments.</span></h3>
+
+<p>&#8220;The food question,&#8221; writes Mr. Gerard (U.S.
+Ambassador at Berlin), &#8220;is of course a difficult one
+in a country where the whole population is put upon
+a bread ration. Most of the rumours current in
+England are without foundation or very exaggerated....
+No British prisoner needs clothes in Germany ... and
+I have just learned that British prisoners at
+Zossen, to whom we sent clothes, shoes, etc., have
+sold these articles to the French prisoners and are
+asking for a second supply.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Muenden, Friedberg, Torgau, Merseberg.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Thirteen British prisoners at Hannover-M&uuml;nden
+&#8220;said that they were not discriminated against in any
+way.... All seemed in good spirits.&#8221; At Friedberg
+were 13 British officers. &#8220;The commandant drew my
+particular attention to the row of little gardens cared
+for by the interned, and is much pleased with this
+feature of the place. He also told me he would like to
+allow officers to have dogs, but he fears this cannot
+be done.... The officers&#8217; rooms amply exceed all
+requirements as to housing and equipment.... The
+dining-rooms are two ... and either room would do
+credit to a club or hotel of the first class.&#8221; At Torgau
+&#8220;the commandant spoke of the British officers to me
+in very complimentary terms.&#8221; At Merseberg &#8220;the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>new food regulations are in force.... No complaints
+were made to me about the food, and the men appeared
+to be in good health.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Penny Blue Book.</span></h3>
+
+<p>On May 14, 1915, Viscount (then Sir Edward) Grey,
+writing to Mr. Page (U.S. Ambassador in London),
+mentioned that His Majesty&#8217;s Government &#8220;have
+heard with pleasure that there is a distinct disposition
+on the part of the German authorities to accept
+suggestions made for the welfare of the prisoners of
+war.&#8221; These words gave hope of the development of
+better feeling and of those &#8220;reprisals of good&#8221;
+which many believe to be more constructive than
+reprisals of frightfulness. The Penny Blue Book on
+the treatment of prisoners of war, issued not long after
+this, was not helpful to these hopes. As regards
+Germany, this publication consists almost exclusively
+of the &#8220;unofficial information and rumours&#8221; which,
+as Sir Edward Grey stated in February, 1915, His
+Majesty&#8217;s Government &#8220;trusted did not accurately
+represent the facts.&#8221; The result is unfortunate. The
+Blue Book is limited by its title to &#8220;the first eight
+months of the war,&#8221; and deals almost exclusively with
+charges brought before the close of 1914, when, as is
+well known, there was confusion everywhere. The
+method of arranging the evidence is too much that of
+an advocate aiming at producing the maximum effect.
+For example, we read (page 6): &#8220;The United States
+Consul-General at Berlin heard on October 16 that
+information regarding the treatment of non-commissioned
+officers and men of the British Army who are
+prisoners of war in other camps is anxiously awaited
+at Torgau. &#8216;Rumours of their exposure to the
+elements, their starvation and their treatment, are
+rampant all along the line.&#8217;&#8221; On turning to Misc. 7
+(1915) we find that <i>these last words were not those of
+the American Consul-General</i>, but those of an officer
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>interned at Torgau. The American Ambassador, Mr.
+Gerard, writes: &#8220;It should also be added that,
+although the British officers at Torgau state that they
+have heard reports of starvation and ill-treatment of
+British soldiers in other prisoners&#8217; camps, the
+Embassy have no reason for believing that this is the
+case.&#8221; <i>This statement is omitted in the Penny Blue
+Book.</i></p>
+
+<p>To give the public an idea of the camp at D&ouml;beritz
+quotations are made (page 33) from an article by an
+anonymous American journalist. An early official
+report is cited which gives a very different impression,
+but as it is quoted in quite a different part (page 18)
+of the Blue Book, the contradiction is only seen on
+careful examination. On the covers of the two copies
+of the Blue Book which I have are lists of Foreign
+Office publications. Amongst these (see pages 9, 10)
+is Miscel. No. 11 (1915) (price 3d.), which contains
+two official U.S. reports on D&ouml;beritz, one by Mr.
+Jackson, the other by Mr. Lithgow Osborne, both of
+them entirely favourable. No hint of the existence of
+these reports (received on April 10 and April 24
+respectively) is given in the body of the Penny Blue
+Book. As regards British camps, the only evidence
+cited is the report made by Mr. Chandler Hale of the
+U.S. Embassy after the riot at Douglas in November,
+1914.</p>
+
+<p>I am fully aware that the sufferings of prisoners of
+war, as of soldiers in the field, cannot be adequately
+presented in official reports, but the sifting of more
+human and biased evidence is an extremely difficult
+task, and it is sufficiently plain that we should not
+rely on official evidence to exculpate ourselves, while
+using rumours and unofficial information to condemn
+the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>There are very many prison camps in Germany,
+and their individual tone must depend enormously
+upon the aims and efforts of the commandant in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>charge. A mistake of appointment, almost a slip of
+the pen, and a man may be in charge who will make
+life unendurable as only unlimited authority can.</p>
+
+<p>The words used by Lord Newton in the House of
+Lords on July 31, 1917, are noteworthy in this
+connection. One impression he derived from his
+intercourse with the German delegates at the Hague
+was that &#8220;in spite of the German power of centralisation,
+Berlin headquarters did not know a great deal of
+what was going on. As the Germans had thirty times
+as many prisoners as we had, it would be surprising if
+they did know what went on.&#8221; (<i>Daily News</i>, August
+1, 1917.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Prisoner in Austria.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Here is an account of a British member of Parliament,
+a prisoner in Austria:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Captain A. Stanley Wilson, M.P., who is a prisoner of
+war in Austria, has written the following letter to Colonel
+Duncombe, chairman of the Holderness Conservative Association,
+here:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote2">
+<p>&#8220;I am a prisoner of war, and with only one hope&mdash;that
+the war will be over soon. I was taken off a Greek
+steamer by a submarine on December 6. After two nights
+and a day on board I was brought here. I must not give
+any details. Colonel Napier was also taken prisoner, and
+we are together. Fortunately I have in him a capital
+companion who can speak German very well.</p>
+
+<p>I am afraid it will be a very long time before I see
+my constituents. I wish them all a happy new year and
+hope that during next year I may meet them again. The
+outlook for me is not very bright, but I intend to do my
+best to be cheerful. Up to the present we have been very
+well treated. We had some most exciting experiences in
+the submarine. The officers on board treated us as though
+we were their guests and not their prisoners. We have as
+companions two French officers who were made prisoners
+the day before us, their submarine having run ashore.&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&mdash;<i>Manchester Guardian</i>, January 10, 1916.</p></div>
+
+<p>Captain Wilson (an able-bodied prisoner) has since
+been unconditionally released.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span><span class="smcap">The Food Question.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The report already given makes it clear that very
+similar complaints, or (as Mr. Jackson puts it
+[page 16]) complaints that were &#8220;exact counterparts&#8221;
+as to food, have often been made on both
+sides. It is also plain that complaints on this score
+in German camps have been by no means universal.
+I do not in the least suppose that the food in general
+would be satisfying or other than dreadfully
+monotonous. (&#8220;Oft recht eint&ouml;nig,&#8221; says Professor
+Stange quite frankly in his interesting pamphlet on
+G&ouml;ttingen camp.) Loss of appetite, depression,
+indigestion will then in many cases produce grave
+physical trouble. All this may occur and does occur,
+without anything like a deliberate attempt at starvation.
+British born wives of interned Germans would
+sometimes, even before the reduction of rations, speak
+bitterly of their husbands&#8217; needs. An anti-English
+journalist might have used such complaints to charge
+us with starvation. But even perfectly <i>bona fide</i>
+complaints need indicate only monotony, loss of
+robustness, and consequent physical (and mental) ills&mdash;and
+indeed the tragedy of these things may become
+terribly dark. It is, however, something very different
+from deliberate starvation.</p>
+
+<p>In any comparison between the two sides it is only
+fair to take into account the special difficulties of the
+German case. The number of prisoners in Germany
+by August, 1915, was probably over one million. This
+is an enormous figure. While Great Britain and her
+Allies have tried to prevent food from reaching
+Germany, the drain upon the German food stock has
+continually grown as the number of prisoners has
+increased. By the end of 1917 this famished country
+had to support probably more than two million extra
+persons. The French Press long ago frankly regarded
+this as one of the means of helping towards the
+starving out of Germany, while in an American
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>cartoon the Russian prisoners were figured as an
+enormous beast with its head in a cupboard labelled
+&#8220;Germany&#8217;s Food Supply.&#8221; These are considerations
+for the fair-minded, and it is for them to recall that
+as soon as there was in our own case a menace of food
+shortage, there was also what might in official
+language be described as a complete revision of the
+prisoners&#8217; rations. The prisoners&#8217; own language
+would very likely describe it differently. We can
+scarcely be surprised at sad and even very bitter words
+at times from prisoners&#8217; wives.</p>
+
+<p>That prisoners themselves are, however, sometimes
+able to envisage the difficulties is indicated by the
+following extract from a <i>Daily News</i> interview with a
+corporal repatriated from M&uuml;nster. He commented
+on the fact that some men were the recipients of more
+parcels than they needed, while others got none. The
+interview continues:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>You see, without regular parcels from home a man
+simply starves at a camp like M&uuml;nster. If the Germans had
+the food I believe they would give it, but they haven&#8217;t:
+they are starving themselves.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> All they allowed us was bread
+and water and thin soup. The consequence is that the men
+who get no parcels have to go round begging from the other
+chaps just to keep body and soul together.</p>
+
+<p>From what I saw of it, getting so much while others get
+nothing isn&#8217;t good for a man either. Some fellows&mdash;the
+stingy sort&mdash;will save up their parcels against a rainy day.
+Make a regular little store they will. Others&mdash;the lively
+sort&mdash;sell what they have over to the unlucky ones, and
+spend their time gambling with the few marks they make.
+Poor devils! You can&#8217;t blame them!</p></div>
+
+<p>The word &#8220;starvation&#8221; has been, and is here, too
+freely, if very naturally, used. The remarks of Lord
+Newton, speaking in the House of Lords on May 31,
+1916, are important in this connection:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>If Lord Beresford was accurate in his assumption that
+prisoners of war would literally starve to death if parcels
+did not arrive, hundreds of thousands of prisoners would
+be dead already. Russian prisoners, of whom there were
+over a million in Germany, received no parcels at all, and
+if it was impossible to exist upon the food supplied by the
+Germans, these men would literally have died like flies....
+Lord Beresford and other noble lords had been rather
+prone to ignore the fact that Germany was a blockaded
+country. It was common knowledge that there was a general
+scarcity of food throughout Germany, and, if the prisoners
+did not get as much as they ought to have, in all probability
+the vast majority of the German population was in a state
+of comparative hunger.... He could not see what
+advantage there was in making out that the case of our
+prisoners was worse than it really was, and it seemed to him
+little short of an act of cruelty to the relations of these unfortunate
+men to lead them to suppose that our men were not
+only in a state of misery, but in a state of starvation.&mdash;(<i>Morning
+Post</i>, June 1, 1916).</p></div>
+
+<p>There is no question either that nerve strain and
+monotony accentuate the critical attitude towards
+food. Here is an extract from Mr. Jackson&#8217;s report
+on Senne (September 11, 1915): &#8220;There were some
+complaints, as usual, in regard to the food. I had
+arrived in the camp just after the midday meal was
+served, and while some of the men said that the meat
+had been bad, and they wished that I had an
+opportunity to taste it, others said that the meat had
+been particularly good, because the officers had heard
+that I was coming. None of them knew that I had
+actually eaten a plate of their soup and had found it
+excellent, both palatable and nutritious, and that my
+visit to this particular camp had not been announced
+in advance. The menu for the day had been made out
+at the beginning of the week, and could not have been
+changed after my presence in the camp was known,
+and I had a bowl of the soup which was left over after
+the prisoners had been served.&#8221; (Miscel. 19 [1915],
+page 41.)</p>
+
+<p>It is sometimes forgotten that complaints as to food
+are frequent in all institutions, schools, colleges,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>workhouses, hospitals, etc. I have before me a recent
+letter from an Englishman in a consumptive
+sanatorium in his own country: &#8220;I exist as best I
+can, and the less said about it the better. I am no
+better, and only glad that I am not worse. I at least
+don&#8217;t feel so ill as I did a week ago, although I have
+lost 3&frac12; lbs. since then. The food is atrocious, and my
+appetite small. The fellows here buy quite two-thirds
+of what they eat, otherwise they too would lose in
+weight. No good comes of making complaints ...
+nothing is ever done.&#8221; Things <i>may</i> be so, I am not a
+great believer in institutions, but certainly independent
+investigation is needed to warrant any conclusion.
+The same I feel to be the case as to complaints of
+feeding, whether in British or German camps.</p>
+
+<p>Each side, too, is also unreasonably certain of its
+own justice and of the injustice of the others. Thus
+the Social Democrat, Herr St&uuml;cklen, speaking in the
+Reichstag debate of June 6, 1916, said: &#8220;I have
+received a letter about the treatment of our prisoners
+in France which says, &#8216;If pigs were so fed by us they
+would go on hunger strike.&#8217; But I do not wish our
+Government to exercise reprisals, which, after all,
+could only hit the innocent.&#8221; [<i>Cambridge Magazine</i>,
+August 26, 1916, Supplement &#8220;Prisoners.&#8221; An
+important supplement for those who wish to get a
+glimpse (it is no more than a glimpse) of recriminations
+made by others as to treatment of prisoners.] It is
+odd how exactly the same phrases occur on both sides.
+Thus a private at D&ouml;beritz, according to the unknown
+American journalist referred to on pages 5 and 25,
+relieved his feelings as to the German food with the
+words: &#8220;I &#8217;ad a sow. And even she wouldn&#8217;t eat
+skilly.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>To suit the tastes of all the different nationalities
+would at any time be difficult; under war conditions
+it is impossible. Professor Stange relates how the
+hostess of some Russian working prisoners thought to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>give them a specially good meal of meat. The result,
+however, was less bulky than a soup, and the Russian
+comment on this occasion was, &#8220;Mother good, eating
+not good.&#8221; (&#8220;Das Gefangenen-Lager in G&ouml;ttingen,&#8221;
+page 9.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Prisoner&#8217;s Report.</span></h3>
+
+<p>A serious and responsible statement of experiences
+has been made by Chaplain Benjamin O&#8217;Rorke, M.A.,
+in his little book, &#8220;In the Hands of the Enemy.&#8221; I
+commend the book to the notice of those who wish
+for a fair statement by a patriot who has actual
+experience of a good many German camps in the early
+days of the war. As he was taken prisoner in August,
+1914, his experiences belong to the time before the
+improvements introduced in all countries had been
+begun. There are callous episodes, for instance, one of
+revolting caddishness of an orderly standing by
+without offering help when an invalid officer is
+struggling to tie up his bootlace. Military bounce,
+popular vulgarity, hardships, homesickness, courage&mdash;all
+these things one may read of, but the incidents
+which some journalists revel in are to seek. It was a
+neutral journalist, we should remember, who sent to
+a German paper a wonderful account of the panic fears
+and regulations of London under the Zeppelin menace.</p>
+
+<p>Chaplain O&#8217;Rorke&#8217;s reminiscences give us a good
+many &#8220;facts towards fellowship.&#8221; Let us select a
+few. Even the unpleasant ones may help us, where
+they show that the failings of the others are the same
+as our own. The prisoners were taken to Germany
+from Landrecies.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Credulity of Hate.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>At Aachen a hostile demonstration took place at our
+expense. There happened to be a German troop train in the
+station at the time. A soldier of our escort displayed a
+specimen of the British soldier&#8217;s knife, holding it up with
+the marline-spike open, and declared that this was the deadly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>instrument which British medical officers had been using to
+gouge out the eyes of the wounded Germans who had fallen
+into their vindictive hands! From the knife he pointed to
+the medical officers sitting placidly in the train, as much as
+to say. &#8220;And these are some of the culprits.&#8221; [It is not
+surprising that thus monstrously misinformed, and ready to
+believe all evil against the hated English, the soldiers]
+strained like bloodhounds on the leash. &#8220;Out with them!&#8221;
+said their irate colonel, pointing with his thumb over his
+shoulder to the carriages in which these blood-thirsty British
+officers sat. The colonel, however, did not wait to see his
+behest carried out, and a very gentlemanly German subaltern
+quietly urged his men to get back to their train and leave us
+alone. The only daggers that pierced us were the eyes of a
+couple of priests, a few women and boys, who appeared to be
+shocked beyond words that even a clergyman was amongst
+such wicked men.</p></div>
+
+<p>I have quoted this passage as I have not the least
+wish to give a merely <i>couleur de rose</i> picture of the
+situation. Human nature is, I fear, everywhere very
+much the same, and, once its passions are aroused,
+extremely credulous of evil against its opponents.
+Only one thing in the account a little surprises me,
+and that is the colonel&#8217;s order. If the officer was a
+colonel, would a subaltern be able quietly to countermand
+his orders? Is there not some mistake of rank
+here, or perhaps a misunderstanding of an angry
+exclamation?</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Torgau.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The populace at Torgau called them swine with
+variations&mdash;all of which, alas, is exactly what has
+been done, in some cases, by the populace on our side
+too. At Torgau &#8220;the Commandant was a Prussian
+reservist officer with a long heavy moustache. We were
+told [by the other prisoners] that he was courteous and
+considerate in every respect, and that, provided we
+took care, to salute him whenever we passed him, we
+should find him everything we could reasonably wish.&#8221;
+And later, &#8220;It was a subject of universal regret when
+the first Commandant resigned his position.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span><span class="smcap">Dogs.</span></h3>
+
+<p>A great deal has been made of the use of dogs in
+some prison camps. The following is the account
+given in Mr. O&#8217;Rorke&#8217;s book (page 41):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>As time went on our numbers increased to about 230
+British officers, and 800 French officers joined us from
+Maubeuge, including four generals. One of the latter had
+been interned in Torgau before, in the 1870 war, and had
+made good his escape. The authorities guarded against the
+recurrence of such an eventuality on the present occasion,
+their most elaborate precaution being the enlistment of dogs
+to reinforce their sentries. Their barkings could be heard
+occasionally by night, but their presence disturbed neither
+our repose nor our equanimity.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is worth while to quote from a report made by
+Dr. Ohnesorg and Mr. Dresel on Wittenberg in March,
+1916:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The police dogs are not now a cause of complaint on the
+part of the prisoners.&mdash;(<i>Miscel</i>. 16 [1916] p.&nbsp;85).</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Austin in &#8220;My Experiences as a German
+Prisoner&#8221; writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>For a long time previous to our arrival at Magdeburg
+we had been informed that large and savage dogs were to
+be provided to aid the sentries.... They were certainly
+savage enough, but were always led by a sentry, or chained
+in their den, and were never let loose on us. (p.&nbsp;141).</p></div>
+
+<p>To return to Chaplain O&#8217;Rorke&#8217;s narrative: &#8220;When
+we first arrived [the barrack warder] had adopted the
+r&ocirc;le of gaoler in his demeanour towards us, but after
+a while he became civil and deferential, and&mdash;when
+his son was captured in the war&mdash;actually
+sympathetic.&#8221; (p.&nbsp;45.) At Torgau &#8220;the meals,
+though far from sumptuous and not always palatable,
+were sufficient for our needs.&#8221; (p.&nbsp;43.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span><span class="smcap">Burg.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Burg, at the canteen, &#8220;we used to treat one
+another to a whole roll or a cake and a cup of excellent
+coffee; and, until they were put on the <i>verboten</i> list,
+to a chop or steak. The serving was done under the
+direction of a kind, motherly <i>Frau</i> at the one canteen,
+and by a polite German boy-waiter at the other....
+The regular meals seemed to be provided by the
+proprietor of the larger canteen under contract with
+the German Government. They were served at 8
+a.m., 12 noon and 6-30 p.m. In quality they were
+superior to the Torgau fare, but in quantity scarcely
+sufficient in the depth of winter for hungry young
+men. Still it must be remembered that they cost
+only 1s. 6d. a day&#8221; [out of the daily pay allowed].
+Weekly baths were the regulation, but &#8220;it was often
+possible for pushing natures to get an extra bath on
+other days,&#8221; by a method which works all the world
+over. At Burg &#8220;the new Commandant was a tall,
+well-made, soldierly figure. He had a strong face,
+curiously resembling an owl.&#8221; An amusing little
+story follows as to the preciseness of the Commandant
+and Mr. O&#8217;Rorke continues: &#8220;It is pleasant to add
+that this new Commandant was in one respect just the
+man that was needed. From the first day he began
+to make the place hum, the foul clean, and in time
+rendered it habitable. Had there been any, he would
+have made the dust fly, but there was not. Indeed
+the court was at first almost a bog through which we
+threaded our way inch deep in mud, and hopped over
+the pools. All this disappeared in a few weeks under
+the Commandant&#8217;s direction; the swamp was drained
+and the path widened.&#8221; British officials, too, know
+that the problem of mud in a confined space trodden
+by thousands of feet is one needing energy for its
+solution.</p>
+
+<p>The Commandant seems to have had a quality more
+valuable even than energy&mdash;a capacity for learning
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>from those under him. He was a judge by profession,
+and was at first stern and terrible, as well as thorough.
+To him the prisoners were as ordinary prisoners, &#8220;but
+in time he learnt to place us in a different category.
+As for myself, eventually he granted me facilities for
+carrying on my work outside the <i>Lager</i>, which he
+might easily have refused, and when, five months
+later, we parted, it was with a certain measure of
+mutual cordiality&#8221; (p.&nbsp;74). The Adjutant also
+learned more cordiality, and adjutants are sometimes
+prouder of making others feel their authority than
+commandants are.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Censor Fined by Prisoner.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Chaplain instituted a system of fines for
+&#8220;unparliamentary expressions.&#8221; &#8220;Once I had to fine
+the German censor. He was engaged on a hot day in
+examining a very large number of packages before
+distributing them to their owners. He let fall in an
+unguarded moment the remark that it was a nuisance
+to have to open so many parcels&mdash;specifying the
+particular kind of nuisance he felt it to be ... but
+unfortunately I overheard it and he had to pay the
+penalty. He did so with a good grace.&#8221; A touch like
+this seems to me, personally, to tell more eloquently
+than many orations how absurd it is to be regarding
+one another as all monsters who ought to be put out of
+the world.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Visits Outside Camp.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The hospital accommodation at the camp was very
+poor, and a lieutenant was sent out to a hospital in the
+town to have his little finger amputated. Mr.
+O&#8217;Rorke asked for permission to visit him. The
+Adjutant at once agreed. &#8220;It was not long before I
+presented myself at the office for my escort. I
+expected a couple of armed soldiers at the least,
+remembering our reception at the hands of the
+populace. Instead, my escort consisted of Herr Kost&mdash;the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>friendly censor and interpreter&mdash;and a soldier.
+&#8216;Are you going to run away?&#8217; asked Herr Kost. I
+smiled at the futility of such an idea. &#8216;Then we
+won&#8217;t take a soldier.&#8217; My journey of half an hour to
+the hospital, my reception there, and my return to
+the prison were unmarred by any unpleasant incident
+whatever. The hospital was of the latest and best.
+Lieut. George had nothing but words of gratitude
+about the doctors and nurses.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Chaplain was allowed to visit the &#8220;reprisal
+prisoners,&#8221; those put in solitary confinement owing to
+the infliction of this penalty on the officers and men
+of two German submarines. He found them well
+treated. &#8220;The privacy of this little room,&#8221; said the
+Hon. Ivan Hay &#8220;is preferable to the liberty and Babel
+of the Burg dormitories.&#8221; The prisoners were
+specially selected from families of distinction.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Prisoners and Populace.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The other Burg prisoners were afterwards removed
+to Mainz. &#8220;The German Commandant took pity on
+my loneliness and offered me the privilege of going
+into the town where and when I liked if I would give
+my word of honour that I would make no attempt to
+escape. I agreed to the proposal. We shook
+hands over it, put it down in writing, and
+he presented me with a passport for the period
+of a week.&#8221; Mr. O&#8217;Rorke, dressed in khaki,
+was soon the centre of a crowd of about twenty-five
+boys and girls. But, and this is really worth our
+noting, &#8220;they behaved extraordinarily well, and made
+no offensive remark.&#8221; His followers increased, and
+he made things worse by giving them sweets! He
+called upon the German Pastor in order to get rid of
+them, but even this failed. A long stop at a caf&eacute; did
+not tire the vigilance of his escort. When he again
+came out, there they were. &#8220;We exchanged smiles
+and off we started.&#8221; A bookseller, whose shop Mr.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>O&#8217;Rorke visited, came to his rescue and dispersed
+most of the little crowd, but another one gathered
+later, though again it showed no impoliteness or
+unfriendliness.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">MS. Returned.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It remains to be said that Mr. O&#8217;Rorke&#8217;s diary was
+confiscated on his release, but was restored to him by
+post a few weeks later, marked as having passed the
+German Censor!</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Another Prisoner&#8217;s Report.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Another useful little book of reminiscences is that
+of Mr. L.&nbsp;J. Austin, F.R.C.S., of the British Red
+Cross, &#8220;My Experiences as Prisoner in Germany.&#8221;
+&#8220;About ten miles from Namur we suddenly ran into
+the outposts of the German Army, consisting of a
+picket of about twenty Uhlans, who examined our
+papers, obligingly removed the tree from across the
+road, and allowed us to proceed. Shortly afterwards
+we were again held up, this time by an officer, who
+re-examined us all, and again we were allowed to
+proceed.... Near midday we came to a small
+village called Maffe, and here we had the misfortune
+to run straight into the head of the main German
+Army marching upon Namur.&#8221; Detention was, under
+the circumstances, practically inevitable. The party
+could scarcely be allowed to motor off with valuable
+information as to the position of the German Army
+in their possession. They were indeed suspected of
+being spies. Said an interpreter: &#8220;You know you&#8217;ve
+been incredibly foolish to come anywhere near our
+forces; you will not be able to return after seeing our
+Army, but will have to be sent back into Germany.
+I do not know what will become of you, but you will
+be treated as gentlemen.&#8221; &#8220;During the afternoon of
+the first day an officer of the Motor Cycle Corps who
+spoke excellent English came in and had a friendly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>talk with us, and seemed to be inclined to laugh at the
+position he found us in. We were struck by the
+familiarity between the privates and some of the
+officers. For instance, in this particular case, some
+of the soldiers had practice rides on their officers&#8217;
+motor-bicycles.&#8221; There followed a long interview
+with Prince Heinrich, the 33rd of Reuss. He was very
+suspicious, but polite. &#8220;Finally His Royal Highness
+shook hands with us and said: &#8216;I do not know what
+will become of you gentlemen, but probably you&#8217;ll be
+sent back to Germany to assist in looking after
+wounded soldiers of France and Belgium, and possibly
+English if they are foolish enough to cross the
+Channel.&#8217;&#8221; The prolonged detention of Mr. Austin
+is inexcusable, but there seem to be somewhat
+inexplicable detentions on both sides. A document
+handed to the prisoners on their release was to this
+effect: &#8220;The German Government advises the
+English Government that unless all Red Cross units
+at present in England are immediately returned, no
+further exchange of British medical officers can be
+contemplated.&#8221; [Cf. too Miscel. 30 (1916) pp.&nbsp;2, 36;
+also International Red Cross Reports, First Series,
+pp.&nbsp;18, 19.]</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Credulity Once More.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The general experiences of Mr. Austin are very
+similar to those of Mr. O&#8217;Rorke. At Bouvigny &#8220;a
+somewhat offensive non-commissioned officer ...
+removed all knives that we had and was greatly
+excited at the presence of the large jack-knife which
+had been issued to us before we left. These knives
+carried a long spike, for punching leather and opening
+tins, and the story has been circulated in Germany
+that these knives were issued to the troops for the
+express purpose of gouging out the eyes of the German
+wounded.&#8221; There is something pathetically hopeless
+about these aspects of human credulity in war-time.
+When we see the extraordinary nonsense that each
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>side readily believes of the other, we must accept it as
+something to the credit of human nature that any
+reasonable treatment of prisoners occurs at all.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Ordinary Humanity.</span></h3>
+
+<p>&#8220;Our other personal effects,&#8221; the narrative goes on,
+&#8220;including our money, were returned to us.&#8221; The
+doctor&#8217;s papers had not been returned by the German
+officers who originally examined him, and this fact
+caused many delays and annoyances, but one does not
+read of any actual ill-treatment. The use of dogs is
+referred to (see p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_33">33</a>). The last incident on German
+territory is thus recorded: &#8220;When the Holland train
+drew in the officer had not returned, but one of our
+party who spoke German well informed the sergeant
+that the officers had told us we were to go by this
+train, and he very obligingly placed us in it after we
+had taken tickets to the nearest Dutch station,
+Ozendaal.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Reports of the International Red Cross.</span></h3>
+
+<p>To me it seems that the Swiss have made some of
+the finest efforts of the spirit during this war. It is
+no mean achievement. Some are bound by many ties
+of friendship to the German people, some to the
+French. There has, of course, been occasional failure
+and sheer partisanship, but an utterance such as that
+of Carl Spitteler is marvellous in its determination to
+do justice, and in its reverence for the suffering of all
+the nations. The International Committee of the
+Red Cross at Geneva has been a centre of kindliness
+in the midst of carnage. In France and in Germany a
+committee was, by mutual agreement, established
+consisting of representatives of the national Red
+Cross, of the American and Spanish Embassies, and
+one delegate of the International Committee. These
+committees arranged that delegates of the International
+Committee should visit prisoners&#8217; camps in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>both countries. No such committee existed in Great
+Britain, but with the consent of the British
+authorities some camps in this country were visited in
+January, 1915. (See footnote, page 9.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">German Camps: Food.</span></h3>
+
+<p>In January, 1915, National Councillor A. Eugster
+was deputed to visit French prisoners in Germany. In
+general, the Swiss reports<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> give an almost exactly
+similar impression to those made by the United States.
+As regards the food, M. Eugster remarks that the sum
+of 60 pf. (just over 7d.) is allowed daily for the German
+private, and exactly the same sum for the prisoners.
+In his second report, made in March, he points out
+that the food question has become more serious and
+(as far as his experience goes) complaints are more
+numerous. He summarises very reasonably the
+difficulties of the case, especially as regards the bread
+problem. Prisoners were originally allowed 500
+grammes daily, but when the bread rations of the
+German civilians were reduced from 250 to 200
+grammes, some reduction in the prisoners&#8217; allowance
+was only to be expected, and their ration was fixed at
+300 grammes. They would otherwise have been
+allowed two and a half times as much as the Germans
+themselves. Potato meal was allowed to make up the
+quantity, but the result was not good. Writing in
+March, M. Eugster says: &#8220;There are to-day from 750
+to 800,000 prisoners in Germany. Allowing 300
+grammes per man, this makes a daily consumption of
+240,000 kilos. of bread (about 235 tons). This is not
+a bagatelle at a moment when the importation of
+cereals is impossible.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> By Art. 7 of the Hague rules
+an arrangement between belligerents as to prisoners
+should be possible, and Eugster suggests that meal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>might be sent under neutral care to the camps, and
+bread baked there under neutral surveillance.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">General Result.</span></h3>
+
+<p>M. Eugster&#8217;s reports on the individual camps convey
+almost exactly the same impression as the American
+reports. At Sennelager the English doctor spoke
+highly of the treatment of the wounded, and the
+French doctors readily acknowledges that German
+wounded and French wounded were treated alike. At
+Zossen a sculptor was at work in his studio, a painter
+painted landscapes, a gardener ornamented the
+grounds, and a musician had his compositions rendered
+by a choir of 150 to 200 practised singers. It is the
+best educated prisoners, remarks the deputy, who are
+the most content. Summarising the impressions of
+his first tour, Herr Eugster says: &#8220;I am glad ...
+to be able to assert that the French prisoners are
+humanely treated. In such distracted times errors and
+mistakes can easily occur, but on the whole one can
+say that Germany does her duty by her French
+prisoners.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising to learn that M. Eugster received
+anonymous letters reviling him for not producing
+evidence to support the prejudices of the writers.
+Some readers of this account may indeed be made
+suspicious by his German name. M. Eugster was fully
+alive to these suspicions, and he suggested that a
+German and French Swiss might with advantage visit
+camps jointly. The suggestion was carried out, and
+in the third series of visits Dr. de Marval accompanied
+him. The general evidence is as before.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Vermin.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Swiss reports are in some respects more outspoken
+than the American ones. The heading &#8220;vermin&#8221;
+occurs in almost all. It requires a special
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>campaign to deal with the lice, but the campaign
+seems to be carried on with vigour.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Tact.</span></h3>
+
+<p>There is another point. &#8220;We must not forget,&#8221;
+writes Eugster, &#8220;that to be a prisoner is in itself a
+very trying fate.&#8221; It needs a little contact with
+prisoners to realise <i>how</i> hard their fate is, and how
+easily the wrong way with them may produce soured
+and embittered men. Writing of Halle in May,
+Eugster and de Marval remark: &#8220;The relationship
+between the Commandant and the prisoners is
+correct, but without cordiality; the subordinates were
+often wanting in tact.&#8221; I confess it is simple words
+like these that depress me more than rumours of
+starvation or bad housing. Anyone knows that
+authority does not readily become the friend of the
+fallen. The military manner, even when acquired by
+Englishmen, is not always pleasant, and the sergeant
+who bullies his own men is not likely to be more considerate
+to prisoners. Let us face plain facts in these
+matters, and remember that all imprisonment is
+rather terrible, and that all absolute authority
+(especially among underlings) is apt to become
+tyrannous. In the prison camps of every nation it is
+examples of a foolish military officialdom that make
+for embitterment and degradation; and in these
+camps, too, it is the tact which comes of true insight,
+that is doing much for that brotherhood of hearts
+which is the only way to peace. &#8220;These people,&#8221;
+says Eugster in another place, &#8220;ought to be treated
+with tact. They should not be treated as enemy
+prisoners, but as men and chivalrous adversaries. A
+little consideration, not costing much, will make a
+good impression. A friendly word, as from man to
+man, breaks the ice of discontent, and the chivalrous
+spirit of the superior is recognised with gratitude.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>To reach this standard we must try to think the best
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>of our adversaries. Charity is something less meagre
+than justice, and it holds the future of the world in its
+grasp. In the past we denounced French, Russians,
+Irish and Boers in turn. It was not denunciation that
+did much for the future, but the larger-hearted charity
+which took its place.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Prisoners in France.</span></h3>
+
+<p>M. de Marval reports well of the feeding of prisoners
+in France. There is the usual difficulty about vermin.
+The officer prisoners seem, in many ways, to have the
+worst time. &#8220;Their lodging is in general too crowded,
+badly ventilated, and badly lighted ... and lacking
+in elementary comforts. They can ... buy ...
+chairs, tables, blankets, etc.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> There was in France,
+as elsewhere, considerable complaint in the earlier
+days as to the delivery of parcels. The parcels
+arrived broken and partly or wholly emptied of their
+contents. So it was, we may remember, with parcels
+intended for English prisoners in Germany. The
+probability is that in both cases imperfect packing was
+responsible for the damage. (Cf. pp.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.) In the
+report just cited, De Marval states that, in general,
+there has been great improvement in the lodging of
+the prisoners, and that some bad camps (Vitr&eacute;,
+Lorient, Belle-Ile) have been broken up (January,
+1915). Here again the reports coincide with those
+made upon German camps. In all countries the
+prisoners of war presented at first a problem not
+readily solved, and great hardships resulted. &#8220;Some
+of the hospitals,&#8221; writes M. de Marval, &#8220;lack comforts,
+are not sufficiently roomy, or do not possess the
+necessary medicaments.&#8221; He goes on: &#8220;I shall not
+delay over the retrospective complaints often formulated
+by prisoners.... Officers who had been
+injured by the populace or bound during transport and
+soldiers who had told me of bad treatment were alike
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>pleased to declare that all such things were past.&#8221;
+Here again the report is exactly paralleled by the
+American report on the German Camps. (Cf. p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_16">16</a>).
+&#8220;Religious services are in general arranged for the
+Catholics; it is very difficult to secure ministrations
+for the Protestants.&#8221; &#8220;If the officers are often meanly
+lodged, the same is true of the soldiers. The bedding
+sometimes leaves much to be desired, the straw in
+many of the camps is scanty, damp, and pretty often
+full of lice. The litter is actually being replaced
+everywhere by straw palliasses. As a support for
+these an open wooden framework is placed on the
+beaten ground which is often wet. Those who sleep
+under tents are subject to bronchitis and rheumatism,
+those who are in forts or old convents sometimes lack
+the proper allowance of air.... Though the
+quality of the water leaves something to be desired, it
+is supplied filtered and boiled, and in amount generally
+sufficient.... In some camps there is not enough
+water for washing either the person or clothing....
+In general each man has a blanket, but it is very small
+and often much worn; some are still needed in some of
+the camps.... If I have not referred to certain
+regrettable incidents of which I have been told, it is
+because they appear isolated, and one must guard
+against generalising from them. Besides, these
+incidents are bygones and few in number.&#8221; At
+Foug&egrave;res (Brittany) &#8220;the beds are touching each
+other.&#8221; Cassabianda was a bad camp. So much has
+been made of earlier defects in German camps that it
+is well to remember (as indeed the above report
+shows) that defects may easily occur in other
+countries besides Germany. Of Cassabianda (February
+12)<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> we read: &#8220;Huts extremely dilapidated.
+Sanitary accommodation worse than scanty. (<i>Les
+W.&mdash;C. sont plus que sommaires</i>). Nourishment
+scarcely sufficient for those who are working....
+The cooking arrangements are worse than scanty....
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>Sleeping accommodation extraordinary: beds made
+from boughs by prisoners and superposed in two or
+three tiers. The ceilings and windows are falling in
+ruins.... Wishes of the prisoners&mdash;to have more to
+eat.... A very poor camp (<i>d&eacute;p&ocirc;t tr&egrave;s m&eacute;diocre</i>),
+but well governed by a good and conscientious commandant
+who is badly seconded by his officers. It is
+a difficult task to render habitable premises that are
+falling into ruins.&#8221; I am quite sure that none of us
+would impute ill intent to the French authorities. We
+should say simply that the prisoner problem was at
+first beyond their power, that in exceptional cases
+there were bad officers and in others lack of organisation.
+If we are capable of fair play, we shall, in many
+cases, say exactly the same thing about the German
+authorities. In Germany the one outstanding question
+is food, otherwise, as M.M. de Marval and
+Eugster state in a joint report issued in May: &#8220;We
+fully recognise the excellent arrangement and perfect
+organisation, thought out to the smallest detail, and
+the admirable administration of the Camps.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Later U.S. Reports.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It is allowed by all investigators that camps almost
+everywhere have been improved as the war went on.
+Mr. Gerard himself writes, under date June 10, 1915:
+&#8220;It is generally admitted that conditions in the camps
+are constantly improving, and no good can be attained
+by the investigations of complaints based upon
+reports of conditions as they are supposed to have been
+several months ago.&#8221; In citing the <i>earlier</i> U.S. and
+Swiss reports I have therefore by no means exaggerated
+the facts favourable to German treatment. There
+have been many later reports, but it will be impossible
+and unnecessary to give more than a few references:</p>
+
+<p>The reports in Miscel. No. 15 (1915) give a quite
+favourable account of the German efforts on behalf of
+the prisoners. Canadian officers at Bischofswerda,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>however, complained of their treatment on the way
+from the front. They said that &#8220;they were at first
+compelled to share their compartments with French
+Algerian (black) soldiers, but that other arrangements
+were made by a German officer in the course of
+their journey.&#8221; Some may consider this an interesting
+comment on the employment of Algerian and
+other native troops.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Hunger During Transport.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Canadian officers also said &#8220;that while on the
+road they had received but little food, their treatment
+not differing, however, from that of other prisoners.&#8221;
+On reading this I could not help recalling a <i>Daily News</i>
+interview headed &#8220;The Blue Ladies: Good work at
+the Free Buffet at Euston.&#8221; (June 24, 1916.) &#8220;We
+have just had the escort of some German prisoners
+in,&#8221; said one of the ladies. &#8220;We do not give anything
+to the prisoners. We have enough to do to look
+after our own men.&#8221; I recalled, too, the British
+nurse who said in my presence, with a snap of her
+fingers, &#8220;We have not <i>that</i> much sympathy with the
+German wounded.&#8221; I want to believe that in the
+great majority of cases the attitude on both sides is
+very different; but what a sundering influence war-like
+patriotism is! We must surely reach brotherhood
+by some other way.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Friedrichsfeld.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Michelson reports highly of the camp at
+Friedrichsfeld. All kinds of work was going on. &#8220;No
+German foreman were to be seen, and only on looking
+for them did I notice that there were, here and
+there, guards watching the prisoners. In two
+instances I saw unguarded prisoners at work.&#8221; Some
+wounded at Magdeburg &#8220;all, without exception, said
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>they had been treated with great consideration while
+being transported from the front.&#8221; (June 3, 1915).
+The hospital treatment is spoken well of both here and
+at the base hospital at Isighem, W. Flanders,
+visited by Dr. Ohnesorg.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Organisation and Reciprocity.</span></h3>
+
+<p>I pass on to Miscel. No. 19 (1915). Writing in
+June, Mr. Gerard gives an interesting account of the
+courses of instruction and lectures arranged for
+German N.C.O.&#8217;s and men in order to increase their
+efficiency in managing the camp kitchens. There is a
+characteristic touch of German thoroughness in the
+scheme. Mr. Gerard concludes: &#8220;I should be glad
+to have you bring the foregoing to the attention of the
+British Government. The German military authorities
+have now satisfied themselves that German
+prisoners in England are being treated as well as the
+conditions admit (except with regard to the confinement
+on board ships, which is still a sore point), and
+they are showing every disposition to treat British
+prisoners (both officers and men) in the most favourable
+manner possible, and to pay attention to their wishes
+in so far as can be done consistently with the principle
+that all the prisoners (of whom there are considerably
+more than one million) must be treated in practically
+the same manner.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Lazarets.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Writing from Hamburg, the American Consul-General,
+Mr. Morgan, says: &#8220;It is not necessary for
+me to enter into the details of the different lazarets
+which I visited, beyond stating that they are all in the
+most up-to-date condition, and everything is being
+done for the wounded that could be done anywhere.&#8221;
+At the Paderborn lazarets, &#8220;Some of the men said to
+me that it would be necessary to drive them away
+(that they would make no attempt to escape) because
+they were so well cared for and so comfortable.&#8221;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>(p.&nbsp;40, l.c.) At the Wesel lazarets, &#8220;Many of (the
+British) were very uncomfortable from their wounds,
+but all replied that their present treatment, as well as
+that which they had received at the front, and on the
+way from the front, was, and had been, entirely satisfactory....
+All those consulted in regard to the
+matter said that they had come from the front in a
+German lazaret train, together with German wounded,
+and that, as nearly as they could tell, they had
+received exactly similar treatment and care as
+accorded to the German wounded. Their only request
+was for books and tobacco.&#8221; (October 26, 1915.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Difficulty.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Neubrandenburg, &#8220;until a few days ago the
+officers were permitted to use a tennis court outside
+the enclosure, to swim in the lake, and to walk in the
+neighbouring woods. As four officers (one Englishman)
+made an attempt to escape (from the bath
+house) these privileges were temporarily suspended,
+but I was told by the Commandant, whose relations
+with the prisoners are of the best, that they would be
+restored at an early date.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The excellence of the bathing facilities at the
+officers&#8217; camp, Friedberg, is commented on, as it
+frequently is in other cases. At Giessen, Dr. Ohnesorg
+spoke with many prisoners who had had experience of
+working camps. &#8220;They said (the work) was not
+hard, and before being allotted to these various
+working camps, they underwent a thorough medical
+examination, and those who were found in an unfit
+physical condition were not detailed for this work.
+They are fed and housed by their employer, and in one
+instance I met a complaint of insufficient food.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Some Officer Camps.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Bad Blenhorst a number of prisoner officers are
+taking the &#8220;cure&#8221; under a German military surgeon.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>At Clausthal &#8220;the situation of the camp is ideal,
+being placed in the midst of the Hartz mountains,
+with a wide expanse of view, and my visit gave me a
+very favourable impression in general.&#8221; At C&uuml;strin
+&#8220;The German officers treat the prisoners like
+unfortunate comrades.&#8221; At Bischofswerda the complaints
+were that &#8220;shorts&#8221; were forbidden for football,
+and that baths were not allowed more than once
+daily. The Commandant promised to remedy both
+grievances. The report on Halle is unfavourable.
+There was overcrowding, and &#8220;the enclosure for
+exercise leaves much to be desired.&#8221; The food was
+not complained of, except as regards monotony.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">K&#339;nigsbrueck, Zwickau, G&ouml;rlitz.</span></h3>
+
+<p>K&ouml;nigsbr&uuml;ck, a camp for 15,000 prisoners (but with
+only three British), &#8220;is complete in all respects, and
+adheres to a high standard in regard to the kitchens,
+theatre, washing-places, canteens, supply-room for
+clothing, etc.&#8221; Zwickau (with two British) &#8220;is
+excellent ... outside each barrack is a specially
+built stand where the mattresses are aired every
+day ... and within the confines of the camp are
+several acres of vegetable gardens ... in which the
+French take particular interest.&#8221; The arrangements
+at G&ouml;rlitz (with thirteen British) &#8220;in all details
+struck me as being exceedingly good.&#8221; In general
+hospital treatment at the camps is entirely satisfactory.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Schloss Celle, Wittenberg, Stendal, Food.</span></h3>
+
+<p>In Miscel. No. 16 (1916) we may note the following:
+At the officers&#8217; camp, Schloss Celle, &#8220;the
+Commandant in civil life is a judge, and seemed on
+excellent terms with the prisoners.&#8221; Mr. Gerard
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>reports on a visit of his own to Wittenberg on
+November 8, 1915. The soup for the mid-day meal
+appeared to him &#8220;to be very good,&#8221; and the testimony
+of the men was to the effect &#8220;that the food had
+improved considerably during the last two months.&#8221;
+About 300 out of the 4,000 prisoners in this camp
+were British.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> At Stendal Mr. Osborne found the
+thick soup &#8220;exceedingly palatable, though thoroughly
+un-English.&#8221; The British prisoners &#8220;admitted that
+they could live on the camp rations, if necessary, and
+still retain good health, as is the case with the
+Russians, and that their objection to the food was on
+account of its sameness, and because it was not
+cooked in an English way.&#8221; In March, 1916, Mr.
+Osborne reports that a large swimming pool is in
+process of completion at one end of the camp.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Reports and Information.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Fort Friedrichshafen, Ingolstadt, &#8220;those who
+had no overcoats said that they could get them from
+the German authorities if necessary, but that they
+preferred to wait for the present to see if they could
+not be sent from home. All would like new boots, as
+they are not pleased with the wooden-soled boots
+provided locally.&#8221; Sir Edward Grey, writing just
+before the receipt of this report, referred to information
+&#8220;that the few British prisoners of war at this
+camp are very badly fed, and that parcels arrive with
+great irregularity, their contents being frequently
+abstracted.&#8221; In a reply dated a week later, Mr.
+Gerard (U.S. Ambassador at Berlin) writes that &#8220;in
+reply to a direct inquiry, which was made out of the
+hearing of any German officer or man,&#8221; the British
+prisoners at Ingolstadt &#8220;stated that there was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>nothing to which they would care to have special
+attention paid. The men were in good spirits, and
+there was no evidence to show that any of them were
+badly fed. All were in touch with their friends at
+home, and no complaint was made with regard to
+irregularity in the receipt of parcels.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Favourable and Humorous.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Of the officers&#8217; camp at Blankenberg i/Mark,
+Messrs. Jackson and Russell report, &#8220;The atmosphere
+of the camp is excellent.&#8221; There is a touch of
+humour in the report on Merseburg (l.c. p.&nbsp;29). &#8220;One
+man complained to me that he had been punished for
+&#8216;having a hole in his trousers&#8217; (as he said), but on
+investigation I found that he had cut a new pair of
+trousers, which had been given him by the German
+authorities, in order to make a pair of boxing shorts.
+One man had a black eye, another a sprained thumb,
+and a third a broken nose, as the result of boxing
+matches.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> The four English prisoners at K&ouml;nigsmoor
+said &#8220;that there was no discrimination against
+them of any kind, and their relations with the German
+guard were evidently pleasant. They all said that
+they had plenty of warm clothing, including overcoats,
+and one even had an overcoat which had been
+given him by the German authorities in addition to
+one which he had received from home. They said the
+food was &#8216;not bad&#8217; ...&#8221; At the working camp at
+Hakenmoor, &#8220;the midday &#8216;soup&#8217; was excellent....
+All looked in good health and seemed to be
+contented, and their relations with the German
+guards appeared to be friendly.... Several complained
+that the clothing furnished soon became too
+tight for comfort, and nearly every man in the camp
+had put on from ten to thirty (even more) pounds of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>flesh. None spoke of any bad treatment ...
+although one Englishman said that there were
+occasional differences with the (Belgian) barrack
+captains. The Commandant is interested in his work;
+he knows most of the men by name, and seems to try
+to do all in his power to add to their comfort.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Food.</span></h3>
+
+<p>In these reports the food is almost invariably
+referred to as good, and to save further quotations we
+may cite the evidence at G&uuml;strow i/Mecklenburg as
+giving a fair general view of the case (January, 1916):
+&#8220;The men told me that while they depend on their
+home parcels for variety, a man who received nothing
+(as is the case with the Russian prisoners) could live
+on the food supplied, although in that case he would
+always be glad when meal time came.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">&#8220;Atmosphere.&#8221;</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Dyr&ouml;tz, &#8220;the general atmosphere of the camp
+certainly seemed excellent, both on the part of the
+men and on the part of the authorities.&#8221; (January,
+1916.) At Blankenburg &#8220;the Commandant has now
+adopted the practice of taking different officer
+prisoners of war with him for occasional walks in the
+neighbouring country.&#8221; &#8220;In a lazaret at Spandau,&#8221;
+writes Mr. Jackson, &#8220;I sat alone with Captain
+Coulston in the good-sized, comfortably furnished
+room which he occupies by himself.... Recently he
+had had a conversation with Her Royal Highness the
+Princess Friedrich Leopold of Prussia, who visited the
+lazaret, but ordinarily he had little opportunity to
+talk, as he speaks only a few words of German, French,
+or Russian. On my speaking of this, I was told that
+an effort would be made to have English-speaking
+German officers call on him from time to time.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span><span class="smcap">German Professors.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Attention is again drawn to the excellent work of
+Prof. Stange at G&ouml;ttingen. &#8220;He has an office in the
+camp at which he is present for two hours every day,
+during which time he can be consulted by any
+prisoner, and has formed classes of study, which are
+well attended.&#8221; At Giessen, too, &#8220;Prof. Gmelin of
+the local university has taken a great interest in the
+prisoners and visits them regularly with a view to
+providing for their instruction.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Contradiction.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The following is important and I quote it in full.
+<i>Mr. Osborne to Mr. Gerard.</i> (<i>February 23, 1916</i>)
+(l.c. p.&nbsp;62.):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>In accordance with your instructions and with reference
+to the article in the London <i>Times</i> of February 7, stating
+the report of an exchanged British prisoner of war that two
+British prisoners at the detention camp at G&uuml;strow, in
+Mecklenburg, had been bayonetted for smoking in a forbidden
+vicinity, and that one had died and the other was
+still in hospital, I have the honour to inform you that I
+visited the camp at G&uuml;strow on February 12, 1916. I did
+not notify the camp authorities of my arrival. I was shown
+every courtesy and received every facility for speaking to
+the British prisoners out of earshot of the Germans. I
+talked with a large number of British non-commissioned
+officers and with some of the men, and all were unanimous on
+two points; first, that if such an occurrence as the one mentioned
+had taken place, they would certainly have heard of
+it; and, second, that they had heard of no such occurrence.
+I visited the lazaret, through which I was taken by a British
+N.C.O., who is an assistant in caring for the sick, and spoke
+to every British patient under treatment there, not one of
+whom could possibly have been suffering from a bayonet
+wound. It seems to me quite out of the question that the
+occurrence mentioned in the English newspaper accounts could
+have actually taken place at G&uuml;strow.</p>
+
+<p>In point of fact, instead of complaints at G&uuml;strow, I heard
+rather praise of the camp from the British interned there,
+and praise of the British prisoners from the camp authorities.
+The men were all well fitted out with clothes of all sorts, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>seemed particularly cheerful. The authorities stated that it
+had never been necessary, in recent times at least, to place a
+British prisoner under arrest. On the whole, the camp
+struck me as being as nearly ideal as it is possible for a
+place of detention of this kind to be.</p></div>
+
+<p>The discrepancy between the last sentence in Mr.
+Osborne&#8217;s report and the <i>Times</i> article is a striking
+one. It should give one pause in placing too much
+reliance upon untested accusations, or upon newspaper
+articles based upon them. We forget sometimes that
+all the bias is <i>against</i> an enemy, and the only stories
+likely to be free from exaggeration are those told in
+his favour.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Military Prison.</span></h3>
+
+<p>In the military prison at Cologne (Miscel. 16 [1916]
+p.&nbsp;67), &#8220;the prisoners receive the same food and the
+same general treatment as the German military
+prisoners, with whom they are permitted to talk....
+The prisoners are not permitted to receive food from
+outside sources.... Generally speaking the conditions
+do not differ materially from those in an ordinary
+working camp.... Corporal B. was found guilty of
+lack of respect to his British superior, Corporal J.
+was punished for striking the French non-commissioned
+officer in charge of his barrack, and Corporals
+O. and S. had trouble with the German Landsturmmann
+in charge of a cooking party....&#8221; Most of the
+sentences were for striking work at various work
+centres, the men sentenced stating that the conditions
+were bad. There was a special complaint against the
+railway work at Langen-Halbach b/Haiger, but not all
+the British joined in the strike. &#8220;I saw the men&#8217;s midday
+meal, consisting of a thick porridge which
+appeared to be nutritious. One man claimed that it
+was thicker to-day than usual, but several of his comrades
+contradicted this flatly. No complaints were
+made to me of any rough treatment in the Gef&auml;ngnis
+[prison].&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span><span class="smcap">Bavarian Courtesy.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Venerable Archdeacon Wm. E. Nies, who had
+been given permission to visit British prisoners of war
+in Bavaria, writes: &#8220;I think it is only fair to comment
+favourably upon the friendly way in which my
+mission to the men is received and furthered by the
+commanders without exception thus far.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Hospital Treatment.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Of Germersheim hospitals we read: &#8220;The food
+served in these hospitals is exceptionally satisfactory.
+Dr. Algeron, the chief surgeon in charge, a broad-minded
+man and indefatigable worker, attends personally
+to the catering.... Under this regime there
+have been some noteworthy increases in weight....&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At Bayreuth a private of the Black Watch had been
+&#8220;removed&mdash;for the purpose of electrical treatment of
+his arm by which it is hoped to avoid an operation&mdash;to
+the military lazaret in the city, which is an admirably
+equipped modern hospital.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Wuensdorf, Crefeld.</span></h3>
+
+<p>We pass now to reports in Miscel. No. 26 (1916).
+Indian prisoners of war at W&uuml;nsdorf (Zossen) find
+their treatment &#8220;very good.&#8221; At Crefeld officers&#8217;
+camp, &#8220;the walks on parole ... have been entirely
+successful.... The only complaint as to these was
+that the German accompanying the party was a non-commissioned
+instead of a regular officer. This will,
+however, be rectified at once.... There is no trouble
+of any kind with the inhabitants on these.... The
+relations with the camp authorities are excellent.&#8221; As
+regards the behaviour of the inhabitants, I would refer
+also to Chaplain O&#8217;Rorke&#8217;s statement (see p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_36">36</a>),
+though, as one would expect, the inhabitants have in
+some other cases behaved badly (<i>e.g.</i>, p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_32">32</a>).</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span><span class="smcap">Muenster II., Muenster III.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At M&uuml;nster II, &#8220;The Commandment, General von
+Ey-Steinecke, as well as the other officers, and the
+general treatment, are well spoken of by the men.&#8221;
+Some improvements suggested on March 16 were
+already started on the 18th. At M&uuml;nster III. the
+benches in the English Chapel &#8220;were provided at the
+expense of the camp, although the British prisoners
+offered to pay for them.... The camp authorities
+have endeavoured to arrange courses of instruction
+with some success, and several British are taking
+lessons in French.... Sergeant Middleditch, the
+ranking non-commissioned officer, who has taken an
+active part in the work of improvement, stated that
+the relations with the camp authorities were excellent,
+and that the officers showed much consideration in
+acceding to reasonable requests. The commandant,
+General Raitz von Frentz, is well spoken of by all, and
+shows a liberal and progressive spirit in dealing with
+such difficulties as arise.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Parchim, Brandenburg.</span></h3>
+
+<p>From Miscel. No. 7 (1917) a few extracts may be
+made. Of Parchim Dr. A.&nbsp;E. Taylor and Mr. J.&nbsp;P.
+Webster write: &#8220;We believe that special commendation
+should be given to the Commandant, Oberst
+Kothe, for the spirit in which he governs the camp,
+and for the way in which he does everything in his
+power for the welfare of the prisoners, and for the promotion
+of a cordial relationship between the men and
+those in charge.&#8221; Of Brandenburg, Mr. Jackson
+writes candidly: &#8220;The part of the building occupied
+by the British prisoners was not so clean as the
+remainder, but for this the men themselves are
+responsible.&#8221; It is obvious that the spirit as to this
+and other matters will vary in every country among
+different sets of men (c.f., <i>e.g.</i>, below the very
+different G&uuml;strow report).</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span><span class="smcap">Cottbus.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Men in hospital at Cottbus &#8220;said that the food was
+good and their treatment excellent.&#8221; Men in the
+main camp complained that bread sent to them from
+Switzerland and England arrived in a mouldy condition,
+but &#8220;as the mouldiness seemed to start in the
+middle of the loaf, they thought this was due to the
+quality of the bread itself or the manner in which it
+was packed.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Absence on Leave.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Celle, where &#8220;inactive officers&#8221; and some others
+are detained, Mr. Jackson found one British subject
+absent on leave, while &#8220;several others have been
+permitted to make visits to their families in Germany.
+A request from another, who had obtained no benefit
+from his stay at Bad Blenhorst, for permission to go
+somewhere for a &#8216;cure&#8217; is under consideration.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Limbau, Guestrow.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At the working camp at Limbau (occupied Russian
+territory) &#8220;the men described the commandant as a
+&#8216;gentleman,&#8217; and said they had no difficulty in communicating
+with him in regard to their wishes. None
+had any complaint to make of their treatment, and
+only a very few spoke of the work as hard.&#8221; The
+camp contained 500 British prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>At G&uuml;strow, &#8220;the treatment of the men and the
+conditions found in their camp appeared to be very
+favourable. The commandant stated that the British
+were the most satisfactory prisoners under his
+care....&#8221; Two million, five hundred thousand
+letters passed through the camp post office in the previous
+year, and about sixty thousand packages were
+distributed.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Hospital Treatment.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Hospital treatment is again and again described
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>favourably in the individual reports (<i>e.g.</i>,
+pp.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>), but the opinion may here be
+cited of a Swiss doctor who has been occupied in
+German hospitals during most of the war:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The writer of these lines never saw anything anywhere that
+could be considered as intentional change for the worse in the
+lot of prisoners and sick; on the contrary, he was able to
+ascertain that the prisoners and the sick are treated in a
+manner that could not be more humane. If later on the food
+was insufficient, the English must be aware of the reasons
+which brought about far-reaching starvation among great
+circles of the population of Germany.... From deepest
+conviction the writer of these lines affirms that the German
+people and the German doctors are [generally] without guilt
+in the face of the accusations made against them. Individual
+exceptions, if proved, could not alter this judgment.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Repatriations.</span></h3>
+
+<p>There are bad stories of men arriving half-starving at
+the British and French lines at the time of the general
+repatriations. It would require care and impartiality
+to sift these. The more experience one gains, the less
+one trusts the average newspaper report in war-time.
+It seems very probable that, as Erzberger contended,
+many prisoners made off of their own accord after the
+German Revolution, and the straits to which these
+men were reduced could scarcely be ascribed to the
+German authorities. That there were brutal cases of
+men being <i>driven</i> away is also quite probable. As
+regards the general question of prisoners, Erzberger
+said: &#8220;If England can now actually prove that English
+prisoners of war have been illegally treated, I give
+my word no guilty person shall go unpunished. But
+allow me the counter question, Is it known in enemy
+countries how <i>German</i> prisoners of war were frequently
+treated? I do not believe that is sufficiently
+well known. Only listen to our soldiers who come
+from France....&#8221; (Berlin, Nov., 24, 1918, <i>Wolff</i>.)
+It should be obvious that both sides must be heard
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>before justice can decide, but the obvious is the
+unrecognised in war time. And probably even by the
+best and most impartial judgment only very rough
+generalisations can be arrived at. One need seems to
+me paramount, that each side shall become once
+more aware of the <i>good</i> in the other. Here, then, are
+one or two favourable facts from repatriated men:
+&#8220;We understand that the Germans could not let us
+march to the frontier, as we were prepared to do, lest
+we should start to plunder the inhabitants. For the
+same reason we were accompanied on the train by a
+German N.C.O. with a rifle. At night we slept in
+school buildings at Zevenaar (?) where we were given
+food and coal, and were well treated. We gave some
+of our food there to Sisters for the poor.... We had
+not to pay any fare at Wesel. The Germans on the
+train wished to be very friendly. We understand that
+the German authorities helped to make the arrangements
+about our taking the train at Wesel. No
+special compartments were put on for us. We
+travelled with the ordinary passengers.&#8221; (<i>Daily News</i>,
+November 25, 1918.)</p>
+
+<p>Again:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The first contingent of British prisoners from Germany to
+arrive in London under the terms of the armistice reached
+Cannon Street Station from Dover yesterday. The party,
+numbering nearly 300, were provided with hot refreshments
+on arrival. The men looked remarkably fit, and one of the
+party explained that they had mostly been working on the
+railways behind the lines, and their treatment had been
+fairly good.</p>
+
+<p>Another contingent of returned prisoners, numbering about
+800, arrived at Dover yesterday afternoon.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">(<i>Daily News</i>, Nov. 21, 1918.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Daily News</i> has honourably distinguished itself
+by publishing favourable articles by repatriated
+prisoners. An officer writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>Three days ago I arrived in England after having spent
+eight months in a German prison camp. We were among the
+first repatriated prisoners of war to come through Switzerland,
+and were secretly amused at the attitude of friends
+and relatives on our arrival home. They seemed to be quite
+surprised because most of us were looking healthy and fit,
+and were not walking skeletons or physical wrecks.</p>
+
+<p>But after reading the home newspapers, we understood
+their point of view. I do not for one moment suggest that
+these tales of inhuman treatment are untrue or exaggerated,
+because I know many cases which confirm them;<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> but I do
+say that this horrible treatment has not been general, nor
+does it apply to all prisoners of war. For this reason I am
+writing of what I know of the prisoners in Baden, in
+Southern Germany, and I hope that this article may allay
+the anxiety of those who are daily expecting some dear one
+home, and who fear that he will be terribly changed through
+suffering.</p></div>
+
+<p>Men behind the lines had suffered far more,
+this officer considered. This is somewhat at variance
+with the extract last cited. The writer continues:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>But the lot of the prisoners in the permanent camps in
+Baden was much brighter. My authority for saying so is an
+old Roman Catholic priest, Father Nugent, a native of
+Lancashire, I believe, who was in Southern Germany when
+the war broke out. He had free access to all prison camps
+and hospitals in Baden, and had no stories of harsh and
+brutal treatment to tell. Two American doctors were
+allowed to visit the hospitals in Rastatt, Lazaret 4, and the
+Russenlager Hospital. They said that the patients were
+comfortable and well looked after, in spite of the great
+shortage of medical supplies in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the soldiers had a good time working on the
+Baden farms. One orderly at our camp, who was away for
+a fortnight in the fruit season, picking plums, told me that
+he had met one of his old regiment working on a farm. This
+man had just driven in to the railway station for the Red
+Cross parcels, and told him that they were working with an
+old German and his wife. They shared rations with each
+other, and once a week the whole household visited the
+cinema.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>Delay in repatriation occurred owing to disorganisation.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>But there is no ill feeling towards the prisoners in Baden.
+After the armistice we wandered at will round Freiburg and
+in the Black Forest; and everyone was treated with civility.
+There were no cases of open hostility at all.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">(<i>Daily News</i>, Dec. 18, 1918.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. G.&nbsp;G. Desmond volunteered at the age of 46.
+He was taken prisoner and gave (<i>Daily News</i>, Dec. 10,
+1918) some account of his general outlook after his
+imprisonment. Unlike some of the stay-at-homes he
+can still believe in the German people, as the following
+concluding paragraphs of his article show:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The soldiers and the country people round D&uuml;lmen, and
+afterwards everybody we met in those parts, expressed no
+sense of rancour at their defeat, and simply leapt over it all
+to the prime, joyful fact that the <i>Krieg</i> was <i>fertig</i>. Everybody
+greeted you with that, and covered his face with smiles
+thereby. Some said that the terms were very hard, but
+agreed with me when I told them that they were made hard
+in order to defeat thoroughly the old gang and ensure a
+lasting peace. I wish I felt as certain now as then that the
+Allies had that clean intention. One farmer chuckled when
+he told me that Germany must give up a hundred and fifty
+U-boats, because, he said, she had no such number.</p>
+
+<p>One of the political parties, I am afraid I cannot remember
+which, published a manifesto stating that Germany had
+been deceived and betrayed by the military party, whereby
+among other things she inflicted great wrongs on Belgium
+and the Allies, and that she must pay in full for those
+wrongs. I do not doubt that is a widespread feeling in
+Germany. If, however, the terms of peace are to be vindictive,
+we shall in turn be in the wrong, and the new
+Germany may have better cause than the old to hate us.</p>
+
+<p>When we were fighting the Kaiser, we took pains to tell
+the German people that we were fighting their battle against
+their enemies. We were, in fact, liberating the traditional
+distressed damsel from the clutches of the ogre. It was a
+pity that so many of our blows fell upon the damsel and
+not on the ogre. It would be not only a pity but a crime and
+a grievous blunder if, now that the damsel is free, we proceeded
+to thrash her for the faults of the ogre.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>The Germans, apart from their late Government, are not
+Orientals intent upon deceiving us at every turn. They say
+they have turned over a new leaf, and I am thoroughly
+persuaded that they speak the truth. In business of all
+kinds, under circumstances that made it very easy for them
+to have cheated me, I found them, during my stay at
+D&uuml;lmen, the straightest people I ever had anything to do
+with. They think the same of us. Feldwebels and others
+who have had to do with us both assured me that they much
+preferred the British to any other class of prisoner, because
+we are blunt and true, say what we mean, and stick to what
+we say. Certainly the Germans are the most English of the
+great peoples on the Continent.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Conclusion.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Our survey of the reliable evidence at present
+available seems to me to prove that there has usually
+been a serious effort in Germany to treat military
+prisoners well. This does not imply that their lot is
+otherwise than hard, and the prolongation of the
+imprisonment adds terribly to the hardship. It is
+impossible to banish from one&#8217;s mind such horrors as
+those of Wittenberg, but it is quite plain that these
+were very far from typical. When militarism goes
+wrong, it goes very wrong. If we consider the special
+German difficulties with regard to prisoners, and the
+special dangers of the militarist state, we may, I
+think, conclude a very fair standard of humanity
+amongst the German people from the fact that in so
+large a proportion of cases treatment has been reasonable
+and in many even excellent.</p>
+
+<p>I have no wish to arouse any resentment, and in
+case this conclusion should do so, I quote here a
+further neutral opinion, that of a well-known
+Norwegian, M.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;E. Steen, who had been allowed to
+visit prisoners&#8217; camps in Britain, France, and Germany.
+M. Steen gave a lecture at the Queen&#8217;s (Small)
+Hall on July 15, 1915, under the auspices of the
+British Red Cross Society. Sir Louis Mallet presided.
+According to the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> report, &#8220;M.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>Steen spoke favourably to the conditions prevailing at
+the various internment camps he visited in Germany,
+and expressed the hope that his remarks would remove
+misgivings and allay anxiety. The general impression
+which the camps made on him, he said, was &#8216;very
+satisfactory.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We must remember, too, that in Germany also all
+kinds of rumours and statements have circulated with
+regard to the treatment of prisoners and wounded by
+us and our Allies (cf. pp.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, and <a href="#Page_80">80</a>). Such
+rumours and exaggerations are apparently a part of
+war. On the other side they have not made for a
+benevolent attitude, and the really large amount of
+interest openly shown in prisoners of war by such men
+as Prince Lichnowsky, Prof. Stange, Prof. Gmelin,
+the G&ouml;ttingen Pastors, and others, is a remarkable
+fact. We realise this the more, when we consider that
+it is not easy on this side for men in prominent positions
+openly to show interest in German prisoners of
+war.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Camps in U.K.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It would be interesting to compare the U.S. reports
+on British camps with their reports on German ones.
+Unfortunately any useful comparison is impossible. A
+collection of reports on &#8220;various internment camps
+in the United Kingdom&#8221; is published in White Paper
+No. 30 (1916), but the earliest inspection here
+recorded took place on February 21, 1916. As the
+chief difficulties everywhere occurred earlier, the
+earlier reports are plainly necessary for a fair comparison.
+&#8220;Are we as compassionate to our prisoners
+as our ancestors were to theirs?&#8221; wrote the <i>Daily
+Chronicle</i> on October 29, 1914, and added &#8220;From
+accounts that have reached us of the conditions that
+prevail at some of our concentration camps, we fear
+not.&#8221; Moreover, in these later reports it is difficult
+to know the exact meaning of such remarks as the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>following, unless we have the earlier reports: &#8220;They
+seemed much happier and more contented than at the
+time of my former visit....&#8221; (Officers&#8217; Camp,
+Holyport). &#8220;There has been no change in the
+sleeping accommodations since the last report, but as
+the number of the prisoners is much less than it was
+at that time, there is much more room....&#8221; (Dorchester.)</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The general tone of the hospital seemed to be
+much happier than at the time of my last visit.&#8221;
+(Dartford, Lower Southern Hospital for wounded
+prisoners of war.)</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There has been no change in the sleeping accommodation
+since the last visit, except that, owing to
+the smaller number of men, there is now more room
+than before.... The men seemed much happier and
+more contented than at the time of our last visit.&#8221;
+(Officers&#8217; camp, Donington Hall.)</p>
+
+<p>The last quotation recalls the once famous charges
+as to the excessive luxury of Donington Hall. In
+every country the same kind of protest arises as to the
+luxurious treatment of prisoners, and this is declared
+a scandal in view of the inhuman policy of the enemy.
+In every country is to be found the type of patriot who
+feels that all is lost if it can be proved that he has
+treated an enemy too well. The hubbub about
+Donington Hall led to the appointment of a Commons
+delegation to visit various camps, and to a report in
+the <i>Times</i> (April 26, 1915). In this report the Hall is
+described as &#8220;a large, bare house situated in a
+hollow.... The style of furnishing was that of a
+sergeant&#8217;s mess.&#8221; There was one piano, provided at
+the prisoners&#8217; expense. The billiard tables and other
+accessories imagined by perfervid patriots vanish into
+thin air.</p>
+
+<p>Dyffryn Aled Officers&#8217; camp in North Wales is
+described in the same account as &#8220;an inaccessible,
+gloomy, mildewed-looking house, with all the windows
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>on the front side covered with iron bars. It was previously
+used as a private lunatic asylum. The kitchen
+seemed about the best room in the house.... There
+are no fixed baths, but the officers&#8217; valets carry hot
+water from the kitchen for hip baths.&#8221; As regards the
+site of Dyffryn Aled it is only fair to quote the U.S.
+report: &#8220;The situation of the house, in a romantic
+valley among the Welsh mountains, is fine and
+healthy.&#8221; But even in April, 1916, the bathing
+arrangements remained primitive: &#8220;Each officer has
+his tin tub.&#8221; One would certainly not wish to make
+any hardship of this, yet it is perhaps as well to recall
+the U.S. reports on Friedberg and Crefeld in May and
+April, 1915, respectively. &#8220;The room containing the
+shower-nozzles would ... do credit to a club or
+hotel of the first class.&#8221; (See p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_23">23</a>.) At Crefeld:
+&#8220;The bathroom which I saw has a floor space of about
+1,500 square feet, one-half of which, drained in the
+centre, lies under some 20 shower nozzles. There are
+a couple of porcelain tubs in the other half, and in the
+centre there is a large stove. Hot and cold water is
+available. The British officers were enthusiastic in
+their praise of this room.&#8221; (P. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Friendly Thought.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The &#8220;Stobsiad,&#8221; the magazine of the prisoners&#8217;
+camp at Stobs, Scotland, contains in its seventeenth
+number (Jan., 1918) a friendly thought for the
+interned &#8220;enemy&#8221; in Germany. The Y.M.C.A. and
+the Friends tell them of the ever-increasing need of the
+interned Englishmen for English books. &#8220;Would it
+not be possible,&#8221; the paragraph proceeds, &#8220;for our
+German readers to place English books that they could
+part with at the disposal of the English prisoners of
+war, just as here German books have been placed at
+our disposal. Dr. Elisabeth Rotten&#8217;s Committee
+(Berlin, No. 24, Monbijou-Platz 3) will gladly give
+further information. It would give us pleasure if many
+of our readers would fulfil this wish.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span><span class="smcap">Unreliable Complaints.</span></h3>
+
+<p>&#8220;There has been some trouble with correspondence,&#8221;
+we read (<i>Times</i>, l.c.). The Commandant of
+one camp, while censoring a prisoner&#8217;s correspondence,
+came across a statement that &#8220;he slept on a
+plank bed with a verminous mattress ... the
+prisoner admitted that he had written a false statement
+in order to induce his friends to send him more
+luxuries.&#8221; I am reminded of a report from Zossen
+mentioned by the Swiss Red Cross delegate. I quote
+from the abstract in the <i>Basler Nachrichten</i>: &#8220;It
+appears that there is much correspondence with
+sympathetic ink at Zossen. A great deal of iodine,
+starch and condensed milk are sent to the prisoners by
+their friends. These materials serve for the preparation
+of such inks.&#8221; We have heard of the use of
+sympathetic ink in this country. Experience suggests
+that complaints made by these methods are not to be
+relied on. The man who likes to tell a tall story is not
+very infrequent, either amongst civilians or soldiers,
+and if he can gain notoriety or advantage thereby, the
+temptation is considerable. Let these be obtained at
+the expense of the enemy, and the temptation is
+greater still. Some German girls were being taken
+back to Germany. An officer asked a girl what kind
+of a time she had in England. &#8220;Oh, dreadful,&#8221; she
+replied at first. It was the way to gain kudos. But
+generosity came to her rescue, she repented and
+corrected herself: &#8220;No, perfectly lovely,&#8221; she said,
+&#8220;everyone was good to us.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> There are many on
+both sides who would not repent, but would make
+capital out of their interlocutor&#8217;s ignorance.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Rumours.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Rumours, of course, still continue. They will continue
+as long as passions run high. There was a
+rumour of smallpox at Ruhleben. The English Captain
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>of the Camp wrote to say: &#8220;There have been no
+cases of smallpox since the camp was started here.&#8221;
+There were repeated rumours that parcels were not
+delivered. An appeal was made to the Director of the
+Press Bureau by C.Q.M.S. J.&nbsp;R. Wheeler of the 2nd
+Wilts. Regt., prisoner at G&ouml;ttingen. He pointed out
+that these rumours (apparently confirmed by postal
+officials) were totally unfounded. &#8220;Parcels arrive
+safely, and are issued to men often within a couple of
+hours of being received from the Post Office.&#8221; The
+same matter is dealt with by U.S. representatives,
+but, as the Swiss delegate, Arthur Eugster, remarks,
+even neutral reports are in these days distrusted. In
+fact, often it is only what seems to confirm the worst
+suspicions that is believed. Mr. Wheeler points out
+that &#8220;the packing of parcels leaves much to be
+desired; in many cases a cake is put in a cardboard
+box and lightly wrapped up in brown paper,&#8221; a statement
+that is important in view of the common opinion
+that British parcels were specially maltreated. The
+idea of differential treatment had indeed become an
+obsession. An example of the extraordinary nonsense
+that is believed is the story that &#8220;on the hospital ship,
+Oxfordshire, on March 19, sixty wounded British
+soldiers, the majority of them from the Black Watch
+and 6th Gordon regiments, were taken out of their
+cots to make room for sixty Germans ... and that,
+in addition, the Germans were supplied with fresh eggs
+and bread, while the British wounded soldiers had
+only biscuits.&#8221; All this was the subject of a grave
+question in Parliament. The story was, of course,
+without foundation, but, according to Mr. Tennant
+himself, &#8220;it had obtained widespread credence.&#8221;
+Marvellous indeed is the credulity of war-time.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Prisoner Workers.</span></h3>
+
+<p>How far hatred is due to want of knowledge the
+record of prisoner farm workers on this side proves:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>As to the German prisoners, it took both the farmers and
+the townspeople in the places where they are quartered, and
+from which they are often motored to the farms, some little
+time to overcome the widespread prejudice against their
+employment. But, after a little acquaintance with them, this
+prejudice appears to be dying down.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They are one of our mainstays on the farms in West
+Sussex,&#8221; Mr. Herbert Padwick, chairman of the West
+Sussex War Agricultural Committee, and vice-president of
+the Farmers&#8217; Union, told me. &#8220;Some of them,&#8221; he said,
+&#8220;are themselves farmers, and the sons of farmers. Their work
+looks slow, but in the end, as a rule, we find it very thorough.
+They used to say, perhaps chaffingly, they wanted to produce
+the best crop we have ever had in England, because they
+were sure the Germans would take it. No doubt they
+really thought it at one time, but they are not, I think, under
+this illusion any longer.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><i>Daily News</i>, Aug. 20, 1918.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Most of us have heard favourable comments from
+farmers and others as to the work of their German
+helpers. &#8220;I think they&#8217;ve done jolly well, and they
+deserve some encouragement,&#8221; said one man to me.
+The idea that all Germans are &#8220;Huns&#8221; vanishes on
+personal acquaintance. On the other side prejudices
+similarly vanish, and I remember seeing an account of
+how a German farmer took his prisoner helpers for a
+picnic. Evidently he was allowed considerable freedom
+with them. There were German Press protests
+against the picnic.</p>
+
+<p>From the <i>Daily News</i> of September 28, 1918, I take
+the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Here is a &#8220;gleaning&#8221; worth setting beside those which
+&#8220;Kuklos&#8221; gave us yesterday. A West-country farmer of
+my acquaintance has a brother who is a prisoner in the
+hands of the Germans at a place not far from Stettin.
+Recently a number of German prisoners were sent to work
+on his farm, and among them was a German farmer from
+that very place. The German told him that he had English
+prisoners on his own fields in the Fatherland, so that quite
+possibly this curious exchange may be complete.</p>
+
+<p>It may be mentioned, incidentally, that the English
+prisoner speaks well of his treatment in Germany. The
+German, for his part, assured my friend that while his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>prisoner-hands were not receiving excellent cider, like that
+which he himself was now allowed, they had plenty of good
+beer during the harvest.</p></div>
+
+<p>I have often thought that a widespread distribution
+of prisoner workers throughout each belligerent country
+might do more than anything else to allay mutual
+misunderstanding. In all wars the tendency is to
+regard the enemies as terrible beings, scarcely even
+of human shape. To a considerable extent this is due
+to the fact that all the horror of war is attributed by
+civilians to the enemy. The soldiers of course know
+better. But when the civilian finds enemy prisoners
+good fellows to work with, he cannot often resist the
+proof of our common humanity. A village girl was
+telling me lately how the feelings of many had altered
+since German prisoners had been in the neighbourhood,
+and especially marked had been the effect upon
+those who had actually worked with them. &#8220;So
+you&#8217;ve changed your mind about them,&#8221; she said to a
+friend who worked with prisoners, and the friend had
+the courage to answer quite simply: &#8220;Yes, I have.&#8221;
+If we all have the courage to change our minds, the
+peace that comes will be real.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Some Other Prisoners.</span></h3>
+
+<p>There is often so much similarity in the complaints
+made on both sides that the sufferings would seem to
+be very similar. I happened once, in a private hotel,
+to get into conversation with some German women
+who had been taken prisoner in East Africa. They
+were scarcely &#8220;military prisoners,&#8221; but they were
+taken prisoner in the ordinary operations of war. With
+the women were three children. A young baby was
+wizened and pitiable, a little boy of between three and
+four had evidently had his whole body covered with
+boils or abscesses, a little girl of perhaps five would
+have been a charming little creature, but for a large
+abscess on her forehead and big swellings under the
+eyes. I asked how it was the children were in this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>condition. The Belgians, by whom these women were
+originally taken prisoner, would not, I was told, supply
+any milk for the children. It may be said that the
+Belgian officials should be consulted on this point, and
+I am well aware that prisoners&#8217; statements need
+corroboration. Do we, however, apply this rule in
+other cases? Are we careful to investigate newspaper
+reports of the statements of prisoners who have been
+in German hands, and should we suggest that the
+evidence of German officials should also be taken? The
+women struck me as singularly quiet, and unhysterical,
+and I must add, fair-minded. There were
+officials at times, they said, who were more humane,
+and provided milk on the quiet. Did they make any
+protests, I asked. &#8220;At first we did,&#8221; they
+answered, &#8220;but we were always told &#8216;You are
+prisoners, and have nothing to say.&#8217;&#8221; The condition
+of the children certainly suggested that they had
+suffered severely from malnutrition. This may
+indeed have been unavoidable, and not the fault of
+any one. I had a little further chat with one of the
+group, a very quiet woman, whose rather drawn, set
+face showed that she had passed through hard times.
+It was a little pathetic to me to note how sincerely she
+was convinced of the superior virtues of her side. &#8220;In
+the earlier days of the war when we had English
+prisoners,&#8221; she said, &#8220;they were always well fed, even
+though we went short. Our Commandant always
+made a point of seeing that they were well provided
+for.&#8221; There was in the quiet, rather weary voice just
+a gentle shade of reproach, and that was all. I have
+not the slightest doubt that the woman was perfectly
+sincere. I made only the very obvious remark that it
+seemed to me there were good and bad on both sides,
+and that some officials behaved well, and some not
+well. It was a mistake to generalise and think all was
+ill on the other side and all was well on one&#8217;s own.
+She saw fairness in this view, I think. There was a
+mutual approach, and a growing kindliness. I felt
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>then, and feel more strongly now, that kindness cannot
+grow out of merely aggressive patriotism.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Turkey.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It seems plain that in France, Germany and Great
+Britain there has been an honest, if not always a very
+sympathetic attempt to treat prisoners decently. But
+we hear little about the condition of prisoners elsewhere.
+It is curious to note how, in spite of all the
+horror perpetrated repeatedly by Turkish authorities
+in times, not of war, but of peace, British feeling is
+never very indignant against the Turk; and how
+prisoners of war are faring in Turkey we scarcely
+know. Not till July, 1917, does there seem to have
+been any definite application for the inspection of
+Turkish internment camps. On July 18, 1917, an
+announcement appeared in the Press to the effect that,
+in response to a request from the British Government,
+the International Committee of the Red Cross at
+Geneva had applied to the Turkish Government for the
+necessary permission.</p>
+
+<p>Yet here, as in all war matters, we come upon
+&#8220;reprisals.&#8221; The following is a cutting from the
+<i>Daily News</i> of July 20, 1917:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Mr. James Hope, for the Foreign Office, stated in the
+Commons yesterday that five British officers had been for
+over three months imprisoned in Constantinople as a
+reprisal for the alleged imprisonment of Turkish officers in
+Egypt. The United States Ambassador was requested on
+April 25 to explain to the Porte by telegram that only one
+of the five Turkish officers in Egypt had been under arrest,
+and that for attempted escape. He regretted to say that
+one of the five British officers had died. They had just
+received a message from the Danish Minister at Constantinople
+stating that the four surviving officers returned
+to camp on July 4.</p></div>
+
+<p>Statements about <i>enemy</i> reprisals are usually less
+frank than this. The neutral observer has usually to
+watch each side describing its most drastic actions as
+reprisals upon the other for similar deeds.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span><span class="smcap">Serbia.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The condition of Austrian and German prisoners in
+Serbia has been touched upon by Dr. F.&nbsp;M. Dickinson
+Berry, Physician to the Anglo-Serbian Hospital Unit.
+I give the following quotations from an article by Dr.
+Berry in the <i>Nation</i> of August 21, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There is no doubt that the prisoners suffered
+badly during the winter.... Typhus decimated
+them earlier and more universally, probably owing to
+the way in which they were crowded together. Outside
+the town our prisoner pointed out a cottage
+adjacent to a brick-kiln, where he, with 250 men, had
+stayed some months without beds, blankets, or even
+straw to sleep on, and with the scantiest of food.&#8221;
+But the villagers showed kindness, said the prisoner,
+and bestowed on them the food placed by Serbian
+custom on the graves of the dead. &#8220;Many of the
+prisoners fell sick and were taken off to the hospital.
+Here, too, they lay on the floor with nothing to cover
+them but a great-coat, if the fortunate possessors of
+such. Few who entered the hospital ever came back;
+if not ill with typhus when they came in, they were
+pretty safe to get it there, and they passed on to the
+cemetery beyond the town, where, as in so many
+Serbian cemeteries, however remotely situated, there
+is a portion covered thickly with plain wooden crosses,
+marking the graves of Austrian prisoners. Our
+informant told us that of those with him 50 per cent.
+had died; of eleven Italians whom he had under his
+charge one only survived. Asked whether they had
+any guards, he said no; each sergeant (he himself was
+one) was put in charge of fifty men, and was answerable
+with his life in case any should escape.&#8221; There
+were, however, some compensations for the primitive
+barbarity of these arrangements. The Serbian people
+did not attack their prisoners, they fed them. They
+might have learned a less human attitude under more
+civilised conditions. &#8220;As we motored through the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>town we were amused at the number of greetings our
+prisoner received; he was evidently a well known and
+popular person. As we passed he pointed out the
+houses of acquaintances and other objects of interest.
+On one side lived a municipal official, who, finding
+that he held the same sort of post in Bohemia, greeted
+him as a colleague and used to ask him to his house.
+Further on was the fountain where he had come to
+wash his clothes in the bitter winter weather, and
+close by the house of the kind but match-making old
+lady who washed his clothes for him, and having a
+daughter&#8217;s hand to dispose of, wished to keep him as a
+son-in-law.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Russia.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Of what happened in Russian prison camps we have
+only rumours, and the usual individual statements.
+The old Russian r&eacute;gime was scarcely likely to be very
+efficient or very humane in its treatment of prisoners,
+but any one who has examined war stories will be
+very cautious of believing all that is told. What the
+&#8220;unofficial information and rumours&#8221; were may
+be sufficiently gathered by referring to the
+<i>Cambridge Magazine</i> of August 26, 1916, Supplement
+&#8220;Prisoners.&#8221; It may be well to add this: in
+November, 1918, Erzberger, interviewed by Dr.
+Stollberg, of the <i>Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</i>,
+asserted that out of 250 thousand prisoners in Russia
+only 100 thousand remained alive.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">An Important Comparison.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It will help to clarify our ideas of charges of ill-treatment
+to remind ourselves of the following. A
+British officer, Lieut. Gilliland, was put in charge of
+the British prisoners of war captured by the
+Bulgarians. Mr. MacVeagh brought forward in the
+House of Commons various charges made against this
+officer by repatriated prisoners. It was said that he
+distributed unfairly food and clothing consigned to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>Irish prisoners, and that he ordered the flogging of
+British prisoners by their Bulgarian captors for the
+most trivial breaches of discipline. Mr. Macpherson,
+for the War Office, said prisoners repatriated from
+Bulgaria had made allegations against Lieut. Gilliland
+which were entirely opposed to information received
+from independent sources, especially from the U.S.
+Legation in Sofia, who stated that the officer had done
+everything possible for our men. Further inquiry
+was promised (<i>Manchester Guardian</i>, November 8,
+1917). The charges of the prisoners are in this case
+not considered as necessarily true or unbiased. Ought
+not similar caution to be observed against whomsoever
+the charges may be made?</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotetitle">Footnotes:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> It is fair to add that the International Red Cross in January, 1915,
+visited camps at Holyport, Dyffry, Dorchester, Southend, Portsmouth,
+and Queensferry. They did not visit the Isle of Man, where even then
+about 4,600 civilians were interned, and they were evidently, if somewhat
+innocently, hoping for the release of civilians (First Series, p.&nbsp;25). The
+reports are quite satisfactory as far as they go, and the delegates
+considered that the prisoners, and especially the military prisoners
+(<i>surtout les militaires</i>), were treated well. The feeding is, however,
+criticised rather adversely in the case of Portsmouth (both military and
+civilian) and at Queensferry (civilian). (<i>La nourriture est elle bien ce
+qu&#8217;elle doit &ecirc;tre</i>?) Removal from boats at Southend to <i>terra firma</i> is
+recommended. The eternal soup, which seems to have been the lot of
+prisoners in all countries, must become fearfully wearisome. The
+preserved fish, etc., of later days may become even more trying.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Bishop Bury (<i>My Visit to Ruhleben</i>) writes: &#8220;Again I was conscious
+of just the same spirit of privation&mdash;extraordinarily pathetic it
+was&mdash;about people and places....&#8221; (p.&nbsp;79) It is to be feared that
+some who &#8220;profess and call themselves Christians&#8221; can see nothing
+pathetic in the sufferings of an enemy people.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Comit&eacute; International de la Croix Rouge, Premi&egrave;re S&eacute;rie.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The number of prisoners now (October, 1917) in Germany is
+probably nearly three times as great.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Comit&eacute; International Rapports</i> (Premi&egrave;re S&eacute;rie, p.&nbsp;31).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> l.c., p.&nbsp;60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Reporting on March 9, 1916, Mr. Jackson wrote that, though,
+&#8220;owing to its situation and character,&#8221; it could never be made &#8220;an
+entirely satisfactory camp,&#8221; yet &#8220;there had been a marked improvement
+in its general &#8216;atmosphere.&#8217;&#8221; (Misc. 16 [1916].)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge (M.D., D.P.H.) visited this camp on
+December 17, 1915. She reports: &#8220;The prisoners of war are housed in
+well-built, well-drained barracks having excellent ventilation. Each
+man has an iron bedstead with two blankets (or a thick quilt), a straw
+mattress, good pillow and sheet....&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> These indulgences can also be paralleled on this side. A writer
+from a British internment camp says, during &#8220;a great sports week&#8221;:
+&#8220;There are already a lot in hospital with broken legs and arms.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> It is astounding how extremely rare are responsible accounts of
+the worser ill-deeds by those who have actually suffered them. These
+stories have almost always been heard from someone else. (Cf. pp.
+<a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> &#8220;The Common Cause.&#8221; October 16, 1914.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span><a name="II" id="II"></a>II.<br />
+CIVILIAN PRISONERS.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Resident Enemy Nationals.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>A few extracts from Dr. J.&nbsp;M. Spaight&#8217;s important
+work, &#8220;War Rights on Land,&#8221; will be useful as an
+introduction to this section. &#8220;Resident enemy
+nationals,&#8221; runs Dr. Spaight&#8217;s marginal summary,
+&#8220;are not interfered with&#8221; (l.c., p.&nbsp;28). The text
+proceeds: &#8220;The treatment of resident enemy nationals
+has undergone a great change for the better in modern
+times. Ancient theory and practice regarded them as
+enemies, individually, and admitted the right to arrest
+and imprison them. The last instance of this
+rigorous rule being put in force is Napoleon&#8217;s detention
+of British subjects who happened to be in France
+when war broke out in 1803. Present usage allows
+enemy nationals to depart freely, even when they
+belong to the armed forces of the other belligerent.&#8221;
+The State has the right to detain such subjects, but
+usage is against it. Again, &#8220;&#8216;Present usage,&#8217; says
+Professor LeFur, &#8216;does not admit of the expulsion <i>en
+masse</i> of enemy subjects resident in a belligerent&#8217;s
+territory, save when the needs of defence demand
+such expulsion....&#8217; The bad precedent set by the
+Confederate Government in 1861, when it ordered the
+banishment of all alien enemies, has not been followed
+in subsequent wars. France and Germany allowed
+enemy subjects to continue to reside in their
+respective territories during the war of 1870-1, but the
+former country was led by military exigencies to
+rescind the general privilege so far as Paris and the
+Department of the Seine were concerned, at the end
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>of August, 1870. A Proclamation was then issued by
+General Trochu which enjoined &#8216;every person not a
+naturalised Frenchman and belonging to one of the
+countries at war with France&#8217; to depart within three
+days, under penalty of arrest and trial in the event of
+disobedience. The incident is instructive as showing
+usage [viz., non-interference with resident enemy
+nationals] in the making; for though there were
+35,000 in Paris alone, and their expulsion was clearly
+justifiable as a measure of defence, the general
+opinion in Europe was that they were harshly treated,
+and a sum of 100 million francs was claimed, as part
+of the war indemnity, in respect of the losses they
+sustained in being driven out. It shows, as Hall
+observed, that public opinion &#8216;was already ripe for the
+establishment of a distinct rule allowing such persons
+to remain during good behaviour&#8217; (<i>Hall, International
+Law</i>, p.&nbsp;392). The usage has been strengthened by
+the precedents set in the Russo-Turkish War in
+1877-8, the Chino-Japanese War of 1894, and the
+Russo-Japanese War, in all of which enemy residents
+were suffered to remain.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Origin of General Internment.</span></h3>
+
+<p>How did it come about that this more humane
+usage was in the present war departed from? The
+average Englishman, I fear, assumes that all the
+blame is in this case due to the enemy. The following
+correspondence should make the matter clearer.
+[See Miscel. Nos. 7, 8 (1915).]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><i>Memorandum communicated by American Embassy,</i><br/>
+October 17, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>The American Embassy has the honour to submit the
+following copy of a telegram which has just been received
+from the Secretary of State at Washington relating to
+civilian prisoners in the United Kingdom and Germany:</p>
+
+<p>There are a very few English civilians in Germany who
+have been placed in prison or in prison camps&mdash;about 300.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>The German Government is informed that a great number
+of German civilian prisoners&mdash;over 6,000&mdash;are in prison
+camps in England. Department is requested by Ambassador,
+Berlin, to suggest that liberty, so far as possible, be
+allowed alien enemies detained by war.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><i>Mr. Page, United States Ambassador in London, to
+Sir Edward Grey.</i> (Received Oct. 31.)</p>
+
+<p class="right20">American Embassy, London,</p>
+<p class="date">October 30, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Sir,&mdash;I have the honour to transmit herewith enclosed the
+attached copy of an open telegram I have received from
+the Minister at Copenhagen relating to reports on the
+imprisonment of German subjects in England.</p>
+
+<p>Inasmuch as the Minister at Copenhagen has dispatched
+this to the Secretary of State at Washington, it seems
+probable that I shall receive definite instructions from him
+to transmit it to you, but in view of the desirability of an
+early consideration of the matter I now venture to submit
+this copy of the telegram for your information.</p>
+
+<p class="right25">I have, etc.,</p>
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">Walter Hines Page.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter">Copy of Telegram received October 29, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Following telegram sent to Department to-day (by the
+Ambassador at Berlin):</p>
+
+<p>The Foreign Office requests this Embassy to find out
+through the American Embassy in London whether the
+reports concerning the imprisonment of German subjects in
+England are well founded. Unless a reply is received from
+the British Government before November 5 that all Germans
+who have not rendered themselves especially suspicious have
+been released, the German Government will be obliged to
+take retaliatory measures, and accordingly arrest all male
+British subjects in Germany between 17 and 55 years.
+American Minister, Copenhagen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter">Copy of Telegram received from Berlin by the American
+Embassy, November 3, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Are Germans over 45 being arrested wholesale in England?
+If arrests are only of those under 45, I may be able to keep
+English over that age out of jail. Will not British Government
+allow all over 45 to leave? That is the legal military
+age here, and no one over that age can be compelled to serve.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span><i>Sir Edward Grey to Mr. Page, United States Ambassador
+in London.</i></p>
+
+<p class="right20">Foreign Office,</p>
+<p class="date">November 9, 1914.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Your Excellency,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your
+Excellency&#8217;s note of the 30th ult., and of subsequent notes
+informing me of the attitude likely to be adopted by the
+German Government with regard to the measures that have
+been taken in this country for the detention of German subjects
+of military age.</p>
+
+<p>The decision of His Majesty&#8217;s Government in this respect
+being clearly irrevocable, the communications which you
+were good enough to transmit did not appear to call for an
+immediate reply, although, as your Excellency is aware, the
+German Government threatened, and have since carried out,
+reprisals against British subjects in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, I hope in due course, when the
+measures taken here have assumed a definite form, proper
+consideration having been given to reasonable claims for
+exemption as regards particular categories of persons, to
+address your Excellency further on the subject, with a view
+of obtaining the release at least of British subjects in Germany
+who correspond to those categories.</p>
+
+<p>I may state at once that no Germans over the age of 45 are
+being arrested.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>I should, however, be glad if your Excellency would
+endeavour to bring home to the German Government that His
+Majesty&#8217;s Government are faced with a problem which does
+not apply to the same extent in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>There are, roughly, 50,000 Germans resident in this
+country, and the presence of such large numbers of the
+subjects of a country with whom Great Britain is at war
+must necessarily be a cause of anxiety to the military
+authorities who are concerned with taking adequate measures
+for the defence of the realm.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>In detaining persons who might, in certain eventualities,
+become a source of danger to the State, His Majesty&#8217;s Government
+are only acting in accordance with the dictates of a
+legitimate and reasonable policy, and they would be clearly
+lacking in their duty to the country if they neglected to safeguard
+its interests by allowing the continuance of possible
+risks to the public safety.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>In proceeding as they have done they have only had this
+one consideration before them, and it has never once been
+their intention to indulge in a domestic act of hostility
+towards German subjects as such, or in any way to inflict
+hardship for hardship&#8217;s sake on innocent civilians.</p>
+
+<p>Every endeavour is being made, as Your Excellency is
+aware from Mr. Chandler Anderson&#8217;s report on the concentration
+camps, to mitigate the inconvenience to the persons
+detained, and to provide the best possible treatment for them
+under the circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>As time goes on it is hoped that it will be possible to
+improve further the necessarily austere conditions of the
+military discipline to which the prisoners are bound to be
+subjected, and every endeavour is being made already to
+rectify any mistakes that may have occurred, both in the
+arrest of persons who should properly be exempt, and in the
+r&eacute;gime, which, through its hurried organisation, could not
+fail to contain a certain number of defects at the outset....</p></div>
+
+<p>Into the case for and against general internment I
+do not propose to enter; it has nothing to do with the
+main purpose of this book. It does, however, concern
+that purpose to point out first that the general internment
+of resident enemy nationals (whatever its
+justification in any particular case) is contrary to
+modern usage, and second that the order for general
+internment was given first not in Germany, but in
+Britain. The popular view on this subject is
+erroneous. The German order was issued as a
+&#8220;reprisal,&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> but, once issued, it was carried out with
+dispatch, a dispatch which was, of course, easier
+because of the comparatively small number of British
+subjects in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>It will, I think, be useful to quote some further
+letters. The first document is an extract from a
+telegram received, <i>via</i> Copenhagen, by the U.S.
+Embassy in London on November 7, 1914. The
+telegram is from the Ambassador (Mr. Gerard) at
+Berlin, and conveys the representations of Mr.
+Chandler Anderson, of the American Embassy in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>London, who was at the moment in Berlin. Anderson
+says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Tell Foreign Office that there is no compulsory military
+service required by German law for men over 45, and any
+men over that age serving in the army are volunteers.
+Agreement to release all men over 45 would produce better
+understanding, refusal is regarded as questioning truth of
+their assurances, which were endorsed by our Ambassador.
+Would like to settle these matters while here, and want to
+leave on Tuesday or Wednesday. Am arranging to have
+someone from this Embassy return with me to report, for
+information of Foreign Office here, about concentration camp
+and reasons for internment of civilians, in order to establish
+common basis for their treatment and provisions and clothing
+furnished and pay of officers, on the understanding that
+accounts will be balanced at close of war or at stated
+intervals.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Gerard</span>, Berlin.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">American Minister, Copenhagen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following documents deserve careful consideration:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><i>Memorandum communicated by American Embassy.</i><br />
+November 9, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>The American Embassy has the honour to submit the
+following copy of a telegram which the Ambassador at
+Berlin has sent to the Department of State at Washington:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Order for internment British between 17 and 55 has gone
+into effect. This does not apply to clericals, doctors, or
+women, or to British subjects from colonies or protectorates
+where Germans are not interned. German Government
+wishes to receive official information regarding such colonies,
+as it understands Germans are interned in South Africa.
+Germany is willing to release men over 45 if England will
+do so. Germans over 45, except officers, have no compulsory
+military obligations.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>American Embassy, London, Nov. 9, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><i>Memorandum by Sir Edward Grey.</i></p>
+
+<p>The American Ambassador asked me to-day whether the
+American Embassy would be allowed, as reports were being
+made in Germany about the treatment of German civilians
+in England, to send someone to visit the Germans interned
+in Newbury and Newcastle.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>The Ambassador also said that he had received specific
+complaints from Germans interned in Queensferry.</p>
+
+<p>He has given me the following copy of a letter from the
+American Ambassador in Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>The object of the Ambassador&#8217;s enquiry is simply, by
+bringing out the facts, to prevent false statements from
+doing harm in Germany, and at the same time, I assume, to
+contribute to the remedying of any grievances that may
+exist.</p>
+
+<p>The American Ambassador in Berlin is, I know, doing all
+in his power to secure good treatment for British subjects in
+Germany, and I think that it would be desirable to let the
+American Embassy here have full information as to our
+treatment of Germans.</p>
+
+<p class="right25">I have, etc.,</p>
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">E. Grey.</span></p>
+<p class="sigdate">Foreign Office, November 13, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><i>Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page.</i></p>
+
+<p class="right20">American Embassy, Berlin.</p>
+<p class="date">November 8, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Sir,&mdash;Although it may already be too late to be of much
+practical effect, I feel it my duty, in the interest of
+humanity, to urge upon you to obtain some formal declaration
+on the part of the British Government, as to its purpose
+in ordering the wholesale concentration of Germans in Great
+Britain and Ireland, as is understood here to be the case.
+It is known here that many of the Germans interned belong
+to the labouring classes, and that their position is actually
+improved by their internment, and it is recognised that the
+British Government has the right to arrest persons when any
+well-founded ground for suspecting them to be spies exists.
+Great popular resentment has been created by the reports of
+the arrests of other Germans, however, and the German
+authorities cannot explain or understand why German
+travellers who have been taken from ocean steamers should
+not be permitted to remain at liberty, of course under police
+control, even if they are compelled to stay in England. The
+order for the general concentration of British males between
+the ages of 17 and 55, which went into effect on the 6th
+inst., was occasioned by the pressure of public opinion,
+which has been still further excited by the newspaper reports
+of a considerable number of deaths in concentration camps.
+Up to the 6th considerable liberty of movement has been
+allowed to British subjects in Germany,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> and, as you were
+informed in my telegram of the 5th, many petitions were
+received from them setting forth the favourable conditions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>under which they were permitted to live and to carry on
+their business, and urging the similar treatment of German
+subjects in England. I cannot but feel that to a great extent
+the English action and the German retaliation has been caused
+by a misunderstanding which we should do our best to
+remove. It seems to me that we should do all in our power
+to prevent an increase of the bitterness which seems to have
+arisen between the German and English peoples, and to make
+it possible for the two countries to become friends on the
+close of the war.</p>
+
+<p class="right25">I have, etc.,</p>
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">James W. Gerard.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><i>Mr. Harris to Mr. Gerard</i>.</p>
+<p class="right20">Frankfort-on-Main,</p>
+<p class="date">November 9, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Sir,&mdash;In a letter of the same date as this I have referred
+to the return from Giessen of four officers sent to Giessen,
+and returned again to Frankfort and to Nauheim, from which
+they came. I referred in this letter to the commander of
+the XVIIIth. Army Corps here. The commando is in
+charge of Excellenz de Graaf, who has, as he tells me, an
+American wife, and who through the past few months has
+shown this consulate all possible consideration, as it seems to
+Mr. Ives and myself. Twice during the great press of the
+first few weeks of the war, he came to the office in person
+and made known his desire to assist us in any way possible.
+Both Mr. Ives and myself have had occasion to go to the
+commando many times on various errands, and in nearly
+every case we have been granted the things we desired. It
+would be difficult to find a man at home or abroad with a
+more pleasant manner than de Graaf&#8217;s, or who shows less of
+the harsh or severe. Many of the English have gone to him,
+and they in all cases, so far as I have heard, speak in highest
+terms as to the way he has received them, and as to the
+entire freedom given them in this city until the order of last
+Friday.</p>
+
+<p>I have gone into the matter just a little because of a
+vicious and, I think, wholly unwarranted attack in the
+papers, in which Mr. George Edwardes, of London, is made
+to say quite improbable things as coming from de Graaf, and
+perhaps made our work just a little more difficult. Whether
+this be the case or not, I am sure you will be glad to know
+that the commander here has given ample evidence of desire
+to meet Mr. Ives and myself in every request we have had
+to make of him.</p>
+
+<p class="right25">I have, etc.,</p>
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">H.&nbsp;W. Harris</span>, American Consul-General.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>The &#8220;entire freedom&#8221; allowed to English in
+Frankfort until the reprisal order was made out is a
+fact that should be emphasised. It bears out the idea
+that it was British action which brought about the
+general internment order in Germany. Moreover, the
+reports as to ill-treatment and deaths produced the
+same kind of effect on the other side as they did on
+this. Of course, there were grave hardships on both
+sides, and, indeed, Sir Edward Grey allowed (vide
+p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_79">79</a>) that &#8220;the r&eacute;gime ... through its hurried
+organisation, could not fail to contain a certain
+number of defects at the outset.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The r&eacute;gime, like some other steps taken in this war,
+was too hurriedly arranged in response to newspaper
+agitation. The <i>Cologne Gazette</i>, complaining that
+Germans are treated like pariahs in England, asks if
+Englishmen in Germany are &#8220;to enjoy for ever a life
+of gods unmolested.&#8221; (<i>Daily Chronicle</i>, October 29,
+1914.) The old demand for &#8220;reprisals,&#8221; leading to
+counter-reprisals and a crescendo of cruelty.</p>
+
+<p>In Austria no general internment order was made.
+The <i>Daily Chronicle</i> correspondent, writing in
+January, 1915, from Vienna, spoke of the freedom of
+all foreigners there, even when the subjects of enemy
+Governments. All such subjects, his host reminded
+him, &#8220;enjoy full, or nearly full liberty, whereas in
+Great Britain and France Austro-German subjects have
+either been clapped into prison, or at any rate confined
+in a camp or barracks.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Civilian and Military Prisoners Compared.</span></h3>
+
+<p>&#8220;Confinement in a camp or barracks&#8221; sounds a
+small thing. It is really, wherever it occurs, a rather
+terrible thing. The universal experience is that
+civilians suffer under this restraint more than soldiers,
+and consequently are more &#8220;difficult&#8221; to deal with.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>There are, I think, various fairly obvious reasons for
+this difference. To the soldier the prison camp is an
+escape from worse horrors, the soldier is inured to a
+large measure of monotony, he is also inured to
+military control and certain peculiarities of the
+military manner. To the civilian the prison camp is
+a change from freedom to confinement, from comfort
+to hardship, often from prosperity to ruin. The
+civilian&#8217;s life has been one of varied activities, and
+becomes one of almost unrelieved monotony. He is
+in most cases quite unused to military control, and
+feels himself degraded to a kind of servitude. Used
+to a separate and individual life, he is forced into
+contact, day and night, with others not of his own
+choice, and often antipathetic to him. He finds himself
+deprived of every vestige of privacy, and his
+thoughts revolve often round chances gone, work lost,
+hopes vanished, a wife living in penury, and a future
+altogether dark. If anyone will try to picture such
+a life continued not for weeks or months only, but for
+<i>years</i>, he will, I think, feel that hysteria, loss of
+mental balance and actual insanity are consequences
+that are only too likely to follow.</p>
+
+<p>Civilian control for civilian prisoners seems in
+general to be desirable. Military control was practically
+withdrawn from Ruhleben in the autumn of
+1915. At a few camps here, such as the one at
+Cornwallis Road, it is practically absent, and I feel
+this is one reason why, writing in March, 1916, the
+U.S. Attach&eacute; was able to report that there had at this
+camp been no attempts at escape.</p>
+
+<p>There was much that was harsh and bad in the
+earlier days of internment in Germany, but the official
+U.S. reports certainly make us aware of cordial
+German co-operation in improving matters. The
+unofficial account, moreover, of Dr. Cimino (&#8220;Behind
+the Prison Bars in Germany&#8221;) astonishes me chiefly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>by the amount of politeness which it reveals in the
+German official.</p>
+
+<p>There will always be stupid officials, and complete
+military authority is a very dangerous thing. This
+obvious conclusion should be recognised as applying
+(to some extent at least) to both sides. It is a rather
+dreadful thing to be under more or less hostile restraint,
+whether one be German or British. &#8220;Even if ideal
+conditions prevailed, one could not remove the unavoidable
+feeling of restraint and the sorrow of separation
+of men from their wives and families. There is in all
+the camps a feeling of gloom which one visitor said
+&#8216;haunted him for days.&#8217; It is scarcely surprising that
+feelings of resentment should arise. Many of the men
+have lived in this country for twenty or thirty years;
+some have come over here as young children, some are
+even unable to speak German; very many have married
+British wives and have come to regard themselves as
+citizens of this country. The visit of someone who is
+not in authority over them, but who will listen to their
+troubles and give them a kind word of encouragement,
+has done very much to lighten the bitterness of
+confinement.&#8221; So write the Emergency Committee in
+their second report on their work for the assistance of
+Germans, Austrians and Hungarians in distress. Dr.
+Siegmund Schulze, who has worked for a similar
+organisation in Berlin, writes: &#8220;It appears that those
+who have recently expressed their opinion in the
+British Parliament have taken the complaints of a few
+dissatisfied prisoners as a basis for their general
+opinion. We can quite understand these complaints,
+because we notice among all prisoners that the longer
+the imprisonment lasts, the greater is the feeling of
+dissatisfaction.... It is noteworthy that in the
+English utterance even the trustworthiness of neutral
+reports is doubted; for example, the statements of the
+American Ambassador are regarded as pro-German,
+therefore distorted. Frl. Dr. Rotten and I have heard
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>a great number of neutral opinions on the prisoners
+camps; I have myself discussed the conditions of the
+detention camp with neutrals who have visited them,
+and ascertained the truth as to their reports. Our
+verdict can only be that there is absolutely no question
+of any conditions which would constitute an infringement
+of international law, or which could imperil the
+health of the soldiers.... Moreover, I have in
+Ruhleben formed my own opinion as to the condition
+of the prisoners. I acknowledge that the depressed
+state of mind in which the prisoners must naturally be
+after more than six months&#8217; imprisonment has an
+effect upon their reports, and that many prisoners are
+in a state of suppressed rage. On the other hand I
+cannot but say that after the removal of certain
+insanitary conditions there have been absolutely no
+substantial complaints made by the prisoners. Much
+as I regret the position of the prisoners, among whom
+I have many personal acquaintances, I must, on the
+other hand, say that the accommodation and also the
+behaviour of the officers is, on the whole, as humane
+as possible under the difficult conditions. The
+American Attach&eacute;, Mr. Jackson, who formerly visited
+the detention camps in England, and has now again
+visited the German detention camps, has confirmed to
+me the assertion which he made to the Commandant
+of the Ruhleben Camp, viz., that if he were obliged
+to choose where, among the countries now at war, he
+would be interned, he would certainly choose
+Ruhleben.... Without doubt, as is now apparent
+everywhere, an imprisonment extending over a long
+period, say, for instance, a year, means far more for
+men of the present generation than one could have
+thought. I consider it possible that many prisoners
+who are detained for such a long time will return to
+their homes with an essential deterioration of their
+mental condition.&#8221; These last are very grave, and
+indeed terrible words, words that I fear only too
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>accurately represent the facts, but yet, as Dr. Schulze
+continues, &#8220;We ought not to conclude from this that
+we are justified in making reproaches against the other
+country in respect of the treatment of prisoners, but
+rather conclude that we should work energetically
+towards the termination of the war.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The mental suffering (<i>stagnant</i> suffering) caused to
+civilian prisoners (in Britain, as elsewhere) is, I fear,
+very far from being understood. The following few
+sentences may give some glimpses&mdash;I was going to say
+&#8220;enlightening glimpses,&#8221; but, alas, they are only
+glimpses into the darkness: &#8220;Our visitors in talking
+to the men in the camps receive from them many
+kinds of requests; of these by far the most frequent and
+urgent is that their wives and families may be visited.
+For one reason or another, letters from home very
+frequently do not reach the prisoners, and often for
+weeks or months together they receive no word of their
+families.&#8221; The report goes on: &#8220;One man&#8217;s wife was
+at the point of death when he left her and her young
+children; another&#8217;s wife with several children was
+addicted to drink, and was only kept from it by her
+husband&#8217;s influence; in other cases children were left
+behind with no mother to care for them.&#8221; (The
+quotations are from the second report of the Friends&#8217;
+Emergency Committee, January, 1915.) To imagine
+the anguish of these cases, whether in Germany or in
+Britain, is to shrink as from a blow. Many will feel
+that the policy of general internment was unavoidable.
+But we may surely show generous sympathy where an
+unavoidable policy has brought great misery upon
+thousands who were innocent. Such sympathy, as we
+shall see later, always assists reciprocal sympathy on
+the other side.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Some Reports on Ruhleben.</span></h3>
+
+<p>I will now turn to the consideration of reports on
+individual camps for civilians. The most important
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>German civilian camp, of course, for us, is that of
+Ruhleben. If I cite a Report on the Meeting of the
+Camp Committee held there on February 4, 1915, a
+good deal as to the general management of the camp
+will become plain. [Miscel. No. 7 (1915) p.&nbsp;67.]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The following minutes of a meeting of the select committee
+of the camp committee and of the overseers,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> which was
+called by Baron von Taube on February 2, were read by the
+Secretary:</p>
+
+<p>At 6-30 p.m., Baron von Taube received a select committee
+of the camp committee in the presence of the
+assembled overseers of the latter. Messrs. Powell, Fischer,
+Jones, Blakely, Cocker, Overweg, Asher, Hallam, Russel,
+Aman, and Jones were present; also<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> Messrs. Delmer,
+Butcher, Stern, Scholl, Mackenzie, Horn, Klingender,
+Butterworth, and Hatfield.</p>
+
+<p>Having greeted the assembled members, the Baron proceeded
+to say that he thought it would be best if only three
+or four delegates from the camp committee were to discuss
+matters directly with the overseers. He expressed his views
+and compared the management of the camp with the administration
+of a town of 10,000 inhabitants. Too many participants
+might only render the work of the overseers more
+arduous. He therefore suggested that at the meetings of
+the overseers, the select committee of the camp committee
+should consist of from three to four gentlemen with deciding
+votes. The suggestion was accepted. Thereupon the Baron
+informed the meeting that Messrs. Butcher, Klingender, and
+Stern had been proposed. In reply to this, Mr. Delmer,
+chairman of the camp committee, said that from among the
+eight men whose names had been submitted, three or four
+should from time to time be chosen as delegates according to
+their special knowledge and the business to be transacted.
+After a short discussion it was agreed, upon the proposal of
+Mr. Powell, that three or four gentlemen should, as delegates
+from the camp committee, take part in a general
+meeting of overseers to be held once a fortnight. At these
+meetings a strict account of the work of the overseers during
+the interval should be rendered. On the proposal of the chairman,
+Mr. Delmer, it was further agreed that delegates
+of the camp committee should have the right at all times to
+require the overseers to furnish explanations of any incidents
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>affecting the interests of the camp. A motion of the chairman,
+which was also approved by the Baron, was to the
+effect that, in order to spare the overseers&#8217; committee time
+and trouble, any incidents occurring in the camp should be
+thoroughly sifted and investigated by the camp committee,
+and then reported to the administration as soon as possible
+by a single competent deputy through the overseers.</p>
+
+<p>The presiding overseer welcomed a further motion by the
+chairman, Mr. Delmer, which was as follows: In the
+interests of the necessary reciprocity, a delegate of the
+overseers should attend the meetings of the camp committee.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Klingender drew attention to the two points contained
+in the camp committee&#8217;s letter to Baron von Taube. The
+Baron said he agreed with the contents of the letter.</p>
+
+<p>At the conclusion the chairman (Mr. Delmer) remarked
+that the camp committee had been formed with a view to
+beneficial co-operation with the overseers, and for the
+advancement of the existing organisation, and that it
+intended loyally to carry out this principle, of which words
+the Baron graciously took note. The chairman (Mr. Delmer)
+then expressed his hearty thanks in the name of the
+assembled members of the camp committee to the Baron for
+his presence and for the consideration he had kindly given
+to the arrangement, whereupon the Baron said that he would
+be very pleased personally from time to time to take part
+in the meetings of the camp committee.</p>
+
+<p>Baron von Taube then closed the meeting.</p>
+
+<p>The secretary announced that he had laid a copy of the
+minutes before the Baron, who had kindly accepted and
+signed it, and had, with his own hand, written on it the
+words, &#8220;Have taken note of the minutes and agree on all
+points.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The chairman greeted Mr. Fischer, overseer of hut 3,
+who was present as delegate of the overseers. The meeting
+proceeded to discuss the following matters:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Latrines for Invalids.</span>&mdash;At the last meeting the camp
+committee had requested a member to procure information
+on this matter. Mr. Fischer reported that the small latrine
+between huts 3 and 4 (which was formerly intended for
+women) should be used for this purpose. A door with a
+lock would be put in. Permits would probably be issued by
+the doctor or his representative. The overseers had for a
+long time striven to obtain permission for the sick to use the
+water closets, but these for the most part were not in the
+premises which were at the disposal of the military authorities,
+and therefore could not, even on payment, be opened.
+He would again inquire if it were not possible to obtain a
+closed water closet for the sick.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span><span class="smcap">Postal Matters.</span>&mdash;Questions concerning the postal regulations
+and the censoring of letters were brought up. A
+member expressed his intention of obtaining precise information
+and of reporting thereon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Outbreak of Diarrh&#339;a.</span>&mdash;It was announced that 78 cases
+had occurred at hut 1.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Mr. Fischer was asked whether the
+number of cases in each hut was known to the overseers.
+He replied that they had furnished a report on the previous
+day. It was suggested that in such a case the overseers
+might with advantage seek the assistance of the delegates
+of the camp committee, and especially in the present case,
+as the overseers were much occupied with other work, and
+could not collect complete statistics.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bread.</span>&mdash;The question of the quality of the bread was
+raised; it was alleged that bread insufficiently baked and
+bread which consisted of remains insufficiently ground
+together was sometimes distributed. As 2,000 of the prisoners
+were penniless, the question was one of great importance.
+Mr. Fischer said that bread of inferior quality, if returned
+immediately, would be exchanged.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Youths Under 17 Years of Age.</span>&mdash;It was alleged that
+not all the prisoners under 17 years of age had yet taken
+the necessary steps to obtain their release. The meeting,
+however, thought that it was the presence of young sailors,
+for whose release repeated application had been made, that
+had produced this impression. These sailors, however, were
+in quite a different position from the civilian prisoners.
+Civilian prisoners under 17 were released. The overseers
+had the matter under consideration.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Washing.</span>&mdash;Mr. Whitwell had taken cast-off clothing from
+the rubbish-box. He had had them washed, and found that
+they were still serviceable. In his opinion, the whole of the
+camp washing could be done by two machines costing about
+60M. each. Mr. Fischer observed that the overseers had given
+this matter their attention, but that great difficulties would
+arise if any proposals adverse to the concessions granted by
+the military authority to private concerns were to be made.</p>
+
+<p>The meeting was then adjourned.</p></div>
+
+<p>We may next cite an unofficial statement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Statement Respecting Conditions at Ruhleben Communicated
+to Home Office by two Released Civilians on
+March 18, 1915.</span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. John P. Bradshaw, of Ballymoney, co. Antrim, and
+Mr. William David Coyne, of Ballyhaunis, co. Mayo, both
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>British subjects, arrived in England on the March 15,
+having just been released from detention at Ruhleben on
+account of their unfitness for military service.</p>
+
+<p>The following statement has been made by them to the
+Home Office:</p>
+
+<p>They were examined by the Camp Doctor, and released
+as unfit for military service.</p>
+
+<p>A fortnight ago all who considered themselves unfit were
+invited to send their names in with a statement of the
+grounds of unfitness.</p>
+
+<p>A week later all were asked to state where they would
+go if released from Ruhleben, but few of the real British
+subjects were anxious to be released now unless they can
+leave Germany because of the bitterness against England.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>Since March 7 a very important change has taken place
+in the food supply to the prisoners; thanks to investigations
+by Rittmeister von M&uuml;ller, the caterer has been dispensed
+with. It is believed in the camp that the United States
+authorities prompted these investigations.</p>
+
+<p>The German authorities provide bread which is of better
+quality than formerly. The allowance is over half a pound
+per man per day, i.e., more than the civilian population is
+allowed, but it is believed that a regulation has been made,
+though not yet brought into force, to reduce the bread allowance
+to correspond with that allowed to persons outside the
+camp. Bread is no longer purchaseable at the canteen.</p>
+
+<p>The Government allows 60 pfennige (just over 7d.) per
+head for the rest of the food. The canteen committee buys
+100 grammes of meat (gristle, bone, etc., included) per man
+per day. Pork is much used, then comes mutton, and, more
+rarely, beef.</p>
+
+<p>The meat is cooked in the soup and each man is given a
+piece about the size of a cutlet with his soup at midday. The
+spare pieces are divided amongst the men from the last
+barracks to be served; the barracks take it in turn to be last.</p>
+
+<p>On one day a week dinner consists of a piece of sausage
+and rice and prunes.</p>
+
+<p>A piece of sausage is now served with the evening tea
+or coffee. This sausage is bought out of the savings under
+the new system.</p>
+
+<p>The rest of the savings on the catering and the profit on
+the sales at the canteen go towards providing clothes, etc., for
+the poorest men in the camp.</p>
+
+<p>The meat is inspected by two of the prisoners, one a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>veterinary surgeon and the other a butcher; it is cooked by
+ships&#8217; cooks who are interned, and served by men chosen
+from among the prisoners. The food is said to be well
+cooked and the meals quite appetising, at any rate when compared
+with the previous r&eacute;gime.</p>
+
+<p>The two men named above received all parcels sent to
+them. Formerly parcels took about four weeks to reach
+the camp from England, but now they arrive in ten to twelve
+days.</p>
+
+<p>The officials are scrupulously honest as regards money
+owned by or sent to the prisoners, except that they pay out
+in paper or silver, whereas they took in gold. Money is
+paid out to those prisoners who have an account at the rate
+of 20M. per fortnight, but an extra 20M. can be obtained
+for the purchase of boots, clothes, etc., if shown to be necessary.</p>
+
+<p>The correspondence regulations are now that one postcard
+with nine lines of writing may be sent each week, and two
+letters, each of four pages of notepaper may be sent per
+month. In addition, business letters may be sent to any
+reasonable extent.</p>
+
+<p>A dramatic society has been started and recently gave its
+first performance, Shaw&#8217;s &#8220;Androcles and the Lion.&#8221;
+Admission was free, but seats cost from 20 to 40 pfennigs,
+not according to the position of the seat, but according to
+the means of the purchaser.</p>
+
+<p>Baron von Taube and Graf von Schwerin make a point of
+being present at all entertainments organised by the prisoners,
+and make a short speech of thanks at the end. Since the
+trouble over the food has been settled the relations between
+the officials and the prisoners have greatly improved.</p>
+
+<p>A month ago all British colonial subjects were re-arrested
+and interned. [Miscel. No. 7. (1915). P. 81.]</p></div>
+
+<p>We now come to the official U.S. report of June 8,
+1915, with accompanying letters. [Miscel. No. 13
+(1915)]</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><i>Mr. Page, United States Ambassador at London, to Sir
+Edward Grey.</i> (Received June 15.)</p>
+
+<p>The American Ambassador presents his compliments to His
+Majesty&#8217;s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and has the
+honour to transmit, herewith enclosed, a copy of a letter
+he has received from the Embassy at Berlin, dated the 8th
+inst., enclosing a report made by Mr. G.&nbsp;W. Minot upon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>the conditions at present existing in the British civil internment
+camp at Ruhleben.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gerard has added a postscript expressing the hope
+that this report may be published together with his covering
+letter.</p>
+
+<p>American Embassy, London,<br />
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">June 14, 1915.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The need for publication was obvious in view of the
+character of the rumours circulated in this country,
+but, unfortunately, when published as a Government
+White Paper, such a report falls into but few hands,
+while newspaper extracts from the White Papers can,
+in general, scarcely be described as selected without
+bias.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><span class="smcap">Enclosure 1.</span><br />
+<i>Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page.</i></p>
+
+<p class="right20">American Embassy,</p>
+<p class="date">Berlin, June 8, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>Sir,&mdash;I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a
+triplicate copy of a report made by Mr. G.&nbsp;W. Minot upon
+conditions at present existing in the British civil internment
+camp at Ruhleben, Spandau. In connection with this I beg
+to say that the devotion to duty and uniform kindness of all
+the camp authorities has been wonderful and the relations
+of our Embassy with them always most agreeable. It is
+impossible to conceive of better camp commanders than Graf
+Schwerin and Baron Taube.&mdash;I have, etc.,</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">James W. Gerard.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The last sentence is noteworthy. Commendation of
+the Camp Commanders could not be more emphatic.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><span class="smcap">Enclosure 2.</span><br />
+<i>Mr. Minot to Mr. Gerard.</i></p>
+
+<p class="date">June 3, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>Sir,&mdash;I have the honour to submit to you the following
+report upon various improvements which have taken place
+in the civil internment camp for British prisoners at
+Ruhleben-bei-Spandau since the month of November, 1914:</p>
+
+<p>Of the 4,500 British civil prisoners interned in Germany,
+approximately 4,000 are at this date held at Ruhleben, the
+remaining 500 being scattered in small detachments in various
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>other internment camps. The German Government have
+arranged that these detachments shall be absorbed by Ruhleben,
+so that within a few months all the British civil
+prisoners interned in Germany will be in Ruhleben. The
+difficulty of enlarging the facilities of Ruhleben and the
+necessary precautionary measures of quarantining have made
+the process of combination a long one, but there is every
+reason to believe that it will soon be completed.</p>
+
+<p>The increase in the number of prisoners at Ruhleben has
+necessitated substantial additions to the barracks, most of
+which were overcrowded at the beginning of the war. Eight
+new barracks of one storey have been erected (four being
+already occupied), affording accommodation for 120 men each.
+These barracks are substantially built of wood, with well-set
+floors and large windows. The roofs have been waterproofed
+with tarred paper, and the walls stained to resist the rain.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+In the four new barracks which are now occupied a small
+room for the guard has been added, but in the new barracks
+this has been considered unnecessary, as it is hoped that the
+guards in the barracks at night may shortly be dispensed
+with. The last new barracks has been built with a special
+view towards housing convalescent or delicate persons. Partitions
+have been erected so as to cut up the barrack into
+small divisions, and two water-closets have been installed.
+A new washhouse for these barracks has been erected, with
+shower baths and washing troughs.</p>
+
+<p>The construction of the new barracks, the transfer of some
+hundred persons to Dr. Weiler&#8217;s sanatorium, and the release
+of about a hundred persons have made it possible largely to
+reduce the crowded conditions of the &#8220;obens,&#8221; or lofts, of
+the old barracks. Twenty per cent. of the occupants of
+these &#8220;obens&#8221; have been removed, and it is estimated that
+when the new barracks are fully occupied another 55 per
+cent. will be removed from the obens, so that only a quarter
+of the original occupants will be left there.</p>
+
+<p>The most signal improvement which has been effected in
+the last two months has been the permission afforded the
+prisoners to use the ground encircled by the race-track for
+the hours from 8 a.m. to 12 noon and from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
+The space thus gained is approximately 200 yards by 150
+yards, and affords a splendid field for all kinds of games.
+Materials for the various sports have been provided by the
+camp, including the laying out of a football field and a small
+golf course. This ground has provided a chance for every
+interned prisoner to take part in some form of good out-of-door
+exercise or for those who so desire to move out their chairs
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>to the field to watch the games. Permission to use the grandstands
+from 8 a.m. to 8-30 p.m. has further been obtained.
+As the stands are of modern brick and cement construction,
+a large enclosed hall is formed underneath the tiers of seats.
+In this hall a stage has been erected and a complete theatre
+installed with scenery, dressing-rooms, orchestra, etc. Performances,
+varying from Shakespeare to musical shows, are
+given practically every night. The betting boxes have been
+boarded up to afford small rooms for study, musical practice,
+etc. In other parts of this building space has been allotted
+for a carpenter&#8217;s shop, a tailor&#8217;s shop, barber and cobbler&#8217;s
+shop. The grandstand tiers have been turned over to the
+educational department for schools and lectures, which are
+systematically conducted. Black-boards and other materials
+have been provided for the department.</p></div>
+
+<p>A favourable account of Dr. Weiler&#8217;s sanatorium
+follows. About this sanatorium individual expressions
+of opinion have varied.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Minot&#8217;s report next gives a list of improvements
+effected at Ruhleben, under such headings as <i>Laundry,
+Whitewashing, Beds, Dentist, Business Post</i>, etc. The
+report then proceeds:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>It can be seen from the above that very considerable
+improvements have been effected at Ruhleben. Graf
+Schwerin, Baron Taube, and the other camp authorities have
+done everything in their power to bring about these improvements,
+and have been materially helped throughout by the
+camp captains.</p>
+
+<p>The effect produced has been a general improvement in
+the physical and moral condition of the camp. In general
+the health of the prisoners can be said to be excellent, practically
+no cases of contagious or infectious diseases, barring
+a mild epidemic of German measles, having occurred. The
+improvement in the food and the increased possibilities of
+the purchase of additional nourishment from the outside,
+have nearly silenced all complaints.</p>
+
+<p>The work is still constantly progressing, and it is fair to
+state that the conditions are steadily, if slowly, improving.</p>
+
+<p>I am submitting to you, herewith, a plan of Ruhleben,
+upon which are marked the various buildings and locations
+mentioned in this report. I have further included a selection
+of programmes of the various entertainments, sports,
+etc., which have taken place in the camp.&mdash;I have, etc.,</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">G.&nbsp;W. Minot.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>The following two extracts are also of some
+significance. The first is from the <i>Times</i>, the second
+is from the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> of June 18, 1915. The
+suspension of correspondence was due to some
+demonstration on the part of the prisoners.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Sir,&mdash;It may perhaps interest some of those who are feeling
+anxious about the treatment of their relatives at Ruhleben
+to hear that we have direct evidence of kindly action and consideration
+for the prisoners on the part of the German authorities
+at a date later than that at which the regular postal communication
+was suspended.&mdash;I am faithfully yours,</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">A Parent of a Prisoner.</span></p>
+<p class="sigdate">February 17.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>We received the following from the Press Bureau last
+night:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A statement recently appeared in a letter to an organ
+of the Press to the effect that it was inadvisable to send
+parcels to civilian prisoners interned at Ruhleben in view
+of the heavy charges made on delivery.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Information has now been received from the United
+States Ambassador at Berlin that no such charges have been
+made for the delivery of parcels at Ruhleben, but for a short
+time certain prisoners who had been temporarily
+released and sent to a sanatorium were charged duty
+on parcels sent to them there. This matter was, however,
+satisfactorily adjusted in a very short time, and duty is no
+longer charged on parcels to such prisoners.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>In the early autumn of 1915 civilian self-government
+was fully established at Ruhleben. Writing on October
+16, Mr. Page remarks: &#8220;The administration of the
+camp to-day is entirely in the hands of the prisoners
+themselves. There are no guards in the barracks, and
+all internal arrangements, including discipline, are in
+the hands of the camp and barrack captains.&#8221;
+[Miscel. No. 3 (1916), p.&nbsp;4.]</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Controversy.</span></h3>
+
+<p>White Paper Miscel. No. 3 (1916) is in many ways
+rather important to the student of internment. It
+affords some evidence of the kind of mental friction
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>developing in all internment camps, and it makes clear
+that prisoners&#8217; statements often need to be subjected
+to impartial outside investigation. There is not space,
+however, to enter fully into details here. The paper
+opens with a report on Ruhleben camp &#8220;compiled by
+a British subject recently released,&#8221; and forwarded by
+Sir Edward Grey to Mr. Gerard through Mr. Page. It
+is complained that the distance from the new barracks
+to the wash-houses is &#8220;in some cases over 200 yards.&#8221;
+Mr. Page points out by reference to a scale map that
+&#8220;in every case the wash-houses are nearer than 60
+yards from the barracks, and not at a distance of 200
+yards, as stated. The barracks which are not
+diagrammed on this map have their own washing
+appliances.&#8221; Mr. Page writes further: &#8220;The open
+space beneath the central tribune has not been, as
+stated in the report transmitted by the British Foreign
+Office, used for every conceivable purpose, but has
+been enclosed entirely for recreation purposes,
+religious services, lectures, debates, etc.... I
+cannot see how the introduction of [the] cinema show
+has in the least affected the comfort of the hall.&#8221;
+&#8220;With regard to whitewashing, this was done in all of
+the barracks at the expense of the camp fund, and not,
+as stated, at the cost of those interned at the barracks.
+Extra whitewashing, borders, etc., were naturally paid
+for at the private expense. No measures were taken
+for exterminating mosquitoes for the reason that it has
+been found impossible to procure petroleum in
+Germany for the purpose.&#8221; Three internees who tried
+to escape were in consequence imprisoned, and are
+stated in the report transmitted by the British Foreign
+Office to be starving. Mr. Gerard writes: &#8220;I visited
+Messrs. Ettlinger, Ellison and Kirkpatrick at the
+Stadtvogtei-Gef&auml;ngnis about three weeks ago, and
+heard from them that they had no complaint to make
+about the food. They are now allowed to receive parcels
+and money from the outside, and are no longer in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>solitary confinement. The limitation of exercise to
+half an hour seems regrettable, but owing to their
+attempt to escape, I fear that it will be impossible to
+obtain a change until their sentence expires.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The report forwarded to Mr. Gerard says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>It would be of material benefit to the interned if a representative
+of the United States Embassy could call at the Camp
+fortnightly, and receive complaints direct from prisoners,
+without the inevitable presence of the captains [i.e., the
+internees&#8217; own captains] in the room.</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Gerard replies:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>A representative of this Embassy has visited the camp
+at Ruhleben (with the exception of the time when the camp
+was first formed) certainly on an average of more than once
+a fortnight, and it has been possible for any prisoners to
+speak to him without the presence of the captains. For the
+past few months the camp has been visited once a week if
+not more often. In addition to this Mr. Powell, sometimes
+accompanied by other captains of the camp, has visited this
+Embassy regularly once a week for consultation with me.</p></div>
+
+<p>&#8220;I wish again to reiterate,&#8221; says Mr. Page, &#8220;that
+Count Schwerin, Baron Taube and the other officers
+in charge of the camp, are all kindly and considerate
+gentlemen, who do everything within their power to
+help the prisoners.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>But the real quarrel was not with Count Schwerin
+or Baron Taube (of whom all seem to speak well), but
+with the English captains and their management.
+The financial statements and the distributions effected
+by the captains are adversely criticised by the released
+British subject. He adds, somewhat acidly:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>It would be a kindness to the captains and to the camp
+if the Government could convey to them a message informing
+them that they are public men holding important and
+responsible positions, and that public men must allow criticism
+and seek to profit by it.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>Here we get to the root of the matter. The original
+&#8220;Camp Committee&#8221; was (to quote Mr. Gerard&#8217;s
+words) &#8220;disbanded by the order of the military
+authorities in February last (1915), because of its
+refusal to co-operate with the captains and its insistence
+upon publishing notices and minutes of its
+meetings after it had been forbidden to do so.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> This
+&#8220;Camp Committee&#8221; continued to object to the
+financial arrangement and the general administration
+of Mr. Powell and the other captains, and pressed
+their objections upon the Ambassador on August 23,
+1915. &#8220;I thereupon suggested that perhaps the best
+way would be to refer the matter to a general election.
+To this the &#8216;Camp Committee&#8217; demurred, and upon
+my asking what suggestion they had to proffer
+appeared to consider that they, a self-constituted body,
+should be given charge of the camp by me. This
+proposition I naturally rejected, especially as the
+members of this self-appointed committee were,
+although very estimable gentlemen, <i>person&aelig; non
+grat&aelig;</i> both to the majority of the prisoners and to the
+military authorities.... A final decision of the
+question as to whether the present government of
+Ruhleben is representative or not is to be found in the
+election of September 15, 1915, when every one of the
+captains at that time in authority was re-elected. The
+occasion was caused by the decision of the military
+authorities to withdraw the soldiers from the camp,
+and the captains therefore considered it desirable that
+they should appeal to the camp for decision as to
+whether it was wished that they should continue
+the government or not. I cannot see that any further
+proof is required as to whether the captains represent
+the feelings of the majority of the camp.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>One cannot help asking oneself, was the critic a
+member of the disbanded &#8220;Camp Committee&#8221;? The
+United States Ambassador on more than one occasion
+proved himself capable of speaking very decidedly to
+the German authorities of things he disapproved of.
+In this case, too, he speaks (though not to the German
+authorities) with some decision:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>A properly heated and lighted recreation and assembling
+room is certainly extremely desirable for the damp and cold
+winter time. A new barrack has been sanctioned by the
+military authorities for the purpose, and I will do my best
+to press the work. I might venture to suggest that if so
+many private individuals had not occupied necessary space by
+election of private clubs the military authorities would be
+more willing to grant permission for the erection of further
+buildings intended for public good. Further, if the very
+men, such as the &#8220;camp committee&#8221; (who are all members of
+the &#8220;summer house&#8221; club), had devoted some of the energies
+which they expended upon the erection of the club for their
+own private use to the construction of a public sitting-room,
+the building might already be in use.</p>
+
+<p>The British tax-payer is paying a large sum in wages
+because the Ruhleben prisoners are unwilling to do the
+fatigue work of the camp. The captured British soldiers who
+have been fighting in the trenches are compelled to do work in
+work camps, are often not properly clothed, do not receive
+an allowance from the British tax-payer of 5M. a week,
+cannot buy food at less than cost price, nor go to a sanatorium
+(at the expense of the British tax-payer) when sick;
+have not the benefit of expert dental and optical treatment,
+have no public libraries, lectures, schools, debates, or camp
+newspapers, have not seven tennis courts, three football fields,
+athletic games, cricket, golf and hockey, are not amused by
+dramas, comic operas and cinema shows, and above all are
+not paid extra wages for doing their own work to make
+themselves comfortable. All of these advantages and more
+which the Ruhleben prisoners enjoy have been largely the
+result of the effort of the camp administration which this
+commentator criticises.</p></div>
+
+<p>These rather strong words of Mr. Gerard&#8217;s display a
+not unnatural irritation against a critic whose facts
+prove unreliable and whose mental attitude suggests a
+somewhat querulous bias, but it is only fair to remind
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>ourselves that after long internment all suffer from
+nerve strain and many suffer very severely. Under
+these circumstances complete reasonableness is
+probably more than any of us would be capable of.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Short Rations.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Ruhleben there are (with the exception of some
+negroes) English only. The English receive many
+packages. The German authorities have been tempted
+to rely on those packages increasingly. That is the
+state of things revealed in Dr. A.&nbsp;E. Taylor&#8217;s report
+of June 14, 1916. [Miscel. No. 21 (1916).]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>A review of the present ration of the prisoners of war
+indicates that it is the aim of the &#8216;Kriegsern&auml;hrungsamt&#8217; to
+supply a ration which shall be physiologically adequate,
+though professedly containing little more than enough to cover
+minimal requirements; and it is believed that the official
+prisoners&#8217; ration contains as much as the daily food of many
+millions of German subjects. There is no question that the
+official prison ration is an adequate ration from the standpoint
+of animal nutrition. In addition to this allotted camp
+ration the prisoners possess the food sent in from abroad as
+addenda.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the Russian prisoners, these extra food
+stuffs sent in from abroad are small in amount; in the case
+of the French, moderate; in the case of the English, large.
+In all the prison camps that I have visited it is the practice
+to prepare food for the number of men in the camp, irrespective
+of nationality, in accordance with the menu of Professor
+Backhaus. As a rule, the British prisoners take little or none
+of the food, and their share is eaten by prisoners of other
+nationalities. In Ruhleben the state of affairs at present
+existing has convinced the interned civilians that the situation
+is, so to speak, reversed: that the German authorities
+seem to regard the foodstuffs sent in from abroad as the
+regular diet of the interned men, and the camp allotments as
+the addenda.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is not surprising that &#8220;the interned men are
+deeply dissatisfied with the present state of affairs.&#8221;
+The German authorities, finding that at least half the
+total number of the interned at Ruhleben subsist
+largely upon private packages, have made a &#8220;sharp
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>reduction in the amount of foodstuff allotted to the
+camp.&#8221; I have no wish to defend this proceeding, but
+it must be allowed that to the Government of a
+blockaded country there is a great temptation to cut
+down supplies when this will not be a danger to the
+prisoners themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Both reports of Dr. Taylor [Miscel. No. 18 (1916)
+and Miscel. No. 21 (1916)] are important studies of
+the question of nutrition, and his short discussion (No.
+18, p.&nbsp;4) of the psychological aspects of monotonous
+diet and the nutritional effects of internment is worth
+careful attention. &#8220;A diet that would be tolerated if
+the subject were at liberty may become intolerable
+under conditions of imprisonment. There is a large
+personal equation operative in this direction. The
+soldier imbued with a high sense of his value to his
+country and of the justice of his cause will endure a
+monotonous diet that would not be endurable in
+the prisoner overwhelmed with disappointment and
+crushed with sorrow.&#8221; These considerations are
+obviously of general application.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Some Comparisons.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Gerard, in a note of June 28, 1916 [Miscel. No.
+25 (1916)], animadverts strongly on the bad accommodation
+still provided at Ruhleben. The letter is
+rather strikingly different in tone from his other reports
+on Ruhleben.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>It is intolerable that people of education should be herded
+six together in a horse&#8217;s stall, and in some of the lofts the
+bunks touch one another. The light for reading is bad, and
+reading is a necessity if these poor prisoners are to be detained
+during another winter. In the haylofts above the stables the
+conditions are even worse.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Bishop Bury&#8217;s account (&#8220;My Visit to Ruhleben,&#8221;
+p.&nbsp;30) reads:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>I don&#8217;t know whether it was our internment at Newbury,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>the race-course for Reading, or our using race-courses, such
+as Kempton Park, for the training of our own men, which
+caused Ruhleben to be chosen in November, 1914, as a suitable
+place for civilians&#8217; internment.... Without any
+description of mine it may be easily understood what they
+had to suffer until proper arrangements were made....
+The loose boxes are now properly fitted with bunks, some
+being larger than others. The large corridor, with its stone
+floor, gives air and space, the lofts particularly being
+extremely well adapted now for their present purpose. I
+prefer the lofts to the boxes, because they have corridors out
+of which one can look, whereas the windows in the boxes are
+usually far above the ground. I went to tea more frequently
+in the boxes, and on one occasion we sat down sixteen in
+number&mdash;rather a crowd&mdash;but we were quite comfortable.</p></div>
+
+<p>Bishop Bury has seen something on both sides, and
+his impressions are for that reason all the more
+important. We must not forget, too, that he lived a
+week with the prisoners at Ruhleben. It is also only
+fair to remember that no one has been invited to spend
+a week in any camp on this side. Bishop Bury also
+tells us &#8220;that when, a little time ago, the authorities
+proposed to relieve the overcrowding and construct
+another camp at Havilburg which could accommodate
+600 men, the men at once petitioned that this idea
+might not be carried out, as they preferred, after this
+length of time to stay where they are.&#8221; (l.c., p.&nbsp;40.)</p>
+
+<p>One caution must, however, be given to the readers
+of Bishop Bury&#8217;s book. The conditions of the camp
+during the excitement and interest of his visit could not
+be the normal conditions. The frightful monotony of
+the long confinement does not obtrude itself in his
+book. Yet there is no doubt, I fear, that internment
+everywhere (at Ruhleben, as elsewhere) is becoming
+&#8220;intolerable.&#8221; To live, as at Alexandra Palace, day
+and night, for <i>years</i> in a great hall with more than a
+thousand others must become almost destructive to
+any sensitive nature. But (to quote Dr. Siegmund
+Schulze once more) &#8220;We ought not to conclude from
+this that we are justified in making reproaches....
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>in respect of the treatment of prisoners, but rather
+conclude that we should work energetically towards
+the termination of the war.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cimino, very, and very naturally, anti-German
+as he is, writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The only real suffering we experienced at Ruhleben was
+from the cold.... The fact is that he (Count
+Schwerin) was as kind-hearted an old soldier as ever fondled
+an English wife, and loved his English prisoners....
+He used to take part in our daily life as much as possible....
+As to the concerts, he was always present, <i>et pour
+cause</i>; he was passionately fond of music.... at the end
+of the concert he would make his little speech, and we
+filed out. But one night we gave him a rousing cheer, and the
+whole crowd struck up, &#8220;For he&#8217;s a jolly good fellow.&#8221;
+(&#8220;Behind the Prison Bars in Germany,&#8221; p.&nbsp;95).<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>As to the food question, we must not forget that the
+blockade against Germany and the pressure upon
+neutrals have been continually increased in stringency.
+Up to October, 1915, Mr. Gerard could write as
+follows of Ruhleben:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The food material is excellent and the cooking, as I have
+stated, is attended to by the prisoners themselves, those doing
+the cooking receiving payment from the British fund, with
+the exception of 150M. weekly allowed for cooks&#8217; wages by
+the German authorities. The prisoners are given, if they
+choose, a bread-card, and are allowed to purchase extra bread&mdash;the
+Kriegsbrod, which we all use in Germany and which
+is quite palatable&mdash;at the price of 55 pfennige a loaf. Food
+also, as I have stated, can be purchased in the canteen at
+prices very much less than food can be purchased in Berlin,
+and at very much less than cost.&mdash;[Miscel, No. 3 (1916)].</p></div>
+
+<p>The low price at the canteen, was, however, I take
+it, owing to the existence of the camp fund contributed
+to by the British Government.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>Lord Newton spoke in the House of Lords on
+February 22, 1917, on the question of prisoners of war.
+The following extract is from the <i>Daily Telegraph</i>
+report:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>There was nothing to be gained by exaggerating the
+conditions of prisoners in Germany or elsewhere. There was
+neither sense nor truth in representing, as was constantly
+done, that Ruhleben was a sort of unspeakable hell upon
+earth, and that a British internment camp was a kind of
+paradise compared with it. He deplored the hardship that
+these men underwent, but it was a great mistake to suppose
+that these civilians at Ruhleben were undergoing greater hardships
+than those being endured by our military prisoners.
+Like anyone who ventured to state the facts, he would no
+doubt be accused of being a pro-German, but certainly the
+conditions at Ruhleben had greatly improved recently. These
+conditions had improved, not on account of any action on the
+part of the German Government, but rather on account of
+their inaction. They had permitted the British there to
+organise on their own lines and make the conditions tolerable.
+Anyone could satisfy himself as to the conditions, because
+there were men who had arrived here recently who could give
+the fullest information. In addition, they were able to form
+their own opinions to a certain extent from independent testimony,
+for example, the visit of Bishop Bury. He could not
+understand why this prelate had been subjected to so much
+attack on the part of certain persons in this country. He
+went to Germany by permission of the German Government.
+He went to Ruhleben, lived in the camp, and was able to
+see what the conditions were. He reported exactly what he
+saw, and was thereupon denounced as not only being an inaccurate
+person but obviously pro-German.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Absence on Leave.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The following private testimony is also of interest:
+&#8220;A nephew of mine who is interned at Ruhleben has
+been let out for a fortnight&#8217;s visit to some people
+whose son is interned in England, and who has been
+befriended here. My nephew met with the most overwhelming
+kindness, and his letters are most interesting
+and touching.&#8221; The &#8220;reprisals of good,&#8221; which we
+shall consider more fully presently, are, after all, the
+most practical measures in the world. There have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>been several other absences on leave, and a good many
+men have been released permanently. Moreover, at
+Christmas, 1916, most of the British officials in the
+camp were given three days leave in Berlin.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Prisoners&#8217; Activity.</span></h3>
+
+<p>We may well be proud of the organising capacity of
+the British prisoners at Ruhleben and of the resolute
+determination of so many to make the very most
+of every slender opportunity, and to turn difficulties
+into a stimulus for ingenuity. The following is from
+the <i>Manchester Guardian</i>, February 23, 1916:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>A letter from Mr. Walter Butterworth, dated January 22,
+and written from his internment quarters at Ruhleben, Germany,
+has been received by the Chairman of the Manchester
+Art Gallery, Mr. F. Todd. After a reference to newly added
+pictures in the Manchester Gallery and to the death of his
+friend, Mr. Roger Oldham, Mr. Butterworth continues: &#8220;You
+will perhaps like to hear a little about art matters in Ruhleben.
+We really have some activity in arts and crafts. A
+great crowd of musicians are here, including some composers
+and many excellently equipped executants. We have actors
+in plenty, not without a sprinkling of professionals. Professors,
+journalists, and lecturers are our nearest approximation
+to workers in the literary field. There is no stint of
+craftsmen, who produce very clever work in wood, metals, etc.
+With provision tins they make the most astonishing things,
+including tackle for our physics and chemical departments,
+for weighing, testing, measuring, etc. With only tins and
+wire a man made an amazing electrical clock, which has kept
+faultless time for over a year. Other men made a handloom
+for demonstration purposes, which wove cloth before our eyes
+at a meeting of Yorkshiremen, at which I presided.</p>
+
+<p>Turning to the fine arts of painting and sculpture, I did
+not know we had any sculptors until this month, except one
+clever young artist who models heads in clay. But this month
+we have had a great deal of snow, and two men who have
+hitherto been resting came forward, and, like Michael Angelo
+on a famous occasion began to model in snow. But our
+designers and painters are the most numerous and active (after
+the musicians). They have a shed, in which art exhibitions
+are held periodically. Many portraits are drawn and a few
+painted. One artist is just completing a portrait of me in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>pastels. There is an endless outpouring of theatre posters,
+caricatures, humorous drawings, skits on the camp, etc.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Six students at Ruhleben passed the London
+University Matriculation examination in December,
+1916. One of them took the Edinburgh papers as well
+later on. (<i>Observer</i>, August 26, 1917.) These are
+remarkable cases, for the strain of prolonged internment
+seems most of all to affect the power of
+concentrated attention.</p>
+
+<p>The case of another successful student is recorded in
+the <i>Daily News</i> of June 2, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The distinction&mdash;probably unique&mdash;of graduating for the
+degree of Doctor of Music of Oxford University while a
+prisoner in enemy hands has been achieved by Mr. Ernest
+Macmillan, a young man with Edinburgh connections. Mr.
+Macmillan, who is the son of a clergyman in Toronto, was
+studying music in Germany when the war broke out, and
+since then he has been interned as a civil prisoner at Ruhleben.
+His answer to examination papers and his &#8220;exercise&#8221; (or
+composition) were sent from Ruhleben to Oxford.</p></div>
+
+<p>That such things are possible at Ruhleben is a great
+tribute to English spirit and endurance. We must
+also not forget that they would clearly be wholly
+impossible if the Germans were actually barbarians.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Friendly Enemy.</span></h3>
+
+<p>When Bishop Bury during his visit in November,
+1915, asked what he might be allowed to say at
+Ruhleben, General Friedrich replied: &#8220;Please do all
+you can to hearten and cheer up your fellow countrymen.
+Appeal to their patriotism, speak to their
+manhood. You and they will have no one between
+you. There will be no official of the camp; no one to
+listen to you, no one to come between yourself and
+them. We trust you entirely with them, and you will
+understand, I am sure, that we do not wish to
+diminish anyone&#8217;s sense of nationality who is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>imprisoned or interned in Germany.&#8221; (&#8220;My Visit to
+Ruhleben,&#8221; p.&nbsp;21.) The words, says Bishop Bury,
+&#8220;seemed to come straight from the heart of the
+speaker.&#8221; Some readers will be sceptical; but at least
+<i>the words were acted on</i>. The Bishop spoke about
+the armies and the war to the men, and told them of
+his own experiences in the war area, &#8220;just as I should
+have told them to my own countrymen in this
+country.&#8221; At his last address the British flag was run
+in on a cord and &#8220;God Save the King&#8221; was sung. The
+Bishop had no time to propose the omission of the
+second verse, but one is proud to know that those
+Englishmen, even amidst their excitement, spontaneously
+omitted it. The whole scene revealed what was
+finest on both sides. Bishop Bury told the German
+Staff that at the meeting &#8220;we all sang &#8216;Send him
+victorious.&#8217; They smiled indulgently.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">War Terrorism.</span></h3>
+
+<p>A good many more things of a favourable character
+could be said. Unfortunately men who speak well of
+their German captors are accused of pro-Germanism,
+and they dare not speak. This is a rather terrible fact,
+but it is a fact. As one man said to me: &#8220;I have
+my living to get, and if my identity could be traced
+through any account I gave I should be ruined. My
+work has already been very materially affected, but in
+private conversation I shall continue to speak the
+truth, come what may.&#8221; War prejudice indeed desires
+one kind of story only, and victimises those who give
+it what it does not want. And so all along the line
+suppression begets suppression of the truths most
+needed to heal our ills. A woman teacher writes to
+me: &#8220;I think I have a fairly open mind myself to
+recognise good deeds of the enemy; but to tell such to
+my pupils is another matter, and I fear would be very
+impolitic seeing that I depend on my school for my
+daily bread.&#8221; And again the Editor of a provincial
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>paper writes: &#8220;...&nbsp;but when one has to rely on the
+public for one&#8217;s living one has to think twice before
+expressing one&#8217;s views.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Last Days at Ruhleben.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Desmond wrote of the coming of the Revolution
+at D&uuml;lmen (vide p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_61">61</a>), Mr. Sylvester Leon has told
+us something of the last days at Ruhleben (<i>Herald</i>,
+January 4, 1919). &#8220;The soldiers are with you,&#8221; said
+Mr. Powell to the interned men. &#8220;For with the
+triumph of the Revolution, that friendliness which
+had existed in the days of the old r&eacute;gime between the
+interned and many an individual German soldier now
+became general among the military of Ruhleben; the
+officers had flitted, or had capitulated to the new order
+of things with more or less grace; Councils of soldiers
+and workmen ruled in the towns of the Fatherland;
+the era of Social Democracy was dawning upon Central
+Europe.... It is but fair to admit that the Ruhleben
+Guard acted very loyally in the performance of their
+duty. For when they were given the option of
+returning to their homes they did not avail themselves
+of that opportunity, but volunteered to remain at their
+posts until the disbandment of the camp. It is of
+historic interest to note that the red flag&mdash;the symbol
+of the triumph of the Revolution&mdash;which flew from the
+flag-pole in the camp, had formerly done service in the
+cubicle of one of the interned. It was dyed red by
+another of the interned, a doctor of science and a
+member of our little camp school, and then given to
+the soldiers.... The first impression gained on a
+visit outside the camp was the terrible seriousness of
+the food question. No one who has once seen can ever
+forget the sight of the crowds of hungry women and
+school children standing outside the gates of Ruhleben,
+literally besieging the interned as they passed out.&#8221;
+For it was only the interned who had food to spare. The
+Ruhlebenites gave, they had the facts before them.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>And &#8220;the people of Spandau turned out in force to
+wish us &#8216;Godspeed&#8217; on our departure for home; and
+the send-off they gave us was astonishing in its
+enthusiasm, arresting in its spontaneity, and touching
+in its obvious sincerity.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Havelberg.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At Havelberg the camp for civilians had a population
+of 4,500. Of these only 372 were British subjects,
+being men from British India. Mr. Dresel writes on
+September 17, 1916: &#8220;This camp produces an
+excellent impression, the arrangements being unusually
+hygienic and modern.&#8221; [Miscel. No. 7 (1917), p.&nbsp;6.]</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">On Behalf of the Civilians.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Yet, however excellent the impression may be, an
+internment camp is a miserable place.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> It is, of
+course, especially miserable for those whose nature is
+at all sensitive, and it is surely such men whom we
+shall need everywhere if we are to make a less brutal
+world. Man after man has gone into internment
+seeking to employ himself and to make the best of it.
+For months, for a year, less often for nearly two years
+he has succeeded. But slowly success has dwindled
+and turned into failure. The monotony, the sense of
+oppression, the physical and mental discomfort, the
+deadly uselessness of the life&mdash;even where to these
+things is not added concern for those outside&mdash;have
+made him incapable of fixed attention, incapable of
+effort, incapable of rest, alternately nervous and torpid,
+fearful, despairing. The &#8220;barbed wire disease&#8221; has him
+in its grip at last. &#8220;Another winter interned here,&#8221;
+wrote such a one, &#8220;and I shall need a padded cell.&#8221;
+He had a fine nature and had struggled hard. But
+&#8220;the people outside do not understand.&#8221; Certainly,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>there are those who can hold out to the end. I admire
+and envy them. I do not think any of us could predict
+with certainty that we should not give way.</p>
+
+<p>There is only one remedy short of stopping the war,
+and that is the release of all civilians. Those who wish
+to remain, either in Germany or here, should certainly
+be allowed to do so, and if the police have no case
+against them, and if they can support themselves, they
+should be set free. Others should be repatriated or sent
+to neutral countries. The imprisonment of civilians is
+against the usage of war, and it is this fact which gave
+force to the claim of the German Government that
+there should be complete release on both sides.</p>
+
+<p>I append extracts from a Swiss appeal to the
+belligerents on behalf of the civilian prisoners. It was
+issued in August, 1917, and has already appeared in
+<i>Common Sense</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>A civilian is not a prisoner of war.</p>
+
+<p>We gladly acknowledge that the belligerent powers have
+effectively lessened the sufferings of the prisoners of war with
+an intelligent understanding of their duty; the military
+authorities have listened favourably to the proposals of the
+Red Cross, and already the soldiers have been spared many
+unnecessary sufferings. Humane measures have softened the
+captivity of military prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>In the name of Justice we now address this urgent appeal
+to the authorities in the belligerent countries to adopt the
+same attitude towards civilian prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>We have in mind all civil prisoners, for these, almost
+without exception, are innocent victims of the war; both
+those who since the beginning of the war have been interned,
+and those others in the occupied territories who have been
+isolated, oppressed or imprisoned, many of them in poor
+health, women, children, old men, who are not allowed to
+join their families in a neutral land. Our deep compassion and
+brotherly sympathy are especially moved on behalf of non-combatants
+who have been carried away like herds.</p>
+
+<p>We pray all belligerents without distinction to hearken
+to our appeal; with dread we watch the approach of another
+war-winter, bearing, as it must, a fresh succession of distresses,
+deprivations and reprisals. Therefore we cannot keep
+silence.... Numbers of civilian prisoners have been
+suffering since the beginning of the war from the depressing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>conditions of the concentration camps.... The civilian
+took no part in the war, and in most cases did not even
+desire it. He should not therefore be treated as a prisoner
+of war.</p>
+
+<p>Belligerent States! We call upon you to exchange all your
+civilians now interned.... This exchange must naturally
+be effected under certain conditions to be established. Each
+State must bind itself not to employ the liberated civilians
+for war-work; just as was arranged in the case of military
+prisoners who have been repatriated or sent to neutral
+countries. With these conditions, no belligerent should refuse
+to liberate the civilians so unjustly imprisoned.</p>
+
+<p>Honour will be theirs who act upon this appeal....</p></div>
+
+<p>The signatories to this appeal are G. Wagni&egrave;re
+(Editor of the <i>Journal de Gen&egrave;ve</i>), Dr. A. Forel
+(Professor at Zurich University), Ed. Secr&eacute;tan
+(National Councillor), Benjamin Vallotton, Charles
+Baudouin (Professor at the Institut J.&nbsp;J. Rousseau),
+Ch. Bernard, P. Seidel (Professor at the Cantonal
+Technical College, Z&uuml;rich), A. de Morsier, Ph. Dunant
+(Lawyer of Geneva), Paul Moriand (Professor of
+Medicine at Geneva), and MM. Blonde and Arcos.</p>
+
+<p>The Swiss Red Cross has also appealed for the
+release of all interned civilians.</p>
+
+<p>From this side the following private appeal on behalf
+of all prisoners has been addressed to the Red Cross at
+Cologne:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>I feel it incumbent upon me ... to draw your attention
+to the acute disappointment that is being caused among
+the prisoners in all the camps, and almost equally among
+their friends outside, by the delay in repatriation. Every
+phase in the long series of public discussions and official
+negotiations, every hitch, and every hesitation, has been
+followed with painful anxiety by those of us who know what
+it means for all these thousands of victims languishing in
+confinement, and you may be sure, with much more intensely
+painful anxiety by the victims themselves, whose ears are
+pathetically strained to catch the feeblest echo of any rumour
+from the outside world that brings them the slightest hint
+of release. For months these poor fellows had been continually
+alternating between hope and despair, when the news of
+the Hague meeting seemed for large numbers to bring them
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>definitely, at long last, within measurable distance of the
+reality. Knowing therefore as you do, equally well with us,
+the mental condition of these men, and the terribly demoralising
+effect of long internment, even under the best conditions,
+you will realise the deep depression into which they are now
+being plunged by all the inexplicable delays in carrying out
+the terms of the convention. From every one who comes in
+contact with them I gather the same impression, that unless
+the Gordian knot is cut and a way is quickly found out of
+the present impasse, the most serious results are to be apprehended,
+as numbers of prisoners here&mdash;and the case can
+be no better in other countries&mdash;are on the verge of insanity....<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>I would put it therefore to you in all earnestness that
+it is your duty, as representing humanity, to bring without
+delay all the pressure and all the influence you possess to bear
+upon the authorities to consider the sufferings of the prisoners
+and induce them, if possible, even at the cost of some concessions,
+to facilitate from their side the carrying through of
+this scheme, in which I can assure you not merely the happiness
+but even the life of many men is involved.</p>
+
+<p>I speak, of course, quite unofficially, and with no other
+motive than pure philanthropy, but I may venture to hope that
+my representations, though only those of a private individual,
+will carry more than ordinary weight, inasmuch as there is
+perhaps nobody whose information and experience in these
+matters are more real and vital, or entitle him to speak with
+more authority.</p>
+
+<p>Nor do I stand alone, for there are many others with whom
+I have worked from the beginning in the same field. All
+these associate themselves with me in this appeal, and, like
+myself, with no other motive than that of simple humanity.
+If the time, the energy, and the money we have all spent so
+unstintingly to improve the prisoners&#8217; lot give us any title
+to be heard, we all implore you, not only for the sake of the
+prisoners themselves, but in the eternal interests of humanity
+and justice, to do, and to do quickly whatever you can in
+furtherance of this object. We quite understand, of course,
+that military interests must be considered, but it is not
+always possible for those in high places, with whom such
+decisions rest, to realise as vividly as we do all that is at
+stake in a question of this sort, and that is why we feel
+entitled to assume that your advice would not be without
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>effect, and that being the case, we submit it becomes your
+solemn duty to tender it.</p></div>
+
+<p>The sufferings of this war are indeed vast beyond
+all comprehension. Is not there danger that this very
+fact may lead us to add to that suffering without
+need?</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">&#8220;Rotting Away.&#8221;</span></h3>
+
+<p>In a pathetic appeal to be given work the men at one
+internment camp here said, &#8220;We are simply rotting
+away.&#8221; And others say, &#8220;The people outside do not
+understand.&#8221; Loss, heartache, privation, stagnation,
+friction, stupid and malicious gossip, mental and
+moral deterioration&mdash;&#8220;rotting away.&#8221; This disintegration
+of personality, the gradual rotting of the
+man&#8217;s selfhood, is perhaps, clearly envisaged, as great
+a horror as war can bring. It is not the result of
+deliberate cruelty, but simply of conditions most of
+which are inevitable if there is to be internment at all.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Report on Knockaloe.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The reports available on our own internment camps
+do not go back beyond March, 1916.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> It is perhaps
+well to remind ourselves that even by May, 1916,
+there were still defects. Thus in the American Report
+of May 18, 1916, on Knockaloe, we read: &#8220;The huts
+are being put in good weather-proof condition, and are
+being protected against the wind and rain by felt and
+tarred paper.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> As to sanitation, &#8220;There have been
+improvements in the sanitary arrangements since our
+last visit.&#8221; &#8220;In the hospital in Camp IV. there is
+now being built a recreation room, where convalescents
+may sit, which will give more room for the patients;
+also a special sink has been provided for washing the
+hospital utensils, and new latrines have been installed.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>They seem to be at work at this hospital to improve
+its condition. As Camp IV. has the largest number of
+older men interned, this hospital has more patients
+than others, and seemed rather crowded at the time of
+our visit.&#8221; &#8220;In the isolation hospital we found only
+one bath and one tap for all the patients who are
+suffering from various sorts of contagious diseases. We
+took this matter up with the proper authorities, who
+assured us that it should have their attention. The
+sanitary arrangements in all the hospitals might be
+improved, except possibly in Camp I.&#8221; &#8220;There were
+complaints about the hospital treatment, particularly
+of the care of the eyes, ears and teeth, for which the
+interned men claimed that there was not sufficient
+opportunity for special treatment.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>These last complaints are curiously parallel to some
+made at Ruhleben. [See Miscel. No. 3 (1916) pp.&nbsp;3,
+15, 16.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There was complaint that there were no shelters
+for the men while waiting to receive parcels, nor for
+outside patients visiting the doctor. This matter was
+taken up.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In Camp III. a complaint was made about the
+difficulty of personal intercourse between the representatives
+of the camp and the Commandant. This had
+caused dissatisfaction. The men seemed to have
+confidence in the new Commandant, but they told us
+that they had difficulty in approaching him. We took
+this matter up with the proper authorities, and were
+informed that they would in future have more opportunity
+for personal intercourse.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The huts for sleeping accommodation &#8220;are sectional,
+being of the regular War Office pattern, 30 feet by
+15 feet, each section holding thirty men.&#8221; This gives
+us a floor space of 450 square feet for each thirty men.
+In that portion of the Ruhleben loft most adversely
+criticised by Mr. Gerard the roof slopes from 10 feet
+at the ridge to a height of 4&frac12; feet only at the sides.
+The floor space allowed, however, is 10.2 metres by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>12.8 metres, giving us about 1,390 square feet for 64
+men, or 651 square feet for thirty men. When all
+allowance is made for the lowness of the sides in the
+rather wide loft (it seems to be more than 30 feet wide),
+this worst accommodation at Ruhleben seems, as
+regards space available, not inferior to that at
+Knockaloe. Further details would be needed for a
+complete comparison.</p>
+
+<p>The report on Knockaloe is not enthusiastic, but
+evidently there had been many improvements, and
+still more was hoped for from the new Commandant.
+&#8220;The new Commandant, who has only been there
+some ten weeks, seems to have gained the confidence
+and respect of the interned men. He seems to be doing
+all in his power to better the conditions of the camp.
+He finds difficulty in getting material, such as tarred
+paper or felt, etc., for use on the huts. He told us
+that he had the matter in hand, and was giving betterment
+of the conditions at the camp every attention.... The
+whole tone of the camp is much better than
+it was at the time of the last visit. (See report of
+January 8, 1916.) There were fewer complaints, and
+the prisoners seemed much more contented.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A British Commandant.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It is unfortunate that we cannot &#8220;see&#8221; the earlier
+report to which we are directed. But it is good to
+know that the new Commandant, Col. F.&nbsp;N. Panzera,
+proved to be a Christian gentleman with real sympathy
+for the unfortunate men under his charge. Like many
+other commandants, both here and in Germany, he did,
+amidst the various difficulties, what he could. As he
+is, alas, now dead, we may perhaps quote the words
+he addressed to the men in his care at the Christmas
+of 1916. It is a strange reflection that it might have
+injured his position to quote this fine and simple
+message during his life-time. Colonel Panzera wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>I am sorry that the size of the camp prevents my seeing
+you all, which I should do if it were smaller and thus possible.
+It would be a mockery to wish you a &#8220;Happy Christmas,&#8221;
+I am afraid, but I wish you as happy a one as is possible
+under the circumstances. I most earnestly wish you a
+happier New Year. May the New Year bring Peace and
+restore you to all dear to you. I hope that prosperity and
+happiness may come to you in the future, and may in time
+obliterate the memory of the present period of sadness.</p>
+
+<p>I should like to take the opportunity of saying how much
+I appreciate the general good behaviour of the camps during
+the past year. There have been little lapses, as there must
+always be in a mixed community of 25,000 people, but on
+the whole the conduct has been extremely good, which has
+been a great help to those placed over you. Once more I wish
+you as good a Christmas as possible and a better New Year.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Food Difficulties.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The food question also becomes increasingly serious
+in the camps, as it does in prisons. I confess I feel
+we ought to ration ourselves very strictly before we
+cut down the supplies of our prisoners, criminal or
+otherwise. &#8220;The reduced diet,&#8221; wrote Fenner
+Brockway of his prison experiences, &#8220;is one of semi-starvation,
+and every prisoner is becoming thin and
+physically weak.&#8221; (<i>Labour Leader</i>, September 6.
+1917.) Those who care to inquire of the wives of
+interned men will learn their side of the case as regards
+the effect of changed conditions in the camps. The
+sad feature is that the increasing rigour comes upon
+men already weakened, both physically and mentally,
+by long confinement. The original published statement
+of Sir Edward (now Viscount) Grey [Misc. 7
+(1915), p.&nbsp;23] no longer obtains. The food is, of
+course, very different, and may not be supplemented.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Two Kinds of Rumour and Some Reality.</span></h3>
+
+<p>I have not cared to quote adverse &#8220;unofficial
+information and rumours,&#8221; either as regards our own
+or other detention camps. What some adverse critics
+say about our own may be read in the <i>Woman&#8217;s
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>Dreadnought</i>, Vol III., p.&nbsp;551. The rather terrible
+appeal of the Captains at Knockaloe is also printed
+on p.&nbsp;561. It is a letter which is unwise and hysterical.
+I do not wonder at its hysteria, and I confess that
+some things in the letter hit me rather hard. But,
+alas, the desperation of the interned men on either
+side does not help towards wise judgment, and for that
+desperation we are all, in every country, in some
+measure responsible. It is best to remember instead
+the real sympathy that those actually in touch with
+prisoners do often feel. Colonel Panzera&#8217;s message
+is clear evidence of this, and from a private letter I
+take the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The attitude of prejudice or even hatred towards enemies,
+whether prisoners or not, often disappears when men are
+brought face to face in the work of an internment camp, for
+example, and find that they are very much like each other.
+An officer of a certain camp here was taken prisoner and
+interned for six months in Germany before he escaped. He
+says that two or three times the officers of the camp were
+changed, and in each case began with harsh treatment, either
+the result of official suggestion or of the general feeling. In
+each case, after the lapse of a short time, close acquaintance
+modified this attitude, and finally kindly relations and treatment
+resulted. In the same way the nurses in a certain
+hospital here refused to receive or treat German prisoners
+until a company of the wounded men arrived, when the feeling
+of natural humanity proved too strong, and they were quite
+eager to attend to them. At the internment camps in this
+country the officers generally speak of the men under their
+charge with humanity and respect.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is significant. &#8220;In the town near a
+certain internment camp of ours much indignation was
+roused by the story that some of the interned aliens
+had set in motion some railway trucks on a sloping
+siding, with the intention of allowing them to crash
+into an arriving passenger train at the bottom. An
+English friend of mine happened to observe the real
+origin of the story. The trucks <i>began to move in an
+accidental way, and two or three of the aliens nearly
+lost their own lives, certainly risked serious accident,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>in endeavouring to stop the trucks when they were
+already moving</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Thus in the quiet neighbourhood of an internment
+camp a brave deed becomes by popular passion transformed
+into something monstrous. What would this
+popular imagination do in an invaded district? Its
+vagaries must be experienced and studied by any
+investigator of the atrocities of war.</p>
+
+<p>Another example of heroism amongst German
+prisoners I take from the <i>Daily News</i> of April 30, 1918.
+A small boat in which two men were sailing capsized
+about 200 yards out from the Leasowe Embankment,
+Cheshire. The men, clinging to the bottom of the boat,
+were being driven out by the tide when two members
+of an escort of German prisoners, Sergeant Phillips
+and Private Matthews, jumped into the water and
+with difficulty brought one man back. One of the
+German prisoners, named Bunte, volunteered to go
+to the rescue of the other man, who was by then in
+great danger. The German swam out strongly and
+brought the man back.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Against Bitterness.</span></h3>
+
+<p>I fear that on both sides it is embittered men who
+will be released from the civilian internment camps.
+People do not realise how financial ruin, harassment,
+illness and death (to which the harassment may have
+contributed) follow in the track of internment. A man
+is interned, his wife and family are reduced to a mere
+pittance, the woman is, it may be, delicate. She
+falls ill and dies.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> And amid such incidents and the
+mental strain of the confinement a brooding hatred
+gradually settles down upon the souls of these sufferers.
+Personally, I do not feel one can expect much favourable
+memory of the authorities on either side.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>Certainly every one who has worked for prisoners is
+touched by their gratitude, but the iron has entered
+into their souls for all that. And perhaps it is well
+to remind ourselves that a far larger number of civilians
+have been suffering in the internment camps on this
+side. Let us not add to their bitterness by unworthy
+abuse or credulous malice. Men who, after long
+confinement for no offence of their own, have tried to
+save enemy lives, and find their efforts described as
+an attempt at murder, must begin to feel hopeless of
+justice. Excess of generosity would be far wiser. The
+world wants no more missioners of hate. Let us try
+to avoiding creating such.</p>
+
+<p>In our own internment camps there was often, even
+early in the war, an atmosphere of depression which
+one worker said &#8220;haunted him for days.&#8221; The following
+extract is from the letter of an interned man who
+showed quite remarkable courage and fought with
+considerable success against depression till the end of
+1917. &#8220;I refuse to give way to depression,&#8221; he
+wrote. But in 1918 the strain of useless monotony
+had become too great, he became physically ill, and
+how low hope had fallen the letter itself shows: &#8220;You
+can&#8217;t think how good it is to hear you speak with so
+much sympathy. I feel sure you understand the
+dreariness of this life, the long and fruitless waiting,
+the nights of anguish&mdash;and all the misery of it, the
+terrible discontent and the passionate heart longings....
+You don&#8217;t know how sore it is sometimes about
+my heart....&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Methods that seem to many of us avoidable contribute
+also to increase ill-feeling. I take the following
+from the <i>Daily News</i> of September, 27, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Among others, I had my Christmas dinner last year with
+a German. At least, his name is German and he was born in
+Germany. He is less interested, personally, in those facts
+than in these, viz., that he is an international Socialist and
+a first class electrical engineer. For four years he has done
+extremely responsible work for a large engineering firm with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>important contracts from the M. of M. For four years he has
+had his liberty within the usual five-mile radius; for four years
+the local police have not found the least fault with him.</p>
+
+<p>Now, thanks to the Northcliffe Intern-them-all-Stunt, he is
+shut up in the Isle of Man, and the country has lost the
+services of a man who was worth more to us than many
+Northcliffes.</p>
+
+<p>From a letter which he wrote recently to an English friend
+I have copied the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote2">
+<p>As a result of the fact that no German paper is permitted
+here in the camp, not even those advocating understanding
+nor those critical of the German Government, and practically
+no English paper hitherto except those abounding in
+Hun-talk, there is still a general feeling here towards
+&#8220;England&#8221; exactly the opposite of what these restrictions
+are intended to create&mdash;a bitterness and a contempt which
+exist side by side with the most violent criticism of the
+governing clique of Germany, and with anti-capitalistic,
+revolutionary sentiment! So I am exerting myself to make
+people realise that, however influential, the Northcliffe and
+Allied Press is not &#8220;England,&#8221; and that the best German
+papers constantly work for the abatement of hatred and
+for genuine reconciliation and co-operation in a League of
+Nations.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I am sorry to say that I fear acts of kindness and
+fairness will be largely forgotten by the majority of
+prisoners on both sides. An Englishman writes to me
+of his treatment in Germany: &#8220;Consideration was
+extended in even greater measure to others, yet not
+one has opened his mouth to record it. It makes one
+loathe one&#8217;s fellow-men.&#8221; I quote this because I am
+sure that neither side must expect fairness of statement
+from men so long exposed to so depressing and
+often petty a constraint. After all, when we see the
+war bias of the man who has not suffered at all, a calm
+regard for both sides of the case can scarcely be
+expected from those who for wasted years have been
+too often exposed to hardship, petty tyranny and a
+kind of barbed annoyance.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Neutral Camps.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Even in neutral internment camps, though there the
+initial hostility is absent, misery and bitterness may
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>become very great. The following cable from Rotterdam
+appeared in the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> of June 13,
+1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Interned Britishers here are intensely interested in the
+British-German Conference at the Hague, in the hope that it
+may result in their repatriation. This is especially the case
+at Groningen, where the men of the Royal Naval Division,
+who have been interned since October, 1914, are getting
+desperate. The June number of the camp magazine had two
+blank pages, which the editor explains have been censored
+out because they contained an account of the recent &#8220;hunger
+demonstration&#8221; and &#8220;a moderate record of the general feeling
+of the camp.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>It is in the internment camps everywhere, rather
+than in the fighting line, that bitterness sinks into
+the soul. It will not be remedied by more bitterness.
+But if the suffering of these men&#8217;s stagnant years
+helps to strengthen a universal resolve for peace it will
+not have been a useless suffering. And peace means
+understanding by each of the good in the other.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotetitle">Footnotes:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Many older men (even those over seventy) were subsequently
+interned.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> There were 35,000 Germans in Paris alone in 1870, but though
+expelled from the Department of the Seine, they were not interned.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> This was emphasised by the German authorities. See, for instance,
+Israel Cohen, &#8220;The Ruhleben Prison Camp,&#8221; pp.&nbsp;21-24.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Cf. pp.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> &#8220;In this camp, as is usual where civilians are detained, the
+atmosphere is one of depression.&#8221;&mdash;Mr. Jackson on a civilian camp at
+Senne, Sept. 11, 1915.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> &#8220;Overseer&#8221; seems to be a translation of the German &#8220;Obermann,&#8221;
+and represents, I think, the captain of a barrack.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> The second list represents members of the Camp Committee (see further p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_99">99</a>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> &#8220;Barrack&#8221; is no doubt meant.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> There are a large number of men interned at Ruhleben who are
+technically British subjects by reason of their having been born in
+British territory of naturalised British subjects, but who have spent
+practically all their lives in Germany.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Cf. the report on Knockaloe (May, 1916) on p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> The original barrack captains were chosen, as an informant of
+mine writes, &#8220;in a hurry, when things were chaotic.&#8221; Dissatisfaction
+was felt with their action, or inaction, and a &#8220;Camp Committee&#8221; was
+formed of newly elected representatives of the different barracks, which
+was, as it were, to supervise the captains (overseers). The arrangement
+was scarcely likely to work, and did not. The election, moreover,
+seems to have been but partial.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Cf. p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> One of the difficulties at Newbury was the absence of light.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> A very useful account of Ruhleben is given by Israel Cohen in
+&#8220;The Ruhleben Prison Camp.&#8221; In reading such accounts one must
+always, however, remember that to complete the picture we ought to
+be able to read accounts written by interned German civilians of their
+experiences on this side. Such a consideration should be obvious, but
+in war the obvious and reasonable are too often vehemently rejected as
+&#8220;unpatriotic&#8221;!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> For the mental difference between the civilian and the military
+prisoner see page <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Compare the letter written by Oscar Levy, M.D., from M&uuml;rren,
+Switzerland, which appeared in the <i>Manchester Guardian</i> of Sept. 4,
+1916: &#8220;That such grave cases exist the letters I have been receiving
+from both sides prove without doubt.&#8221; That was <i>two years ago</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The earlier reports of the International Red Cross covered very
+little of this ground. (See <a href="#Footnote_2_2">footnote</a>, p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_9">9</a>.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Compare Report on Ruhleben, June 3, 1915 (p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_94">94</a>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> A case is in my mind where a man lost wife and two children
+thus. I shall never forget my task of trying to allay his misery and his
+bitterness.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span><a name="III" id="III"></a>III.<br />
+PRISONERS IN PREVIOUS WARS.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Some Previous Records.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The suffering of prisoners has been great enough,
+God knows, yet if we are to help the future we must
+try to see even this, amongst the other terrible facts,
+in its proper perspective. The imprisonment of
+resident enemy nationals has certainly been a most
+unfortunate step backwards&mdash;unfortunate even if we
+regard it as inevitable.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> Yet we must recognise that
+far more solicitude has been shown as to prisoners than
+was the case in most earlier wars, and this though
+prisoners have never been taken on so large a scale,
+and though there has probably never been greater
+embitterment. It will be useful to cite a few previous
+records.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Napoleonic Wars.</span></h3>
+
+<p>I quote once more from Dr. Spaight&#8217;s work, where
+much information may be found in a condensed form.
+&#8220;A hundred years ago, England, while she prayed in
+her national liturgy for all prisoners and captives, had
+no compunction about confining the French prisoners
+of war in noisome hulks and feeding them on weevily
+biscuits, salt junk and jury rum, which sowed the seed
+for a plentiful harvest of scurvy, dysentery and
+typhus.&#8221; (&#8220;War Rights on Land,&#8221; p.&nbsp;265.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">American Civil War.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Here is a description of the state of things in the
+Confederate internment camp at Andersonville during
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>the American Civil War, which, after all, did not
+happen so very long ago. &#8220;Over 30,000 prisoners
+were cooped up in a narrow space; there was no
+shelter from the sun or cold but what the men could
+improvise for themselves; every possible disease was
+rampant; the prisoners were largely naked; the dead
+were pitched into a ditch and covered with quicklime;
+the smell of the dreadful stockade extended for two
+miles.... The state of affairs was known, or might
+have been known, at Richmond, for Colonel Chandler,
+inspector-general of the Confederate army, inspected
+the camp, and reported upon its administration in no
+halting terms. &#8216;It is a place,&#8217; he said, &#8216;the horrors
+of which it is difficult to describe&mdash;it is a disgrace to
+civilisation.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Of the prisoners returning from the South, Whitman
+writes: &#8220;The sight is worse than any sight of battlefield
+or any collection of wounded, even the bloodiest.
+There was (as a sample) one large boat load of several
+hundreds&mdash;and out of the whole number only three individuals
+were able to walk from the boat. Can those be
+<i>men</i>&mdash;those little, livid, brown, ash-streaked, monkey-looking
+dwarfs?&#8221; (<i>Cambridge Magazine</i>, August 26,
+1916, Supplement &#8220;Prisoners,&#8221; p. iv.) In spite of
+such appalling horrors (worse than the atrocities of rage
+and fear and drink) the North and South became
+reconciled, and with the passing of war bitterness
+passed too. The South was hard pressed, supplies
+often ran out, and there was indifference at Richmond.
+And so the military bullies often got the upper hand,
+and their appetite for bullying grew with what it fed
+on. The North refused all exchanges. &#8220;The prisoners
+at Richmond, Belle-Isle, and Andersonville were the
+pawns in a great match, and had to be sacrificed to
+the rigour of the game.&#8221; (Spaight, <i>l.c.</i>, p.&nbsp;270.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Franco-German War</span>, 1870.</h3>
+
+<p>In the Franco-German War of 1870 terrible hardships
+were endured by prisoners on both sides. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>winter transport to Germany in open trucks led to
+scenes of indescribable misery for the French
+prisoners, who arrived sometimes &#8220;frozen to the
+boards in their own filth.&#8221; German prisoners at Pau
+had for six days only bread and water till English and
+German ladies took pity on them. Faidherbe&#8217;s
+prisoners had no fire, no blankets and insufficient food
+in a cold of sixteen degrees. Things now are at least
+better than that.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Russo-Japanese War, 1904.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Japanese seem to have behaved remarkably well
+to their Russian prisoners in the Russo-Japanese War.
+But even here there was a food problem. The
+Japanese food did not suit the Russian soldier, and
+Sir Ian Hamilton was told by Russian prisoners going
+South that they felt hungry again half an hour after
+eating their ration of rice. The Japanese have
+usually been held up as models for their treatment of
+prisoners, yet, for all that, Professor Ariga admits that
+in Manchuria the prisoners were <i>in many cases badly
+fed, badly housed and insufficiently clothed</i>. We know
+that this involves great misery, suffering and mortality,
+yet we are, quite rightly, very far from considering the
+Japanese as barbarians. We are ready to consider their
+difficulties. Were we, however, fighting Japan, we
+should not be so ready.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Boer War.</span></h3>
+
+<p>There is plenty of evidence of good treatment of
+prisoners on both sides during the Boer War. It is
+in these days strange to find the German General Staff
+historian quoted in defence of the British treatment
+of prisoners. They behaved, he wrote, &#8220;as perfect
+gentlemen towards the prisoners.&#8221; &#8220;The testimony
+of a responsible writer of this kind,&#8221; says Dr. Spaight,
+&#8220;is more valuable than the catch-penny stories of
+British inhumanity which flooded the Press of Europe
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>at the time of the war.&#8221; &#8220;One is surprised to find
+such a writer as M. Arthur Desjardins lending his
+authority to back the uninformed newspaper abuse,
+and ascribing the brutality of the British Army (which
+he presumes) to the fact that &#8216;a certain number of
+its soldiers, accustomed to fighting away from Europe,
+have not the least notion of the laws and customs of
+war obtaining among civilised nations&#8217;.&#8221; (Spaight,
+<i>l.c.</i>, p.&nbsp;275.) Dr. Spaight&#8217;s comments on such outbursts
+is: &#8220;There was a popular demand [in Europe]
+at the time for denunciation of England, the hotter the
+better, and the writers were too good journalists not
+to suit their output to the popular taste.&#8221; I will not
+spoil the rather rich humour of these extracts by any
+remarks of my own.</p>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly the Boers usually behaved well.
+Undoubtedly, too, there were some bad lapses. A
+Free State commandant was, for instance, convicted
+of putting prisoners in the firing line and driving
+starving prisoners on foot with a mounted commando.
+Such things, however, were very far from being the
+rule. During the guerilla warfare treatment depended
+entirely on the local commandants. The stripping of
+prisoners before they were turned adrift was often
+carried out, &#8220;and there is some force in De Wet&#8217;s
+contention that the seizure was justified by the British
+practice of removing or burning all the clothes left in
+the farms and even taking the hides out of the tanning
+tubs and cutting them in pieces.&#8221; In some cases
+starving, unarmed and practically naked men were
+abandoned far from any white settlement. What is
+and what is not allowable in war seems so largely a
+matter of &#8220;military necessity&#8221; that the layman is
+reluctant to comment, for, in the last resort, it is only
+the <i>needlessly</i> barbarous that is condemned in war.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Concentration Camps.</span></h3>
+
+<p>On our side, we cannot, I think, contemplate the
+history of the concentration camps with equanimity.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>Let us recall a few of the facts. The following are
+amongst the death rates recorded in July, 1901:
+Norval&#8217;s Pont, 218.4 (per thousand per annum);
+Bloemfontein, 242.4; Springfontein, 462.0; Kronstad,
+459.6. In June the <i>average</i> death rate was practically
+200 (199.3). In the year ending February, 1902, the
+official returns (which are incomplete) show more than
+20,000 deaths in camps with an average total population
+of about 100,000.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> Our accusers said the camps
+were instituted for the purpose of killing off the Boer
+population. The truth is, the feeling against Britain,
+even amongst the onlookers, was extremely bitter,
+and great bitterness does not make for sane judgment.
+What is certain is that the camps illustrated some of
+the callousness and carelessness which war always
+produces. &#8220;The sites chosen for the camps were
+mostly chosen on purely military grounds, and were
+often unsuitable; the medical and sanitary staff was
+at first insufficient,&#8221; writes Dr. Spaight. But,
+&#8220;unsuitable sites, and insufficient&#8221; sanitation may
+produce terrible results, where human lives are concerned,
+and one would not convert an adverse critic
+by simply quoting the &#8220;<i>Times</i> History&#8221; to the effect
+that &#8220;the Boers themselves proved to be helpless,
+utterly averse to cleanliness, and ignorant of the
+simplest principles of health and sanitation.&#8221; The
+attempt to shift the chief burden of responsibility on
+to the prisoners is surely scarcely chivalrous. Carelessness
+and ignorance amongst the prisoners are
+certain in all such cases to be contributory causes,
+they are amongst the difficulties to be combatted, but
+to suggest that they should have been permitted to
+produce such appalling results is to court derision.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>Moreover, the chief authority on the subject, Lieut.-Col.
+S.&nbsp;J. Thomson, C.I.E., I.M.S., who became
+Director of Burgher Camps in February, 1902, by no
+means supports these charges. &#8220;Much has been
+said,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;about the want of personal cleanliness
+among the Boers, but it must be remembered
+that ablutions are apt to be less frequent and popular
+when water has to be laboriously brought from considerable
+distances, as is often the case with farms
+on the veldt. When bathrooms were provided in the
+camps, they were very freely and regularly used.
+Nevertheless it is a fact that the Boer&#8217;s notion of
+sanitation as understood by Englishmen is very
+vague, and all classes resort for purposes of nature to
+the open country. This custom, probably innocuous
+enough under the conditions of existence on an
+isolated homestead, made it extremely difficult to
+maintain the cleanliness of a camp site, and it was
+very long before the people could be brought to see
+that foul matters and dirty water could not be most
+satisfactorily disposed of by the simple process of
+flinging them out of the tent. It was found indeed
+that such proceedings had hopelessly fouled certain
+camps, and the removal of the people to a fresh site
+was followed by the best results. In a later chapter,
+the procedure which was found most successful is
+described in detail.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> In July, 1902, the average
+death rate for the Burgher Camps had sunk to 23.0,
+and it fell afterwards even lower.</p>
+
+<p>Tents were, in general, the only housing allowed,
+and this, though &#8220;the cold in the &#8216;upper veldt&#8217;
+country in winter was intense.&#8221; (Thomson.) What
+were known as <i>bona fide</i> refugees were allowed meat,
+but those who had their man on commando were, at
+first, allowed none. This was altered, however, in
+March, 1901. As to the families of this class, Major
+Goodwin reported in this month: &#8220;I would, therefore,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>beg respectfully to here place on record my opinion
+that had we compelled class 3 to decide between
+unprotected starvation on their farms, and at their
+homes, or taking up their quarters in or behind the
+enemy&#8217;s lines, we should have facilitated the work of
+proselytism.&#8221; Thus readily, we observe, may the
+starvation of women and children be advocated by an
+English Major as an aid to &#8220;proselytism.&#8221; There
+were other ways in which &#8220;military necessity&#8221;
+showed itself. A Board of three reported on the site
+of Merebank Camp in December, 1901. The President
+was Surgeon-Gen. Clery, C.B., and the two
+members, Col. McCormack, R.A.M.C., and Mr.
+Ernest Hill, Health Officer of Natal. &#8220;The Board is
+of opinion that the site is by no means an ideal site,
+and has imperfection as regards elevation, drainage,
+etc., but do not recommend that the camp should be
+removed ... for the following reasons: (1) It is
+necessary that any camp should be on a railway line.
+(2) Purely sanitary arrangements as to site have to be
+held subservient to military exigencies. The latter do
+not permit the camps being located in the uplands, as
+military and civil traffic arrangements make it
+essential that the main line should not be further congested,&#8221;
+... and so on. The Camp had been condemned
+by the Ladies&#8217; Commission.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p>
+
+<p>The view I have given is the view admitted gradually
+and reluctantly by officials themselves. Miss Hobhouse
+gives a rather different account of things. In
+the earlier days of the camps, she tells me, the condition
+of things might be summarised thus: &#8220;Overcrowding
+(up to sixteen in a bell-tent)&mdash;no water
+supply&mdash;no soap&mdash;no beds or bedding&mdash;no fuel supplied&mdash;no
+utensils&mdash;barest rations&mdash;sanitary staff
+inefficient or non-existent.&#8221; In &#8220;The Brunt of the
+War&#8221; Miss Hobhouse writes on page 118 of Bloemfontein
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>Camp: &#8220;My request for soap was met with
+the reply, &#8216;Soap is a luxury.&#8217; ... Finally it was
+requisitioned for, also forage<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>&mdash;more tents&mdash;boilers to
+boil the drinking water&mdash;water to be laid on from the
+town&mdash;and a matron for the camp. Candles, matches,
+and such like I did not aspire to. It was about three
+weeks before the answer to the requisition came, and
+in the interim I gave away soap. Then we advanced
+a step. Soap was to be given, though so sparingly as
+to be almost useless&mdash;forage was too precious&mdash;brick
+boilers might be built&mdash;but to lay on a supply of water
+was negatived, as &#8216;the price was prohibitive.&#8217; Later
+on, after I had visited other camps, and came back to
+find people being brought in by the hundred and the
+population rapidly doubling, I called repeated attention
+to the insufficient sanitary accommodation, and
+still more to the negligence of the camp authorities in
+attending to the latrines. I had seen in other camps
+that under proper administrative organisation all could
+be kept sweet and clean. But week after week went
+by, and daily unemptied pails stood till a late hour in
+the boiling sun, and the tent homes of the near section
+of the camp were rendered unbearable by the
+resulting effluvia.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A sentence at page 120 has a bearing upon other wars
+and other helpers of distressed &#8220;enemies&#8221;:&mdash;&#8220;It became
+clear to my astonished mind that both the censorship
+and system of espionage were not merely military
+in character, but political and almost personal, so that
+even to feel, much more to show, sympathy to the
+people was to render yourself suspect.... Everyone
+knows what class of men accept the work which means
+spying upon neighbours, and can draw their own conclusions
+as to the value of such reports.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>As regards the food ration it has been seriously contended
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>by others besides Miss Hobhouse (<i>e.g.</i>, T.&nbsp;S.
+Haldane, M.D., F.R.S.), that it was totally inadequate.
+Dr. Haldane considered that &#8220;nothing but
+seething discontent&#8221; and &#8220;an enormous death-rate&#8221;
+could be expected from the dietary allowed.
+(<i>l.c.</i> p.&nbsp;159.) But those who wish to learn more about
+this and many other matters should consult Miss Hobhouse&#8217;s
+remarkable book.</p>
+
+<p>The truth is, the prisoner&#8217;s lot is always hard, and
+all nations have at times made it a terrible one. It is
+only the recognition of brotherhood that can alter this,
+and the recognition of brotherhood would end war.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotetitle">Footnotes:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> See the full statement, pp.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_75">75</a> ff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> See the summary of the official returns given by Miss Emily Hobhouse
+on p.&nbsp;328 of &#8220;The Brunt of the War.&#8221; The careful Boer compilation
+made after the war records the death of 26,370 women and
+children&mdash;more than four times the mortality among the Boer combatants.
+The full details are recorded in the archives at Pretoria, and
+it is to these that Miss Hobhouse refers in the pamphlet containing
+her speech at the unveiling of the National Monument at Bloemfontein
+on &#8220;Vrouwen-Dag,&#8221; 1913.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> &#8220;The Transvaal Burgher Camps,&#8221; by Lieut.-Col. S.&nbsp;J. Thomson.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> The marshy site of Merebank is compared by Miss Emily
+Hobhouse to that of the German camp at Wittenberg.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> &#8220;&#8216;Forage&#8217; needs explanation,&#8221; writes Miss Hobhouse. &#8220;We
+requisitioned for forage, because, as there was no milk for the children,
+we were planning to buy some cows, <i>if</i> we could secure forage. However,
+we failed.&#8221;</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV<br />
+REPRISALS OF GOOD.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword">For</span> the information contained in this chapter I am
+greatly indebted to the Friends&#8217; Emergency Committee.
+Most of it has already appeared in their
+leaflets and reports, and in articles in <i>The Friend</i>.
+The following is a reprint of a letter sent by the
+Bishop of Winchester to the <i>Times</i>. It appeared in the
+issue of September 29, 1916:</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">German Work for Prisoners.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Sir,&mdash;The following facts, if you can find space for them,
+will, I think, be of interest and encouragement amidst all the
+sorrow and misery of war.</p>
+
+<p>The word &#8220;reprisals&#8221; is often heard in diplomacy and in
+war; reprisals are attempted or suggested; or reprisals of
+cruelty are condemned, we rejoice to know, by the instinct
+and conscience of the nation. These are all reprisals of what
+is bad. Rarer, at least on the surface, are reprisals of good.
+But here is such a case.</p>
+
+<p>At the outbreak of the war members of the Society of
+Friends and others came together for the purpose of bringing
+help to those men and women of enemy nationality in this
+country upon whom the war had brought suffering. Their
+lot was often a pitiable one. The pull of contrary affections,
+the unkindness of former friends, the sudden loss of means of
+livelihood, the internment of the men, with its enforced idleness,
+were some of the troubles which would have produced
+despair in many cases had not the members of this
+&#8220;Emergency Committee&#8221; (169, St. Stephen&#8217;s House, Westminster)<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>
+come to the rescue. They have given material help
+to thousands of families, and, above all, brought the healing
+touch of human sympathy to the men in the camps and their
+wives and children (mostly British-born) left to struggle on
+alone outside.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>It was early in the war also that a group of Germans came
+together in Berlin and determined to start a similar work.
+The news of what was being done by the British Committee
+soon reached them and made them increase their efforts.
+Since then the two bodies have been in close communication,
+and each has endeavoured to see that what is done for &#8220;alien
+enemies&#8221; in one country is promptly repeated in the other.</p>
+
+<p>Among the recent activities of the Berlin Committee has
+been the organising of travelling facilities and hospitality for
+wives from other parts of Germany, who are now allowed to
+visit their husbands at Ruhleben Camp; and it is now making
+vigorous efforts to co-ordinate and increase the work of the
+various agencies in Germany that are trying to lighten the
+lot of the military and civilian prisoners of war in their
+camps. At the end of June, I learn, a meeting in support
+of this work was held at the house of Prince Lichnowsky,
+former Ambassador in London, who returned specially from
+the front to preside. Many notable men and women were
+present, and a collection of 8,000 marks was made.</p>
+
+<p>My reasons for writing to you with this information are
+two. In the first place, because these Berlin workers are
+incessantly spreading, through the German Press and otherwise,
+news of the doings of the British Committee, and even
+in this matter there should be reprisals. And, secondly, one
+cannot be too thankful to be able to put on record instances
+of that common humanity which we knew must exist in some
+quarters even among our enemies, overleaping national hates
+and prejudices, and which in this great work of Dr. Siegmund
+Schultze and his colleagues is so active and persistent. The
+names of several who are diligent in the work in Germany
+are those of men personally known to me in respect and
+affection; and (whatever their views of war and of Britain
+may be&mdash;which I do not know) I can feel as sure of their
+simple sincerity and good purpose as if they were my own
+countrymen. This may be, perhaps, an added excuse for
+troubling you.&mdash;Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">Edw. Winton.</span></p>
+<p class="sigdate">Farnham Castle. Surrey,<br />
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">September 27.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The German work is an offshoot of the general work
+undertaken by the Enquiry and Assistance Agency for
+Germans abroad and foreigners in Germany (<i>Auskunfts-
+und Hilfsstelle f&uuml;r Deutsche im Ausland und
+Ausl&auml;nder in Deutschland</i>). The following is a translation
+of the appeal issued by the parent society:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>The war has caused great distress amongst countless
+Germans in foreign countries. In helping our countrymen we
+have to rely almost exclusively on the benevolence of the
+societies which have been for years in co-operation with us in
+those countries, especially upon our English and American
+co-workers in the religious societies for international friendship.
+In England, where great difficulties for German subjects
+might have been expected from the exceptional conditions
+prevailing, a Committee was formed directly the war broke
+out, whose object was to provide support for distressed
+Germans and Austrians in England; and already many
+Germans have told us verbally and in writing of the valuable
+help given to them by this Committee.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of many requests and complaints we have
+felt that it was our duty to interest ourselves in those
+foreigners who were in difficulties in Germany. At a time
+when the German people, from the highest to the lowest, have
+joined together in the consciousness of a stern defence against
+their enemies, and are fighting out the great struggle for
+existence and freedom, it may well appear to many that it is
+superfluous to render to the alien enemies amongst us any
+more than the most necessary services. But we have not
+only to think of those Germans who are now abroad, not only
+to remember that those foreigners who are in need in Germany
+are for the most part Germany&#8217;s best friends and are bound
+to us by a thousand ties; besides all this the task is laid
+upon us by our own desire to render friendly service in these
+times of hatred to those who now find it so difficult to obtain
+help. Even in war time, whoever needs our help is our
+neighbour, and love of their enemies remains the distinguishing
+mark of those who are loyal to our Lord.</p>
+
+<p>We have accordingly decided to establish a Berlin Enquiry
+and Assistance Office to work with the corresponding offices
+at home and abroad, especially with the above-mentioned
+Emergency Committee in London, the Berne and Stuttgart
+Peace Bureaux, etc. We beg for help and gifts, which may be
+sent to the following address: Berliner Auskunfts- und
+Hilfsstelle f&uuml;r Deutsche im Ausland und Ausl&auml;nder in
+Deutschland; communications to be addressed to Fr&auml;ulein
+Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, Berlin No. 18, Friedenstrasse 60.</p>
+
+<p>The signatories to this appeal were: Prof. W. Foerster,
+Ehrich Gramm (Banker), Dr. Kleineidam (Provost), Eduard
+de Neufville, Prof. Rade, Julius Rohrbach (Pastor), Dr.
+Elisabeth Rotten, Dr. Alice Solomon, F. Siegmund-Schultze
+(Pastor), Dr. Spiecker, Pastor Umfried.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is important to note that of the families and
+others helped by the Committee, the largest percentage
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>(49) were English. Russians made up 24 per cent, and
+French 9 per cent. (Dr. Elisabeth Rotten&#8217;s circular
+of April, 1916.)</p>
+
+<p>The following documents explain themselves:&mdash;Extract
+from a letter of Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, dated
+January 6, 1916.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>In spite of the fact that the numbers of permanent workers
+in the office and out of it increase all the time, we have work
+here from morning to night, often including holidays. But we
+do it gladly, for it is a labour of love. At present our chief
+work lies in taking home French children from the occupied
+territory of France. In Belgium this work is now nearly
+discharged, and a lady has only to go there once more, this
+month, to fetch the last batch of children. The French
+children are not fetched by our delegates; they travel in the
+larger trains for civilians, who are brought from the occupied
+territory of France, through Switzerland, back into the
+unoccupied<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> parts. What we now have to do is to see that
+the children who had been left behind, separated from their
+parents, are reunited with them as quickly as possible. The
+children themselves seldom know where their parents are, but
+we have the addresses through working in conjunction with
+the International &#8220;Feminist&#8221; Bureau at Lausanne. This
+creates a great deal of correspondence with the respective
+authorities. I am glad to be able to add that the [German]
+War Office has come forward with sympathy to help us in
+this work.</p>
+
+<p>We have sent large consignments of warm clothing and
+food&mdash;including honeycake&mdash;to the civilian prisoners&#8217; camps
+at Ruhleben and Holzminden, to be distributed among those
+that received nothing from other sources. French and Russian
+civilians are interned at Holzminden.</p>
+
+<p>German women workers in connection with our Committee
+in other parts have also sent Christmas gifts to the camps
+nearest them. I enclose extracts from letters from Fr&auml;ulein
+Jens, of Hamburg, and Frau Kirchhoff, of Bremen, which I
+put at your disposal. The Berlin Committee of the Women&#8217;s
+Suffrage Union has done the same for D&ouml;beritz, and other
+Committees in South and West Germany have also carried out
+similar work. It is of particular interest to note that the
+request that German women might remember the prisoners of
+war in such a way came from a German soldier at the front.
+The ladies were already planning something of the sort, and
+would certainly have done it; but still, such a request, so
+heartily and earnestly expressed, is remarkable.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>From Frau Senator Kirchhoff, December 28, 1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The camp at Achim, near Bremen, in the province of
+Hanover, is called Etelsen Moor. Frau Schmitt and I finished
+off everything in one day, and early on the 23rd we drove out
+with two large trunks and three cardboard boxes. Altogether
+we had collected 536 marks; 190 went to Frau Feist, 100
+marks cash went to the camp at Etelsen. Our trunks contained
+40 flannel shirts and 40 pairs of pants, 40 pairs of
+slippers, 32 pairs of socks, mittens, helmets, scarves, 1,000
+cigars, 100 cakes of chocolate, 25 note-books, 50 pencils, 50
+blotters, drawing paper, india rubber, calendars, etc. Three
+prisoners&mdash;two Belgian and one Frenchman&mdash;came with two
+wheelbarrows; they were accompanied by two German non-commissioned
+officers. The men were exceedingly pleased:
+the German soldier said they had long been wishing to give
+the men presents and were happy that we had made it
+possible for them to do so. Afterwards I received two charming
+letters; one from the Commandant, who thanked me very
+heartily. They had been able to give every prisoner&mdash;chiefly
+Belgians and French, but also Russians and one Englishman&mdash;a
+present. He enclosed a touching, grateful letter from a
+Belgian prisoner, an adjutant, and a programme of their
+Christmas theatricals. I have seldom been so glad about anything
+as I am that this has been a success.</p></div>
+
+<p>From Fr&auml;ulein Jens, December 30, 1915. Work at
+Hamburg.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>We had altogether about 400 marks, and out of this fund
+100 parcels containing each about 3 marks worth of goods
+were purchased and handed over with 100 marks in money&mdash;for
+sick and needy prisoners&mdash;into the care of the camp chaplain.
+He took the opportunity of explaining in our presence
+to three of the camp &#8220;Captains,&#8221; an Englishman, a Frenchman
+and a Russian, the object of the gift. They were greatly
+touched and most grateful. The Englishman thanked us in
+the name of his country. We were only sorry that we could
+not do far, far more, but if even this little is a seed of corn
+which may in the future bring forth thoughts of reconciliation
+between the nations we shall be happy. Our presents were
+given for the New Year, as it is the custom for English and
+French to make presents then....</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Some Thanks on Both Sides.</span></p>
+
+<p>The following is from the Prisoners&#8217; Aid Society of
+the German civilians interned in Camp III., Knockaloe,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>Isle of Man. If the English shows signs of
+effort, it is an effort of sincerity:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>To the Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans,
+Austrians and Hungarians in Distress.</p>
+
+<p>Dear Madam,&mdash;We do not wish to fail to remember at the
+beginning of the New Year with gratitude those who, during
+the past difficult year, have made it their task to alleviate,
+wherever possible, the misery and the most pressing sorrows
+of such families who, by their internment as prisoners of war,
+were deprived of their bread-winners. When assembled in
+silent prayer during the last festive season&mdash;the season of
+Peace and Goodwill to all mankind&mdash;our hearts felt the particular
+necessity of expressing our innermost thanks to your
+Committee for all the magnanimous acts of brotherly love and
+relief shown and granted to the dependents of the interned.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst we venture to ask you to see in these few lines the
+unanimous vote of thanks of all the prisoners of war at
+Knockaloe Camp III., and kindly bring it to the notice of
+those who in a self-sacrificing manner generously assisted your
+work of love, we, the undersigned, respectfully offer our heartfelt
+wishes for the New Year.</p>
+
+<p>P.&nbsp;H. Bernhard, Chairman; Carl Glock, Deputy Chairman;
+C.&nbsp;P. Toellner, Treasurer; B. Pflug, Hospital.</p></div>
+
+<p>And here we have an extract from a letter of
+gratitude from some Serbian prisoners to one of the
+German Committees. It was despatched by the
+Serbian Aid Committee at the camp Frankfurt-am-Oder,
+on February 22, 1917. &#8220;The hundred or so
+parcels for Serbian Prisoners of War mentioned in
+your kind letter of December 20, 1916, came to hand in
+good time and in good condition from Switzerland, and
+were distributed to those who were in the weakest condition,
+and those who were most needy. In all there
+were 94 parcels, and you have the blessing of 94 human
+beings, ill, weak, and altogether deserted by the
+world. As our former camp (Halbe b. Berlin) was
+broken up just at that time and distributed amongst
+four other camps, we have only just learned who it was
+who had given us such kindly and noble thoughts. We
+thank you therefore once more with our whole heart
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>for your great goodness and charity&mdash;God will repay it
+to you.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The gifts (the many good and beautiful things)
+reached us here in good time, and were divided
+amongst Serbians who [were in various camps] and
+the remainder we distributed here on Christmas Eve
+in the camp. You should have seen the joy of these
+poor men!... May God only grant a speedy
+peace!... While thanking you heartily once again,
+we beg you to think of us in the future also....
+P.S.&mdash;In all the camps belonging to our group we have
+a total of 30-40 sick men.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">&#8220;Joining Hands with the Enemy.&#8221;</span></h3>
+
+<p>The spirit produced by reprisals of good is well shown
+in the following extracts from an article in <i>The Friend</i>.
+(April 20, 1917):&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>There have been fresh evidences lately of the response from
+Germany to our efforts here, and of the likeness between our
+work and that of the Berlin Committee. The animating
+spirit is evidently so much the same that a wife left behind
+in England wrote to her repatriated husband in Germany,
+&#8220;Just write your letter and send it to <i>St. Stephen&#8217;s House</i>
+at Berlin, and they&#8217;ll send it for you.&#8221; The italics are ours.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Rotten wrote March 8:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Just a few lines to tell you that a second parcel from Berne
+arrived to-day, containing the remainder of the reports about
+your work, namely, 25 copies of your Fourth Report and 100
+copies of &#8220;A Day at St. Stephen&#8217;s House.&#8221; We are much
+pleased to make these vivid descriptions of your assistance
+to the Germans in England accessible to so many, as our
+experience has taught us that direct information has a much
+greater effect than our own full or abbreviated translations.
+But we try again and again with the latter, and at the present
+moment two different sketches of our endeavours in England
+and Germany for mutual help have been accepted by various
+papers, so we may hope to be able to send you a copy before
+long. Grateful as ever, with kindest greetings in the name
+of all.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The same idea is carried further in a letter received by one
+of our helpers from a personal friend in Germany:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>&#8220;Your printed report which came into my hands a few days
+ago has made me very happy. I was not surprised, but it only
+strengthened my belief in you and in the good of humanity.
+What you have done and are still doing brings nearer the goal
+that now seems so far off&mdash;everlasting peace grounded in
+respect and mutual understanding.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>From Dr. Rotten:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="newletter"><span class="smcap">The Relatives of Men in Ruhleben.</span></p>
+
+<p>When in April of last year, after repeated applications by
+us, regular visits by the wives and children were at last
+permitted, the regulations were at first rather strict. The
+separation of husband and wife by a table was felt to be a
+special hardship.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> The visits taking a satisfactory course,
+however, this was altered in a few weeks, and since then
+visitors have been allowed in the camp itself and may walk
+around and converse freely with their relatives. Permission
+was, indeed, soon extended to mothers and sisters, and also
+fianc&eacute;es of those interned, provided the engagement had taken
+place before internment. At the present time wives living in
+and around Berlin are allowed to visit once a month, the time
+permitted being nominally one hour, but this is fortunately
+not interpreted very strictly, so that in actual practice two
+hours are often allowed. Wives coming from a distance receive
+permission every three months; and it was for a long time a
+concern of these women and of their husbands&mdash;a concern
+shared by us&mdash;that these visits had to be made in a single
+period of two hours. Over and over again one found that the
+joy of reunion after so long a separation was so unnerving that
+they could scarcely unburden themselves on a single occasion
+of all the important matters reserved for discussion, and that
+only afterwards did they remember all that they had intended
+to say. We repeatedly made representations on this score in
+the proper quarter, appealing for a change in the regulation,
+and in December last we had the joy of obtaining permission
+for the wives from outside to stay in Berlin for a week and
+to make two visits of two hours during this period. In special
+cases a third visit might be allowed. All wives coming from
+a distance, at the same time as they receive the permit, are
+instructed by the Commandant to apply to us in the event of
+their needing any advice in respect of accommodation in
+Berlin. And so we are visited by many, whose reception in
+Berlin we either arrange for at their request in advance, or
+who, though acquainted with Berlin, yet come for information.
+They are so well satisfied with the conditions of their visits
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>that at the present time there is no occasion to ask for further
+concessions.</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter"><span class="smcap">Getting Men Out of Ruhleben.</span></p>
+
+<p>Apart from our interest in the repatriation of the &#8220;over
+forty-fivers,&#8221; our principal concern for Ruhleben consists for
+the present in finding work outside the camp for the younger
+prisoners, for, thanks to the recent decision of the Commandant,
+resulting from our repeated applications, such
+prisoners may obtain leave of absence provided they find
+situations. It is, of course, very difficult for those in the
+camp to seek situations, and we are therefore making special
+efforts to find opportunities for work, induce employers to
+engage an alien, and then conduct negotiations. There are
+among those desiring to exchange their forced idleness at
+Ruhleben for productive work many who are concerned to
+remain loyal British subjects.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following quotation from Dr. Rotten refers to a specially
+interesting intercommunication:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>We are delighted and thankful to see from your letter of
+January 31 that an unnamed gentleman in America has sent
+you the sum of &pound;400 with instructions to assign half of it to
+our work for foreigners in Germany, and saying that the
+British Government at once gave their consent to the payment
+of the amount to us. It will be a great help to our work and
+will be conscientiously used for British subjects and for the
+subjects of nations allied with England. For a considerable
+time our work has been such that we can take advantage of
+the relief agencies of other countries for the assistance of
+Germans abroad, and for that reason can apply the means
+placed at our disposal for the support of foreigners in Germany
+only. So our help is now practically confined to &#8220;alien
+enemies,&#8221; because the subjects of neutral States, should they
+be in need, can obtain other assistance, and it is our uppermost
+wish to relieve those who, but for us, would perhaps be
+utterly friendless. It is, moreover, a great satisfaction and
+encouragement to us that outside your and our spheres the
+community of our work is so strongly felt that people desire
+to further the efforts of the two societies simultaneously. The
+confidence so kindly felt in our efforts even abroad incites us
+to an ever increasing devotion to our work, to the undertaking
+of new tasks, and to the fulfilling of the old ones with
+more and more care in every detail.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Spectroscope Story.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The spectroscope story is a particularly good
+example of the way reprisals of good work out. I take
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>the following account from a leaflet signed W.R.H.,
+and already known to many workers in the cause of
+fellowship.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>A spectroscope, I believe, is an instrument which takes a
+ray of light and proceeds to spread it abroad. At all events,
+the description seems to suit in this case.</p>
+
+<p>The spectroscope game was started by Bishop Bury. After
+his return from his visit to Ruhleben Camp he mentioned in
+a lecture that some of the science students interned there were
+very anxious to obtain the use of a spectroscope. The report
+of this lecture was read by one of the camp visitors of the
+Friends&#8217; Emergency Committee, who was a schoolmaster and
+a scientist. Moreover, he possessed a spectroscope. So he
+joined in the game and played his piece. But instead of trying
+to send the instrument to Germany, he wrote to St. Stephen&#8217;s
+House and suggested that inquiries should be made as to
+whether any of the schools in the internment camps in England
+were in need of such an apparatus. If so, he would lend his,
+and ask our friends of the Berlin Committee for assisting alien
+enemies to try to do the same for Ruhleben. It was soon
+discovered that a group of men in Douglas Camp would welcome
+the spectroscope, which was at once sent them, and the
+corresponding message written to Berlin. It was not long
+before a reply was received telling us, as we expected, that
+every effort would be made, as usual, to carry out such a
+proposal for reciprocal service to prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>A little later another player came into the game in the
+shape of the German War Office. (There seems to be a War
+Office player in every game that takes place in these days.)
+The German War Office was reluctant to permit valuable
+lenses to enter the internment camp without being quite sure
+first of all that the corresponding privilege had been allowed
+in England. Would we, therefore, obtain and forward a
+written certificate from the Commandant of the camp to say
+that the instrument had been allowed. This was soon done,
+and we next hear that the Berlin Committee, being unable
+to find a spectroscope themselves, had collected the sum of 900
+marks for the purchase of one, and has asked permission for
+two of the leaders of the &#8220;University&#8221; of Ruhleben to be
+allowed out of camp to inspect instruments before purchase.
+This permission seems to have been readily granted, and Dr.
+Higgins and Mr. Chadwick met Dr. Rotten, the secretary of
+the Berlin Committee, in order to choose the most suitable
+apparatus. They finally decided upon one offered by Herr H.,
+the head of an optical instrument firm.</p>
+
+<p>At this point the game became specially interesting. Dr.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>Rotten was aware that Herr H.&#8217;s brother and his family
+had been closely in touch with the Emergency Committee, and
+had received considerable help in difficult and distressing
+circumstances. In recognition of the assistance given to his
+brother, he at once offered to lend to the camp, for the period
+of the war, a spectrometer and prisms valued together at
+1,650 marks. The 900 marks collected were thus released to
+be used for other enterprises. Herr H. also sent a warm
+message offering to receive his brother&#8217;s children, who had
+lost their mother during the war, and to welcome his brother
+as soon as he was free to cross to Germany. He also offered to
+provide him with anything he might desire to help him pass
+away the weary hours in camp. We learnt that the brother
+had been studying French, and now wish to take up Spanish,
+and he has therefore chosen a set of Spanish instruction books
+as what he would like best.</p>
+
+<p>The game still continues. Other well-known scientific firms
+in Berlin have been approached and interested in an effort
+to provide material for scientific work in Ruhleben, and we
+have received a request from Dr. Higgins to follow up an
+effort he is making to provide similar assistance for some men
+at Knockaloe, about whom he has written to various
+University professors and business friends in England. Herr
+H. has also sent us a list of nine firms whose principals he
+is acquainted with, to see if they also will help in like
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>A spectroscope I believe, is an instrument which takes a
+ray of light and proceeds to spread it abroad. A fine
+instrument!</p>
+
+<p class="signature">W.R.H.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The ray of light is spread by reprisals of good. When
+the nephew of a friend of mine was let out from
+Ruhleben on a fortnight&#8217;s leave, and received &#8220;overwhelming
+kindness&#8221; from his German hosts, what
+was it that so specially drew out their kindness? The
+fact that their own son, interned in this country, has
+been befriended here. (P. 105.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Baby Case Visitor.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Yet, in spite of all the efforts of sympathy, suffering,
+in camp and out, grows ever greater as the war continues.
+Here are two short stories of February, 1915,
+as reported to the Committee on this side. If, for a
+moment we can forget our passions, the sufferings of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>these, our fellows, must touch our hearts. Nearly four
+more years have passed and we know that greater
+loneliness and sorrow must have come to these hearts,
+as to so many more.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Our first call is in a horrid little street off Tottenham Court
+Road. Four knocks on a very shaky door brings Bertha, the
+wife of a German, a ships&#8217; cook, who has never been long
+enough on shore to become a naturalised Englishman. Bertha
+was a servant for many years before she married, and had
+collected many precious possessions, and she and Friedrich
+had a comfortable home with plenty of furniture and full of
+all the useless and hideous knicknack which apparently make
+so many people happy. Only a few remain, for nearly all have
+&#8220;had to go&#8221;&mdash;the term we know so well to mean that they
+are now in pawn, and that it will probably never be possible
+to redeem them. When first we visited them they were living
+in a basement room where rats made it difficult for them to
+sleep, and where, on the many unexpected calls I paid, I
+never once found a fire.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We are not people wot feel the cold like some, Miss,&#8221; they
+told me; &#8220;and the room&#8217;s so small it likely wouldn&#8217;t be
+&#8217;ealthy to have a fire all day&#8221; so the &#8220;bit of washing&#8221;
+used to hang on a string for days and days before it dried,
+and they did their &#8220;bit of cooking&#8221; on a small gas ring.
+One day I called and found Friedrich still in bed; he was
+quite well, he said, &#8220;but we take turns to stay in bed, Miss,
+for it&#8217;s warmer there and you don&#8217;t seem to feel so hungry
+in bed as when you&#8217;re up.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>They were trying to save something out of a weekly
+12s. 6d., after 6s. had been paid for rent, for the time when
+Bertha would have to go into hospital, and to buy some
+clothes that her little babe would need. Then <i>you sent me</i>,
+and let me tell her you would remember her when that time
+came, and you sent her flannel and wool to make the little
+clothes: after that a shilling a week could be spent on coals,
+and each time I went they sent you thanks and blessed you
+for your love.</p>
+
+<p>We say good-bye here and go north to Camden Town where
+we call on Ludwig and Marie and their five children, the eldest
+of whom is six. He is Austrian and she is Irish, and they
+live in two rooms for which they pay 8s. 6d. a week. He
+was a waiter for thirteen years in a well known London
+restaurant, and his master has told him many times he would
+take him back if only the public or the newspapers would
+let him. But <i>they won&#8217;t</i>. So Ludwig had nothing to do,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>and tells me he thinks he shall go out of his mind sitting in
+idleness in his miserable surroundings. Marie has been in
+hospital, too, and then Ludwig <i>had</i> plenty to do looking after
+his four little children alone for two weeks, and says it
+was the hardest work he ever had to do, and is glad his lot
+in life is not to be a woman!</p>
+
+<p>The doctor in the hospital told Marie she must have plenty
+of milk every day, and we smiled together, for we knew
+their weekly income left no margin for milk for her&mdash;the
+children must be fed first. So <i>you</i> are helping, and Marie
+has her milk each day, and she and her babe are growing
+strong and well again.</p></div>
+
+<p>The work done by the Friends&#8217; Emergency Committee,
+Dr. K.&nbsp;E. Markel and others on this side,
+and by Dr. Rotten, Siegmund Schulze, Prof.
+Stange and their fellows on the other, is indeed as &#8220;a
+clear flame of truth in a dark and haunted night.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Prof. Stange.</span></h3>
+
+<p>To the great work of Prof. Stange, of G&ouml;ttingen, I
+have once or twice alluded. He directs all the instruction
+given in the G&ouml;ttingen camp, attends daily, gives
+lectures and superintends the library. He experienced
+the usual difficulties of any civilian who tries to practice
+Christianity in war-time. &#8220;One great German
+newspaper wrote with indignation that the prisoners
+in the G&ouml;ttingen Camp had as good a time as if they
+were at a health resort.&#8221; Doubtless this paper, like
+some others, contrasted the (rumoured) abominable
+treatment of German prisoners by their enemies with
+the too great indulgence shown to prisoners in Germany.
+But Prof. Stange is not abashed. &#8220;No internment
+camp,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;can be compared with a
+&#8216;holiday resort.&#8217; In spite of everything that may be
+done for the prisoners, internment is and remains
+always a very hard lot. In the G&ouml;ttingen camp, too,
+many a prisoner needs not only the exertion of his
+whole strength, but help as well to make the endurance
+of his lot physically and spiritually possible.&#8221; Stange
+is one of those who have learned to envisage the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>anxieties, the loneliness, the uncertainty, the ennui
+of the prisoner, and the terrible enervation of long
+months, and, alas, years of confinement. In this, as
+in so many circumstances of the war, it is the more
+sensitive and developed minds that suffer most, and
+are most easily destroyed, those minds that are indispensable
+in the building of any worthy future.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Stange quite frankly acknowledges to a war
+prejudice against the English. But when he found
+their great need of help, his prejudices melted away,
+and he soon engaged in helping them too with books
+classes, and other means of activity.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Stange recognises that such work for enemy
+prisoners helps towards better treatment of their own
+prisoners abroad, but, he adds, &#8220;It must certainly be
+emphatically stated that we in G&ouml;ttingen never took
+up our work for the prisoners with this object. What
+compelled us to work was simply and entirely the
+great distress and need of the prisoners themselves.&#8221;
+(P. 36. The extracts are from Prof. Stange&#8217;s
+pamphlet on G&ouml;ttingen Camp.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Last Resting Place.</span></h3>
+
+<p>At last, rest. To many weary hearts it must have
+become a pitiful consolation that this at least is sure.
+&#8220;After life&#8217;s fitful fever he sleeps well.&#8221; And in that
+sleep no fevered passion can even &#8220;ruffle one corner of
+the folded shroud.&#8221; At last, rest; where the enmities
+and the ambitions are forgotten. In the presence of
+this stillness of death, even to the living their disputes
+seem small. If the mood could endure, death might
+not be needed to bring peace.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">I.&mdash;England.</span></h3>
+
+<p>&#8220;In a corner of the bonny little churchyard of
+Frongoch, adjoining the extended camp, there are two
+solitary graves. Here, in a strange land, the land of
+their captivity, two German prisoner soldiers lie at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>rest, as in many a plot of ground in France and
+Flanders, German and British lie together, strife
+hushed in the last sleep. Here there are no grim
+sounds and sights of battle, but instead there is all the
+peace and beauty of a lovely spring. Immediately
+beyond the graves a wooded bank descends to the
+stream, and over and through the fresh green foliage,
+amidst which the birds are happily melodious this
+bright April morning, and all around can be seen the
+mountains of Wales, the &#8216;land of freedom.&#8217; Over the
+grave of one of these liberated captives is a tombstone
+erected at the expense of, and engraved by, his fellow
+prisoners. It marks the place where Hugo Schr&ouml;ter,
+Under-Officer of one of the Crown Prince&#8217;s Infantry
+Regiments, who died on April 9, 1915, as the result of
+wounds received in the cause of his country, was laid
+to rest by his grateful comrades.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The other grave has no stone as yet, but one is
+being prepared. It is that of a prisoner who died of
+consumption, after many months of lingering suffering
+in the hospital, where every care was bestowed upon
+him. It was in reference to this man that the Chief
+Officer wrote me: &#8216;To our regret died last Thursday
+the patient in the isolation hospital. If only he could
+have seen the two beautiful bunches of violets you
+sent! The funeral took place yesterday at 10-30. It
+was an impressive sight but a very sad one, too.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My daughter laid a little offering of white flowers
+on the grave, and then I photographed them in order
+to send copies to the families of the poor men, which
+I hope may prove little winged messengers of
+sympathy and goodwill.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">W. Whiting.</span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">II.&mdash;Germany.</span></h3>
+
+<p>&#8220;A British officer, of whom one can truly say that
+he had not been afraid to speak the truth about his
+treatment in Germany, and in the Cologne hospital,
+was carried to his last resting-place yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It was Captain Wilfred Beckett Birt, of the East
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>Surrey Regiment No. 31, who, on the occasion of the
+attack in September, 1915, had his thigh shattered
+and was taken prisoner. Since January, 1916, he had
+been nursed in the fortress hospital, No. 6, situated in
+the Empress Augusta School. His chivalrous character
+and his conscientious impartiality made him
+respected and popular with his French and English
+fellow sufferers and the German Hospital Staff.
+Gratefully he acknowledged what the surgical art of
+assistant-surgeon Dr. Meyer had done to lessen his
+sufferings, and the loving care the German nurses,
+male and female, had bestowed on him and his
+comrades.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The great affection in which he was held by friend
+and foe alike showed itself in the mourning over his
+death, which took place a few days ago. His wound,
+a short time before, had shown improvement, but the
+heart was no longer equal to the terrible strain. Those
+of his comrades who were not confined to bed rallied
+round his coffin yesterday, which had been put upon a
+bier in the hospital garden surrounded by flowers and
+palms.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The principal mourners were his countrymen, who
+were seated on benches at the foot of the coffin; around
+it were the French and Belgians, the German doctors
+and hospital staff. Large lighted candles stood at the
+head of the coffin, which was covered with wreaths
+decorated with the English, French, Belgian, and
+German colours.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Garrison Pastor Hartmann, in a moving speech,
+which went straight to the heart of the hearers, spoke
+about the deceased as a chivalrous fighter for his
+native land, as a good Christian and a truly noble
+character. It was touching to hear the parting hymn
+sung by the sonorous voices of the British wounded,
+accompanied solemnly on the harmonium by a British
+performer. All escorted the coffin to the gates. Once
+outside, it was reverently lifted on to the funeral car,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>which German gunners escorted to the cemetery.
+Four British and one French officer, as well as the
+German doctors who could be spared, followed in motor
+cars.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At the gates of the cemetery, Lieutenant-General
+Schach, Colonel Lindemann, as representative of the
+Governor of the fortress, Major Esser, Dr. Lamberts,
+the chief medical officer of the garrison, deputations
+of the Officers&#8217; and Medical Corps, the Band of the
+Reserve Battalion Pioneer Regiment No. 25, awaited
+the cort&egrave;ge.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Pastor Hartmann spoke again, and, in words
+which made a deep impression on all, closed with
+prayer and benediction. Dr. Rademacher, the
+Catholic priest of the garrison, then made a funeral
+oration in English, affecting all who heard it.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the name of the hospital staff, Dr. Meyer
+expressed his heartfelt sorrow to the British officers
+present, the band played the hymn, &#8216;How gently they
+rest, those who are with the Lord,&#8217; and, profoundly
+touched, Englishmen and Frenchmen shook hands
+with the clergy and the German officers.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Three handfuls of earth on to the coffin of one who
+had found eternal rest, and the mourners dispersed.&#8221;
+<i>K&ouml;lnische Zeitung.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotetitle">Footnotes:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Now at 27, Chancery Lane, W.C.2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Unoccupied, that is, by the Germans.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Such a regulation is a hardship. It may, however, prove unavoidable,
+as in some camps here. Friends of prisoners are not always wise.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span><a name="V" id="V"></a>V.<br />
+WHAT THE GERMAN MAY BE.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Witness from Serbia.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The following letter may not inappropriately open
+this section. Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge is the daughter
+of the third Baron Abinger. She has a long medical
+experience, and served by Government appointment
+with Mrs. Fawcett on the Concentration Camps Commission
+in the Boer War. Dr. Scarlett-Synge was
+present in Serbia during the Austro-German invasion,
+she was in Germany afterwards and visited various
+prisoners&#8217; camps. On her return she wrote the brief
+letter which follows. Of her <i>bona fides</i> there was no
+doubt, and she had introductions to various
+editors. Yet only one daily paper (<i>The Manchester
+Guardian</i>) would publish her letter. This is a small
+illustration of the methods of war-time. Belligerent
+nations manage to convince themselves that by suppression
+of disconcerting evidence one arrives at truth.
+It is easy to understand, for all of us who are frank
+with ourselves know the difficulty of complete fairness
+even in ordinary controversy. But the consequences
+of arguing for mere victory are in war sometimes as
+grave and sad as the consequences of fighting for mere
+victory. Dr. Synge tells us simply what she saw:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Having just returned from Serbia, via Berlin, I have one
+great wish, the desire to bring home to my own country the
+things that I have seen with my own eyes, and the truths
+that I have personally realised.</p>
+
+<p>After the South African War, I was a doctor in Canada
+for ten years and when, during the second year of this war,
+the call came from Serbia for doctors, I was one of those
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>responding, and was stationed by the Serbian Government
+as Medical Officer of Health for Batochina and district,
+where I was in residence at the time of the German invasion
+in October, and was with my wounded men when the German
+army entered northern Serbia, and saw the whole campaign.</p>
+
+<p>Contrary to all my expectations, the conduct of the German
+army was excellent in every respect. The men entered
+no occupied house without the permission of the owner, they
+took nothing without payment or a requisition paper. Never
+did I ask a German soldier in vain for half of his bread for
+a wounded Serbian soldier. Generally it was all given to
+me and I cut the portion and returned half.</p>
+
+<p>After I had been for some weeks with the German Red
+Cross doctors and began to realise how wrong an impression
+all in England had concerning our enemies, I decided to ask
+permission to go to Germany and see for myself whether
+equally wrong ideas existed concerning the treatment of
+British prisoners in the detention camps. This permission
+was accorded me, and I went to Berlin where I waited a
+fortnight while the War Office decided upon the matter. I
+was then given a long list of camps to choose from and permitted
+to go with an officer to inspect and report upon the
+same.</p>
+
+<p>In this short letter I can only say that I was justified in
+my belief that all was well with our men, and, as a fine
+Canadian sergeant at Giessen said to me (whose regiment
+I had seen march out of Vancouver a year ago), &#8220;If a man
+behaves himself, he will have nothing to complain of.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Now, to my sorrow, I am forced to confess that the nations
+do not yet incline towards peace, and to my regret I have
+to state that Germany&#8217;s resources at the present drain will
+last another four or five years. Also there is no lack of
+food, and one may also say of luxuries in the land. The
+people are united to fight as long as England wishes to continue
+in the useless struggle in which neither can win, for
+while we hold the sea, they are equally powerful on land.
+I can see that this is going to be a drawn war, but neither
+nation has yet had enough.</p>
+
+<p>The object of this letter is not to encourage a premature
+peace which would be ultimately worse than war, but to
+plead for a fairer treatment for our foe. Let the truth,
+and the truth only, be known. &#8220;Let us fight if we must
+fight&mdash;but not with lies.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>No one, in time of peace, respects the British Press more
+than I do. It is the greatest power in the land. And, let me
+to-day appeal to that mighty influence for weal or for woe,
+according to whether it decides wisely or not, to play the
+game fairly and let the same spirit prevail that we have in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>our great public schools: &#8220;win if you can&mdash;but only by fair
+play.&#8221;&mdash;I beg to remain, Yours faithfully, <span class="smcap">Ella Scarlett-Synge</span>,
+M.D., D.P.H.</p>
+
+<p>Hyde Park Hotel, Knightsbridge.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Dr. Scarlett-Synge was, at the outset, intensely
+anti-German. Her personal experience of Germans
+(both military and civilian) in war-time has profoundly
+modified her views. Dr. Scarlett-Synge went
+out from Canada to take over a position as Medical
+Officer of Health in the north of Serbia. She had
+twelve villages under her care, and found the absolute
+lack of sanitation or sanitary knowledge in that country
+very trying. At the time of the invasion, Dr. Synge
+was strongly urged to leave, but decided to stop with
+her wounded men. Strangely enough the only soldiers
+from whom she had to flee were the Serbians. The
+Serbian Army in its retreat through Batochina was
+absolutely drunk, officers as well as men, and while
+the soldiers were forcing the doors of the priest&#8217;s
+house, where Dr. Synge resided, she fled with the
+priest&#8217;s wife (at the latter&#8217;s terror-struck entreaty)
+through a back window. The house was rifled by the
+soldiers, and next day the German patrol arrived. Dr.
+Synge was asked by the sergeant to assure the people
+of Batochina that if there was no shooting, they would
+be perfectly safe. She was urged to collect any firearms,
+and the patrol then withdrew. The doctor, with
+the help of the people, collected 17 rifles. There was,
+however, one obstinate Serbian soldier who had
+apparently not been able to keep up with the retreat,
+who threatened to retain his rifle, and seemed quite
+capable of endangering the whole population. &#8220;Your
+thumb needs attention, does it not?&#8221; asked the
+doctor. &#8220;Just let me look at it?&#8221; The man opened
+his hand and she snatched his rifle away. A joyful
+crowd accompanied her with the rifle to the dispensary,
+where it was locked up.</p>
+
+<p>Had there been firing by the populace, there would
+undoubtedly have been reprisals. Our own action in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>the Boer War, and the action of the military in <i>every</i>
+invasion, illustrates this fundamental rule. As it was,
+there was absolutely no destruction and the soldiers
+were scrupulously honest. When the owners had fled,
+their houses and their cattle were certainly made use
+of, but whenever the owner was present the soldiers
+&#8220;were not allowed to touch a single thing.&#8221; The
+exception proves the rule; Dr. Scarlett-Synge&#8217;s hostess
+had her pig stolen, but a German soldier caught her
+an unowned pig of larger size. She was very pleased
+with the exchange!</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;May we use your schoolhouse for our wounded?&#8221;
+said the German doctors, &#8220;it seems the best place.&#8221;
+Dr. Scarlett-Synge was amazed. She had expected
+anything but this kind of politeness. Only <i>once</i> in
+her three months&#8217; experience of the Germans was she
+treated rudely, and that was by an extremely anti-English
+doctor of the Deutsche Kriegshospital No. 58,
+Belgrade. This particular man corresponded to a
+certain type of anti-German here, and a private soldier
+present afterwards apologised for his rudeness.</p>
+
+<p>The Serbians shelled Batochina, and so killed some
+of their own people. While the doctor was passing
+through the streets, some German soldiers beckoned
+her to take shelter in a caf&eacute; where they were. This
+she ultimately did. &#8220;I could not have had more
+consideration shown me,&#8221; she averred. One little
+incident is singularly expressive. One of the Germans
+had bought a glass of brandy. Dr. Scarlett-Synge,
+with the picture of drunken soldiery very vivid in her
+remembrance, ventured to remonstrate. She pointed
+out to the man what the Serbians had become under
+the influence of drink. He said nothing, but presently
+he got up and threw the brandy out of the door.
+&#8220;There&#8217;s not much good in that stuff, anyway,&#8221; he
+said. It is not surprising that after such experiences
+the doctor was puzzled at the ordinary British view
+of the German army. &#8220;How do you account for these
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>lies?&#8221; she asked a Bavarian soldier. &#8220;Ah, without
+lies there would be no war,&#8221; he said.</p>
+
+<p>In her travels in Germany Dr. Scarlett-Synge
+experienced uniform kindness, and brought away with
+her a deep conviction of the self-sacrificing patriotism
+of the German people. &#8220;Moreover,&#8221; she said, &#8220;I
+was able to express my views to them, and they were
+always listened to with tolerance and courtesy.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I give Dr. Scarlett-Synge&#8217;s experiences as she
+describes them. Of her own honesty and accuracy
+there can be no question. It may be said, with reason,
+that there is another side. Dr. Scarlett-Synge came
+across the better German and the better Germany.
+The important fact is that the better Germany exists,
+and that those who have been in Germany since the
+war began have found that better element conspicuous.
+This is much to say for a country at war.</p>
+
+<p>In case Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge&#8217;s testimony is
+thought to need confirmation, I may add the following
+from a private letter:&mdash;&#8220;Dr. A.P. was interned in
+Serbia for some months with about thirty other doctors
+and nurses. She sent to me over twelve months since
+saying she would like to be of some use to German
+prisoners in this country, as a slight return for the
+consideration and kindness shown by Germans and
+Austrians whom she had to do with while in Serbia.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Witness from France.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Madame F.&nbsp;L. Cyon was at Lille when it was taken
+by the Germans, and spent some time there nursing
+during the German occupation. Madame Cyon&#8217;s
+general experiences are printed in an appendix at the
+end of this volume, but she has given me some further
+details which are worth recording. I think they will
+serve to bring out the universal facts of human nature.
+From her mother, Madame D&mdash;&mdash; she heard the
+particulars of her father&#8217;s arrest. One of the officers
+who arrested M. D&mdash;&mdash; was ungentlemanly and rough,
+the others were polite. The house was searched.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>Later a second military search was made, the officers
+on that occasion being most polite, and apologising for
+the trouble they caused. As he was leaving, the chief
+officer said to Mme. D&mdash;&mdash;, &#8220;We shall carry away
+with us the memory of your house as a house of peace
+and quietness, and of you as a very brave woman.&#8221;
+After her husband&#8217;s arrest, Madame D&mdash;&mdash; asked for
+permission to take meals to him, and this was accorded
+without any demur. One day later the officer just
+mentioned crossed the street to speak to her. &#8220;I want
+to bring you some good news,&#8221; he said, &#8220;the release
+of your husband is only a matter of time.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>M. D&mdash;&mdash; was at Maubeuge at the time of his arrest.
+When he and others were brought back to Maubeuge
+for trial they got drenched with rain on the way, and
+were put for that night in the old prison, which was
+dilapidated and without fire. M. D&mdash;&mdash; complained
+next day. The officer to whom he complained apologised
+and said their imprisonment under these conditions
+was entirely a mistake. During most of his
+imprisonment M. D&mdash;&mdash; lived on the food provided,
+which he described as good, but not plentiful. Two
+fellow prisoners complained, and were allowed to get
+food from outside. As narrated in the appendix,
+M. D&mdash;&mdash; was released when it was found that there
+was nothing against him. He had indeed been indiscreet
+in order to meet the wishes of another, but that
+was all. After his release he was engaged professionally
+in forwarding the repairs at Maubeuge,
+and was repeatedly in touch with the German
+authorities, with whom he found it quite possible to
+work.</p>
+
+<p>For some time Madame D&mdash;&mdash;&#8217;s house had guards
+posted outside. There was on one occasion an
+unpleasant incident with a drunken soldier who came
+and demanded wine. A sergeant who came along,
+however, promptly collared the man and turned him
+out.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>It is fair to add that the long German occupation,
+with its many requisitions and high-handed interference,
+has embittered M.&nbsp;D. His wife, however,
+remains quite unembittered. In spite of all the
+demands, &#8220;She seemed to think that, apart from one
+or two exceptions, the Germans in occupation behaved
+very much as any army in such circumstances would
+have done. Indeed, she added that when the English
+arrived, some of them were so impertinent ...
+that people thought that they used to get on better
+with the Germans.&#8221; I have quoted part of the last
+clause, as it seems fair to do so. For me it illustrates
+the general experience that the <i>present</i> discomfort
+tends by its vividness to seem greater than past discomforts
+which were really equally great.</p>
+
+<p>One other remark of Mme. D. should be quoted:
+&#8220;I have seen many of the Germans, their doctors for
+instance, look after the poor and the sick with utter
+devotion.&#8221; I have, by request, omitted personal
+names, except that of Madame Cyon herself.</p>
+
+<p>At the occupation of Lille the Germans at once set
+about extinguishing fires that had broken out. In
+order to prevent these spreading, it was necessary to
+blow up some houses, and the Germans posted bills
+telling the people not to be alarmed at the explosions.
+When Madame Cyon returned to England a newspaper-reporter
+interviewed her. She stipulated that
+she must see the manuscript before the interview was
+published, and as she found the tone of the manuscript
+was not hers, she refused to let it be printed. A later
+interview with someone else was published in the
+same newspaper, in which it was made to appear that
+the Germans had deliberately set fire to the town.
+This Madame Cyon asserts is directly contrary to the
+facts. A similar case of exaggeration Madame Cyon
+noticed while in the occupied districts. There were
+all kinds of dreadful stories as to what went on about
+the country, and she was told it would never do to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>leave Lille. When she did leave, and made her way
+to Holland, she found no confirmation of these stories.
+Travelling was uncomfortable and tedious, but there
+was no peril of any kind.</p>
+
+<p>In the early days of the war there were Belgian
+refugees at Alexandra Palace. M. Cyon was a
+journalist, and took his notebook with him to put down
+interesting facts. He wished to confine himself to
+facts, however, which not all journalists do. He
+found the women full of stories about atrocities, but
+they were always terrible things that had happened to
+<i>someone else</i>. The student of war atrocities indeed
+finds this to be a very general feature of the stories
+told. It by no means follows that atrocities do not
+occur. Certainly they do, but the number undergoes
+extraordinary exaggeration in the excited minds of the
+people. M. Cyon, therefore, as a serious observer,
+asked for one person who could speak at first hand.
+One of the refugees, he was told, was a woman whose
+little boy had been branded on both cheeks by the
+Germans. He was directed to this woman. He asked
+for her experiences, but she had nothing startling to
+tell. &#8220;But,&#8221; he asked, &#8220;was not your little boy
+very badly treated by the Germans?&#8221; &#8220;Little boy!&#8221;
+she exclaimed, in astonishment, &#8220;I have no little
+boy, I have no son at all.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Madame Cyon had various patients at Lille. Her
+24 Germans, she told me, gave her no more trouble
+than any ordinary patients. She had, however, four
+French Moroccan soldiers to nurse, and she describes
+them as extremely savage. She was sometimes afraid
+of them, and of one especially.</p>
+
+<p>Madame Cyon was often overworked, and patients
+are not always reasonable. One evening she brought
+her German patients some mutton stew, and one of
+the wounded men made a dissatisfied remark about it.
+Madame Cyon was feeling very tired and the remark
+hurt her. She remained outside in the corridor instead
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>of coming to the men as usual during their meal.
+Presently one man who had acted as interpreter came
+out. &#8220;Madame, you are cross.&#8221; &#8220;Yes, I am.&#8221;
+&#8220;Why are you cross?&#8221; &#8220;The men have been well
+treated, I have done all I could, and now they grumble
+about nothing.&#8221; The man was very sorry, he went
+back, and presently all who could walk came out and
+apologised. How strangely alike, after all, we human
+beings are! But our rulers could never lead us out in
+armies to kill each other unless they persuaded us
+somehow that we only were wonderfully fine chaps,
+and the others were brutes. Yet the appeal of kindness
+and devotion tells everywhere. So when the
+German science student, Albin Claus, mentioned in
+Madame Cyon&#8217;s account (p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_262">262</a>), found her much overworked,
+he said, &#8220;You go to sleep, and I will keep
+watch,&#8221; and he helped in all ways to keep things right.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I have since written to the same science student,&#8221;
+writes Madame Cyon; &#8220;before leaving the hospital
+he asked my address and I his. He told me he would
+always be glad to help me in any way, as he knew that
+I had five brothers in the French army. At the time
+one of my brothers was missing. I wrote to this man,
+then promoted a Lieutenant, and I had two letters
+from him via Switzerland. The correspondence was
+concerning my brother, and Lieutenant V.&nbsp;R. Albin
+Claus did his best to help me, and spoke in his letters
+of his stay in hospital 105, thanking me for my care.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Another Sort of Witness.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The soldier on both sides has been told all sorts of
+horrors about the enemy. Hatred is recognised as a
+great weapon of destruction. The contrast between
+what the soldier has seen and what he has heard is
+well illustrated by a story told by Mr. John Buchan
+in one of his lectures. A wounded Scot had said to
+him, of the Germans, &#8220;They&#8217;re a bad, black lot,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span><i>but no the men opposite us</i>. They were a very
+respectable lot, and grand fechters.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Times</i>, April
+27, 1915.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">War Zone Children.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Under the heading &#8220;War Zone Children,&#8221; the
+following paragraph appeared in the <i>Westminster
+Gazette</i> of the 30th November, 1915:</p>
+
+<p>The Society of Friends&#8217; Emergency Committee for
+Aliens has just received the following letter from Dr.
+Elisabeth Rotten, of Berlin (before the war lecturer
+at Newnham College, Cambridge), showing that the
+German committee for helping alien enemies in distress
+is not behind similar committees in this country
+in looking after the little ones belonging to enemy
+countries:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="date">30/11/15.</p>
+
+<p>Before I leave Switzerland, after a short visit, I should
+like to write you a few lines.</p>
+
+<p>I have been ten days in Belgium in order to get permission
+to take Belgian and French children home to their parents,
+who had left them in the occupied country before the outbreak
+of war and were now living in France or in other
+foreign parts.</p>
+
+<p>I was also to bring the first little group with me myself.
+Others will be fetched during the next weeks by other ladies
+of our committee. We spent the night in Frankfurt in the
+houses of German ladies, who are already looking forward to
+their future little guests. The whole expedition will belong
+to one of the pleasantest peace remembrances of the war,
+and it was a particular pleasure and benefit to me to see and to
+experience personally in the work of my mission, in how
+many directions and with what sincerely good and noble intentions
+the Governor General endeavours to mitigate personal
+suffering, and particularly how he cares for the children who
+are separated from their parents.</p>
+
+<p>I hope soon to write more. The children will now be taken
+to their parents by Swiss ladies, and I am on the point of
+starting for Frankfurt, where there are many important
+points to discuss with the Committee for Advice and Aid
+in connection with our common work.</p></div>
+
+<p>The last-named committee is a local Frankfort
+Emergency Committee for Aliens.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span><span class="smcap">A Soldier and the Children.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Here is a German N.C.O. writing in <i>Vorw&auml;rts</i> of
+some experiences in the Russian occupied territory:</p>
+
+<p>He describes the poverty of the people, the lack of
+even such necessaries of life as salt, boots, etc.; how
+little children are running about in the snow with bare
+feet, and often with no other garment on them than a
+shirt. He adds:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>On the whole, however, the children give me great joy,
+though also not a little annoyance owing to their importunity.
+Fortunately, during my activity in connection with the
+school children&#8217;s gymnastic society at &mdash;&mdash; I have gained so
+much patience that I never permit myself to lose my temper.
+While I am writing this already ten or twelve children have
+invaded my room asking for bread. Everyone of them got
+something. I am now almost reduced to beggary myself, and
+whatever I can get hold of is given to the children, so that
+they may enjoy themselves. I got from a friend a few
+packets of ginger cakes. I gave them all away, and I do not
+even know how they tasted.</p>
+
+<p>And when I show them photographs of my children&#8217;s
+gymnastic society there is almost a riot. How I wish I could
+understand them better! A little girl of 13, who always
+reminds me of my own second daughter, has won my heart completely.
+Every day she says to me a couple of German
+words which she has picked up somewhere: &#8220;I don&#8217;t know,&#8221;
+&#8220;Potatoes without salt are no good,&#8221; &#8220;Benzine is dangerous,&#8221;
+and phrases like that. I cannot realise that these children
+belong to an enemy nation. I should have dearly loved to
+roam about with them through forest and field, as I used to
+in Berlin.&mdash;(Quoted in the <i>Daily News</i>, December 20, 1915.)<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Child in No Man&#8217;s Land.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The story of the child adopted by the Bedfordshires
+will be remembered by many. She was found in a
+ditch by the men on their way to the trenches, and
+was perforce for some time with them there.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The German trenches were about 150 yards off, and the
+level, open space between the two lines wasn&#8217;t healthy. No
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>man who valued his life would go there unnecessarily, or
+recklessly put his head above the parapet. One morning,
+to their horror the men, through the periscope, saw the
+child standing above the trench on the German side. Cries
+came from the enemy, but they were not hostile. The sight
+of the girl, little more than an infant, has touched their
+sentimental side, and she had offers of chocolate and invitations
+to go and see them.</p>
+
+<p>After that the girl went over the parapet quite often. She
+was as safe in that danger zone as if she had been behind
+the lines. No German would harm her, and once she went
+close up to their first-line trench.&mdash;(<i>Daily News</i>, February 17,
+1916).</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Austro-Hungarians in Cetinje.</span></h3>
+
+<p>When the Austro-Hungarian troops entered Cetinje
+there was already serious famine:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The children in the streets were begging bread from the
+passing soldiers, who shared their tiny brown loaves with the
+hungry little children, and the military authorities at the
+barracks were besieged from the morning till late in the
+evening by the starving population.</p>
+
+<p>There were some fifty or sixty well-to-do better class
+families, who had been in Government positions before, or
+prominent business people, who suffered as terribly as their
+poorer brethren. Among those who went begging for bread
+to headquarters were wives of ex-Ministers and women who
+were ladies-in-waiting at the Royal Court only a few weeks
+previously. For their children&#8217;s sake they were all ready to
+beg for something to eat.</p>
+
+<p>It must be admitted that the military authorities put the
+soldiers on quarter rations and distributed all the available
+food among the suffering population. The bad condition of
+the roads and the consequent lack of supplies in the army
+itself made it impossible for them to do more.&mdash;(<i>Daily News</i>,
+February 21, 1916.)</p></div>
+
+<p><i>On quarter rations</i>&mdash;that is worth remembering.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Not all Barbarians, nor All Chivalrous.</span></h3>
+
+<p>We have all of us heard many stories from our
+soldier friends. Many statements and opinions we
+cannot in these days publish, but some are allowable.
+Such as the following: &#8220;Some of our men were hung
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>up on the German barbed wire. We could do nothing
+to get at them. We saw the Germans trying to make
+signs from their trenches and we couldn&#8217;t at first
+make out what they meant, but presently some of
+them ventured out and took in our wounded. I
+turned to my mate and said, &#8216;They tell us all the Germans
+are barbarians, but that doesn&#8217;t look much like
+it.&#8217; It was difficult to keep some of our men from
+firing on the Germans even then.&#8221; The last statement
+will surprise only those who have not been told
+the truth about war. Passion gets the upper hand of
+humanity, and indeed reason may support passion,
+for is not destruction of the enemy one of the chief
+aims of war? Shall we spare the enemy when rescuing
+their <i>own</i> wounded? By war logic that would be
+inconceivably foolish. Hence such incidents as the
+following: A lieutenant of Hussars wrote on October
+22, 1914, of his work in a loft which he had previously
+loopholed. The letter is both frank and generous, and
+as usual with soldiers&#8217; letters, without any of the
+malicious sanctity which so besets the civilian. The
+letter was published in the <i>Times</i>, November 26, 1914.
+&#8220;When I got up I could see crowds of Germans advancing.
+I think they have learnt a lesson from us,
+for they didn&#8217;t advance in masses, but in extended
+order like we do. They were jolly good, too....
+One fellow was jolly brave. I saw him carrying back
+a wounded man on his back, and it made a very good
+target. Though we didn&#8217;t succeed in hitting him, he
+had to drop his man.... We were having jolly good
+fun.&#8221; One sentence shows how far removed are the
+ethics of war from the ethics of peace: &#8220;I saw him
+carrying back a wounded man on his back, <i>and it made
+a very good target</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>And here is a case where chivalry was remembered
+and forgotten. The extract is from the <i>Daily News</i>,
+May 17, 1916. Most of us may get similar information
+privately, but it is wisest to confine oneself to
+what has already been published:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>A sergeant on active service writes in the course of a
+letter on his experiences: &#8220;I got stuck in a trench up to
+my waist in mud, and who do you think pulled me out?&mdash;only
+a German about 6ft. 4in. One of my boys wanted to
+bayonet him.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> I said: &#8216;Drop that or I shoot you.&#8217; The
+German said: &#8216;Sergeant, it is not my fault&mdash;I am only fighting
+for my country as you are fighting for yours.&#8217;&#8221;</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A German Priest.</span></h3>
+
+<p>From the <i>Daily News</i>, February 17, 1916, I take the
+following story of a German priest:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Then the word came that we were to go for the enemy&#8217;s
+first line, and we did. Our artillery started the music, and we
+made our effort.</p>
+
+<p>Our lads almost lost their reason for the time being, and
+heedless of shells and bullets, mounted the first German
+parapet. We killed many of them, but it is fair to say they
+didn&#8217;t give in. They quickly had reinforcements, and we
+were compelled against heavy odds to yield the trench to
+the enemy. Angry fighting continued, and our game now
+was to lure as many of the Germans towards our lines as
+possible so that we could mow them down with our guns. On
+they came, many hundreds of them, and as quickly they fell.</p>
+
+<p>Our fellows got it too, and one little party was absolutely
+at the mercy of the enemy. Two of our young officers and
+five men were severely wounded and their position was helpless,
+for it was impossible to rescue them. Despite our
+tremendous fire the Germans, with fixed bayonets, tried to
+reach the party and their intention was obvious. They got
+within a few yards of the wounded when one of their number
+sprang in front of them and flashed a crucifix. &#8220;Stop,&#8221; he
+shouted, and then he knelt down by the side of our men and
+blessed them. The other Germans immediately withdrew.</p>
+
+<p>Then we managed to reach the wounded and our officer
+thanked the priest for the brave way in which he had
+behaved in the face of his own men. &#8220;Take me,&#8221; said the
+priest. &#8220;I am your prisoner.&#8221; The officer said he would
+not do that, but he would see that he returned to the German
+lines unharmed. The promise was kept, and before they
+parted the priest, falling on his knees, thanked our officer
+warmly, adding: &#8220;God bless you and good luck!&#8221;</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span><span class="smcap">Mutual Fears.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Each side fears the barbarity of the other. &#8220;Would
+it be good military policy,&#8221; asked a military official,
+&#8220;to encourage any other idea?&#8221; &#8220;&#8216;My comrades
+were afraid,&#8217; said this German sergeant. &#8216;They cried
+out to me that the Indians would kill their prisoners,
+and that we should die if we surrendered. But I said,
+&#8216;That is not true, comrades, and is only a tale. Let
+us go forward with our hands up.&#8217; So in that way we
+went, and the Indian horsemen closed about us, and I
+spoke to one of them, asking for mercy for our men,
+and he was very kind and a gentleman, and we
+surrendered to him safely.&#8217; He was glad to be alive,
+this man from Wiesbaden. He showed me the portrait
+of his wife and boy, and cried a little, saying that the
+German people did not make the war, but had to fight
+for their country when told to fight, like other men....
+He waved his hand back to the woodlands, and
+remembered the terror of the place from which he had
+just come. &#8216;Over there it was worse than death.&#8217;&#8221;
+Yes, and &#8220;If any man were to draw the picture of
+those things or to tell them more nakedly than I have
+told them, because now is not the time, nor this the
+place, no man or woman would dare to speak again of
+war&#8217;s &#8216;glory,&#8217; or of &#8216;the splendour of war,&#8217; or any of
+those old lying phrases which hide the dreadful truth.&#8221;
+(Philip Gibbs in the <i>Daily Chronicle</i>, July 18, 1916.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Civilian&#8217;s Hate.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Yet, appalling as modern war is, there are things
+which some soldiers find worse. When I spoke to an
+old friend of mine about a popular print that
+disseminates hatred he said, &#8220;Whenever I see that
+paper it makes my blood run cold.&#8221; Yet in one of the
+charges which that man had faced only about a quarter
+of his company came back. That charge was to him
+less hideous than some newspaper malice&mdash;a malice
+which is so often a matter of business. Since then my
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>friend has given his life, and has left in one heart a
+desolation that is worse than death. But in that heart
+there is no hate, only sympathy for all the sorrow, both
+on this side and the other.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Frederick Niven tells us the impressions of a
+wounded soldier who saw the Zeppelin burned at
+Cuffley. &#8220;What stuck in his mind was the roars that
+occurred when the airship took fire and began to come
+sagging and flaming down. &#8216;It reminded me of what I
+have read of &#8220;Thumbs down&#8221; in the arenas of ancient
+Rome. It was the most terrible thing I have heard in
+my life. I&#8217;ve heard some cheering at the front, but
+this was different. Nothing out there had quite the
+same horrible sound.&#8217;&#8221; The difference can be
+explained. &#8220;These men,&#8221; says Mr. Niven, &#8220;have
+seen the procession of the maimed, grey propping
+khaki, khaki propping grey, all trooping down to the
+dressing station.&#8221; (<i>Daily News</i>, October 9, 1916.)</p>
+
+<p>And here is a letter from a brave young officer, since
+killed. &#8220;I drifted into the &mdash;&mdash; Parish Church last
+evening to hear the organ and the singing. I was
+pushed into a pew up in the front, and so could not
+escape until the end of the service. I could have wept
+when I heard the sermon; it was a dreadful medieval
+picture of Heaven and Hell, and a dreadful curse on all
+the German people as being ready for &#8216;Hell.&#8217; ...
+The whole service was as artificial as one could imagine&mdash;so
+heartless and so soulless. It made me feel so very
+sad that, as I said before, I could have wept openly.
+Do you think that the congregation, a large one, would
+take in and believe all that they heard from the pulpit?
+It seems too dreadful!&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">And Civilian Kindness.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Yet even civilians, even German civilians, do not
+always hate.</p>
+
+<p>There is a better Germany, but it is only occasionally
+that we are allowed glimpses of it now, and we must
+go usually among unknown people, and read unpopular
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>or comparatively obscure publications if we seek a
+wider range of vision. In December, 1914, Mrs.
+Jackson, wife of a golf professional, returned from
+Germany to Clacton-on-Sea. Her husband had been
+in the employ of the Cologne Golf Club. &#8220;Do you
+think,&#8221; she was asked, &#8220;the German hatred of
+England is general?&#8221; &#8220;No,&#8221; replied Mrs. Jackson.
+&#8220;Of course, the Germans hate England fiercely as a
+nation, but I do not think they do as individuals.
+Everyone treated us extremely well, although they
+knew our nationality, and my husband&#8217;s employers are
+anxious for him to go back again to them when the war
+is finished.&#8221; &#8220;Does Germany know the truth?&#8221; &#8220;I
+do not think so. We could not get any British newspapers,
+and only heard the German side of the
+question. I was quite thunderstruck when I heard
+England had joined in, and I am sure the German
+people were, too. The Germans are confident of victory,
+and so much is this so that some of my friends did not
+want me to go back, saying that I should be much
+safer where I was.&#8221; I take this report from the
+<i>Clacton Graphic</i> of February 20, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, there has been much kindness on this
+side, and much gratitude for it in Germany, but I
+confess that some things I have heard from the other
+side have given me twinges of patriotic jealousy. I
+should like to feel that my country is always first
+in generosity. When Chaplain O&#8217;Rorke walked
+unattended and in khaki through the streets of Burg,
+there was no offensive remark.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> Three English ladies
+travelling in Germany in war-time tell me that they
+never suffered from one unpleasant word. Miss Littlefair
+tells of some anti-English demonstrations, but of
+far more kindness, and when her unpopular nationality
+became known in a railway carriage, there was no
+change in the friendliness of its occupants.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> Again, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>Canadian Chaplain has been allowed to travel free, and
+in his uniform, and to visit his men in different camps.
+He seems to have had no difficulty with the populace.
+As regards walks on parole, we hear from Crefeld,
+&#8220;There has been no trouble of any kind with the
+inhabitants.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Some German Newspapers and other German
+Comments.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The <i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i> is one of those German
+newspapers which has often at least worked for sanity
+in the national attitude. We may differ from some of
+its conclusions, but we must admire its stand against
+the flood of foolish, indiscriminate hate. On
+February 27, 1915, it asked: &#8220;What sense is there
+in German professors declaring that they will no longer
+collaborate with this or that scientific institution in
+England?... Salutations such as the celebrated
+&#8216;God punish England&#8217; are not only fundamentally
+tasteless and theatrical, but are quite ridiculous....
+We are deep in war, and we have to collect all our
+strength to beat our enemies, and especially to subdue
+our most dangerous enemy, England; but after the war
+must follow a peace which shall render possible calm
+and assured work. This work must be performed in
+conjunction with other peoples which we cannot exterminate.&#8221; ...
+(Quoted in the <i>Times</i>, March 2, 1915.)
+On April 11, 1915, there appeared another telling little
+article, &#8220;English and German, according to Professor
+Sombart.&#8221; The article is quietly ironical over Professor
+Sombart, who brings us before the court on the
+old charge, that we are a nation of shopkeepers. &#8220;The
+traders&#8217; spirit, that is Englishdom.&#8221; I confess that
+as an Englishman I have always felt there was an
+uncomfortable amount of truth in this sneer. We are
+surely a somewhat stodgy, money-making people with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>far too little receptivity for new ideas. &#8220;I have long
+thought and preached,&#8221; wrote Lord Haldane in the
+<i>Nation</i> of August 7, 1915, &#8220;that the real problem in this
+country is the development of thought and ideas.&#8221;
+Dr. Drill does not in his review concern himself with
+this charge. He remarks in passing that it is quite
+possible for a tradesman to be a hero and for a minister
+of war to be a tradesman, and then goes on to point
+out the futile absurdity of all such general charges. He
+cites an amusing attack on German culture by a lecturer
+at Bedford College. &#8220;We smile over his attack,&#8221;
+says Dr. Drill. &#8220;May we not be afraid that educated
+Englishmen do the same about Professor Sombart?&#8221;
+The review tears the book to tatters, and the reviewer
+sums up the opinion of the thoughtful by declaring that
+the publication of such a piece of writing at this time
+of crisis is altogether scandalous. The course of
+journalists during this war has so often been down
+steep places that we are refreshed whenever we come,
+either in England or in Germany, upon so brave a stand
+for a sane view of the enemy. Karl Bleibtreu (as
+quoted in the <i>Daily News</i>, July 8, 1915) writes in the
+<i>K&ouml;lnische Zeitung</i>, &#8220;Such foolish effusions as that of
+Professor Sombart&#8217;s &#8216;Traders and Heroes,&#8217; revealing
+no conception of the more profound movements of the
+soul, must be regarded as an error. The true perception
+is here blurred by a confusion of the British
+private character, which is worthy in every way of
+the highest respect, with the State policy which is
+dominated by a national megalomania.&#8221; We are told
+that Bleibtreu abuses France. Well, we have known
+rather distinguished Englishmen abuse France, too.
+The <i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i> has spoken of &#8220;the really
+heroic bravery&#8221; of the Black Watch. The <i>K&ouml;lnische
+Zeitung</i> reproduced a spirited article from the Austrian
+<i>Danzers Armee Zeitung</i> in which that paper said the
+generous thing about Serbian, Belgian and Russian
+armies alike. This article also was a protest against
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>the lower tone which has prevailed by no means only
+amongst the newspapers printed in German. The
+Serbians are spoken of as &#8220;an enemy who can hardly
+be surpassed in keenness and untiring energy.&#8221; No
+one has any right, the article says, to abuse the Belgians
+who had a right to fight and who fought very well, notwithstanding
+the notoriously unmilitary character of
+their country. Of the Russians we are told, &#8220;We
+must admit that these armies are well led, excellently
+equipped, and splendidly armed.... There have
+been individual cases of disregard of the Red Cross, and
+one hears of occasional plunderings, but, as regards the
+majority, it is an honourable and chivalrous enemy
+that is facing us.&#8221; The love of fair play is after all
+not confined to Englishmen, or to the opponents of
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Daily News</i> of March 26, 1918, quotes from the
+<i>K&ouml;lnische Zeitung</i>, which writes of the British enemy
+as &#8220;defending himself with extraordinary determination
+and bravery.... Our men speak in terms of the
+highest praise of the attitude of the enemy. The
+Englishman is an extremely brave soldier.&#8221; I confess
+I should be glad to read tributes of like generosity in
+certain popular newspapers on this side. The <i>Deutsche
+Tageszeitung</i> is also quoted as saying that the British
+defended every one of their points of support
+determinedly and bravely, giving way only step by
+step. Again, von Ludendorff (March 27) is quoted as
+saying: &#8220;The English use and distribute their
+machine guns very cleverly,&#8221; and there is something
+out of keeping with the attributed Ludendorff character
+in the remark: &#8220;The district over which the offensive
+has passed is pitiable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On April 4, 1918, the <i>Daily News</i> contained the
+following under the heading, &#8220;A Respectful Greeting
+sent per balloon by the Germans&#8221;:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>In a dispatch from the front Reuter&#8217;s special correspondent
+says there is a certain sporting element in the German army,
+and relates the following incident:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>During the thick of the first clash a small balloon came
+floating down to where our men were making a splendid
+resistance. On being captured it was found to be carrying
+the following message: &#8220;Good old 51st! Sticking it still!
+Good luck!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The 51st, which is one of the three first divisions to be
+named in official communiqu&eacute;s for magnificently opposing
+the enemy hordes, is known to be regarded by the Germans
+as one of our most formidable corps.</p></div>
+
+<p>On April 15 we read of Armenti&egrave;res: &#8220;A Berlin
+semi-official statement says that despite the ever-increasing
+pressure of the enveloping troops the town
+held out extraordinarily bravely. Only when, by a
+flank onslaught of the German troops, envelopment to
+the west of the town was almost completed, did the
+remnant of the brave garrison surrender.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>And here is a letter from an Englishwoman in
+Germany (<i>Nation</i>, May 15, 1915): &#8220;&#8216;Gott strafe
+England&#8217; is a &#8216;Spruch&#8217; in great use here, and is to be
+had on rubber stamps.... School children are
+taught it.... This is a fact, but all the better-thinking
+people deplore it, and I wonder whether, if it
+is ever recorded in history, it will also be recorded that
+the Kaiser has now strictly forbidden it. It will die,
+but gradually. It is the idea of some silly loud-mouthed
+ass, and the people, like sheep, followed it.&#8221;
+Professor Wrangel, a German authority on pedagogy,
+urges the avoidance of instilling hatred into the young,
+and he tells us that the Bavarian Government has
+instructed its teachers to avoid in their lessons all
+language insulting to the enemy. (<i>Daily Chronicle</i>,
+June 19, 1915.) In July, 1915, the <i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i>
+published a long article on the situation in England,
+written by a neutral observer. The London <i>Daily
+News</i> describes it as giving &#8220;on the whole a fair and
+conscientious presentation of facts.&#8221; The article points
+out that the average Englishman regards the war as a
+war of defence (just as the average German does).
+The article warmly praises England for the way in
+which it won the loyalty of the Boer Republics.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>In the <i>Montag</i> (the Monday edition of the Berlin
+<i>Lokalanzeiger</i>) Herr E. Zimmermann stoutly defended
+actions of both neutrals and enemies that the more
+biased in Germany had condemned. &#8220;Reproach
+levelled against America for supplying war material to
+our enemies is unjust. Germany herself, at the Hague
+Conference, caused the rejection of the proposal to
+prohibit the supply of war material to belligerents by
+neutral countries. Only the prohibition of supply of
+war material by the Governments of neutral States
+exists, while private industry is free to act as it likes.
+So far America, as a State, has supplied no war
+material.&#8221; In his attitude towards America, says
+Herr Zimmermann, the Imperial Chancellor &#8220;need
+take no notice of those ferocious heroes who take care
+to keep themselves at a distance from the hail of
+bullets in safe retreat....&#8221; We know something of
+those ferocious heroes on this side too.</p>
+
+<p>Again, &#8220;I cannot share in the political sentimentality
+which represents England&#8217;s attempt to starve us into
+submission as an exceedingly mean thing. I cannot
+share in it because it would have been a pleasure to
+me if I could apply with success the same war tactics
+to England. We must not forget that it is not really
+a question of actually starving to death tens of millions
+of men and women, but only of constraining them to
+lay down their arms.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir Edwin Pears writes in the <i>Sunday Times</i> of
+October 10, 1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The <i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i> has been allowed to publish a
+statement which not unfairly represents the situation. It
+says that the Greek crisis raises the question: &#8220;Who is the
+stronger? The King with the General Staff and the great
+part of the Army, or Venizelos and the Cabinet who embody
+the will of the country as represented in the Chamber?&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>This is a singularly fair and frank statement of the
+facts of the crisis, as they at first presented themselves.
+The <i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i> is no doubt distinguished for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>the reasonableness of its outlook, but I think that anyone
+reading the better German newspapers must (in
+the days when they were available) have felt a little
+prick of wounded pride when he compared them with
+our own. The <i>K&ouml;lnische Zeitung</i> is, for instance, like
+all belligerent newspapers, ridiculously biased; but in
+the earlier days, when I was able to see it, I did not
+find gross misrepresentation or absurd hate. The &#8220;not
+very tasteful &#8216;Gott strafe England&#8217;&#8221; has given the
+English a new word, one writer remarks (Sept. 21,
+1915). Naturally, American testimony favourable to
+Germany is exclusively quoted, just as in this country
+we quoted exclusively that favourable to the Entente.
+And some space was given to the utterances of such
+men as Sven Hedin and Bj&ouml;rn Bj&ouml;rnson, who, as
+neutral observers, had formed a high opinion of the
+way that German character was meeting the crisis.
+There was not, however, so much of the curious
+sanctimonious malice which has disfigured some of the
+well-known English papers.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">School-Books.</span></h3>
+
+<p>If children are to be told of the war at all, the central
+duty of any teacher should surely be to avoid stimulating
+those feelings of hatred which might obscure the
+chances of future peace. On the whole, the German
+school-books I have before me seem to fulfil this duty,
+or at least to aim at fulfilling it.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> There are, of course,
+many stories of the achievements and the courage of
+the German soldiers. All peoples have dwelt on
+physical courage in too primitive a way. But these
+books scarcely encourage hate. A letter from France
+tells how German soldiers tried to help the starving
+people. The writer is very obviously sincere. &#8220;In
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>one village near our fortifications the people were
+crying with hunger. It was woeful. I gave them all
+the bread I had. The children were always asking for
+more, and kissed our hands. That moved us all
+greatly. Naturally we told the Commandant.&#8221; As a
+result, twelve women were allowed to pass through the
+lines blindfolded to fetch food from &mdash;&mdash;. This story
+is not one to encourage hate, and again and again there
+are stories of German sympathy with the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>A sad account of incidents of the Russian invasion
+begins: &#8220;Of course, not all Russians are barbarians,
+most of the misdeeds are due to the Cossacks.&#8221; (I
+could not help on reading this calling to mind some of
+the wilder anti-German outbursts. An official in a
+rather responsible position said to me that he could not
+see &#8220;a single redeeming feature in any one of them.&#8221;
+It was a childish outburst, but childishness in a
+position of authority becomes cruelty.) A story one
+German school-book tells of a wounded Belgian sounds
+only the note of pity, and there is a wonderful little
+picture of a wounded German&#8217;s suspicion of a wounded
+Russian. The story is finely told, but I cannot
+reproduce it all here. The Russian is in pain and
+thirst, the wounded German hesitates between
+suspicion and pity, but pity gets the upper hand, and
+he crawls with his water bottle to the Russian. Later,
+as he lies helpless, his fears are aroused by seeing the
+Russian fumble with something in his breast. Is it a
+revolver? The wounded German, overstrained with
+suffering, waits in terror, but the Russian dies before
+his hand can bring out what it sought. When the
+stretcher bearers come the German asks the leader to
+look for the revolver which he feared the Russian was
+trying to get out. The leader goes to look. He brings
+back what the Russian&#8217;s dying hand was seeking. No revolver,
+but the portrait of his mother. This rebuke
+of hatred and suspicion would live in a child&#8217;s mind for
+long.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span>The effects of the anti-German outbursts can be
+traced even in these books. When an officer finds the
+Sisters of a nunnery in want, his ready help is
+accompanied by the words: &#8220;This little kindness is
+the act of German barbarians, who refuse all thanks.
+As long as we are here, each barbarian soldier will give
+up a little, so that you may have their savings every
+three days, and then you will have plenty.... Enjoy
+it, and be as happy as you can.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Belgium and War Aims.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Professor Martin-Rade of Marburg University is a
+Protestant Liberal Theologian and a man well known
+in his own country on account of his literary and
+political activities. He writes as follows in the
+<i>Christliche Welt</i>, a widely-circulated magazine of
+which he is the editor: &#8220;I can only deplore the manner
+in which the Chancellor in his speech ... has
+treated the question of neutral countries, for there was
+no need for him to have recourse to the proverb,
+&#8216;Necessity knows no law.&#8217; With that proverb I cannot
+convince these who behold in the existence of neutral
+States a triumph of the rights of man. That is why it
+is a pity&mdash;for which it is hard indeed to make reparation&mdash;that
+the German Empire should not have abstained
+altogether, at the very outset, from the sin ...
+which it has committed against Belgium. Whoever
+accuses my view of being unpatriotic I challenge, by
+whatever test he likes, to show that he loves his Fatherland
+better than I do.&#8221; (From a letter in the <i>Nation</i>,
+November 28, 1914.)</p>
+
+<p>Again, as early as December, 1914, at a meeting of
+the Socialist Party in the Reichstag a resolution was
+proposed in favour of (<i>a</i>) the evacuation of Belgium,
+and (<i>b</i>) the setting up of plebiscites in Schleswig and
+Alsace-Lorraine to determine the future government
+of those districts. It was defeated, but twenty four
+members voted for it. (<i>Nation</i>, January 23, 1915.)
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>To estimate the full value of this we must try to
+envisage the state of mind of a nation at war. This
+is notoriously difficult. We cannot picture our <i>own</i>
+state of mind, because it is obviously impossible at one
+and the same time to be intensely moved and to picture
+this emotion without emotional bias. And our bias
+renders us perhaps equally incapable of envisaging the
+mind of the enemy. It will be necessary therefore
+somewhat wilfully to exaggerate an analogy in order
+to see how Germans may feel. Let us conceive,
+then, twenty-four members of the House of Commons
+proposing (in the midst of the war) (<i>a</i>) the raising of all
+blockade restrictions against neutrals, the evacuation
+of all neutral territories (whether Grecian or Persian),
+and (<i>b</i>) the setting up of plebiscites in Ireland, India
+and Egypt, to determine the future governments of
+those districts. I can imagine somewhat heated or
+contemptuous treatment of this comparison. Just so:
+the Germans are heated too, and they no longer see
+clearly. And we must never forget that they have
+had long training in obedience to government. There
+are not wanting English politicians who would like to
+see similar training introduced here. It leads however
+to the hypnotic response of which Colonel Maude
+has written interestingly in his &#8220;War and the World&#8217;s
+Life.&#8221; The Government in Germany called for the
+defence of the Fatherland, the Government declared
+the invasion of Belgium as unavoidable. The hypnotic
+response followed, but at least twenty-four members of
+the national legislature woke from the trance and
+<i>thought</i>. I have attempted in my comparison only to
+suggest how much independence, how much cutting of
+bonds and attachments that thought required. I press
+the analogy no further. What is noticeable is that
+this thought, voiced so early and unmistakably, has
+been gaining wider and wider utterance. It appears
+that in December, 1914, Herr Haase, speaking in the
+Reichstag for the Social Democrats, declared that the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>party were unanimously of opinion that the facts which
+had come to light since the beginning of the war were
+not sufficient evidence for them to adopt the Imperial
+Chancellor&#8217;s view that the violation of the neutrality
+of Luxemburg and Belgium was justified by military
+reasons. The party had come to the conclusion and
+had agreed that the violation of Luxemburg and
+Belgium must be regarded as a violation of justice.
+The above declaration seems to have been suppressed
+in the German papers. It reached the <i>Labour Leader</i>
+from Holland.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Against Annexation.</span></h3>
+
+<p>We have all of us read the celebrated manifesto
+issued by the National Executive of the German Social
+Democratic Party which the <i>Vorw&auml;rts</i> was suppressed
+for publishing. Let us remind ourselves of a few
+passages in that document. It was issued in June,
+1915. &#8220;When in recent years the threatening clouds
+of war gathered on the political horizon, the German
+Socialists stood with all their strength up to the last
+hour, for the preservation of peace. To the misfortune
+of the peoples, the Socialists in all countries were not
+yet strong enough to hold back the terrible fate which
+has come upon Europe. The torch of war flared up
+sharply and set the whole world on fire.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;When the Cossacks of the Tsar passed over the
+frontiers, plundering and burning, the German
+Socialists proved true to the word which their leaders
+had given to the German people. They put themselves
+at the service of their country and voted the
+means for its defence....</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Parliamentary Party and the Party Executive
+have always unanimously opposed the policy of
+conquests and of annexations. We raise once more
+the sharpest protests against all attempts to secure the
+annexation of foreign territories and the violation of
+the rights of other peoples, particularly as they have
+been expressed in the demands of great Capitalist
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>Federations and in the speeches of leading capitalist
+politicians. To make such attempts delays more than
+ever the peace which is strongly desired by the whole
+people. <i>The people do not want any annexations.
+The people want peace.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Executive of the Social
+Democratic Party of Germany</span>. June 23, 1915,
+Berlin.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>When we remember that the Social Democrats of
+Germany number about four millions,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> the importance
+of this manifesto becomes clearer. It is a tremendous
+fact. The loud-voiced threats of crushing, boycott,
+etc., by influential sections on this side have been one
+of the greatest hindrances to the Social Democrats, and
+one of the greatest aids to German militarists.</p>
+
+<p>We heard much in 1915 of the &#8220;annexation split&#8221;
+in Germany. The Delbr&uuml;ck-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial
+represented, to my thinking, nothing strange, or new,
+or abnormal, but rather the voice of natural and normal
+Germany making itself heard again amidst the clamour
+of foolish hatred and silly bombast in which present-day
+crises seem always to involve the contending
+nations. &#8220;Germany did not enter the war with the
+idea of annexation&#8221;&mdash;thus the Memorial opens. It is
+easy to scoff at this statement, because it is always
+easier in a crisis to be swayed entirely by bias.
+Frankly, as regards <i>Germany</i>, that is (if this word is
+to have any meaning), as regards the mass of the
+German people, I believe this statement to be true.
+Whatever the militarist and commercial schemers may
+have contrived, Germany as a whole did not enter the
+war with the idea of annexation, but, as the Memorial
+goes on, &#8220;in order to preserve its existence, threatened
+by the enemy coalition against its national unity and
+its progressive development. In concluding peace,
+Germany cannot pursue anything that does not serve
+these objects.&#8221; Who were the signatories to this
+Memorial? Amongst the 82 names are those of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>Professor Hans Delbr&uuml;ck, Dr. Dernburg (the ex-Minister),
+Professor Adolf von Harnack (the theologian
+and General Director of the Royal Library at Berlin),
+Theodore Wolff (Editor of the <i>Berliner Tageblatt</i>), Dr.
+Oppenheim (who holds an important position in the
+dye industries), Carl Permet (Judge of the Berlin Commercial
+Courts), Prince von Hatzfeld, Franz von
+Mendelsohn (President of the Berlin Chamber of
+Commerce), Prince Donnersmarck, Count von Leyden
+(ex-ambassador), Dr. August Stein (Editor of the
+<i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i>), Major von Parseval (the designer
+of the famous airship). These are representative
+names. They stand, I think, with the Social
+Democrats for the real Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Berliner Tageblatt</i> has returned again and again
+to the charge. Here, for instance, is an extract from
+an article by Herr Theodore Wolff as given in the <i>Daily
+News</i> of February 4, 1916:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Since August 4, 1914, the Belgian question has been
+withdrawn from public discussion, and only the advocates of
+a boundless policy of grab are now and again impelled by
+their temperament to throw off all restraint. Because these
+voices are alone audible, the Paris papers and those Belgian
+papers which are published in London are able constantly to
+din into the ears of the war-weary Belgians and the world at
+large that Belgium has only the choice between the continuation
+of the war and complete destruction. In this way, by
+asserting that in Germany at most only a few Socialists and
+pacifists without influence are opposed to the policy of
+annexation, they succeed in stifling again and again any
+aspiration towards peace. It is therefore necessary and
+useful at least to proclaim from time to time that this assertion,
+as will be demonstrated on the very first day when free
+discussion is allowed, is absolutely incorrect.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Germany and Contracts.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The real German is not simply a brute, though the
+brute lies perdu in every civilised man. Mr. Herbert
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>Hoover, formerly Chairman of the Commission of
+Relief in Belgium, said, &#8220;The German authorities
+place no obstruction in the way of relief, and, as far as
+can be ascertained, not one loaf of bread or one spoonful
+of salt supplied by the Relief Commission has been
+taken by the Germans.&#8221; (<i>Times</i>, c. December 6,
+1914).</p>
+
+<p>It has often been said in this country that according
+to German rules contracts with enemy subjects are cancelled
+by the mere fact of war. The <i>K&ouml;lnische Zeitung</i>
+published a legal opinion disposing of this statement.
+No law to this effect exists, and none has been enacted.
+&#8220;Only the right of enemies to secure enforcement of
+contracts by means of legal process has been curtailed.
+Moreover, the making of payments to England, France
+or Russia has been prohibited. But these last-named
+prohibitions presuppose the legal validity of the contracts
+themselves, since they declare the payments due
+under them to be merely postponed.&#8221; (<i>Daily News</i>,
+August 20, 1915.)</p>
+
+<p>An old friend of mine was in process of negotiating
+patent rights in Germany for an invention of his at the
+time that war broke out. He was allowed to complete
+the claim to the patent, and it was granted him after
+Germany and Britain were at war.</p>
+
+
+<h3>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Frightfulness.</span>&#8221;</h3>
+
+<p>Not every one in Germany is obsessed with a conviction
+of the efficacy of &#8220;frightfulness.&#8221; This is plain
+from the fact that the <i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i> published
+articles from its neutral correspondent in England
+which point out that each phase of frightfulness had
+precisely the opposite effect of that which was intended.
+The bombardments of coast towns, the use of
+asphyxiating gases, the sinking of the Lusitania all led,
+he remarks, to increased recruiting and intensified war
+feeling. Each act of frightfulness has of course been
+represented to the German public in a very different
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>light from that in which it has been presented to us,<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>
+and it is therefore the more striking that so influential
+a newspaper should publish such an opinion. When
+the Lusitania was sunk, both the <i>Berliner Tageblatt</i>
+and the <i>Vorw&auml;rts</i> maintained an absolute silence, and
+these are the two most influential organs in Berlin.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Brotherhood of Enemies.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The soldier&#8217;s attitude is often that of Captain Ball,
+the boy who did such wonders in the air fight:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>I attacked two Albatross scouts and crashed them, killing
+the pilots. In the end I was brought down, but am quite
+O.K. Oh, it was a good fight, and the Huns were fine
+sports. One tried to ram me after he was hit, and only
+missed by inches. Am indeed looked after by God, but oh!
+I do get tired of always living to kill and am really beginning
+to feel like a murderer. Shall be so pleased when I have
+finished.</p></div>
+
+<p>Quoted in the <i>Daily News</i>, May 7, 1918. Captain
+Ball has finished the killing in the only way boys can
+finish the killing now, for he is dead. The last words,
+<i>Requiescat in pace</i>, have a new poignancy in days when
+children are growing up who have never known peace.</p>
+
+<p>Yet underneath all the wild recriminations prompted
+by fear and hate, there is brotherhood. For at the
+worst what do all these charges mean? That a few
+foolish men without vision have slipped into power and
+direct the great beast-machine that kills. That
+Frankenstein is apt at all times to wild, primitive
+cruelty. What may it be when foolish, hard theorists
+are its masters? Yet, for all that, the people out of
+whom Frankensteins are made are of one flesh, are
+all brothers, all parts of the great Life which some
+call God. Now and then, amidst their fiercest fighting,
+this becomes plain. It sometimes seems as if the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>main concern of rulers were to prevent any permanent
+realisation of this truth; for if the peoples should
+realise their oneness, war would cease, and there is
+nothing that stops awkward questions as war does.
+Yet some day these awkward questions will be asked
+again, I hope, and Hans and Jack and Fran&ccedil;ois and
+Ivan may come to realise their brotherhood. Let us
+remind ourselves how now and then they can realise
+this even in war. &#8220;Who will not recall in this connection,&#8221;
+writes Prince Eug&eacute;ne Troubetzky in the
+<i>Hibbert</i> (July, 1915), &#8220;the touching description of the
+Christmas festival in the trenches, when the Germans,
+hearing the English singing their hymns, went out to
+meet them and heartily shook their enemies by the
+hand? Similar scenes have occurred more than once
+between the Russians and the Germans. At the
+present moment there lies before me the letter of a
+Russian soldier which refers to them: &#8216;What I am
+going to tell you,&#8217; he says, &#8216;is a true miracle.&#8217; The
+&#8216;miracle&#8217; which had so appealed to his imagination
+was that, during an armistice, there were &#8216;handshakes
+and hearty acclamations on both sides, to which no
+description could do justice.&#8217; ... From the very
+heart of war there issues this mighty protest of life
+against the destructive force of death. But whenever
+life asserts itself, its object is always to re-establish a
+living unity. The more violently unity is threatened
+by war, or by the mutual hate which would tear it
+asunder, the more powerful becomes the answer of this
+spiritual force in its effort to re-establish the integrity
+of mankind. In this we have the explanation of a fact,
+which at first sight seems incredible, that in time of
+war the perception of the universal solidarity of mankind
+reaches a degree of elevation which would hardly
+be possible in time of peace.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;On Christmas Eve,&#8221; writes a member of the
+London Rifle Brigade, &#8220;the Germans burned coloured
+lights and candles along the top of their trenches, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>on Christmas Day a football match was played between
+them and us in front of the trench. They even allowed
+us to bury all our dead lying in front, and some of
+them, with hats in hand, brought in some of our dead
+officers from behind their trench, so that we could bury
+them decently. They were really magnificent in the
+whole thing, and jolly good sorts. I have now a very
+different opinion of the German. Both sides have
+started the firing, and are already enemies again.
+Strange it all seems, doesn&#8217;t it?&#8221; (<i>Nation</i>, January
+2, 1915.)</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;These Germans were enduring the same hardships,
+and the same squalor. There was only pity for them
+and a sense of comradeship, as of men forced by the
+cruel gods to be tortured by fate. This sense of comradeship
+reached strange lengths at Christmas, and on
+other days. Truces were established and men who had
+been engaged in trying to kill each other came out of
+opposite trenches and fraternised. They took photographs
+of mixed groups of Germans and English, arm-in-arm.
+They exchanged cigarettes, and patted each
+other on the shoulder, and cursed the war.... The
+war had become the most tragic farce in the world.
+The frightful senselessness of it was apparent when
+the enemies of two nations fighting to the death stood
+in the grey mist together and liked each other. They
+did not want to kill each other, these Saxons of the
+same race and blood, so like each other in physical
+appearance, and with the same human qualities....
+The monstrous absurdity of war, this devil&#8217;s jest, stood
+revealed nakedly by those little groups of men standing
+together in the mists of Flanders.... It became
+so apparent that army orders had to be issued stopping
+such truces.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is only by artificial stimulus, by artificially made
+ignorance, that war can be kept going in these days.
+By which I do not mean to imply that commanders
+and leaders are wilfully cruel men; but the leaders
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>on each side are afraid lest <i>their</i> men should give up
+fighting first. To be the first to acknowledge brotherhood
+seems like being the first to give in, and actually
+does foreshadow serious dangers. And yet the time
+will come when we shall have to face danger for the
+sake of brotherhood, as we do now for the sake of self-assertion.
+The orders to avoid friendship with the
+enemy were, even in these circumstances, not always
+obeyed. &#8220;For months after German and British
+soldiers in neighbouring trenches fixed up secret
+treaties by which they fired at fixed targets at stated
+periods to keep up appearances and then strolled about
+in safety, sure of each other&#8217;s loyalty.&#8221; (Gibbs, &#8220;The
+Soul of the War,&#8221; p.&nbsp;351.) Prisoners were sent back
+to their own trenches, and sometimes went with great
+reluctance.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Wounded.</span></h3>
+
+<p>&#8220;He told me how on the night he had his own wound
+French and German soldiers talked together by light
+of the moon, which shed its pale light upon all those
+prostrate men, making their faces look very white. He
+heard the murmurs of their voices about him, and
+the groans of the dying, rising to hideous anguish as
+men were tortured by ghastly wounds and broken
+limbs. In that night enmity was forgotten by those
+who had fought like beasts and now lay together. A
+French soldier gave his water-bottle to a German
+officer who was crying out with thirst. The German
+sipped a little and then kissed the hand of the man
+who had been his enemy. &#8216;There will be no war on
+the other side,&#8217; he said. Another Frenchman&mdash;who
+came from Montmartre&mdash;found lying within a yard of
+him a Luxembourgeois whom he had known as his
+<i>chasseur</i> in a big hotel in Paris. The young German
+wept to see his old acquaintance. &#8216;It is stupid,&#8217; he
+said, &#8216;this war. You and I were happy when we were
+good friends in Paris. Why should we have been made
+to fight with each other?&#8217; He died with his arms
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>round the neck of the soldier, who told me the story
+unashamed of his own tears.&#8221; (Gibbs, l.c. p.&nbsp;282) &#8220;At
+one spot where there had been a fierce hand-to-hand
+fight, there were indications that the combatants when
+wounded had shared their water bottles.&#8221; (<i>Sheffield
+Telegraph</i>, November 14, 1914.)</p>
+
+<p>The following letter must not be forgotten. It was
+found at the side of a dead French cavalry officer:
+&#8220;There are two other men lying near me, and I do not
+think there is much hope for them either. One is an
+officer of a Scottish regiment, and the other is a private
+in the Uhlans. They were struck down after me, and
+when I came to myself, I found them bending over
+me, rendering first aid. The Britisher was pouring
+water down my throat from his flask, while the German
+was endeavouring to staunch my wound with an anti-septic
+preparation served out to them by their medical
+corps. The Highlander had one of his legs shattered,
+and the German had several pieces of shrapnel buried
+in his side. In spite of their own suffering they were
+trying to help me, and when I was fully conscious
+again, the German gave us a morphia injection and
+took one himself. His medical corps had also provided
+him with the injection and the needle, together
+with printed instructions for its use. After the
+injection, feeling wonderfully at ease, we spoke of the
+lives we had lived before the war. We all spoke
+English, and we talked of the women we had left at
+home. Both the German and the Britisher had only
+been married a year. I wondered, and I suppose the
+others did, why we had fought each other at all....&#8221;
+(<i>Daily Citizen</i>, December 21, 1914. Quoted in Edward
+Carpenter&#8217;s &#8220;The Healing of Nations,&#8221; p.&nbsp;261.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">More Christmas Incidents.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Let us take one or two more of the Christmas
+experiences as quoted by Mr. Edward Carpenter, in
+his book, &#8220;The Healing of Nations&#8221;: &#8220;Last night
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>(Christmas Eve) was the weirdest stunt I have ever
+seen. All day the Germans had been sniping industriously,
+with some success, but after sunset they
+started singing, and we replied with carols. Then they
+shouted, &#8216;Happy Christmas!&#8217; to us, and some of us
+replied in German. It was a topping moonlight night,
+and we carried on long conversations, and kept singing
+to each other and cheering. Later they asked us to
+send one man out to the middle, between the trenches,
+with a cake, and they would give us a bottle of wine.
+Hunt went out, and five of them came out and gave
+him the wine, cigarettes and cigars. After that you
+could hear them for a long time calling from half-way,
+&#8216;Englishman, kom hier.&#8217; So one or two more of our
+chaps went out and exchanged cigarettes, etc., and
+they all seemed decent fellows.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Again. &#8220;We had quite a sing-song last night (Christmas
+Eve). The Germans gave a song, and then our
+chaps gave them one in return. A German that could
+speak English, and some others, came right up to our
+trenches, and we gave them cigarettes and papers to
+read, as they never get any news, and then we let them
+walk back to their own trenches. Then our chaps
+went over to their trenches, and they let them come
+back all right. About five o&#8217;clock on Christmas Eve
+one of them shouted across and told us that if we did
+not fire on them they would not open fire on us, and
+so the officers agreed. About twenty of them came up
+all at once and started chatting away to our chaps like
+old chums, and neither side attempted to shoot.&#8221;
+Another soldier relates how his comrades and the
+Saxons opposed to them sang and shouted to each other
+through the night. He goes on, &#8220;When daylight
+came, two of our fellows, at the invitation of the
+enemy, left the trenches, met half-way and drank
+together. That completed it. They said they would
+not fire, if we did not; so after that we strolled about
+talking to each other.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>On Christmas morning, elsewhere. &#8220;We mixed
+together, played mouth-organs and took part in dances.
+My word! The Germans can&#8217;t half sing part songs!
+We exchanged addresses and souvenirs, and when the
+time came we shook hands and saluted each other,
+returning to our trenches. I went up into the trenches
+on Christmas night. One wouldn&#8217;t have thought
+there was a war going on. All day our soldiers and
+the Germans were talking and singing half-way
+between the opposing trenches. The space was filled
+with English and Germans handing one another cigars.
+At night we sang carols.&#8221; Another records how
+souvenirs and food were exchanged, and how jollification
+and football were indulged in with the Germans.
+But &#8220;next day we got an order that all communication
+and friendly intercourse must cease.&#8221; The Germans
+had said frankly they were tired of the war, the English
+soldiers wished to be their friends, but far away were
+a few elderly men who wanted the fighting to go on.</p>
+
+<p>Into what depths the need of exacerbating hate may
+lead one is shown by the following extract from a telegram
+headed, &#8220;British Headquarters, France,&#8221; which
+I take from the <i>Daily News</i> of December 23, 1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>No doubt the Bosches will have plenty of Christmas trees,
+as they did last year, but, without attaching too much
+credence to the reports of an increasing difficulty in maintaining
+their rations. I think it is quite safe to say that they
+will fare very much more frugally than our own men. But
+may not their own consciousness of the fact result in an outburst
+of &#8220;strafing?&#8221; The principle that the next best thing
+to not getting well served yourself is to spoil the other fellow&#8217;s
+enjoyment is a good sound Hunnish axiom. There will
+certainly be no amenities nor anything in the nature of a
+truce so far as the British are concerned. All ranks are
+bidden to remember that war is war and that the Germans
+invariably have some sinister motive in all they do, especially
+under the guise of a gush of friendly sentiment.&mdash;Reuter.</p></div>
+
+<p>The last sentences must surely, in any generous
+heart (if the moral destruction of war has left us such),
+produce a feeling of acute shame. In all the multitude
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>of truces that occurred at Christmas, 1914, I have not
+seen a single case of German treachery reported.
+What is it that is feared in the truce? &#8220;In some
+places,&#8221; said a German officer, &#8220;we have had to
+change our men several times. They get too damn
+friendly.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> &#8220;If we don&#8217;t take care,&#8221; said an English
+officer that Christmas, &#8220;there will be a permanent
+peace without generals or c.o.&#8217;s having a say in the
+matter.&#8221; Is that thought really more terrible than the
+thought of unnumbered shattered bodies and hopeless
+hearts?</p>
+
+<p>How ineffectual so far are all European attempts at
+democracy! Carlyle&#8217;s satire about the thirty men
+of Dumdrudge called out, they know not why, to kill
+thirty men from a Dumdrudge elsewhere is not
+referred to in these days; but it still expresses the
+essential absurdity of wars.</p>
+
+<p>Here is an extract from the <i>Labour Leader</i> of
+August 19, 1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>My friend must not be identified. But here is an incident
+he told me I can safely relate. During the unauthorised
+Christmas truce of eight months ago so chummy did a British
+officer and a Saxon officer become that the Saxon officer
+gave his enemy &#8220;an invitation to visit him in Germany at
+the end of the war,&#8221; and &#8220;stay as long as you like,&#8221; he
+added. The British officer is still carrying the address in
+his pocket in the hope that one day he may be able to
+accept the invitation.</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Labour Leader</i> is much disliked by the
+orthodox of England, as is the <i>Vorw&auml;rts</i> by the orthodox
+of Germany. It seems to me that both may be rendering
+a fine service to the cause of humanity, and one
+may surely say this without implying complete agreement
+with the opinions or the policy of either.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Wounded Enemies.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Writing home to his mother in Somerset, a member
+of the R.A.M.C. says: &#8220;You will find inside a German
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>button for a souvenir. It was given me by a wounded
+German prisoner. After he had had his wound
+dressed, he pointed to his buttons and made signs for
+me to cut one off. He hardly knew how to thank us
+after he had finished his tea, and his eyes gleamed with
+gratitude as he looked around at us.&#8221; (<i>Daily News</i>,
+August 26, 1915.)</p>
+
+<p>From a private letter: &#8220;The following is first hand,
+and of interest. Dr. S. lectures on first aid to C.&#8217;s
+squad. During the course of a lecture on the heart he
+referred to a visit paid to the local hospital. In the
+hospital was a man who had been a prisoner in
+Germany. Dr. S. asked the man about his treatment.
+In the course of the talk the man said that if he had
+his choice he would prefer to be in a German hospital!
+Dr. S. smiled when he related this. &#8216;This is not the
+kind of statement,&#8217; he said, &#8216;that is published in the
+newspapers!&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There comes into my mind the photograph of a
+British prisoner in a German camp. The boy&#8217;s mother
+was delighted to see him looking so well. The photograph
+was the more striking as the lad was wounded in
+the stomach at the time he was taken prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>From a private letter: &#8220;My nephew was in the
+Canadians and was wounded in the spine in a recent
+advance.... He was brought back to London,
+where I saw him, and he died in hospital shortly after.
+He told me himself all about it. He lay for several
+hours after being wounded, unable of course to move.
+When the ambulance came up, the stretcher bearers
+were Germans&mdash;prisoners of war. They saw he was
+cold and took off their own coats and wrapped him up.
+All the while they were under fire from the British
+guns.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> One of them was wounded in the arm by
+shrapnel as they were carrying him, but he kept his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>hold. He called to his mate to let down the stretcher,
+but till it was on the ground, he never flinched. My
+nephew knew what this meant, and as he thought of
+what had been done for him by an &#8216;enemy&#8217; his face
+lighted up, as he said, &#8216;That man is a hero!&#8217; And he
+added, &#8216;We don&#8217;t feel hard towards them at the
+front.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Again, a wounded soldier who had been prisoner in
+Germany says: &#8220;I could not have been better treated,
+and I know ninety companions who say the same. But
+this is not the sort of story the newspapers want.&#8221;
+People very generally do not like to hear good of an
+enemy. In war-time this very human objection may
+become an important cause of continued strife. (cf.,
+p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_108">108</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>In the following, Philip Gibbs tells of a German
+doctor who tended friend and foe alike. &#8220;A number
+of Germans ... &mdash;about 250 of them&mdash;stayed in the
+dug-outs, without food and water, while our shells
+made a fury above them and smashed up the ground.
+They had a German doctor there, a giant of a man
+with a great heart, who had put his first-aid dressing
+station in the second line trench, and attended to the
+wounds of the men until our bombardment intensified
+so that no man could live there.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He took the wounded down to a dug-out&mdash;those
+who had not been carried back&mdash;and stayed there
+expecting death. But then, as he told me to-day, at
+about eleven o&#8217;clock this morning the shells ceased to
+scream and roar above-ground, and after a sudden
+silence he heard the noise of British troops. He went
+up to the entrance of his dug-out and said to some
+English soldiers who came up with fixed bayonets,
+&#8216;My friends, I surrender.&#8217; Afterwards he helped to
+tend our own wounded, and did very good work for us
+under the fire of his own guns, which had now turned
+upon this position.&#8221; (<i>Daily Chronicle</i>, July 5, 1916.)</p>
+
+<p>It must be easy to tell bad stories of every furious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>fight, but the right spirit is surely that shown by Mr.
+Gibbs in another despatch (<i>Daily Chronicle</i>, July 7,
+1916): &#8220;The enemy behaved well, I am told, to our
+wounded men at some parts of the line, and helped
+them over the parapets. This makes us loth to tell
+other stories not so good.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Again, on July 21, 1916: &#8220;It was the turn of the
+stretcher-bearers, and they worked with great courage.
+And here one must pay a tribute to the enemy. &#8216;We
+had white men against us,&#8217; said one of the officers,
+&#8216;and they let us get in our wounded without hindrance
+as soon as the fight was over.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;This war!&#8217; said a German doctor, &#8216;We go on
+killing each other to no purpose.&#8217;&#8221; (<i>Daily Chronicle</i>,
+July 5, 1916.)</p>
+
+<p>And on this side:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The wife of a petty officer described to me the arrival of
+the first batch of wounded. It happened that these were
+chiefly Germans. &#8220;I thought I wouldn&#8217;t care so long as I
+didn&#8217;t see our poor boys carried up,&#8221; she said, &#8220;but when
+I saw them, Germans or not, I couldn&#8217;t help crying.&#8221; I
+gathered that the sight of the sufferers swept away every
+feeling but sympathy amongst the onlookers. She told me
+of the funerals to the little churchyard outside the barracks,
+and of the &#8220;loneliness&#8221; of the dead Germans. She had
+wept by those nameless graves, thinking of those that
+belonged to these strangers.&mdash;Louie Bennett in the <i>Labour
+Leader</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>I remember a Cockney boy of fifteen telling me how
+at Southend he had gone for fun to see wounded
+Germans brought ashore. But the fun died out in his
+heart at the reality, and he ran away.</p>
+
+<p>The little incident I will next mention has special
+charm because of the beautiful spirit shown by every
+one concerned. A wounded German, Albert Dill, lay
+in hospital here. He was asked by a visitor if there
+was anything that he specially wished for. He
+answered. &#8220;Flowers for the dear English nurse, more
+than anything else.&#8221; The flowers were sent and his
+letter of gratitude is touching. There were far more
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span>than he expected, he said, and his joy was the greater.
+&#8220;The pleasure of the nurses and the doctors too was
+great when they saw this rich gift of flowers (diese
+reiche Blumenspende).... This day will often
+remind me of the good and self-sacrificing nursing that
+I have had here in this hospital.&#8221; And the &#8220;dear
+English nurse&#8221; writes: &#8220;The flowers you sent at the
+request of Albert Dill were indeed most beautiful....
+I have been nursing the German patients for a considerable
+time, and their gratitude has always been
+most marked. We sincerely hope that while carrying
+out our duties we have been able to relieve their
+sufferings, and have perhaps helped them to bear the
+misfortunes of war a little more patiently.&#8221; This little
+incident is surely the greatest of victories, for it is a
+victory of the spirit.</p>
+
+<p>Nurse Kathleen Cambridge, who was near Mons at
+the time of the British retreat, spoke as follows of some
+of her experiences (<i>Daily News</i>, January 8, 1916):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>After the battle I was very pleased to be of assistance to
+the wounded, for whom my mother and I had arranged an
+ambulance. It was at four o&#8217;clock that I saw the first party
+of British prisoners being marched through from Mons to
+Brussels. A halt was called just outside the Chateau. The
+Germans were very kind at that time and offered their
+prisoners cigarettes and gave them water from their bottles.</p>
+
+<p>Two men, exhausted by terrible wounds, dropped into the
+ditch. The baron went off to ask if we could be of assistance,
+and the German doctor told him that he would be
+grateful for any help, as he had to get on to Brussels and
+could not wait. The two men were brought into the chateau.
+We did all we could for them, and gradually, after some
+weeks, they recovered.</p></div>
+
+<p>Neglect and honourable conduct are both recorded in
+the next cutting from the <i>Manchester Guardian</i>
+(September 17, 1917).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>A Scotsman wounded at La Bass&eacute;e had lain for eight days
+in a German dug-out which our troops had captured and
+from which they had been driven. One party of Germans
+peering into the darkness had bombed him, and added one
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>or two slight wounds to the twenty-two he already possessed.
+He managed to signal to the second bombing party some
+days later, and was carried away to the field hospital, where
+hundreds of wounded Germans were lying. Here he was
+found by a young German engineer who had spent years in
+Glasgow and Liverpool. &#8220;Hullo, Jock,&#8221; the man said kindly,
+&#8220;pretty bad, aren&#8217;t you? I&#8217;ll fetch a doctor for you.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>He did so, and the wounds were roughly dressed. Nothing
+more was done for eight days, when the Scot managed to
+attract the attention of some visiting officer to the fact that
+his wounds were in a dreadful condition, septic and suppurating.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He was furious,&#8221; said the Scot: &#8220;made no end of a
+row about it, and I was attended to at once. I have nothing
+to complain of about my treatment when in hospital in
+Germany.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>From the <i>Daily News</i>, April 16, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Here is a story vouched for by a young soldier now in
+hospital in the North of England:&mdash;&#8220;I was shot in both
+legs during the recent fighting. As I lay, helpless and almost
+hopeless, for our lads had been pressed back, a German
+officer, also wounded, crawled up to me. He spoke English
+fluently, and it turned out that he had once worked in the
+town from which I come. When I told him I was the last of
+the family left to my widowed mother, and that I feared it
+would settle her when she heard I had gone too, he said: &#8216;All
+right, old chap; we&#8217;ll see what can be done.&#8217; As soon as
+it was quite dark he got me to pull myself on to his back.
+In this way he crawled to within earshot of our outposts,
+and only left me and dragged himself in the direction of his
+own lines when he knew my cry had been heard.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>From the same paper of April 11, 1918, I take the
+story told by a naval prisoner exchanged through
+Switzerland:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The sailor had one eye blown out and the other temporarily
+damaged by a shell in a concentrated fire which sank his
+destroyer in the battle of Jutland. He was picked up by an
+already overcrowded British boat after swimming about for
+an hour almost blind. Then a German destroyer ran alongside
+and took aboard the whole boatload.</p>
+
+<p>The voice of an officer hailed from the deck: &#8220;Don&#8217;t
+forget the British way, lads, wounded first.&#8221; &#8220;He spoke
+such good English that I took him for a Scottie,&#8221; said my
+informant, &#8220;and I thought it was a British destroyer that
+had picked us up. I was hauled aboard, and I saw him look
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>at my face and turn away. &#8216;What&#8217;s the matter, Jock?&#8217; I
+said. &#8216;I&#8217;m not a Jock,&#8217; says he, &#8216;I&#8217;m one of the Huns.&#8217;
+&#8216;What, ain&#8217;t this a British ship?&#8217; says I. &#8216;Throw me back
+into the sea, and let me take the chance of being picked up
+by one of ours.&#8217; &#8216;It can&#8217;t be done, sonny,&#8217; he says. &#8216;You&#8217;ve
+got to go to Germany. But you&#8217;ll be exchanged all right.
+You&#8217;re disabled.&#8217; It seems he had a relative in London, and
+knew England well. All the time British ships were chasing
+us and shelling us; and he hung a lifebelt near me, and said:
+&#8216;If the British Fleet sink us that will give you a bit of a
+chance yet.&#8217;&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is from <i>Lloyd&#8217;s News</i>, May 12, 1918,
+under the heading of &#8220;Back from the dead&#8221;:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Three years ago a Twickenham resident, Mrs. Maunders,
+received official news from the War Office that her husband,
+one of &#8220;The Old Contemptibles,&#8221; had been killed in action.</p>
+
+<p>Thrown on her own resources, and having a small family to
+keep, she struggled on, and a very good offer of marriage
+came along and was accepted. A few days before the wedding a
+letter came from the supposed dead husband, stating that he
+was badly wounded and left for dead on the battlefield, but
+was found by the enemy and nursed back to health.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is from a private letter: &#8220;I am happy
+to be able to tell you that through the German Flying
+Corps dropping a message, we heard of [my son&#8217;s]
+safety early in July. He writes to us and appears to
+be well and comfortable.... He was shot through
+the neck. He has happily quite recovered after being
+about four weeks in hospital. He has spoken only of
+kindness and attention from doctors and nurses.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Again: &#8220;As you have probably heard by now, I am
+a wounded prisoner of war.... I myself got my
+shoulder rather badly smashed up by a machine gun
+which knocked me out, and I lay in a shell hole for
+about ten hours while our guns strafed like hell and
+I expected every moment to be blown to bits. However,
+I at last managed to crawl up and stagger along,
+and as I was in German lines, ran into a lot of
+Germans. They were awfully kind to me, gave me
+food and drink and bound up my wound, and then
+sent me along to the dressing station. I am at present
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span>in hospital in Belgium and expect to go to Germany
+almost directly. My address at the back will find me.&#8221;
+What follows from the same correspondent has some
+bearing on the feeding in hospitals. &#8220;You mentioned
+in your last letter whether you could send me anything.
+Well, dear old chap, if you are feeling an
+angel, plenty of good plain chocolate and other delicacies
+would be awfully welcome, also some Gold Flake
+cigarettes.&#8221; It was only &#8220;delicacies,&#8221; it will be
+observed, that were asked for. This was in the middle
+of 1917.</p>
+
+<p>The next extract is from <i>Common Sense</i>, July 13,
+1918:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The following experience of an Ullet Road boy,
+Private Arthur Bibby (6th S.W.B.), who is now
+recovering from a severe wound, is recorded in the
+Ullet Road Church <i>Calendar</i> for July:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The part of the line in which Private Bibby was placed
+was subjected to a heavy bombardment, after which the
+enemy delivered an attack. The order to retire was given
+&#8220;and our section made for a road which led into a village,
+but about a hundred yards up the road I received a bullet
+wound which passed under the shoulder-blade and pierced a
+portion of the lung.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>&#8220;Private Bibby was forced to lie down by the side of
+the road, and shortly afterwards an advance party of
+the Germans came along delivering their attack. The
+first wave swept past, but of those who followed one
+stopped to give Private Bibby a cigarette, another took
+off his wounded foe&#8217;s equipment and made it into a
+pillow for his head, and put his water-bottle within
+reach, while a third made a pad out of his field dressing
+with which he staunched the wound. As he turned
+and followed his comrades, he assured his patient that
+the Red Cross would come soon.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A German Red Cross orderly came up shortly afterwards,
+and was engaged in dressing the wound when
+the order came for the Germans to retire before a
+British counter-attack. &#8216;About ten minutes after the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>
+last had passed down the road our lads, counter-attacking,
+were creeping up the road, and it was not
+long before the R.A.M.C. lifted me on a stretcher and
+took me to the advanced dressing station.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We congratulate Private Bibby on the recovery
+he is making from a severe wound, and are glad that
+he is able to bear this testimony of gratitude to a company
+of unknown but chivalrous foes.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is, of course, well known that the Northcliffe
+Press refuses to print experiences of this kind.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Many of our wounded have passed through the
+same conditions of captivity and deliverance. They
+bear witness to the honourable conduct of the German
+Army doctors (majors). Here, for example, is one of
+the stories that I have heard: &#8216;I found myself in a
+ditch after the battle, unable to move. A German
+doctor came by; he gave me bread and coffee and
+promised to come back in the evening if he could, or
+next day. That night and the following day passed
+without my seeing any one; the time seemed long. In
+the evening he came: &#8216;I had not forgotten you,&#8217; he
+said, &#8216;but I have had no time.&#8217; He had me carried
+away and gave me careful attention.&#8217;&#8221; (<i>La Guerre
+vue d&#8217;une Ambulance</i>, par L&#8217;Abb&eacute; F&eacute;lix Klein,
+Aumonier de l&#8217;Ambulance am&eacute;ricaine, p.&nbsp;80.)</p>
+
+<p>The writer continues: &#8220;Facts of this nature deserve
+to be recorded. Amidst this setting loose of horrors
+and hates it would be well to lay stress on some of
+those deeds which are able to soften the soul. This
+morning I see that an article has been passed in one of
+the most widely read French journals recommending
+that no prisoners should be made in forthcoming
+battles, but that our enemies should be &#8216;struck down
+like wild beasts,&#8217; &#8216;butchered like swine&#8217;! Nothing,
+not even the sack of Senlis, nothing justifies such outbursts
+of fury.&#8221; The French soldiers, M. L&#8217;Abb&eacute;
+indicates, confine their denunciations to the Prussian
+regulars and speak well of the reserves. &#8220;They are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span>men like us, married men, fathers of families, fair-minded.&#8221;
+But for the doctors there is often a good
+word: &#8220;Le major allemand est venu, nous a soign&eacute;s,
+nous a donn&eacute; du caf&eacute;, du pain.&#8221; &#8220;Le major nous a
+soign&eacute;s et donn&eacute; de la soupe.&#8221; There was however,
+much plundering. The armies which do not plunder
+are indeed <i>rar&aelig; aves</i>. &#8220;The animosity of the English
+against the enemy,&#8221; says the Abb&eacute;, &#8220;is greater even
+than ours.&#8221; &#8220;In the evening,&#8221; runs one narrative,
+&#8220;the soldiers of the 101st put me in the wood where
+were many wounded Frenchmen and a German
+captain, wounded the day before. He suffered, he too,
+poor man (le pauvre malheureux).&#8221; When the
+Germans came, &#8220;some looked askance,&#8221; but the
+captain said the Frenchmen had been kind, and when
+the Germans had taken him they came back and
+attended to the French. It was a bad time in the
+retreat, but French and German wounded shared the
+same fate. (l.c., p.&nbsp;98.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Whose Fault?</span></h3>
+
+<p>The poor soldiers, obliged to obey orders under
+penalty of death, defending (as they believe) their
+homes from wanton attack, are surely, in the mass,
+but little to blame. The blame rests elsewhere. A
+body of Russian prisoners was brought into a village
+in East Prussia. The sufferings of the inhabitants
+during the invasion had made them bitter, and from
+the crowd of onlookers there was a scornful outcry.
+&#8220;At that one of the prisoners bent forward, shook his
+head and said slowly, with great, sad eyes, &#8216;It is not
+your fault, and it is not mine.&#8217;&#8221; (Dr. Elisabeth
+Rotten in <i>Die Staatsb&uuml;rgerin</i>.) Looking at it all with
+fresh knowledge, after more than three years of war,
+I feel that this Russian spoke for all the peoples, &#8220;It
+is not your fault, and it is not mine.&#8221; Meanwhile
+there still goes on what my wounded friend, writing
+from Rouen described as &#8220;this orgy of slaughter, this
+incredible and criminal lunacy.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span><span class="smcap">An Order Against Kindness.</span></h3>
+
+<p>A girl who, with others, was attending to the enemy
+wounded, writes: &#8220;Doubtless we should have more
+consolation among our little soldiers, since here <i>we
+are forbidden to give little kindnesses and attention;</i>
+but I believe that before the end we shall disobey the
+order, because we put our hearts into our devotion and
+our pity.&#8221; (<i>La Guerre vue d&#8217;une Ambulance</i>, p.&nbsp;116.)
+It is a little startling to learn of orders against kindness
+to enemy wounded. In a country one of whose chief
+newspapers advocated slaughter of the enemy like
+swine, such orders seem unwise. They can surely
+scarcely be made except when we wilfully blind ourselves
+and imagine that our enemies do not share our
+humanity.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Our Common Humanity.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Here is a letter found on one of the German dead,
+a man with &#8220;a good face, strong and kindly,&#8221; so wrote
+the <i>Daily Mail</i> correspondent. &#8220;My dearest Heart,&#8221;
+runs the letter, &#8220;when the little ones have said their
+prayers and prayed for their dear father, and have gone
+to bed, I sit and think of thee, my love. I think of all
+the old days when we were betrothed, and I think of all
+our happy married life. Oh! Ludwig, beloved of my
+soul, why should people fight each other? I cannot
+think that God would wish it....&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Here in this leafy place<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Quiet he lies;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cold, with his sightless face<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Turned to the skies;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&#8217;Tis but another dead:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All you can say is said.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Carry the body hence;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kings must have slaves;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kings rise to eminence<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Over men&#8217;s graves;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So this man&#8217;s eyes are dim.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cast the earth over him.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span><span class="i0">What was that white you touched,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There by his side?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Paper his hand had clutched<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tight ere he died?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Message or wish, maybe?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Smooth out its folds and see.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="stars">*</span><span class="stars">*</span><span class="stars">*</span><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ah! That beside the dead<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Slumbered the pain!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ah! That the hearts that bled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Slept with the slain!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That the grief died. But no!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Death will not have it so.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These words of Austin Dobson were written of a
+French sergeant in an earlier war, yet they serve
+equally well for the German soldier in this. Strange
+that we leave it to the dead to prove their brotherhood
+and ours.</p>
+
+<p>Philip Gibbs tells us how in a German dug-out he
+picked up some letters. &#8220;They were all written to
+&#8216;dear brother Wilhelm,&#8217; from sisters and brothers,
+sending him their loving greetings, praying that his
+health might be good, promising to send him gifts of
+food and yearning for his home-coming.&#8221; They were
+anxious, for here had been no news for some time.
+&#8220;Every time the postman comes we hope for a little
+note from you.&#8221; Can any generous heart think of that
+anxious waiting unmoved? Shall we children of one
+Life wait till we have wholly darkened each other&#8217;s
+homes, and then call our handiwork peace?</p>
+
+<p>But by that time, by the judgment of God, our eyes
+will be opened.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">We who are bound by the same grief for ever,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When all our sons are dead may talk together,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Each asking pardon of the other one,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For her dead son.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is we at home who seem to yield only to this dread
+proof. With the fighters it is often different, as we
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span>have seen, and though the stories savour of repetition,
+the repetition is surely worth while. I have aimed
+here at no literary production, but simply at a collection
+of facts that may reach the heart. &#8220;We sing,&#8221;
+said a soldier from Baden, &#8220;to the accompaniment of
+the piano&mdash;especially during the interval for dinner.
+We have indeed entered into a tacit agreement with
+the French to stop all fire between 12 and 1 o&#8217;clock,
+so that they and we might not be disturbed when we
+feed.&#8221; (<i>Zeitung am Mittag</i>, as quoted in the <i>Daily
+Chronicle</i>, November 10, 1914.) &#8220;One of our teachers,
+a lieutenant in the R.F.A., who has been out most of
+the time, had a few days&#8217; leave some weeks ago. He
+said to the school, assembled to do him honour, &#8216;Boys,
+do not believe the stories you read about the Germans
+in the newspapers. Whatever they may have done at
+the beginning of the war, the German is a brave and
+noble soldier, and after the war we must be friends.&#8217;&#8221;
+(From a private letter.) A soldier writes that a diary
+he kept was blown to bits by a shell. He gave what
+remained of it to a wounded German who pleaded for
+it. He had met many German Socialists in the fighting.
+&#8220;It is a blessing to meet such men and amid
+all the slaughter brought about by our present system,
+it seems heaven upon earth.&#8221; (<i>Labour Leader</i>, June
+24, 1915.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Are We Always Chivalrous?</span></h3>
+
+<p>It will only be making the <i>amende honorable</i> if we
+do our best now to spread reports of good deeds of the
+enemy, for in the early stages of the war we
+deliberately deleted them from messages, and we have
+certainly done a great deal to conceal them ever since.
+Writing to the <i>Times</i> in October, 1914, Mr. Herbert
+Corey, the American correspondent, said: &#8220;The
+<i>Times</i> leader quotes the <i>Post</i> as charging that I &#8216;flatly
+made the charge that dispatches had been altered for
+the purpose of hiding the truth and blackening the
+German character.&#8217; I do not recollect this phrase.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>I did charge that dispatches of German atrocities were
+permitted to go through unaltered, and that sentences
+in other dispatches in which credit was given the
+Germans for courtesy and kindness were deleted. I
+abide by that statement.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There have been many angry references to unfair
+German attempts to influence neutral opinion. A
+letter such as Mr. Corey&#8217;s makes me able to understand
+why some neutrals have accused England of the
+very same unfairness. There is other testimony to the
+same effect. Mr. Edward Price Bell, London Correspondent
+of the <i>Chicago Daily News</i>, has, in a
+pamphlet published by Fisher Unwin, indicted the
+British censorship in the following terms:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>I call the censorship chaotic because of the chaos in its
+administration. I call it political because it has changed or
+suppressed political cables. I call it discriminatory because
+there are flagrant instances of its not holding the scales evenly
+between correspondents and newspapers. I call it unchivalrous
+because it has been known to elide eulogies of enemy decency
+and enemy valour. I call it destructive because its function
+is to destroy; it has no constructive function whatever. I call
+it in effect anti-British and pro-German because its tendency&mdash;one
+means, of course, its unconscious tendency&mdash;often is to
+elevate the German name for veracity and for courage above
+the British. I call it ludicrous, because it has censored such
+matter as Kipling&#8217;s &#8220;Recessional&#8221; and Browning&#8217;s poetry.
+I call it incompetent because one can perceive no sort of
+collective efficiency in its work. And because of the sum of
+these things I give it the final descriptive&mdash;&#8220;incredible.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Daily
+News</i>, January 7, 1916.</p></div>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that people often <i>fear</i> to tell of
+German good deeds. An acquaintance of mine told me
+that his boy got decorated for bringing in a badly
+wounded comrade from near the German trenches. A
+little shamefacedly my informant went on: &#8220;I don&#8217;t
+mind telling <i>you</i>, but I <i>shouldn&#8217;t like it to be known
+generally here</i>, that I know the Germans act well sometimes.
+My boy wrote he would have had no chance,
+but he heard the Germans give the order to cease fire.&#8221;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span>My informant evidently feared the neighbours would
+call him pro-German if he told this to them, but he
+thought he might venture to tell a pacifist.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+<p>One notices this fear sometimes in rather amusing
+ways. In a railway compartment with me were a loud-mouthed
+patriotic woman &#8220;war-worker&#8221; and a mere
+soldier back from the front. I&#8217;m afraid I got a little
+at loggerheads with the war-worker, who adopted in
+argument a kind of furious grin which revealed a
+formidable row of teeth that in my mind-picture of her
+have become symbolically almost gigantic. I turned
+for relief to the mere soldier, and while the train was
+moving we had a pleasant dip into soldier philosophy.
+&#8220;I&#8217;ve come to the conclusion that there&#8217;s good and
+bad everywhere,&#8221; he said. &#8220;I&#8217;ve known bad Germans,
+and I&#8217;ve known Germans to look after our wounded as
+well as a British Tommy could look after his chum.&#8221;
+There was more to this effect, but whenever the train
+stopped and our voices became audible to others, we
+were silent. The fear of that row of teeth was, I think
+in both our hearts, and I could see the mere soldier
+looking timid before them.</p>
+
+<p>Fair play to the enemy&#8217;s character is a concession
+not quite so easy to the average Englishman as he
+supposes. &#8220;The Anglo-Saxon race has never been
+remarkable for magnanimity towards a fallen foe.&#8221;
+Just now, when we are inclined to be almost afraid of
+the excess of chivalry which possesses us, there may be
+useful corrective in these words of Lieutenant-General
+Sir William Butler, K.C.B. There has been much
+searching of old history books of late to find out what
+was said in the days of Tacitus against the Germans.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>
+(What Tacitus said in their favour is not considered.)
+Perhaps on the other side there are investigators
+searching their history books for ancient opinions of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span>English. &#8220;Strike well these English,&#8221; said Duke
+William to his Normans, &#8220;show no weakness towards
+these English, for they will have no pity for you.
+Neither the coward for running well, nor the bold man
+for fighting well will be better liked by the English,
+nor will any be more spared on either account.&#8221;
+Butler approved this verdict. We shall not readily
+agree with him. Yet he did not speak without cause:
+he had known an English general kick the dead body
+of an African King, who &#8220;was a soldier every inch of
+him,&#8221; and he had known the colonists spit upon an
+African chief brought bound and helpless through
+Natal. (&#8220;Far Out,&#8221; p.&nbsp;131.) I believe myself there
+is a great and ready generosity in the hearts of the
+English people, but he must surely be a man invariably
+on the &#8220;correct&#8221; side who has not more than once
+come across the official Englishman who could be a
+bully to those in his power.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Some British Opinions.</span></h3>
+
+<p>&#8220;I am disgusted by the accounts I see in the papers
+of the inferiority of Germans as soldiers. Don&#8217;t
+believe one word of it. They are quite splendid in
+every way. Their courage, efficiency, organisation,
+equipment and leading are all of the very best, and
+never surpassed by any troops ever raised. They come
+on in masses against our trenches and machine guns,
+and come time after time, and they are never
+quiescent, but always on the offensive. I am full of
+admiration for them, and so are all who know anything
+about them. It is a pity that such fine soldiers should
+have behaved so badly in Belgium and here; they have
+behaved badly, there is no doubt about it, but nothing
+like what is said of them&mdash;any way in parts I have been
+through.&#8221; These words from a General Officer commanding
+a brigade occur in a letter published in the
+<i>Times</i> of November 19, 1914. Yet these &#8220;quite
+splendid&#8221; fighters are the men of whom a learned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>
+professor appointed by the Government has written
+that they are &#8220;rotten to the core.&#8221; There is some
+discrepancy here. &#8220;They are great workers, these
+Germans,&#8221; wrote Philip Gibbs (<i>Daily Chronicle</i>, July
+5, 1916), &#8220;and wonderful soldiers.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;An officer of the <i>Sydney</i> gave a quite enthusiastic
+account of the officers of the <i>Emden</i>. &#8216;Vitthoef, the
+torpedo lieutenant, was a thoroughly nice fellow.
+Lieutenant Schal was also a good fellow and half
+English. It quite shook them when they found that
+the captain had asked that there be no cheering on
+entering Colombo, but we certainly did not want cheering
+with rows of badly wounded men (almost all
+German) laid out in cots on the quarter deck. Captain
+von M&uuml;ller is a very fine fellow.... The day he was
+leaving the ship at Colombo, he came up to me on
+the quarter-deck and thanked me in connection with
+the rescue of the wounded, shook hands and saluted,
+which was very nice and polite of him.... Prince
+Hohenzollern was a decent enough fellow. In fact,
+we seemed to agree that it was our job to knock one
+another out, but there was no malice in it.&#8217; This is
+the ideal fighting, &#8216;with no malice in it.&#8217; It has
+been achieved by many English and Germans, and that
+gives hope for the future. Let us make the most,
+not the least, of what points towards a better understanding....
+At the beginning of November &#8216;Eye-Witness&#8217;
+records how English prisoners had been
+sheltered by the Germans in cellars to protect them
+from the bombardment of their own side. An Anglo-Indian
+tells of a wounded havildar who was noticed
+by a German officer. &#8216;The German officer spoke to
+him in Hindustani, asking him the number of his regiment,
+and where he came from. He bound up his
+wounds, gave him a drink, and brought him a bundle
+of straw to support his head. This will be remembered
+to the credit side of our German account.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A wounded officer addressed some students at one
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>of our universities. He protested humorously that he
+was not a &#8216;pro-German,&#8217; and then spoke up for a fair
+view of the enemy. When he was being carried into
+hospital, he noticed an anti-aircraft gun just outside
+the hospital. This struck him as, to say the least,
+unwise. He expected the hospital to be shelled, and
+this occurred. He did not blame the Germans. On
+another occasion a farm near the firing line was used
+for first aid. It was not obviously a hospital and was
+fired on. The Commanding Officer sent a note to Von
+Kluck to explain matters, and the farm was never
+after exposed to fire.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> He had seen a church damaged
+by German shell fire, but this was one which he had
+himself seen used by the French for observation purposes.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>
+The same officer uttered a warning against
+believing all that was in the &#8216;Tommies&#8217; letters. At
+one time when he was censoring letters, one passed
+through his hands from a Tommy only just arrived
+in France, and never in the firing line. He described
+an immense battle in which the English did wonders
+and he himself had marvellous duties to perform. As
+far as the military situation was concerned the letter
+was quite harmless, so it was allowed to go through.
+It was something like the intelligence to the publication
+of which the Press Bureau &#8216;does not object.&#8217;&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a><a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p>In her book, &#8220;My War Experiences on Two Continents,&#8221;
+Miss Macnaughten writes of the Germans:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>&#8220;Individually, I always like them, and it is useless
+to say I don&#8217;t. They are all polite and grateful, and
+I thought to-day, when the prisoners were surrounded
+by a gaping crowd, that they bore themselves very
+well.&#8221; (p.&nbsp;127). Again, &#8220;I found one young German
+with both hands smashed. He was not ill enough to
+have a bed, of course, but sat with his head fallen
+forward trying to sleep on a chair. I fed him with
+porridge and milk out of a little bowl, and when he
+had finished half of it he said, &#8216;I won&#8217;t have any more.
+I am afraid there will be none for the others.&#8217;&#8221; (p.&nbsp;37.)
+Unfortunately, Miss Macnaughten too readily accepted
+war stories. She writes of &#8220;country houses&#8221; where
+he heard German prisoners here lived in luxury, &#8220;and
+they say girls are allowed to come and play lawn tennis
+with them.&#8221; The humour of this will be apparent
+to any who have visited internment camps. Lawn
+tennis was, however, possible at some camps, both here
+and in Germany&mdash;there were seven courts at Ruhleben.
+Some of the atrocity stories many of us will recognise
+as not so reliable as Miss Macnaughten supposed.
+It is her personal experiences which are important,
+and, like the Scotchman<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> (whom she quotes) she has,
+not hatred, but respect, for the Germans whom she
+herself meets.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Ease of Accusation.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Again and again, everywhere, we find readiness to
+accept stories against the enemy on very slender
+evidence. At the time of the loss of our three cruisers
+I saw in one of the better newspapers a large heading,
+&#8220;German Treachery. Fighting under the Dutch
+Flag.&#8221; I looked down the columns for evidence. No
+mention of such a circumstance in the official report,
+none in the letter from the chief correspondent; but at
+last I found that some one at Harwich had &#8220;heard of&#8221;
+such an incident. We must remember that only cool
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>and clear intellects are likely at such a time to give
+an accurate account of facts. Between others mutual
+recrimination may readily arise. An officer on
+H.M.A.S. <i>Sydney</i> wrote after the attack on the
+<i>Emden</i>: &#8220;It was very interesting talking to some of
+the German officers afterwards. On the first day they
+were on board one said to me, &#8216;You fire on the white
+flag.&#8217; I at once took the matter up, and the torpedo-lieutenant
+and an engineer (of the <i>Emden</i>) both said
+emphatically, &#8216;No, that is not so; you did not fire on
+the white flag.&#8217; But we did not leave it at that. One
+of us went to the captain, and he got from Captain
+von M&uuml;ller an assurance that we had done nothing of
+the kind, and that he intended to assemble his officers
+and tell them so.&#8221; Note how readily on the other
+side, amongst those less responsible or less cool-headed,
+a tale may grow up against <i>us</i>. Let us observe in
+considering tales against them the same caution that
+we should wish them to exercise in considering tales
+against us.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Troops in Occupation.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Witnesses from Brussels and from Ghent have
+spoken well of the personal behaviour of both soldiers
+and officers. A neutral correspondent writes in the
+<i>Times</i> of January 28, 1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>&#8220;On the whole it cannot be said that the behaviour of the
+German officers and soldiers towards the population of Ghent
+is bad. When the German troops entered the city, strict
+injunctions were given them to refrain from pillaging, and
+to pay for everything they bought in the shops, very much
+to the disgust of many....&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Gabriel Mourey has written an account of his
+custody of the Palais de Compi&egrave;gne during the invasion.
+The <i>Times</i> review of this book is so interesting that
+I propose to give some extracts from it:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span>First the palace served as the general headquarters of the
+British Army during the last stage of the strategic retreat to
+the Marne; and in the closing days of August, M. Mourey
+looked out of his window to see Generals French and Joffre
+walking up and down the terrace in consultation, while in
+the park English soldiers were shaving themselves calmly
+before little pieces of broken mirror. In a night they had
+left Compi&egrave;gne, blowing up the Louis XV. bridge (&#8220;utterly
+improved,&#8221; and therefore no great loss). On the next day
+came the Uhlans, by no means so terrible as they had been
+painted.... Von Kluck was to make his headquarters
+there for a day, and the first announcement of the doubtful
+honour was brought by an engineer lieutenant, who came to
+make a wireless installation on the palace roof. He was very
+quick, but he found time to inform the conservator that his
+name was Maurin, that it was a French name. He repeated
+it many times, &#8220;C&#8217;est un nom fran&ccedil;ais,&#8221; and he was plainly
+proud of it. Then came Von Kluck himself, asking in polite
+and excellent French that he might be shown over the palace.
+Of him M. Mourey draws a by no means unattractive picture,
+urbane yet reserved, with real admiration for the treasures
+of the Palace, discreetly murmuring &#8220;Je sais&#8221; at the close
+of every explanation, not offensively, but as though some long
+forgotten memory had returned to him, making his frequent
+&#8220;Kolossal&#8221; sound in his conductor&#8217;s ears as gently as the
+continual &#8220;Very nice&#8221; of the British Officer, and, his visit
+over, promising that respect should be paid to the monument
+of Imperial France.</p>
+
+<p>But Von Kluck could not stay. He was followed by Von
+Marwitz, no less polite, no less sympathetic to M. Mourey&#8217;s
+natural fears, and generous enough to write and sign a
+proclamation forbidding his troops to lay their hand upon the
+palace. He, too, went his way. Von Kluck&#8217;s Quartermaster-General
+seized the opportunity of making a private levy of
+5,000f. upon the town before he sped like Gehazi after his
+master&#8217;s chariot. Then ensued the brief reign of lesser men,
+stupid, brutal, blustering, bullying, insulting, because they
+feared a civilisation which they could not understand.</p></div>
+
+<p>I think we know such men, and many privates know
+such men, elsewhere than in the German army.
+Germany may have cultivated them in greater
+numbers&mdash;that is highly probable&mdash;but they are rife
+everywhere, and under favourable circumstances they
+thrive exceedingly.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span>Their insolent arrogance culminated in a certain aide-de-camp,
+who arrived post-haste to say that the Palace must
+be instantly made ready to receive an Excellence <i>par
+excellence</i>. A man of imagination this aide-de-camp, for
+when at his command M. Mourey showed him over the
+palace and pointed out the gaps in the collections made by
+the soldiers&#8217; pilfery, he said with an all-explanatory air,
+&#8220;But why didn&#8217;t you get souvenirs ready for the officers?&#8221;
+The Excellence whom this right Brandenburger heralded was
+no less than the Kaiser himself, and M. Mourey is convinced
+that it is to the Imperial intention that the safety of Compi&egrave;gne
+is owing. It may be: but we prefer to think that
+honourable foes such as Von Kluck and Von Marwitz had
+their share in the unusual consummation.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Irish Nuns at Ypres&#8221; gives an account of
+their experiences by a member of the Community. In
+a review (May 27, 1915), the <i>Times</i> Literary Supplement
+says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>For us in England it is hard to realise the feeling of
+sickening anxiety with which, on October 7, these defenceless
+ladies witnessed the arrival in Ypres of the devastators
+of Belgium. On this occasion, apart from a certain amount
+of looting, the Germans behaved &#8220;pretty civilly,&#8221; and the
+Abbey had nothing to complain of but want of bread.</p></div>
+
+<p>Another French account of the invaders in Northern
+France is given by Gabriele and Margerita Yerta,
+&#8220;Six Women and the Invasion.&#8221; Their experiences
+were variable. &#8220;It is clear,&#8221; writes a reviewer in the
+<i>Nation</i>, &#8220;that Herr Major, and &#8216;Barlu,&#8217; and
+&#8216;Crafleux&#8217; and the two &#8216;model Prussians,&#8217; who
+replenished the house with coal and provisions, and
+offered the ladies game they had shot, only sinned by
+their over-gallantry. But things changed for the worse
+with the coming of a hundred Death&#8217;s Head Hussars
+and Lieutenant von Bernhausen.... Nothing
+very outrageous is recorded, but there was dragooning,
+inquisition, drunkenness. Bernhausen&#8217;s reign lasted
+two months.&#8221; As to outrages on women, Madame
+Yerta writes: &#8220;To be sure there were rapes, but,
+thanks be to God, these were few, and they took place
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span>at the beginning of the invasion.... I must
+confess that many a woman was the victim of her own
+imprudence.&#8221; The book is, naturally, fiercely anti-German,
+its facts are, however, those of any war
+story.</p>
+
+<p>Again, &#8220;On the whole the Germans behaved well
+at St. Quentin. Their rule was stern but just, and
+although the civil population had been put on rations
+of black bread, they got enough, and it was not, after
+all, so bad.&#8221; This testimony is the more noteworthy
+because, &#8220;as one of the most important bases of the
+German Army in France the town was continually
+filled with troops of every regiment, who stayed a little
+while and then passed on.&#8221; (Philip Gibbs, &#8220;The
+Soul of the War,&#8221; p.&nbsp;152.) It is a little startling to
+read some more that Mr. Gibbs has to say. French-women
+were ready to sell themselves to German
+soldiers, and &#8220;such outrageous scenes took place that
+the German order to close some of the caf&eacute;s was hailed
+as a boon by the decent citizens, who saw the women
+expelled by order of the German commandant with
+enormous thankfulness.&#8221; I am not so surprised
+at this now as when I first read it. An English soldier
+has since told me that the &#8220;silliness&#8221; (as he called
+it) of women for soldiers leads them, in more cases
+than he could have imagined, to bestow themselves on
+either friend or enemy. Women with child had said
+to him quite proudly that it was by a German soldier!</p>
+
+<p>From a private letter: &#8220;One of the party is a
+French officer who tells the tale. After the Marne
+retreat he was crossing over the territory evacuated by
+the Germans, and made inquiry of the villagers who
+had housed the enemy, how they had been treated,
+what barbarities had been committed, and so forth.
+The villagers were surprised. The Germans had
+behaved like gentlemen, had paid for what they used,
+and had treated them with perfect courtesy. What,
+no looting? On the contrary, the German officer had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span>a soldier shot for a very small act of pillage....
+&#8216;We&#8217;re soldiers, not robbers,&#8217; he said.&#8221; I cannot
+vouch for this story, but it gives just the same impression
+as the account given by Dr. Scarlett-Synge (see
+pp.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_149">149</a>ff). It is also remarkably similar to experiences
+recounted by C.&nbsp;A. Winn (Baron Headley) who
+was with the Prussians in 1870. (&#8220;What I saw of
+the War,&#8221; p.&nbsp;44.) When he himself had taken some
+vegetables from a garden, he was told by his officer
+friends that any sort of pillage was the &#8220;greatest
+offence a friend of the Prussians could be guilty of.&#8221;
+And Mr. Winn speaks of &#8220;the many instances of the
+remarkable efforts of the authorities of the Prussian
+army to prevent plunders by their soldiers.&#8221; It must
+be remembered that deliberate destruction for military
+reasons, or as punishment (carried out by all armies)
+is very different from theft. I do not for a moment
+suppose that this standard is always reached by the
+German armies. That it has often been aimed at is
+something to remember.</p>
+
+<p>I may add here a rather interesting quotation from
+Colonel F.&nbsp;N. Maude&#8217;s book, &#8220;War and the World&#8217;s
+Life.&#8221; On page 11 he writes: &#8220;I do not suggest
+that life in the Prussian army has at any time been
+ideal, but I do assert, from personal knowledge, that
+relatively to their respective stages of civilisation the
+treatment of the Prussian soldier, since 1815, has at
+all times been fairer and more humane than in any
+other army. The fact is proved by the very high
+standard of discipline maintained, together with the
+extraordinary absence of military crime which has so
+long distinguished it.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I am reminded, too, of one of the first experiences
+of a friend of mine in France. He reached a village
+through which the Uhlans had passed. Had the
+inhabitants any complaints of their behaviour? None
+whatever.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> Their only indignation was directed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span>against some English soldiers who (if their story be
+correct) had behaved abominably. It was a curious
+shock of reality for my friend. He realised that sometimes
+the enemy might behave well, and sometimes
+bad stories of English soldiers might be circulated
+(even amongst Allies). I am quite sure that no
+soldiers in the world would, in general, have more
+natural humanity than the British, and perhaps none
+would have as much. I contend only against the
+belief that one side is impeccable, and the other hopelessly
+barbarian.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">From the International Review; a Common
+Memorial.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Here are a few extracts from the <i>International
+Review</i>, a periodical published at Z&uuml;rich, and with
+co-operators in Russia, Denmark, Germany, Austria,
+Italy, America, Great Britain. &#8220;The yearning
+of human beings towards mutual understanding needs
+to-day a new organ for its expression.&#8221; Hence this
+review&mdash;a review naturally pronounced pro-German by
+our Junker Press, since it presents, amongst other
+things, moderate statements of the German standpoint.
+The only internationalism which this Press
+can recognise is one that is exclusively English. So
+exactly, <i>mutatis mutandis</i>, do German and English
+chauvinism coincide. The extracts which follow are
+taken from the first number of the review. &#8220;Under
+the title, &#8216;German-French Chivalry,&#8217; the <i>Volksstimme</i>,
+of Frankfurt a.M. (June 19, 1915), describes
+the dedication of a memorial to three thousand dead
+at Sedan on June 12. The leaders of the German
+army were present, and the French authorities
+officially shared in the proceedings. The short inscriptions
+on the simple monuments are in both French
+and German. They refer alike to the seventeen
+hundred French and the thirteen hundred Germans
+who fell on August 27 during the battle on the heights
+of Noyers.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span><span class="smcap">A Story from France.</span></h3>
+
+<p>From <i>L&#8217;Action Fran&ccedil;aise</i>, Paris (June 12, 1915), is
+cited a description of the poignancy of war, of which
+the following is a translation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>There had been a fierce fight in front of a fortress. Many
+dead lay on the ground, and a few wounded who were dying.
+In the night we heard weak cries, &#8216;Kamerad, Kamerad!&#8217;
+We answered, thinking it was a German who wished to give
+himself up. The cries were repeated. We thought of treachery,
+and each took his stand in readiness. Suddenly, there came
+in pure French: &#8216;Camerades Fran&ccedil;ais!&#8217; &#8216;What is it?&#8217; &#8216;A
+wounded man lies near you.&#8217; &#8216;No.&#8217; &#8216;Yes, in front of the
+trench.&#8217; &#8216;We have just made a round, and found only dead.&#8217;
+&#8216;Yes, but there <i>is</i> a wounded man there who is calling. Can
+you not look for him?&#8217; &#8216;No.&#8217; And then in the silence we
+hear again, &#8216;Kamerad, Kamerad!&#8217; The German officer
+speaks again, very politely: &#8216;French comrades, may we go
+to look for the wounded man?&#8217; An inflexible &#8216;No&#8217; is the
+answer. Is not some trick concealed under his apparent
+humanity and his persistence? &#8216;Well, then,&#8217; calls the German
+again, &#8216;go yourself and look; we shall not shoot.&#8217; Can we
+trust a German&#8217;s word, after all that they have done? But
+there is no long delay. A man from Lille springs forward:
+&#8216;All right, I will go to fetch him,&#8217; he says. &#8216;I will go with
+him,&#8217; I say to the Lieutenant. The leader of my squadron
+brings some others. The wounded man calls: &#8216;Kamerad!
+Do not kill me!&#8217; We reassure him as to our intentions, and
+as he has a shattered hip we carry him to our lines, and on
+the way in spite of his suffering, he keeps on repeating with
+every kind of modulation, &#8216;Good comrade.&#8217; He was a young
+man, scarcely eighteen years old, of the 205th Infantry.</p>
+
+<p>I call to the enemy trenches: &#8216;We have brought in one
+wounded man, are there any others there?&#8217; &#8216;Yes. 20 metres
+further to the right.&#8217; We look round. &#8216;There are none there,
+only dead.&#8217; &#8216;Wait, we will give you some light.&#8217; A few
+words in German which we cannot understand. Will they
+simply shoot us down? Suddenly two splendid rockets go
+up: we can see as if it were midday. We are half a dozen
+marines and are standing twenty metres from the German
+trenches. On the other side of the wire entanglements an
+officer and men, behind the breastwork pointed helmets and
+caps. All remains quiet. We look round carefully. &#8216;Nothing.
+There are only corpses here. We are going back, you go
+back, too.&#8217; &#8216;Merci, camerades fran&ccedil;ais!&#8217; calls the officer,
+and his men repeat the greeting of their superior. As soon
+as we are behind our breastwork our Lieutenant gives a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span>command loud enough to be heard at sixty metres. &#8216;In the
+air&mdash;Fire!&#8217; From over there once more, &#8216;Thank you,
+comrades,&#8217; as answer to our salvo, and all falls back once
+more into the silence of the night; the work of death can go
+on again. But for this one night not a shot was heard around
+us.</p></div>
+
+<p>How much sanity is there in a world that sets such
+men to kill each other, and eggs them on to hate?</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">German Help of &#8220;Alien Enemies.&#8221;</span></h3>
+
+<p>In Germany (as already mentioned in Chap. IV.) is
+a &#8216;Committee for advice and help to natives and
+foreigners in State and international affairs.&#8217; It deals
+with those of all nationalities, and one branch of it
+corresponds in many ways to the similar Emergency
+Committee in England for assistance of Germans,
+Austrians and Hungarians in distress.</p>
+
+<p>What, however, is most striking is the number of
+cases of individual kindness shown by Germans to
+&#8220;alien enemies.&#8221; The minds of many might be
+cleared on this subject if they would read a charming
+and unpretentious little book, &#8220;An English Girl&#8217;s
+Adventures in Hostile Germany,&#8221; by Mary Littlefair,
+published by John Long, Ltd. The authoress saw
+and heard absurd Press charges on the other side, and
+something, too, of the irrational hatred of war-time,
+but the little book is a record of almost nothing but
+kindness, and gives fresh hope to those who had begun
+to despair of human nature.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Here are two cases of
+singular beauty from Nauheim. A postman &#8220;happened
+to know of a poor English lady whose funds had
+come to an end, and who had in consequence offered
+to wash up the crockery at her pension in return for
+her board and lodging, and he told her one morning
+that he had forty pounds saved up which she should
+have, and welcome, if she was in need.&#8221; The case
+of the bath-chair woman was not less touching and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span>generous, for she and her husband, a crossing-sweeper,
+also put their savings at the disposal of an invalid lady
+his wife used to wheel out every day, telling her that,
+though their cottage was only small, they did possess
+a tiny spare room, and they would be so glad if she
+would come to them as their honoured guest, supposing&mdash;as
+at present seemed likely&mdash;the English
+would have to spend the winter in Nauheim; they
+would indeed do their best to make her happy and
+comfortable.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<p>On more than one occasion in the railway trains
+the &#8220;enemy&#8221; character of Miss Littlefair and those
+who were with her was revealed, but no unkindness
+was shown. The last occasion was in October, 1914.
+&#8220;&#8216;Shall you have to travel farther, or does your
+journey end in Munich,&#8217; &#8216;No,&#8217; I said, &#8216;we hope to
+go on to Switzerland to-morrow.&#8217; &#8216;O, how delightful!
+You are lucky. It is such a beautiful country.
+Tell me, are you foreigners by any chance&mdash;American,
+or perhaps English?&#8217; she queried. &#8216;English,&#8217; I
+replied. The truth was out, and I looked to see a
+change of feeling reflected in her pleasant, winsome
+face; but her expression remained as kind and as interested
+as before, and her manner as cordial, so I told
+her more about ourselves, as there was no longer any
+need of reserve, and she had told me so much of their
+affairs.&#8221; There was, of course, the usual patriotic
+bias, but it was expressed with real good feeling.
+&#8220;&#8216;Of course, we don&#8217;t hold the English people personally
+responsible for the war,&#8217; she said, &#8216;but we
+think that England<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> has behaved very shabbily. It
+is very grieving, though, that the two countries should
+be at war.&#8217; She had two or three English friends,
+and told me about them till our arrival in Munich,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>where our confidences were necessarily cut short, and
+we took an affectionate leave of one another.&#8221; (p.&nbsp;123.)</p>
+
+<p>The following incident also shows simple folk made
+clear-sighted by kindness of heart: &#8220;On another
+occasion Christine and one of the ladies in our hotel
+went into a shop to buy some beautiful lace which
+was being sold at half-price. &#8216;We have to sell it
+cheaply because of the war,&#8217; explained the assistant:
+&#8216;ach! it is terrible! We never wanted this war, and I
+am sure you did not either. You and I are not
+enemies, it is ridiculous. Let us shake hands to show
+we are friends. Yes!&#8217; And they did.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> Good!
+That handshake, let us hope, will outweigh many a
+hysterical outburst on both sides.</p>
+
+<p>An English schoolmaster was, with his wife and
+family, in Germany at the outbreak of war. He
+testifies to the quite wonderful kindness he received.
+Almost daily he was taken by his hosts to other
+houses, and at the <i>Kaffeeklatsch</i> which ensued
+there was never anything but a finely chivalrous
+courtesy. So grateful did the schoolmaster feel that
+(just as with Germans befriended here) he felt he must
+make some sort of return to the &#8220;enemy.&#8221; He
+explained the situation, and obtained permission to
+take two interned enemy nationals into his house.
+They in their turn felt that movement of gratitude
+which the preachers of hate refuse to believe in. They
+wanted to make some return to the schoolmaster, for
+schoolmasters are usually poor men. &#8220;If you do
+that,&#8221; he said, &#8220;I shall feel I am doing nothing.&#8221;
+There was a dispute of kindness, and in the end a
+<i>modus vivendi</i> of gratitude was arrived at. How
+strange the methods of force seem by comparison. The
+two men are now interned once more&mdash;surely a sorry
+end to a story of such fine humanity.</p>
+
+<p>From Mrs. K. Warmington: &#8220;There are two little
+instances that stand out in my mind very clearly, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span>I think speak for themselves. The first relates to an
+English lady, her husband, and her son, with whom I
+made acquaintance at the English Consul&#8217;s office.
+Later on I met the same lady at the American Consul&#8217;s
+office; she was in deep distress, as her husband and
+son had been arrested and put into prison. Through
+the influence of an American that we met at an hotel,
+we got a permit to go and see a military commandant
+at the barracks to see if anything could be done for
+them. When we arrived, he treated us most courteously,
+and listened patiently to what we had to say.
+He rang a doctor up on the telephone, and, as far as
+we could make out, told the doctor to examine these
+men, and to pronounce them ill. He then turned to
+us, and told us to return in the afternoon, when he
+would fetch them in his own motor-car, which he did.
+He also gave us a paper asking the civil authorities to
+do all they could to aid us to get away, shook hands,
+and wished us a safe journey.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The other instance relates more to myself. We
+were at N&uuml;remberg, Bavaria. We had permission to
+leave for Lindau, on the borders of Lake Constance,
+on our way to Romanshorn in Switzerland. The
+journey was a rather expensive one for me, as I had
+very little money, little more indeed than a cheque,
+which was valueless. A young German, who was
+shortly going into the Navy, whom I had known only
+about a month, hearing of my case came to me, and
+gave me &pound;9 in English gold to enable me to travel
+more comfortably.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My father was German, my mother English, and
+my husband English. I was in Germany in 1914
+from July 26 to August 26. As my son was of
+military age, and I did not want him interned, I got
+what influence I could to get him away. He was
+finally released at the end of August, and we were
+allowed to go on to Switzerland.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the course of 1915 an English born woman
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>returned to her husband in Munich. Her sister wrote
+to me of the extreme kindness with which this lady
+was received by her German friends. Many English
+wives of interned men have gone to Germany to their
+husband&#8217;s families, and one hears the same account of
+extreme kindness. In Offenbach alone there are
+twenty English wives with forty English born children.
+<i>Special classes have been opened for them.</i> After all,
+there are some German methods which are worthy of
+imitation. There seems at times a danger of our
+imitating what is <i>worst</i> in our enemies, partly as a
+result of a desire to ignore what is better.</p>
+
+<p>The letter which follows appeared in the <i>Times</i> of
+September 2, 1914:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Sir,&mdash;Various rumours are finding their way into the German
+papers respecting the harsh treatment which certain
+Germans are said to have received in England. We British
+subjects who are being kindly and hospitably treated by
+Germans earnestly hope that these reports are, at any rate,
+much exaggerated.</p>
+
+<p>It is well that the British public should understand the
+position of their fellow countrymen here. At the outbreak
+of the war British subjects in out-of-the-way places were
+given safe conducts to suitable centres, such as Baden-Baden,
+and there allowed to choose places of abode according to
+their tastes and means. Such restrictions as are put upon
+their movements are in their own interests. The authorities
+have exhorted the inhabitants publicly as well as by house
+to house visitations to treat foreigners with respect and
+courtesy, taking pride in thus proving their claim to a truly
+high standard of civilisation, and the people have responded
+nobly to this appeal. Not only have hotel and pension-keepers
+done everything in their power to accommodate their
+visitors, at the most reduced prices, giving credit in many
+instances, but several cases have come to our notice in which
+Germans have housed and fed English women and children,
+who were perfect strangers to them, out of pure humanity
+and good feeling.</p>
+
+<p>You, sir, can imagine how galling it must be to these people
+when they read in their papers of the very different treatment
+alleged to have been shown to Germans in England, and how
+painful and humiliating a position is thereby created for us
+here. England has hitherto enjoyed such a high reputation
+for chivalry and hospitality that tales to the contrary cause
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>Germans a half incredulous shock. It it not too late for
+England to prove that she is living up to her old standard
+and that she refuses to be outdone in magnanimity towards
+the stranger within her gates....</p>
+
+<p>(A paragraph follows as to the means by which money can
+be sent to Britons <i>via</i> neutral countries.)</p>
+
+<p class="signers" style="margin-left: 2.3em">(Signed) <span class="smcap">Dorothy Acton</span> (Lady).</p>
+<p class="signers">F. <span class="smcap">Bullock-Webster</span>, M.A., Oxon, Resident Chaplain of Baden-Baden.</p>
+<p class="signers"><span class="smcap">Wm. Macintosh</span>, Dr. Ph., Resident English Chaplain, Freiburg, i.B.</p>
+
+<p>Baden-Baden,<br />
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">August 20, 1914.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some account may be given of a party of 190 Englishwomen
+and 14 children who landed at Queenborough
+on September 22, 1914. (<i>Times</i>, September 23, 1914.)
+&#8220;... With one accord they spoke in terms of
+praise, both of their treatment in Germany and of the
+kindness shown to them on the journey.... &#8216;We
+have received kindness everywhere,&#8217; said one of
+a party from Dantzig. &#8216;The Germans have been
+absolutely stunning to us.... I have not heard
+of one English person being molested anywhere in
+Germany.&#8217;&#8221; The Englishwomen did noble work on
+their part, especially for the fugitives from East
+Prussia. &#8220;One Sunday we fed and clothed 290 who
+had come in without a rag to their backs.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I was arrested in Berlin as a Russian spy, because
+a bomb had been found in the house next to mine,
+and because a woman in the street said that she had
+seen me putting bombs in my hat-box, and that she
+had seen me with a Russian. I did, as a matter of
+fact, know a Russian student, but he was not the
+man she meant. I was taken to the police station
+and searched twice in the same day. They kept me
+in prison for two days and nights, giving me very bad
+food, and then they released me because they had no
+real evidence against me. When I came out,
+strangely enough it was German people who gave
+me hospitality until I was able to leave Berlin.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span>Again, &#8220;The German women are crazy over our
+Scottish troops and their kilts. Some of them used
+to go out and give the prisoners cigarettes, chocolates
+and flowers, but that has been forbidden now.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A party of 178 who landed at Folkestone had varying
+stories to tell. &#8220;Nothing could possibly be better
+than the treatment we have received,&#8221; said one,
+&#8220;everybody&mdash;official, police and public&mdash;treated us with
+the greatest kindness and the utmost courtesy.&#8221;
+&#8220;The Germans are brutes, absolute brutes,&#8221; said
+another. Probably a third, who described both statements
+as exaggerations, came nearer the average truth.
+One of this same party described the kilts referred
+to above as causing matronly indignation in Berlin.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Times</i> of September 24, 1914, appeared a
+letter on the subject of English exiles in Berlin:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>I have read with interest and approval the statements
+of Englishwomen who have returned from Germany, as
+reported in the <i>Times</i> to-day, with regard to the conduct of
+the German people. As one of the party which arrived at
+Queensborough by the special boat, I wish publicly to express
+my warm appreciation not only of the considerate treatment
+which the people of Berlin showed towards English
+people there, but particularly to the splendid services rendered
+to us by the American Embassy, which made all the
+arrangements for our return, and by the Consular and municipal
+authorities in Holland, who supplied us with food
+during our journey through that country.</p>
+
+<p>May I add that I went about in Berlin as freely as I can
+now in London, and that at no time since the outbreak of
+the war have I seen a single British subject molested.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">(Signed) <span class="smcap">L. Tyrwhitt Drake.</span></p>
+
+<p class="sigdate">Ladies&#8217; Imperial Club,<br />
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">September 23.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here also is a fact that should give us pause. In
+a prisoner camp at Frankfurt a-Oder is a large building
+erected as a place of entertainment and general meeting
+hall. It is used by Russian prisoners, and <i>a considerable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>contribution towards its erection was collected
+by house-to-house visitation in Frankfurt.</i> To
+appreciate this fact at its true significance we must
+remember that Germany suffered from direct invasion
+by Russia immediately on the outbreak of the war,
+and that all the stories of atrocities and devastation
+that we heard of Belgium were also told of East
+Prussia.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;An old friend of our family,&#8221; a correspondent
+writes, &#8220;has been residing in Bavaria over forty years.
+He is an artist, and married a Bavarian lady. His
+eldest son is a doctor in London, and two of his
+daughters are married in London, but the father has
+no difficulty in getting permits to paint in the Austrian
+and German mountains, and still finds a sale for his
+pictures in Germany.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Forty years is, I know, a long time, but not by any
+means always sufficient to prevent persecution in the
+present war. On my writing table is a little ivory
+elephant. It was carved by a German who had been
+forty years in the service of one British firm. He
+was dismissed (a man over seventy) because of the
+war. This is not a unique case. &#8220;N.S., clock-maker,
+who had been here thirty-nine years, and
+P.W., baker, fifty years. (He had two sons at the
+front, and &#8216;the longer he thought the more the number
+of his English grandchildren grew.&#8217;)&#8221; (See the Third
+Report of the Emergency Committee for these and
+other cases).</p>
+
+<p>I do not in the least wish to suggest that there has
+been little kindness on this side and much on the other.
+I am simply trying to restore the balance. So far
+(as is usual in war-time) the game of hatred has been
+played with loaded dice. Let us welcome kindness
+everywhere. Here, then, is a different kind of story
+from one of the Friends&#8217; reports:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>A young man, smart and erect three months ago when he
+was in employment, intelligent, speaks and writes four languages,
+with excellent references, now but a sad wreck,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span>wants to go to South Africa, where he has friends, but,
+alas! the permit is refused&mdash;has written abroad to his father,
+who is in a good position, for money, but it takes so long
+to get a reply. His English landlady, though poor, &#8220;has been
+so kind,&#8221; he had his last dinner three days ago from her. We
+give temporary help, but if this money does not come before
+January 1 he will have to go into camp. Quite willing to do
+so, &#8220;but can we not give his poor landlady something?&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>The kind landladies and other kind hearts exist,
+thank God, on both sides.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> To enquire on which side
+there are most would (even if we could do so without
+bias) probably be profitless. The important point is
+that the kind hearts on the other side are there, and
+that a brotherhood of blessing will help the world more
+than a brotherhood of revenge&mdash;if, indeed, this last
+could be any brotherhood at all.</p>
+
+<p>Miss G.&nbsp;H. writes: &#8220;I am particularly anxious to
+do something for interned Germans. For four months
+of the war I was in Germany with my mother, sister,
+nephew and niece, and we were all most kindly treated
+and helped in every possible way both by friends, by
+my lawyer, my banker and the neighbouring peasants.
+Also by all the guards and waiters along our journey
+on November 21. Friends, peasants, and my lawyer
+are still looking after my property in Germany, and
+I have left everything in the hands of a neighbouring
+peasant, who sends me accounts of it. I would like
+to be able to do some kind acts here in return, and
+for the furtherance of better relationships later on.&#8221;
+Yet it can never be pleasant to be in an &#8220;enemy&#8221;
+country. Miss H. writes further: &#8220;In spite of having
+such unspeakable sympathy, really understanding
+sympathy, shown me by not only friends, but the
+common people&mdash;though I hardly like using this term,
+as no one with so much fellow feeling could really be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>termed common&mdash;in spite of this kindness, I know so
+well how one can suffer. Over there <i>we</i> are looked
+upon in the same way that Germans are looked upon
+here, as quite outside the pale of common morality.
+Fully realising what this must mean for me, these
+kindly Germans would go off into a day dream of
+wonderment as to how <i>they</i> might feel in a similar
+plight, and one ended up with the reflection, &#8216;Ja,
+es ist halt jetzt die Zeit der M&auml;rtyrer&#8217; (it is indeed
+the time of the martyrs once more).&#8221; Surely there
+is something strangely poignant about the convinced
+and steadfast martyrdom and self-sacrifice of both
+sides. Surely the peoples who can thus offer themselves
+in destroying each other must both have noble
+gifts to give together one day in a nobler cause.</p>
+
+<p>The following is from the <i>Nation</i> (Jan. 19, 1918):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>A clergyman sends me the following. I think it best to
+publish the story as it stands:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Some years before the outbreak of war there lived in a
+certain German town, now frequently raided by air squadrons,
+an old Englishwoman. She was a semi-invalid; difficult and
+cantankerous. Subject to illusions, she imagined that the good
+nuns, who received her as an unremunerative paying guest,
+were in league against her mangy, but beloved dog. Yet both
+she and her dog continued to receive the half-humorous
+tolerance of their benefactors.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Then came the 4th of August, 1914, and Miss X. passed
+into the mists of war.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A year later she emerged from the mists.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A letter came, forwarded through a neutral in Switzerland;
+but the letter was not from the pen of Miss X. It had
+been dictated. Briefly, it said: &#8216;I am bed-ridden and
+almost blind. I have hardly anything to live upon; and the
+Germans will not let me go.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Certain details were added which clearly established
+identity to the recipient of the letter. There followed, on the
+same sheet of paper, and in the same handwriting, a postscript:
+&#8216;Sir, I have taken this poor Englishwoman into
+my house. How can she live on 10 marks a month?</p>
+
+<p class="signature">Yours, Fr&auml;ulein ...&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>&#8220;Intervened the British Foreign Office and the American
+Embassy. Then came another letter: &#8216;Sir, your efforts have
+not been in vain....</p>
+
+<p class="signature">Fr&auml;ulein ...&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;But that is not the end of this incident of war. &#8216;Hate.&#8217;
+had still its &#8216;uses.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Sir. I thank you for your good letter and your very kind
+question. All is paid, hospital and funeral. There were 30
+marks left to have the grave a little arranged.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">Fr&auml;ulein ...&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>My correspondent adds the following comment: &#8220;I was an
+enemy, and ye took me in.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>In Vienna newspapers there were in 1915 many
+advertisements in which French, English, and Russian
+natives offer their services as teachers, thus:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>London Lady (Diploma) gives lessons.&mdash;L. Balman, VI Bez.
+Gumpendorferstrasse 5, Th. 14.</p>
+
+<p>Frenchman and Frenchwoman give instruction in French.&mdash;VIII,
+Lerchengasse 10.</p>
+
+<p>An Irishwoman, brought up in England, gives lessons.&mdash;Letters
+to Miss Morris.</p></div>
+
+<p>Such advertisements, we learn from the <i>International
+Review</i> of July, 1915, appear daily in Vienna.</p>
+
+<p>From <i>Die Hilfe</i>, June 22, 1915: &#8220;in a weekly
+concert in Noyon the collaborators were Prof. Rivi&egrave;re,
+Sergeant Bonhoff, and Director G&uuml;nzel. The performance
+of the Frenchman from an organ composition of
+his own was most effective.&#8221; There are, of course, also
+exhibitions of narrow-mindedness. In Halle the
+police forbade a performance because one of those who
+took part was an &#8220;enemy alien.&#8221; (<i>Vorw&auml;rts</i>, June 1,
+1915.) On the other hand, when some Italian
+musicians complained of unjust dismissal, the court
+awarded them damages of 700 marks. The
+<i>Volksstimme</i>, of Frankfurt a.M., June 8, 1915,
+writing of Italy, deprecates any hatred of Italians.
+As soon as the responsible authorities had decided on
+war, obedience was the duty of each Italian citizen,
+just as of each German.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> This outspoken deference
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span>to &#8220;responsible authority&#8221; is characteristically
+German, but the doctrine is here applied with great
+fairness. Some of our militarists apply it less fairly.
+And, alas, when the Italian <i>Avanti</i> published an
+article &#8220;Against the Blunders of International Hate,&#8221;
+the wisdom of the Censor caused it to be largely
+blanked out. The Censors seem to have strict orders
+to keep us hating each other.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Brotherhood Again.</span></h3>
+
+<p>And yet&mdash;&#8220;We picked up scrappily the hint, however,
+that &#8216;some of the Germans were all right.&#8217;&#8221;
+This from an article in the <i>Times</i> on a homecomer
+from the front. With unconscious self-revelation the
+writer adds: &#8220;That somehow sounds depressing.
+One has heard the opposite.&#8221; Just so, it is disconcerting
+and depressing to have it suggested that the
+enemy is a man very much like ourselves; it injures
+our feeling of superiority. We &#8220;confess&#8221; any favourable
+impression of him as if it were a fault of our own.
+A correspondent of the <i>Petit Parisien</i> tells of the
+capture of a German officer of Hussars, near Arras.
+&#8220;I confess,&#8221; he says, &#8220;that the impression he
+produced was rather favourable than otherwise.&#8221;
+(<i>Daily Telegraph</i>, June 11, 1915.)</p>
+
+<p>With others the confession is less reluctant.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>There&#8217;s one spot in Ploegsteert Wood that German shells
+ought never to reach. It&#8217;s a grave with a carefully made
+wooden cross on it, and the lettering says:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Here lie two gallant German officers.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;That&#8217;s rather unexpected,&#8221; said a civilian who was with
+us.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;But they were brave,&#8221; said the major. &#8220;The Germans
+aren&#8217;t always so bad. Five officers from my regiment were
+missing one time, and we never even expected to find their
+bodies. But when we drove the Germans back we found a
+grave on which was marked: &#8216;Here lie five brave English
+officers.&#8217; We identified them all, and their bodies were
+taken back to England.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span>We followed another sidewalk and came to a huge mound
+covered with yellow flowers, which had been planted by the
+English soldiers. On a neatly made cross at the head of the
+mound an English soldier had patiently printed the words:
+&#8220;Here lie seventeen German soldiers.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There wasn&#8217;t an English grave in Ploegsteert Wood that
+was better tended or more heavily beflowered than these
+mounds of fallen Germans.&mdash;Mr. <span class="smcap">W.&nbsp;G. Shepherd</span>, Special
+Correspondent of the United Press.</p>
+
+<p class="sigdate"><i>Daily News</i>, June 1, 1915.</p>
+
+
+<p class="tb">If all the episodes of this action were recorded they would
+make a long as well as a grim narrative revealing the ghastliness,
+the wild passion, the self-sacrifice, and the cool
+cunning of such an hour or two of modern war.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the tales of the men would have been incredible
+except that I heard them from soldiers who told the truth
+that lives on the lips of men who have seen very close into
+the face of death.</p>
+
+<p>It is, for instance, difficult to believe&mdash;yet true&mdash;that
+amidst all this tumult and terror of noise one German
+prisoner was taken as he sat very calmly in his dug-out
+reading a book of religious meditations through gold-rimmed
+spectacles. Perhaps it was the man&mdash;I only guess&mdash;in whose
+pocket-book was found a letter to his wife saying, &#8220;The
+position here is hellish, and death is certain. I only pray
+that it may come soon.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Daily Telegraph</i>, August 16, 1915.</p></div>
+
+<p>From Belfort in September came the report: &#8220;A
+German aviator this morning flew over Belfort,
+dropping a wreath on the spot where P&eacute;goud was
+killed. The following inscription was placed on the
+wreath: &#8216;To P&eacute;goud, who dies a hero. (Signed) His
+Adversary.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The following is from the <i>Daily News</i> of October 9,
+1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The parents of a Lance-Corporal in a Highland regiment
+who was killed in the recent fighting have received particulars
+about their son&#8217;s death from a German lady in Frankfurt-on-Main.</p>
+
+<p>The lady&#8217;s eldest brother was killed last year near Ypres
+and she knows, she says, how glad they were to receive any
+details of his death. Another brother, who is an officer in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>German army, had written from the front, begging her to
+inform the dead soldier&#8217;s relatives of his fate.</p>
+
+<p>In her letter the lady says: &#8220;Although we are enemies,
+pain and mourning unite us. So thought my brother, too, for
+he wrote everything about your son he could find out. I am
+sure my brother and his comrades did all honour to their
+enemies.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>The next extract is from the <i>Nation</i> of November 13.
+1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Soldiers are not reluctant to speak well of their foes. The
+officer son of a friend of mine relates that beyond his line of
+trenches is a German commemoration of a British advance in
+the shape of a carefully wrought cross, bearing the inscription:
+&#8220;Sacred to the memory of Lieutenants A&mdash;&mdash; and B&mdash;&mdash;
+of the Staffordshire Regiment, who died like heroes.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>From a private letter: &#8220;What impresses one most
+are the graveyards. All these are beautifully kept,
+all the graves have been cared for, and no distinction
+has been drawn between German, English, and
+French, who lie side by side. &#8216;Hier ruht ein tapferer
+Engl&auml;nder, gefallen im Luftkampf&#8217; (Here lies a
+brave Englishman, fallen in the air fight), etc., etc.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Daily News</i> of March 10, 1919, has the
+following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>From a staff sergeant in Germany: &#8220;Here, in Germany,
+an English officer with the &#8217;flu was nursed by his landlady,
+who, when her patient was better, succumbed to its ravages.
+Her daughter caught it from the mother, and is now lying
+at death&#8217;s door. But merely &#8216;Huns,&#8217; I suppose.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>The roll of honour in the chapel at New College,
+Oxford, includes the names of three Germans, and the
+words of charity: <i>Pro patria&mdash;Memento fratres in
+Christo</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Way of New Russia.</span></h3>
+
+<p>In reprisals of good we may learn something from
+the new Russia. When the German prisoners were
+set to work Kerensky said, &#8220;Prisoners or not, they
+shall be paid at the same rate as other men,&#8221; and
+they were. What was the result? Again the movement
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span>of gratitude, which is so potent a force, if only
+we would believe it. <i>The German prisoners presented
+half their wages to the Russian Red Cross.</i> I have to
+rely on private information for this.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Thoughts From the Other Side.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The thoughts of the others are much like our own&mdash;that
+is the difficult truth we have to learn. It is a
+truth that is absolutely essential to any peace that is
+to be more than an armistice of fools.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The war has produced in the public opinion of the nations
+a state of mind which formerly would not have been regarded
+as possible in our age of internationalism and intellectuality.
+National egotism and the effort to assert one&#8217;s own national
+interests by all and every means are dominating so exclusively
+each belligerent group that it forms for itself a closed
+circle of ideas, and under its influence conclusions are drawn
+which are so contradictory that one is almost inclined to
+think that logic and common sense have been entirely
+eliminated from the thinking capacity of the warring
+nations....</p>
+
+<p>We Germans, among the others, are subject to this war-suggestion.
+We do not wish to say, after the manner of
+the Pharisees, beating their breasts: &#8220;We thank Thee, Lord,
+that we are not like these publicans.&#8221; We know that we,
+too, are prisoners of our circle of ideas, and must remain so,
+for we, too, are ruled by our national egotism and by our
+desire to win the war.&mdash;<i>K&ouml;lnische Zeitung</i>, as quoted by the
+<i>Daily News</i>, September 3, 1915.</p></div>
+
+<p>Ideas imprisoned, narrowed (beschr&auml;nkt, as the
+Germans say), become putrescent through lack of free
+air. It is in this putrescence that the gospel of hate is
+bred. Here is a German officer&#8217;s protest against the
+infamy of this gospel. It is quoted from the
+<i>K&ouml;lnische Zeitung</i> by Mr. A.&nbsp;G. Gardiner in his book,
+&#8220;The War Lords&#8221;:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Perhaps you will be so good as to assist, by the publication
+of these lines, in freeing our troops from an evil which
+they feel very strongly. I have on many occasions, when
+distributing among the men the postal packets, observed
+among them postcards on which the defeated French, English
+and Russians were derided in a tasteless fashion. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span>impression made by these postcards on our men is highly
+noteworthy. Scarcely anybody is pleased with these postcards;
+on the contrary, every one expresses his displeasure.</p>
+
+<p>This is quite natural when one considers the position. We
+know how victories are won. We also know by what tremendous
+sacrifices they are obtained. We see with our own
+eyes the unspeakable misery of the battlefield. We rejoice
+over our victories, but our joy is damped by the recollection
+of the sad pictures which we observe almost daily.</p>
+
+<p>And our enemies have, in an overwhelming majority of
+cases, truly not deserved to be derided in such a way. Had
+they not fought bravely we should not have had to register
+such losses.</p>
+
+<p>Insipid, therefore, as these postcards are in themselves,
+their effect here on the battlefields, in face of our dead and
+wounded, is only calculated to cause disgust. Such postcards
+are as much out of place on the battlefield as a clown
+is at a funeral. Perhaps these lines may prove instrumental
+in decreasing the number of such postcards sent to our
+troops.</p></div>
+
+<p>Personally, I believe this to express the soul of the
+real Germany and the soul of the real England. The
+soul of any people is the <i>best</i> that is in it.</p>
+
+<p>The following is from a lecture delivered by Prof.
+H. Gomperz in Vienna, early in 1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>&#8220;Ladies and gentlemen, in our day all sorts of speakers and
+writers feel called upon to preach to us the doctrine of hate,
+in prose and even in verse, more especially against one of the
+countries opposing us. I do them the honour of assuming
+that even they do not mean that we are to translate this
+feeling into action; rather, even they do not dream of doing
+the slightest harm to any individual Englishman in so far as
+it is not necessary or inevitable for the purposes of victory.
+What then does this preaching of hatred mean, if indeed it
+means anything at all, and is not the mere empty clamour of
+some people anxious to attract attention without rendering
+useful service? Do they mean us to nurse and cherish the
+feeling of hate? Truly a strange demand after nearly two
+thousand years of training in the teaching of the gospel!
+And besides, whom are we to hate? The individual doing his
+duty in the service of his country, just as we are? Or the
+responsible governors of the destinies of that country, and the
+irresponsible leaders of its public opinion?&#8221; Hatred of the
+individual serving his country and governed by others Prof.
+Gomperz does not stop to discuss. It can obviously be the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>product only of what with etymological correctness we may
+term <i>insanity</i>. The governors and leaders imagined an
+irreconcilable antagonism. If they were right their case is
+justified; if they are wrong we must no more hate them than
+we should hate a patient suffering temporarily from delusion.&mdash;<i>International
+Review</i>, August, 1915.</p></div>
+
+<p>Magnus Schwantje spoke very plainly at a meeting
+of the Schopenhauer Society at D&uuml;sseldorf in June,
+1915. He allows that the state has a right to wage a
+war of defence, but <i>not to force anyone to serve in the
+army</i>. Schopenhauer, he tells us, &#8220;esteems sympathy
+with all that lives and suffers more highly than love
+for the Fatherland.... During a war a noble man
+desires such an issue as may be most beneficial to the
+whole world.... With all our readiness to recognise
+the merit of patriotic self-denial, we, the admirers of
+Schopenhauer, have to warn our compatriots, especially
+during a war, of the danger of patriotism degenerating
+into injustice, or even hatred and malicious joy at the
+misfortune of other nations.... Not one of the
+European peoples can be suppressed without heavy
+loss to the whole world, and not one has the right to
+force its special character on the others.&#8221; (<i>International
+Review</i>, September, 1915.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">War Literature.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It is the elderly gentlemen on both sides who exude
+vitriol. It is a pity that they are so much in evidence.
+But even some of them retain their sanity. The
+following is from the <i>Cambridge Magazine</i> of May 15,
+1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Those who, at the beginning of the war, were induced by
+the Press to wonder whether any elderly German professor
+had retained his mental equilibrium will now be disposed to
+wonder whether the proportion of serious cases is after all
+larger there than here. At any rate the Schopenhauer Society
+is a very important learned body, and Prof. Deussen, of Kiel,
+is one of the most distinguished of German scholars. And
+this is how he writes in the fourth year book of the Schopenhauer
+Society&mdash;apparently in terms of contempt for a loquacious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>minority (the translation is taken from the April number
+of the <i>Open Court</i>, and the italics are ours, especially the concluding
+shot at the Lady Patriot):</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Not to my contemporaries,&#8217; says Schopenhauer, &#8216;not to
+my countrymen, but to humanity do I commit my work which
+is now completed, in the confidence that it will not be
+without value to the race. Science, and more than every
+other science, philosophy is international.&#8217; ... Foolish,
+very foolish, therefore is the conduct of <i>certain German professors</i>
+who have renounced their foreign honours and titles.
+And what shall we say of a member of our society who
+demanded that citizens of those states which are at war with
+us should be excluded from the Schopenhauer Society, and
+who, when it was pointed out that our foreign members certainly
+condemned this infamous war as much as we Germans,
+protested that she could not belong to an association in which
+Frenchmen, Englishmen and Russians took part, and
+announced her withdrawal from our society, indeed, even
+published her brave resolution in the columns of a local
+paper in her provincial town. <i>We shall not shed any tears</i>
+for her having gone.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Romain Rolland bears out the idea that &#8220;in all
+countries the extremest views have been expressed by
+writers already past middle age.&#8221; So it is in
+Germany, Rolland tells us. Dehmel, the enemy of
+war, has enlisted at 51; Gerhart Hauptmann, &#8220;the
+poet of brotherly love,&#8221; cries out for slaughter. But
+Fritz von Unruh has, from the battlefield, written
+&#8220;Das Lamm&#8221;: &#8220;Lamb of God, I have seen Thy look
+of suffering; lead us back to the heaven of love.&#8221;
+Rudolf Leonhard, who was caught up in the storm,
+wrote afterwards on the front page of his poems:
+&#8220;These were written during the madness of the first
+weeks. That madness has spent itself, and only our
+strength is left. We shall again win control over
+ourselves and love one another.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>&#8220;Menschen in Not ...<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Br&uuml;der dir tot ...<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Krieg ist im Land ...&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>No &#8220;glory&#8221; of war is in these simple, poignant
+words of Ludwig Marck&mdash;simply a dire evil that we
+have not the sanity to avoid. &#8220;Whether you gaze
+trembling into the eyes of the beloved, or mark down
+your enemy with pitiless glance, think of the eye that
+will grow dim, of the failing breath, the parched lips
+and clenched hands, the final solitude, and the brow
+that grows moist in the last pangs.... Be kind....
+Tenderness is wisdom. Kindness is reason....
+We are strangers all upon this earth, and die but to
+be reunited.&#8221; Thus Franz Werfel. Since these words
+cannot be called barbaric, they will perhaps be called
+sentimental. It is true that to those of us who have
+loved our comrades, of whatever nation, the sentiment
+of brotherhood does just now make a somewhat tragic
+appeal. If that appeal, in these days of decimated
+ideals, be at times strained and feverish, it scarcely
+lies in the mouths of the apostles of hate to deride
+us. The sentimentality of hatred is uglier and more
+fatuous than the sentimentality of brotherhood.</p>
+
+<p>Hermann Hesse is living at Berne. He has
+implored the writers of all nations not to join with
+their pens in destroying the future of Europe. From
+a poem of later date come these words: &#8220;All possessed
+it, but no one prized it. Like a cool spring it has
+refreshed us all. What a sound the word peace has
+for us now. Distant it sounds, and fearful, and heavy
+with tears. No one knows or can name the day for
+which all sigh with such longing.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Do not let us forget that almost everything that is most
+militarist is <i>old</i>. It is only the old who affect still to
+glory in war&mdash;the old newspapers, the old reviews, the
+old statesmen, and some, perhaps, of the old soldiers&mdash;it
+is to what is newest, youngest, most creative,
+most living that we look not in vain for an unshaken
+belief in brotherhood, for a clear acknowledgment that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>any other belief would throw us back into the ape and
+tiger struggle of world beginnings, but with the ape
+ten thousand times more cunning and the tiger ten
+thousand times more cruel. To some German
+publications the war is a stupid eruption of barbarism
+into a workshop where work was being done. <i>Die
+Aktion</i> scoffs mercilessly at the Chauvinists and at
+Lissauer with his Hymn of Hate.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> Even Lissauer,
+be it remarked, has published his repentance, and, personally,
+I respect him for it. The man who can say that
+he spoke too strongly is always worth knowing. The
+man who insists elaborately on his consistency (as the
+politicians do) is usually singularly devoid of any
+appreciation of truth. <i>Die Aktion</i> (1915) goes on
+steadily with its appreciation of French artists, as if
+no war were in progress. There may be some
+affectation in this attitude, but it is to be preferred,
+I think, to the complete ostracism of work of the
+enemy called for by a noisy but, I believe, small
+section on this side. <i>Die Weissen Bl&auml;tter</i> appeared
+in January, 1915, with the following announcement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>It seems good to us to begin the work of reconstruction
+in the midst of the war. The community of Europe is at
+present apparently destroyed. Is it not the duty of all of
+us who are not bearing arms to live from to-day onwards
+according to the dictates of our conscience, as it will be the
+duty of every German when once the war is over?</p></div>
+
+<p>Evidently the editor has in his mind a contrast
+between the dictates of conscience and the dictates of
+officialism. He was born in Alsace, so he may well
+know this contrast. We are learning it here. In the
+February number the <i>Krieg mit dem Maul</i> (war with
+the mouth) was most vigorously condemned:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>If journalists hope to inspire courage by insulting the
+enemy, they are mistaken&mdash;we refuse such stimulants. We
+dare to maintain our opinion that the humblest volunteer of
+the enemy, who, from an unreasoned but exalted sentiment of
+patriotism, fires upon us from an ambush, knowing well what
+he risks, is much superior to those journalists who profit by
+the public feeling of the day, and under cover of high-sounding
+words of patriotism do not fight the enemy, but spit on
+him.</p></div>
+
+<p>I am reminded of words used by one of my Swiss
+friends: &#8220;As soon as soldiers must get their fighting
+force from suggestions of puerile besmirching of the
+enemy, then war indeed becomes intolerably base.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Annette Kolb, daughter of a German father and a
+French mother, had the courage to proclaim openly
+in a public lecture at Dresden that <i>she was faithful
+to both sides</i>, and to express her regret that Germany
+should fail to understand France. After all, German
+intolerance must have its limits for such a bold speech
+to be possible.</p>
+
+<p>Wilhelm Herzog in the Munich <i>Forum</i> has attacked
+the intellectual fire-eaters, the patriots who insult
+other peoples and the Chauvinists generally. He
+defends France, the French army and French civilisation,
+against the brilliant novelist, Thomas Mann.
+Above all does he condemn the intellectual babble:
+&#8220;The wrong that these privy councillors and professors
+have done us with their &#8216;Aufkl&auml;rungsarbeit&#8217;
+can hardly be measured. They have isolated themselves
+from humanity by their inability to realise the
+feelings of others.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lowes Dickinson has called attention in the
+<i>Hibbert</i> of October, 1915, to a pamphlet by Dr.
+Friedrich Wilhelm F&ouml;rster, entitled &#8220;Deutschlands
+Jugend und der Weltkrieg.&#8221; The same pamphlet is
+quoted in <i>The Ethical Movement</i> of the same date.
+Here are some extracts:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>&#8220;Hate disorganises, love disciplines. Fill yourselves with
+deepest sympathy for all who suffer in war, whose hearts are
+crushed, whose bodies are broken, whose homes are burned
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>... and win a peace which shall make the recurrence of
+such things for ever impossible. Such a purification from the
+passion of hate is often easier on the field than at home.
+Those who remain behind have an abstract enemy in view.
+The soldier sees living men who suffer and die like himself.&#8221;
+It will startle the English reader to find Dr. F&ouml;rster pleading
+earnestly that the English soldier is not responsible for the
+ways of his government or of his leaders. The Germans are
+to remain true to themselves whatever the others may do.
+Each side, observe, accuses the other of barbarous methods,
+and impartiality is impossible. The most that one can expect
+of the ardent partisan is perhaps that he should, like Dr.
+F&ouml;rster, urge those on his side to remain true to their ideals,
+whatever the enemy may do. &#8220;England has given us also
+the Salvation Army, and invaluable higher points of view
+for the treatment of Labour questions and social work. She
+has taught our revolutionary spirits and moderated our party
+passions. Let us always remember this, and in that
+remembrance grasp again in the future the proffered hand.&#8221;
+For Dr. F&ouml;rster it is for this better England that Germany
+now fights, just as for many an Englishman it is for the
+better Germany that England is fighting. &#8220;And it is better
+for us to fight for that better England than to rage
+and spit upon ... Grey and his followers. In sleepless
+nights kindle the eternal light of Christ in your souls and
+try to love your enemies. Think of that great William Booth
+and of all the English greatness and goodness embodied in
+him; of Florence Nightingale, the heroine and saint, whose
+pioneer work is still binding up to-day unnumbered wounds;
+and think of Carlyle, Ruskin, and Toynbee and of those
+mighty forces of conscience which spoke in their words and
+gave to us Germans, and will give us yet, so much that is
+great.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Again:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>&#8220;Christ stands against war and above war. He who
+loses sight of this truth slays that deep conscience of civilisation
+which is meant to goad us unceasingly on to allay this
+fury of war. We know well that if we were Christians there
+would be no war.&#8221; F&ouml;rster denounces the bawling haters
+&#8220;who must open their mouths 42 centimetres wide,&#8221; and
+think that he who does not do it is no patriot.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;To conquer and silence them must be your first task,
+young men of the new Germany; you who have been purified
+by sacrifice and suffering. For what would it profit our
+people if it gained the whole world and lost its own soul?&#8221;
+May we not, <i>mutatis mutandis</i>, take this appeal to heart ourselves?</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span>Again:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>&#8220;The essence and foundation of the State is precisely the
+opposite of power, viz., law, treaty, fellowship between opposed
+interests, and the whole outer strength of a State rests upon
+the depth and firmness of these, its inner conditions and
+links. Therefore the first commandment of life for the
+State is not to create for itself might but to care for the
+ethical unity of its members, for the supremacy of the conscience
+and the sense of law above rude self-interest.&#8221;&mdash;(Quoted
+in the <i>Ethical Movement</i>, October, 1915.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Granted that voices such as those of Herzog,
+F&ouml;rster, Sch&uuml;cking, Schwantje are a minority, it is
+yet plain that they represent more than themselves.
+The existence of such reviews and utterances implies
+the existence of at least many thousands who have not
+been deluded by their governors. Of those who have
+been deluded into enmity, but who have never
+dreamed of world dominance, there are, I am
+convinced, many millions. Bernhardi was introduced
+to Germany by England. There were four million
+Social Democrats. They have defended their country,
+but they have never dreamed of aggression. The time
+will come to claim the help of these men and the many
+others of the wiser Germany. That wiser Germany
+will yet live to be, not an army of destruction, but an
+army of progress.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta Thomas, of Baltimore, Maryland, went
+early in 1915 with a message of fellowship from
+English people to German people. There was some
+surprise, some tendency to view the message as
+Utopian, but always a cordial acknowledgment and a
+real goodwill. Dr. Siegmund Schulze was most
+heartily in sympathy. &#8220;He feels that the ultimate
+hope of peace lies in the increasing use of arbitration.&#8221;
+&#8220;One very sweet-spirited elderly gentleman in Berlin
+said that when he prayed things looked different&mdash;he
+seemed to see things through God&#8217;s eyes&mdash;but as a
+man he had to fight.&#8221; &#8220;At Stuttgart and Frankfurt
+I found the peace people more thoroughgoing in their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span>sentiments.&#8221; The secretary of the Stuttgart Peace
+Society said: &#8220;The armed peace of Europe is an
+exploded idea. As long as we have armies we shall
+use them. We must educate the people to realise this,
+and to work for disarmament.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Lichtstrahlen</i> was originally founded as an independent
+monthly periodical by a Socialist, Julian
+Borchardt. The periodical was unofficial and had a
+difficult struggle for existence. This was before the
+war. When the war broke out the editor took as
+strong a line against it as the censor allowed. The
+circulation rose so much that Borchardt was able to
+convert the monthly into a weekly. Rosa Luxembourg
+and Frank Mehring, greatly daring, started the
+<i>Internationale</i> with the object of rebuilding the International
+Labour and Socialist movement during the
+war. The review was instantly suppressed, but
+was reprinted afterwards at Berne. Among the
+contributors is the well-known Clara Zetkin. She
+refers enthusiastically to the Christmas message sent
+by British women to the women of Germany and
+other belligerent countries. (<i>Labour Leader</i>, June 17,
+1915.) Marie Engelmann, of Dresden, has protested
+with equal strength.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">From an American Lady.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The following is an extract from a valuable letter by
+Madeline G. Doty, an American, which appeared in
+the <i>Nation</i> of June 12, 1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>My most revolutionary talk was with a gray-haired
+mother of grown children, in a secluded corner of a quiet
+restaurant. A burning flame this woman. Her face stamped
+with world suffering, her eyes the tragic eyes of a Jane
+Addams. In a whisper she uttered the great heresy:
+&#8216;German salvation lies in Germany&#8217;s defeat. If Germany
+wins when so many of her progressive young men have been
+slain, the people will be utterly crushed in the grip of the
+mailed fist.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>With this companion I discussed the collapse of the
+Social Democrats in the hour of crisis, the triumph of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span>nationalism over internationalism. She attributes it to
+military training. During the period of service a man
+becomes a thing. Automatically, he acquires habits of
+obedience, is reduced to an unquestioning machine.
+Mechanically, when the call came, the Social Democrats,
+with the others, fell into line. But with time
+has come thought. Also knowledge&mdash;knowledge that, in the
+first instance, Germany&#8217;s war was not one of self-defence.
+But it is too late to rebel. Most of the Social Democrats
+are at the front. From month to month they have put off
+protest as unwise. Only Liebknecht has made himself
+heard. Now he has been caught up in the iron hand, and
+sent to battle. But women are not bound by the spell of
+militarism. While the Government rejoiced at the submission
+of its Socialist men, the women grew active.
+Organising a party of their own, they fought bravely. Last
+fall Rosa Luxembourg dashed into the street and addressed
+a regiment of soldiers. &#8216;Don&#8217;t go to war, don&#8217;t shoot your
+brothers,&#8217; she cried. For this offence she was sent to prison
+for a year. To-day she lies in solitary confinement. But
+her suffering only inspires the others. In March 750 women
+walked to the Reichstag. At the entrance they halted. As
+the members entered they shouted, &#8216;We will have no more
+war; we will have peace.&#8217; Quickly the police dispersed them,
+and the order went forth that no newspaper should print one
+word of the protest. Still the women work on. On April 8,
+an International Socialist Woman&#8217;s Congress was held at
+Berne, Switzerland. Ten nations were represented, including
+all the belligerents.</p>
+
+<p>The task of peace propaganda in Germany is gigantic.
+Neither by letter nor by Press can news be spread. Both
+are censored. The work must be carried on by spoken word
+passed from mouth to mouth. The courage of the little
+band of women I had met was stupendous. Through them
+I learned to love Germany. So my life in Berlin became a
+double one. I ate and slept, and was unregenerate in one
+part of the town, and only really lived when I escaped from
+respectability and, strange contradiction of terms, became a
+criminal fighting for peace.</p>
+
+<p>But wherever I was, one fact grew omnipresent. Germany
+was magnificently organised. Here lay the country&#8217;s
+power and her weakness. Her power because it made Germany
+a unit. There were no weak links in the chain. Her
+weakness, because it robbed her people of individuality,
+made them cogs in a machine.</p></div>
+
+<p>&#8220;Germany no longer cares whom she hurts,&#8221; runs
+another passage in this letter; &#8220;like an unloved child
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>at bay she means, to smash and kill. The pity of it!
+Never was there a more generous, soft-hearted, kindly
+people. Germany, the land of the Christmas tree and
+folk songs, and hearthsides and gay childish laughter,
+turned into a relentless fighting machine! But each
+individual is a cog firmly fixed in the machine, which
+will go ever on as long as the ruling power turns the
+crank.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Two Soldiers&#8217; Letters.</span></h3>
+
+<p>&#8220;If I were not firmly convinced that even this war
+will help to establish the Kingdom of God I could
+hardly endure it. But I believe that after passing
+through this hell humanity will come to itself and
+learn to believe in the reign of human brotherhood....
+I cannot tell you the moral suffering I go
+through. These butcheries are utter madness. I
+cannot forget for a moment that our enemies are men,
+and consequently our brothers.&#8221; So wrote a young
+German soldier student quoted by Mr. Jerome K.
+Jerome.</p>
+
+<p>The following letter is from the <i>Vossische Zeitung</i>.
+A soldier&#8217;s young sister had written asking him to
+&#8220;kill a lot of Russians&#8221; and &#8220;to gain a new victory
+in order to cheer us up.&#8221; &#8220;&#8216;Kill a lot of Russians.&#8217;
+You have not seen them lying about&mdash;those poor dead,
+with their singularly solemn faces.... You have not
+seen the battle which preceded, and the bad wounds
+which so many of my friends got in trying to kill a lot
+of them. You do not think of the fact that those dead
+men had parents, brothers, and sisters whom they
+loved. And you have not seen the harrowing
+destruction of the villages and towns&mdash;how the poor,
+hunted-down population is running away, leaving
+everything they had behind them to be consumed by
+the flames.... And then, remember, we are not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span>fighting in order to cheer you up&mdash;we are not lying
+about in the open-air day and night, starved and
+suffering from wounds and homesickness, in order
+that you at home may be cheerful at the tea or beer
+table. We are fighting and bearing this terrible
+wretchedness in order that you may he spared the
+horrors of war, and that Germany&#8217;s future may be
+bright.&#8221; That is, I believe, what the enormous
+majority of Germany&#8217;s soldiers are fighting for.
+Soldiers on both sides have similar and quite reconcilable
+aims; but government is too complex to express
+the simple will of the people. In every country, it
+seems to me, anti-militarist opinion only needs its
+chance. I was struck by the frequency with which
+such an opinion cropped up when I was travelling a
+few weeks in Germany not long before the war. On
+the top of the Belchen I encountered it in talking to a
+native of W&uuml;rtemberg. Again in a walk with a young
+German to the Feldberg; again in a book-shop
+at Freiburg; again in chance railway talk with
+a very well-educated German on my way to
+Berlin. In Berlin itself a giant Westphalian accosted
+me, as he wanted to make the acquaintance of &#8220;one
+of these terrible fellows who mean to smash up
+Germany.&#8221; His political ideal consisted in the belief
+that England and Germany, understanding each
+other, could keep the peace of the world.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Albert Klein.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Dr. Albert Klein, of Giessen, who was killed in the
+Champagne in February, felt compelled to side with
+his Government, as so many do in times of crisis. To
+that extent his was a biased judgment. It is a bias
+that one has seen possessing almost everywhere the
+noblest souls. But Klein could write thus:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>When I read all this inflated stuff in the papers&mdash;written
+by men guiltily conscious of being very safe in their offices at
+home&mdash;to the effect that every soldier is a hero, I feel
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>positively disgusted. Heroism is far too rare to form a basis
+for a national army. What is needed to make and keep that
+a coherent whole is that men must respect their leaders and
+fear them more than the enemy, and that leaders must be
+conscientious, true to their duty, well informed, resourceful
+and self-controlled. Thank God, there is plenty of the good
+old discipline yet. But these fine fellows come along, concoct
+a mess of New Year reflections and Centenary speeches and
+boldly declaim about the German spirit that is to heal mankind.
+They pick up all the filth of the foreign Press and fling
+it back with threefold interest. It is just because I am so
+passionately devoted to all that the noblest Germans have
+done for the civilisation of the world that I do not desire to
+see us burdened with a task we cannot accomplish.</p>
+
+<p>If Germany&#8217;s contribution to the world&#8217;s civilisation is the
+highest we can strive for, we must seek afresh to live in
+peace and concord with the other nations. Then we shall
+cease calling every Englishman a hypocrite and every Frenchman
+empty-headed, quite apart from the daily proofs we get
+of their military ability. Oh, my dear friends, believe me,
+the man on the spot who sees and experiences all this, does
+not talk so complacently of death and sacrifice and victory, as
+those who, far from the front, ring the bells, make fine
+speeches and write the papers. He resigns himself to the
+bitter necessity of suffering and death when the hour comes,
+and he knows and sees how many, too many sacrifices have
+already been made, knows it is time, high time that all this
+devastation ceased, not only on our side, but on the other side,
+too.</p>
+
+<p>It is just in seeing all this suffering that we feel a new bond
+of sympathy (and you, my dear ones, would feel just the same,
+yes, I know, you feel it already) uniting us with the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>If, as I hardly dare to hope, I return from this murderous
+war, it will be one of my most welcome duties to steep my
+mind in the culture of those that now oppose us. I mean to
+build up on a broader basis the aim and purpose of my life,
+namely, historical and philosophical meditation on culture in
+its highest form.</p>
+
+<p>Last night I was strangely moved, having an opportunity of
+seeing a convoy of prisoners and speaking to one of them, a
+colleague, a classical philologist from Vigeac. Such a frank,
+intelligent man, with an excellent military training, as indeed
+were all the company with him! He told me how terrible
+it had been to endure the firing of our machine-guns
+(d&eacute;moralisant, he called it)&mdash;and showed me
+clearly the utter senselessness of war. How we should like to
+be friends with people so like us in education, habits of life,
+thought and interest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>We soon got into conversation about a book on Rousseau
+and began a regular argument, like two old philologists. He
+saw the ribbon in my button-hole and when he heard it was
+the Iron Cross he said: &#8220;F&eacute;licitations!&#8221; His sparkling
+interest in the striped ribbon seemed to me so characteristic
+of a Southern Frenchman and very touching.</p>
+
+<p>How alike we are in worth and merit! How untrue all
+these tales told by our papers of the French being broken and
+spent! Just as untrue as all that the <i>Temps</i> writes about us.
+And all he said, this French colleague of mine, betrayed so
+much independent thought and respect for German mind and
+character. Why should we, fated to be friends, always be
+divided? I was deeply troubled, and sat there for a long time
+lost in thought, but all my brooding brought me no solution.</p>
+
+<p>And the end not in sight yet, the end of this war, that for
+six months has been gorging itself with human life and prosperity
+and happiness! The same feeling amongst us and
+amongst them! Always the same picture! We are so much
+alike, we achieve the same, we suffer the same, just because
+we happen to be such bitter enemies.&mdash;(From the <i>International
+Review</i>.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is another extract given by M. Romain
+Rolland. It is taken from the letter of a German
+soldier to a Swiss professor:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The longing for peace is intense with us. At least with
+all those who are at the front, forced to kill and to be killed.
+The newspapers say that it is not possible to stem the war-like
+passion of the soldiers. They lie, knowingly or unknowingly.
+Our pastors deny that this passion is abating. You
+cannot think how indignant we are at such nonsense. Let
+them hold their tongues and not speak of things they do not
+understand. Or, rather, let them come here, not as chaplains
+in the rear, but in the line of fire, with arms in their hands.
+Perhaps then they will perceive the inner change which is
+going on in thousands of us. In the eyes of these parsons a man
+who has no passion for war is unworthy of his age. But it
+seems to me that we who are faithfully doing our duty without
+enthusiasm for the war, and hating it from the bottom of
+our souls, are finer heroes than the others. They speak of
+a Holy War. I know of no Holy War. I only know one
+war, and that is the sum of everything that is inhuman,
+impious, and beastly in man, a visitation of God and a call
+to repentance to the people who rushed into it, or allowed
+themselves to be drawn into it. God has plunged men into
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>this Hell in order to teach them to love Heaven. As for the
+German people, the war seems to be a chastisement and a call
+to contrition&mdash;addressed first of all to our German Church.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Germany in Peace Time.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Enough has been cited to give a glimpse of the better
+Germany in the time of this war. Let us remember,
+too, what she has been in peace. &#8220;After all, in our
+saner moments we all of us know that the Germans
+are a great people, with a great part in the world to
+play. Their boasts about their &#8216;culture&#8217; are not idle
+boasts, and, when one comes to think of it, it is rather
+important to have in our midst a people that <i>cares</i> to
+boast about its culture. The Englishman is more
+given to complaining than boasting, and when he does
+boast it is certainly not about culture. As it seems
+to me, the Germans excel in two things&mdash;simple
+tenderness of sentiment and the work of patient
+observation. I am aware that it has for a considerable
+time been the mode in England to slight German
+literature. Personally, I consider this one of those
+temporary poses to which superior persons are liable.
+Leave out all the great names if you will&mdash;Goethe,
+Schiller, Heine, and the rest&mdash;and we still have the
+folk-songs. A nation that can produce those folk-songs
+has got unusual gifts for the world. And, of
+course, we envy the Germans their music. Of all the
+contemptible utterances that this war has produced
+(and it has produced a good many) none has been worse
+than the silly blathering against German music just
+because it is German. What have Beethoven, Bach,
+Schubert, Schumann, Wagner got to do with the
+politics of the present war? Leaving the arts aside,
+it is quite certain that in any region where careful
+observation and painstaking thought are required, no
+one can afford to neglect Germany. Recently I was
+looking through May&#8217;s &#8216;Guide to the Roman Pottery
+in the York Museum.&#8217; Among the names of those
+dealing with the subject of Roman pottery I suppose
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>the best known are those of D&eacute;chelette and Dragendorff&mdash;the
+one French, the other German. Among the
+other references I found fourteen to German publications
+and four to English, one of the latter being
+merely a museum catalogue. No one can study
+philosophy without continual reference to German
+thought. Even in a subject so English as the study
+of Shakespeare the work of Gervinus is fundamental,
+and from the time of Lessing to that of Ten Brink
+there has been a succession of German commentators.
+Those of us who have worked at all at science know
+only too well what we owe to Germany there. It has,
+indeed, been at times painful to compare the mass of
+the German output with the comparatively thin stream
+of English work. Of course, there has been splendid
+English research, but as a people we are not lovers of
+knowledge, and we are specially loath to apply it.
+Again and again our scientific papers have been filled
+with diatribes against our English neglect of science,
+and the diatribes were needed. I remember asking a
+British firm of repute to construct for me a resistance
+&#8216;bridge&#8217; of a simple kind. I explained the whole
+purpose of the apparatus, but when it came back to
+me the resistance wire was soldered down in two
+places to broad bands of brass. This, of course, altered
+the resistance and rendered the apparatus useless.
+A rudimentary knowledge of electricity would have
+made such a mistake impossible. Contrast this with
+the following: When I was a student a lecturer
+wished to prepare a rather rare compound for some
+work of his. We both tried for long to prepare a
+specimen, but failed, probably because the
+temperature of our furnace was not high enough. We
+then sent to a German firm of manufacturing
+chemists, and they prepared it for us at once. I
+remarked recently to an English scientific chemist,
+&#8216;No English firm would have done that.&#8217; &#8216;Well, if
+you had pressed them,&#8217; he replied, &#8216;they would have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>sent over to &mdash;&mdash; (a German firm) and then put their
+own label on the bottle.&#8217; A &#8216;chemist&#8217; in too many
+of our works has too often been a lad who has picked
+up some routine knowledge, but who has no more
+scientific equipment than a farm labourer. Contrast
+this with the state of things at the <i>Badische Anilin
+und Soda Fabrik</i>, where as many as <i>sixty</i> trained
+chemists are employed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I have often thought of these things when I have
+heard manufacturers bewailing German competition.
+The war has produced many strange intellectual
+somersaults, and it is curious to notice how many
+Free Traders are now eager for the destruction, not
+temporarily, but permanently, of German trade. A
+few months ago they would have preached in season
+and out on the advantage to England of receiving
+cheap goods, they would have extolled German
+scientific methods, and they would (with every right)
+have pointed out that a customer who buys forty
+million pounds&#8217; worth of our goods is scarcely one
+whom we should wish to destroy. All these facts
+remain absolutely unaltered by the war. All that has
+happened is that a half-ashamed jealousy is no longer
+ashamed, and is masquerading as patriotism so
+successful as to have misled the majority of our
+countrymen&mdash;for a time. The day of reckoning will
+come, and we shall not then find it any better than
+previously to buy dear goods to please the manufacturers.
+Moreover, our men of business will not
+have learned scientific methods by the end of the war.
+A publisher&#8217;s circular that I recently received appealed,
+on patriotic grounds, for the purchase of a book on
+applied science. I am not very cynical, but I confess
+that I distrust these trade appeals to patriotism. The
+true patriot does not advertise his patriotism in order
+to make money. In this case the work was well known
+and important, but it was interesting to observe that
+almost every one of the contributors was German, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span>that the rest were German-Swiss. Surely, in spite of
+its horror, there are many things in this contest to
+make the gods laugh.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">British Recognition.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It is pleasant to find recognition of Germany&#8217;s
+commercial deserts among British commercial men.
+The annual conference of the United Kingdom Commercial
+Travellers&#8217; Association was opened at the
+Town Hall, Manchester, on May 24, 1915. Sir
+William Mather, who was unanimously elected
+president, referred to Germany as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>The position of Germany in the world of commerce had
+been attained as the result of years of patient and persistent
+organisation, of close application to business, of exhaustive
+and careful research work, and full appreciation of the requirements
+and necessities of the markets for which she was catering,
+and a determination to meet those requirements in strict
+accordance with the wishes and needs of her potential customers.
+Behind all the efforts had been lavish financial
+support by the German Government, and the pledging of
+national credit for individual and private enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>The position secured by Germany as a result of her persistent
+application of these methods was not to be seriously
+challenged, nor would she be deprived of her hold upon it by
+anything other than the use by Englishmen of the same
+skill, the same elasticity, the same persistence, and the same
+efficiency in every branch of commerce.</p>
+
+<p>Commercial travellers, as one of the most important parts
+of the mechanism, must, if the desired result be obtained, make
+themselves fully efficient for their part in the work. They
+had been perhaps, as vocal as any section of the community
+as to the necessity and possibility of extending English trade,
+but it was much to be regretted that when opportunities were
+given and facilities provided, more particularly for the
+younger men to equip themselves for the work which had to
+be done in extending British commerce abroad, the response
+was extremely inadequate.&mdash;(<i>Daily Telegraph</i>, May 25, 1915.)</p></div>
+
+<p>As regards chemical research there also fortunately
+remain those who still ungrudgingly admit our
+enormous indebtedness to Germany. In March, 1915,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span>Professor Percy Frankland, F.R.S., addressed the
+Birmingham Section of the Society of Chemical
+Industry on &#8220;The Chemical Industries of Germany.&#8221;
+With true and chivalrous courtesy, Professor Frankland,
+in a footnote to his printed address, writes:
+&#8220;The author has much pleasure in acknowledging the
+assistance he has received from the valuable compilation
+by Professor Lepsius of Berlin, &#8216;Deutschlands
+Chem. Industrie, 1888-1913,&#8217; and from that by Dr.
+Duisberg, of Elberfeld, &#8216;Wissenschaft und Technik,&#8217;
+1911.&#8221; I believe such courtesy is more characteristically
+British than the lack of it sometimes shown by
+others. The following quotations from Professor
+Frankland&#8217;s address are of interest:</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Industries Dependent on Synthetic Organic
+Chemistry.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>... During the major part of the [past] 60 years the
+great bulk of the discoveries in this domain have been made
+in Germany. Organic chemistry is, perhaps, the branch of
+science which more perfectly suits the German mind and
+temperament. It involves the possession of those qualities in
+which Germans are so pre-eminent&mdash;the capacity for taking
+an infinitude of pains, the capacity to anticipate difficulties
+and organise means to circumvent them.... It is in the
+possession of such schools of research, both in the universities
+and in the chemical factories, that Germany has by two
+generations the lead of all other countries in the world....
+The chemical manufacturers in this country have, with some
+notable exceptions, failed to establish anything worthy of the
+name of research laboratories in connection with their works....
+Whereas the artificial colour industry started in
+England, that of artificial drugs is entirely of German origin,
+and may be said to begin with the discovery by Liebig of
+chloroform in 1831, and of chloral hydrate in 1832.... The
+composition of the personnel who carry on these German colour
+works is at the bottom of their success. Take the works of
+Messrs. Meister, Lucius, und Br&uuml;ning as an example. In
+1913, the composition was as follows: Workmen, 7,680;
+managers, 374; expert chemists, 307; technologists, 74;
+commercial staff, 611. Contrast with the above the fact that
+the six English factories now producing dyestuffs employ
+altogether only 35 chemists, whilst evidence of their relative
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>activities is again furnished by the circumstance that between
+1886 and 1900 the English firms took out only 86 patents,
+whereas the six principal German firms were responsible for
+948 during the same period. Having shown that these German
+coal-tar colour manufacturers are without rivals from the
+commercial point of view, I feel it to be my duty to point out
+also that their industry is carried on under conditions of
+labour which are highly creditable to the management.</p></div>
+
+<p>Professor Frankland goes on to urge that we should
+at least pay heed to &#8220;the warnings repeated <i>ad
+nauseam</i> by the chemical profession during a whole
+generation.&#8221; Those warnings told us of the stupidity
+and peril of neglecting science. It is not mere
+commercialism but science that is needed. The help
+of science, it may be added, will never be gained
+unless devotion is paid to it for its own sake, and not
+simply as a means to money. That reward is too far
+off for mere commercialism. Adolf Baeyer synthesised
+indigo in 1880, but it cost 17 years of laborious
+investigation and the investment of nearly &pound;1,000,000
+of capital before that synthesis could be made a
+commercial success. So long a chase is not carried out
+by those who are thinking only of the prize. The hunt
+itself must interest them. That, I personally fear, is
+where we in Britain (and especially in England) are
+somewhat lacking.</p>
+
+<p>Two other points in Professor Frankland&#8217;s address I
+would draw attention to. In emphasising the need of
+scientific men on the directorates he asks: &#8220;What
+does not the firm of Messrs. Brunner, Mond and Co.,
+for example, owe to the late Dr. Ludwig Mond,
+F.R.S.?&#8221; Just so. Dr. Ludwig Mond was a German.
+He came to this country and brought with him his
+energy, enterprise, and his very exceptional scientific
+endowments. With Mr. J.&nbsp;J. Brunner he was thus
+able to found what became the largest alkali works in
+the kingdom, and undoubtedly one of the most
+scientific and enterprising works we have. Incidentally
+it is worth mentioning that the firm of Brunner, Mond
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>and Co. was one of the first to introduce the eight
+hours day. There are people about (a few of whom
+ought to know better) asking for the exclusion of the
+German in the future. I would venture to suggest
+that we might well exchange very many English
+people of such limited brain capacity for one Ludwig
+Mond. To shut the door to men is to shut the doors
+to talent, and talent produces its best by cross-fertilisation.</p>
+
+<p>I may at this point insert an illustration communicated
+to me privately. My informant said: &#8220;When
+I was a very young man I determined to try to save
+a business which was falling in ruin. My project was
+strongly opposed by my friends, but I determined to
+carry it out. The works which I took over were then
+employing 150 men. There was a great lack of
+scientific training, and <i>this</i> I saw was the chief cause
+of disaster. So I began sending my men to Germany
+to be trained. The Germans have always, at their
+State-supported universities, welcomed the foreigner
+and given him their best knowledge. My men brought
+that knowledge back to England. The result was that
+by the time I withdrew from active work we were
+employing about three thousand men. The Germans
+had thus given work to nearly three thousand Englishmen.
+People should remember facts of this kind when
+they talk of Germans coming here and &#8216;taking the
+bread out of our mouths.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The wife of an interned man struggled to keep his
+business. She was, however, ruined. &#8220;Serve you
+right,&#8221; she was told, &#8220;coming here and taking the
+bread out of our people&#8217;s mouths.&#8221; What a strange
+idea of humanity! What are &#8220;our people&#8221;? If a
+Scotsman settles in London is he &#8220;taking the bread
+out of our people&#8217;s mouths&#8217;&#8221;? We forget that the
+foreigner is very often an enormous accession to a
+State. The Norman conquerors who organised us, the
+Flemings who improved our weaving, the Huguenots
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>who gave new ideas to our commerce, the Germans
+who brought us scientific method have all been
+amongst the makers of England. Exclusiveness is a
+constricting cord that strangles progress. Exchange of
+commodities is, we know, the life of trade, and
+exchange of men and ideas is the life of more than
+trade.</p>
+
+<p>The last quotation I shall make from Professor
+Frankland&#8217;s address has, I venture to think, very
+considerable bearing on the possibilities of future
+friendship:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Notwithstanding the absence of material inducements, I
+venture to say without fear of contradiction that there is
+more original investigation being prosecuted in this country
+by chemists than by any other body of British men of
+science, and this I attribute to the fact that such a large
+proportion of our number have either been at German
+universities or are the pupils of those who have been at these
+centres of research. Nor are any of us, I am sure, even
+during this unfortunate crisis, unmindful of the hospitality
+and inspiration which we have received in the schools of the
+enemy.</p></div>
+
+<p>One has met with so much pettiness and folly
+masquerading as patriotism that it is delightful to
+welcome such a truly noble utterance.</p>
+
+<p>The allusion to the conditions of labour in Professor
+Frankland&#8217;s address is also important. Most of us
+regard the German labourer as far too controlled and
+regulated, but everyone knows that Germany was to
+the fore in care for the health and well-being of the
+workman: &#8220;As to the factory legislation in general,
+not only do they afford to children and juveniles a
+greater measure of protection in regard to hours and
+other conditions of work than is enforced by the
+English Factory Acts, but many of their provisions
+for ensuring the health, comfort, and safety of all
+workers go beyond the limits which are thought
+sufficient in this country.&#8221; (W.&nbsp;H. Dawson, &#8220;The
+Evolution of Modern Germany,&#8221; p.&nbsp;332.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span>Insurance against sickness and old age were
+measures that we learned from Germany. They were
+intended to increase British efficiency and well-being,
+and our statesmen received every courtesy and help in
+studying German methods. It will be said by many
+that we shall not study those methods again. Perhaps
+not. They may prefer an English method as
+propounded by Lord Headley when speaking at a
+luncheon in connection with the Bakery and Confectionery
+Trades Exhibition held at Islington. The
+report is from the <i>Glasgow Herald</i> as reproduced in the
+<i>Labour Leader</i> (October 21, 1915):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>In regard to many industries, the plain fact was that the
+foreigner lived much more cheaply than the British workman
+and charged far less for his labour. Where labour, and not
+machinery, formed a small part of the cost of production we
+should be able to compete with the foreigner, and that should
+be the case in high class confectionery more than in anything
+else. If we were to defeat the foreigner in other industries
+after the war, it seemed to him that the British workman
+would have to consent to work for lower wages than hitherto.
+At any rate, he hoped so, in order that the country might
+supply itself with necessities without having to go abroad for
+them.</p></div>
+
+<p>It seems to me that in this way we should &#8220;defeat&#8221;
+not only the foreigner, but the Englishman as well&mdash;except
+the privileged few who could get workmen at
+low wages without lowering their profits. I remember
+saying to a Colonial lady that we had gained much
+from the science of German settlers in this country.
+&#8220;Damn German science,&#8221; was her reply. A certain
+type of employer desires two protections&mdash;protection
+against the knowledge of the foreigner, and protection
+against the aspirations of the worker. Both the knowledge
+and the aspirations of others are a disturbance
+of repose.</p>
+
+<p>At a Nottingham meeting of the Society of Chemical
+Industry the unscientific character of British methods
+was again emphasised. So, too, at the Edinburgh
+meeting in December, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span>Principal A.&nbsp;P. Laurie, speaking of paints and
+colours, said: &#8220;There were very few cases among
+those he had inquired into of a chemical, a colour
+product, or a pigment which was being made both in
+Germany and in England in which the German product
+was not better than that made in this country....
+Again, it was admitted that German barytes was
+better ground than English. Yet an extensive literature
+on barytes and barytes mining had been published
+by the Germans, showing exactly how German barytes
+was ground. They had not found a barytes miner in
+England who owned a microscope.... The English
+manufacturer did not believe in or use the man of
+science.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Tatlock, speaking from the laboratory glass
+apparatus makers&#8217; point of view, said that British
+manufacturers were finding it exceedingly difficult to
+replace German and Austrian products....
+Professor Henderson had referred to the possibility of
+people buying more readily goods of British manufacture.
+They did not find that to be the case. The
+goods had to be cheaper or better; they would certainly
+never be bought purely because they were British,
+and he did not altogether think that they should be
+bought for that reason.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is surely clear that the only wise world policy is
+one in which each nation brings its own particular
+contribution to the common stock and in no way tries
+to shut others out.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Policy of Boycotting Thought.</span></h3>
+
+<p>We find it impossible to shut out German music.
+&#8220;Germany, it must be said to its credit,&#8221; I read in
+the daily Press, &#8220;is not boycotting foreign art.&#8221; In
+the autumn of 1915 the Royal Theatres of Berlin
+announced Shakespeare&#8217;s &#8220;Macbeth,&#8221; and &#8220;Antony
+and Cleopatra,&#8221; and Scribe&#8217;s &#8220;Glass of Water.&#8221;
+&#8220;Shakespeare, one hears,&#8221; writes a reviewer in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span><i>Daily News</i>, of December 4, 1915, &#8220;is still being
+played in the German theatres. If you go to a theatre
+in London you are more likely to see a performance
+with a title like &#8216;I <i>don&#8217;t</i> Think!&#8217; or &#8216;Pass the
+Mustard, Please!&#8217; Shakespeare, to tell the truth, is
+in England left largely to professors and schoolboys.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A silly crusade was started in this country against
+German thought in general, a crusade so petty that it
+made some of us wince for shame. The upholders of
+creeds joined in hastily, for German investigators had
+given our beliefs many uncomfortable shocks. We
+remember how it came about that the President of
+the Training College in Mark Rutherford&#8217;s Autobiography
+could with such satisfaction to himself destroy
+the &#8220;infidel.&#8221; &#8220;The President&#8217;s task was all the
+easier because he knew nothing of German literature;
+and, indeed, the word &#8216;German&#8217; was a term of
+reproach signifying something very awful, although
+nobody knew exactly what it was.&#8221; The obscurantist
+and opponent of free thought has shown signs of hope
+that the German&#8217;s reputation for awfulness may turn
+us from his evil companionship into the restful paths
+of British piety. The Englishman (especially, I
+believe, the Saxon element) has too often been prone
+to make a stronghold of ignorance. This stronghold
+has certainly in industry proved to be a house of cards,
+and I think it has proved to be equally a house of
+cards in religion. It would, indeed, be a disastrous
+outcome of the war if it led us still more to emphasise
+our insularity. Unless we are readier after the war to
+learn from everyone, we shall, as a nation, be mentally
+moribund. It matters not in the least whether the
+thought be German, French, Austrian, Swiss, Russian,
+or any other. Miss Petre, in her &#8220;Reflections of a
+Non-Combatant,&#8221; has finely stated the wider view:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Thought and learning, art and music, may bear certain
+characteristics of the country in which they are begotten; but
+they are also the products of humanity itself, or they would
+make no appeal to the world at large. The monuments of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>the German mind are no more robbed of their intellectual
+value by the national crime of this war than German mountains
+are robbed of their natural grandeur, German forests of
+their solemnity, or German rivers of their width and volume.</p></div>
+
+<p>Any other attitude is extremely likely to degenerate
+into a petty jealousy that is bred of fear. This is how
+Mr. H.&nbsp;G. Wells wrote of our attitude towards Germany
+years ago:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>We in Great Britain are now intensely jealous of Germany.
+We are intensely jealous of Germany, not only because the
+Germans outnumber us, and have a much larger and more
+diversified country than ours, and lie in the very heart and
+body of Europe, but because in the last hundred years, while
+we have fed on platitudes and vanity, they have had the
+energy and humility to develop a splendid system of national
+education, to toil at science and art and literature, to develop
+social organisation, to master and better our methods of
+business and industry, and to clamber above us in the scale
+of civilisation. This has humiliated and irritated rather than
+chastened us.</p></div>
+
+<p>Such jealousy is a strangely short-sighted mistake.
+No valuable or lasting peace will come till jealousy is
+exorcised. There are ominous signs of the possible
+triumph of a deadly Saxon insularity, but there are
+other signs that give us hope. When so ardent a
+combatant as Mr. Lloyd George can speak well of the
+services of Germany to the world, all is not lost. It
+is pleasant to be able to quote these passages from an
+interview reported in the <i>Daily News</i> of January 25,
+1916:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Lloyd George is not among those who
+imagine they are doing their country a service by
+decrying everything German. &#8216;I think,&#8217; he said, &#8216;that
+America and all of us should realise that there were
+two Germanies before the war. On the one hand,
+there was the industrial, the commercial, and the
+intellectual Germany, and in a most remarkable way
+she had blended the three elements. That Germany
+was rendering a great service to civilisation. It was
+conquering the world by the success of its methods and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span>of its example, and that conquest would have proved a
+very genuine blessing. It would have been the means
+of saving some of the terrible waste from which most
+of the social evils of humanity spring. As an ardent
+social reformer, I freely confess that I myself was
+learning a good deal from that side of Germany,
+particularly in the direction of municipal and national
+organisation.&#8217;&#8221; Mr. Lloyd George goes on to say that
+the other Germany, the military Germany, had overthrown
+the Germany from which he had drawn
+inspiration. Our task then surely is to help to reduce
+military dominance everywhere and to help to set
+free that Germany whose peaceful conquest of the
+world &#8220;would have proved a very genuine blessing.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>That Germany was, and still is, a Germany of
+simple hearts, of men and women who can love well.
+I have talked to many British-born wives of interned
+men. Over and over again I have heard the same
+story. &#8220;I could not have had a better husband, and the
+children could not have had a better father.&#8221; That is
+why many English wives have already gone to Germany
+to their husband&#8217;s families.</p>
+
+<p>It is time we got rid of grotesque caricatures of the
+German people. Such caricatures always represent
+the outlook of war-time, but they do not make for a
+lasting peace. There is a great German people, and
+that people and ours should find each other&#8217;s hearts.
+I am not so much concerned as to the Germany of
+brilliant science and industrious commerce. That is
+good, but there is something better: It is the Germany
+of loving husbands and true comrades, of true wives
+and devoted mothers. It is the heart that rules the
+world, and we need the true hearts in Germany,
+England, France, and over all the world to recognise
+each other. The one prayer for us all in every land
+in these days surely is, &#8220;Lord, that our eyes may be
+opened!&#8221; When we can pray that prayer, we shall
+begin to see the war to a peace of the heart&mdash;the only
+peace that will not be a &#8220;patched-up peace.&#8221;</p>
+
+<!-- <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>[Blank Page]</p> -->
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotetitle">Footnotes:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Lieut. Dr. Kutscher writes with obvious pleasure of the <i>grande
+loterie de No&euml;l</i> shared out by the officers to the children of C. in
+France. The children&#8217;s parties went on, too, in the New Year. (<i>Int.
+Review</i>, 10th Aug., 1915).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Cf. p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_161">161</a>. These are simply examples of the wild passions war
+engenders, and there is not always the sergeant at hand who says
+&#8220;Drop that or I shoot you.&#8221; One side may be decidedly worse than
+the other (as seems, <i>e.g.</i>, to have been the case in the American Civil
+War), but this does not alter the character of what war does for human
+nature.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> See p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> &#8220;An English Girl&#8217;s Adventures in Hostile Germany,&#8221; pp.&nbsp;58 and
+124. For other incidents see p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> See above, p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_55">55</a>. For further examples of civilian kindness see
+pp.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_212">212</a> ff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> It is disconcerting to one&#8217;s pride to learn that while the sale of
+German newspapers in England was entirely &#8220;verboten&#8221; in 1916,
+English newspapers may still be readily obtained in Germany in the
+autumn of 1918. Why are we so afraid of the other side being known?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Cf. p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> The war has greatly increased that number.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> My aim is not political, and I do not, therefore, touch upon the
+many later utterances. The protests, for example, against the unfairness
+of the Brest-Litovsk Peace have in Reichstag and Press been
+numerous and emphatic. For such facts the reader should consult the
+&#8220;Cambridge Magazine.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> We were allowed to suppose that the Lusitania carried no munitions,
+the Germans were encouraged to believe that she carried mounted
+guns. Both views were incorrect. The <i>New York Evening Post</i> (quoted
+by the <i>Labour Leader</i>) published the &#8220;manifest&#8221; of the number of cases
+of ammunition carried.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Ernest Poole in &#8220;Cassell&#8217;s Magazine,&#8221; No. 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> This seems unavoidable. &#8220;At last things quieted down a bit, but
+many wounded had to be brought in between the firing lines&mdash;dangerous
+work, as both sides are liable to fire if they are seen.&#8221;&mdash;An R.A.M.C.
+Officer in the <i>Times</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> From &#8220;The Pageant of War,&#8221; by Lady Margaret Sackville.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Cf. too p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> &#8220;There is no reason to suppose that he had seen Germany.&#8221;
+wrote Mr. George Long in Sir William Smith&#8217;s &#8220;Dictionary of Greek
+Biography and Mythology.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Further, we must remember that &#8220;The Red Cross on a white field
+is not a magic mantle that can ward off shells fired by an artillerist at
+a target which he cannot see, nor against flyers dropping bombs from
+thousands of feet in the air. &#8216;Bomb-dropping flyers are the terror of
+the doctors and wounded behind the lines,&#8217; remarked a doctor to me.&#8221;&mdash;Karl
+von Wiegand, in the <i>New York World</i>, August 17, 1916. (&#8220;Cambridge
+Magazine,&#8221; <i>Oct</i>. 7, 1916.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> &#8220;Church towers in a flat country are the only observation points,
+and so they are used, and so they are shelled.&#8221;&mdash;Ernest Poole, in
+&#8220;Cassell&#8217;s Magazine,&#8221; No. 42, p.&nbsp;27.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> From &#8220;Is It To Be Hate?&#8221; (Allen and Unwin), a pamphlet
+which I wrote in 1915. On many points there dealt with my second
+thoughts are different, as are those of many others. We have learned
+much since then.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> The public is extraordinarily innocent as regards this kind of
+information. It would form an interesting subject for post-war analysis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Cf. p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> From &#8220;Is It To Be Hate?&#8221; by the Author.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>La guerre devant Le Palais.</i> Par Gabriel Mourey. Paris. Ollendorff
+2f.&mdash;<i>Times</i> Literary Supplement, Aug. 19, 1915.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Cf. M. Mourey on the Uhlans at Compi&egrave;gne, p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> See also p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> &#8220;England,&#8221; &#8220;Germany,&#8221; &#8220;France,&#8221; etc., in these connections
+actually stand for a very small group of diplomats controlling foreign
+policy. The association of the names unfortunately makes us think of
+the countries as a whole, a word fallacy that leads to illimitable disaster.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> The variability of war stories may be observed also in the columns
+of the <i>Times</i> during the Crimean War. The truth is, no doubt, that
+great local differences of treatment occur, and that stories to the
+discredit of an enemy are more welcomed than stories in his favour.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> In the <i>International Review</i> of August 10, 1915, an Austrian lady,
+Charlotte Frankl, gives an account of the warm-hearted help she
+received in France, and the even greater kindness she and others
+received in England: &#8220;Not one of us had had unhappy experiences in
+England.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> War was declared upon Austria May 23, 1915, and though
+formal declaration of war against Germany was delayed for more than
+a year, the obvious fact was that Italy had taken sides with the enemy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Cf. p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> The British Chemical Society expelled its honorary German and
+Austrian Fellows, men who had worked for the whole of humanity. The
+German Chemical Society was asked by some of its members to expel
+an English Honorary Fellow who had attacked German men of science
+with exceptional virulence. The Society adopted the dignified course
+of taking no action amidst the passions of war.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> &#8220;Whatever Mr. Ernest Lissauer and his fellows may have set
+before themselves in their Tyrt&aelig;an poems of hate, in any case it can
+be said of them that they knew not what they did.... They did not
+know, though they should have known ... that the solidarity of the
+nations ... has to-day already become such that no great nation can
+aim at the very conditions of existence of another without damaging
+itself at the same time.&#8221;&mdash;Ed. Bernstein in <i>Das Forum</i> Jan., 1915.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> This is one view. Others who have seen German life during the
+war report a real solidarity of the people, a solidarity which later
+developments and revelations of Entente proposals has certainly not
+diminished.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> From &#8220;Is It To Be Hate?&#8221; by Harold Picton (Allen and Unwin).
+See <a href="#Footnote_57_57">footnote</a> p.&nbsp;<a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Mme. F.&nbsp;L. Cyon had some rather important experiences at
+Lille at the time of the German attack and during the German
+occupation. She is a woman of singularly cool mentality, and
+her evidence may be compared with that of Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge
+in a widely distant war area.</p>
+
+<p>Mme. Cyon has very kindly placed her notes of her
+experiences at my disposal. As the notes record also a point
+of view as to war in general, it has seemed more fitting to
+print them as an appendix. No statement of this kind is
+unbiased, for the pacifist has his own bias. Yet I am quite
+certain that everything set down by Mme. Cyon has been set
+down in complete sincerity and with unusual absence of mental
+distortion. The record is that made by a quiet worker amidst
+circumstances where few people remained sane.</p>
+
+
+<div class="longer"><hr /></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE MENTAL HAVOC WROUGHT BY THE WAR.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Fran&ccedil;oise Lafitte Cyon.</span></p>
+
+<p>During the months of September, October, November,
+and December, 1914, I undertook a journey in Northern France;
+going first to Lille, thence to Maubeuge, and returning to England
+via Brussels, Malines, Antwerp, and Holland.</p>
+
+<p>I was at Lille on October 13, 1914, when the Germans took
+the town. During the first three months of my stay in France
+I was engaged in nursing work at the military hospital 105 at
+Lille. In the early part of December I travelled as well as I
+could, sometimes tramping and sometimes making use of
+peasants&#8217; carts and local tramways, until I eventually reached
+Holland.</p>
+
+<p>It is not, however, my intention to speak much of my adventures
+or of the war itself, but rather to depict, to the best of
+my ability, the effect which the dreadful events of our doings
+have had on the minds of the men and women I have met with
+over there; be they French, Belgian, or German. This article
+will be an attempt to give a series of short studies in psychology,
+rather than a dramatic account of a perilous journey.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span>I wish my readers to bear in mind at the outset that after
+October 13 I was in German territory, where, from that date
+onwards, I met with two kinds of people. On the one hand, the
+oppressors or Germans; on the other hand, the oppressed,
+namely, the French, Belgian, and a few English.</p>
+
+<p>For a psychological study to be of value, such a distinction
+is useful to begin with, for one seldom finds the same frame of
+mind in the victor and the vanquished, in the oppressor and the
+oppressed.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst endeavouring to give facts, I must distinguish between
+three types of people whom I met during my journey. First,
+civilians, French and Belgian; secondly, the hospital staff,
+doctors and nurses, mostly French, with the exception of two
+German doctors; thirdly, the military, officers and men, French
+and German, with a few British. I am obliged to make this
+division in order to make myself clear, as the events of the
+war do not seem to affect the people of these three divisions
+in the same way.</p>
+
+<p>In what follows I shall for the most part depict types.</p>
+
+<p>I met first with the civilian population. When I reached
+Lille, I found life there much as usual, excepting that all
+appeared very quiet. But a few days after my arrival Lille
+began to show an extraordinary and sad animation. The town,
+which had already given shelter to many refugees from Valenciennes
+and villages thereabouts, was suddenly crowded by the
+exodus of the inhabitants of Orchies; the latter town, it was
+reported, had been completely burnt to the ground by the
+Germans, only thirty houses having been left standing.</p>
+
+<p>Life in Lille became horrible. In the streets one met long
+processions of miserable creatures, looking haggard and
+exhausted. Here was a woman with three tiny children, two
+of them in a dilapidated perambulator, the other she carried
+in her arms. She looked grey with the dust of the road: I
+followed her. She was going to the office of some local paper,
+whence these poor refugees were directed where to go to find
+food and shelter. Waiting at the door of the office were such
+numbers of these worn-out human beings that many of them,
+too tired to stand any longer, were sitting on the pavement
+whilst the children were eating pieces of bread.</p>
+
+<p>One morning I followed the crowd going to get bread at the
+town hall. I saw a little boy of four standing at his mother&#8217;s
+side while she talked with another woman. The mother&#8217;s
+basket had been put down on the pavement and a round loaf of
+bread was partly coming out of it. The little mite kneeled
+down on the ground and, going at it with all his might, he
+began to eat off the loaf in a way which told a long, sad tale.</p>
+
+<p>But what one met with amongst one&#8217;s friends was often more
+horrible than the sights in the streets. The tale of the destruction
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>of Orchies had been believed almost everywhere before
+any explanation had been forthcoming, and in these days
+hatred began to rear its head when people talked of the
+Germans.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;If they had burned Orchies,&#8221; said one of my acquaintances,
+&#8220;it is because we are too tolerant with them. To brutes
+we must speak only the language of brutes. We treat their
+prisoners like guests; let us put them all against the wall and
+shoot them and their wounded, too.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>When I replied that we should have little right to complain
+of German atrocities if we did what they are reported to do, I
+was looked at as too soft and as if I were a woman without
+patriotic feeling. My friend told me this as politely as his
+temper allowed.</p>
+
+<p>I left him and went into the street to try to find some distraction
+from his hatred. I chanced to meet a woman of
+Orchies and inquired what had happened there. I give her tale
+as told to me, though I have not been able to verify it.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Germans,&#8221; said she, &#8220;behaved quite well the first time
+they came into our town. They were kind to the children and
+even gave them sweets and toys, but on their second visit they
+found that some of their wounded had had their ears cut off
+and they ordered that Orchies should be set on fire.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It was monstrous,&#8221; she added, &#8220;but I know that an
+African soldier was found with a necklace of sixty ears, which
+he had certainly taken somewhere. This, too, was monstrous.
+I do not excuse the Germans for their crime&mdash;I have lost
+everything myself&mdash;but if we allow their wounded to be
+mutilated at such times, what can we expect? Who can say
+which side is the more barbarous? I must tell you that the
+officer ordered to set fire to Orchies was also told to arrest the
+mayor and some other men and to have them shot. However,
+he gave them timely warning to evacuate Orchies and to make
+good their escape, so no one was hurt.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>How far this story was true I never knew, but the effect of it
+on my fellow creatures I had seen too well, and I went away
+bearing on my heart the words of the woman of Orchies: &#8220;Who
+can say which side is the more barbarous?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On October 7 we heard that the Germans were outside the
+city and in many quarters fear was added to the anguish already
+overburdening the hearts of so many. Yet one woman, hearing
+the Germans were near, exclaimed, &#8220;Say what you like, these
+men are just like our French men. War is war; you cannot
+expect it to be anything but cruel and barbarous. The Germans
+are no enemies of mine.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Her words made a bad impression on the listeners, and it was
+well that the kind-hearted soul had three brothers in the French
+Army or she would have been regarded with much suspicion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span>An old lady of my acquaintance almost lost her head with
+fright. &#8220;How dare they,&#8221; she said, speaking of the French,
+&#8220;let the Germans take Lille?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;What then,&#8221; said I, &#8220;of Rheims?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Yes, Rheims, I know it was horrible! But Lille, the most
+beautiful town of the North, it is a crime to make it suffer.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Whilst discussing with me the doings of the French Army
+the old lady had often argued that Rheims and Arras had had
+to suffer because this was necessary to the success of the French
+operations. Recalling her own words, I asked: &#8220;But what
+could you say if for the good of the common cause Lille must
+suffer as did Rheims and Arras?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>But in her terror, forgetful of what she had said previously,
+she only exclaimed: &#8220;Lille! It is a crime. What shall we do?
+How shall we live?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>And I could see fear in her eyes, fear for her belongings
+as well as for her life, fear which made her forget for a moment
+the &#8220;good cause of this war&#8221; as she had often put it to me,
+fear which made her heart give out a note of real selfishness.</p>
+
+<p>So far as I can remember it was on October 8 that all the
+gates of the city were closed, and that there was fighting on
+the Grand Boulevard, the great wide thoroughfare which connects
+Lille with its sister-cities of Roubaix and Tourcoing.
+There was also fighting near one of the gates.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day, on returning from my work in Hospital
+105, the people with whom I was living told me of the terrible
+spectacle they had witnessed when they had gone to get news
+of some relations living near the gate where the fight had taken
+place. One woman said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The fight was on the bridge, which was covered in the
+evening with the dead bodies of Germans, amongst them two
+wounded men whom the Germans had left behind. By the
+bridge there is an inn, and we have been told that five men,
+civilians, who were there, killed the two &#8216;Boches&#8217; by
+strangling them. This makes two less of them!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I looked at her in horror, thinking that fright had turned
+her brain. I could find no words to reply. I turned to go to
+my own room, when she added:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In any case, the &#8216;Boches&#8217; won&#8217;t know of it for the bodies
+are buried under a heap of stones.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I left her with the words of the woman of Orchies echoing
+through my brain: &#8220;Who can tell which side is the more
+barbarous?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Some of these people I had known before the war to be
+peaceful, quiet citizens; they now appeared to me to have
+suddenly turned into devils. Fear and danger had made them
+crazy with hatred. Everywhere one went it was the same. If
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span>I tried to escape it, and took refuge in the street, I seemed to
+feel hatred rising from the very ground.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the fugitives one saw, many had run away before
+even seeing a German helmet, but all were full of atrocious
+tales, all were mad with hatred and revenge.</p>
+
+<p>Not until the actual shelling of the town began did I fully
+realise the havoc that fear and hatred can work! To feel helpless
+while shells go whirling over one&#8217;s head at the rate of
+sixty a minute, while houses are burning on either side of one,
+is a horrible experience. To have to bear all these horrors
+without being able to put a stop to them, is maddening. At
+such moments one feels like a mouse caught in a trap. One
+would have to be more than human not to feel terror.</p>
+
+<p>We all felt this at Lille, the great majority were so panic-stricken
+that they made for the gates, quite oblivious of the
+fact that the gates were closed and that fighting was going on
+there.</p>
+
+<p>It is usually in these moments of supreme fear that the
+lurking hatred in the soul takes full possession of it, distorting
+the imagination, bringing back the most atavistic moral ideas,
+giving birth to falsehoods of every description, and widening
+the gulf of misunderstanding which seems to part the nations.</p>
+
+<p>I have always known that hatred is the offspring of war. I
+am well aware that ever since the beginning of the present crisis
+the newspapers and the warmongers have been daily adding fuel
+to the fire of hatred for fear that if the fire died out the war
+would do the same. But over there, at Lille, I felt that hatred
+had fallen on the hearts of many people like a fatal malediction
+with which they are to be cursed all their life long and which
+they will transmit to their descendants.</p>
+
+<p>These people whom fear has driven, like cattle, from their
+burning houses, who have suddenly been left without a roof
+over their heads or food to eat, are not likely easily to give
+up their hatred when this passion of war is a thing of the
+past. Deep in their hearts will be written the word &#8220;revenge&#8221;
+even though France does not lose a second Alsace-Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p>This same overpowering feeling of hatred I found amongst
+most of the staff of the hospital where I was working, and I
+was able to note at first hand the effect it had in the dealings
+of the nursing staff with the German wounded.</p>
+
+<p>After October 13, 1914, the Germans took control of all the
+hospitals at Lille, and soon they were crowded with German
+wounded, while, little by little, as soon as they were able to
+travel, the French and British were evacuated and taken to
+Germany as prisoners of war.</p>
+
+<p>At Hospital 105 the French staff were asked if they would
+agree to remain under the German authorities, and most of the
+doctors and nurses elected to remain at their post. The hospital
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span>was controlled by the &#8220;Soci&eacute;t&eacute; des femmes de France,&#8221; who
+financed it and managed the entire establishment. Many of
+these women were society ladies and, with the exception of two
+or three, most incompetent. Before the German occupation
+their activities had mostly been of a showy character. They
+were all dainty, smart, and useless, and so they remained under
+German rule&mdash;those, at least, who did not run away. They
+avoided nursing Germans with great skill, and overcrowded the
+French and English wards. They were very diplomatic in their
+dealings with the enemy, as silly and pitiful in their hatred of
+the German and their cautious dealings with him as they were
+in their other activities. Their hatred was of the emptyheaded
+kind, but all the more dangerous for being based on frivolity
+of heart and crass ignorance.</p>
+
+<p>Side by side with them were a few intellectual women,
+professors and teachers. Most of them followed in the wake
+of their sisters and behaved in a similar manner. One of
+them, a woman I had known before, had spent many years of
+her life in Germany and had taught the German language for
+nearly twenty years. Before the war she had often told me
+how lovable she had found the German people, what good
+friends she had in Germany and how she always enjoyed a
+holiday there, so that when some of my German patients asked
+me for books, I thought she would be the very person to whom
+to apply for some.</p>
+
+<p>To my astonishment she flew into a passion when she heard
+my request.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Want books, do they? They will soon ask for chickens and
+lobsters.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Walking into my ward, she exclaimed haughtily: &#8220;So you
+are asking for books! As you set fire to everything, there are
+no books left for you!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Very little of the nursing was done by these women, however,
+who, instead of being a real help for the most part, put
+spokes in the wheels of the more useful helpers. The hardships
+of overwork, of long hours, of day and night duties in succession,
+fell all the more heavily on the shoulders of a few willing
+women, the other part of the female element proving so
+unreliable.</p>
+
+<p>These women, whose devotion never flagged, comprised three
+trained nurses and nine or ten women clerks or teachers, of
+quite another type to those mentioned above. It is true they
+were not all free from hatred, but, if I may so express it,
+theirs was almost a hopeful hatred compared with the blind
+stupidity of those others.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the three professional nurses I remember a tall,
+handsome girl of 22 or thereabouts. Hers was an ardent soul,
+one of those souls which keep young in spite of advancing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span>years. Whatever task this girl sets herself to do she will carry
+it through with skill and earnestness. Whichever cause she
+champions she will do so in no light spirit, and it was thus
+that she hated the Germans with the strongest hatred and yet
+nursed them with utter devotion, for she was as earnest a nurse
+as she was keen a patriot. There was almost a kind of
+healthiness about her hatred, based as it was on deep-rooted
+feelings, knowing no caution and no fear. One might hope
+more for her who, fearless of consequences, could wave the
+French flag and shout &#8220;Vive la France&#8221; when French prisoners
+were led away, than for all the fine ladies whose little souls
+were filled with great fear and ignorant hatred.</p>
+
+<p>I remember also a small, fair nurse, silent for the most part,
+but up at all times of the night as well as working hard all day.
+She sometimes opened her heart to me and I found there, as
+deep-rooted as her colleague&#8217;s hatred, a great and sincere love
+for all men and women, an unflinching hope that in the long
+run &#8220;brotherhood&#8221; will be the watchword of all humanity.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst these hard-working women many were of this silent
+type, going about with sealed lips, but with treasures of
+unconscious kindliness and love hidden in their hearts, known
+only to God.</p>
+
+<p>My daily intercourse with the men on our hospital staff was
+on the whole never sufficiently intimate to allow me to speak
+here of their mental attitude towards &#8220;the enemy.&#8221; The
+French doctors I never saw except when I was on duty, and
+I had little or no opportunity of speaking with them, being only
+an assistant nurse, but I recollect one little incident connected
+with Professor L&mdash;&mdash;, a man of acknowledged skill in France.
+At the time of which I speak, I had been transferred to a
+German ward, and one day, finding myself short of boiled water
+for the men to drink, I went to the chemist to ask for some.
+There I met Professor L&mdash;&mdash;, who said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;So you want boiled water for your friends the Germans?
+What would you say if I were to put in it a few microbes of
+cholera morbus?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I would hardly believe it of you!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Of course, you would not, for I am told that you are surprisingly
+good to these Germans. But believe me, if it were
+not for the fear of spreading the disease far and wide, this
+would be the best thing to do.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I have, however, no means of ascertaining that this incident
+is typical of the attitude of the average Frenchman on the male
+staff towards the Germans. As a matter of fact, they had very
+little to do with the German wounded, as these were left
+entirely in the hands of the German doctors, aided by the
+French nurses.</p>
+
+<p>After my transfer to the German wards, where we were very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>short of nurses, I soon found myself in sole charge of from
+16 to 26 wounded, a burden which I felt rather too heavy for
+me, as I had had but little experience in nursing previous to
+the war. But it was during this time, when my duties involved
+greater responsibility, that I came into closer contact with
+doctors, but they were German doctors, of course.</p>
+
+<p>I remember one of them, a small man, somewhat round, whom
+we had nicknamed &#8220;pupuce&#8221; (little flea). Pupuce always
+appeared to me to be kindness itself: intent on his work, good
+to his men and fair to his helpers. His position as head of a
+hospital where most of the men were French, was not an easy
+one. He was disliked by the majority of the nurses, mostly
+those who had not been willing to work under him; yet I never
+saw him manifest anything but the greatest tolerance and
+courtesy towards all.</p>
+
+<p>But where one felt the smallest amount of hatred existing
+on either side was amongst the men who had fought and been
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Being left so much alone with my German patients I got to
+know them well. I never had to complain of my &#8220;Boches.&#8221;
+They were so much like our own men; yes, so much like them!
+They were grateful for what was done for them just in the
+same way. They showed me photographs of their dear ones
+and told me stories of them which made my heart beat ever so
+quickly.</p>
+
+<p>But some of them were very funny. They ate, ate, so that
+one marvelled. They showed me plainly that I was to heap
+potatoes and other food on their plates. It was never too
+thick or too much for them. These men were of the
+peasant type, heavy in features and in general appearance.
+I found but few like them amongst our French men. They
+seemed to feel kindly towards me. Some of them used to pat
+me on the back heavily and call me: &#8220;Goode Petite Madam.&#8221;
+But their kindness was cow-like, so to speak, and reminded me
+of the animals when they have been well fed.</p>
+
+<p>But, of course, all were not like that. I remember many
+handsome and intelligent faces of men who seemed to have been
+born for better things than butchery. Here was a young man,
+a student of science, as gentle as a woman. He seemed to be
+the soul of all his comrades, so great was his influence for good
+over them. Day and night he was ready to help and to go to
+the assistance of his fellows, so far as his own wounds would
+allow him to do so.</p>
+
+<p>There were many of this type, and many others who seemed
+like children, and who could hardly be expected to realise how
+they got into such a scrape. One, a young mechanic, a lad with
+a bright rosy face, discovered that I was a Socialist, and, with
+finger on lip, he told me that he also was one. He whispered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>the great names of Jaur&eacute;s, Keir Hardie, and Liebknecht; I
+could read in his eyes the hope these names roused in him, but
+I could also see that he was scarcely old enough to know his
+own mind, and that he might be brutally killed ere he had
+lived long enough to strengthen his hopes and to see his goal
+clearly through the maze of his youthful dreams.</p>
+
+<p>There were types on the French side corresponding more or
+less closely to these.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that the French peasant drinks wine in the place of
+beer, eats less than the German, is lighter in build and in wits,
+but apart from these superficial differences there is much similarity.
+Under an outside show of brains, both are often of
+dull and shallow intelligence. The German cracks heavy jokes
+and the French cynical ones: it is difficult to choose between
+them as both show little culture and an inherent commonplaceness
+of mind.</p>
+
+<p>Men of greater sensibility, of refined culture, I have found on
+either side, and be they French or German, I have nearly always
+found their behaviour correspond to that which I have here
+tried to delineate.</p>
+
+<p>Most of these men had seen many ghastly things, the horrors
+of which often remained impressed in their eyes for days and
+days after their arrival in hospital. It is often said that the trade
+of war, the heavy slaughter in which they have participated,
+is bound to brutalise them. I readily believe this to be so in
+the case of the most vulgar types on either side, though, even
+on these, the brutalising and demoralising effect of the war
+seems less to be feared than amongst their corresponding types
+among the civilians.</p>
+
+<p>It is amongst the soldiers and officers of the fighting ranks
+that I have found the greater readiness to fraternise with the
+enemy, to acknowledge the good points of the other side.</p>
+
+<p>The men in my ward one day having sent coffee to their
+French comrades, the latter replied by sending cigarettes, and
+soon both sides were conversing together. The men who have
+stood face to face in the fight, who have seen their enemies
+falling as bravely as they themselves have done, have little
+hatred left in their hearts; but those who have suffered all
+the horrors of war and who have not found either in work, or
+even in participation in the war itself, a means to cool their
+overheated feelings, are those who constitute the real danger
+for the future work of the pacifists, as, after all, the brutalising
+effect of war is not due so much to the use of physical force as
+to the hatred which such physical force, bent on destruction,
+brings in its wake.</p>
+
+<p>What I say here of the men does not, however, apply to the
+professional officers. Amongst the Germans these are mostly
+of the aristocracy. Their haughty, scarred faces were always
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>repellent to me. Luckily I was not told off to nurse them.
+They had a special room of their own.</p>
+
+<p>Once only, at lunch time, when their usual nurse was away at
+her lunch, one of them beckoned to me as I was passing their
+door. Thinking that he wanted something, I went up to him,
+but he received me by putting out his tongue and taking a
+&#8220;sight&#8221; at me, to the amusement of all his friends. This
+young scamp was no other than Lieutenant von W&mdash;&mdash;, the son
+of General von W&mdash;&mdash;. We all knew that he was a cad and
+Pupuce himself seemed to find him rather a handful.</p>
+
+<p>I met very few French officers during my stay at Lille, but
+my knowledge of the professional military man in time of peace,
+leads me to believe that the type I have described, is far from
+uncommon in France. He is the embodiment of militarism anywhere,
+and neither in Germany nor elsewhere will these men&#8217;s
+brutal instincts be checked through war, or even through defeat.</p>
+
+<p>After leaving Lille, and during my subsequent journey
+through Northern France and Belgium, I had the opportunity
+to note the dealings of the Germans with the population of
+these invaded lands.</p>
+
+<p>After the numerous accounts of monstrous atrocities which
+were perpetrated over there, I hardly dare to mention here that
+personally I did not meet with any of these. I do not mean to
+imply by this that atrocities have not happened, but simply
+that it has been my good fortune not to come across any.</p>
+
+<p>At Lille itself, the Germans behaved decently when once in
+occupation. Posters were put on the walls of the town inviting
+the population to keep quiet. It is true that a few days later
+fresh bills appeared, worded in very peremptory fashion,
+warning the inhabitants to keep away from the bridges, railways,
+and so forth, under penalty of death for disobedience.
+However, to my knowledge, no disturbances occurred. There,
+as elsewhere, the Germans tried to reorganise ordinary life as
+quickly as possible; they helped to put out fires and to restore
+quiet and order amongst the civilians.</p>
+
+<p>At Maubeuge I met with a similar state of affairs, though I
+came to this town to find that my father, one of the citizens,
+had only the day before come out of prison, where the Germans
+had kept him for 28 days; on a false charge of trying to incite
+the inhabitants of Maubeuge against the Germans, he and two
+other men had been arrested. According to their own account
+the three of them were given a very fair trial and were
+acquitted. My father did not in any way complain of the
+treatment he had met with.</p>
+
+<p>I must admit, however, that the three prisoners did not all
+speak of their adventure in the same spirit. My father, always
+quiet and cool-headed by nature, resolved to make the best of
+a bad job, and having obtained paper and ink, wrote about half
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span>of a book whilst in prison. He found the food wholesome,
+though not always plentiful, and asked my mother after his
+release, to make him a pea soup like that he had had in his
+cell. The other two, however, one a mere lad, the other an
+old-maidish man of 50, complained bitterly of the food and
+other things. While narrating his part of the story the middle-aged
+man turned to me exclaiming: &#8220;Why, your father, no
+one would believe that he is a good bit over 60. He took it all
+so quietly, just as if he were still a young man!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I could not but infer from this that in times of such great
+crisis and passion a man over there in the invaded parts is
+often treated by &#8220;the enemy&#8221; according to the way in which
+he himself behaves towards the so-called &#8220;enemy.&#8221; Coolness
+of head and courtesy on the one side more often than not met
+with the same qualities on the other side.</p>
+
+<p>I suspect it was this, that, after the trial of the three,
+caused the President of the Court to apologise to my father,
+who had proved himself a man, but not to think of doing so
+to the two other prisoners, who had been more sheepish than
+human.</p>
+
+<p>On the average, the relations between the Germans and the
+inhabitants, from stories I have heard and facts I have witnessed,
+might roughly be summed up in the following statement:</p>
+
+<p>Arrogance, temper, haughtiness on the one side, provoke
+arrogance, temper and haughtiness on the other; while quietness
+and coolness of one party inspire the other with the same quietness
+and moderation. Provided we bear in mind that it takes
+less to provoke the victor than to provoke the vanquished, that
+it is more easy for the former to indulge in his temper without
+fear of consequences. I do not think that the atrocities perpetrated
+by the Germans in Belgium, the true ones as they came
+to my knowledge, and not the false ones which have been spread
+by the Press, have proved in any way that the Germans have
+passed the bounds of all that has been known in previous wars,
+and have deserved to be banned and thrust outside the pale of
+humanity.</p>
+
+<p>In this article I have endeavoured to give a fair account of
+my journey and to relate facts I have witnessed as they have
+impressed themselves upon my mind. I have done so not to
+pass judgment upon some of my fellow-creatures at such times
+of overheated passions, but merely in order to present to
+Socialists and Pacifists the enormity of their task after the
+war, such as I have felt it over there.</p>
+
+<p>It is in the hearts of the people that we shall have to work,
+to bring to them seeds of love and fraternal goodwill in the
+place of the weeds of hatred and ignorance which years of war
+and horrors will have left in the souls of many. Everywhere,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>but mostly in the countries which have been devastated by the
+war, be it in France, Belgium, Serbia, Poland or East Prussia
+and Galicia, it is in the hearts of the majority of the civilian
+population that we shall meet with the hardest task, but we
+must work so that our faith be so great as really to move
+mountains.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="index"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<div class="short"><hr /></div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Where there are several references and one is of chief importance,
+that one is printed in heavy figures.</i></p>
+
+<!-- <p>PAGE.</p> -->
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Accusation, Ease of, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>-<a href="#Page_205">5</a></li>
+
+<li>Achim, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Aktion, Die</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Alexandra Palace, Internment at, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Altdamm, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>American Civil War, Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_124">4</a></li>
+
+<li>Anderson, Chandler, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li>Annexation&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Delbr&uuml;ck-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial Against, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German Socialist Party Manifesto Against, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Assistance Agency, German, for Prisoners, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <b><a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_142">142</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Assistance to British Subjects in Germany, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_221">21</a></li>
+
+<li>Atrocities&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">and Credulity, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Unfounded Story of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle f&uuml;r Deutsche im Ausland und Ausl&auml;nder in Deutschland</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_134">4</a></li>
+
+<li>Austin, L.&nbsp;J., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <b><a href="#Page_37">37</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Austria, a Prisoner in, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Avanti</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Bad Blenhorst, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Baden, Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Basler Nachrichten</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Bathing Facilities&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">in British Camps, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in German Camps, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Bath-Chair Woman and English Lady, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li>Batochina, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-<a href="#Page_152">2</a></li>
+
+<li>Bayreuth, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Belgian Relief Commission, Germany&#8217;s Attitude to, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_178">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Belgium, German Protests Against Annexation of, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-<a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Bell, Mr. E.&nbsp;P., on the Censorship, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Belle-Ile, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Beresford, Lord, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Berliner Tageblatt</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li>Bernhardi, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Bernstein, Ed., <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Berry, Dr. F.&nbsp;M. Dickinson, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Bibby, Private A., <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Birt, Capt. W.&nbsp;B., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Bischofswerda, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_46">6</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Bishop of Winchester, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <b><a href="#Page_132">132</a>-<a href="#Page_133">3</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Bj&ouml;rnson, Bj&ouml;rn, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>Blankenberg-i-Mark, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Blankenburg, <b><a href="#Page_19">19</a></b>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue Book on Prisoners in Germany, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li>Boer War&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Concentration Camps, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_31">131</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li>Bogen, Col., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li>Borchardt, Julian, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li>Bouvigny, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>Boxing in Prison Camps, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Brandenburg, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>British Subjects in Germany, Kindness to, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_221">21</a></li>
+
+<li>Brunner, Mond &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Bryan, Mr., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li>Buchan, John, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>Bulgaria, British Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Burg, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-<a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Burg-bei-Magdeburg, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li>Bury, Bishop, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <b><a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_103">3</a></b>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_108">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Butler, Lt.-Gen. Sir W., quoted, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter"><i>Cambridge Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Carpenter, Edward, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>Cassabianda, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Catering, Self-management in, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li>Celle, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Censor Fined by Prisoner, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li>Censorship, E.&nbsp;P. Bell on the, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Cetinje, Starvation in, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Chemical Society, British, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Chemistry, Germany and, <a href="#Page_245">245</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Child in No-Man&#8217;s-Land, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Children in Russia, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Children Taken Home from Occupied Territory, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Christliche Welt</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li>Christmas Truces, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_182">2</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_186">6</a></li>
+
+<li>Cimino, Dr., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <b><a href="#Page_104">104</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Civilian Hate, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>-<a href="#Page_164">4</a></li>
+
+<li>Civilians, Resident Enemy, Treatment of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Clacton Graphic</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li>Clausthal, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Clothes, British Prisoners and, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li>Cohen, Israel, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <b><a href="#Page_104">104</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Colenso, Miss, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li>Cologne&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Hospitals at, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Military Prison at, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Commandants, Good German, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Common Cause</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Common Sense</i>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Compi&egrave;gne, Palais de, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>-<a href="#Page_207">7</a></li>
+
+<li>Complaints by Prisoners, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Concentration Camps, Boer War, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_131">31</a></li>
+
+<li>Contracts, Germany and, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_178">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Corey, Mr. Herbert, and the <i>Times</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Correspondence, Complaints about, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Cottbus, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Coulston, Capt., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Credulity and Atrocities, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>Crefeld, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <b><a href="#Page_13">13</a></b>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li>C&uuml;strin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Cyon, Madame F.&nbsp;L., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-<a href="#Page_157">7</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span><i>Daily Chronicle</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Daily Citizen</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Daily Mail</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Daily News</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Daily Telegraph</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Damm, Mr., <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Dartford Prisoners of War Hospital, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li>Dawson, W.&nbsp;H., <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li>Dehmel, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Delbr&uuml;ck-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Dernburg, Dr., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_177">7</a></li>
+
+<li>Desmond, G.&nbsp;G., <b><a href="#Page_61">61</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Deussen, Prof., Against Hate, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>-<a href="#Page_229">9</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Deutsche Tageszeitung</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li>Dickinson, Lowes, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>D&ouml;beritz, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <b><a href="#Page_9">9</a></b>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Dobson, Austin, quoted, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-<a href="#Page_197">7</a></li>
+
+<li>Dogs in German Prison Camps, <b><a href="#Page_33">33</a></b>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Donington Hall and Luxury, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li>Dorchester Camp, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <b><a href="#Page_64">64</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Doty, Madeline, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li>Douglas, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Dresel, Mr., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Drill, Dr., <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li>D&uuml;lmen, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Dyffry Camp, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li>Dyffryn Aled Camp, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li>Dyr&ouml;tz, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">East Africa, German Women Prisoners from, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Elswick, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Emden</i>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li>England, Military Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li><i>English Girl&#8217;s Adventures in Hostile Germany</i>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_214">14</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Englishman, Kamerad</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Erfurt, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li>Erzberger, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Escape, Attempts to, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Ethical Movement</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Ethics of War, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_162">2</a></li>
+
+<li>Eugster, Nat. Councillor A., <b><a href="#Page_40">40</a>-<a href="#Page_42">2</a></b>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Evolution of Modern Germany</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li>Ey-Steinecke, Gen. von, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Families of Germans in England, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-<a href="#Page_144">4</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Far Out</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Farm Work&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Prisoners in Germany and, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German Prisoners and, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Food&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">at Ruhleben, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">2</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">During Transport of Prisoners, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German Prisoners and, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">In Boer War Concentration Camps, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">In English Camps, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">In French Camps, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">In German Camps, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <b><a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a></b>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Problem in Germany, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li>Foug&egrave;res, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Foerster, Prof. W., <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>F&ouml;rster, Dr. F.&nbsp;W., <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Fort Friedrichshafen, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Forum, Das</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Franco-German War, Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Frankfort, Freedom of English in, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Frankfurt-am-Oder, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Frankland, Prof., <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Frentz, Gen. Raitz von, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Friedberg, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li>Friedrichsfeld, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Friend, The</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Friends&#8217; Emergency Committee, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <b><a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a></b>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li>&#8220;Frightfulness&#8221; Condemned by German Newspapers, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Frongoch, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Funeral of an English Officer in Germany, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_148">8</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Gardelegen, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li>Gardens, Prisoners&#8217;, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Gardiner, A.&nbsp;G., <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Gerard, Mr., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>German&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Feeling Towards England, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Heroism at the Front, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_162">2</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Newspaper Comments, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><i>ff</i>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Officers, Professional, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>-<a href="#Page_264">4</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Officers and Privates, Familiarity Between, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Soldier, British Opinions of the, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_203">3</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Soldiers, French Women and, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">School-books and the War, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_173">3</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Tribute to P&eacute;goud, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Troops in Occupation, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Germany&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">and Commerce, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Conditions of Labour in, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">In Peace Time, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Germersheim Hospitals, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>George, Lieut., <b><a href="#Page_36">36</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Gibbs, Philip, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Giessen, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Gilliland, Lieut., <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Glasgow Herald</i>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li>Glass Apparatus, Germany and, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>Gmelin, Prof., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>&#8220;God Punish England,&#8221; <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>Gomperz, Prof. H., <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li>G&ouml;rlitz, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>&#8220;Gott Strafe England,&#8221; <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>G&ouml;ttingen, <b><a href="#Page_11">11</a></b>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span>Graaf, Excellenz de, and English Civilians, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Grey, Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>G&uuml;strow i/Mecklenburg, <b><a href="#Page_16">16</a></b>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Haase, Herr, on Belgian Neutrality, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li>Hakenmoor, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Hale, Chandler, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Hall: <i>International Law</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>Halle a/d Saale, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li>Halle, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, Sir Ian, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li>Harnack, Prof., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Harris, H.&nbsp;W., <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Harte, A.&nbsp;C., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li>Harvey, Lieut.-Observer J.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;P., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li>Hate&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Civilian, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>-<a href="#Page_164">4</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Hymn of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Prof. Deussen Condemns, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Prof. Gomperz Condemns, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li>Hauptmann, Gerhart, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Havelberg, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Hay, the Hon. Ivan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Headley, Lord, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Healing of Nations</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>Hedin, Sven, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Herald</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Heroism of German Prisoners, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>Herzog, Wilhelm, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Hesse, Hermann, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Hibbert Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Hilfe, Die</i>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Hobhouse, Miss Emily, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-<a href="#Page_131">31</a></li>
+
+<li>Holderness, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Holyport Camp, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li>Holzminden, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Hoover, Herbert, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Hope, James, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>Horrors of War, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>Hospital at Lille, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_157">7</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Hospital Treatment, Prisoners in Germany, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <b><a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_8">58</a></b></li>
+
+<li>&#8220;Hymn of Hate,&#8221; <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter"><i>In the Hands of the Enemy</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li>Indian Prisoners at W&uuml;nsdorf, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Indian Prisoners, Wounded, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li>International Red Cross&mdash;see under <a href="#Red_Cross">Red Cross</a></li>
+
+<li><i>International Review</i>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Internment Camps, Neutral, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li><a name="Internment" id="Internment"></a>Internment&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Effects of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <b><a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_87">7</a></b>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Origin of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li><i>Is it to be Hate?</i> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Isighem, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Isle of Man, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Jackson, Mr., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Jealousy, English, of Germany, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Jens, Fr&auml;ulein, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Johnson, Capt. Benjamin, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li>Journalists Condemned, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Kaiser, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li>Kerensky, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Kindness, Order Against, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Kirchhoff, Frau, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Klein, Albert, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li>Klein, L&#8217;Abb&eacute; F&eacute;lix, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Kluck, General von, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <b><a href="#Page_206">206</a>-<a href="#Page_207">7</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Knockaloe Camp, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_117">17</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Accommodation at, Compared with Ruhleben, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_116">16</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Prisoners&#8217; Aid Society, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-<a href="#Page_137">7</a></li>
+
+<li>Kolb, Annette, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li><i>K&ouml;lnische Zeitung</i>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>K&ouml;nigsbr&uuml;ck, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Kothe, Oberst, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter"><i>La Guerre vue d&#8217;une Ambulance</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Labour Leader</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li><i>L&#8217;Action Fran&ccedil;aise</i>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Landrecies, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li>Langen Halbach b/Haiger, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Laurie, Principal, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>Leonhard, Rudolf, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Letters, German Soldiers&#8217;, <a href="#Page_237">237</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Lichnowsky, Prince, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Lichtstrahlen</i>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li>Liebknecht, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>Lille, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-<a href="#Page_157">7</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a><i>ff</i>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Hospital at, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_157">7</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Limbau, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Limburg, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li>Lissauer, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Literature, German War, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>-<a href="#Page_134">34</a></li>
+
+<li>Littlefair, Mary, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <b><a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_214">14</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Lloyd George, Mr., on the Two Germanies, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Lloyd&#8217;s News</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Lokalanzeiger</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Lorient, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Ludendorff, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Lusitania</i>, Sinking of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_179">9</a></li>
+
+<li>Luxembourg, Rosa, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Macnaughten, Miss, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-<a href="#Page_4">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Maffe, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Magdeburg, <b><a href="#Page_10">10</a></b>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Mainz, <b><a href="#Page_20">20</a></b>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Malcolm, Ian, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Manchester Guardian</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Mann, Thomas, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Marck, Ludwig, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Markel, Dr. K.&nbsp;E., <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Martin-Rade, Prof., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li>Marval, Dr. de, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Marwitz, von, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>-<a href="#Page_207">7</a></li>
+
+<li>Mather, Sir William, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Maubeuge, <b><a href="#Page_154">154</a></b>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <b><a href="#Page_264">264</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Maude, Col. F.&nbsp;N., on the Prussian Army, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li>Mehring, Frank, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li>Merseberg, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span>Merseburg, <b><a href="#Page_4">4</a></b>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Michelson, Mr., <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Minot, Mr., <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-<a href="#Page_95">5</a></li>
+
+<li>Mond, Ludwig, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Monotony of Camp Life, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">See also under <a href="#Internment">Internment, Effects of</a></li>
+
+<li>Morgan, Mr., American Consul at Hamburg, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Morning Post</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li>Mourey, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>-<a href="#Page_207">7</a></li>
+
+<li>MS. Returned, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>M&uuml;ller, Capt. von, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li>M&uuml;nden, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li>Munich, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li>M&uuml;nster, <b><a href="#Page_17">17</a></b>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <b><a href="#Page_56">56</a></b></li>
+
+<li><i>My Experiences as Prisoner in Germany</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <b><a href="#Page_37">37</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Motor-cycles, German Privates Ride Officers&#8217;, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Namur, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Napier, Col., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Napoleonic Wars, Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Nation</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li>Neubrandenburg, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>New College, Oxford, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li><i>News of the World</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li>Newspaper&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Advertisements in Vienna, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Comments, German, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><i>ff</i>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Reports, Inaccurate, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-<a href="#Page_54">4</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Newton, Lord, on Prisoners in Germany, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Nies, Archdeacon W.&nbsp;E., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Nobbs, Capt. Gilbert, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Nurses, French, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>-<a href="#Page_261">1</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter"><i>Observer</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Occupation, German Troops in, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Officers&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">German, and Privates, Familiarity Between, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German, at Lille Hospital, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>-<a href="#Page_264">4</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohnesorg, Dr., <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohrdruf, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li>O&#8217;Rorke, Chaplain Benjamin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>-<a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li>Orchies, Burning of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Osborne, Lithgow, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>O&#8217;Sullivan, Private, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+
+<li>Ozendaal, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Packages, Complaints About, <b><a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a></b>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Paderborn, Lazarets, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Padwick, Mr. H., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Page, Mr., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Paillet, L&eacute;on, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li>Panzera, Col. F.&nbsp;N., <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li>Parchim, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Paris, Enemy Nationals in, in 1870, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_77">7</a></li>
+
+<li>Pearce, Second-Lieut. F. Phillips, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li>P&eacute;goud, German Tribute to, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Petre, Miss, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li>Portsmouth Camp, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li>Postman&#8217;s Help to English Lady, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li>Prince Heinrich of Reuss, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>Princess Friedrich Leopold of Prussia, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Prison, Military, at Cologne, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Prisoner in Austria, A, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Prisoner&#8217;s Life, Monotony of the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+<li class="sub">(See also under <a href="#Internment">Internment, Effects of</a>)</li>
+
+<li><a name="Prisoners" id="Prisoners"></a>Prisoners&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">British, Alleged Bad Treatment of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">British, and Clothes, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Civilian and Military, Compared, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_87">7</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">False Statements by, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Food During Transport of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Friction Between, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German Army and, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German, Heroism of, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_119">19</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German Populace and, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Harsh Treatment of, During Transport, in France, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Harsh Treatment of, During Transport, in Germany, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_46">6</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in American Civil War, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_124">4</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in Boer War, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in France, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_45">5</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in Franco-German War, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in Germany, Lord Newton on, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in Germany, Officers&#8217; Rooms, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in Hospital, Germany, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <b><a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_58">8</a></b>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in Napoleonic Wars, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in Russo-Japanese War, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">in Russia, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Indian, at W&uuml;nsdorf, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Indian, Wounded, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Military, in Germany: General Conclusions, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">on Farm Work, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">&#8220;Reprisal,&#8221; <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Tact in Treatment of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Queensferry Camp, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Railway Trucks and Interned Prisoners, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li>Rastatt, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Reciprocity in Good Treatment, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li><a name="Red_Cross" id="Red_Cross"></a>Red Cross, International&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">and English Prison Camps, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Committee of the, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Reports of the, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Release of Civilian Prisoners, Appeals for, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Repatriations&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">of Civilian Prisoners, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">of Prisoners of War, <b><a href="#Page_58">58</a></b><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>&#8220;Reprisal Prisoners,&#8221; <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>&#8220;Reprisals of Good,&#8221; <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <b><a href="#Page_132">132</a></b><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Reuss, Prince Heinrich of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>Rolland, Romain, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Rotten, Dr. Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <b><a href="#Page_138">138</a>-<a href="#Page_140">40</a></b>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span>Roubaix, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Ruhleben, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Reports on, <b><a href="#Page_87">87</a></b><i>ff</i></li>
+
+<li>Ruhleben, Accommodation at, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Accommodation at, Compared with Knockaloe, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_116">16</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Camp Committee, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Leave of Absence from, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Mr. Jackson on, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Overcrowding at, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_103">3</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Prisoners&#8217; Activities at, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">7</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Relatives&#8217; Visits to Men at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Ruhleben, My Visit to</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_108">8</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Ruhleben Prison Camp, The</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <b><a href="#Page_104">104</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Rumours, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Sir E. Grey on, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li>Russell, Mr., <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Russia, Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Russo-Japanese War, Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Sackville, Lady Margaret, quoted, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Salzwedel, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li>Scarlett-Synge, Dr. Ella, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <b><a href="#Page_149">149</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a></b>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li>Scheuen, near Celle, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li>Schloss Celle, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>School-books, German, and the War, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_173">3</a></li>
+
+<li>Schopenhauer Society, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>-<a href="#Page_229">9</a></li>
+
+<li>Schulze, Dr. Siegmund, <b><a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">7</a></b>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Schwantje, Magnus, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Schwerin, Graf, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Scotswood, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li>Senne, <b><a href="#Page_19">19</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_29">29</a></b>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Serbia&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Austro-German Conduct in, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-<a href="#Page_153">3</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Austro-German Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Serbian Prisoners and German Assistance Agency, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Shakespeare, Germany and, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Sheffield Telegraph</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>Soltau, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li>Sombart, Prof., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_167">7</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Soul of the War</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Southend Camp, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li>Spaight, Dr. J.&nbsp;M., <b><a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_76">6</a></b>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_126">6</a></li>
+
+<li>Spandau, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Spectroscope Story, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_142">2</a></li>
+
+<li>St. Quentin, Germans at, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Staatsb&uuml;rgerin</i>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Stange, Prof., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <b><a href="#Page_144">144</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Stargard, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Steen, M.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;E., on German Prison Camps, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Stendal, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Stettin, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Stobs Camp, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Stobsiad</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li>St&uuml;cklen, Herr, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Sunday Times</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Swiss and Red Cross, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Sydney</i>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li>Sympathetic Ink, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Taylor, Dr. A.&nbsp;E., <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">2</a></li>
+
+<li>Taube, Baron von, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><i>ff</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Tennant, Mr., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Tennis-court, Officer Prisoners&#8217;, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Times</i>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Times Literary Supplement</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li>Torgau, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li>Treatment of Prisoners&mdash;See under <a href="#Prisoners">Prisoners</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tourcoing, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Turkey, Prisoners in, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Uhlans, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li>Unruh, Fritz von, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Vermin in Camps, <b><a href="#Page_41">41</a></b>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Vienna Newspapers, Advertisements in, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Visits Outside Camp, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <b><a href="#Page_52">52</a></b>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Vitr&eacute;, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Volksstimme</i>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Vorw&auml;rts</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Vossische Zeitung</i>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Wahn, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li><i>War and the World&#8217;s Life</i>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li>Warmington, Mrs. K., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li>Webster, J.&nbsp;P., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Weissen Bl&auml;tter</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Wells, H.&nbsp;G., <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Werfel, Franz, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Wesel, Lazarets, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Westminster Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li>Wilson, Capt. A. Stanley, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Winchester, Bishop of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <b><a href="#Page_132">132</a>-<a href="#Page_133">3</a></b></li>
+
+<li>Wittenberg, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Wolff, Theodore, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_177">7</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Woman&#8217;s Dreadnought</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Women, French, and German Soldiers, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Working Camps, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Wounded&mdash;</li>
+<li class="sub">Brotherhood Among, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_183">3</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German, at Orchies, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German, at Lille Hospital, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-<a href="#Page_263">3</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">German, Killed, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li>
+<li class="sub">Treatment of, by Germans, <b><a href="#Page_187">187</a>-<a href="#Page_195">195</a></b>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>W&uuml;nsdorf, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Y.M.C.A. at G&ouml;ttingen Camp, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Ypres, The Irish Nuns at</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="nexletter">Zetkin, Clara, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li>Zimmermann, Herr E., <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Zossen, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Z&uuml;der Zollhaus, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li>Zwickau, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+<p class="printer"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span>
+The National Labour Press, Ltd.,<br />
+Manchester and London.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="note">
+<p><strong>Transriber&#8217;s Note:</strong> The table below lists all corrections applied to the
+original text.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#Page_vii">p. vii</a>: par L&#8217;Abb&eacute; Felix Klein &rarr; F&eacute;lix</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_2">p. 2</a>: lights out at 10-45 &rarr; 10.45</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_9">p. 9</a>: [normalized] visited camps at Hollyport &rarr; Holyport</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_14">p. 14</a>: [removed extra comma] insufficient, light &rarr; insufficient light</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_16">p. 16</a>: [added opening quotes] &#8220;Clothing is furnished when required</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_26">p. 26</a>: his intercourse wth the German delegates &rarr; with</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_40">p. 40</a>: [added closing quotes] cereals is impossible.&#8221;</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_44">p. 44</a>: [normalized] Of Casabianda &rarr; Cassabianda</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_53">p. 53</a>: the occurence mentioned &rarr; occurrence</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_58">p. 58</a>: it seems very probable that &rarr; It</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_74">p. 74</a>: most trivial beaches of discipline &rarr; breaches</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_95">p. 95</a>: contsantly progressing &rarr; constantly</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_100">p. 100</a>: recreation and asembling room &rarr; assembling</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_107">p. 107</a>: [added closing quotes] skits on the camp, etc.&#8221;</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_112">p. 112</a>: [added closing brace] (Editor of the Journal de Gen&egrave;ve)</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_112">p. 112</a>: official negotiaions &rarr; negotiations</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_121">p. 121</a>: Even in neutral interment camps &rarr; internment</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_128">p. 128</a>: [added period] by no means supports these charges.</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_139">p. 139</a>: so well satified &rarr; satisfied</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_144">p. 144</a>: No interment camp &rarr; internment</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_154">p. 154</a>: delapidated and without fire &rarr; dilapidated</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_155">p. 155</a>: sme of them were so impertinent &rarr; some</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_157">p. 157</a>: [added closing quotes] thanking me for my care.&#8221;</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_159">p. 159</a>: grande loterie de Noel &rarr; No&euml;l</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_160">p. 160</a>: troops entered Centinje &rarr; Cetinje</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_163">p. 163</a>: [added closing quote] go forward with our hands up.&#8217;</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_161">p. 161</a>: [added comma] from the Daily News, May 17</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_167">p. 167</a>: herioc bravery&rarr; heroic</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_170">p. 170</a>: bullets in safe reatreat &rarr; retreat</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_170">p. 170</a>: This is a singuarly fair &rarr; singularly</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_194">p. 194</a>: par L&#8217;Ab&eacute;e F&eacute;lix Klein &rarr; L&#8217;Abb&eacute;</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_198">p. 198</a>: [added period] to conceal them ever since.</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_205">p. 205</a>: [added opening quotes] &#8220;On the whole it cannot be said</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_207">p. 207</a>: imagination this aid-de-camp &rarr; aide-de-camp</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_207">p. 207</a>: [added opening quotes] reviewer in the Nation, &#8220;that Herr Major</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_232">p. 232</a>: Deutschlands Jugend und der Weltkreig &rarr; Weltkrieg</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_255">p. 255</a>: Francoise Lafitte Cyon &rarr; Fran&ccedil;oise</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_269">p. 269</a>: G&uuml;strow &icirc;-Mecklenburg &rarr; G&uuml;strow i/Mecklenburg</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_269">p. 269</a>: Klein, L&#8217;Ab&eacute;e F&eacute;lix &rarr; L&#8217;Abb&eacute;</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_271">p. 271</a>: Tourcoing, 258 &rarr; Tourcoing</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Better Germany in War Time, by Harold Picton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BETTER GERMANY IN WAR TIME ***
+
+***** This file should be named 24810-h.htm or 24810-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/8/1/24810/
+
+Produced by Irma Spehar, Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/24810.txt b/24810.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e86b9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24810.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11559 @@
+Project Gutenberg's The Better Germany in War Time, by Harold Picton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Better Germany in War Time
+       Being some Facts towards Fellowship
+
+Author: Harold Picton
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2008 [EBook #24810]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BETTER GERMANY IN WAR TIME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Irma Spehar, Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                          THE BETTER GERMANY
+                              IN WAR TIME
+
+                _Being some Facts towards Fellowship._
+
+
+                                  BY
+                            HAROLD PICTON.
+
+
+                  THE NATIONAL LABOUR PRESS, LIMITED,
+                        MANCHESTER AND LONDON.
+
+
+
+                                TO THE
+                    BRITISH AND THE GERMAN PEOPLES
+                                  AND
+                             IN MEMORY OF
+                               MY MOTHER
+                          WHO KNEW AND LOVED
+                              THEM BOTH.
+
+
+
+    "Forsooth, brothers, fellowship is heaven, and lack of
+    fellowship is Hell."--_A Dream of John Ball._
+
+    "Either we are all citizens of the same city and war between us,
+    a civil war, a monstrous iniquity to be forgotten, as soon as it
+    may bring in peace; or else there is no city and no home for man
+    in the universe, but only an everlasting conflict between
+    creatures that have nothing in common and no place where they
+    can together be at rest."--_Times Literary Supplement_, Nov. 11,
+    1915.
+
+    "He had to be extremely careful, said Lord Newton at Knutsford
+    last Saturday, because if he made any statement which did not
+    accuse the Germans of brutality he was denounced by many people
+    as pro-German."--_Common Sense_, April 20, 1918.
+
+    "Des faits de ce genre meritent detre mis en evidence. Il
+    faudrait, dans ce dechainement d'horreurs et de haines, insister
+    sur les quelques traits capables d'adoucir les ames."--_La
+    Guerre vue d'une Ambulance_ par L'Abbe FELIX KLEIN.
+
+    "Hate as a policy is either inadequate to deal with the crimes
+    (real and invented) of our enemies, or, if adequate, so recoils
+    on the hater that he himself becomes ruined as a moral
+    agent."--G. JARVIS SMITH, M.C. (late Chaplain at the Western
+    Front). _Nation_, Nov. 2, 1918.
+
+    "The belief at home that the individual enemy is an incurable
+    barbarian is simply wrong...."--Second-Lieut. A. R. WILLIAMS,
+    killed in action August, 1917.
+
+    "I will go on fighting as long as it is necessary to get a
+    decision in this war.... But I will not hate Germans to the
+    order of any bloody politician; and the first thing I shall do
+    after I am free will be to go to Germany and create all the ties
+    I can with German life."--J. H. KEELING (B.E.F., December,
+    1915).
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER.                                               PAGE.
+
+     FOREWORD                                            xi.
+
+  I. MILITARY PRISONERS                                    1
+
+ II. CIVILIAN PRISONERS                                   75
+
+III. PRISONERS IN PREVIOUS WARS                          123
+
+ IV. REPRISALS OF GOOD                                   132
+
+  V. WHAT THE GERMAN MAY BE                              149
+
+     APPENDIX                                            255
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD[1]
+
+
+One kind of German has been too often described, and not infrequently
+invented. I propose here to describe the other German. At a military
+hospital a lady visitor said to the wounded soldiers: "We've had lots of
+books and tales of horror; why don't some of you fellows prepare a book
+of the good deeds of the enemy?" There was a slight pause. "Ah," said
+one of the soldiers, "that would be a golden book." Very imperfectly,
+and in spite of all the barriers raised by war passions, I have tried to
+collect some of the materials already to hand for such a book.
+
+In any quarrel it is difficult to recognise that there is good in one's
+opponent. Yet in order that any strife may be wisely settled, this
+recognition is plainly necessary. Mere enmity, without recognition of
+good, belongs to primitive barbarism. It was against the foolish
+unpracticality of this older barbarism (not surely only against its
+wickedness) that Christ protested in the words, "But I say unto you,
+love your enemies." He saw around him the folly and unenlightenment of
+the perpetual feud. I have collected the testimonies that are in the
+following pages because such facts seem to me to need wider
+recognition, if we are ever to gain an outlook upon a fairer and a truer
+world.
+
+If my desire for peace has anywhere shown itself unduly, or in a way
+irritating to others, I ask forgiveness. Whenever peace is made, the
+world will need a peace built on all the facts of human nature. I have
+tried to give here some of those which war passions inevitably obscure.
+That is the whole of my task.
+
+                                              HAROLD PICTON.
+  _September, 1918._
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 1: With the exception of a few minor insertions the
+    whole of this book was compiled, and the preface written, before
+    Peace came. It seemed, however, that it might only be harmful if
+    published then. I, therefore, kept the book back, but, as the
+    wording expressed my feeling as I wrote, I have left it
+    unchanged.]
+
+
+
+
+                    The Better Germany in War Time
+
+                                  I.
+
+                          MILITARY PRISONERS.
+
+
+The cases of bad treatment of prisoners in Germany have been made known
+very widely. No one, I imagine, can wish to defend bad treatment of
+prisoners anywhere (even of criminal prisoners), and such a horrible
+state of things as that of Wittenberg during the typhus epidemic is a
+disgrace to human nature.
+
+But Mr. Lithgow Osborne says: "My whole impression of the camp
+authorities at Wittenberg was utterly unlike that which I have received
+in every other camp I have visited in Germany." (Miscel. 16, 1916, p.
+6). I propose to give some account of these other camps. I shall not
+exclude adverse criticism, but as the public have heard little but such
+criticism, I do not think it will be unfair to deal in these pages more
+fully with the favourable reports.
+
+
+LETTERS FROM OFFICERS AND OTHERS.
+
+The following letter from a British Officer appeared in the _Times_ of
+December 30, 1914. It may well serve as an introduction and a caution:
+
+    I do not doubt Private O'Sullivan's wonderful experience as a
+    prisoner, but his is, I am sure, only an isolated case, and not
+    at all the usual treatment to which British prisoners are
+    subjected. I can speak from experience, as I, too, was a
+    prisoner (wounded), but afterwards released, as the building in
+    which I was, along with several German wounded, was captured by
+    the British. During the time I was with the Germans they treated
+    me with every consideration. Food was scarce, owing to the fact
+    that the roads were so well shelled by our artillery that their
+    transport could not come up; but they shared their food with me.
+    They also dressed my wound with the greatest care, and in every
+    way made me as comfortable as possible. Being able to speak a
+    little German, I talked to the other wounded, and found that
+    their papers also published dreadful tales of our treatment of
+    prisoners, which I am glad to say I was able to refute.
+
+    I am, Sir, yours faithfully,
+                                          A BRITISH OFFICER.
+      December 27.
+
+I would especially call the attention of fair-minded men to the last
+sentences.
+
+Here is a letter written by Second-Lieut. F. Phillips Pearce (aged 18)
+of the 2nd Essex Regiment, from Crefeld on October 27, and printed in
+the _Times_ of November 19, 1914:
+
+    We are treated very well indeed here. We have good beds and
+    fires in the rooms, three good meals a day, and a French soldier
+    for a servant, and this morning I had a splendid hot bath. We
+    have roll call twice a day, at 8 a.m. and 9.45 p.m., and lights
+    out at 10.45, and we have a large courtyard to walk about in. We
+    have a canteen here where we can buy clothes and anything we
+    want. Prison fare is very good--new rolls and coffee and fresh
+    butter. Not bad! I had a very decent guard when I was coming up
+    on the train; he got me food, and when one man tried to get in
+    to attack me he threw him off the train. I am afraid I am out of
+    the firing line until the war ends (worse luck). I am in no
+    danger of being shot unless I try to bolt, which I shan't do. I
+    shot the man who was carrying their colours, and he wanted to
+    have me shot, but luckily nobody seemed to agree with him. The
+    next time I saw him he had been bandaged up--he was shot through
+    the shoulder--and he dashed up and shook me by the hand and
+    shouted, "Mein Freund, mein Freund."
+
+On November 25 other letters appeared in the _Times_. One was from a
+cavalry subaltern in a German fortress:
+
+    You ask about money; they provide lights and firing and all the
+    men's food. The officers get 16s. a week and buy their own.
+    Quite sufficient, as it is cheap. I have learnt German fairly
+    quickly and do interpreter now in the shop for the men, though,
+    I am afraid, _tant mal que bien_. One of the officials here
+    used to be a professor, and is very kind trying to teach us.
+    Thanks for the warm underclothes, and most awfully for the
+    footballs. We have quite good matches.... It is better not to
+    try to send any public news of any kind from England; people
+    having been stupid trying to smuggle letters in cakes and
+    things, and it only makes trouble for everyone.
+
+A Captain writes:
+
+    For dinner at 1 p.m. we are given soup, meat and vegetables....
+    Supper takes place at 7 o'clock and consists of tea, sausages or
+    meat and potatoes.... We receive L5 a month as pay, of which 1s.
+    6d. is deducted for food each day. We have a canteen here at
+    which we can buy everything we want, ... so there is no need to
+    send me anything at all, except perhaps those small 7d. editions
+    of novels.
+
+An English lady wrote early in 1915 from Munich:
+
+    I must tell you I had permission to visit a wounded English
+    officer, a cousin, and I think it would reassure many people at
+    home to know how warmly he speaks of the great kindness that has
+    been shown him now for five months, as well as the skill and
+    attention of the doctors.--(_Times_, March 17, 1915.)
+
+Here, too, is a letter from Lieut.-Observer J. E. P. Harvey, an officer
+of the Bedfordshire Yeomanry, and attached to the Royal Flying Corps:
+
+    I met one of the pilots of the German machines that had attacked
+    us. He could speak English well and we shook hands after a most
+    thrilling fight. I had brought down his machine with my
+    machine-gun, and he had to land quite close to where I landed.
+    He had a bullet through his radiator and petrol tank, but
+    neither he nor his observer was touched. I met two German
+    officers that knew several people that I knew, and they were
+    most awfully kind to me. They gave me a very good dinner of
+    champagne and oysters, etc., and I was treated like an honoured
+    guest. I then came by train the next day to Mainz, where I was
+    confined in a room by myself for two days. I have now been moved
+    into a general room with eight other English officers, where we
+    sleep and eat. We are treated very well, and play hockey and
+    tennis in the prison yard.--(_News of the World_, February 27,
+    1916.)
+
+Miss Colenso gives the following account, which appeared in the _Daily
+News_ of June 28, 1918:
+
+    A minister friend of mine told me the story of a young Scottish
+    boy of his acquaintance, now a military prisoner in Germany--I
+    forget for the moment in which camp. This boy received a letter
+    from home one day telling of his mother's serious illness and
+    the doctor's verdict that she could only live a few weeks. The
+    German Commandant, finding the boy in great distress, asked him
+    what was the matter, and on learning the cause of his grief,
+    said: "Would you like to go home to your mother?" The boy sprang
+    up, exclaiming indignantly, "How can you mock me when you know
+    it is impossible?" "But you shall go, my boy," said the
+    commandant. "I will pay your return fare on condition that you
+    give me your word of honour to come back here." The boy went
+    home to Scotland and remained by his mother's side for about
+    three weeks till her death, when, true to his word, he returned
+    to Germany.
+
+The writer of "Under the Clock" considers that "well-attested" stories
+of this kind should be given publicity. It is even more necessary to
+examine the "attestation" of the other kinds of stories, for all the
+bias is against the enemy, and demand is apt to create supply.
+
+
+MERSEBURG, DOEBERITZ.
+
+I pass on now to a report made by a United States Official. The American
+Consul writes from Leipzig under date of November 16, 1914: "On Saturday
+afternoon, the 14th instant, I visited the military concentration camp
+near Merseburg, where some 10,000 prisoners of war are interned. The
+object of my visit was to investigate the claim of a French prisoner
+that he is an American subject. The result of my observations regarding
+the welfare and humane treatment of the prisoners at large was a
+surprise to me.... Separated by nationality, these prisoners are housed
+in wooden buildings, well built, ventilated and heated.... They sleep
+upon straw mattresses in well-warmed quarters, and, as far as I could
+judge, are as well or better housed than labourers upon public works in
+the United States. The prisoners are fed three times a day. Breakfast
+consists of coffee and bread. Dinner consists of vegetable and meat,
+soup and bread, and for supper they are given bread and coffee. I was
+informed that many of the prisoners have some money, and that they are
+allowed to buy whatever else they may wish to eat. If I may judge from
+the mounds of empty beer bottles at hand, there is evidence in support
+of this statement. The prisoners appeared to be in good health and
+cheerful, many of them engaging in games and other pastimes."
+
+The diet described must be frightfully monotonous. Feeding has
+throughout been one of the German difficulties. "Germany claims to hold
+433,000 prisoners of war," wrote an anonymous American journalist
+(probably in November, 1914); "the housing and feeding of so great a
+number must be a tremendous strain upon resources drained by the
+necessities of war." The numbers must now exceed two million. The Press
+article referred to [Misc. No. 7 (1915)] is severe on the misery of camp
+life, and the verminousness of the men (they were of mixed nationality)
+in the camp at Doeberitz which he visited. (See, however, the further
+official reports quoted below at p. 9). But the writer does not confine
+his condemnation to one side. "One hears of battles in which no quarter
+is granted. There are stories of one side or the other refusing an
+armistice to permit the other to gather its wounded. Each side is
+desperately determined to win, and neither is counting the cost. So men
+must rust in prison camps until the struggle is over." The monotony in
+this case seems to have been varied by fights between the prisoners of
+different nationality, each set considering that the others had not done
+their part in the war. We need not be contemptuous about that. The
+monotony of the prisoners' life must tend to produce the maximum degree
+of mutual friction. There is absolutely no privacy for the prisoner of
+war. To be forced to remain, day and night, for months and years in
+idleness, with a crowd of others, not of one's own choice is, I believe,
+one of the psychological factors which make internment (especially to
+many civilians) decidedly worse than imprisonment in a criminal prison.
+
+
+CORRESPONDENCE AND PACKAGES.
+
+My next document illustrates the fact that each side makes similar
+complaints about the other. Telegram received by American Embassy,
+London, December 23, 1914, 22nd from Berlin Embassy:
+
+    "Foreign Office reports receiving many complaints that money and
+    packages sent German military and civilian prisoners in enemy
+    countries from Germany do not reach addresses. Please secure
+    information for Department to forward German Foreign Office
+    whether money and other postal matter will be delivered to such
+    prisoners promptly and intact.--BRYAN, Washington."
+
+There is no doubt that many letters and parcels have _not_ reached
+German prisoners in England. Lord Robert Cecil has fully allowed this.
+(_Times_ report. March 11, 1915.) In spite of this, I have no doubt that
+the British authorities have done their best to expedite delivery. I
+would suggest that this is probably the case on the other side, too. We
+shall indeed later come upon some definite statements in support of this
+view. One frequent cause of the non-arrival of parcels in Germany has
+been convincingly described by Mr. Ian Malcolm, M.P. (_Daily Mail_,
+November 8, 1916, and Reprint):
+
+    I did not approach this subject quite "new to the game." I had
+    already visited general post offices in England, Switzerland and
+    elsewhere, and had seen thousands, literally thousands, of food
+    parcels intended for our prisoners of war in Germany falling to
+    bits and incapable of being forwarded for want of skilled
+    packing. The sight was enough to make angels weep. To think that
+    so much self-sacrifice had been exercised in humble homes to
+    save up bits of dripping, crusts of bread, broken cigarettes,
+    and what not, in order that these should reach son or brother or
+    sweetheart in Germany, yet packed so badly albeit by loving
+    hands, that in the first rough and tumble of the post the paper
+    burst, the string came undone, and the contents of a dozen
+    parcels fell in an inextricable jumble upon the floor.
+
+There will unfortunately, too, be those in every land who will take
+opportunities for mean thefts. We have all had experience of that during
+this war, and the following cutting from the _Daily News_ of October 5,
+1915, may be given in illustration:
+
+    In a letter of thanks to the secretary of the committee of the
+    Elswick and Scotswood workmen, formed for the purpose of sending
+    comforts to the troops, Sir Ian Hamilton says:
+
+        I am extremely touched by the extraordinary generosity and
+        kindness of the Elswick and Scotswood workmen. I will take
+        great care to let our soldiers know to whom they are
+        indebted for this most handsome contribution. Pray heaven
+        the parcels will escape thieves and scoundrels who waylaid
+        some of the gifts, and will arrive in good condition.
+
+If there are, alas, not a few men who will steal from their comrades,
+there are not likely to be fewer who will steal from their enemies.
+
+Speaking generally, however, the delivery of parcels on both sides soon
+became commendably regular. The care shown on the German side is warmly
+praised by Captain Gilbert Nobbs, who remained quite able to appreciate
+good deeds even after enduring terrible hardships and hearing worse
+stories from others. The bad deeds of war, soldiers are able to judge
+better than civilians. In his book "Englishman, Kamerad," Captain Nobbs
+writes:
+
+    I was very much impressed with the fair and systematic handling
+    of our parcels, letters and money; even letters and postcards
+    which arrived for me after I had been sent back to England, were
+    re-addressed and sent back. A remittance of five pounds which
+    arrived for me after I had left was even returned to me in
+    England, instead of being applied to the pressing need of the
+    German War Loan.--(_Daily News_, January 25, 1918.)
+
+An acquaintance of my own, a lecturer in a technical school, spoke to me
+to the same effect. He told me, as an illustration, of a parcel sent to
+him which had become quite shattered in transit (p.p. 7). The Germans
+transferred the contents to a sack, and, as he said, the temptation to
+pilfer the sorely-needed foodstuffs must have been great. My informant
+also spoke of the very thorough inoculation against disease.
+
+
+ALTDAMM.
+
+On December 31, 1914, Mr. Damm reported to Mr. Gerard on the Camp at
+Altdamm near Stettin. The general arrangement, he remarks, is the same
+as that of the camp at Stargard on which he had reported previously.
+
+"It appears to me that every effort is being made to treat the prisoners
+of war as humanely as possible in the two camps I visited. Dry and warm
+shelter is provided, the food is simple and perhaps monotonous, but of
+good material and well prepared, sanitary arrangements are good, and the
+health of the men is carefully looked after."
+
+
+RUMOURS V. INSPECTION.
+
+But the general inspection of all camps had not yet been agreed to by
+the German Government, and on February 23, 1915, Sir Edward Grey wrote
+to Mr. Page (the American Ambassador in London) complaining that no
+definite replies to his questions were forthcoming. "His Majesty's
+Government," he continues, "have only unofficial information and rumours
+on the subject to guide them, which they trust do not accurately
+represent the facts." The "unofficial information and rumours" had,
+however, attained wide publicity, and obtained still more later.
+
+The German authorities agreed on March 17, 1915, to general inspection
+of detention camps and consideration of complaints. The reports now to
+be cited were made after this date. [Misc. 11 (1915)]. I propose to give
+examples of almost all the earlier reports, for it was in the earlier
+stages of the war that there was most difficulty everywhere in providing
+accommodation for prisoners. We ought not to forget that the earliest
+reports on our own camps which the British Government have published
+begin with February, 1916.[2]
+
+
+DOEBERITZ.
+
+On March 31 Mr. Jackson reported on the camp at Doeberitz, a large camp
+with between three and four thousand British prisoners. "So far as I
+could ascertain, British soldiers are called upon to do only their share
+in fatigue work.... So far as I could ascertain, after inquiry of a
+number of men, nothing was known as to the stopping of either incoming
+or outgoing correspondence.... The camp at Doeberitz is in a healthy
+location, and the barracks are new and of a permanent character.... They
+are at least as good as those used by the Germans at present in the same
+neighbourhood. As was to be expected a number of men had individual
+grievances, but there were no general complaints, except with regard to
+the German character of the food--_and those were the exact counterparts
+of complaints made to me by German prisoners in England_." I have
+italicised the last clause as it will surely, to a fair-minded man, seem
+a somewhat important one.
+
+Mr. Lithgow Osborne visited the camp at the same time. He says:
+
+    Until two weeks ago the Russians and English were, in cases,
+    housed together--a source of complaint to the latter, more
+    especially on account of vermin. The races have now been
+    separated. The men all stated that they had the two blankets and
+    the other requisites provided in the German rules, and I heard
+    but one complaint about overcrowding. Most of the English and
+    French receive clothes from home. All the prisoners who do not,
+    are furnished from the camp supply; the men stated that this was
+    carried out according to the rules.
+
+    No complaints whatever were made regarding the Commandant, the
+    non-commissioned officers, or the general government of the
+    camp. The food was the source of the few real complaints that
+    could be heard, although at least half of the men spoken to
+    admitted that it was quite as good as could possibly be
+    expected.
+
+    The impression of the whole was excellent, and one received the
+    idea that everything that could reasonably be expected was done
+    for the men by the authorities in charge.
+
+
+THREE POOR CAMPS.
+
+Mr. Jackson's reports on Burg bei Magdeburg, Magdeburg and Halle a/d
+Saale are the most unfavourable. They were all small officers' camps,
+Burg containing 75, Magdeburg 30, Halle 50 British officers. There were
+a few orderlies at each camp.
+
+The chief points are inadequate ventilation, inadequate service for
+officers and, in the first two, the fact that living rooms were used
+for all purposes, there being no special mess or recreation rooms. There
+seemed, however, to be no discrimination against the British.
+
+
+GOETTINGEN.
+
+Mr. Page himself reports on Goettingen, where there were about 6,000
+prisoners. "The Camp Commandant, Colonel Bogen, has done everything
+possible to make this a model camp, and he has accomplished a great
+work. The only complaint is as to the food, the quantity of which, of
+course, is not under the control of the Commandant, as he is limited to
+an expenditure of only 60 pfennigs (about 7d.) per day per man.
+
+"Everything was in the most beautiful order. There was a very fine steam
+laundry and drying room, bath rooms, with hot and cold showers, and the
+closets, etc., are in a very good condition and scientifically built.
+There is running water and electricity in the camp. A French barrister
+of Arras, named Leon Paillet, who was working with the French Red Cross
+and who, for some reason or other, has been made a prisoner, has done
+marvellous work in organising libraries, etc.
+
+"I am pleased to say that the professors and pastors in Goettingen have,
+from the first, taken an interest in this camp, and Professor Stange has
+done much in helping the lot of the prisoners. The Y.M.C.A. building,
+erected through the efforts of Mr. A. C. Harte, who for a number of
+years has been working with the Y.M.C.A. in India, will be a great help
+to the men in the camp.
+
+"At the opening ceremonies there were speeches by Colonel Bogen, Mr.
+Harte, and Professor Stange, and then each speech was delivered in
+English and French by prisoners. These were followed by short speeches
+by French, English, and Belgian prisoners. Then came a concert by the
+camp orchestra and the camp singing society, followed by songs and
+recitations by various prisoners."
+
+Dr. Ohnesorg reported further on April 22. At that time there were 6,577
+prisoners, of whom 1,586 were British. He warmly commends the steam
+laundry, the steam disinfecting plant, and the hospital. "A spirit of
+contentment pervaded the camp. The British prisoners were well clothed.
+I tasted the evening meal, consisting of a vegetable soup, which was
+very palatable and, I should say, nourishing.... The citizens of
+Goettingen have taken a great interest in the camp, and some of them,
+notably Professor Stange, of the University, have given a great deal of
+their time to the welfare of prisoners and the formation of classes for
+study amongst them."
+
+
+GERMAN HELP FOR PRISONERS.
+
+The interest taken by prominent Germans in the welfare of prisoners of
+war is little recognised in this country. The Berlin Committee (of which
+more will be said later) has received considerable support. At the end
+of June, 1916, a meeting in support of its work was held at the house of
+Prince Lichnowsky, former Ambassador in London, who returned specially
+from the front to preside. The Bishop of Winchester, writing in the
+_Times_, tells us that many notable men and women were present, and that
+at the meeting a collection of 8,000 marks (about L400) was made.
+
+
+COLOGNE.
+
+Mr. Michelson visited in April, 1915, the three Cologne hospitals in
+which wounded British prisoners are lying. He reports as follows:
+
+    These institutions are so typical of large, modern, well ordered
+    hospitals that little need be said of their employment or
+    management. They are provided with all the machinery and
+    paraphernalia usual to surgical work on a large scale, contain
+    all standard and necessary conveniences and fittings, afford to
+    patients a maximum of protection in the matter of sanitation,
+    quiet and relief from preventable irritation, and are conducted
+    in a thoroughly scientific, professional and humane way.
+
+    The names of the 49 wounded British prisoners are hereunto
+    annexed. I personally spoke to every one of these men, and with
+    many of them I conversed privately and without being overheard.
+    With but one exception no English-speaking British prisoner had
+    any complaint to make, and a number of the British prisoners
+    eagerly expressed to me their appreciation for the care and
+    attention given them.
+
+    The physical condition of the Indians is particularly good. Only
+    21 deaths have occurred among the 1,000 wounded cared for in
+    hospital No. VI. since the war began, and the death rate in the
+    other two hospitals is correspondingly low. The physicians in
+    charge consider the rate to be somewhat remarkable in view of
+    the many grave injuries treated.
+
+    In closing I may say that there is no discrimination or
+    segregation among the patients and that certain French patients
+    with whom I spoke expressed, likewise, their appreciation for
+    the care and attention given them.
+
+
+CREFELD.
+
+At Crefeld Mr. Michelson visited the camp for interned officers. Of
+these interned 137 were British. The general statements of the
+Commandant "were afterwards independently confirmed by the one interned
+British medical officer, Captain Benjamin Johnson, who said that as a
+physician he had no complaints to make or improvements to suggest. He
+did, however, complain on the score of being held prisoner, but the
+Commandant and the German medical officer, and I with them, feel that
+the presence of a British medical officer in the barracks is desirable.
+
+"The bath room which I saw has a floor space of about 1,500 square feet,
+one-half of which, drained in the centre, lies under some 20 shower
+nozzles. There are a couple of porcelain tubs in the other half, and in
+the centre there is a large stove. Hot and cold water is available. The
+British officers were enthusiastic in their praise of this room.
+
+"As regards the sleeping rooms, wash rooms and latrines, and their
+equipment, the general German housing regulations are being fully
+complied with. I visited a great many sleeping rooms, and in none of
+them did I find overcrowding, uncleanliness, insufficient light, heat,
+or equipment.
+
+"The orderlies are housed in stalls in one of the stables, and in their
+regard, too, the general German housing regulations are being fully
+complied with. Their quarters looked sufficiently comfortable and clean,
+and two or three of the orderlies with whom I spoke said that they had
+no complaints to make, and that they were happy to be interned with, and
+not apart from their officers. I visited the one building fenced off
+from the others--also a stable--in which German soldiers are quartered,
+and I found the accommodation and equipment there to be precisely that
+furnished to the orderlies. The comparison was, however, somewhat in
+favour of the orderlies, for the orderlies were fewer in number and less
+crowded than the soldiers. Although exercise is not compulsory, there is
+ample space in the central rectangle for out-door games of all sorts and
+for walking. No appropriate form of exercise, recreation, or amusement
+is denied the interned, and opportunities for distraction within the
+barracks lie largely in their own hands. Smoking is freely permitted,
+and English, French and Russian songs are sung without interference. The
+walls of one French officer's room were covered with good-natured
+caricature drawings. When I asked the Commandant if the interned might
+not be permitted to go out into the country under guard, he replied that
+the barracks were too near the frontier for that, and he mentioned that
+one officer had already escaped and succeeded in getting over the
+border."
+
+Food is provided to all officers at the rate of two marks daily. This
+absorbs the whole of a lieutenant's pay, and the Commandant recognised
+the difficulty. But "none of the officers want the present arrangement
+altered if alteration is to involve a decrease in the quality,
+quantity, or variety of the food furnished. All of them agree that the
+food is entirely satisfactory, under the circumstances, and that it is
+fully worth two marks a day.
+
+"The officers told me that letters and packages were delivered to them
+with commendable rapidity, and that the Commandant was unfailingly
+obliging when, for important reasons, any officer needed to send off
+more than two letters a month."
+
+
+GARDELEGEN, SALZWEDEL.
+
+Dr. Ohnesorg, of the U.S. Navy, inspected Gardelegen and Salzwedel.
+Owing to typhus, the former was not completely inspected. Two hundred
+and twenty-eight British soldiers were interned here. Dr. Ohnesorg
+remarks that the situation is open, with natural drainage. There was a
+good and unstinted water supply. "I had a long talk alone with Captain
+Brown. He spoke well of the camp." "Work was being rushed on" for the
+complete eradication of the clothing louse which is the carrier of the
+infection. "It should be mentioned that the Russian prisoners, who are
+primarily responsible for the introduction of the disease, are quartered
+alone, ... but all the prisoners associate with one another in the
+compound." At Salzwedel, out of a total of 7,900 prisoners, only 49 were
+British. The supply of water was unstinted. Shower baths and hot water
+were available. Each man could have a bath every three days, and the
+baths were being added to. In the hospital "the English doctor informed
+me that the medicines and treatment accorded to the sick were good."
+
+"The majority of the English prisoners complained of not getting enough
+food and the monotony of the diet. The black bread was another point of
+protest. I myself was given a sample of the mid-day meal as it came
+from the kettle. It consisted of a thick soup containing potatoes,
+beans, and small portions of fish. It was palatable, and I should say
+nourishing. The prisoners do not do heavy work, their work being police
+duties, etc. I must add that those whom I saw were well nourished, of
+good colour, and appeared to be in good physical condition. There were
+only a half-dozen on the sick list, and, with one exception, they were
+under treatment for wounds."
+
+
+GUESTROW, MUENSTER (LAGER), SOLTAU, SCHEUEN, SCHLOSS CELLE.
+
+Mr. Jackson reported on the first four of these. The Guestrow camp
+(Mecklenburg) contained about 6,000 prisoners, of whom 300 were British.
+It is situated in the pine woods, and consists of "solid, newly-built
+wooden barracks, lighted by electricity and heated." Washing and bathing
+facilities were good and the postal department well organised. "Clothing
+is furnished when required, _if asked for_."
+
+"There are several workrooms, and most of the men who have trades can
+find something to do to occupy their time and can earn a little money.
+
+"Most of the British soldiers spoke of harsh treatment immediately
+following their capture--at the beginning of the war--and while they
+were being transported to Germany, and several spoke of their having
+been handled roughly while in the tents. Others said frankly that most
+of those who had been treated badly since they came to the camp had done
+something to deserve it. In any event all admitted that their present
+treatment was good, and that there was now no discrimination against the
+British. British soldiers had never been called on to do more than their
+share of the dirty work about the camp. A party of Russians had always
+had charge of the latrines, voluntarily, in return for some small
+compensation. The spirits of the British prisoners seemed good."
+
+The account of Muenster is almost precisely similar--"solidly-built
+barracks," "good bathing arrangements," "well-arranged hospital."
+Suggestive of the nervous strain of internment is the following: "Here
+the relations between the British and Belgians seemed cordial, and the
+former participated in the recent celebration of King Albert's birthday,
+which the French declined to do."
+
+At Soltau there were about 30,000 prisoners, principally Belgian. Four
+hundred were British. German control was largely eliminated, but the
+results in this case do not seem to have been satisfactory.
+
+"In this camp there seemed to be fewer German soldiers on duty than is
+the rule elsewhere, and practically the whole of its administration is
+in the hands of the Belgians, who have organised many courses of study
+(under Belgian professors) and who have a Catholic Church, a theatre, an
+orchestra, and a choir. The British complained that there is
+discrimination against them here (apparently more by the Belgians than
+by the Germans), and that they are not permitted to participate in the
+administration or to be represented in the kitchen or post office.
+Complaints were made about the food and the delivery of mail and
+parcels, and it was said that the Belgians objected to have them join in
+football games, etc. They also said that they were compelled to do much
+more than their share of fatigue work in connection with the latrines.
+All these complaints were brought to the attention of the officer in
+charge, who promised to investigate them, as apparently but little
+attention had been paid to such matters so long as there had been no
+trouble in the camp."
+
+At Scheuen near Celle a similar difficulty existed. There were 118
+British out of a total of 9,000 prisoners. "The British
+non-commissioned officers muster their men and exercise some general
+control over them, but the French or Belgian non-commissioned officers
+are in charge of the barracks and designate the men who are to do
+fatigue duty. In consequence, it is claimed, British soldiers are
+detailed to such work more frequently than those of other nationalities.
+On speaking of this to the Commandant, he promised at once to arrange so
+that a more fair division of work should be made in the future.
+Otherwise the men made no complaint with regard to any discrimination
+against them."
+
+
+ZUEDER ZOLLHAUS, WAHN.
+
+The reports issued in Miscellaneous, No. 14 (1915) continue the
+inspections and reinspections up to the middle of May. As improvements
+were continuously being made in the camps, it is scarcely necessary to
+refer in detail to these further reports. There are reports on fifteen
+camps for military prisoners. Two of these reports (those on the
+"working camp" at Zueder Zollhaus and Wahn) are unfavourable, thirteen
+are favourable. At Zueder Zollhaus were 2,000 prisoners, of whom 479 were
+British. The camp was for prisoners who were willing to work on the
+land. "I was given to understand," writes Dr. Ohnesorg, "that this camp
+would only be occupied during the summer months." The inspector finds
+the hospital accommodation in this case "very crude." There were about
+thirty cases of sickness which should certainly have been removed
+elsewhere. The morning meal seems very small for the morning's work. It
+consists of either soup or coffee with 300 grammes (say 10 oz.) of
+bread. Altogether it is plain that improvements here were urgently
+needed. Dr. Ohnesorg, however, says: "All of them (the British
+prisoners) appeared to be in good physical condition.... The work is not
+hard, and they are permitted to take it leisurely.... They informed me
+that their treatment was good, they were not overworked, and practically
+the only complaint they had to make was that a more substantial meal to
+begin the day on should be given them." At Wahn the food was complained
+of, and the most unpleasant feature is that the Commandant did not seem
+on good terms with the British.
+
+
+BLANKENBURG.
+
+As regards the camp for officers at Blankenburg, Mr. Jackson writes:
+
+    The house itself is as comfortable as any of the places where I
+    saw interned officers in England.... It is surrounded by
+    attractive, well-kept grounds, in which a tennis-court has just
+    been made.... There are several modestly furnished mess and
+    recreation rooms, and a terrace which is used for afternoon
+    tea.... The Commandant is interested in his work, and evidently
+    does all he can to make conditions agreeable.
+
+There were 110 officers, of whom nine were British.
+
+
+SENNE.
+
+At Sennelager Mr. Osborne reports:
+
+    The situation of the camp is good ... on very dry, sandy soil,
+    surrounded at a few kilometres by pine forests. The buildings
+    are good. Though there were the customary complaints about the
+    food, more than half the men I spoke with expressed themselves
+    as satisfied.... The men looked healthy, and they all stated
+    that the general health of the camp was excellent.... There are
+    shower baths with hot and cold water.... The men said they were
+    well treated by the Commandants and the German soldiers and
+    N.C.O.'s in charge of them.
+
+The camps at Sennelager are large ones, and include more than two
+thousand British prisoners. Games, concerts, and theatrical performances
+help to pass the time. A play given by French prisoners was entitled:
+_Avant et apres la guerre._
+
+
+MAINZ.
+
+Of the officers' camp at Mainz, Dr. Ohnesorg reports that "The quality
+and quantity of the food was good and varied.... One and all the British
+officers spoke in the highest terms of their commanding officer, his
+kindness and courtesy, and said that they received every privilege which
+could be afforded them, considering their position." There were about
+700 officers, of whom 25 were British. "If anything," says the American
+Consul at Wiesbaden in a later report on Mainz, "I should think the
+British officers would ... receive almost greater courtesy at the hands
+of their keepers than those of the other nations."
+
+
+GENERAL REMARKS OF DR. OHNESORG.
+
+Dr. Ohnesorg appends some general remarks on the camps he visited. In
+the following quotations I have omitted nothing which is in the nature
+of adverse criticism:
+
+"On the whole the treatment accorded them is good, but frequent protests
+were made to me concerning the food--not so much because of its quality,
+as because of the insufficient quantity and the monotony of the diet.
+The prisoners, however, appeared to be in good physical condition and
+well nourished. Appended are various weekly dietary slips. I had an
+opportunity in various camps to sample either the mid-day or the evening
+meal. I found them palatable and, I should say, nourishing. Considering
+the fact that the men have practically no hard work to do, it appears to
+be sufficient in quantity, each man getting a liberal allowance--probably
+a litre and a half of food per meal.
+
+"The treatment accorded the sick and wounded prisoners is excellent.
+They are given every advantage of medicines and treatment, and special
+food when necessary. A dietary slip of the latter is appended. The same
+routine, the same food, etc., as in use in German military hospitals,
+apply for these various hospitals in prison camps.
+
+"I found no discrimination made between prisoners of various
+nationalities. With the exception of Limburg, the British prisoners are
+housed with the Russians, French and Belgians, and this is the cause
+oft-times of complaint on the part of the English, especially if they
+are under the direct supervision of a non-commissioned officer of
+another nationality. Some of them stated that the work, i.e., the police
+duties, etc., largely because of this are not equally and justly
+divided.
+
+"Every precaution is taken by the authorities against the spread of
+disease in camp. All the prisoners are vaccinated against smallpox, and
+are immunised against typhoid and cholera. Certain simple rules against
+the contraction of disease are posted throughout the camps, and the men
+are impressed with the importance of personal cleanliness. Baths are
+obligatory, the facilities affording each man a weekly bath under the
+showers.
+
+"The water supply in the camps is good. In most of them it is connected
+with the city supply, and when not, Artesian wells have been sunk on the
+premises and water thus obtained. Taps are placed throughout the company
+streets, and the use of water is unstinted.
+
+"As a rule, the prisoners were found to be well clothed, although not
+all in their own uniforms. Some were in French uniforms, and some in a
+combination of Russian, French, and British.
+
+"In many of these camps, prisoners are loaned out throughout the country
+to work upon farms, and, in some cases, in various industries. This is
+entirely voluntary on the part of the prisoner, and this service is
+mostly accepted by the French. No British volunteer. These men have a
+guard over them, are housed and fed by their employer and receive five
+pfennigs a day in pay. It breaks the monotony of prison life, and many
+more volunteer than are needed for this work."
+
+
+NEW REGULATIONS.
+
+On April 24, 1915, the Prussian Ministry of War issued a new set of
+regulations respecting the maintenance of prisoners of war. They show
+great thoroughness and forethought, but I am afraid the average
+Englishman would be as unready to believe that they showed genuine good
+intentions, as the average German would be to believe that favourable
+regulations issued by the English authorities were really _bona fide_.
+Yet, as it seems to me of general interest, I will here give the second
+regulation: "Self-management as regards catering has already been
+ordered for military and civilian prisoners' camps, as this system has
+been proved far preferable to the employment of contractors. Nearly all
+the complaints about the food come from camps where contractors are
+employed."
+
+
+ERFURT, OHRDRUF.
+
+It is impossible to do more than make very brief citations from the
+remaining reports. In no case is the report otherwise than favourable,
+and the food is described as good.
+
+At Erfurt "the kitchens are clean, and the midday soup (which I tasted)
+was good". The British soldiers had no complaint against German officers
+or soldiers, but "they claimed that the French or Belgian
+non-commissioned officers caused them to be detailed as members of
+working parties more frequently than their fellow prisoners of other
+nationalities." This reminds us that complaints arise in institutions
+other than those worked by "enemies."
+
+At Ohrdruf "a number of men who had been treated for their wounds in
+the lazaret at Weimar spoke in the highest praise of their treatment by
+German doctors and nurses.... Some of the British thought (as at Erfurt)
+that they were detailed to working parties (by French non-commissioned
+officers) more frequently than the others, but otherwise no complaint
+was made to me of any discrimination against them." The British did not
+like the soup, "but almost without exception they seemed in good
+physical condition and in good spirits."
+
+
+MR. GERARD'S COMMENTS.
+
+"The food question," writes Mr. Gerard (U.S. Ambassador at Berlin), "is
+of course a difficult one in a country where the whole population is put
+upon a bread ration. Most of the rumours current in England are without
+foundation or very exaggerated.... No British prisoner needs clothes in
+Germany ... and I have just learned that British prisoners at Zossen, to
+whom we sent clothes, shoes, etc., have sold these articles to the
+French prisoners and are asking for a second supply."
+
+
+MUENDEN, FRIEDBERG, TORGAU, MERSEBERG.
+
+Thirteen British prisoners at Hannover-Muenden "said that they were not
+discriminated against in any way.... All seemed in good spirits." At
+Friedberg were 13 British officers. "The commandant drew my particular
+attention to the row of little gardens cared for by the interned, and is
+much pleased with this feature of the place. He also told me he would
+like to allow officers to have dogs, but he fears this cannot be
+done.... The officers' rooms amply exceed all requirements as to housing
+and equipment.... The dining-rooms are two ... and either room would do
+credit to a club or hotel of the first class." At Torgau "the commandant
+spoke of the British officers to me in very complimentary terms." At
+Merseberg "the new food regulations are in force.... No complaints were
+made to me about the food, and the men appeared to be in good health."
+
+
+A PENNY BLUE BOOK.
+
+On May 14, 1915, Viscount (then Sir Edward) Grey, writing to Mr. Page
+(U.S. Ambassador in London), mentioned that His Majesty's Government
+"have heard with pleasure that there is a distinct disposition on the
+part of the German authorities to accept suggestions made for the
+welfare of the prisoners of war." These words gave hope of the
+development of better feeling and of those "reprisals of good" which
+many believe to be more constructive than reprisals of frightfulness.
+The Penny Blue Book on the treatment of prisoners of war, issued not
+long after this, was not helpful to these hopes. As regards Germany,
+this publication consists almost exclusively of the "unofficial
+information and rumours" which, as Sir Edward Grey stated in February,
+1915, His Majesty's Government "trusted did not accurately represent the
+facts." The result is unfortunate. The Blue Book is limited by its title
+to "the first eight months of the war," and deals almost exclusively
+with charges brought before the close of 1914, when, as is well known,
+there was confusion everywhere. The method of arranging the evidence is
+too much that of an advocate aiming at producing the maximum effect. For
+example, we read (page 6): "The United States Consul-General at Berlin
+heard on October 16 that information regarding the treatment of
+non-commissioned officers and men of the British Army who are prisoners
+of war in other camps is anxiously awaited at Torgau. 'Rumours of their
+exposure to the elements, their starvation and their treatment, are
+rampant all along the line.'" On turning to Misc. 7 (1915) we find that
+_these last words were not those of the American Consul-General_, but
+those of an officer interned at Torgau. The American Ambassador, Mr.
+Gerard, writes: "It should also be added that, although the British
+officers at Torgau state that they have heard reports of starvation and
+ill-treatment of British soldiers in other prisoners' camps, the Embassy
+have no reason for believing that this is the case." _This statement is
+omitted in the Penny Blue Book._
+
+To give the public an idea of the camp at Doeberitz quotations are made
+(page 33) from an article by an anonymous American journalist. An early
+official report is cited which gives a very different impression, but as
+it is quoted in quite a different part (page 18) of the Blue Book, the
+contradiction is only seen on careful examination. On the covers of the
+two copies of the Blue Book which I have are lists of Foreign Office
+publications. Amongst these (see pages 9, 10) is Miscel. No. 11 (1915)
+(price 3d.), which contains two official U.S. reports on Doeberitz, one
+by Mr. Jackson, the other by Mr. Lithgow Osborne, both of them entirely
+favourable. No hint of the existence of these reports (received on April
+10 and April 24 respectively) is given in the body of the Penny Blue
+Book. As regards British camps, the only evidence cited is the report
+made by Mr. Chandler Hale of the U.S. Embassy after the riot at Douglas
+in November, 1914.
+
+I am fully aware that the sufferings of prisoners of war, as of soldiers
+in the field, cannot be adequately presented in official reports, but
+the sifting of more human and biased evidence is an extremely difficult
+task, and it is sufficiently plain that we should not rely on official
+evidence to exculpate ourselves, while using rumours and unofficial
+information to condemn the enemy.
+
+There are very many prison camps in Germany, and their individual tone
+must depend enormously upon the aims and efforts of the commandant in
+charge. A mistake of appointment, almost a slip of the pen, and a man
+may be in charge who will make life unendurable as only unlimited
+authority can.
+
+The words used by Lord Newton in the House of Lords on July 31, 1917,
+are noteworthy in this connection. One impression he derived from his
+intercourse with the German delegates at the Hague was that "in spite of
+the German power of centralisation, Berlin headquarters did not know a
+great deal of what was going on. As the Germans had thirty times as many
+prisoners as we had, it would be surprising if they did know what went
+on." (_Daily News_, August 1, 1917.)
+
+
+A PRISONER IN AUSTRIA.
+
+Here is an account of a British member of Parliament, a prisoner in
+Austria:
+
+    Captain A. Stanley Wilson, M.P., who is a prisoner of war in
+    Austria, has written the following letter to Colonel Duncombe,
+    chairman of the Holderness Conservative Association, here:
+
+        "I am a prisoner of war, and with only one hope--that the
+        war will be over soon. I was taken off a Greek steamer by a
+        submarine on December 6. After two nights and a day on board
+        I was brought here. I must not give any details. Colonel
+        Napier was also taken prisoner, and we are together.
+        Fortunately I have in him a capital companion who can speak
+        German very well.
+
+        I am afraid it will be a very long time before I see my
+        constituents. I wish them all a happy new year and hope that
+        during next year I may meet them again. The outlook for me
+        is not very bright, but I intend to do my best to be
+        cheerful. Up to the present we have been very well treated.
+        We had some most exciting experiences in the submarine. The
+        officers on board treated us as though we were their guests
+        and not their prisoners. We have as companions two French
+        officers who were made prisoners the day before us, their
+        submarine having run ashore."--_Manchester Guardian_,
+
+    January 10, 1916.
+
+Captain Wilson (an able-bodied prisoner) has since been unconditionally
+released.
+
+
+THE FOOD QUESTION.
+
+The report already given makes it clear that very similar complaints, or
+(as Mr. Jackson puts it [page 16]) complaints that were "exact
+counterparts" as to food, have often been made on both sides. It is also
+plain that complaints on this score in German camps have been by no
+means universal. I do not in the least suppose that the food in general
+would be satisfying or other than dreadfully monotonous. ("Oft recht
+eintoenig," says Professor Stange quite frankly in his interesting
+pamphlet on Goettingen camp.) Loss of appetite, depression, indigestion
+will then in many cases produce grave physical trouble. All this may
+occur and does occur, without anything like a deliberate attempt at
+starvation. British born wives of interned Germans would sometimes, even
+before the reduction of rations, speak bitterly of their husbands'
+needs. An anti-English journalist might have used such complaints to
+charge us with starvation. But even perfectly _bona fide_ complaints
+need indicate only monotony, loss of robustness, and consequent physical
+(and mental) ills--and indeed the tragedy of these things may become
+terribly dark. It is, however, something very different from deliberate
+starvation.
+
+In any comparison between the two sides it is only fair to take into
+account the special difficulties of the German case. The number of
+prisoners in Germany by August, 1915, was probably over one million.
+This is an enormous figure. While Great Britain and her Allies have
+tried to prevent food from reaching Germany, the drain upon the German
+food stock has continually grown as the number of prisoners has
+increased. By the end of 1917 this famished country had to support
+probably more than two million extra persons. The French Press long ago
+frankly regarded this as one of the means of helping towards the
+starving out of Germany, while in an American cartoon the Russian
+prisoners were figured as an enormous beast with its head in a cupboard
+labelled "Germany's Food Supply." These are considerations for the
+fair-minded, and it is for them to recall that as soon as there was in
+our own case a menace of food shortage, there was also what might in
+official language be described as a complete revision of the prisoners'
+rations. The prisoners' own language would very likely describe it
+differently. We can scarcely be surprised at sad and even very bitter
+words at times from prisoners' wives.
+
+That prisoners themselves are, however, sometimes able to envisage the
+difficulties is indicated by the following extract from a _Daily News_
+interview with a corporal repatriated from Muenster. He commented on the
+fact that some men were the recipients of more parcels than they needed,
+while others got none. The interview continues:
+
+    You see, without regular parcels from home a man simply starves
+    at a camp like Muenster. If the Germans had the food I believe
+    they would give it, but they haven't: they are starving
+    themselves.[3] All they allowed us was bread and water and thin
+    soup. The consequence is that the men who get no parcels have to
+    go round begging from the other chaps just to keep body and soul
+    together.
+
+    From what I saw of it, getting so much while others get nothing
+    isn't good for a man either. Some fellows--the stingy sort--will
+    save up their parcels against a rainy day. Make a regular little
+    store they will. Others--the lively sort--sell what they have
+    over to the unlucky ones, and spend their time gambling with the
+    few marks they make. Poor devils! You can't blame them!
+
+The word "starvation" has been, and is here, too freely, if very
+naturally, used. The remarks of Lord Newton, speaking in the House of
+Lords on May 31, 1916, are important in this connection:
+
+    If Lord Beresford was accurate in his assumption that prisoners
+    of war would literally starve to death if parcels did not
+    arrive, hundreds of thousands of prisoners would be dead
+    already. Russian prisoners, of whom there were over a million in
+    Germany, received no parcels at all, and if it was impossible to
+    exist upon the food supplied by the Germans, these men would
+    literally have died like flies.... Lord Beresford and other
+    noble lords had been rather prone to ignore the fact that
+    Germany was a blockaded country. It was common knowledge that
+    there was a general scarcity of food throughout Germany, and, if
+    the prisoners did not get as much as they ought to have, in all
+    probability the vast majority of the German population was in a
+    state of comparative hunger.... He could not see what advantage
+    there was in making out that the case of our prisoners was worse
+    than it really was, and it seemed to him little short of an act
+    of cruelty to the relations of these unfortunate men to lead
+    them to suppose that our men were not only in a state of misery,
+    but in a state of starvation.--(_Morning Post_, June 1, 1916).
+
+There is no question either that nerve strain and monotony accentuate
+the critical attitude towards food. Here is an extract from Mr.
+Jackson's report on Senne (September 11, 1915): "There were some
+complaints, as usual, in regard to the food. I had arrived in the camp
+just after the midday meal was served, and while some of the men said
+that the meat had been bad, and they wished that I had an opportunity to
+taste it, others said that the meat had been particularly good, because
+the officers had heard that I was coming. None of them knew that I had
+actually eaten a plate of their soup and had found it excellent, both
+palatable and nutritious, and that my visit to this particular camp had
+not been announced in advance. The menu for the day had been made out at
+the beginning of the week, and could not have been changed after my
+presence in the camp was known, and I had a bowl of the soup which was
+left over after the prisoners had been served." (Miscel. 19 [1915], page
+41.)
+
+It is sometimes forgotten that complaints as to food are frequent in all
+institutions, schools, colleges, workhouses, hospitals, etc. I have
+before me a recent letter from an Englishman in a consumptive sanatorium
+in his own country: "I exist as best I can, and the less said about it
+the better. I am no better, and only glad that I am not worse. I at
+least don't feel so ill as I did a week ago, although I have lost 31/2
+lbs. since then. The food is atrocious, and my appetite small. The
+fellows here buy quite two-thirds of what they eat, otherwise they too
+would lose in weight. No good comes of making complaints ... nothing is
+ever done." Things _may_ be so, I am not a great believer in
+institutions, but certainly independent investigation is needed to
+warrant any conclusion. The same I feel to be the case as to complaints
+of feeding, whether in British or German camps.
+
+Each side, too, is also unreasonably certain of its own justice and of
+the injustice of the others. Thus the Social Democrat, Herr Stuecklen,
+speaking in the Reichstag debate of June 6, 1916, said: "I have received
+a letter about the treatment of our prisoners in France which says, 'If
+pigs were so fed by us they would go on hunger strike.' But I do not
+wish our Government to exercise reprisals, which, after all, could only
+hit the innocent." [_Cambridge Magazine_, August 26, 1916, Supplement
+"Prisoners." An important supplement for those who wish to get a glimpse
+(it is no more than a glimpse) of recriminations made by others as to
+treatment of prisoners.] It is odd how exactly the same phrases occur on
+both sides. Thus a private at Doeberitz, according to the unknown
+American journalist referred to on pages 5 and 25, relieved his feelings
+as to the German food with the words: "I 'ad a sow. And even she
+wouldn't eat skilly."
+
+To suit the tastes of all the different nationalities would at any time
+be difficult; under war conditions it is impossible. Professor Stange
+relates how the hostess of some Russian working prisoners thought to
+give them a specially good meal of meat. The result, however, was less
+bulky than a soup, and the Russian comment on this occasion was, "Mother
+good, eating not good." ("Das Gefangenen-Lager in Goettingen," page 9.)
+
+
+A PRISONER'S REPORT.
+
+A serious and responsible statement of experiences has been made by
+Chaplain Benjamin O'Rorke, M.A., in his little book, "In the Hands of
+the Enemy." I commend the book to the notice of those who wish for a
+fair statement by a patriot who has actual experience of a good many
+German camps in the early days of the war. As he was taken prisoner in
+August, 1914, his experiences belong to the time before the improvements
+introduced in all countries had been begun. There are callous episodes,
+for instance, one of revolting caddishness of an orderly standing by
+without offering help when an invalid officer is struggling to tie up
+his bootlace. Military bounce, popular vulgarity, hardships,
+homesickness, courage--all these things one may read of, but the
+incidents which some journalists revel in are to seek. It was a neutral
+journalist, we should remember, who sent to a German paper a wonderful
+account of the panic fears and regulations of London under the Zeppelin
+menace.
+
+Chaplain O'Rorke's reminiscences give us a good many "facts towards
+fellowship." Let us select a few. Even the unpleasant ones may help us,
+where they show that the failings of the others are the same as our own.
+The prisoners were taken to Germany from Landrecies.
+
+
+THE CREDULITY OF HATE.
+
+    At Aachen a hostile demonstration took place at our expense.
+    There happened to be a German troop train in the station at the
+    time. A soldier of our escort displayed a specimen of the
+    British soldier's knife, holding it up with the marline-spike
+    open, and declared that this was the deadly instrument which
+    British medical officers had been using to gouge out the eyes of
+    the wounded Germans who had fallen into their vindictive hands!
+    From the knife he pointed to the medical officers sitting
+    placidly in the train, as much as to say. "And these are some of
+    the culprits." [It is not surprising that thus monstrously
+    misinformed, and ready to believe all evil against the hated
+    English, the soldiers] strained like bloodhounds on the leash.
+    "Out with them!" said their irate colonel, pointing with his
+    thumb over his shoulder to the carriages in which these
+    blood-thirsty British officers sat. The colonel, however, did
+    not wait to see his behest carried out, and a very gentlemanly
+    German subaltern quietly urged his men to get back to their
+    train and leave us alone. The only daggers that pierced us were
+    the eyes of a couple of priests, a few women and boys, who
+    appeared to be shocked beyond words that even a clergyman was
+    amongst such wicked men.
+
+I have quoted this passage as I have not the least wish to give a merely
+_couleur de rose_ picture of the situation. Human nature is, I fear,
+everywhere very much the same, and, once its passions are aroused,
+extremely credulous of evil against its opponents. Only one thing in the
+account a little surprises me, and that is the colonel's order. If the
+officer was a colonel, would a subaltern be able quietly to countermand
+his orders? Is there not some mistake of rank here, or perhaps a
+misunderstanding of an angry exclamation?
+
+
+TORGAU.
+
+The populace at Torgau called them swine with variations--all of which,
+alas, is exactly what has been done, in some cases, by the populace on
+our side too. At Torgau "the Commandant was a Prussian reservist officer
+with a long heavy moustache. We were told [by the other prisoners] that
+he was courteous and considerate in every respect, and that, provided we
+took care, to salute him whenever we passed him, we should find him
+everything we could reasonably wish." And later, "It was a subject of
+universal regret when the first Commandant resigned his position."
+
+
+DOGS.
+
+A great deal has been made of the use of dogs in some prison camps. The
+following is the account given in Mr. O'Rorke's book (page 41):
+
+    As time went on our numbers increased to about 230 British
+    officers, and 800 French officers joined us from Maubeuge,
+    including four generals. One of the latter had been interned in
+    Torgau before, in the 1870 war, and had made good his escape.
+    The authorities guarded against the recurrence of such an
+    eventuality on the present occasion, their most elaborate
+    precaution being the enlistment of dogs to reinforce their
+    sentries. Their barkings could be heard occasionally by night,
+    but their presence disturbed neither our repose nor our
+    equanimity.
+
+It is worth while to quote from a report made by Dr. Ohnesorg and Mr.
+Dresel on Wittenberg in March, 1916:
+
+    The police dogs are not now a cause of complaint on the part of
+    the prisoners.--(_Miscel_. 16 [1916] p. 85).
+
+Dr. Austin in "My Experiences as a German Prisoner" writes:
+
+    For a long time previous to our arrival at Magdeburg we had been
+    informed that large and savage dogs were to be provided to aid
+    the sentries.... They were certainly savage enough, but were
+    always led by a sentry, or chained in their den, and were never
+    let loose on us. (p. 141).
+
+To return to Chaplain O'Rorke's narrative: "When we first arrived [the
+barrack warder] had adopted the role of gaoler in his demeanour towards
+us, but after a while he became civil and deferential, and--when his son
+was captured in the war--actually sympathetic." (p. 45.) At Torgau "the
+meals, though far from sumptuous and not always palatable, were
+sufficient for our needs." (p. 43.)
+
+
+BURG.
+
+At Burg, at the canteen, "we used to treat one another to a whole roll
+or a cake and a cup of excellent coffee; and, until they were put on the
+_verboten_ list, to a chop or steak. The serving was done under the
+direction of a kind, motherly _Frau_ at the one canteen, and by a polite
+German boy-waiter at the other.... The regular meals seemed to be
+provided by the proprietor of the larger canteen under contract with the
+German Government. They were served at 8 a.m., 12 noon and 6-30 p.m. In
+quality they were superior to the Torgau fare, but in quantity scarcely
+sufficient in the depth of winter for hungry young men. Still it must be
+remembered that they cost only 1s. 6d. a day" [out of the daily pay
+allowed]. Weekly baths were the regulation, but "it was often possible
+for pushing natures to get an extra bath on other days," by a method
+which works all the world over. At Burg "the new Commandant was a tall,
+well-made, soldierly figure. He had a strong face, curiously resembling
+an owl." An amusing little story follows as to the preciseness of the
+Commandant and Mr. O'Rorke continues: "It is pleasant to add that this
+new Commandant was in one respect just the man that was needed. From the
+first day he began to make the place hum, the foul clean, and in time
+rendered it habitable. Had there been any, he would have made the dust
+fly, but there was not. Indeed the court was at first almost a bog
+through which we threaded our way inch deep in mud, and hopped over the
+pools. All this disappeared in a few weeks under the Commandant's
+direction; the swamp was drained and the path widened." British
+officials, too, know that the problem of mud in a confined space trodden
+by thousands of feet is one needing energy for its solution.
+
+The Commandant seems to have had a quality more valuable even than
+energy--a capacity for learning from those under him. He was a judge by
+profession, and was at first stern and terrible, as well as thorough. To
+him the prisoners were as ordinary prisoners, "but in time he learnt to
+place us in a different category. As for myself, eventually he granted
+me facilities for carrying on my work outside the _Lager_, which he
+might easily have refused, and when, five months later, we parted, it
+was with a certain measure of mutual cordiality" (p. 74). The Adjutant
+also learned more cordiality, and adjutants are sometimes prouder of
+making others feel their authority than commandants are.
+
+
+CENSOR FINED BY PRISONER.
+
+The Chaplain instituted a system of fines for "unparliamentary
+expressions." "Once I had to fine the German censor. He was engaged on a
+hot day in examining a very large number of packages before distributing
+them to their owners. He let fall in an unguarded moment the remark that
+it was a nuisance to have to open so many parcels--specifying the
+particular kind of nuisance he felt it to be ... but unfortunately I
+overheard it and he had to pay the penalty. He did so with a good
+grace." A touch like this seems to me, personally, to tell more
+eloquently than many orations how absurd it is to be regarding one
+another as all monsters who ought to be put out of the world.
+
+
+VISITS OUTSIDE CAMP.
+
+The hospital accommodation at the camp was very poor, and a lieutenant
+was sent out to a hospital in the town to have his little finger
+amputated. Mr. O'Rorke asked for permission to visit him. The Adjutant
+at once agreed. "It was not long before I presented myself at the office
+for my escort. I expected a couple of armed soldiers at the least,
+remembering our reception at the hands of the populace. Instead, my
+escort consisted of Herr Kost--the friendly censor and interpreter--and
+a soldier. 'Are you going to run away?' asked Herr Kost. I smiled at the
+futility of such an idea. 'Then we won't take a soldier.' My journey of
+half an hour to the hospital, my reception there, and my return to the
+prison were unmarred by any unpleasant incident whatever. The hospital
+was of the latest and best. Lieut. George had nothing but words of
+gratitude about the doctors and nurses."
+
+The Chaplain was allowed to visit the "reprisal prisoners," those put in
+solitary confinement owing to the infliction of this penalty on the
+officers and men of two German submarines. He found them well treated.
+"The privacy of this little room," said the Hon. Ivan Hay "is preferable
+to the liberty and Babel of the Burg dormitories." The prisoners were
+specially selected from families of distinction.
+
+
+PRISONERS AND POPULACE.
+
+The other Burg prisoners were afterwards removed to Mainz. "The German
+Commandant took pity on my loneliness and offered me the privilege of
+going into the town where and when I liked if I would give my word of
+honour that I would make no attempt to escape. I agreed to the proposal.
+We shook hands over it, put it down in writing, and he presented me with
+a passport for the period of a week." Mr. O'Rorke, dressed in khaki, was
+soon the centre of a crowd of about twenty-five boys and girls. But, and
+this is really worth our noting, "they behaved extraordinarily well, and
+made no offensive remark." His followers increased, and he made things
+worse by giving them sweets! He called upon the German Pastor in order
+to get rid of them, but even this failed. A long stop at a cafe did not
+tire the vigilance of his escort. When he again came out, there they
+were. "We exchanged smiles and off we started." A bookseller, whose shop
+Mr. O'Rorke visited, came to his rescue and dispersed most of the
+little crowd, but another one gathered later, though again it showed no
+impoliteness or unfriendliness.
+
+
+MS. RETURNED.
+
+It remains to be said that Mr. O'Rorke's diary was confiscated on his
+release, but was restored to him by post a few weeks later, marked as
+having passed the German Censor!
+
+
+ANOTHER PRISONER'S REPORT.
+
+Another useful little book of reminiscences is that of Mr. L. J. Austin,
+F.R.C.S., of the British Red Cross, "My Experiences as Prisoner in
+Germany." "About ten miles from Namur we suddenly ran into the outposts
+of the German Army, consisting of a picket of about twenty Uhlans, who
+examined our papers, obligingly removed the tree from across the road,
+and allowed us to proceed. Shortly afterwards we were again held up,
+this time by an officer, who re-examined us all, and again we were
+allowed to proceed.... Near midday we came to a small village called
+Maffe, and here we had the misfortune to run straight into the head of
+the main German Army marching upon Namur." Detention was, under the
+circumstances, practically inevitable. The party could scarcely be
+allowed to motor off with valuable information as to the position of the
+German Army in their possession. They were indeed suspected of being
+spies. Said an interpreter: "You know you've been incredibly foolish to
+come anywhere near our forces; you will not be able to return after
+seeing our Army, but will have to be sent back into Germany. I do not
+know what will become of you, but you will be treated as gentlemen."
+"During the afternoon of the first day an officer of the Motor Cycle
+Corps who spoke excellent English came in and had a friendly talk with
+us, and seemed to be inclined to laugh at the position he found us in.
+We were struck by the familiarity between the privates and some of the
+officers. For instance, in this particular case, some of the soldiers
+had practice rides on their officers' motor-bicycles." There followed a
+long interview with Prince Heinrich, the 33rd of Reuss. He was very
+suspicious, but polite. "Finally His Royal Highness shook hands with us
+and said: 'I do not know what will become of you gentlemen, but probably
+you'll be sent back to Germany to assist in looking after wounded
+soldiers of France and Belgium, and possibly English if they are foolish
+enough to cross the Channel.'" The prolonged detention of Mr. Austin is
+inexcusable, but there seem to be somewhat inexplicable detentions on
+both sides. A document handed to the prisoners on their release was to
+this effect: "The German Government advises the English Government that
+unless all Red Cross units at present in England are immediately
+returned, no further exchange of British medical officers can be
+contemplated." [Cf. too Miscel. 30 (1916) pp. 2, 36; also International
+Red Cross Reports, First Series, pp. 18, 19.]
+
+
+CREDULITY ONCE MORE.
+
+The general experiences of Mr. Austin are very similar to those of Mr.
+O'Rorke. At Bouvigny "a somewhat offensive non-commissioned officer ...
+removed all knives that we had and was greatly excited at the presence
+of the large jack-knife which had been issued to us before we left.
+These knives carried a long spike, for punching leather and opening
+tins, and the story has been circulated in Germany that these knives
+were issued to the troops for the express purpose of gouging out the
+eyes of the German wounded." There is something pathetically hopeless
+about these aspects of human credulity in war-time. When we see the
+extraordinary nonsense that each side readily believes of the other, we
+must accept it as something to the credit of human nature that any
+reasonable treatment of prisoners occurs at all.
+
+
+ORDINARY HUMANITY.
+
+"Our other personal effects," the narrative goes on, "including our
+money, were returned to us." The doctor's papers had not been returned
+by the German officers who originally examined him, and this fact caused
+many delays and annoyances, but one does not read of any actual
+ill-treatment. The use of dogs is referred to (see p. 33). The last
+incident on German territory is thus recorded: "When the Holland train
+drew in the officer had not returned, but one of our party who spoke
+German well informed the sergeant that the officers had told us we were
+to go by this train, and he very obligingly placed us in it after we had
+taken tickets to the nearest Dutch station, Ozendaal."
+
+
+REPORTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS.
+
+To me it seems that the Swiss have made some of the finest efforts of
+the spirit during this war. It is no mean achievement. Some are bound by
+many ties of friendship to the German people, some to the French. There
+has, of course, been occasional failure and sheer partisanship, but an
+utterance such as that of Carl Spitteler is marvellous in its
+determination to do justice, and in its reverence for the suffering of
+all the nations. The International Committee of the Red Cross at Geneva
+has been a centre of kindliness in the midst of carnage. In France and
+in Germany a committee was, by mutual agreement, established consisting
+of representatives of the national Red Cross, of the American and
+Spanish Embassies, and one delegate of the International Committee.
+These committees arranged that delegates of the International Committee
+should visit prisoners' camps in both countries. No such committee
+existed in Great Britain, but with the consent of the British
+authorities some camps in this country were visited in January, 1915.
+(See footnote, page 9.)
+
+
+GERMAN CAMPS: FOOD.
+
+In January, 1915, National Councillor A. Eugster was deputed to visit
+French prisoners in Germany. In general, the Swiss reports[4] give an
+almost exactly similar impression to those made by the United States. As
+regards the food, M. Eugster remarks that the sum of 60 pf. (just over
+7d.) is allowed daily for the German private, and exactly the same sum
+for the prisoners. In his second report, made in March, he points out
+that the food question has become more serious and (as far as his
+experience goes) complaints are more numerous. He summarises very
+reasonably the difficulties of the case, especially as regards the bread
+problem. Prisoners were originally allowed 500 grammes daily, but when
+the bread rations of the German civilians were reduced from 250 to 200
+grammes, some reduction in the prisoners' allowance was only to be
+expected, and their ration was fixed at 300 grammes. They would
+otherwise have been allowed two and a half times as much as the Germans
+themselves. Potato meal was allowed to make up the quantity, but the
+result was not good. Writing in March, M. Eugster says: "There are
+to-day from 750 to 800,000 prisoners in Germany. Allowing 300 grammes
+per man, this makes a daily consumption of 240,000 kilos. of bread
+(about 235 tons). This is not a bagatelle at a moment when the
+importation of cereals is impossible."[5] By Art. 7 of the Hague rules
+an arrangement between belligerents as to prisoners should be possible,
+and Eugster suggests that meal might be sent under neutral care to the
+camps, and bread baked there under neutral surveillance.
+
+
+GENERAL RESULT.
+
+M. Eugster's reports on the individual camps convey almost exactly the
+same impression as the American reports. At Sennelager the English
+doctor spoke highly of the treatment of the wounded, and the French
+doctors readily acknowledges that German wounded and French wounded were
+treated alike. At Zossen a sculptor was at work in his studio, a painter
+painted landscapes, a gardener ornamented the grounds, and a musician
+had his compositions rendered by a choir of 150 to 200 practised
+singers. It is the best educated prisoners, remarks the deputy, who are
+the most content. Summarising the impressions of his first tour, Herr
+Eugster says: "I am glad ... to be able to assert that the French
+prisoners are humanely treated. In such distracted times errors and
+mistakes can easily occur, but on the whole one can say that Germany
+does her duty by her French prisoners."
+
+It is not surprising to learn that M. Eugster received anonymous letters
+reviling him for not producing evidence to support the prejudices of the
+writers. Some readers of this account may indeed be made suspicious by
+his German name. M. Eugster was fully alive to these suspicions, and he
+suggested that a German and French Swiss might with advantage visit
+camps jointly. The suggestion was carried out, and in the third series
+of visits Dr. de Marval accompanied him. The general evidence is as
+before.
+
+
+VERMIN.
+
+The Swiss reports are in some respects more outspoken than the American
+ones. The heading "vermin" occurs in almost all. It requires a special
+campaign to deal with the lice, but the campaign seems to be carried on
+with vigour.
+
+
+TACT.
+
+There is another point. "We must not forget," writes Eugster, "that to
+be a prisoner is in itself a very trying fate." It needs a little
+contact with prisoners to realise _how_ hard their fate is, and how
+easily the wrong way with them may produce soured and embittered men.
+Writing of Halle in May, Eugster and de Marval remark: "The relationship
+between the Commandant and the prisoners is correct, but without
+cordiality; the subordinates were often wanting in tact." I confess it
+is simple words like these that depress me more than rumours of
+starvation or bad housing. Anyone knows that authority does not readily
+become the friend of the fallen. The military manner, even when acquired
+by Englishmen, is not always pleasant, and the sergeant who bullies his
+own men is not likely to be more considerate to prisoners. Let us face
+plain facts in these matters, and remember that all imprisonment is
+rather terrible, and that all absolute authority (especially among
+underlings) is apt to become tyrannous. In the prison camps of every
+nation it is examples of a foolish military officialdom that make for
+embitterment and degradation; and in these camps, too, it is the tact
+which comes of true insight, that is doing much for that brotherhood of
+hearts which is the only way to peace. "These people," says Eugster in
+another place, "ought to be treated with tact. They should not be
+treated as enemy prisoners, but as men and chivalrous adversaries. A
+little consideration, not costing much, will make a good impression. A
+friendly word, as from man to man, breaks the ice of discontent, and the
+chivalrous spirit of the superior is recognised with gratitude."
+
+To reach this standard we must try to think the best of our
+adversaries. Charity is something less meagre than justice, and it holds
+the future of the world in its grasp. In the past we denounced French,
+Russians, Irish and Boers in turn. It was not denunciation that did much
+for the future, but the larger-hearted charity which took its place.
+
+
+PRISONERS IN FRANCE.
+
+M. de Marval reports well of the feeding of prisoners in France. There
+is the usual difficulty about vermin. The officer prisoners seem, in
+many ways, to have the worst time. "Their lodging is in general too
+crowded, badly ventilated, and badly lighted ... and lacking in
+elementary comforts. They can ... buy ... chairs, tables, blankets,
+etc."[6] There was in France, as elsewhere, considerable complaint in
+the earlier days as to the delivery of parcels. The parcels arrived
+broken and partly or wholly emptied of their contents. So it was, we may
+remember, with parcels intended for English prisoners in Germany. The
+probability is that in both cases imperfect packing was responsible for
+the damage. (Cf. pp. 6, 8.) In the report just cited, De Marval states
+that, in general, there has been great improvement in the lodging of the
+prisoners, and that some bad camps (Vitre, Lorient, Belle-Ile) have been
+broken up (January, 1915). Here again the reports coincide with those
+made upon German camps. In all countries the prisoners of war presented
+at first a problem not readily solved, and great hardships resulted.
+"Some of the hospitals," writes M. de Marval, "lack comforts, are not
+sufficiently roomy, or do not possess the necessary medicaments." He
+goes on: "I shall not delay over the retrospective complaints often
+formulated by prisoners.... Officers who had been injured by the
+populace or bound during transport and soldiers who had told me of bad
+treatment were alike pleased to declare that all such things were
+past." Here again the report is exactly paralleled by the American
+report on the German Camps. (Cf. p. 16). "Religious services are in
+general arranged for the Catholics; it is very difficult to secure
+ministrations for the Protestants." "If the officers are often meanly
+lodged, the same is true of the soldiers. The bedding sometimes leaves
+much to be desired, the straw in many of the camps is scanty, damp, and
+pretty often full of lice. The litter is actually being replaced
+everywhere by straw palliasses. As a support for these an open wooden
+framework is placed on the beaten ground which is often wet. Those who
+sleep under tents are subject to bronchitis and rheumatism, those who
+are in forts or old convents sometimes lack the proper allowance of
+air.... Though the quality of the water leaves something to be desired,
+it is supplied filtered and boiled, and in amount generally
+sufficient.... In some camps there is not enough water for washing
+either the person or clothing.... In general each man has a blanket, but
+it is very small and often much worn; some are still needed in some of
+the camps.... If I have not referred to certain regrettable incidents of
+which I have been told, it is because they appear isolated, and one must
+guard against generalising from them. Besides, these incidents are
+bygones and few in number." At Fougeres (Brittany) "the beds are
+touching each other." Cassabianda was a bad camp. So much has been made
+of earlier defects in German camps that it is well to remember (as
+indeed the above report shows) that defects may easily occur in other
+countries besides Germany. Of Cassabianda (February 12)[7] we read:
+"Huts extremely dilapidated. Sanitary accommodation worse than scanty.
+(_Les W.--C. sont plus que sommaires_). Nourishment scarcely sufficient
+for those who are working.... The cooking arrangements are worse than
+scanty.... Sleeping accommodation extraordinary: beds made from boughs
+by prisoners and superposed in two or three tiers. The ceilings and
+windows are falling in ruins.... Wishes of the prisoners--to have more
+to eat.... A very poor camp (_depot tres mediocre_), but well governed
+by a good and conscientious commandant who is badly seconded by his
+officers. It is a difficult task to render habitable premises that are
+falling into ruins." I am quite sure that none of us would impute ill
+intent to the French authorities. We should say simply that the prisoner
+problem was at first beyond their power, that in exceptional cases there
+were bad officers and in others lack of organisation. If we are capable
+of fair play, we shall, in many cases, say exactly the same thing about
+the German authorities. In Germany the one outstanding question is food,
+otherwise, as M.M. de Marval and Eugster state in a joint report issued
+in May: "We fully recognise the excellent arrangement and perfect
+organisation, thought out to the smallest detail, and the admirable
+administration of the Camps."
+
+
+LATER U.S. REPORTS.
+
+It is allowed by all investigators that camps almost everywhere have
+been improved as the war went on. Mr. Gerard himself writes, under date
+June 10, 1915: "It is generally admitted that conditions in the camps
+are constantly improving, and no good can be attained by the
+investigations of complaints based upon reports of conditions as they
+are supposed to have been several months ago." In citing the _earlier_
+U.S. and Swiss reports I have therefore by no means exaggerated the
+facts favourable to German treatment. There have been many later
+reports, but it will be impossible and unnecessary to give more than a
+few references:
+
+The reports in Miscel. No. 15 (1915) give a quite favourable account of
+the German efforts on behalf of the prisoners. Canadian officers at
+Bischofswerda, however, complained of their treatment on the way from
+the front. They said that "they were at first compelled to share their
+compartments with French Algerian (black) soldiers, but that other
+arrangements were made by a German officer in the course of their
+journey." Some may consider this an interesting comment on the
+employment of Algerian and other native troops.
+
+
+HUNGER DURING TRANSPORT.
+
+The Canadian officers also said "that while on the road they had
+received but little food, their treatment not differing, however, from
+that of other prisoners." On reading this I could not help recalling a
+_Daily News_ interview headed "The Blue Ladies: Good work at the Free
+Buffet at Euston." (June 24, 1916.) "We have just had the escort of some
+German prisoners in," said one of the ladies. "We do not give anything
+to the prisoners. We have enough to do to look after our own men." I
+recalled, too, the British nurse who said in my presence, with a snap of
+her fingers, "We have not _that_ much sympathy with the German wounded."
+I want to believe that in the great majority of cases the attitude on
+both sides is very different; but what a sundering influence war-like
+patriotism is! We must surely reach brotherhood by some other way.
+
+
+FRIEDRICHSFELD.
+
+Mr. Michelson reports highly of the camp at Friedrichsfeld. All kinds of
+work was going on. "No German foreman were to be seen, and only on
+looking for them did I notice that there were, here and there, guards
+watching the prisoners. In two instances I saw unguarded prisoners at
+work." Some wounded at Magdeburg "all, without exception, said they had
+been treated with great consideration while being transported from the
+front." (June 3, 1915). The hospital treatment is spoken well of both
+here and at the base hospital at Isighem, W. Flanders, visited by Dr.
+Ohnesorg.
+
+
+ORGANISATION AND RECIPROCITY.
+
+I pass on to Miscel. No. 19 (1915). Writing in June, Mr. Gerard gives an
+interesting account of the courses of instruction and lectures arranged
+for German N.C.O.'s and men in order to increase their efficiency in
+managing the camp kitchens. There is a characteristic touch of German
+thoroughness in the scheme. Mr. Gerard concludes: "I should be glad to
+have you bring the foregoing to the attention of the British Government.
+The German military authorities have now satisfied themselves that
+German prisoners in England are being treated as well as the conditions
+admit (except with regard to the confinement on board ships, which is
+still a sore point), and they are showing every disposition to treat
+British prisoners (both officers and men) in the most favourable manner
+possible, and to pay attention to their wishes in so far as can be done
+consistently with the principle that all the prisoners (of whom there
+are considerably more than one million) must be treated in practically
+the same manner."
+
+
+LAZARETS.
+
+Writing from Hamburg, the American Consul-General, Mr. Morgan, says: "It
+is not necessary for me to enter into the details of the different
+lazarets which I visited, beyond stating that they are all in the most
+up-to-date condition, and everything is being done for the wounded that
+could be done anywhere." At the Paderborn lazarets, "Some of the men
+said to me that it would be necessary to drive them away (that they
+would make no attempt to escape) because they were so well cared for and
+so comfortable." (p. 40, l.c.) At the Wesel lazarets, "Many of (the
+British) were very uncomfortable from their wounds, but all replied that
+their present treatment, as well as that which they had received at the
+front, and on the way from the front, was, and had been, entirely
+satisfactory.... All those consulted in regard to the matter said that
+they had come from the front in a German lazaret train, together with
+German wounded, and that, as nearly as they could tell, they had
+received exactly similar treatment and care as accorded to the German
+wounded. Their only request was for books and tobacco." (October 26,
+1915.)
+
+
+A DIFFICULTY.
+
+At Neubrandenburg, "until a few days ago the officers were permitted to
+use a tennis court outside the enclosure, to swim in the lake, and to
+walk in the neighbouring woods. As four officers (one Englishman) made
+an attempt to escape (from the bath house) these privileges were
+temporarily suspended, but I was told by the Commandant, whose relations
+with the prisoners are of the best, that they would be restored at an
+early date."
+
+The excellence of the bathing facilities at the officers' camp,
+Friedberg, is commented on, as it frequently is in other cases. At
+Giessen, Dr. Ohnesorg spoke with many prisoners who had had experience
+of working camps. "They said (the work) was not hard, and before being
+allotted to these various working camps, they underwent a thorough
+medical examination, and those who were found in an unfit physical
+condition were not detailed for this work. They are fed and housed by
+their employer, and in one instance I met a complaint of insufficient
+food."
+
+
+SOME OFFICER CAMPS.
+
+At Bad Blenhorst a number of prisoner officers are taking the "cure"
+under a German military surgeon. At Clausthal "the situation of the
+camp is ideal, being placed in the midst of the Hartz mountains, with a
+wide expanse of view, and my visit gave me a very favourable impression
+in general." At Cuestrin "The German officers treat the prisoners like
+unfortunate comrades." At Bischofswerda the complaints were that
+"shorts" were forbidden for football, and that baths were not allowed
+more than once daily. The Commandant promised to remedy both grievances.
+The report on Halle is unfavourable. There was overcrowding, and "the
+enclosure for exercise leaves much to be desired." The food was not
+complained of, except as regards monotony.[8]
+
+
+KOENIGSBRUECK, ZWICKAU, GOERLITZ.
+
+Koenigsbrueck, a camp for 15,000 prisoners (but with only three British),
+"is complete in all respects, and adheres to a high standard in regard
+to the kitchens, theatre, washing-places, canteens, supply-room for
+clothing, etc." Zwickau (with two British) "is excellent ... outside
+each barrack is a specially built stand where the mattresses are aired
+every day ... and within the confines of the camp are several acres of
+vegetable gardens ... in which the French take particular interest." The
+arrangements at Goerlitz (with thirteen British) "in all details struck
+me as being exceedingly good." In general hospital treatment at the
+camps is entirely satisfactory.
+
+
+SCHLOSS CELLE, WITTENBERG, STENDAL, FOOD.
+
+In Miscel. No. 16 (1916) we may note the following: At the officers'
+camp, Schloss Celle, "the Commandant in civil life is a judge, and
+seemed on excellent terms with the prisoners." Mr. Gerard reports on a
+visit of his own to Wittenberg on November 8, 1915. The soup for the
+mid-day meal appeared to him "to be very good," and the testimony of the
+men was to the effect "that the food had improved considerably during
+the last two months." About 300 out of the 4,000 prisoners in this camp
+were British.[9] At Stendal Mr. Osborne found the thick soup
+"exceedingly palatable, though thoroughly un-English." The British
+prisoners "admitted that they could live on the camp rations, if
+necessary, and still retain good health, as is the case with the
+Russians, and that their objection to the food was on account of its
+sameness, and because it was not cooked in an English way." In March,
+1916, Mr. Osborne reports that a large swimming pool is in process of
+completion at one end of the camp.
+
+
+REPORTS AND INFORMATION.
+
+At Fort Friedrichshafen, Ingolstadt, "those who had no overcoats said
+that they could get them from the German authorities if necessary, but
+that they preferred to wait for the present to see if they could not be
+sent from home. All would like new boots, as they are not pleased with
+the wooden-soled boots provided locally." Sir Edward Grey, writing just
+before the receipt of this report, referred to information "that the few
+British prisoners of war at this camp are very badly fed, and that
+parcels arrive with great irregularity, their contents being frequently
+abstracted." In a reply dated a week later, Mr. Gerard (U.S. Ambassador
+at Berlin) writes that "in reply to a direct inquiry, which was made out
+of the hearing of any German officer or man," the British prisoners at
+Ingolstadt "stated that there was nothing to which they would care to
+have special attention paid. The men were in good spirits, and there was
+no evidence to show that any of them were badly fed. All were in touch
+with their friends at home, and no complaint was made with regard to
+irregularity in the receipt of parcels."
+
+
+FAVOURABLE AND HUMOROUS.
+
+Of the officers' camp at Blankenberg i/Mark, Messrs. Jackson and Russell
+report, "The atmosphere of the camp is excellent." There is a touch of
+humour in the report on Merseburg (l.c. p. 29). "One man complained to
+me that he had been punished for 'having a hole in his trousers' (as he
+said), but on investigation I found that he had cut a new pair of
+trousers, which had been given him by the German authorities, in order
+to make a pair of boxing shorts. One man had a black eye, another a
+sprained thumb, and a third a broken nose, as the result of boxing
+matches."[10] The four English prisoners at Koenigsmoor said "that there
+was no discrimination against them of any kind, and their relations with
+the German guard were evidently pleasant. They all said that they had
+plenty of warm clothing, including overcoats, and one even had an
+overcoat which had been given him by the German authorities in addition
+to one which he had received from home. They said the food was 'not
+bad' ..." At the working camp at Hakenmoor, "the midday 'soup' was
+excellent.... All looked in good health and seemed to be contented, and
+their relations with the German guards appeared to be friendly....
+Several complained that the clothing furnished soon became too tight for
+comfort, and nearly every man in the camp had put on from ten to thirty
+(even more) pounds of flesh. None spoke of any bad treatment ...
+although one Englishman said that there were occasional differences with
+the (Belgian) barrack captains. The Commandant is interested in his
+work; he knows most of the men by name, and seems to try to do all in
+his power to add to their comfort."
+
+
+FOOD.
+
+In these reports the food is almost invariably referred to as good, and
+to save further quotations we may cite the evidence at Guestrow
+i/Mecklenburg as giving a fair general view of the case (January, 1916):
+"The men told me that while they depend on their home parcels for
+variety, a man who received nothing (as is the case with the Russian
+prisoners) could live on the food supplied, although in that case he
+would always be glad when meal time came."
+
+
+"ATMOSPHERE."
+
+At Dyroetz, "the general atmosphere of the camp certainly seemed
+excellent, both on the part of the men and on the part of the
+authorities." (January, 1916.) At Blankenburg "the Commandant has now
+adopted the practice of taking different officer prisoners of war with
+him for occasional walks in the neighbouring country." "In a lazaret at
+Spandau," writes Mr. Jackson, "I sat alone with Captain Coulston in the
+good-sized, comfortably furnished room which he occupies by himself....
+Recently he had had a conversation with Her Royal Highness the Princess
+Friedrich Leopold of Prussia, who visited the lazaret, but ordinarily he
+had little opportunity to talk, as he speaks only a few words of German,
+French, or Russian. On my speaking of this, I was told that an effort
+would be made to have English-speaking German officers call on him from
+time to time."
+
+
+GERMAN PROFESSORS.
+
+Attention is again drawn to the excellent work of Prof. Stange at
+Goettingen. "He has an office in the camp at which he is present for two
+hours every day, during which time he can be consulted by any prisoner,
+and has formed classes of study, which are well attended." At Giessen,
+too, "Prof. Gmelin of the local university has taken a great interest in
+the prisoners and visits them regularly with a view to providing for
+their instruction."
+
+
+A CONTRADICTION.
+
+The following is important and I quote it in full. _Mr. Osborne to Mr.
+Gerard._ (_February 23, 1916_) (l.c. p. 62.):
+
+    In accordance with your instructions and with reference to the
+    article in the London _Times_ of February 7, stating the report
+    of an exchanged British prisoner of war that two British
+    prisoners at the detention camp at Guestrow, in Mecklenburg, had
+    been bayonetted for smoking in a forbidden vicinity, and that
+    one had died and the other was still in hospital, I have the
+    honour to inform you that I visited the camp at Guestrow on
+    February 12, 1916. I did not notify the camp authorities of my
+    arrival. I was shown every courtesy and received every facility
+    for speaking to the British prisoners out of earshot of the
+    Germans. I talked with a large number of British
+    non-commissioned officers and with some of the men, and all were
+    unanimous on two points; first, that if such an occurrence as
+    the one mentioned had taken place, they would certainly have
+    heard of it; and, second, that they had heard of no such
+    occurrence. I visited the lazaret, through which I was taken by
+    a British N.C.O., who is an assistant in caring for the sick,
+    and spoke to every British patient under treatment there, not
+    one of whom could possibly have been suffering from a bayonet
+    wound. It seems to me quite out of the question that the
+    occurrence mentioned in the English newspaper accounts could
+    have actually taken place at Guestrow.
+
+    In point of fact, instead of complaints at Guestrow, I heard
+    rather praise of the camp from the British interned there, and
+    praise of the British prisoners from the camp authorities. The
+    men were all well fitted out with clothes of all sorts, and
+    seemed particularly cheerful. The authorities stated that it
+    had never been necessary, in recent times at least, to place a
+    British prisoner under arrest. On the whole, the camp struck me
+    as being as nearly ideal as it is possible for a place of
+    detention of this kind to be.
+
+The discrepancy between the last sentence in Mr. Osborne's report and
+the _Times_ article is a striking one. It should give one pause in
+placing too much reliance upon untested accusations, or upon newspaper
+articles based upon them. We forget sometimes that all the bias is
+_against_ an enemy, and the only stories likely to be free from
+exaggeration are those told in his favour.
+
+
+A MILITARY PRISON.
+
+In the military prison at Cologne (Miscel. 16 [1916] p. 67), "the
+prisoners receive the same food and the same general treatment as the
+German military prisoners, with whom they are permitted to talk.... The
+prisoners are not permitted to receive food from outside sources....
+Generally speaking the conditions do not differ materially from those in
+an ordinary working camp.... Corporal B. was found guilty of lack of
+respect to his British superior, Corporal J. was punished for striking
+the French non-commissioned officer in charge of his barrack, and
+Corporals O. and S. had trouble with the German Landsturmmann in charge
+of a cooking party...." Most of the sentences were for striking work at
+various work centres, the men sentenced stating that the conditions were
+bad. There was a special complaint against the railway work at
+Langen-Halbach b/Haiger, but not all the British joined in the strike.
+"I saw the men's midday meal, consisting of a thick porridge which
+appeared to be nutritious. One man claimed that it was thicker to-day
+than usual, but several of his comrades contradicted this flatly. No
+complaints were made to me of any rough treatment in the Gefaengnis
+[prison]."
+
+
+BAVARIAN COURTESY.
+
+The Venerable Archdeacon Wm. E. Nies, who had been given permission to
+visit British prisoners of war in Bavaria, writes: "I think it is only
+fair to comment favourably upon the friendly way in which my mission to
+the men is received and furthered by the commanders without exception
+thus far."
+
+
+HOSPITAL TREATMENT.
+
+Of Germersheim hospitals we read: "The food served in these hospitals is
+exceptionally satisfactory. Dr. Algeron, the chief surgeon in charge, a
+broad-minded man and indefatigable worker, attends personally to the
+catering.... Under this regime there have been some noteworthy increases
+in weight...."
+
+At Bayreuth a private of the Black Watch had been "removed--for the
+purpose of electrical treatment of his arm by which it is hoped to avoid
+an operation--to the military lazaret in the city, which is an admirably
+equipped modern hospital."
+
+
+WUENSDORF, CREFELD.
+
+We pass now to reports in Miscel. No. 26 (1916). Indian prisoners of war
+at Wuensdorf (Zossen) find their treatment "very good." At Crefeld
+officers' camp, "the walks on parole ... have been entirely
+successful.... The only complaint as to these was that the German
+accompanying the party was a non-commissioned instead of a regular
+officer. This will, however, be rectified at once.... There is no
+trouble of any kind with the inhabitants on these.... The relations with
+the camp authorities are excellent." As regards the behaviour of the
+inhabitants, I would refer also to Chaplain O'Rorke's statement (see p.
+36), though, as one would expect, the inhabitants have in some other
+cases behaved badly (_e.g._, p. 32).
+
+
+MUENSTER II., MUENSTER III.
+
+At Muenster II, "The Commandment, General von Ey-Steinecke, as well as
+the other officers, and the general treatment, are well spoken of by the
+men." Some improvements suggested on March 16 were already started on
+the 18th. At Muenster III. the benches in the English Chapel "were
+provided at the expense of the camp, although the British prisoners
+offered to pay for them.... The camp authorities have endeavoured to
+arrange courses of instruction with some success, and several British
+are taking lessons in French.... Sergeant Middleditch, the ranking
+non-commissioned officer, who has taken an active part in the work of
+improvement, stated that the relations with the camp authorities were
+excellent, and that the officers showed much consideration in acceding
+to reasonable requests. The commandant, General Raitz von Frentz, is
+well spoken of by all, and shows a liberal and progressive spirit in
+dealing with such difficulties as arise."
+
+
+PARCHIM, BRANDENBURG.
+
+From Miscel. No. 7 (1917) a few extracts may be made. Of Parchim Dr.
+A. E. Taylor and Mr. J. P. Webster write: "We believe that special
+commendation should be given to the Commandant, Oberst Kothe, for the
+spirit in which he governs the camp, and for the way in which he does
+everything in his power for the welfare of the prisoners, and for the
+promotion of a cordial relationship between the men and those in
+charge." Of Brandenburg, Mr. Jackson writes candidly: "The part of the
+building occupied by the British prisoners was not so clean as the
+remainder, but for this the men themselves are responsible." It is
+obvious that the spirit as to this and other matters will vary in every
+country among different sets of men (c.f., _e.g._, below the very
+different Guestrow report).
+
+
+COTTBUS.
+
+Men in hospital at Cottbus "said that the food was good and their
+treatment excellent." Men in the main camp complained that bread sent to
+them from Switzerland and England arrived in a mouldy condition, but "as
+the mouldiness seemed to start in the middle of the loaf, they thought
+this was due to the quality of the bread itself or the manner in which
+it was packed."
+
+
+ABSENCE ON LEAVE.
+
+At Celle, where "inactive officers" and some others are detained, Mr.
+Jackson found one British subject absent on leave, while "several others
+have been permitted to make visits to their families in Germany. A
+request from another, who had obtained no benefit from his stay at Bad
+Blenhorst, for permission to go somewhere for a 'cure' is under
+consideration."
+
+
+LIMBAU, GUESTROW.
+
+At the working camp at Limbau (occupied Russian territory) "the men
+described the commandant as a 'gentleman,' and said they had no
+difficulty in communicating with him in regard to their wishes. None had
+any complaint to make of their treatment, and only a very few spoke of
+the work as hard." The camp contained 500 British prisoners.
+
+At Guestrow, "the treatment of the men and the conditions found in their
+camp appeared to be very favourable. The commandant stated that the
+British were the most satisfactory prisoners under his care...." Two
+million, five hundred thousand letters passed through the camp post
+office in the previous year, and about sixty thousand packages were
+distributed.
+
+
+HOSPITAL TREATMENT.
+
+Hospital treatment is again and again described favourably in the
+individual reports (_e.g._, pp. 4, 6, 14, 22, 50, 57), but the opinion
+may here be cited of a Swiss doctor who has been occupied in German
+hospitals during most of the war:
+
+    The writer of these lines never saw anything anywhere that could
+    be considered as intentional change for the worse in the lot of
+    prisoners and sick; on the contrary, he was able to ascertain
+    that the prisoners and the sick are treated in a manner that
+    could not be more humane. If later on the food was insufficient,
+    the English must be aware of the reasons which brought about
+    far-reaching starvation among great circles of the population of
+    Germany.... From deepest conviction the writer of these lines
+    affirms that the German people and the German doctors are
+    [generally] without guilt in the face of the accusations made
+    against them. Individual exceptions, if proved, could not alter
+    this judgment.
+
+
+THE REPATRIATIONS.
+
+There are bad stories of men arriving half-starving at the British and
+French lines at the time of the general repatriations. It would require
+care and impartiality to sift these. The more experience one gains, the
+less one trusts the average newspaper report in war-time. It seems very
+probable that, as Erzberger contended, many prisoners made off of their
+own accord after the German Revolution, and the straits to which these
+men were reduced could scarcely be ascribed to the German authorities.
+That there were brutal cases of men being _driven_ away is also quite
+probable. As regards the general question of prisoners, Erzberger said:
+"If England can now actually prove that English prisoners of war have
+been illegally treated, I give my word no guilty person shall go
+unpunished. But allow me the counter question, Is it known in enemy
+countries how _German_ prisoners of war were frequently treated? I do
+not believe that is sufficiently well known. Only listen to our soldiers
+who come from France...." (Berlin, Nov., 24, 1918, _Wolff_.) It should
+be obvious that both sides must be heard before justice can decide, but
+the obvious is the unrecognised in war time. And probably even by the
+best and most impartial judgment only very rough generalisations can be
+arrived at. One need seems to me paramount, that each side shall become
+once more aware of the _good_ in the other. Here, then, are one or two
+favourable facts from repatriated men: "We understand that the Germans
+could not let us march to the frontier, as we were prepared to do, lest
+we should start to plunder the inhabitants. For the same reason we were
+accompanied on the train by a German N.C.O. with a rifle. At night we
+slept in school buildings at Zevenaar (?) where we were given food and
+coal, and were well treated. We gave some of our food there to Sisters
+for the poor.... We had not to pay any fare at Wesel. The Germans on the
+train wished to be very friendly. We understand that the German
+authorities helped to make the arrangements about our taking the train
+at Wesel. No special compartments were put on for us. We travelled with
+the ordinary passengers." (_Daily News_, November 25, 1918.)
+
+Again:
+
+    The first contingent of British prisoners from Germany to arrive
+    in London under the terms of the armistice reached Cannon Street
+    Station from Dover yesterday. The party, numbering nearly 300,
+    were provided with hot refreshments on arrival. The men looked
+    remarkably fit, and one of the party explained that they had
+    mostly been working on the railways behind the lines, and their
+    treatment had been fairly good.
+
+    Another contingent of returned prisoners, numbering about 800,
+    arrived at Dover yesterday afternoon.
+
+                              (_Daily News_, Nov. 21, 1918.)
+
+The _Daily News_ has honourably distinguished itself by publishing
+favourable articles by repatriated prisoners. An officer writes:
+
+    Three days ago I arrived in England after having spent eight
+    months in a German prison camp. We were among the first
+    repatriated prisoners of war to come through Switzerland, and
+    were secretly amused at the attitude of friends and relatives on
+    our arrival home. They seemed to be quite surprised because most
+    of us were looking healthy and fit, and were not walking
+    skeletons or physical wrecks.
+
+    But after reading the home newspapers, we understood their point
+    of view. I do not for one moment suggest that these tales of
+    inhuman treatment are untrue or exaggerated, because I know many
+    cases which confirm them;[11] but I do say that this horrible
+    treatment has not been general, nor does it apply to all
+    prisoners of war. For this reason I am writing of what I know of
+    the prisoners in Baden, in Southern Germany, and I hope that
+    this article may allay the anxiety of those who are daily
+    expecting some dear one home, and who fear that he will be
+    terribly changed through suffering.
+
+Men behind the lines had suffered far more, this officer considered.
+This is somewhat at variance with the extract last cited. The writer
+continues:
+
+    But the lot of the prisoners in the permanent camps in Baden was
+    much brighter. My authority for saying so is an old Roman
+    Catholic priest, Father Nugent, a native of Lancashire, I
+    believe, who was in Southern Germany when the war broke out. He
+    had free access to all prison camps and hospitals in Baden, and
+    had no stories of harsh and brutal treatment to tell. Two
+    American doctors were allowed to visit the hospitals in Rastatt,
+    Lazaret 4, and the Russenlager Hospital. They said that the
+    patients were comfortable and well looked after, in spite of the
+    great shortage of medical supplies in Germany.
+
+    Some of the soldiers had a good time working on the Baden farms.
+    One orderly at our camp, who was away for a fortnight in the
+    fruit season, picking plums, told me that he had met one of his
+    old regiment working on a farm. This man had just driven in to
+    the railway station for the Red Cross parcels, and told him that
+    they were working with an old German and his wife. They shared
+    rations with each other, and once a week the whole household
+    visited the cinema.
+
+Delay in repatriation occurred owing to disorganisation.
+
+    But there is no ill feeling towards the prisoners in Baden.
+    After the armistice we wandered at will round Freiburg and in
+    the Black Forest; and everyone was treated with civility. There
+    were no cases of open hostility at all.
+
+                              (_Daily News_, Dec. 18, 1918.)
+
+Mr. G. G. Desmond volunteered at the age of 46. He was taken prisoner
+and gave (_Daily News_, Dec. 10, 1918) some account of his general
+outlook after his imprisonment. Unlike some of the stay-at-homes he can
+still believe in the German people, as the following concluding
+paragraphs of his article show:
+
+    The soldiers and the country people round Duelmen, and afterwards
+    everybody we met in those parts, expressed no sense of rancour
+    at their defeat, and simply leapt over it all to the prime,
+    joyful fact that the _Krieg_ was _fertig_. Everybody greeted you
+    with that, and covered his face with smiles thereby. Some said
+    that the terms were very hard, but agreed with me when I told
+    them that they were made hard in order to defeat thoroughly the
+    old gang and ensure a lasting peace. I wish I felt as certain
+    now as then that the Allies had that clean intention. One farmer
+    chuckled when he told me that Germany must give up a hundred and
+    fifty U-boats, because, he said, she had no such number.
+
+    One of the political parties, I am afraid I cannot remember
+    which, published a manifesto stating that Germany had been
+    deceived and betrayed by the military party, whereby among other
+    things she inflicted great wrongs on Belgium and the Allies, and
+    that she must pay in full for those wrongs. I do not doubt that
+    is a widespread feeling in Germany. If, however, the terms of
+    peace are to be vindictive, we shall in turn be in the wrong,
+    and the new Germany may have better cause than the old to hate
+    us.
+
+    When we were fighting the Kaiser, we took pains to tell the
+    German people that we were fighting their battle against their
+    enemies. We were, in fact, liberating the traditional distressed
+    damsel from the clutches of the ogre. It was a pity that so many
+    of our blows fell upon the damsel and not on the ogre. It would
+    be not only a pity but a crime and a grievous blunder if, now
+    that the damsel is free, we proceeded to thrash her for the
+    faults of the ogre.
+
+    The Germans, apart from their late Government, are not
+    Orientals intent upon deceiving us at every turn. They say they
+    have turned over a new leaf, and I am thoroughly persuaded that
+    they speak the truth. In business of all kinds, under
+    circumstances that made it very easy for them to have cheated
+    me, I found them, during my stay at Duelmen, the straightest
+    people I ever had anything to do with. They think the same of
+    us. Feldwebels and others who have had to do with us both
+    assured me that they much preferred the British to any other
+    class of prisoner, because we are blunt and true, say what we
+    mean, and stick to what we say. Certainly the Germans are the
+    most English of the great peoples on the Continent.
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+Our survey of the reliable evidence at present available seems to me to
+prove that there has usually been a serious effort in Germany to treat
+military prisoners well. This does not imply that their lot is otherwise
+than hard, and the prolongation of the imprisonment adds terribly to the
+hardship. It is impossible to banish from one's mind such horrors as
+those of Wittenberg, but it is quite plain that these were very far from
+typical. When militarism goes wrong, it goes very wrong. If we consider
+the special German difficulties with regard to prisoners, and the
+special dangers of the militarist state, we may, I think, conclude a
+very fair standard of humanity amongst the German people from the fact
+that in so large a proportion of cases treatment has been reasonable and
+in many even excellent.
+
+I have no wish to arouse any resentment, and in case this conclusion
+should do so, I quote here a further neutral opinion, that of a
+well-known Norwegian, M. T. E. Steen, who had been allowed to visit
+prisoners' camps in Britain, France, and Germany. M. Steen gave a
+lecture at the Queen's (Small) Hall on July 15, 1915, under the auspices
+of the British Red Cross Society. Sir Louis Mallet presided. According
+to the _Daily Telegraph_ report, "M. Steen spoke favourably to the
+conditions prevailing at the various internment camps he visited in
+Germany, and expressed the hope that his remarks would remove misgivings
+and allay anxiety. The general impression which the camps made on him,
+he said, was 'very satisfactory.'"
+
+We must remember, too, that in Germany also all kinds of rumours and
+statements have circulated with regard to the treatment of prisoners and
+wounded by us and our Allies (cf. pp. 2, 32, 38, and 80). Such rumours
+and exaggerations are apparently a part of war. On the other side they
+have not made for a benevolent attitude, and the really large amount of
+interest openly shown in prisoners of war by such men as Prince
+Lichnowsky, Prof. Stange, Prof. Gmelin, the Goettingen Pastors, and
+others, is a remarkable fact. We realise this the more, when we consider
+that it is not easy on this side for men in prominent positions openly
+to show interest in German prisoners of war.
+
+
+CAMPS IN U.K.
+
+It would be interesting to compare the U.S. reports on British camps
+with their reports on German ones. Unfortunately any useful comparison
+is impossible. A collection of reports on "various internment camps in
+the United Kingdom" is published in White Paper No. 30 (1916), but the
+earliest inspection here recorded took place on February 21, 1916. As
+the chief difficulties everywhere occurred earlier, the earlier reports
+are plainly necessary for a fair comparison. "Are we as compassionate to
+our prisoners as our ancestors were to theirs?" wrote the _Daily
+Chronicle_ on October 29, 1914, and added "From accounts that have
+reached us of the conditions that prevail at some of our concentration
+camps, we fear not." Moreover, in these later reports it is difficult to
+know the exact meaning of such remarks as the following, unless we have
+the earlier reports: "They seemed much happier and more contented than
+at the time of my former visit...." (Officers' Camp, Holyport). "There
+has been no change in the sleeping accommodations since the last report,
+but as the number of the prisoners is much less than it was at that
+time, there is much more room...." (Dorchester.)
+
+"The general tone of the hospital seemed to be much happier than at the
+time of my last visit." (Dartford, Lower Southern Hospital for wounded
+prisoners of war.)
+
+"There has been no change in the sleeping accommodation since the last
+visit, except that, owing to the smaller number of men, there is now
+more room than before.... The men seemed much happier and more contented
+than at the time of our last visit." (Officers' camp, Donington Hall.)
+
+The last quotation recalls the once famous charges as to the excessive
+luxury of Donington Hall. In every country the same kind of protest
+arises as to the luxurious treatment of prisoners, and this is declared
+a scandal in view of the inhuman policy of the enemy. In every country
+is to be found the type of patriot who feels that all is lost if it can
+be proved that he has treated an enemy too well. The hubbub about
+Donington Hall led to the appointment of a Commons delegation to visit
+various camps, and to a report in the _Times_ (April 26, 1915). In this
+report the Hall is described as "a large, bare house situated in a
+hollow.... The style of furnishing was that of a sergeant's mess." There
+was one piano, provided at the prisoners' expense. The billiard tables
+and other accessories imagined by perfervid patriots vanish into thin
+air.
+
+Dyffryn Aled Officers' camp in North Wales is described in the same
+account as "an inaccessible, gloomy, mildewed-looking house, with all
+the windows on the front side covered with iron bars. It was previously
+used as a private lunatic asylum. The kitchen seemed about the best room
+in the house.... There are no fixed baths, but the officers' valets
+carry hot water from the kitchen for hip baths." As regards the site of
+Dyffryn Aled it is only fair to quote the U.S. report: "The situation of
+the house, in a romantic valley among the Welsh mountains, is fine and
+healthy." But even in April, 1916, the bathing arrangements remained
+primitive: "Each officer has his tin tub." One would certainly not wish
+to make any hardship of this, yet it is perhaps as well to recall the
+U.S. reports on Friedberg and Crefeld in May and April, 1915,
+respectively. "The room containing the shower-nozzles would ... do
+credit to a club or hotel of the first class." (See p. 23.) At Crefeld:
+"The bathroom which I saw has a floor space of about 1,500 square feet,
+one-half of which, drained in the centre, lies under some 20 shower
+nozzles. There are a couple of porcelain tubs in the other half, and in
+the centre there is a large stove. Hot and cold water is available. The
+British officers were enthusiastic in their praise of this room." (P.
+13.)
+
+
+A FRIENDLY THOUGHT.
+
+The "Stobsiad," the magazine of the prisoners' camp at Stobs, Scotland,
+contains in its seventeenth number (Jan., 1918) a friendly thought for
+the interned "enemy" in Germany. The Y.M.C.A. and the Friends tell them
+of the ever-increasing need of the interned Englishmen for English
+books. "Would it not be possible," the paragraph proceeds, "for our
+German readers to place English books that they could part with at the
+disposal of the English prisoners of war, just as here German books have
+been placed at our disposal. Dr. Elisabeth Rotten's Committee (Berlin,
+No. 24, Monbijou-Platz 3) will gladly give further information. It would
+give us pleasure if many of our readers would fulfil this wish."
+
+
+UNRELIABLE COMPLAINTS.
+
+"There has been some trouble with correspondence," we read (_Times_,
+l.c.). The Commandant of one camp, while censoring a prisoner's
+correspondence, came across a statement that "he slept on a plank bed
+with a verminous mattress ... the prisoner admitted that he had written
+a false statement in order to induce his friends to send him more
+luxuries." I am reminded of a report from Zossen mentioned by the Swiss
+Red Cross delegate. I quote from the abstract in the _Basler
+Nachrichten_: "It appears that there is much correspondence with
+sympathetic ink at Zossen. A great deal of iodine, starch and condensed
+milk are sent to the prisoners by their friends. These materials serve
+for the preparation of such inks." We have heard of the use of
+sympathetic ink in this country. Experience suggests that complaints
+made by these methods are not to be relied on. The man who likes to tell
+a tall story is not very infrequent, either amongst civilians or
+soldiers, and if he can gain notoriety or advantage thereby, the
+temptation is considerable. Let these be obtained at the expense of the
+enemy, and the temptation is greater still. Some German girls were being
+taken back to Germany. An officer asked a girl what kind of a time she
+had in England. "Oh, dreadful," she replied at first. It was the way to
+gain kudos. But generosity came to her rescue, she repented and
+corrected herself: "No, perfectly lovely," she said, "everyone was good
+to us."[12] There are many on both sides who would not repent, but would
+make capital out of their interlocutor's ignorance.
+
+
+RUMOURS.
+
+Rumours, of course, still continue. They will continue as long as
+passions run high. There was a rumour of smallpox at Ruhleben. The
+English Captain of the Camp wrote to say: "There have been no cases of
+smallpox since the camp was started here." There were repeated rumours
+that parcels were not delivered. An appeal was made to the Director of
+the Press Bureau by C.Q.M.S. J. R. Wheeler of the 2nd Wilts. Regt.,
+prisoner at Goettingen. He pointed out that these rumours (apparently
+confirmed by postal officials) were totally unfounded. "Parcels arrive
+safely, and are issued to men often within a couple of hours of being
+received from the Post Office." The same matter is dealt with by U.S.
+representatives, but, as the Swiss delegate, Arthur Eugster, remarks,
+even neutral reports are in these days distrusted. In fact, often it is
+only what seems to confirm the worst suspicions that is believed. Mr.
+Wheeler points out that "the packing of parcels leaves much to be
+desired; in many cases a cake is put in a cardboard box and lightly
+wrapped up in brown paper," a statement that is important in view of the
+common opinion that British parcels were specially maltreated. The idea
+of differential treatment had indeed become an obsession. An example of
+the extraordinary nonsense that is believed is the story that "on the
+hospital ship, Oxfordshire, on March 19, sixty wounded British soldiers,
+the majority of them from the Black Watch and 6th Gordon regiments, were
+taken out of their cots to make room for sixty Germans ... and that, in
+addition, the Germans were supplied with fresh eggs and bread, while the
+British wounded soldiers had only biscuits." All this was the subject of
+a grave question in Parliament. The story was, of course, without
+foundation, but, according to Mr. Tennant himself, "it had obtained
+widespread credence." Marvellous indeed is the credulity of war-time.
+
+
+PRISONER WORKERS.
+
+How far hatred is due to want of knowledge the record of prisoner farm
+workers on this side proves:
+
+    As to the German prisoners, it took both the farmers and the
+    townspeople in the places where they are quartered, and from
+    which they are often motored to the farms, some little time to
+    overcome the widespread prejudice against their employment. But,
+    after a little acquaintance with them, this prejudice appears to
+    be dying down.
+
+    "They are one of our mainstays on the farms in West Sussex," Mr.
+    Herbert Padwick, chairman of the West Sussex War Agricultural
+    Committee, and vice-president of the Farmers' Union, told me.
+    "Some of them," he said, "are themselves farmers, and the sons
+    of farmers. Their work looks slow, but in the end, as a rule, we
+    find it very thorough. They used to say, perhaps chaffingly,
+    they wanted to produce the best crop we have ever had in
+    England, because they were sure the Germans would take it. No
+    doubt they really thought it at one time, but they are not, I
+    think, under this illusion any longer."
+
+                                _Daily News_, Aug. 20, 1918.
+
+Most of us have heard favourable comments from farmers and others as to
+the work of their German helpers. "I think they've done jolly well, and
+they deserve some encouragement," said one man to me. The idea that all
+Germans are "Huns" vanishes on personal acquaintance. On the other side
+prejudices similarly vanish, and I remember seeing an account of how a
+German farmer took his prisoner helpers for a picnic. Evidently he was
+allowed considerable freedom with them. There were German Press protests
+against the picnic.
+
+From the _Daily News_ of September 28, 1918, I take the following:
+
+    Here is a "gleaning" worth setting beside those which "Kuklos"
+    gave us yesterday. A West-country farmer of my acquaintance has
+    a brother who is a prisoner in the hands of the Germans at a
+    place not far from Stettin. Recently a number of German
+    prisoners were sent to work on his farm, and among them was a
+    German farmer from that very place. The German told him that he
+    had English prisoners on his own fields in the Fatherland, so
+    that quite possibly this curious exchange may be complete.
+
+    It may be mentioned, incidentally, that the English prisoner
+    speaks well of his treatment in Germany. The German, for his
+    part, assured my friend that while his prisoner-hands were not
+    receiving excellent cider, like that which he himself was now
+    allowed, they had plenty of good beer during the harvest.
+
+I have often thought that a widespread distribution of prisoner workers
+throughout each belligerent country might do more than anything else to
+allay mutual misunderstanding. In all wars the tendency is to regard the
+enemies as terrible beings, scarcely even of human shape. To a
+considerable extent this is due to the fact that all the horror of war
+is attributed by civilians to the enemy. The soldiers of course know
+better. But when the civilian finds enemy prisoners good fellows to work
+with, he cannot often resist the proof of our common humanity. A village
+girl was telling me lately how the feelings of many had altered since
+German prisoners had been in the neighbourhood, and especially marked
+had been the effect upon those who had actually worked with them. "So
+you've changed your mind about them," she said to a friend who worked
+with prisoners, and the friend had the courage to answer quite simply:
+"Yes, I have." If we all have the courage to change our minds, the peace
+that comes will be real.
+
+
+SOME OTHER PRISONERS.
+
+There is often so much similarity in the complaints made on both sides
+that the sufferings would seem to be very similar. I happened once, in a
+private hotel, to get into conversation with some German women who had
+been taken prisoner in East Africa. They were scarcely "military
+prisoners," but they were taken prisoner in the ordinary operations of
+war. With the women were three children. A young baby was wizened and
+pitiable, a little boy of between three and four had evidently had his
+whole body covered with boils or abscesses, a little girl of perhaps
+five would have been a charming little creature, but for a large abscess
+on her forehead and big swellings under the eyes. I asked how it was the
+children were in this condition. The Belgians, by whom these women were
+originally taken prisoner, would not, I was told, supply any milk for
+the children. It may be said that the Belgian officials should be
+consulted on this point, and I am well aware that prisoners' statements
+need corroboration. Do we, however, apply this rule in other cases? Are
+we careful to investigate newspaper reports of the statements of
+prisoners who have been in German hands, and should we suggest that the
+evidence of German officials should also be taken? The women struck me
+as singularly quiet, and unhysterical, and I must add, fair-minded.
+There were officials at times, they said, who were more humane, and
+provided milk on the quiet. Did they make any protests, I asked. "At
+first we did," they answered, "but we were always told 'You are
+prisoners, and have nothing to say.'" The condition of the children
+certainly suggested that they had suffered severely from malnutrition.
+This may indeed have been unavoidable, and not the fault of any one. I
+had a little further chat with one of the group, a very quiet woman,
+whose rather drawn, set face showed that she had passed through hard
+times. It was a little pathetic to me to note how sincerely she was
+convinced of the superior virtues of her side. "In the earlier days of
+the war when we had English prisoners," she said, "they were always well
+fed, even though we went short. Our Commandant always made a point of
+seeing that they were well provided for." There was in the quiet, rather
+weary voice just a gentle shade of reproach, and that was all. I have
+not the slightest doubt that the woman was perfectly sincere. I made
+only the very obvious remark that it seemed to me there were good and
+bad on both sides, and that some officials behaved well, and some not
+well. It was a mistake to generalise and think all was ill on the other
+side and all was well on one's own. She saw fairness in this view, I
+think. There was a mutual approach, and a growing kindliness. I felt
+then, and feel more strongly now, that kindness cannot grow out of
+merely aggressive patriotism.
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+It seems plain that in France, Germany and Great Britain there has been
+an honest, if not always a very sympathetic attempt to treat prisoners
+decently. But we hear little about the condition of prisoners elsewhere.
+It is curious to note how, in spite of all the horror perpetrated
+repeatedly by Turkish authorities in times, not of war, but of peace,
+British feeling is never very indignant against the Turk; and how
+prisoners of war are faring in Turkey we scarcely know. Not till July,
+1917, does there seem to have been any definite application for the
+inspection of Turkish internment camps. On July 18, 1917, an
+announcement appeared in the Press to the effect that, in response to a
+request from the British Government, the International Committee of the
+Red Cross at Geneva had applied to the Turkish Government for the
+necessary permission.
+
+Yet here, as in all war matters, we come upon "reprisals." The following
+is a cutting from the _Daily News_ of July 20, 1917:
+
+    Mr. James Hope, for the Foreign Office, stated in the Commons
+    yesterday that five British officers had been for over three
+    months imprisoned in Constantinople as a reprisal for the
+    alleged imprisonment of Turkish officers in Egypt. The United
+    States Ambassador was requested on April 25 to explain to the
+    Porte by telegram that only one of the five Turkish officers in
+    Egypt had been under arrest, and that for attempted escape. He
+    regretted to say that one of the five British officers had died.
+    They had just received a message from the Danish Minister at
+    Constantinople stating that the four surviving officers returned
+    to camp on July 4.
+
+Statements about _enemy_ reprisals are usually less frank than this. The
+neutral observer has usually to watch each side describing its most
+drastic actions as reprisals upon the other for similar deeds.
+
+
+SERBIA.
+
+The condition of Austrian and German prisoners in Serbia has been
+touched upon by Dr. F. M. Dickinson Berry, Physician to the
+Anglo-Serbian Hospital Unit. I give the following quotations from an
+article by Dr. Berry in the _Nation_ of August 21, 1915.
+
+"There is no doubt that the prisoners suffered badly during the
+winter.... Typhus decimated them earlier and more universally, probably
+owing to the way in which they were crowded together. Outside the town
+our prisoner pointed out a cottage adjacent to a brick-kiln, where he,
+with 250 men, had stayed some months without beds, blankets, or even
+straw to sleep on, and with the scantiest of food." But the villagers
+showed kindness, said the prisoner, and bestowed on them the food placed
+by Serbian custom on the graves of the dead. "Many of the prisoners fell
+sick and were taken off to the hospital. Here, too, they lay on the
+floor with nothing to cover them but a great-coat, if the fortunate
+possessors of such. Few who entered the hospital ever came back; if not
+ill with typhus when they came in, they were pretty safe to get it
+there, and they passed on to the cemetery beyond the town, where, as in
+so many Serbian cemeteries, however remotely situated, there is a
+portion covered thickly with plain wooden crosses, marking the graves of
+Austrian prisoners. Our informant told us that of those with him 50 per
+cent. had died; of eleven Italians whom he had under his charge one only
+survived. Asked whether they had any guards, he said no; each sergeant
+(he himself was one) was put in charge of fifty men, and was answerable
+with his life in case any should escape." There were, however, some
+compensations for the primitive barbarity of these arrangements. The
+Serbian people did not attack their prisoners, they fed them. They might
+have learned a less human attitude under more civilised conditions. "As
+we motored through the town we were amused at the number of greetings
+our prisoner received; he was evidently a well known and popular person.
+As we passed he pointed out the houses of acquaintances and other
+objects of interest. On one side lived a municipal official, who,
+finding that he held the same sort of post in Bohemia, greeted him as a
+colleague and used to ask him to his house. Further on was the fountain
+where he had come to wash his clothes in the bitter winter weather, and
+close by the house of the kind but match-making old lady who washed his
+clothes for him, and having a daughter's hand to dispose of, wished to
+keep him as a son-in-law."
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Of what happened in Russian prison camps we have only rumours, and the
+usual individual statements. The old Russian regime was scarcely likely
+to be very efficient or very humane in its treatment of prisoners, but
+any one who has examined war stories will be very cautious of believing
+all that is told. What the "unofficial information and rumours" were may
+be sufficiently gathered by referring to the _Cambridge Magazine_ of
+August 26, 1916, Supplement "Prisoners." It may be well to add this: in
+November, 1918, Erzberger, interviewed by Dr. Stollberg, of the
+_Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung_, asserted that out of 250 thousand
+prisoners in Russia only 100 thousand remained alive.
+
+
+AN IMPORTANT COMPARISON.
+
+It will help to clarify our ideas of charges of ill-treatment to remind
+ourselves of the following. A British officer, Lieut. Gilliland, was put
+in charge of the British prisoners of war captured by the Bulgarians.
+Mr. MacVeagh brought forward in the House of Commons various charges
+made against this officer by repatriated prisoners. It was said that he
+distributed unfairly food and clothing consigned to Irish prisoners,
+and that he ordered the flogging of British prisoners by their Bulgarian
+captors for the most trivial breaches of discipline. Mr. Macpherson, for
+the War Office, said prisoners repatriated from Bulgaria had made
+allegations against Lieut. Gilliland which were entirely opposed to
+information received from independent sources, especially from the U.S.
+Legation in Sofia, who stated that the officer had done everything
+possible for our men. Further inquiry was promised (_Manchester
+Guardian_, November 8, 1917). The charges of the prisoners are in this
+case not considered as necessarily true or unbiased. Ought not similar
+caution to be observed against whomsoever the charges may be made?
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 2: It is fair to add that the International Red Cross
+    in January, 1915, visited camps at Holyport, Dyffry, Dorchester,
+    Southend, Portsmouth, and Queensferry. They did not visit the
+    Isle of Man, where even then about 4,600 civilians were
+    interned, and they were evidently, if somewhat innocently,
+    hoping for the release of civilians (First Series, p. 25). The
+    reports are quite satisfactory as far as they go, and the
+    delegates considered that the prisoners, and especially the
+    military prisoners (_surtout les militaires_), were treated
+    well. The feeding is, however, criticised rather adversely in
+    the case of Portsmouth (both military and civilian) and at
+    Queensferry (civilian). (_La nourriture est elle bien ce qu'elle
+    doit etre_?) Removal from boats at Southend to _terra firma_ is
+    recommended. The eternal soup, which seems to have been the lot
+    of prisoners in all countries, must become fearfully wearisome.
+    The preserved fish, etc., of later days may become even more
+    trying.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Bishop Bury (_My Visit to Ruhleben_) writes: "Again
+    I was conscious of just the same spirit of
+    privation--extraordinarily pathetic it was--about people and
+    places...." (p. 79) It is to be feared that some who "profess
+    and call themselves Christians" can see nothing pathetic in the
+    sufferings of an enemy people.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: _Comite International de la Croix Rouge, Premiere
+    Serie._]
+
+    [Footnote 5: The number of prisoners now (October, 1917) in
+    Germany is probably nearly three times as great.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: _Comite International Rapports_ (Premiere Serie, p.
+    31).]
+
+    [Footnote 7: l.c., p. 60.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: Reporting on March 9, 1916, Mr. Jackson wrote that,
+    though, "owing to its situation and character," it could never
+    be made "an entirely satisfactory camp," yet "there had been a
+    marked improvement in its general 'atmosphere.'" (Misc. 16
+    [1916].)]
+
+    [Footnote 9: Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge (M.D., D.P.H.) visited this
+    camp on December 17, 1915. She reports: "The prisoners of war
+    are housed in well-built, well-drained barracks having excellent
+    ventilation. Each man has an iron bedstead with two blankets (or
+    a thick quilt), a straw mattress, good pillow and sheet...."]
+
+    [Footnote 10: These indulgences can also be paralleled on this
+    side. A writer from a British internment camp says, during "a
+    great sports week": "There are already a lot in hospital with
+    broken legs and arms."]
+
+    [Footnote 11: It is astounding how extremely rare are
+    responsible accounts of the worser ill-deeds by those who have
+    actually suffered them. These stories have almost always been
+    heard from someone else. (Cf. pp. 156, 157.)]
+
+    [Footnote 12: "The Common Cause." October 16, 1914.]
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+CIVILIAN PRISONERS.
+
+RESIDENT ENEMY NATIONALS.
+
+
+A few extracts from Dr. J. M. Spaight's important work, "War Rights on
+Land," will be useful as an introduction to this section. "Resident
+enemy nationals," runs Dr. Spaight's marginal summary, "are not
+interfered with" (l.c., p. 28). The text proceeds: "The treatment of
+resident enemy nationals has undergone a great change for the better in
+modern times. Ancient theory and practice regarded them as enemies,
+individually, and admitted the right to arrest and imprison them. The
+last instance of this rigorous rule being put in force is Napoleon's
+detention of British subjects who happened to be in France when war
+broke out in 1803. Present usage allows enemy nationals to depart
+freely, even when they belong to the armed forces of the other
+belligerent." The State has the right to detain such subjects, but usage
+is against it. Again, "'Present usage,' says Professor LeFur, 'does not
+admit of the expulsion _en masse_ of enemy subjects resident in a
+belligerent's territory, save when the needs of defence demand such
+expulsion....' The bad precedent set by the Confederate Government in
+1861, when it ordered the banishment of all alien enemies, has not been
+followed in subsequent wars. France and Germany allowed enemy subjects
+to continue to reside in their respective territories during the war of
+1870-1, but the former country was led by military exigencies to rescind
+the general privilege so far as Paris and the Department of the Seine
+were concerned, at the end of August, 1870. A Proclamation was then
+issued by General Trochu which enjoined 'every person not a naturalised
+Frenchman and belonging to one of the countries at war with France' to
+depart within three days, under penalty of arrest and trial in the event
+of disobedience. The incident is instructive as showing usage [viz.,
+non-interference with resident enemy nationals] in the making; for
+though there were 35,000 in Paris alone, and their expulsion was clearly
+justifiable as a measure of defence, the general opinion in Europe was
+that they were harshly treated, and a sum of 100 million francs was
+claimed, as part of the war indemnity, in respect of the losses they
+sustained in being driven out. It shows, as Hall observed, that public
+opinion 'was already ripe for the establishment of a distinct rule
+allowing such persons to remain during good behaviour' (_Hall,
+International Law_, p. 392). The usage has been strengthened by the
+precedents set in the Russo-Turkish War in 1877-8, the Chino-Japanese
+War of 1894, and the Russo-Japanese War, in all of which enemy residents
+were suffered to remain."
+
+
+ORIGIN OF GENERAL INTERNMENT.
+
+How did it come about that this more humane usage was in the present war
+departed from? The average Englishman, I fear, assumes that all the
+blame is in this case due to the enemy. The following correspondence
+should make the matter clearer. [See Miscel. Nos. 7, 8 (1915).]
+
+    _Memorandum communicated by American Embassy,_
+
+    October 17, 1914.
+
+    The American Embassy has the honour to submit the following copy
+    of a telegram which has just been received from the Secretary of
+    State at Washington relating to civilian prisoners in the United
+    Kingdom and Germany:
+
+    There are a very few English civilians in Germany who have been
+    placed in prison or in prison camps--about 300. The German
+    Government is informed that a great number of German civilian
+    prisoners--over 6,000--are in prison camps in England.
+    Department is requested by Ambassador, Berlin, to suggest that
+    liberty, so far as possible, be allowed alien enemies detained
+    by war.
+
+
+        _Mr. Page, United States Ambassador in London, to
+            Sir Edward Grey._ (Received Oct. 31.)
+                American Embassy, London,
+                                October 30, 1914.
+
+    Sir,--I have the honour to transmit herewith enclosed the
+    attached copy of an open telegram I have received from the
+    Minister at Copenhagen relating to reports on the imprisonment
+    of German subjects in England.
+
+    Inasmuch as the Minister at Copenhagen has dispatched this to
+    the Secretary of State at Washington, it seems probable that I
+    shall receive definite instructions from him to transmit it to
+    you, but in view of the desirability of an early consideration
+    of the matter I now venture to submit this copy of the telegram
+    for your information.
+
+                                      I have, etc.,
+                                          WALTER HINES PAGE.
+
+
+    Copy of Telegram received October 29, 1914.
+
+    Following telegram sent to Department to-day (by the Ambassador
+    at Berlin):
+
+    The Foreign Office requests this Embassy to find out through the
+    American Embassy in London whether the reports concerning the
+    imprisonment of German subjects in England are well founded.
+    Unless a reply is received from the British Government before
+    November 5 that all Germans who have not rendered themselves
+    especially suspicious have been released, the German Government
+    will be obliged to take retaliatory measures, and accordingly
+    arrest all male British subjects in Germany between 17 and 55
+    years. American Minister, Copenhagen.
+
+
+    Copy of Telegram received from Berlin by the American Embassy,
+    November 3, 1914.
+
+    Are Germans over 45 being arrested wholesale in England? If
+    arrests are only of those under 45, I may be able to keep
+    English over that age out of jail. Will not British Government
+    allow all over 45 to leave? That is the legal military age here,
+    and no one over that age can be compelled to serve.
+
+
+    _Sir Edward Grey to Mr. Page, United States Ambassador in
+    London._
+
+
+                                                   Foreign Office,
+                                                     November 9, 1914.
+
+    Your Excellency,
+
+    I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your
+    Excellency's note of the 30th ult., and of subsequent notes
+    informing me of the attitude likely to be adopted by the German
+    Government with regard to the measures that have been taken in
+    this country for the detention of German subjects of military
+    age.
+
+    The decision of His Majesty's Government in this respect being
+    clearly irrevocable, the communications which you were good
+    enough to transmit did not appear to call for an immediate
+    reply, although, as your Excellency is aware, the German
+    Government threatened, and have since carried out, reprisals
+    against British subjects in Germany.
+
+    At the same time, I hope in due course, when the measures taken
+    here have assumed a definite form, proper consideration having
+    been given to reasonable claims for exemption as regards
+    particular categories of persons, to address your Excellency
+    further on the subject, with a view of obtaining the release at
+    least of British subjects in Germany who correspond to those
+    categories.
+
+    I may state at once that no Germans over the age of 45 are being
+    arrested.[13]
+
+    I should, however, be glad if your Excellency would endeavour to
+    bring home to the German Government that His Majesty's
+    Government are faced with a problem which does not apply to the
+    same extent in Germany.
+
+    There are, roughly, 50,000 Germans resident in this country, and
+    the presence of such large numbers of the subjects of a country
+    with whom Great Britain is at war must necessarily be a cause of
+    anxiety to the military authorities who are concerned with
+    taking adequate measures for the defence of the realm.[14]
+
+    In detaining persons who might, in certain eventualities, become
+    a source of danger to the State, His Majesty's Government are
+    only acting in accordance with the dictates of a legitimate and
+    reasonable policy, and they would be clearly lacking in their
+    duty to the country if they neglected to safeguard its interests
+    by allowing the continuance of possible risks to the public
+    safety.
+
+    In proceeding as they have done they have only had this one
+    consideration before them, and it has never once been their
+    intention to indulge in a domestic act of hostility towards
+    German subjects as such, or in any way to inflict hardship for
+    hardship's sake on innocent civilians.
+
+    Every endeavour is being made, as Your Excellency is aware from
+    Mr. Chandler Anderson's report on the concentration camps, to
+    mitigate the inconvenience to the persons detained, and to
+    provide the best possible treatment for them under the
+    circumstances.
+
+    As time goes on it is hoped that it will be possible to improve
+    further the necessarily austere conditions of the military
+    discipline to which the prisoners are bound to be subjected, and
+    every endeavour is being made already to rectify any mistakes
+    that may have occurred, both in the arrest of persons who should
+    properly be exempt, and in the regime, which, through its
+    hurried organisation, could not fail to contain a certain number
+    of defects at the outset....
+
+Into the case for and against general internment I do not propose to
+enter; it has nothing to do with the main purpose of this book. It does,
+however, concern that purpose to point out first that the general
+internment of resident enemy nationals (whatever its justification in
+any particular case) is contrary to modern usage, and second that the
+order for general internment was given first not in Germany, but in
+Britain. The popular view on this subject is erroneous. The German order
+was issued as a "reprisal,"[15] but, once issued, it was carried out
+with dispatch, a dispatch which was, of course, easier because of the
+comparatively small number of British subjects in Germany.
+
+It will, I think, be useful to quote some further letters. The first
+document is an extract from a telegram received, _via_ Copenhagen, by
+the U.S. Embassy in London on November 7, 1914. The telegram is from the
+Ambassador (Mr. Gerard) at Berlin, and conveys the representations of
+Mr. Chandler Anderson, of the American Embassy in London, who was at
+the moment in Berlin. Anderson says:
+
+    Tell Foreign Office that there is no compulsory military service
+    required by German law for men over 45, and any men over that
+    age serving in the army are volunteers. Agreement to release all
+    men over 45 would produce better understanding, refusal is
+    regarded as questioning truth of their assurances, which were
+    endorsed by our Ambassador. Would like to settle these matters
+    while here, and want to leave on Tuesday or Wednesday. Am
+    arranging to have someone from this Embassy return with me to
+    report, for information of Foreign Office here, about
+    concentration camp and reasons for internment of civilians, in
+    order to establish common basis for their treatment and
+    provisions and clothing furnished and pay of officers, on the
+    understanding that accounts will be balanced at close of war or
+    at stated intervals.--GERARD, Berlin.
+
+                              American Minister, Copenhagen.
+
+The following documents deserve careful consideration:
+
+    _Memorandum communicated by American Embassy._
+
+    November 9, 1914.
+
+    The American Embassy has the honour to submit the following copy
+    of a telegram which the Ambassador at Berlin has sent to the
+    Department of State at Washington:
+
+    "Order for internment British between 17 and 55 has gone into
+    effect. This does not apply to clericals, doctors, or women, or
+    to British subjects from colonies or protectorates where Germans
+    are not interned. German Government wishes to receive official
+    information regarding such colonies, as it understands Germans
+    are interned in South Africa. Germany is willing to release men
+    over 45 if England will do so. Germans over 45, except officers,
+    have no compulsory military obligations."
+
+    American Embassy, London, Nov. 9, 1914.
+
+
+    _Memorandum by Sir Edward Grey._
+
+    The American Ambassador asked me to-day whether the American
+    Embassy would be allowed, as reports were being made in Germany
+    about the treatment of German civilians in England, to send
+    someone to visit the Germans interned in Newbury and Newcastle.
+
+    The Ambassador also said that he had received specific
+    complaints from Germans interned in Queensferry.
+
+    He has given me the following copy of a letter from the American
+    Ambassador in Berlin.
+
+    The object of the Ambassador's enquiry is simply, by bringing
+    out the facts, to prevent false statements from doing harm in
+    Germany, and at the same time, I assume, to contribute to the
+    remedying of any grievances that may exist.
+
+    The American Ambassador in Berlin is, I know, doing all in his
+    power to secure good treatment for British subjects in Germany,
+    and I think that it would be desirable to let the American
+    Embassy here have full information as to our treatment of
+    Germans.
+
+                                            I have, etc.,
+                                                    E. GREY.
+    Foreign Office, November 13, 1914.
+
+
+    _Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page._
+                                          American Embassy, Berlin.
+                                                     November 8, 1914.
+
+    Sir,--Although it may already be too late to be of much
+    practical effect, I feel it my duty, in the interest of
+    humanity, to urge upon you to obtain some formal declaration on
+    the part of the British Government, as to its purpose in
+    ordering the wholesale concentration of Germans in Great Britain
+    and Ireland, as is understood here to be the case. It is known
+    here that many of the Germans interned belong to the labouring
+    classes, and that their position is actually improved by their
+    internment, and it is recognised that the British Government has
+    the right to arrest persons when any well-founded ground for
+    suspecting them to be spies exists. Great popular resentment has
+    been created by the reports of the arrests of other Germans,
+    however, and the German authorities cannot explain or understand
+    why German travellers who have been taken from ocean steamers
+    should not be permitted to remain at liberty, of course under
+    police control, even if they are compelled to stay in England.
+    The order for the general concentration of British males between
+    the ages of 17 and 55, which went into effect on the 6th inst.,
+    was occasioned by the pressure of public opinion, which has been
+    still further excited by the newspaper reports of a considerable
+    number of deaths in concentration camps. Up to the 6th
+    considerable liberty of movement has been allowed to British
+    subjects in Germany,[16] and, as you were informed in my
+    telegram of the 5th, many petitions were received from them
+    setting forth the favourable conditions under which they were
+    permitted to live and to carry on their business, and urging the
+    similar treatment of German subjects in England. I cannot but
+    feel that to a great extent the English action and the German
+    retaliation has been caused by a misunderstanding which we
+    should do our best to remove. It seems to me that we should do
+    all in our power to prevent an increase of the bitterness which
+    seems to have arisen between the German and English peoples, and
+    to make it possible for the two countries to become friends on
+    the close of the war.
+
+                                          I have, etc.,
+                                            JAMES W. GERARD.
+
+
+    _Mr. Harris to Mr. Gerard_.
+
+                                               Frankfort-on-Main,
+                                                     November 9, 1914.
+
+    Sir,--In a letter of the same date as this I have referred to
+    the return from Giessen of four officers sent to Giessen, and
+    returned again to Frankfort and to Nauheim, from which they
+    came. I referred in this letter to the commander of the XVIIIth.
+    Army Corps here. The commando is in charge of Excellenz de
+    Graaf, who has, as he tells me, an American wife, and who
+    through the past few months has shown this consulate all
+    possible consideration, as it seems to Mr. Ives and myself.
+    Twice during the great press of the first few weeks of the war,
+    he came to the office in person and made known his desire to
+    assist us in any way possible. Both Mr. Ives and myself have had
+    occasion to go to the commando many times on various errands,
+    and in nearly every case we have been granted the things we
+    desired. It would be difficult to find a man at home or abroad
+    with a more pleasant manner than de Graaf's, or who shows less
+    of the harsh or severe. Many of the English have gone to him,
+    and they in all cases, so far as I have heard, speak in highest
+    terms as to the way he has received them, and as to the entire
+    freedom given them in this city until the order of last Friday.
+
+    I have gone into the matter just a little because of a vicious
+    and, I think, wholly unwarranted attack in the papers, in which
+    Mr. George Edwardes, of London, is made to say quite improbable
+    things as coming from de Graaf, and perhaps made our work just a
+    little more difficult. Whether this be the case or not, I am
+    sure you will be glad to know that the commander here has given
+    ample evidence of desire to meet Mr. Ives and myself in every
+    request we have had to make of him.
+
+                        I have, etc.,
+                      H. W. HARRIS, American Consul-General.
+
+The "entire freedom" allowed to English in Frankfort until the reprisal
+order was made out is a fact that should be emphasised. It bears out the
+idea that it was British action which brought about the general
+internment order in Germany. Moreover, the reports as to ill-treatment
+and deaths produced the same kind of effect on the other side as they
+did on this. Of course, there were grave hardships on both sides, and,
+indeed, Sir Edward Grey allowed (vide p. 79) that "the regime ...
+through its hurried organisation, could not fail to contain a certain
+number of defects at the outset."
+
+The regime, like some other steps taken in this war, was too hurriedly
+arranged in response to newspaper agitation. The _Cologne Gazette_,
+complaining that Germans are treated like pariahs in England, asks if
+Englishmen in Germany are "to enjoy for ever a life of gods unmolested."
+(_Daily Chronicle_, October 29, 1914.) The old demand for "reprisals,"
+leading to counter-reprisals and a crescendo of cruelty.
+
+In Austria no general internment order was made. The _Daily Chronicle_
+correspondent, writing in January, 1915, from Vienna, spoke of the
+freedom of all foreigners there, even when the subjects of enemy
+Governments. All such subjects, his host reminded him, "enjoy full, or
+nearly full liberty, whereas in Great Britain and France Austro-German
+subjects have either been clapped into prison, or at any rate confined
+in a camp or barracks."
+
+
+CIVILIAN AND MILITARY PRISONERS COMPARED.
+
+"Confinement in a camp or barracks" sounds a small thing. It is really,
+wherever it occurs, a rather terrible thing. The universal experience is
+that civilians suffer under this restraint more than soldiers, and
+consequently are more "difficult" to deal with.[17] There are, I think,
+various fairly obvious reasons for this difference. To the soldier the
+prison camp is an escape from worse horrors, the soldier is inured to a
+large measure of monotony, he is also inured to military control and
+certain peculiarities of the military manner. To the civilian the prison
+camp is a change from freedom to confinement, from comfort to hardship,
+often from prosperity to ruin. The civilian's life has been one of
+varied activities, and becomes one of almost unrelieved monotony. He is
+in most cases quite unused to military control, and feels himself
+degraded to a kind of servitude. Used to a separate and individual life,
+he is forced into contact, day and night, with others not of his own
+choice, and often antipathetic to him. He finds himself deprived of
+every vestige of privacy, and his thoughts revolve often round chances
+gone, work lost, hopes vanished, a wife living in penury, and a future
+altogether dark. If anyone will try to picture such a life continued not
+for weeks or months only, but for _years_, he will, I think, feel that
+hysteria, loss of mental balance and actual insanity are consequences
+that are only too likely to follow.
+
+Civilian control for civilian prisoners seems in general to be
+desirable. Military control was practically withdrawn from Ruhleben in
+the autumn of 1915. At a few camps here, such as the one at Cornwallis
+Road, it is practically absent, and I feel this is one reason why,
+writing in March, 1916, the U.S. Attache was able to report that there
+had at this camp been no attempts at escape.
+
+There was much that was harsh and bad in the earlier days of internment
+in Germany, but the official U.S. reports certainly make us aware of
+cordial German co-operation in improving matters. The unofficial
+account, moreover, of Dr. Cimino ("Behind the Prison Bars in Germany")
+astonishes me chiefly by the amount of politeness which it reveals in
+the German official.
+
+There will always be stupid officials, and complete military authority
+is a very dangerous thing. This obvious conclusion should be recognised
+as applying (to some extent at least) to both sides. It is a rather
+dreadful thing to be under more or less hostile restraint, whether one
+be German or British. "Even if ideal conditions prevailed, one could not
+remove the unavoidable feeling of restraint and the sorrow of separation
+of men from their wives and families. There is in all the camps a
+feeling of gloom which one visitor said 'haunted him for days.' It is
+scarcely surprising that feelings of resentment should arise. Many of
+the men have lived in this country for twenty or thirty years; some have
+come over here as young children, some are even unable to speak German;
+very many have married British wives and have come to regard themselves
+as citizens of this country. The visit of someone who is not in
+authority over them, but who will listen to their troubles and give them
+a kind word of encouragement, has done very much to lighten the
+bitterness of confinement." So write the Emergency Committee in their
+second report on their work for the assistance of Germans, Austrians and
+Hungarians in distress. Dr. Siegmund Schulze, who has worked for a
+similar organisation in Berlin, writes: "It appears that those who have
+recently expressed their opinion in the British Parliament have taken
+the complaints of a few dissatisfied prisoners as a basis for their
+general opinion. We can quite understand these complaints, because we
+notice among all prisoners that the longer the imprisonment lasts, the
+greater is the feeling of dissatisfaction.... It is noteworthy that in
+the English utterance even the trustworthiness of neutral reports is
+doubted; for example, the statements of the American Ambassador are
+regarded as pro-German, therefore distorted. Frl. Dr. Rotten and I have
+heard a great number of neutral opinions on the prisoners camps; I have
+myself discussed the conditions of the detention camp with neutrals who
+have visited them, and ascertained the truth as to their reports. Our
+verdict can only be that there is absolutely no question of any
+conditions which would constitute an infringement of international law,
+or which could imperil the health of the soldiers.... Moreover, I have
+in Ruhleben formed my own opinion as to the condition of the prisoners.
+I acknowledge that the depressed state of mind in which the prisoners
+must naturally be after more than six months' imprisonment has an effect
+upon their reports, and that many prisoners are in a state of suppressed
+rage. On the other hand I cannot but say that after the removal of
+certain insanitary conditions there have been absolutely no substantial
+complaints made by the prisoners. Much as I regret the position of the
+prisoners, among whom I have many personal acquaintances, I must, on the
+other hand, say that the accommodation and also the behaviour of the
+officers is, on the whole, as humane as possible under the difficult
+conditions. The American Attache, Mr. Jackson, who formerly visited the
+detention camps in England, and has now again visited the German
+detention camps, has confirmed to me the assertion which he made to the
+Commandant of the Ruhleben Camp, viz., that if he were obliged to choose
+where, among the countries now at war, he would be interned, he would
+certainly choose Ruhleben.... Without doubt, as is now apparent
+everywhere, an imprisonment extending over a long period, say, for
+instance, a year, means far more for men of the present generation than
+one could have thought. I consider it possible that many prisoners who
+are detained for such a long time will return to their homes with an
+essential deterioration of their mental condition." These last are very
+grave, and indeed terrible words, words that I fear only too accurately
+represent the facts, but yet, as Dr. Schulze continues, "We ought not to
+conclude from this that we are justified in making reproaches against
+the other country in respect of the treatment of prisoners, but rather
+conclude that we should work energetically towards the termination of
+the war."
+
+The mental suffering (_stagnant_ suffering) caused to civilian prisoners
+(in Britain, as elsewhere) is, I fear, very far from being understood.
+The following few sentences may give some glimpses--I was going to say
+"enlightening glimpses," but, alas, they are only glimpses into the
+darkness: "Our visitors in talking to the men in the camps receive from
+them many kinds of requests; of these by far the most frequent and
+urgent is that their wives and families may be visited. For one reason
+or another, letters from home very frequently do not reach the
+prisoners, and often for weeks or months together they receive no word
+of their families." The report goes on: "One man's wife was at the point
+of death when he left her and her young children; another's wife with
+several children was addicted to drink, and was only kept from it by her
+husband's influence; in other cases children were left behind with no
+mother to care for them." (The quotations are from the second report of
+the Friends' Emergency Committee, January, 1915.) To imagine the anguish
+of these cases, whether in Germany or in Britain, is to shrink as from a
+blow. Many will feel that the policy of general internment was
+unavoidable. But we may surely show generous sympathy where an
+unavoidable policy has brought great misery upon thousands who were
+innocent. Such sympathy, as we shall see later, always assists
+reciprocal sympathy on the other side.
+
+
+SOME REPORTS ON RUHLEBEN.
+
+I will now turn to the consideration of reports on individual camps for
+civilians. The most important German civilian camp, of course, for us,
+is that of Ruhleben. If I cite a Report on the Meeting of the Camp
+Committee held there on February 4, 1915, a good deal as to the general
+management of the camp will become plain. [Miscel. No. 7 (1915) p. 67.]
+
+    The following minutes of a meeting of the select committee of
+    the camp committee and of the overseers,[18] which was called by
+    Baron von Taube on February 2, were read by the Secretary:
+
+    At 6-30 p.m., Baron von Taube received a select committee of the
+    camp committee in the presence of the assembled overseers of the
+    latter. Messrs. Powell, Fischer, Jones, Blakely, Cocker,
+    Overweg, Asher, Hallam, Russel, Aman, and Jones were present;
+    also[19] Messrs. Delmer, Butcher, Stern, Scholl, Mackenzie,
+    Horn, Klingender, Butterworth, and Hatfield.
+
+    Having greeted the assembled members, the Baron proceeded to say
+    that he thought it would be best if only three or four delegates
+    from the camp committee were to discuss matters directly with
+    the overseers. He expressed his views and compared the
+    management of the camp with the administration of a town of
+    10,000 inhabitants. Too many participants might only render the
+    work of the overseers more arduous. He therefore suggested that
+    at the meetings of the overseers, the select committee of the
+    camp committee should consist of from three to four gentlemen
+    with deciding votes. The suggestion was accepted. Thereupon the
+    Baron informed the meeting that Messrs. Butcher, Klingender, and
+    Stern had been proposed. In reply to this, Mr. Delmer, chairman
+    of the camp committee, said that from among the eight men whose
+    names had been submitted, three or four should from time to time
+    be chosen as delegates according to their special knowledge and
+    the business to be transacted. After a short discussion it was
+    agreed, upon the proposal of Mr. Powell, that three or four
+    gentlemen should, as delegates from the camp committee, take
+    part in a general meeting of overseers to be held once a
+    fortnight. At these meetings a strict account of the work of the
+    overseers during the interval should be rendered. On the
+    proposal of the chairman, Mr. Delmer, it was further agreed that
+    delegates of the camp committee should have the right at all
+    times to require the overseers to furnish explanations of any
+    incidents affecting the interests of the camp. A motion of the
+    chairman, which was also approved by the Baron, was to the
+    effect that, in order to spare the overseers' committee time and
+    trouble, any incidents occurring in the camp should be
+    thoroughly sifted and investigated by the camp committee, and
+    then reported to the administration as soon as possible by a
+    single competent deputy through the overseers.
+
+    The presiding overseer welcomed a further motion by the
+    chairman, Mr. Delmer, which was as follows: In the interests of
+    the necessary reciprocity, a delegate of the overseers should
+    attend the meetings of the camp committee.
+
+    Mr. Klingender drew attention to the two points contained in the
+    camp committee's letter to Baron von Taube. The Baron said he
+    agreed with the contents of the letter.
+
+    At the conclusion the chairman (Mr. Delmer) remarked that the
+    camp committee had been formed with a view to beneficial
+    co-operation with the overseers, and for the advancement of the
+    existing organisation, and that it intended loyally to carry out
+    this principle, of which words the Baron graciously took note.
+    The chairman (Mr. Delmer) then expressed his hearty thanks in
+    the name of the assembled members of the camp committee to the
+    Baron for his presence and for the consideration he had kindly
+    given to the arrangement, whereupon the Baron said that he would
+    be very pleased personally from time to time to take part in the
+    meetings of the camp committee.
+
+    Baron von Taube then closed the meeting.
+
+    The secretary announced that he had laid a copy of the minutes
+    before the Baron, who had kindly accepted and signed it, and
+    had, with his own hand, written on it the words, "Have taken
+    note of the minutes and agree on all points."
+
+    The chairman greeted Mr. Fischer, overseer of hut 3, who was
+    present as delegate of the overseers. The meeting proceeded to
+    discuss the following matters:
+
+    LATRINES FOR INVALIDS.--At the last meeting the camp committee
+    had requested a member to procure information on this matter.
+    Mr. Fischer reported that the small latrine between huts 3 and 4
+    (which was formerly intended for women) should be used for this
+    purpose. A door with a lock would be put in. Permits would
+    probably be issued by the doctor or his representative. The
+    overseers had for a long time striven to obtain permission for
+    the sick to use the water closets, but these for the most part
+    were not in the premises which were at the disposal of the
+    military authorities, and therefore could not, even on payment,
+    be opened. He would again inquire if it were not possible to
+    obtain a closed water closet for the sick.
+
+    POSTAL MATTERS.--Questions concerning the postal regulations
+    and the censoring of letters were brought up. A member expressed
+    his intention of obtaining precise information and of reporting
+    thereon.
+
+    OUTBREAK OF DIARRHOEA.--It was announced that 78 cases had
+    occurred at hut 1.[20] Mr. Fischer was asked whether the number
+    of cases in each hut was known to the overseers. He replied that
+    they had furnished a report on the previous day. It was
+    suggested that in such a case the overseers might with advantage
+    seek the assistance of the delegates of the camp committee, and
+    especially in the present case, as the overseers were much
+    occupied with other work, and could not collect complete
+    statistics.
+
+    BREAD.--The question of the quality of the bread was raised; it
+    was alleged that bread insufficiently baked and bread which
+    consisted of remains insufficiently ground together was
+    sometimes distributed. As 2,000 of the prisoners were penniless,
+    the question was one of great importance. Mr. Fischer said that
+    bread of inferior quality, if returned immediately, would be
+    exchanged.
+
+    YOUTHS UNDER 17 YEARS OF AGE.--It was alleged that not all the
+    prisoners under 17 years of age had yet taken the necessary
+    steps to obtain their release. The meeting, however, thought
+    that it was the presence of young sailors, for whose release
+    repeated application had been made, that had produced this
+    impression. These sailors, however, were in quite a different
+    position from the civilian prisoners. Civilian prisoners under
+    17 were released. The overseers had the matter under
+    consideration.
+
+    WASHING.--Mr. Whitwell had taken cast-off clothing from the
+    rubbish-box. He had had them washed, and found that they were
+    still serviceable. In his opinion, the whole of the camp washing
+    could be done by two machines costing about 60M. each. Mr.
+    Fischer observed that the overseers had given this matter their
+    attention, but that great difficulties would arise if any
+    proposals adverse to the concessions granted by the military
+    authority to private concerns were to be made.
+
+    The meeting was then adjourned.
+
+We may next cite an unofficial statement:
+
+    STATEMENT RESPECTING CONDITIONS AT RUHLEBEN COMMUNICATED TO HOME
+    OFFICE BY TWO RELEASED CIVILIANS ON MARCH 18, 1915.
+
+    Mr. John P. Bradshaw, of Ballymoney, co. Antrim, and Mr. William
+    David Coyne, of Ballyhaunis, co. Mayo, both British subjects,
+    arrived in England on the March 15, having just been released
+    from detention at Ruhleben on account of their unfitness for
+    military service.
+
+    The following statement has been made by them to the Home
+    Office:
+
+    They were examined by the Camp Doctor, and released as unfit for
+    military service.
+
+    A fortnight ago all who considered themselves unfit were invited
+    to send their names in with a statement of the grounds of
+    unfitness.
+
+    A week later all were asked to state where they would go if
+    released from Ruhleben, but few of the real British subjects
+    were anxious to be released now unless they can leave Germany
+    because of the bitterness against England.[21]
+
+    Since March 7 a very important change has taken place in the
+    food supply to the prisoners; thanks to investigations by
+    Rittmeister von Mueller, the caterer has been dispensed with. It
+    is believed in the camp that the United States authorities
+    prompted these investigations.
+
+    The German authorities provide bread which is of better quality
+    than formerly. The allowance is over half a pound per man per
+    day, i.e., more than the civilian population is allowed, but it
+    is believed that a regulation has been made, though not yet
+    brought into force, to reduce the bread allowance to correspond
+    with that allowed to persons outside the camp. Bread is no
+    longer purchaseable at the canteen.
+
+    The Government allows 60 pfennige (just over 7d.) per head for
+    the rest of the food. The canteen committee buys 100 grammes of
+    meat (gristle, bone, etc., included) per man per day. Pork is
+    much used, then comes mutton, and, more rarely, beef.
+
+    The meat is cooked in the soup and each man is given a piece
+    about the size of a cutlet with his soup at midday. The spare
+    pieces are divided amongst the men from the last barracks to be
+    served; the barracks take it in turn to be last.
+
+    On one day a week dinner consists of a piece of sausage and rice
+    and prunes.
+
+    A piece of sausage is now served with the evening tea or coffee.
+    This sausage is bought out of the savings under the new system.
+
+    The rest of the savings on the catering and the profit on the
+    sales at the canteen go towards providing clothes, etc., for the
+    poorest men in the camp.
+
+    The meat is inspected by two of the prisoners, one a veterinary
+    surgeon and the other a butcher; it is cooked by ships' cooks
+    who are interned, and served by men chosen from among the
+    prisoners. The food is said to be well cooked and the meals
+    quite appetising, at any rate when compared with the previous
+    regime.
+
+    The two men named above received all parcels sent to them.
+    Formerly parcels took about four weeks to reach the camp from
+    England, but now they arrive in ten to twelve days.
+
+    The officials are scrupulously honest as regards money owned by
+    or sent to the prisoners, except that they pay out in paper or
+    silver, whereas they took in gold. Money is paid out to those
+    prisoners who have an account at the rate of 20M. per fortnight,
+    but an extra 20M. can be obtained for the purchase of boots,
+    clothes, etc., if shown to be necessary.
+
+    The correspondence regulations are now that one postcard with
+    nine lines of writing may be sent each week, and two letters,
+    each of four pages of notepaper may be sent per month. In
+    addition, business letters may be sent to any reasonable extent.
+
+    A dramatic society has been started and recently gave its first
+    performance, Shaw's "Androcles and the Lion." Admission was
+    free, but seats cost from 20 to 40 pfennigs, not according to
+    the position of the seat, but according to the means of the
+    purchaser.
+
+    Baron von Taube and Graf von Schwerin make a point of being
+    present at all entertainments organised by the prisoners, and
+    make a short speech of thanks at the end. Since the trouble over
+    the food has been settled the relations between the officials
+    and the prisoners have greatly improved.
+
+    A month ago all British colonial subjects were re-arrested and
+    interned. [Miscel. No. 7. (1915). P. 81.]
+
+We now come to the official U.S. report of June 8, 1915, with
+accompanying letters. [Miscel. No. 13 (1915)]
+
+
+    _Mr. Page, United States Ambassador at London, to Sir Edward
+    Grey._ (Received June 15.)
+
+    The American Ambassador presents his compliments to His
+    Majesty's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and has the
+    honour to transmit, herewith enclosed, a copy of a letter he has
+    received from the Embassy at Berlin, dated the 8th inst.,
+    enclosing a report made by Mr. G. W. Minot upon the conditions
+    at present existing in the British civil internment camp at
+    Ruhleben.
+
+    Mr. Gerard has added a postscript expressing the hope that this
+    report may be published together with his covering letter.
+
+      American Embassy, London,
+        June 14, 1915.
+
+The need for publication was obvious in view of the character of the
+rumours circulated in this country, but, unfortunately, when published
+as a Government White Paper, such a report falls into but few hands,
+while newspaper extracts from the White Papers can, in general, scarcely
+be described as selected without bias.
+
+    ENCLOSURE 1.
+
+    _Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page._
+
+                                             American Embassy,
+                                                 Berlin, June 8, 1915.
+
+    Sir,--I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a triplicate
+    copy of a report made by Mr. G. W. Minot upon conditions at
+    present existing in the British civil internment camp at
+    Ruhleben, Spandau. In connection with this I beg to say that the
+    devotion to duty and uniform kindness of all the camp
+    authorities has been wonderful and the relations of our Embassy
+    with them always most agreeable. It is impossible to conceive of
+    better camp commanders than Graf Schwerin and Baron Taube.--I
+    have, etc.,
+
+                                            JAMES W. GERARD.
+
+The last sentence is noteworthy. Commendation of the Camp Commanders
+could not be more emphatic.
+
+    ENCLOSURE 2.
+
+    _Mr. Minot to Mr. Gerard._
+
+                                                         June 3, 1915.
+
+    Sir,--I have the honour to submit to you the following report
+    upon various improvements which have taken place in the civil
+    internment camp for British prisoners at Ruhleben-bei-Spandau
+    since the month of November, 1914:
+
+    Of the 4,500 British civil prisoners interned in Germany,
+    approximately 4,000 are at this date held at Ruhleben, the
+    remaining 500 being scattered in small detachments in various
+    other internment camps. The German Government have arranged
+    that these detachments shall be absorbed by Ruhleben, so that
+    within a few months all the British civil prisoners interned in
+    Germany will be in Ruhleben. The difficulty of enlarging the
+    facilities of Ruhleben and the necessary precautionary measures
+    of quarantining have made the process of combination a long one,
+    but there is every reason to believe that it will soon be
+    completed.
+
+    The increase in the number of prisoners at Ruhleben has
+    necessitated substantial additions to the barracks, most of
+    which were overcrowded at the beginning of the war. Eight new
+    barracks of one storey have been erected (four being already
+    occupied), affording accommodation for 120 men each. These
+    barracks are substantially built of wood, with well-set floors
+    and large windows. The roofs have been waterproofed with tarred
+    paper, and the walls stained to resist the rain.[22] In the four
+    new barracks which are now occupied a small room for the guard
+    has been added, but in the new barracks this has been considered
+    unnecessary, as it is hoped that the guards in the barracks at
+    night may shortly be dispensed with. The last new barracks has
+    been built with a special view towards housing convalescent or
+    delicate persons. Partitions have been erected so as to cut up
+    the barrack into small divisions, and two water-closets have
+    been installed. A new washhouse for these barracks has been
+    erected, with shower baths and washing troughs.
+
+    The construction of the new barracks, the transfer of some
+    hundred persons to Dr. Weiler's sanatorium, and the release of
+    about a hundred persons have made it possible largely to reduce
+    the crowded conditions of the "obens," or lofts, of the old
+    barracks. Twenty per cent. of the occupants of these "obens"
+    have been removed, and it is estimated that when the new
+    barracks are fully occupied another 55 per cent. will be removed
+    from the obens, so that only a quarter of the original occupants
+    will be left there.
+
+    The most signal improvement which has been effected in the last
+    two months has been the permission afforded the prisoners to use
+    the ground encircled by the race-track for the hours from 8 a.m.
+    to 12 noon and from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. The space thus gained is
+    approximately 200 yards by 150 yards, and affords a splendid
+    field for all kinds of games. Materials for the various sports
+    have been provided by the camp, including the laying out of a
+    football field and a small golf course. This ground has provided
+    a chance for every interned prisoner to take part in some form
+    of good out-of-door exercise or for those who so desire to move
+    out their chairs to the field to watch the games. Permission to
+    use the grandstands from 8 a.m. to 8-30 p.m. has further been
+    obtained. As the stands are of modern brick and cement
+    construction, a large enclosed hall is formed underneath the
+    tiers of seats. In this hall a stage has been erected and a
+    complete theatre installed with scenery, dressing-rooms,
+    orchestra, etc. Performances, varying from Shakespeare to
+    musical shows, are given practically every night. The betting
+    boxes have been boarded up to afford small rooms for study,
+    musical practice, etc. In other parts of this building space has
+    been allotted for a carpenter's shop, a tailor's shop, barber
+    and cobbler's shop. The grandstand tiers have been turned over
+    to the educational department for schools and lectures, which
+    are systematically conducted. Black-boards and other materials
+    have been provided for the department.
+
+A favourable account of Dr. Weiler's sanatorium follows. About this
+sanatorium individual expressions of opinion have varied.
+
+Mr. Minot's report next gives a list of improvements effected at
+Ruhleben, under such headings as _Laundry_, _Whitewashing_, _Beds_,
+_Dentist_, _Business Post_, etc. The report then proceeds:
+
+    It can be seen from the above that very considerable
+    improvements have been effected at Ruhleben. Graf Schwerin,
+    Baron Taube, and the other camp authorities have done everything
+    in their power to bring about these improvements, and have been
+    materially helped throughout by the camp captains.
+
+    The effect produced has been a general improvement in the
+    physical and moral condition of the camp. In general the health
+    of the prisoners can be said to be excellent, practically no
+    cases of contagious or infectious diseases, barring a mild
+    epidemic of German measles, having occurred. The improvement in
+    the food and the increased possibilities of the purchase of
+    additional nourishment from the outside, have nearly silenced
+    all complaints.
+
+    The work is still constantly progressing, and it is fair to
+    state that the conditions are steadily, if slowly, improving.
+
+    I am submitting to you, herewith, a plan of Ruhleben, upon which
+    are marked the various buildings and locations mentioned in this
+    report. I have further included a selection of programmes of the
+    various entertainments, sports, etc., which have taken place in
+    the camp.--I have, etc.,
+
+                                                G. W. MINOT.
+
+The following two extracts are also of some significance. The first is
+from the _Times_, the second is from the _Daily Telegraph_ of June 18,
+1915. The suspension of correspondence was due to some demonstration on
+the part of the prisoners.
+
+    Sir,--It may perhaps interest some of those who are feeling
+    anxious about the treatment of their relatives at Ruhleben to
+    hear that we have direct evidence of kindly action and
+    consideration for the prisoners on the part of the German
+    authorities at a date later than that at which the regular
+    postal communication was suspended.--I am faithfully yours,
+
+                                     A PARENT OF A PRISONER.
+
+    February 17.
+
+    We received the following from the Press Bureau last night:
+
+    "A statement recently appeared in a letter to an organ of the
+    Press to the effect that it was inadvisable to send parcels to
+    civilian prisoners interned at Ruhleben in view of the heavy
+    charges made on delivery.
+
+    "Information has now been received from the United States
+    Ambassador at Berlin that no such charges have been made for the
+    delivery of parcels at Ruhleben, but for a short time certain
+    prisoners who had been temporarily released and sent to a
+    sanatorium were charged duty on parcels sent to them there. This
+    matter was, however, satisfactorily adjusted in a very short
+    time, and duty is no longer charged on parcels to such
+    prisoners."
+
+In the early autumn of 1915 civilian self-government was fully
+established at Ruhleben. Writing on October 16, Mr. Page remarks: "The
+administration of the camp to-day is entirely in the hands of the
+prisoners themselves. There are no guards in the barracks, and all
+internal arrangements, including discipline, are in the hands of the
+camp and barrack captains." [Miscel. No. 3 (1916), p. 4.]
+
+
+A CONTROVERSY.
+
+White Paper Miscel. No. 3 (1916) is in many ways rather important to the
+student of internment. It affords some evidence of the kind of mental
+friction developing in all internment camps, and it makes clear that
+prisoners' statements often need to be subjected to impartial outside
+investigation. There is not space, however, to enter fully into details
+here. The paper opens with a report on Ruhleben camp "compiled by a
+British subject recently released," and forwarded by Sir Edward Grey to
+Mr. Gerard through Mr. Page. It is complained that the distance from the
+new barracks to the wash-houses is "in some cases over 200 yards." Mr.
+Page points out by reference to a scale map that "in every case the
+wash-houses are nearer than 60 yards from the barracks, and not at a
+distance of 200 yards, as stated. The barracks which are not diagrammed
+on this map have their own washing appliances." Mr. Page writes further:
+"The open space beneath the central tribune has not been, as stated in
+the report transmitted by the British Foreign Office, used for every
+conceivable purpose, but has been enclosed entirely for recreation
+purposes, religious services, lectures, debates, etc.... I cannot see
+how the introduction of [the] cinema show has in the least affected the
+comfort of the hall." "With regard to whitewashing, this was done in all
+of the barracks at the expense of the camp fund, and not, as stated, at
+the cost of those interned at the barracks. Extra whitewashing, borders,
+etc., were naturally paid for at the private expense. No measures were
+taken for exterminating mosquitoes for the reason that it has been found
+impossible to procure petroleum in Germany for the purpose." Three
+internees who tried to escape were in consequence imprisoned, and are
+stated in the report transmitted by the British Foreign Office to be
+starving. Mr. Gerard writes: "I visited Messrs. Ettlinger, Ellison and
+Kirkpatrick at the Stadtvogtei-Gefaengnis about three weeks ago, and
+heard from them that they had no complaint to make about the food. They
+are now allowed to receive parcels and money from the outside, and are
+no longer in solitary confinement. The limitation of exercise to half
+an hour seems regrettable, but owing to their attempt to escape, I fear
+that it will be impossible to obtain a change until their sentence
+expires."
+
+The report forwarded to Mr. Gerard says:
+
+    It would be of material benefit to the interned if a
+    representative of the United States Embassy could call at the
+    Camp fortnightly, and receive complaints direct from prisoners,
+    without the inevitable presence of the captains [i.e., the
+    internees' own captains] in the room.
+
+Mr. Gerard replies:
+
+    A representative of this Embassy has visited the camp at
+    Ruhleben (with the exception of the time when the camp was first
+    formed) certainly on an average of more than once a fortnight,
+    and it has been possible for any prisoners to speak to him
+    without the presence of the captains. For the past few months
+    the camp has been visited once a week if not more often. In
+    addition to this Mr. Powell, sometimes accompanied by other
+    captains of the camp, has visited this Embassy regularly once a
+    week for consultation with me.
+
+"I wish again to reiterate," says Mr. Page, "that Count Schwerin, Baron
+Taube and the other officers in charge of the camp, are all kindly and
+considerate gentlemen, who do everything within their power to help the
+prisoners."
+
+But the real quarrel was not with Count Schwerin or Baron Taube (of whom
+all seem to speak well), but with the English captains and their
+management. The financial statements and the distributions effected by
+the captains are adversely criticised by the released British subject.
+He adds, somewhat acidly:
+
+    It would be a kindness to the captains and to the camp if the
+    Government could convey to them a message informing them that
+    they are public men holding important and responsible positions,
+    and that public men must allow criticism and seek to profit by
+    it.
+
+Here we get to the root of the matter. The original "Camp Committee"
+was (to quote Mr. Gerard's words) "disbanded by the order of the
+military authorities in February last (1915), because of its refusal to
+co-operate with the captains and its insistence upon publishing notices
+and minutes of its meetings after it had been forbidden to do so."[23]
+This "Camp Committee" continued to object to the financial arrangement
+and the general administration of Mr. Powell and the other captains, and
+pressed their objections upon the Ambassador on August 23, 1915. "I
+thereupon suggested that perhaps the best way would be to refer the
+matter to a general election. To this the 'Camp Committee' demurred, and
+upon my asking what suggestion they had to proffer appeared to consider
+that they, a self-constituted body, should be given charge of the camp
+by me. This proposition I naturally rejected, especially as the members
+of this self-appointed committee were, although very estimable
+gentlemen, _personae non gratae_ both to the majority of the prisoners and
+to the military authorities.... A final decision of the question as to
+whether the present government of Ruhleben is representative or not is
+to be found in the election of September 15, 1915, when every one of the
+captains at that time in authority was re-elected. The occasion was
+caused by the decision of the military authorities to withdraw the
+soldiers from the camp, and the captains therefore considered it
+desirable that they should appeal to the camp for decision as to whether
+it was wished that they should continue the government or not. I cannot
+see that any further proof is required as to whether the captains
+represent the feelings of the majority of the camp."
+
+One cannot help asking oneself, was the critic a member of the
+disbanded "Camp Committee"? The United States Ambassador on more than
+one occasion proved himself capable of speaking very decidedly to the
+German authorities of things he disapproved of. In this case, too, he
+speaks (though not to the German authorities) with some decision:
+
+    A properly heated and lighted recreation and assembling room is
+    certainly extremely desirable for the damp and cold winter time.
+    A new barrack has been sanctioned by the military authorities
+    for the purpose, and I will do my best to press the work. I
+    might venture to suggest that if so many private individuals had
+    not occupied necessary space by election of private clubs the
+    military authorities would be more willing to grant permission
+    for the erection of further buildings intended for public good.
+    Further, if the very men, such as the "camp committee" (who are
+    all members of the "summer house" club), had devoted some of the
+    energies which they expended upon the erection of the club for
+    their own private use to the construction of a public
+    sitting-room, the building might already be in use.
+
+    The British tax-payer is paying a large sum in wages because the
+    Ruhleben prisoners are unwilling to do the fatigue work of the
+    camp. The captured British soldiers who have been fighting in
+    the trenches are compelled to do work in work camps, are often
+    not properly clothed, do not receive an allowance from the
+    British tax-payer of 5M. a week, cannot buy food at less than
+    cost price, nor go to a sanatorium (at the expense of the
+    British tax-payer) when sick; have not the benefit of expert
+    dental and optical treatment, have no public libraries,
+    lectures, schools, debates, or camp newspapers, have not seven
+    tennis courts, three football fields, athletic games, cricket,
+    golf and hockey, are not amused by dramas, comic operas and
+    cinema shows, and above all are not paid extra wages for doing
+    their own work to make themselves comfortable. All of these
+    advantages and more which the Ruhleben prisoners enjoy have been
+    largely the result of the effort of the camp administration
+    which this commentator criticises.
+
+These rather strong words of Mr. Gerard's display a not unnatural
+irritation against a critic whose facts prove unreliable and whose
+mental attitude suggests a somewhat querulous bias, but it is only fair
+to remind ourselves that after long internment all suffer from nerve
+strain and many suffer very severely. Under these circumstances complete
+reasonableness is probably more than any of us would be capable of.
+
+
+SHORT RATIONS.
+
+At Ruhleben there are (with the exception of some negroes) English only.
+The English receive many packages. The German authorities have been
+tempted to rely on those packages increasingly. That is the state of
+things revealed in Dr. A. E. Taylor's report of June 14, 1916. [Miscel.
+No. 21 (1916).]
+
+    A review of the present ration of the prisoners of war indicates
+    that it is the aim of the 'Kriegsernaehrungsamt' to supply a
+    ration which shall be physiologically adequate, though
+    professedly containing little more than enough to cover minimal
+    requirements; and it is believed that the official prisoners'
+    ration contains as much as the daily food of many millions of
+    German subjects. There is no question that the official prison
+    ration is an adequate ration from the standpoint of animal
+    nutrition. In addition to this allotted camp ration the
+    prisoners possess the food sent in from abroad as addenda.
+
+    In the case of the Russian prisoners, these extra food stuffs
+    sent in from abroad are small in amount; in the case of the
+    French, moderate; in the case of the English, large. In all the
+    prison camps that I have visited it is the practice to prepare
+    food for the number of men in the camp, irrespective of
+    nationality, in accordance with the menu of Professor Backhaus.
+    As a rule, the British prisoners take little or none of the
+    food, and their share is eaten by prisoners of other
+    nationalities. In Ruhleben the state of affairs at present
+    existing has convinced the interned civilians that the situation
+    is, so to speak, reversed: that the German authorities seem to
+    regard the foodstuffs sent in from abroad as the regular diet of
+    the interned men, and the camp allotments as the addenda.
+
+It is not surprising that "the interned men are deeply dissatisfied with
+the present state of affairs." The German authorities, finding that at
+least half the total number of the interned at Ruhleben subsist largely
+upon private packages, have made a "sharp reduction in the amount of
+foodstuff allotted to the camp." I have no wish to defend this
+proceeding, but it must be allowed that to the Government of a blockaded
+country there is a great temptation to cut down supplies when this will
+not be a danger to the prisoners themselves.
+
+Both reports of Dr. Taylor [Miscel. No. 18 (1916) and Miscel. No. 21
+(1916)] are important studies of the question of nutrition, and his
+short discussion (No. 18, p. 4) of the psychological aspects of
+monotonous diet and the nutritional effects of internment is worth
+careful attention. "A diet that would be tolerated if the subject were
+at liberty may become intolerable under conditions of imprisonment.
+There is a large personal equation operative in this direction. The
+soldier imbued with a high sense of his value to his country and of the
+justice of his cause will endure a monotonous diet that would not be
+endurable in the prisoner overwhelmed with disappointment and crushed
+with sorrow." These considerations are obviously of general application.
+
+
+SOME COMPARISONS.
+
+Mr. Gerard, in a note of June 28, 1916 [Miscel. No. 25 (1916)],
+animadverts strongly on the bad accommodation still provided at
+Ruhleben. The letter is rather strikingly different in tone from his
+other reports on Ruhleben.
+
+    It is intolerable that people of education should be herded six
+    together in a horse's stall, and in some of the lofts the bunks
+    touch one another. The light for reading is bad, and reading is
+    a necessity if these poor prisoners are to be detained during
+    another winter. In the haylofts above the stables the conditions
+    are even worse.[24]
+
+Bishop Bury's account ("My Visit to Ruhleben," p. 30) reads:
+
+    I don't know whether it was our internment at Newbury,[25] the
+    race-course for Reading, or our using race-courses, such as
+    Kempton Park, for the training of our own men, which caused
+    Ruhleben to be chosen in November, 1914, as a suitable place for
+    civilians' internment.... Without any description of mine it may
+    be easily understood what they had to suffer until proper
+    arrangements were made.... The loose boxes are now properly
+    fitted with bunks, some being larger than others. The large
+    corridor, with its stone floor, gives air and space, the lofts
+    particularly being extremely well adapted now for their present
+    purpose. I prefer the lofts to the boxes, because they have
+    corridors out of which one can look, whereas the windows in the
+    boxes are usually far above the ground. I went to tea more
+    frequently in the boxes, and on one occasion we sat down sixteen
+    in number--rather a crowd--but we were quite comfortable.
+
+Bishop Bury has seen something on both sides, and his impressions are
+for that reason all the more important. We must not forget, too, that he
+lived a week with the prisoners at Ruhleben. It is also only fair to
+remember that no one has been invited to spend a week in any camp on
+this side. Bishop Bury also tells us "that when, a little time ago, the
+authorities proposed to relieve the overcrowding and construct another
+camp at Havilburg which could accommodate 600 men, the men at once
+petitioned that this idea might not be carried out, as they preferred,
+after this length of time to stay where they are." (l.c., p. 40.)
+
+One caution must, however, be given to the readers of Bishop Bury's
+book. The conditions of the camp during the excitement and interest of
+his visit could not be the normal conditions. The frightful monotony of
+the long confinement does not obtrude itself in his book. Yet there is
+no doubt, I fear, that internment everywhere (at Ruhleben, as elsewhere)
+is becoming "intolerable." To live, as at Alexandra Palace, day and
+night, for _years_ in a great hall with more than a thousand others must
+become almost destructive to any sensitive nature. But (to quote Dr.
+Siegmund Schulze once more) "We ought not to conclude from this that we
+are justified in making reproaches.... in respect of the treatment of
+prisoners, but rather conclude that we should work energetically towards
+the termination of the war."
+
+Dr. Cimino, very, and very naturally, anti-German as he is, writes:
+
+    The only real suffering we experienced at Ruhleben was from the
+    cold.... The fact is that he (Count Schwerin) was as
+    kind-hearted an old soldier as ever fondled an English wife, and
+    loved his English prisoners.... He used to take part in our
+    daily life as much as possible.... As to the concerts, he was
+    always present, _et pour cause_; he was passionately fond of
+    music.... at the end of the concert he would make his little
+    speech, and we filed out. But one night we gave him a rousing
+    cheer, and the whole crowd struck up, "For he's a jolly good
+    fellow." ("Behind the Prison Bars in Germany," p. 95).[26]
+
+As to the food question, we must not forget that the blockade against
+Germany and the pressure upon neutrals have been continually increased
+in stringency. Up to October, 1915, Mr. Gerard could write as follows of
+Ruhleben:
+
+    The food material is excellent and the cooking, as I have
+    stated, is attended to by the prisoners themselves, those doing
+    the cooking receiving payment from the British fund, with the
+    exception of 150M. weekly allowed for cooks' wages by the German
+    authorities. The prisoners are given, if they choose, a
+    bread-card, and are allowed to purchase extra bread--the
+    Kriegsbrod, which we all use in Germany and which is quite
+    palatable--at the price of 55 pfennige a loaf. Food also, as I
+    have stated, can be purchased in the canteen at prices very much
+    less than food can be purchased in Berlin, and at very much less
+    than cost.--[Miscel, No. 3 (1916)].
+
+The low price at the canteen, was, however, I take it, owing to the
+existence of the camp fund contributed to by the British Government.
+
+Lord Newton spoke in the House of Lords on February 22, 1917, on the
+question of prisoners of war. The following extract is from the _Daily
+Telegraph_ report:
+
+    There was nothing to be gained by exaggerating the conditions of
+    prisoners in Germany or elsewhere. There was neither sense nor
+    truth in representing, as was constantly done, that Ruhleben was
+    a sort of unspeakable hell upon earth, and that a British
+    internment camp was a kind of paradise compared with it. He
+    deplored the hardship that these men underwent, but it was a
+    great mistake to suppose that these civilians at Ruhleben were
+    undergoing greater hardships than those being endured by our
+    military prisoners. Like anyone who ventured to state the facts,
+    he would no doubt be accused of being a pro-German, but
+    certainly the conditions at Ruhleben had greatly improved
+    recently. These conditions had improved, not on account of any
+    action on the part of the German Government, but rather on
+    account of their inaction. They had permitted the British there
+    to organise on their own lines and make the conditions
+    tolerable. Anyone could satisfy himself as to the conditions,
+    because there were men who had arrived here recently who could
+    give the fullest information. In addition, they were able to
+    form their own opinions to a certain extent from independent
+    testimony, for example, the visit of Bishop Bury. He could not
+    understand why this prelate had been subjected to so much attack
+    on the part of certain persons in this country. He went to
+    Germany by permission of the German Government. He went to
+    Ruhleben, lived in the camp, and was able to see what the
+    conditions were. He reported exactly what he saw, and was
+    thereupon denounced as not only being an inaccurate person but
+    obviously pro-German.
+
+
+ABSENCE ON LEAVE.
+
+The following private testimony is also of interest: "A nephew of mine
+who is interned at Ruhleben has been let out for a fortnight's visit to
+some people whose son is interned in England, and who has been
+befriended here. My nephew met with the most overwhelming kindness, and
+his letters are most interesting and touching." The "reprisals of good,"
+which we shall consider more fully presently, are, after all, the most
+practical measures in the world. There have been several other absences
+on leave, and a good many men have been released permanently. Moreover,
+at Christmas, 1916, most of the British officials in the camp were given
+three days leave in Berlin.
+
+
+PRISONERS' ACTIVITY.
+
+We may well be proud of the organising capacity of the British prisoners
+at Ruhleben and of the resolute determination of so many to make the
+very most of every slender opportunity, and to turn difficulties into a
+stimulus for ingenuity. The following is from the _Manchester Guardian_,
+February 23, 1916:
+
+    A letter from Mr. Walter Butterworth, dated January 22, and
+    written from his internment quarters at Ruhleben, Germany, has
+    been received by the Chairman of the Manchester Art Gallery, Mr.
+    F. Todd. After a reference to newly added pictures in the
+    Manchester Gallery and to the death of his friend, Mr. Roger
+    Oldham, Mr. Butterworth continues: "You will perhaps like to
+    hear a little about art matters in Ruhleben. We really have some
+    activity in arts and crafts. A great crowd of musicians are
+    here, including some composers and many excellently equipped
+    executants. We have actors in plenty, not without a sprinkling
+    of professionals. Professors, journalists, and lecturers are our
+    nearest approximation to workers in the literary field. There is
+    no stint of craftsmen, who produce very clever work in wood,
+    metals, etc. With provision tins they make the most astonishing
+    things, including tackle for our physics and chemical
+    departments, for weighing, testing, measuring, etc. With only
+    tins and wire a man made an amazing electrical clock, which has
+    kept faultless time for over a year. Other men made a handloom
+    for demonstration purposes, which wove cloth before our eyes at
+    a meeting of Yorkshiremen, at which I presided.
+
+    Turning to the fine arts of painting and sculpture, I did not
+    know we had any sculptors until this month, except one clever
+    young artist who models heads in clay. But this month we have
+    had a great deal of snow, and two men who have hitherto been
+    resting came forward, and, like Michael Angelo on a famous
+    occasion began to model in snow. But our designers and painters
+    are the most numerous and active (after the musicians). They
+    have a shed, in which art exhibitions are held periodically.
+    Many portraits are drawn and a few painted. One artist is just
+    completing a portrait of me in pastels. There is an endless
+    outpouring of theatre posters, caricatures, humorous drawings,
+    skits on the camp, etc."
+
+Six students at Ruhleben passed the London University Matriculation
+examination in December, 1916. One of them took the Edinburgh papers as
+well later on. (_Observer_, August 26, 1917.) These are remarkable
+cases, for the strain of prolonged internment seems most of all to
+affect the power of concentrated attention.
+
+The case of another successful student is recorded in the _Daily News_
+of June 2, 1918:
+
+    The distinction--probably unique--of graduating for the degree
+    of Doctor of Music of Oxford University while a prisoner in
+    enemy hands has been achieved by Mr. Ernest Macmillan, a young
+    man with Edinburgh connections. Mr. Macmillan, who is the son of
+    a clergyman in Toronto, was studying music in Germany when the
+    war broke out, and since then he has been interned as a civil
+    prisoner at Ruhleben. His answer to examination papers and his
+    "exercise" (or composition) were sent from Ruhleben to Oxford.
+
+That such things are possible at Ruhleben is a great tribute to English
+spirit and endurance. We must also not forget that they would clearly be
+wholly impossible if the Germans were actually barbarians.
+
+
+A FRIENDLY ENEMY.
+
+When Bishop Bury during his visit in November, 1915, asked what he might
+be allowed to say at Ruhleben, General Friedrich replied: "Please do all
+you can to hearten and cheer up your fellow countrymen. Appeal to their
+patriotism, speak to their manhood. You and they will have no one
+between you. There will be no official of the camp; no one to listen to
+you, no one to come between yourself and them. We trust you entirely
+with them, and you will understand, I am sure, that we do not wish to
+diminish anyone's sense of nationality who is imprisoned or interned in
+Germany." ("My Visit to Ruhleben," p. 21.) The words, says Bishop Bury,
+"seemed to come straight from the heart of the speaker." Some readers
+will be sceptical; but at least _the words were acted on_. The Bishop
+spoke about the armies and the war to the men, and told them of his own
+experiences in the war area, "just as I should have told them to my own
+countrymen in this country." At his last address the British flag was
+run in on a cord and "God Save the King" was sung. The Bishop had no
+time to propose the omission of the second verse, but one is proud to
+know that those Englishmen, even amidst their excitement, spontaneously
+omitted it. The whole scene revealed what was finest on both sides.
+Bishop Bury told the German Staff that at the meeting "we all sang 'Send
+him victorious.' They smiled indulgently."
+
+
+WAR TERRORISM.
+
+A good many more things of a favourable character could be said.
+Unfortunately men who speak well of their German captors are accused of
+pro-Germanism, and they dare not speak. This is a rather terrible fact,
+but it is a fact. As one man said to me: "I have my living to get, and
+if my identity could be traced through any account I gave I should be
+ruined. My work has already been very materially affected, but in
+private conversation I shall continue to speak the truth, come what
+may." War prejudice indeed desires one kind of story only, and
+victimises those who give it what it does not want. And so all along the
+line suppression begets suppression of the truths most needed to heal
+our ills. A woman teacher writes to me: "I think I have a fairly open
+mind myself to recognise good deeds of the enemy; but to tell such to my
+pupils is another matter, and I fear would be very impolitic seeing that
+I depend on my school for my daily bread." And again the Editor of a
+provincial paper writes: "... but when one has to rely on the public
+for one's living one has to think twice before expressing one's views."
+
+
+LAST DAYS AT RUHLEBEN.
+
+Mr. Desmond wrote of the coming of the Revolution at Duelmen (vide p.
+61), Mr. Sylvester Leon has told us something of the last days at
+Ruhleben (_Herald_, January 4, 1919). "The soldiers are with you," said
+Mr. Powell to the interned men. "For with the triumph of the Revolution,
+that friendliness which had existed in the days of the old regime
+between the interned and many an individual German soldier now became
+general among the military of Ruhleben; the officers had flitted, or had
+capitulated to the new order of things with more or less grace; Councils
+of soldiers and workmen ruled in the towns of the Fatherland; the era of
+Social Democracy was dawning upon Central Europe.... It is but fair to
+admit that the Ruhleben Guard acted very loyally in the performance of
+their duty. For when they were given the option of returning to their
+homes they did not avail themselves of that opportunity, but volunteered
+to remain at their posts until the disbandment of the camp. It is of
+historic interest to note that the red flag--the symbol of the triumph
+of the Revolution--which flew from the flag-pole in the camp, had
+formerly done service in the cubicle of one of the interned. It was dyed
+red by another of the interned, a doctor of science and a member of our
+little camp school, and then given to the soldiers.... The first
+impression gained on a visit outside the camp was the terrible
+seriousness of the food question. No one who has once seen can ever
+forget the sight of the crowds of hungry women and school children
+standing outside the gates of Ruhleben, literally besieging the interned
+as they passed out." For it was only the interned who had food to spare.
+The Ruhlebenites gave, they had the facts before them. And "the people
+of Spandau turned out in force to wish us 'Godspeed' on our departure
+for home; and the send-off they gave us was astonishing in its
+enthusiasm, arresting in its spontaneity, and touching in its obvious
+sincerity."
+
+
+HAVELBERG.
+
+At Havelberg the camp for civilians had a population of 4,500. Of these
+only 372 were British subjects, being men from British India. Mr. Dresel
+writes on September 17, 1916: "This camp produces an excellent
+impression, the arrangements being unusually hygienic and modern."
+[Miscel. No. 7 (1917), p. 6.]
+
+
+ON BEHALF OF THE CIVILIANS.
+
+Yet, however excellent the impression may be, an internment camp is a
+miserable place.[27] It is, of course, especially miserable for those
+whose nature is at all sensitive, and it is surely such men whom we
+shall need everywhere if we are to make a less brutal world. Man after
+man has gone into internment seeking to employ himself and to make the
+best of it. For months, for a year, less often for nearly two years he
+has succeeded. But slowly success has dwindled and turned into failure.
+The monotony, the sense of oppression, the physical and mental
+discomfort, the deadly uselessness of the life--even where to these
+things is not added concern for those outside--have made him incapable
+of fixed attention, incapable of effort, incapable of rest, alternately
+nervous and torpid, fearful, despairing. The "barbed wire disease" has
+him in its grip at last. "Another winter interned here," wrote such a
+one, "and I shall need a padded cell." He had a fine nature and had
+struggled hard. But "the people outside do not understand." Certainly,
+there are those who can hold out to the end. I admire and envy them. I
+do not think any of us could predict with certainty that we should not
+give way.
+
+There is only one remedy short of stopping the war, and that is the
+release of all civilians. Those who wish to remain, either in Germany or
+here, should certainly be allowed to do so, and if the police have no
+case against them, and if they can support themselves, they should be
+set free. Others should be repatriated or sent to neutral countries. The
+imprisonment of civilians is against the usage of war, and it is this
+fact which gave force to the claim of the German Government that there
+should be complete release on both sides.
+
+I append extracts from a Swiss appeal to the belligerents on behalf of
+the civilian prisoners. It was issued in August, 1917, and has already
+appeared in _Common Sense_.
+
+    A civilian is not a prisoner of war.
+
+    We gladly acknowledge that the belligerent powers have
+    effectively lessened the sufferings of the prisoners of war with
+    an intelligent understanding of their duty; the military
+    authorities have listened favourably to the proposals of the Red
+    Cross, and already the soldiers have been spared many
+    unnecessary sufferings. Humane measures have softened the
+    captivity of military prisoners.
+
+    In the name of Justice we now address this urgent appeal to the
+    authorities in the belligerent countries to adopt the same
+    attitude towards civilian prisoners.
+
+    We have in mind all civil prisoners, for these, almost without
+    exception, are innocent victims of the war; both those who since
+    the beginning of the war have been interned, and those others in
+    the occupied territories who have been isolated, oppressed or
+    imprisoned, many of them in poor health, women, children, old
+    men, who are not allowed to join their families in a neutral
+    land. Our deep compassion and brotherly sympathy are especially
+    moved on behalf of non-combatants who have been carried away
+    like herds.
+
+    We pray all belligerents without distinction to hearken to our
+    appeal; with dread we watch the approach of another war-winter,
+    bearing, as it must, a fresh succession of distresses,
+    deprivations and reprisals. Therefore we cannot keep silence....
+    Numbers of civilian prisoners have been suffering since the
+    beginning of the war from the depressing conditions of the
+    concentration camps.... The civilian took no part in the war,
+    and in most cases did not even desire it. He should not
+    therefore be treated as a prisoner of war.
+
+    Belligerent States! We call upon you to exchange all your
+    civilians now interned.... This exchange must naturally be
+    effected under certain conditions to be established. Each State
+    must bind itself not to employ the liberated civilians for
+    war-work; just as was arranged in the case of military prisoners
+    who have been repatriated or sent to neutral countries. With
+    these conditions, no belligerent should refuse to liberate the
+    civilians so unjustly imprisoned.
+
+    Honour will be theirs who act upon this appeal....
+
+The signatories to this appeal are G. Wagniere (Editor of the _Journal
+de Geneve_), Dr. A. Forel (Professor at Zurich University), Ed. Secretan
+(National Councillor), Benjamin Vallotton, Charles Baudouin (Professor
+at the Institut J. J. Rousseau), Ch. Bernard, P. Seidel (Professor at
+the Cantonal Technical College, Zuerich), A. de Morsier, Ph. Dunant
+(Lawyer of Geneva), Paul Moriand (Professor of Medicine at Geneva), and
+MM. Blonde and Arcos.
+
+The Swiss Red Cross has also appealed for the release of all interned
+civilians.
+
+From this side the following private appeal on behalf of all prisoners
+has been addressed to the Red Cross at Cologne:
+
+    I feel it incumbent upon me ... to draw your attention to the
+    acute disappointment that is being caused among the prisoners in
+    all the camps, and almost equally among their friends outside,
+    by the delay in repatriation. Every phase in the long series of
+    public discussions and official negotiations, every hitch, and
+    every hesitation, has been followed with painful anxiety by
+    those of us who know what it means for all these thousands of
+    victims languishing in confinement, and you may be sure, with
+    much more intensely painful anxiety by the victims themselves,
+    whose ears are pathetically strained to catch the feeblest echo
+    of any rumour from the outside world that brings them the
+    slightest hint of release. For months these poor fellows had
+    been continually alternating between hope and despair, when the
+    news of the Hague meeting seemed for large numbers to bring them
+    definitely, at long last, within measurable distance of the
+    reality. Knowing therefore as you do, equally well with us, the
+    mental condition of these men, and the terribly demoralising
+    effect of long internment, even under the best conditions, you
+    will realise the deep depression into which they are now being
+    plunged by all the inexplicable delays in carrying out the terms
+    of the convention. From every one who comes in contact with them
+    I gather the same impression, that unless the Gordian knot is
+    cut and a way is quickly found out of the present impasse, the
+    most serious results are to be apprehended, as numbers of
+    prisoners here--and the case can be no better in other
+    countries--are on the verge of insanity....[28]
+
+    I would put it therefore to you in all earnestness that it is
+    your duty, as representing humanity, to bring without delay all
+    the pressure and all the influence you possess to bear upon the
+    authorities to consider the sufferings of the prisoners and
+    induce them, if possible, even at the cost of some concessions,
+    to facilitate from their side the carrying through of this
+    scheme, in which I can assure you not merely the happiness but
+    even the life of many men is involved.
+
+    I speak, of course, quite unofficially, and with no other motive
+    than pure philanthropy, but I may venture to hope that my
+    representations, though only those of a private individual, will
+    carry more than ordinary weight, inasmuch as there is perhaps
+    nobody whose information and experience in these matters are
+    more real and vital, or entitle him to speak with more
+    authority.
+
+    Nor do I stand alone, for there are many others with whom I have
+    worked from the beginning in the same field. All these associate
+    themselves with me in this appeal, and, like myself, with no
+    other motive than that of simple humanity. If the time, the
+    energy, and the money we have all spent so unstintingly to
+    improve the prisoners' lot give us any title to be heard, we all
+    implore you, not only for the sake of the prisoners themselves,
+    but in the eternal interests of humanity and justice, to do, and
+    to do quickly whatever you can in furtherance of this object. We
+    quite understand, of course, that military interests must be
+    considered, but it is not always possible for those in high
+    places, with whom such decisions rest, to realise as vividly as
+    we do all that is at stake in a question of this sort, and that
+    is why we feel entitled to assume that your advice would not be
+    without effect, and that being the case, we submit it becomes
+    your solemn duty to tender it.
+
+The sufferings of this war are indeed vast beyond all comprehension. Is
+not there danger that this very fact may lead us to add to that
+suffering without need?
+
+
+"ROTTING AWAY."
+
+In a pathetic appeal to be given work the men at one internment camp
+here said, "We are simply rotting away." And others say, "The people
+outside do not understand." Loss, heartache, privation, stagnation,
+friction, stupid and malicious gossip, mental and moral
+deterioration--"rotting away." This disintegration of personality, the
+gradual rotting of the man's selfhood, is perhaps, clearly envisaged, as
+great a horror as war can bring. It is not the result of deliberate
+cruelty, but simply of conditions most of which are inevitable if there
+is to be internment at all.
+
+
+A REPORT ON KNOCKALOE.
+
+The reports available on our own internment camps do not go back beyond
+March, 1916.[29] It is perhaps well to remind ourselves that even by
+May, 1916, there were still defects. Thus in the American Report of May
+18, 1916, on Knockaloe, we read: "The huts are being put in good
+weather-proof condition, and are being protected against the wind and
+rain by felt and tarred paper."[30] As to sanitation, "There have been
+improvements in the sanitary arrangements since our last visit." "In the
+hospital in Camp IV. there is now being built a recreation room, where
+convalescents may sit, which will give more room for the patients; also
+a special sink has been provided for washing the hospital utensils, and
+new latrines have been installed. They seem to be at work at this
+hospital to improve its condition. As Camp IV. has the largest number of
+older men interned, this hospital has more patients than others, and
+seemed rather crowded at the time of our visit." "In the isolation
+hospital we found only one bath and one tap for all the patients who are
+suffering from various sorts of contagious diseases. We took this matter
+up with the proper authorities, who assured us that it should have their
+attention. The sanitary arrangements in all the hospitals might be
+improved, except possibly in Camp I." "There were complaints about the
+hospital treatment, particularly of the care of the eyes, ears and
+teeth, for which the interned men claimed that there was not sufficient
+opportunity for special treatment."
+
+These last complaints are curiously parallel to some made at Ruhleben.
+[See Miscel. No. 3 (1916) pp. 3, 15, 16.]
+
+"There was complaint that there were no shelters for the men while
+waiting to receive parcels, nor for outside patients visiting the
+doctor. This matter was taken up."
+
+"In Camp III. a complaint was made about the difficulty of personal
+intercourse between the representatives of the camp and the Commandant.
+This had caused dissatisfaction. The men seemed to have confidence in
+the new Commandant, but they told us that they had difficulty in
+approaching him. We took this matter up with the proper authorities, and
+were informed that they would in future have more opportunity for
+personal intercourse."
+
+The huts for sleeping accommodation "are sectional, being of the regular
+War Office pattern, 30 feet by 15 feet, each section holding thirty
+men." This gives us a floor space of 450 square feet for each thirty
+men. In that portion of the Ruhleben loft most adversely criticised by
+Mr. Gerard the roof slopes from 10 feet at the ridge to a height of
+41/2 feet only at the sides. The floor space allowed, however, is 10.2
+metres by 12.8 metres, giving us about 1,390 square feet for 64 men, or
+651 square feet for thirty men. When all allowance is made for the
+lowness of the sides in the rather wide loft (it seems to be more than
+30 feet wide), this worst accommodation at Ruhleben seems, as regards
+space available, not inferior to that at Knockaloe. Further details
+would be needed for a complete comparison.
+
+The report on Knockaloe is not enthusiastic, but evidently there had
+been many improvements, and still more was hoped for from the new
+Commandant. "The new Commandant, who has only been there some ten weeks,
+seems to have gained the confidence and respect of the interned men. He
+seems to be doing all in his power to better the conditions of the camp.
+He finds difficulty in getting material, such as tarred paper or felt,
+etc., for use on the huts. He told us that he had the matter in hand,
+and was giving betterment of the conditions at the camp every
+attention.... The whole tone of the camp is much better than it was at
+the time of the last visit. (See report of January 8, 1916.) There were
+fewer complaints, and the prisoners seemed much more contented."
+
+
+A BRITISH COMMANDANT.
+
+It is unfortunate that we cannot "see" the earlier report to which we
+are directed. But it is good to know that the new Commandant, Col. F. N.
+Panzera, proved to be a Christian gentleman with real sympathy for the
+unfortunate men under his charge. Like many other commandants, both here
+and in Germany, he did, amidst the various difficulties, what he could.
+As he is, alas, now dead, we may perhaps quote the words he addressed to
+the men in his care at the Christmas of 1916. It is a strange reflection
+that it might have injured his position to quote this fine and simple
+message during his life-time. Colonel Panzera wrote:
+
+    I am sorry that the size of the camp prevents my seeing you all,
+    which I should do if it were smaller and thus possible. It would
+    be a mockery to wish you a "Happy Christmas," I am afraid, but I
+    wish you as happy a one as is possible under the circumstances.
+    I most earnestly wish you a happier New Year. May the New Year
+    bring Peace and restore you to all dear to you. I hope that
+    prosperity and happiness may come to you in the future, and may
+    in time obliterate the memory of the present period of sadness.
+
+    I should like to take the opportunity of saying how much I
+    appreciate the general good behaviour of the camps during the
+    past year. There have been little lapses, as there must always
+    be in a mixed community of 25,000 people, but on the whole the
+    conduct has been extremely good, which has been a great help to
+    those placed over you. Once more I wish you as good a Christmas
+    as possible and a better New Year.
+
+
+FOOD DIFFICULTIES.
+
+The food question also becomes increasingly serious in the camps, as it
+does in prisons. I confess I feel we ought to ration ourselves very
+strictly before we cut down the supplies of our prisoners, criminal or
+otherwise. "The reduced diet," wrote Fenner Brockway of his prison
+experiences, "is one of semi-starvation, and every prisoner is becoming
+thin and physically weak." (_Labour Leader_, September 6. 1917.) Those
+who care to inquire of the wives of interned men will learn their side
+of the case as regards the effect of changed conditions in the camps.
+The sad feature is that the increasing rigour comes upon men already
+weakened, both physically and mentally, by long confinement. The
+original published statement of Sir Edward (now Viscount) Grey [Misc. 7
+(1915), p. 23] no longer obtains. The food is, of course, very
+different, and may not be supplemented.
+
+
+TWO KINDS OF RUMOUR AND SOME REALITY.
+
+I have not cared to quote adverse "unofficial information and rumours,"
+either as regards our own or other detention camps. What some adverse
+critics say about our own may be read in the _Woman's Dreadnought_, Vol
+III., p. 551. The rather terrible appeal of the Captains at Knockaloe is
+also printed on p. 561. It is a letter which is unwise and hysterical. I
+do not wonder at its hysteria, and I confess that some things in the
+letter hit me rather hard. But, alas, the desperation of the interned
+men on either side does not help towards wise judgment, and for that
+desperation we are all, in every country, in some measure responsible.
+It is best to remember instead the real sympathy that those actually in
+touch with prisoners do often feel. Colonel Panzera's message is clear
+evidence of this, and from a private letter I take the following:
+
+    The attitude of prejudice or even hatred towards enemies,
+    whether prisoners or not, often disappears when men are brought
+    face to face in the work of an internment camp, for example, and
+    find that they are very much like each other. An officer of a
+    certain camp here was taken prisoner and interned for six months
+    in Germany before he escaped. He says that two or three times
+    the officers of the camp were changed, and in each case began
+    with harsh treatment, either the result of official suggestion
+    or of the general feeling. In each case, after the lapse of a
+    short time, close acquaintance modified this attitude, and
+    finally kindly relations and treatment resulted. In the same way
+    the nurses in a certain hospital here refused to receive or
+    treat German prisoners until a company of the wounded men
+    arrived, when the feeling of natural humanity proved too strong,
+    and they were quite eager to attend to them. At the internment
+    camps in this country the officers generally speak of the men
+    under their charge with humanity and respect.
+
+The following is significant. "In the town near a certain internment
+camp of ours much indignation was roused by the story that some of the
+interned aliens had set in motion some railway trucks on a sloping
+siding, with the intention of allowing them to crash into an arriving
+passenger train at the bottom. An English friend of mine happened to
+observe the real origin of the story. The trucks _began to move in an
+accidental way, and two or three of the aliens nearly lost their own
+lives, certainly risked serious accident, in endeavouring to stop the
+trucks when they were already moving_."
+
+Thus in the quiet neighbourhood of an internment camp a brave deed
+becomes by popular passion transformed into something monstrous. What
+would this popular imagination do in an invaded district? Its vagaries
+must be experienced and studied by any investigator of the atrocities of
+war.
+
+Another example of heroism amongst German prisoners I take from the
+_Daily News_ of April 30, 1918. A small boat in which two men were
+sailing capsized about 200 yards out from the Leasowe Embankment,
+Cheshire. The men, clinging to the bottom of the boat, were being driven
+out by the tide when two members of an escort of German prisoners,
+Sergeant Phillips and Private Matthews, jumped into the water and with
+difficulty brought one man back. One of the German prisoners, named
+Bunte, volunteered to go to the rescue of the other man, who was by then
+in great danger. The German swam out strongly and brought the man back.
+
+
+AGAINST BITTERNESS.
+
+I fear that on both sides it is embittered men who will be released from
+the civilian internment camps. People do not realise how financial ruin,
+harassment, illness and death (to which the harassment may have
+contributed) follow in the track of internment. A man is interned, his
+wife and family are reduced to a mere pittance, the woman is, it may be,
+delicate. She falls ill and dies.[31] And amid such incidents and the
+mental strain of the confinement a brooding hatred gradually settles
+down upon the souls of these sufferers. Personally, I do not feel one
+can expect much favourable memory of the authorities on either side.
+Certainly every one who has worked for prisoners is touched by their
+gratitude, but the iron has entered into their souls for all that. And
+perhaps it is well to remind ourselves that a far larger number of
+civilians have been suffering in the internment camps on this side. Let
+us not add to their bitterness by unworthy abuse or credulous malice.
+Men who, after long confinement for no offence of their own, have tried
+to save enemy lives, and find their efforts described as an attempt at
+murder, must begin to feel hopeless of justice. Excess of generosity
+would be far wiser. The world wants no more missioners of hate. Let us
+try to avoiding creating such.
+
+In our own internment camps there was often, even early in the war, an
+atmosphere of depression which one worker said "haunted him for days."
+The following extract is from the letter of an interned man who showed
+quite remarkable courage and fought with considerable success against
+depression till the end of 1917. "I refuse to give way to depression,"
+he wrote. But in 1918 the strain of useless monotony had become too
+great, he became physically ill, and how low hope had fallen the letter
+itself shows: "You can't think how good it is to hear you speak with so
+much sympathy. I feel sure you understand the dreariness of this life,
+the long and fruitless waiting, the nights of anguish--and all the
+misery of it, the terrible discontent and the passionate heart
+longings.... You don't know how sore it is sometimes about my heart...."
+
+Methods that seem to many of us avoidable contribute also to increase
+ill-feeling. I take the following from the _Daily News_ of September,
+27, 1918:
+
+    Among others, I had my Christmas dinner last year with a German.
+    At least, his name is German and he was born in Germany. He is
+    less interested, personally, in those facts than in these, viz.,
+    that he is an international Socialist and a first class
+    electrical engineer. For four years he has done extremely
+    responsible work for a large engineering firm with important
+    contracts from the M. of M. For four years he has had his
+    liberty within the usual five-mile radius; for four years the
+    local police have not found the least fault with him.
+
+    Now, thanks to the Northcliffe Intern-them-all-Stunt, he is shut
+    up in the Isle of Man, and the country has lost the services of
+    a man who was worth more to us than many Northcliffes.
+
+    From a letter which he wrote recently to an English friend I
+    have copied the following:
+
+        As a result of the fact that no German paper is permitted
+        here in the camp, not even those advocating understanding
+        nor those critical of the German Government, and practically
+        no English paper hitherto except those abounding in
+        Hun-talk, there is still a general feeling here towards
+        "England" exactly the opposite of what these restrictions
+        are intended to create--a bitterness and a contempt which
+        exist side by side with the most violent criticism of the
+        governing clique of Germany, and with anti-capitalistic,
+        revolutionary sentiment! So I am exerting myself to make
+        people realise that, however influential, the Northcliffe
+        and Allied Press is not "England," and that the best German
+        papers constantly work for the abatement of hatred and for
+        genuine reconciliation and co-operation in a League of
+        Nations.
+
+I am sorry to say that I fear acts of kindness and fairness will be
+largely forgotten by the majority of prisoners on both sides. An
+Englishman writes to me of his treatment in Germany: "Consideration was
+extended in even greater measure to others, yet not one has opened his
+mouth to record it. It makes one loathe one's fellow-men." I quote this
+because I am sure that neither side must expect fairness of statement
+from men so long exposed to so depressing and often petty a constraint.
+After all, when we see the war bias of the man who has not suffered at
+all, a calm regard for both sides of the case can scarcely be expected
+from those who for wasted years have been too often exposed to hardship,
+petty tyranny and a kind of barbed annoyance.
+
+
+NEUTRAL CAMPS.
+
+Even in neutral internment camps, though there the initial hostility is
+absent, misery and bitterness may become very great. The following
+cable from Rotterdam appeared in the _Daily Telegraph_ of June 13, 1918:
+
+    Interned Britishers here are intensely interested in the
+    British-German Conference at the Hague, in the hope that it may
+    result in their repatriation. This is especially the case at
+    Groningen, where the men of the Royal Naval Division, who have
+    been interned since October, 1914, are getting desperate. The
+    June number of the camp magazine had two blank pages, which the
+    editor explains have been censored out because they contained an
+    account of the recent "hunger demonstration" and "a moderate
+    record of the general feeling of the camp."
+
+It is in the internment camps everywhere, rather than in the fighting
+line, that bitterness sinks into the soul. It will not be remedied by
+more bitterness. But if the suffering of these men's stagnant years
+helps to strengthen a universal resolve for peace it will not have been
+a useless suffering. And peace means understanding by each of the good
+in the other.
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 13: Many older men (even those over seventy) were
+    subsequently interned.]
+
+    [Footnote 14: There were 35,000 Germans in Paris alone in 1870,
+    but though expelled from the Department of the Seine, they were
+    not interned.]
+
+    [Footnote 15: This was emphasised by the German authorities.
+    See, for instance, Israel Cohen, "The Ruhleben Prison Camp," pp.
+    21-24.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: Cf. pp. 216, 218, etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 17: "In this camp, as is usual where civilians are
+    detained, the atmosphere is one of depression."--Mr. Jackson on
+    a civilian camp at Senne, Sept. 11, 1915.]
+
+    [Footnote 18: "Overseer" seems to be a translation of the German
+    "Obermann," and represents, I think, the captain of a barrack.]
+
+    [Footnote 19: The second list represents members of the Camp
+    Committee (see further p. 99).]
+
+    [Footnote 20: "Barrack" is no doubt meant.]
+
+    [Footnote 21: There are a large number of men interned at
+    Ruhleben who are technically British subjects by reason of their
+    having been born in British territory of naturalised British
+    subjects, but who have spent practically all their lives in
+    Germany.]
+
+    [Footnote 22: Cf. the report on Knockaloe (May, 1916) on p.
+    114.]
+
+    [Footnote 23: The original barrack captains were chosen, as an
+    informant of mine writes, "in a hurry, when things were
+    chaotic." Dissatisfaction was felt with their action, or
+    inaction, and a "Camp Committee" was formed of newly elected
+    representatives of the different barracks, which was, as it
+    were, to supervise the captains (overseers). The arrangement was
+    scarcely likely to work, and did not. The election, moreover,
+    seems to have been but partial.]
+
+    [Footnote 24: Cf. p. 115.]
+
+    [Footnote 25: One of the difficulties at Newbury was the absence
+    of light.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: A very useful account of Ruhleben is given by
+    Israel Cohen in "The Ruhleben Prison Camp." In reading such
+    accounts one must always, however, remember that to complete the
+    picture we ought to be able to read accounts written by interned
+    German civilians of their experiences on this side. Such a
+    consideration should be obvious, but in war the obvious and
+    reasonable are too often vehemently rejected as "unpatriotic"!]
+
+    [Footnote 27: For the mental difference between the civilian and
+    the military prisoner see page 84.]
+
+    [Footnote 28: Compare the letter written by Oscar Levy, M.D.,
+    from Muerren, Switzerland, which appeared in the _Manchester
+    Guardian_ of Sept. 4, 1916: "That such grave cases exist the
+    letters I have been receiving from both sides prove without
+    doubt." That was _two years ago_.]
+
+    [Footnote 29: The earlier reports of the International Red Cross
+    covered very little of this ground. (See footnote, p. 9.)]
+
+    [Footnote 30: Compare Report on Ruhleben, June 3, 1915 (p. 94).]
+
+    [Footnote 31: A case is in my mind where a man lost wife and two
+    children thus. I shall never forget my task of trying to allay
+    his misery and his bitterness.]
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+PRISONERS IN PREVIOUS WARS.
+
+SOME PREVIOUS RECORDS.
+
+
+The suffering of prisoners has been great enough, God knows, yet if we
+are to help the future we must try to see even this, amongst the other
+terrible facts, in its proper perspective. The imprisonment of resident
+enemy nationals has certainly been a most unfortunate step
+backwards--unfortunate even if we regard it as inevitable.[32] Yet we
+must recognise that far more solicitude has been shown as to prisoners
+than was the case in most earlier wars, and this though prisoners have
+never been taken on so large a scale, and though there has probably
+never been greater embitterment. It will be useful to cite a few
+previous records.
+
+
+NAPOLEONIC WARS.
+
+I quote once more from Dr. Spaight's work, where much information may be
+found in a condensed form. "A hundred years ago, England, while she
+prayed in her national liturgy for all prisoners and captives, had no
+compunction about confining the French prisoners of war in noisome hulks
+and feeding them on weevily biscuits, salt junk and jury rum, which
+sowed the seed for a plentiful harvest of scurvy, dysentery and typhus."
+("War Rights on Land," p. 265.)
+
+
+AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.
+
+Here is a description of the state of things in the Confederate
+internment camp at Andersonville during the American Civil War, which,
+after all, did not happen so very long ago. "Over 30,000 prisoners were
+cooped up in a narrow space; there was no shelter from the sun or cold
+but what the men could improvise for themselves; every possible disease
+was rampant; the prisoners were largely naked; the dead were pitched
+into a ditch and covered with quicklime; the smell of the dreadful
+stockade extended for two miles.... The state of affairs was known, or
+might have been known, at Richmond, for Colonel Chandler,
+inspector-general of the Confederate army, inspected the camp, and
+reported upon its administration in no halting terms. 'It is a place,'
+he said, 'the horrors of which it is difficult to describe--it is a
+disgrace to civilisation.'"
+
+Of the prisoners returning from the South, Whitman writes: "The sight is
+worse than any sight of battlefield or any collection of wounded, even
+the bloodiest. There was (as a sample) one large boat load of several
+hundreds--and out of the whole number only three individuals were able
+to walk from the boat. Can those be _men_--those little, livid, brown,
+ash-streaked, monkey-looking dwarfs?" (_Cambridge Magazine_, August 26,
+1916, Supplement "Prisoners," p. iv.) In spite of such appalling horrors
+(worse than the atrocities of rage and fear and drink) the North and
+South became reconciled, and with the passing of war bitterness passed
+too. The South was hard pressed, supplies often ran out, and there was
+indifference at Richmond. And so the military bullies often got the
+upper hand, and their appetite for bullying grew with what it fed on.
+The North refused all exchanges. "The prisoners at Richmond, Belle-Isle,
+and Andersonville were the pawns in a great match, and had to be
+sacrificed to the rigour of the game." (Spaight, _l.c._, p. 270.)
+
+
+FRANCO-GERMAN WAR, 1870.
+
+In the Franco-German War of 1870 terrible hardships were endured by
+prisoners on both sides. The winter transport to Germany in open trucks
+led to scenes of indescribable misery for the French prisoners, who
+arrived sometimes "frozen to the boards in their own filth." German
+prisoners at Pau had for six days only bread and water till English and
+German ladies took pity on them. Faidherbe's prisoners had no fire, no
+blankets and insufficient food in a cold of sixteen degrees. Things now
+are at least better than that.
+
+
+RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904.
+
+The Japanese seem to have behaved remarkably well to their Russian
+prisoners in the Russo-Japanese War. But even here there was a food
+problem. The Japanese food did not suit the Russian soldier, and Sir Ian
+Hamilton was told by Russian prisoners going South that they felt hungry
+again half an hour after eating their ration of rice. The Japanese have
+usually been held up as models for their treatment of prisoners, yet,
+for all that, Professor Ariga admits that in Manchuria the prisoners
+were _in many cases badly fed, badly housed and insufficiently clothed_.
+We know that this involves great misery, suffering and mortality, yet we
+are, quite rightly, very far from considering the Japanese as
+barbarians. We are ready to consider their difficulties. Were we,
+however, fighting Japan, we should not be so ready.
+
+
+BOER WAR.
+
+There is plenty of evidence of good treatment of prisoners on both sides
+during the Boer War. It is in these days strange to find the German
+General Staff historian quoted in defence of the British treatment of
+prisoners. They behaved, he wrote, "as perfect gentlemen towards the
+prisoners." "The testimony of a responsible writer of this kind," says
+Dr. Spaight, "is more valuable than the catch-penny stories of British
+inhumanity which flooded the Press of Europe at the time of the war."
+"One is surprised to find such a writer as M. Arthur Desjardins lending
+his authority to back the uninformed newspaper abuse, and ascribing the
+brutality of the British Army (which he presumes) to the fact that 'a
+certain number of its soldiers, accustomed to fighting away from Europe,
+have not the least notion of the laws and customs of war obtaining among
+civilised nations'." (Spaight, _l.c._, p. 275.) Dr. Spaight's comments
+on such outbursts is: "There was a popular demand [in Europe] at the
+time for denunciation of England, the hotter the better, and the writers
+were too good journalists not to suit their output to the popular
+taste." I will not spoil the rather rich humour of these extracts by any
+remarks of my own.
+
+Undoubtedly the Boers usually behaved well. Undoubtedly, too, there were
+some bad lapses. A Free State commandant was, for instance, convicted of
+putting prisoners in the firing line and driving starving prisoners on
+foot with a mounted commando. Such things, however, were very far from
+being the rule. During the guerilla warfare treatment depended entirely
+on the local commandants. The stripping of prisoners before they were
+turned adrift was often carried out, "and there is some force in De
+Wet's contention that the seizure was justified by the British practice
+of removing or burning all the clothes left in the farms and even taking
+the hides out of the tanning tubs and cutting them in pieces." In some
+cases starving, unarmed and practically naked men were abandoned far
+from any white settlement. What is and what is not allowable in war
+seems so largely a matter of "military necessity" that the layman is
+reluctant to comment, for, in the last resort, it is only the
+_needlessly_ barbarous that is condemned in war.
+
+
+CONCENTRATION CAMPS.
+
+On our side, we cannot, I think, contemplate the history of the
+concentration camps with equanimity. Let us recall a few of the facts.
+The following are amongst the death rates recorded in July, 1901:
+Norval's Pont, 218.4 (per thousand per annum); Bloemfontein, 242.4;
+Springfontein, 462.0; Kronstad, 459.6. In June the _average_ death rate
+was practically 200 (199.3). In the year ending February, 1902, the
+official returns (which are incomplete) show more than 20,000 deaths in
+camps with an average total population of about 100,000.[33] Our
+accusers said the camps were instituted for the purpose of killing off
+the Boer population. The truth is, the feeling against Britain, even
+amongst the onlookers, was extremely bitter, and great bitterness does
+not make for sane judgment. What is certain is that the camps
+illustrated some of the callousness and carelessness which war always
+produces. "The sites chosen for the camps were mostly chosen on purely
+military grounds, and were often unsuitable; the medical and sanitary
+staff was at first insufficient," writes Dr. Spaight. But, "unsuitable
+sites, and insufficient" sanitation may produce terrible results, where
+human lives are concerned, and one would not convert an adverse critic
+by simply quoting the "_Times_ History" to the effect that "the Boers
+themselves proved to be helpless, utterly averse to cleanliness, and
+ignorant of the simplest principles of health and sanitation." The
+attempt to shift the chief burden of responsibility on to the prisoners
+is surely scarcely chivalrous. Carelessness and ignorance amongst the
+prisoners are certain in all such cases to be contributory causes, they
+are amongst the difficulties to be combatted, but to suggest that they
+should have been permitted to produce such appalling results is to court
+derision. Moreover, the chief authority on the subject, Lieut.-Col.
+S. J. Thomson, C.I.E., I.M.S., who became Director of Burgher Camps in
+February, 1902, by no means supports these charges. "Much has been
+said," he writes, "about the want of personal cleanliness among the
+Boers, but it must be remembered that ablutions are apt to be less
+frequent and popular when water has to be laboriously brought from
+considerable distances, as is often the case with farms on the veldt.
+When bathrooms were provided in the camps, they were very freely and
+regularly used. Nevertheless it is a fact that the Boer's notion of
+sanitation as understood by Englishmen is very vague, and all classes
+resort for purposes of nature to the open country. This custom, probably
+innocuous enough under the conditions of existence on an isolated
+homestead, made it extremely difficult to maintain the cleanliness of a
+camp site, and it was very long before the people could be brought to
+see that foul matters and dirty water could not be most satisfactorily
+disposed of by the simple process of flinging them out of the tent. It
+was found indeed that such proceedings had hopelessly fouled certain
+camps, and the removal of the people to a fresh site was followed by the
+best results. In a later chapter, the procedure which was found most
+successful is described in detail."[34] In July, 1902, the average death
+rate for the Burgher Camps had sunk to 23.0, and it fell afterwards even
+lower.
+
+Tents were, in general, the only housing allowed, and this, though "the
+cold in the 'upper veldt' country in winter was intense." (Thomson.)
+What were known as _bona fide_ refugees were allowed meat, but those who
+had their man on commando were, at first, allowed none. This was
+altered, however, in March, 1901. As to the families of this class,
+Major Goodwin reported in this month: "I would, therefore, beg
+respectfully to here place on record my opinion that had we compelled
+class 3 to decide between unprotected starvation on their farms, and at
+their homes, or taking up their quarters in or behind the enemy's lines,
+we should have facilitated the work of proselytism." Thus readily, we
+observe, may the starvation of women and children be advocated by an
+English Major as an aid to "proselytism." There were other ways in which
+"military necessity" showed itself. A Board of three reported on the
+site of Merebank Camp in December, 1901. The President was Surgeon-Gen.
+Clery, C.B., and the two members, Col. McCormack, R.A.M.C., and Mr.
+Ernest Hill, Health Officer of Natal. "The Board is of opinion that the
+site is by no means an ideal site, and has imperfection as regards
+elevation, drainage, etc., but do not recommend that the camp should be
+removed ... for the following reasons: (1) It is necessary that any camp
+should be on a railway line. (2) Purely sanitary arrangements as to site
+have to be held subservient to military exigencies. The latter do not
+permit the camps being located in the uplands, as military and civil
+traffic arrangements make it essential that the main line should not be
+further congested," ... and so on. The Camp had been condemned by the
+Ladies' Commission.[35]
+
+The view I have given is the view admitted gradually and reluctantly by
+officials themselves. Miss Hobhouse gives a rather different account of
+things. In the earlier days of the camps, she tells me, the condition of
+things might be summarised thus: "Overcrowding (up to sixteen in a
+bell-tent)--no water supply--no soap--no beds or bedding--no fuel
+supplied--no utensils--barest rations--sanitary staff inefficient or
+non-existent." In "The Brunt of the War" Miss Hobhouse writes on page
+118 of Bloemfontein Camp: "My request for soap was met with the reply,
+'Soap is a luxury.' ... Finally it was requisitioned for, also
+forage[36]--more tents--boilers to boil the drinking water--water to be
+laid on from the town--and a matron for the camp. Candles, matches, and
+such like I did not aspire to. It was about three weeks before the
+answer to the requisition came, and in the interim I gave away soap.
+Then we advanced a step. Soap was to be given, though so sparingly as to
+be almost useless--forage was too precious--brick boilers might be
+built--but to lay on a supply of water was negatived, as 'the price was
+prohibitive.' Later on, after I had visited other camps, and came back
+to find people being brought in by the hundred and the population
+rapidly doubling, I called repeated attention to the insufficient
+sanitary accommodation, and still more to the negligence of the camp
+authorities in attending to the latrines. I had seen in other camps that
+under proper administrative organisation all could be kept sweet and
+clean. But week after week went by, and daily unemptied pails stood till
+a late hour in the boiling sun, and the tent homes of the near section
+of the camp were rendered unbearable by the resulting effluvia."
+
+A sentence at page 120 has a bearing upon other wars and other helpers
+of distressed "enemies":--"It became clear to my astonished mind that
+both the censorship and system of espionage were not merely military in
+character, but political and almost personal, so that even to feel, much
+more to show, sympathy to the people was to render yourself suspect....
+Everyone knows what class of men accept the work which means spying upon
+neighbours, and can draw their own conclusions as to the value of such
+reports."
+
+As regards the food ration it has been seriously contended by others
+besides Miss Hobhouse (_e.g._, T. S. Haldane, M.D., F.R.S.), that it was
+totally inadequate. Dr. Haldane considered that "nothing but seething
+discontent" and "an enormous death-rate" could be expected from the
+dietary allowed. (_l.c._ p. 159.) But those who wish to learn more about
+this and many other matters should consult Miss Hobhouse's remarkable
+book.
+
+The truth is, the prisoner's lot is always hard, and all nations have at
+times made it a terrible one. It is only the recognition of brotherhood
+that can alter this, and the recognition of brotherhood would end war.
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 32: See the full statement, pp. 75 ff.]
+
+    [Footnote 33: See the summary of the official returns given by
+    Miss Emily Hobhouse on p. 328 of "The Brunt of the War." The
+    careful Boer compilation made after the war records the death of
+    26,370 women and children--more than four times the mortality
+    among the Boer combatants. The full details are recorded in the
+    archives at Pretoria, and it is to these that Miss Hobhouse
+    refers in the pamphlet containing her speech at the unveiling of
+    the National Monument at Bloemfontein on "Vrouwen-Dag," 1913.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: "The Transvaal Burgher Camps," by Lieut.-Col.
+    S. J. Thomson.]
+
+    [Footnote 35: The marshy site of Merebank is compared by Miss
+    Emily Hobhouse to that of the German camp at Wittenberg.]
+
+    [Footnote 36: "'Forage' needs explanation," writes Miss
+    Hobhouse. "We requisitioned for forage, because, as there was no
+    milk for the children, we were planning to buy some cows, _if_
+    we could secure forage. However, we failed."]
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+REPRISALS OF GOOD.
+
+
+For the information contained in this chapter I am greatly indebted to
+the Friends' Emergency Committee. Most of it has already appeared in
+their leaflets and reports, and in articles in _The Friend_. The
+following is a reprint of a letter sent by the Bishop of Winchester to
+the _Times_. It appeared in the issue of September 29, 1916:
+
+
+    GERMAN WORK FOR PRISONERS.
+
+    Sir,--The following facts, if you can find space for them, will,
+    I think, be of interest and encouragement amidst all the sorrow
+    and misery of war.
+
+    The word "reprisals" is often heard in diplomacy and in war;
+    reprisals are attempted or suggested; or reprisals of cruelty
+    are condemned, we rejoice to know, by the instinct and
+    conscience of the nation. These are all reprisals of what is
+    bad. Rarer, at least on the surface, are reprisals of good. But
+    here is such a case.
+
+    At the outbreak of the war members of the Society of Friends and
+    others came together for the purpose of bringing help to those
+    men and women of enemy nationality in this country upon whom the
+    war had brought suffering. Their lot was often a pitiable one.
+    The pull of contrary affections, the unkindness of former
+    friends, the sudden loss of means of livelihood, the internment
+    of the men, with its enforced idleness, were some of the
+    troubles which would have produced despair in many cases had not
+    the members of this "Emergency Committee" (169, St. Stephen's
+    House, Westminster)[37] come to the rescue. They have given
+    material help to thousands of families, and, above all, brought
+    the healing touch of human sympathy to the men in the camps and
+    their wives and children (mostly British-born) left to struggle
+    on alone outside.
+
+    It was early in the war also that a group of Germans came
+    together in Berlin and determined to start a similar work. The
+    news of what was being done by the British Committee soon
+    reached them and made them increase their efforts. Since then
+    the two bodies have been in close communication, and each has
+    endeavoured to see that what is done for "alien enemies" in one
+    country is promptly repeated in the other.
+
+    Among the recent activities of the Berlin Committee has been the
+    organising of travelling facilities and hospitality for wives
+    from other parts of Germany, who are now allowed to visit their
+    husbands at Ruhleben Camp; and it is now making vigorous efforts
+    to co-ordinate and increase the work of the various agencies in
+    Germany that are trying to lighten the lot of the military and
+    civilian prisoners of war in their camps. At the end of June, I
+    learn, a meeting in support of this work was held at the house
+    of Prince Lichnowsky, former Ambassador in London, who returned
+    specially from the front to preside. Many notable men and women
+    were present, and a collection of 8,000 marks was made.
+
+    My reasons for writing to you with this information are two. In
+    the first place, because these Berlin workers are incessantly
+    spreading, through the German Press and otherwise, news of the
+    doings of the British Committee, and even in this matter there
+    should be reprisals. And, secondly, one cannot be too thankful
+    to be able to put on record instances of that common humanity
+    which we knew must exist in some quarters even among our
+    enemies, overleaping national hates and prejudices, and which in
+    this great work of Dr. Siegmund Schultze and his colleagues is
+    so active and persistent. The names of several who are diligent
+    in the work in Germany are those of men personally known to me
+    in respect and affection; and (whatever their views of war and
+    of Britain may be--which I do not know) I can feel as sure of
+    their simple sincerity and good purpose as if they were my own
+    countrymen. This may be, perhaps, an added excuse for troubling
+    you.--Yours faithfully,
+
+                                                EDW. WINTON.
+      Farnham Castle. Surrey,
+          September 27.
+
+The German work is an offshoot of the general work undertaken by the
+Enquiry and Assistance Agency for Germans abroad and foreigners in
+Germany (_Auskunfts-und Hilfsstelle fuer Deutsche im Ausland und
+Auslaender in Deutschland_). The following is a translation of the appeal
+issued by the parent society:
+
+    The war has caused great distress amongst countless Germans in
+    foreign countries. In helping our countrymen we have to rely
+    almost exclusively on the benevolence of the societies which
+    have been for years in co-operation with us in those countries,
+    especially upon our English and American co-workers in the
+    religious societies for international friendship. In England,
+    where great difficulties for German subjects might have been
+    expected from the exceptional conditions prevailing, a Committee
+    was formed directly the war broke out, whose object was to
+    provide support for distressed Germans and Austrians in England;
+    and already many Germans have told us verbally and in writing of
+    the valuable help given to them by this Committee.
+
+    In consequence of many requests and complaints we have felt that
+    it was our duty to interest ourselves in those foreigners who
+    were in difficulties in Germany. At a time when the German
+    people, from the highest to the lowest, have joined together in
+    the consciousness of a stern defence against their enemies, and
+    are fighting out the great struggle for existence and freedom,
+    it may well appear to many that it is superfluous to render to
+    the alien enemies amongst us any more than the most necessary
+    services. But we have not only to think of those Germans who are
+    now abroad, not only to remember that those foreigners who are
+    in need in Germany are for the most part Germany's best friends
+    and are bound to us by a thousand ties; besides all this the
+    task is laid upon us by our own desire to render friendly
+    service in these times of hatred to those who now find it so
+    difficult to obtain help. Even in war time, whoever needs our
+    help is our neighbour, and love of their enemies remains the
+    distinguishing mark of those who are loyal to our Lord.
+
+    We have accordingly decided to establish a Berlin Enquiry and
+    Assistance Office to work with the corresponding offices at home
+    and abroad, especially with the above-mentioned Emergency
+    Committee in London, the Berne and Stuttgart Peace Bureaux, etc.
+    We beg for help and gifts, which may be sent to the following
+    address: Berliner Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle fuer Deutsche im
+    Ausland und Auslaender in Deutschland; communications to be
+    addressed to Fraeulein Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, Berlin No. 18,
+    Friedenstrasse 60.
+
+    The signatories to this appeal were: Prof. W. Foerster, Ehrich
+    Gramm (Banker), Dr. Kleineidam (Provost), Eduard de Neufville,
+    Prof. Rade, Julius Rohrbach (Pastor), Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, Dr.
+    Alice Solomon, F. Siegmund-Schultze (Pastor), Dr. Spiecker,
+    Pastor Umfried.
+
+It is important to note that of the families and others helped by the
+Committee, the largest percentage (49) were English. Russians made up
+24 per cent, and French 9 per cent. (Dr. Elisabeth Rotten's circular of
+April, 1916.)
+
+The following documents explain themselves:--Extract from a letter of
+Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, dated January 6, 1916.
+
+    In spite of the fact that the numbers of permanent workers in
+    the office and out of it increase all the time, we have work
+    here from morning to night, often including holidays. But we do
+    it gladly, for it is a labour of love. At present our chief work
+    lies in taking home French children from the occupied territory
+    of France. In Belgium this work is now nearly discharged, and a
+    lady has only to go there once more, this month, to fetch the
+    last batch of children. The French children are not fetched by
+    our delegates; they travel in the larger trains for civilians,
+    who are brought from the occupied territory of France, through
+    Switzerland, back into the unoccupied[38] parts. What we now
+    have to do is to see that the children who had been left behind,
+    separated from their parents, are reunited with them as quickly
+    as possible. The children themselves seldom know where their
+    parents are, but we have the addresses through working in
+    conjunction with the International "Feminist" Bureau at
+    Lausanne. This creates a great deal of correspondence with the
+    respective authorities. I am glad to be able to add that the
+    [German] War Office has come forward with sympathy to help us in
+    this work.
+
+    We have sent large consignments of warm clothing and
+    food--including honeycake--to the civilian prisoners' camps at
+    Ruhleben and Holzminden, to be distributed among those that
+    received nothing from other sources. French and Russian
+    civilians are interned at Holzminden.
+
+    German women workers in connection with our Committee in other
+    parts have also sent Christmas gifts to the camps nearest them.
+    I enclose extracts from letters from Fraeulein Jens, of Hamburg,
+    and Frau Kirchhoff, of Bremen, which I put at your disposal. The
+    Berlin Committee of the Women's Suffrage Union has done the same
+    for Doeberitz, and other Committees in South and West Germany
+    have also carried out similar work. It is of particular interest
+    to note that the request that German women might remember the
+    prisoners of war in such a way came from a German soldier at the
+    front. The ladies were already planning something of the sort,
+    and would certainly have done it; but still, such a request, so
+    heartily and earnestly expressed, is remarkable.
+
+From Frau Senator Kirchhoff, December 28, 1915:
+
+    The camp at Achim, near Bremen, in the province of Hanover, is
+    called Etelsen Moor. Frau Schmitt and I finished off everything
+    in one day, and early on the 23rd we drove out with two large
+    trunks and three cardboard boxes. Altogether we had collected
+    536 marks; 190 went to Frau Feist, 100 marks cash went to the
+    camp at Etelsen. Our trunks contained 40 flannel shirts and 40
+    pairs of pants, 40 pairs of slippers, 32 pairs of socks,
+    mittens, helmets, scarves, 1,000 cigars, 100 cakes of chocolate,
+    25 note-books, 50 pencils, 50 blotters, drawing paper, india
+    rubber, calendars, etc. Three prisoners--two Belgian and one
+    Frenchman--came with two wheelbarrows; they were accompanied by
+    two German non-commissioned officers. The men were exceedingly
+    pleased: the German soldier said they had long been wishing to
+    give the men presents and were happy that we had made it
+    possible for them to do so. Afterwards I received two charming
+    letters; one from the Commandant, who thanked me very heartily.
+    They had been able to give every prisoner--chiefly Belgians and
+    French, but also Russians and one Englishman--a present. He
+    enclosed a touching, grateful letter from a Belgian prisoner, an
+    adjutant, and a programme of their Christmas theatricals. I have
+    seldom been so glad about anything as I am that this has been a
+    success.
+
+From Fraeulein Jens, December 30, 1915. Work at Hamburg.
+
+    We had altogether about 400 marks, and out of this fund 100
+    parcels containing each about 3 marks worth of goods were
+    purchased and handed over with 100 marks in money--for sick and
+    needy prisoners--into the care of the camp chaplain. He took the
+    opportunity of explaining in our presence to three of the camp
+    "Captains," an Englishman, a Frenchman and a Russian, the object
+    of the gift. They were greatly touched and most grateful. The
+    Englishman thanked us in the name of his country. We were only
+    sorry that we could not do far, far more, but if even this
+    little is a seed of corn which may in the future bring forth
+    thoughts of reconciliation between the nations we shall be
+    happy. Our presents were given for the New Year, as it is the
+    custom for English and French to make presents then....
+
+
+SOME THANKS ON BOTH SIDES.
+
+The following is from the Prisoners' Aid Society of the German civilians
+interned in Camp III., Knockaloe, Isle of Man. If the English shows
+signs of effort, it is an effort of sincerity:--
+
+    To the Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans,
+    Austrians and Hungarians in Distress.
+
+    Dear Madam,--We do not wish to fail to remember at the beginning
+    of the New Year with gratitude those who, during the past
+    difficult year, have made it their task to alleviate, wherever
+    possible, the misery and the most pressing sorrows of such
+    families who, by their internment as prisoners of war, were
+    deprived of their bread-winners. When assembled in silent prayer
+    during the last festive season--the season of Peace and Goodwill
+    to all mankind--our hearts felt the particular necessity of
+    expressing our innermost thanks to your Committee for all the
+    magnanimous acts of brotherly love and relief shown and granted
+    to the dependents of the interned.
+
+    Whilst we venture to ask you to see in these few lines the
+    unanimous vote of thanks of all the prisoners of war at
+    Knockaloe Camp III., and kindly bring it to the notice of those
+    who in a self-sacrificing manner generously assisted your work
+    of love, we, the undersigned, respectfully offer our heartfelt
+    wishes for the New Year.
+
+    P. H. Bernhard, Chairman; Carl Glock, Deputy Chairman; C. P.
+    Toellner, Treasurer; B. Pflug, Hospital.
+
+And here we have an extract from a letter of gratitude from some Serbian
+prisoners to one of the German Committees. It was despatched by the
+Serbian Aid Committee at the camp Frankfurt-am-Oder, on February 22,
+1917. "The hundred or so parcels for Serbian Prisoners of War mentioned
+in your kind letter of December 20, 1916, came to hand in good time and
+in good condition from Switzerland, and were distributed to those who
+were in the weakest condition, and those who were most needy. In all
+there were 94 parcels, and you have the blessing of 94 human beings,
+ill, weak, and altogether deserted by the world. As our former camp
+(Halbe b. Berlin) was broken up just at that time and distributed
+amongst four other camps, we have only just learned who it was who had
+given us such kindly and noble thoughts. We thank you therefore once
+more with our whole heart for your great goodness and charity--God will
+repay it to you.
+
+"The gifts (the many good and beautiful things) reached us here in good
+time, and were divided amongst Serbians who [were in various camps] and
+the remainder we distributed here on Christmas Eve in the camp. You
+should have seen the joy of these poor men!... May God only grant a
+speedy peace!... While thanking you heartily once again, we beg you to
+think of us in the future also.... P.S.--In all the camps belonging to
+our group we have a total of 30-40 sick men."
+
+
+"JOINING HANDS WITH THE ENEMY."
+
+The spirit produced by reprisals of good is well shown in the following
+extracts from an article in _The Friend_. (April 20, 1917):--
+
+    There have been fresh evidences lately of the response from
+    Germany to our efforts here, and of the likeness between our
+    work and that of the Berlin Committee. The animating spirit is
+    evidently so much the same that a wife left behind in England
+    wrote to her repatriated husband in Germany, "Just write your
+    letter and send it to _St. Stephen's House_ at Berlin, and
+    they'll send it for you." The italics are ours.
+
+    Dr. Rotten wrote March 8:
+
+    "Just a few lines to tell you that a second parcel from Berne
+    arrived to-day, containing the remainder of the reports about
+    your work, namely, 25 copies of your Fourth Report and 100
+    copies of "A Day at St. Stephen's House." We are much pleased to
+    make these vivid descriptions of your assistance to the Germans
+    in England accessible to so many, as our experience has taught
+    us that direct information has a much greater effect than our
+    own full or abbreviated translations. But we try again and again
+    with the latter, and at the present moment two different
+    sketches of our endeavours in England and Germany for mutual
+    help have been accepted by various papers, so we may hope to be
+    able to send you a copy before long. Grateful as ever, with
+    kindest greetings in the name of all."
+
+    The same idea is carried further in a letter received by one of
+    our helpers from a personal friend in Germany:
+
+    "Your printed report which came into my hands a few days ago
+    has made me very happy. I was not surprised, but it only
+    strengthened my belief in you and in the good of humanity. What
+    you have done and are still doing brings nearer the goal that
+    now seems so far off--everlasting peace grounded in respect and
+    mutual understanding."
+
+From Dr. Rotten:
+
+    THE RELATIVES OF MEN IN RUHLEBEN.
+
+    When in April of last year, after repeated applications by us,
+    regular visits by the wives and children were at last permitted,
+    the regulations were at first rather strict. The separation of
+    husband and wife by a table was felt to be a special
+    hardship.[39] The visits taking a satisfactory course, however,
+    this was altered in a few weeks, and since then visitors have
+    been allowed in the camp itself and may walk around and converse
+    freely with their relatives. Permission was, indeed, soon
+    extended to mothers and sisters, and also fiancees of those
+    interned, provided the engagement had taken place before
+    internment. At the present time wives living in and around
+    Berlin are allowed to visit once a month, the time permitted
+    being nominally one hour, but this is fortunately not
+    interpreted very strictly, so that in actual practice two hours
+    are often allowed. Wives coming from a distance receive
+    permission every three months; and it was for a long time a
+    concern of these women and of their husbands--a concern shared
+    by us--that these visits had to be made in a single period of
+    two hours. Over and over again one found that the joy of reunion
+    after so long a separation was so unnerving that they could
+    scarcely unburden themselves on a single occasion of all the
+    important matters reserved for discussion, and that only
+    afterwards did they remember all that they had intended to say.
+    We repeatedly made representations on this score in the proper
+    quarter, appealing for a change in the regulation, and in
+    December last we had the joy of obtaining permission for the
+    wives from outside to stay in Berlin for a week and to make two
+    visits of two hours during this period. In special cases a third
+    visit might be allowed. All wives coming from a distance, at the
+    same time as they receive the permit, are instructed by the
+    Commandant to apply to us in the event of their needing any
+    advice in respect of accommodation in Berlin. And so we are
+    visited by many, whose reception in Berlin we either arrange for
+    at their request in advance, or who, though acquainted with
+    Berlin, yet come for information. They are so well satisfied
+    with the conditions of their visits that at the present time
+    there is no occasion to ask for further concessions.
+
+
+    GETTING MEN OUT OF RUHLEBEN.
+
+    Apart from our interest in the repatriation of the "over
+    forty-fivers," our principal concern for Ruhleben consists for
+    the present in finding work outside the camp for the younger
+    prisoners, for, thanks to the recent decision of the Commandant,
+    resulting from our repeated applications, such prisoners may
+    obtain leave of absence provided they find situations. It is, of
+    course, very difficult for those in the camp to seek situations,
+    and we are therefore making special efforts to find
+    opportunities for work, induce employers to engage an alien, and
+    then conduct negotiations. There are among those desiring to
+    exchange their forced idleness at Ruhleben for productive work
+    many who are concerned to remain loyal British subjects.
+
+The following quotation from Dr. Rotten refers to a specially
+interesting intercommunication:
+
+    We are delighted and thankful to see from your letter of January
+    31 that an unnamed gentleman in America has sent you the sum of
+    L400 with instructions to assign half of it to our work for
+    foreigners in Germany, and saying that the British Government at
+    once gave their consent to the payment of the amount to us. It
+    will be a great help to our work and will be conscientiously
+    used for British subjects and for the subjects of nations allied
+    with England. For a considerable time our work has been such
+    that we can take advantage of the relief agencies of other
+    countries for the assistance of Germans abroad, and for that
+    reason can apply the means placed at our disposal for the
+    support of foreigners in Germany only. So our help is now
+    practically confined to "alien enemies," because the subjects of
+    neutral States, should they be in need, can obtain other
+    assistance, and it is our uppermost wish to relieve those who,
+    but for us, would perhaps be utterly friendless. It is,
+    moreover, a great satisfaction and encouragement to us that
+    outside your and our spheres the community of our work is so
+    strongly felt that people desire to further the efforts of the
+    two societies simultaneously. The confidence so kindly felt in
+    our efforts even abroad incites us to an ever increasing
+    devotion to our work, to the undertaking of new tasks, and to
+    the fulfilling of the old ones with more and more care in every
+    detail.
+
+
+THE SPECTROSCOPE STORY.
+
+The spectroscope story is a particularly good example of the way
+reprisals of good work out. I take the following account from a leaflet
+signed W.R.H., and already known to many workers in the cause of
+fellowship.
+
+    A spectroscope, I believe, is an instrument which takes a ray of
+    light and proceeds to spread it abroad. At all events, the
+    description seems to suit in this case.
+
+    The spectroscope game was started by Bishop Bury. After his
+    return from his visit to Ruhleben Camp he mentioned in a lecture
+    that some of the science students interned there were very
+    anxious to obtain the use of a spectroscope. The report of this
+    lecture was read by one of the camp visitors of the Friends'
+    Emergency Committee, who was a schoolmaster and a scientist.
+    Moreover, he possessed a spectroscope. So he joined in the game
+    and played his piece. But instead of trying to send the
+    instrument to Germany, he wrote to St. Stephen's House and
+    suggested that inquiries should be made as to whether any of the
+    schools in the internment camps in England were in need of such
+    an apparatus. If so, he would lend his, and ask our friends of
+    the Berlin Committee for assisting alien enemies to try to do
+    the same for Ruhleben. It was soon discovered that a group of
+    men in Douglas Camp would welcome the spectroscope, which was at
+    once sent them, and the corresponding message written to Berlin.
+    It was not long before a reply was received telling us, as we
+    expected, that every effort would be made, as usual, to carry
+    out such a proposal for reciprocal service to prisoners.
+
+    A little later another player came into the game in the shape of
+    the German War Office. (There seems to be a War Office player in
+    every game that takes place in these days.) The German War
+    Office was reluctant to permit valuable lenses to enter the
+    internment camp without being quite sure first of all that the
+    corresponding privilege had been allowed in England. Would we,
+    therefore, obtain and forward a written certificate from the
+    Commandant of the camp to say that the instrument had been
+    allowed. This was soon done, and we next hear that the Berlin
+    Committee, being unable to find a spectroscope themselves, had
+    collected the sum of 900 marks for the purchase of one, and has
+    asked permission for two of the leaders of the "University" of
+    Ruhleben to be allowed out of camp to inspect instruments before
+    purchase. This permission seems to have been readily granted,
+    and Dr. Higgins and Mr. Chadwick met Dr. Rotten, the secretary
+    of the Berlin Committee, in order to choose the most suitable
+    apparatus. They finally decided upon one offered by Herr H., the
+    head of an optical instrument firm.
+
+    At this point the game became specially interesting. Dr. Rotten
+    was aware that Herr H.'s brother and his family had been closely
+    in touch with the Emergency Committee, and had received
+    considerable help in difficult and distressing circumstances. In
+    recognition of the assistance given to his brother, he at once
+    offered to lend to the camp, for the period of the war, a
+    spectrometer and prisms valued together at 1,650 marks. The 900
+    marks collected were thus released to be used for other
+    enterprises. Herr H. also sent a warm message offering to
+    receive his brother's children, who had lost their mother during
+    the war, and to welcome his brother as soon as he was free to
+    cross to Germany. He also offered to provide him with anything
+    he might desire to help him pass away the weary hours in camp.
+    We learnt that the brother had been studying French, and now
+    wish to take up Spanish, and he has therefore chosen a set of
+    Spanish instruction books as what he would like best.
+
+    The game still continues. Other well-known scientific firms in
+    Berlin have been approached and interested in an effort to
+    provide material for scientific work in Ruhleben, and we have
+    received a request from Dr. Higgins to follow up an effort he is
+    making to provide similar assistance for some men at Knockaloe,
+    about whom he has written to various University professors and
+    business friends in England. Herr H. has also sent us a list of
+    nine firms whose principals he is acquainted with, to see if
+    they also will help in like manner.
+
+    A spectroscope I believe, is an instrument which takes a ray of
+    light and proceeds to spread it abroad. A fine instrument!
+
+                                                      W.R.H.
+
+The ray of light is spread by reprisals of good. When the nephew of a
+friend of mine was let out from Ruhleben on a fortnight's leave, and
+received "overwhelming kindness" from his German hosts, what was it that
+so specially drew out their kindness? The fact that their own son,
+interned in this country, has been befriended here. (P. 105.)
+
+
+A BABY CASE VISITOR.
+
+Yet, in spite of all the efforts of sympathy, suffering, in camp and
+out, grows ever greater as the war continues. Here are two short stories
+of February, 1915, as reported to the Committee on this side. If, for a
+moment we can forget our passions, the sufferings of these, our
+fellows, must touch our hearts. Nearly four more years have passed and
+we know that greater loneliness and sorrow must have come to these
+hearts, as to so many more.
+
+    Our first call is in a horrid little street off Tottenham Court
+    Road. Four knocks on a very shaky door brings Bertha, the wife
+    of a German, a ships' cook, who has never been long enough on
+    shore to become a naturalised Englishman. Bertha was a servant
+    for many years before she married, and had collected many
+    precious possessions, and she and Friedrich had a comfortable
+    home with plenty of furniture and full of all the useless and
+    hideous knicknack which apparently make so many people happy.
+    Only a few remain, for nearly all have "had to go"--the term we
+    know so well to mean that they are now in pawn, and that it will
+    probably never be possible to redeem them. When first we visited
+    them they were living in a basement room where rats made it
+    difficult for them to sleep, and where, on the many unexpected
+    calls I paid, I never once found a fire.
+
+    "We are not people wot feel the cold like some, Miss," they told
+    me; "and the room's so small it likely wouldn't be 'ealthy to
+    have a fire all day" so the "bit of washing" used to hang on a
+    string for days and days before it dried, and they did their
+    "bit of cooking" on a small gas ring. One day I called and found
+    Friedrich still in bed; he was quite well, he said, "but we take
+    turns to stay in bed, Miss, for it's warmer there and you don't
+    seem to feel so hungry in bed as when you're up."
+
+    They were trying to save something out of a weekly 12s. 6d.,
+    after 6s. had been paid for rent, for the time when Bertha would
+    have to go into hospital, and to buy some clothes that her
+    little babe would need. Then _you sent me_, and let me tell her
+    you would remember her when that time came, and you sent her
+    flannel and wool to make the little clothes: after that a
+    shilling a week could be spent on coals, and each time I went
+    they sent you thanks and blessed you for your love.
+
+    We say good-bye here and go north to Camden Town where we call
+    on Ludwig and Marie and their five children, the eldest of whom
+    is six. He is Austrian and she is Irish, and they live in two
+    rooms for which they pay 8s. 6d. a week. He was a waiter for
+    thirteen years in a well known London restaurant, and his master
+    has told him many times he would take him back if only the
+    public or the newspapers would let him. But _they won't_. So
+    Ludwig had nothing to do, and tells me he thinks he shall go
+    out of his mind sitting in idleness in his miserable
+    surroundings. Marie has been in hospital, too, and then Ludwig
+    _had_ plenty to do looking after his four little children alone
+    for two weeks, and says it was the hardest work he ever had to
+    do, and is glad his lot in life is not to be a woman!
+
+    The doctor in the hospital told Marie she must have plenty of
+    milk every day, and we smiled together, for we knew their weekly
+    income left no margin for milk for her--the children must be fed
+    first. So _you_ are helping, and Marie has her milk each day,
+    and she and her babe are growing strong and well again.
+
+The work done by the Friends' Emergency Committee, Dr. K. E. Markel and
+others on this side, and by Dr. Rotten, Siegmund Schulze, Prof. Stange
+and their fellows on the other, is indeed as "a clear flame of truth in
+a dark and haunted night."
+
+
+PROF. STANGE.
+
+To the great work of Prof. Stange, of Goettingen, I have once or twice
+alluded. He directs all the instruction given in the Goettingen camp,
+attends daily, gives lectures and superintends the library. He
+experienced the usual difficulties of any civilian who tries to practice
+Christianity in war-time. "One great German newspaper wrote with
+indignation that the prisoners in the Goettingen Camp had as good a time
+as if they were at a health resort." Doubtless this paper, like some
+others, contrasted the (rumoured) abominable treatment of German
+prisoners by their enemies with the too great indulgence shown to
+prisoners in Germany. But Prof. Stange is not abashed. "No internment
+camp," he writes, "can be compared with a 'holiday resort.' In spite of
+everything that may be done for the prisoners, internment is and remains
+always a very hard lot. In the Goettingen camp, too, many a prisoner
+needs not only the exertion of his whole strength, but help as well to
+make the endurance of his lot physically and spiritually possible."
+Stange is one of those who have learned to envisage the anxieties, the
+loneliness, the uncertainty, the ennui of the prisoner, and the terrible
+enervation of long months, and, alas, years of confinement. In this, as
+in so many circumstances of the war, it is the more sensitive and
+developed minds that suffer most, and are most easily destroyed, those
+minds that are indispensable in the building of any worthy future.
+
+Prof. Stange quite frankly acknowledges to a war prejudice against the
+English. But when he found their great need of help, his prejudices
+melted away, and he soon engaged in helping them too with books classes,
+and other means of activity.
+
+Prof. Stange recognises that such work for enemy prisoners helps towards
+better treatment of their own prisoners abroad, but, he adds, "It must
+certainly be emphatically stated that we in Goettingen never took up our
+work for the prisoners with this object. What compelled us to work was
+simply and entirely the great distress and need of the prisoners
+themselves." (P. 36. The extracts are from Prof. Stange's pamphlet on
+Goettingen Camp.)
+
+
+THE LAST RESTING PLACE.
+
+At last, rest. To many weary hearts it must have become a pitiful
+consolation that this at least is sure. "After life's fitful fever he
+sleeps well." And in that sleep no fevered passion can even "ruffle one
+corner of the folded shroud." At last, rest; where the enmities and the
+ambitions are forgotten. In the presence of this stillness of death,
+even to the living their disputes seem small. If the mood could endure,
+death might not be needed to bring peace.
+
+
+I.--ENGLAND.
+
+"In a corner of the bonny little churchyard of Frongoch, adjoining the
+extended camp, there are two solitary graves. Here, in a strange land,
+the land of their captivity, two German prisoner soldiers lie at rest,
+as in many a plot of ground in France and Flanders, German and British
+lie together, strife hushed in the last sleep. Here there are no grim
+sounds and sights of battle, but instead there is all the peace and
+beauty of a lovely spring. Immediately beyond the graves a wooded bank
+descends to the stream, and over and through the fresh green foliage,
+amidst which the birds are happily melodious this bright April morning,
+and all around can be seen the mountains of Wales, the 'land of
+freedom.' Over the grave of one of these liberated captives is a
+tombstone erected at the expense of, and engraved by, his fellow
+prisoners. It marks the place where Hugo Schroeter, Under-Officer of one
+of the Crown Prince's Infantry Regiments, who died on April 9, 1915, as
+the result of wounds received in the cause of his country, was laid to
+rest by his grateful comrades.
+
+"The other grave has no stone as yet, but one is being prepared. It is
+that of a prisoner who died of consumption, after many months of
+lingering suffering in the hospital, where every care was bestowed upon
+him. It was in reference to this man that the Chief Officer wrote me:
+'To our regret died last Thursday the patient in the isolation hospital.
+If only he could have seen the two beautiful bunches of violets you
+sent! The funeral took place yesterday at 10-30. It was an impressive
+sight but a very sad one, too.'
+
+"My daughter laid a little offering of white flowers on the grave, and
+then I photographed them in order to send copies to the families of the
+poor men, which I hope may prove little winged messengers of sympathy
+and goodwill."
+
+                                                 W. WHITING.
+
+
+II.--GERMANY.
+
+"A British officer, of whom one can truly say that he had not been
+afraid to speak the truth about his treatment in Germany, and in the
+Cologne hospital, was carried to his last resting-place yesterday.
+
+"It was Captain Wilfred Beckett Birt, of the East Surrey Regiment No.
+31, who, on the occasion of the attack in September, 1915, had his thigh
+shattered and was taken prisoner. Since January, 1916, he had been
+nursed in the fortress hospital, No. 6, situated in the Empress Augusta
+School. His chivalrous character and his conscientious impartiality made
+him respected and popular with his French and English fellow sufferers
+and the German Hospital Staff. Gratefully he acknowledged what the
+surgical art of assistant-surgeon Dr. Meyer had done to lessen his
+sufferings, and the loving care the German nurses, male and female, had
+bestowed on him and his comrades.
+
+"The great affection in which he was held by friend and foe alike showed
+itself in the mourning over his death, which took place a few days ago.
+His wound, a short time before, had shown improvement, but the heart was
+no longer equal to the terrible strain. Those of his comrades who were
+not confined to bed rallied round his coffin yesterday, which had been
+put upon a bier in the hospital garden surrounded by flowers and palms.
+
+"The principal mourners were his countrymen, who were seated on benches
+at the foot of the coffin; around it were the French and Belgians, the
+German doctors and hospital staff. Large lighted candles stood at the
+head of the coffin, which was covered with wreaths decorated with the
+English, French, Belgian, and German colours.
+
+"Garrison Pastor Hartmann, in a moving speech, which went straight to
+the heart of the hearers, spoke about the deceased as a chivalrous
+fighter for his native land, as a good Christian and a truly noble
+character. It was touching to hear the parting hymn sung by the sonorous
+voices of the British wounded, accompanied solemnly on the harmonium by
+a British performer. All escorted the coffin to the gates. Once outside,
+it was reverently lifted on to the funeral car, which German gunners
+escorted to the cemetery. Four British and one French officer, as well
+as the German doctors who could be spared, followed in motor cars.
+
+"At the gates of the cemetery, Lieutenant-General Schach, Colonel
+Lindemann, as representative of the Governor of the fortress, Major
+Esser, Dr. Lamberts, the chief medical officer of the garrison,
+deputations of the Officers' and Medical Corps, the Band of the Reserve
+Battalion Pioneer Regiment No. 25, awaited the cortege.
+
+"Pastor Hartmann spoke again, and, in words which made a deep impression
+on all, closed with prayer and benediction. Dr. Rademacher, the Catholic
+priest of the garrison, then made a funeral oration in English,
+affecting all who heard it.
+
+"In the name of the hospital staff, Dr. Meyer expressed his heartfelt
+sorrow to the British officers present, the band played the hymn, 'How
+gently they rest, those who are with the Lord,' and, profoundly touched,
+Englishmen and Frenchmen shook hands with the clergy and the German
+officers.
+
+"Three handfuls of earth on to the coffin of one who had found eternal
+rest, and the mourners dispersed." _Koelnische Zeitung._
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 37: Now at 27, Chancery Lane, W.C.2.]
+
+    [Footnote 38: Unoccupied, that is, by the Germans.]
+
+    [Footnote 39: Such a regulation is a hardship. It may, however,
+    prove unavoidable, as in some camps here. Friends of prisoners
+    are not always wise.]
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+WHAT THE GERMAN MAY BE.
+
+A WITNESS FROM SERBIA.
+
+
+The following letter may not inappropriately open this section. Dr. Ella
+Scarlett-Synge is the daughter of the third Baron Abinger. She has a
+long medical experience, and served by Government appointment with Mrs.
+Fawcett on the Concentration Camps Commission in the Boer War. Dr.
+Scarlett-Synge was present in Serbia during the Austro-German invasion,
+she was in Germany afterwards and visited various prisoners' camps. On
+her return she wrote the brief letter which follows. Of her _bona fides_
+there was no doubt, and she had introductions to various editors. Yet
+only one daily paper (_The Manchester Guardian_) would publish her
+letter. This is a small illustration of the methods of war-time.
+Belligerent nations manage to convince themselves that by suppression of
+disconcerting evidence one arrives at truth. It is easy to understand,
+for all of us who are frank with ourselves know the difficulty of
+complete fairness even in ordinary controversy. But the consequences of
+arguing for mere victory are in war sometimes as grave and sad as the
+consequences of fighting for mere victory. Dr. Synge tells us simply
+what she saw:
+
+    Having just returned from Serbia, via Berlin, I have one great
+    wish, the desire to bring home to my own country the things that
+    I have seen with my own eyes, and the truths that I have
+    personally realised.
+
+    After the South African War, I was a doctor in Canada for ten
+    years and when, during the second year of this war, the call
+    came from Serbia for doctors, I was one of those responding,
+    and was stationed by the Serbian Government as Medical Officer
+    of Health for Batochina and district, where I was in residence
+    at the time of the German invasion in October, and was with my
+    wounded men when the German army entered northern Serbia, and
+    saw the whole campaign.
+
+    Contrary to all my expectations, the conduct of the German army
+    was excellent in every respect. The men entered no occupied
+    house without the permission of the owner, they took nothing
+    without payment or a requisition paper. Never did I ask a German
+    soldier in vain for half of his bread for a wounded Serbian
+    soldier. Generally it was all given to me and I cut the portion
+    and returned half.
+
+    After I had been for some weeks with the German Red Cross
+    doctors and began to realise how wrong an impression all in
+    England had concerning our enemies, I decided to ask permission
+    to go to Germany and see for myself whether equally wrong ideas
+    existed concerning the treatment of British prisoners in the
+    detention camps. This permission was accorded me, and I went to
+    Berlin where I waited a fortnight while the War Office decided
+    upon the matter. I was then given a long list of camps to choose
+    from and permitted to go with an officer to inspect and report
+    upon the same.
+
+    In this short letter I can only say that I was justified in my
+    belief that all was well with our men, and, as a fine Canadian
+    sergeant at Giessen said to me (whose regiment I had seen march
+    out of Vancouver a year ago), "If a man behaves himself, he will
+    have nothing to complain of."
+
+    Now, to my sorrow, I am forced to confess that the nations do
+    not yet incline towards peace, and to my regret I have to state
+    that Germany's resources at the present drain will last another
+    four or five years. Also there is no lack of food, and one may
+    also say of luxuries in the land. The people are united to fight
+    as long as England wishes to continue in the useless struggle in
+    which neither can win, for while we hold the sea, they are
+    equally powerful on land. I can see that this is going to be a
+    drawn war, but neither nation has yet had enough.
+
+    The object of this letter is not to encourage a premature peace
+    which would be ultimately worse than war, but to plead for a
+    fairer treatment for our foe. Let the truth, and the truth only,
+    be known. "Let us fight if we must fight--but not with lies."
+
+    No one, in time of peace, respects the British Press more than I
+    do. It is the greatest power in the land. And, let me to-day
+    appeal to that mighty influence for weal or for woe, according
+    to whether it decides wisely or not, to play the game fairly and
+    let the same spirit prevail that we have in our great public
+    schools: "win if you can--but only by fair play."--I beg to
+    remain, Yours faithfully, ELLA SCARLETT-SYNGE, M.D., D.P.H.
+
+      Hyde Park Hotel, Knightsbridge.
+
+Dr. Scarlett-Synge was, at the outset, intensely anti-German. Her
+personal experience of Germans (both military and civilian) in war-time
+has profoundly modified her views. Dr. Scarlett-Synge went out from
+Canada to take over a position as Medical Officer of Health in the north
+of Serbia. She had twelve villages under her care, and found the
+absolute lack of sanitation or sanitary knowledge in that country very
+trying. At the time of the invasion, Dr. Synge was strongly urged to
+leave, but decided to stop with her wounded men. Strangely enough the
+only soldiers from whom she had to flee were the Serbians. The Serbian
+Army in its retreat through Batochina was absolutely drunk, officers as
+well as men, and while the soldiers were forcing the doors of the
+priest's house, where Dr. Synge resided, she fled with the priest's wife
+(at the latter's terror-struck entreaty) through a back window. The
+house was rifled by the soldiers, and next day the German patrol
+arrived. Dr. Synge was asked by the sergeant to assure the people of
+Batochina that if there was no shooting, they would be perfectly safe.
+She was urged to collect any firearms, and the patrol then withdrew. The
+doctor, with the help of the people, collected 17 rifles. There was,
+however, one obstinate Serbian soldier who had apparently not been able
+to keep up with the retreat, who threatened to retain his rifle, and
+seemed quite capable of endangering the whole population. "Your thumb
+needs attention, does it not?" asked the doctor. "Just let me look at
+it?" The man opened his hand and she snatched his rifle away. A joyful
+crowd accompanied her with the rifle to the dispensary, where it was
+locked up.
+
+Had there been firing by the populace, there would undoubtedly have been
+reprisals. Our own action in the Boer War, and the action of the
+military in _every_ invasion, illustrates this fundamental rule. As it
+was, there was absolutely no destruction and the soldiers were
+scrupulously honest. When the owners had fled, their houses and their
+cattle were certainly made use of, but whenever the owner was present
+the soldiers "were not allowed to touch a single thing." The exception
+proves the rule; Dr. Scarlett-Synge's hostess had her pig stolen, but a
+German soldier caught her an unowned pig of larger size. She was very
+pleased with the exchange!
+
+"May we use your schoolhouse for our wounded?" said the German doctors,
+"it seems the best place." Dr. Scarlett-Synge was amazed. She had
+expected anything but this kind of politeness. Only _once_ in her three
+months' experience of the Germans was she treated rudely, and that was
+by an extremely anti-English doctor of the Deutsche Kriegshospital No.
+58, Belgrade. This particular man corresponded to a certain type of
+anti-German here, and a private soldier present afterwards apologised
+for his rudeness.
+
+The Serbians shelled Batochina, and so killed some of their own people.
+While the doctor was passing through the streets, some German soldiers
+beckoned her to take shelter in a cafe where they were. This she
+ultimately did. "I could not have had more consideration shown me," she
+averred. One little incident is singularly expressive. One of the
+Germans had bought a glass of brandy. Dr. Scarlett-Synge, with the
+picture of drunken soldiery very vivid in her remembrance, ventured to
+remonstrate. She pointed out to the man what the Serbians had become
+under the influence of drink. He said nothing, but presently he got up
+and threw the brandy out of the door. "There's not much good in that
+stuff, anyway," he said. It is not surprising that after such
+experiences the doctor was puzzled at the ordinary British view of the
+German army. "How do you account for these lies?" she asked a Bavarian
+soldier. "Ah, without lies there would be no war," he said.
+
+In her travels in Germany Dr. Scarlett-Synge experienced uniform
+kindness, and brought away with her a deep conviction of the
+self-sacrificing patriotism of the German people. "Moreover," she said,
+"I was able to express my views to them, and they were always listened
+to with tolerance and courtesy."
+
+I give Dr. Scarlett-Synge's experiences as she describes them. Of her
+own honesty and accuracy there can be no question. It may be said, with
+reason, that there is another side. Dr. Scarlett-Synge came across the
+better German and the better Germany. The important fact is that the
+better Germany exists, and that those who have been in Germany since the
+war began have found that better element conspicuous. This is much to
+say for a country at war.
+
+In case Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge's testimony is thought to need
+confirmation, I may add the following from a private letter:--"Dr. A.P.
+was interned in Serbia for some months with about thirty other doctors
+and nurses. She sent to me over twelve months since saying she would
+like to be of some use to German prisoners in this country, as a slight
+return for the consideration and kindness shown by Germans and Austrians
+whom she had to do with while in Serbia."
+
+
+A WITNESS FROM FRANCE.
+
+Madame F. L. Cyon was at Lille when it was taken by the Germans, and
+spent some time there nursing during the German occupation. Madame
+Cyon's general experiences are printed in an appendix at the end of this
+volume, but she has given me some further details which are worth
+recording. I think they will serve to bring out the universal facts of
+human nature. From her mother, Madame D---- she heard the particulars of
+her father's arrest. One of the officers who arrested M. D---- was
+ungentlemanly and rough, the others were polite. The house was searched.
+Later a second military search was made, the officers on that occasion
+being most polite, and apologising for the trouble they caused. As he
+was leaving, the chief officer said to Mme. D----, "We shall carry away
+with us the memory of your house as a house of peace and quietness, and
+of you as a very brave woman." After her husband's arrest, Madame D----
+asked for permission to take meals to him, and this was accorded without
+any demur. One day later the officer just mentioned crossed the street
+to speak to her. "I want to bring you some good news," he said, "the
+release of your husband is only a matter of time."
+
+M. D---- was at Maubeuge at the time of his arrest. When he and others
+were brought back to Maubeuge for trial they got drenched with rain on
+the way, and were put for that night in the old prison, which was
+dilapidated and without fire. M. D---- complained next day. The officer
+to whom he complained apologised and said their imprisonment under these
+conditions was entirely a mistake. During most of his imprisonment M.
+D---- lived on the food provided, which he described as good, but not
+plentiful. Two fellow prisoners complained, and were allowed to get food
+from outside. As narrated in the appendix, M. D---- was released when it
+was found that there was nothing against him. He had indeed been
+indiscreet in order to meet the wishes of another, but that was all.
+After his release he was engaged professionally in forwarding the
+repairs at Maubeuge, and was repeatedly in touch with the German
+authorities, with whom he found it quite possible to work.
+
+For some time Madame D----'s house had guards posted outside. There was
+on one occasion an unpleasant incident with a drunken soldier who came
+and demanded wine. A sergeant who came along, however, promptly collared
+the man and turned him out.
+
+It is fair to add that the long German occupation, with its many
+requisitions and high-handed interference, has embittered M. D. His
+wife, however, remains quite unembittered. In spite of all the demands,
+"She seemed to think that, apart from one or two exceptions, the Germans
+in occupation behaved very much as any army in such circumstances would
+have done. Indeed, she added that when the English arrived, some of them
+were so impertinent ... that people thought that they used to get on
+better with the Germans." I have quoted part of the last clause, as it
+seems fair to do so. For me it illustrates the general experience that
+the _present_ discomfort tends by its vividness to seem greater than
+past discomforts which were really equally great.
+
+One other remark of Mme. D. should be quoted: "I have seen many of the
+Germans, their doctors for instance, look after the poor and the sick
+with utter devotion." I have, by request, omitted personal names, except
+that of Madame Cyon herself.
+
+At the occupation of Lille the Germans at once set about extinguishing
+fires that had broken out. In order to prevent these spreading, it was
+necessary to blow up some houses, and the Germans posted bills telling
+the people not to be alarmed at the explosions. When Madame Cyon
+returned to England a newspaper-reporter interviewed her. She stipulated
+that she must see the manuscript before the interview was published, and
+as she found the tone of the manuscript was not hers, she refused to let
+it be printed. A later interview with someone else was published in the
+same newspaper, in which it was made to appear that the Germans had
+deliberately set fire to the town. This Madame Cyon asserts is directly
+contrary to the facts. A similar case of exaggeration Madame Cyon
+noticed while in the occupied districts. There were all kinds of
+dreadful stories as to what went on about the country, and she was told
+it would never do to leave Lille. When she did leave, and made her way
+to Holland, she found no confirmation of these stories. Travelling was
+uncomfortable and tedious, but there was no peril of any kind.
+
+In the early days of the war there were Belgian refugees at Alexandra
+Palace. M. Cyon was a journalist, and took his notebook with him to put
+down interesting facts. He wished to confine himself to facts, however,
+which not all journalists do. He found the women full of stories about
+atrocities, but they were always terrible things that had happened to
+_someone else_. The student of war atrocities indeed finds this to be a
+very general feature of the stories told. It by no means follows that
+atrocities do not occur. Certainly they do, but the number undergoes
+extraordinary exaggeration in the excited minds of the people. M. Cyon,
+therefore, as a serious observer, asked for one person who could speak
+at first hand. One of the refugees, he was told, was a woman whose
+little boy had been branded on both cheeks by the Germans. He was
+directed to this woman. He asked for her experiences, but she had
+nothing startling to tell. "But," he asked, "was not your little boy
+very badly treated by the Germans?" "Little boy!" she exclaimed, in
+astonishment, "I have no little boy, I have no son at all."
+
+Madame Cyon had various patients at Lille. Her 24 Germans, she told me,
+gave her no more trouble than any ordinary patients. She had, however,
+four French Moroccan soldiers to nurse, and she describes them as
+extremely savage. She was sometimes afraid of them, and of one
+especially.
+
+Madame Cyon was often overworked, and patients are not always
+reasonable. One evening she brought her German patients some mutton
+stew, and one of the wounded men made a dissatisfied remark about it.
+Madame Cyon was feeling very tired and the remark hurt her. She remained
+outside in the corridor instead of coming to the men as usual during
+their meal. Presently one man who had acted as interpreter came out.
+"Madame, you are cross." "Yes, I am." "Why are you cross?" "The men have
+been well treated, I have done all I could, and now they grumble about
+nothing." The man was very sorry, he went back, and presently all who
+could walk came out and apologised. How strangely alike, after all, we
+human beings are! But our rulers could never lead us out in armies to
+kill each other unless they persuaded us somehow that we only were
+wonderfully fine chaps, and the others were brutes. Yet the appeal of
+kindness and devotion tells everywhere. So when the German science
+student, Albin Claus, mentioned in Madame Cyon's account (p. 262), found
+her much overworked, he said, "You go to sleep, and I will keep watch,"
+and he helped in all ways to keep things right.
+
+"I have since written to the same science student," writes Madame Cyon;
+"before leaving the hospital he asked my address and I his. He told me
+he would always be glad to help me in any way, as he knew that I had
+five brothers in the French army. At the time one of my brothers was
+missing. I wrote to this man, then promoted a Lieutenant, and I had two
+letters from him via Switzerland. The correspondence was concerning my
+brother, and Lieutenant V. R. Albin Claus did his best to help me, and
+spoke in his letters of his stay in hospital 105, thanking me for my
+care."
+
+
+ANOTHER SORT OF WITNESS.
+
+The soldier on both sides has been told all sorts of horrors about the
+enemy. Hatred is recognised as a great weapon of destruction. The
+contrast between what the soldier has seen and what he has heard is well
+illustrated by a story told by Mr. John Buchan in one of his lectures. A
+wounded Scot had said to him, of the Germans, "They're a bad, black lot,
+_but no the men opposite us_. They were a very respectable lot, and
+grand fechters."--_Times_, April 27, 1915.
+
+
+WAR ZONE CHILDREN.
+
+Under the heading "War Zone Children," the following paragraph appeared
+in the _Westminster Gazette_ of the 30th November, 1915:
+
+The Society of Friends' Emergency Committee for Aliens has just received
+the following letter from Dr. Elisabeth Rotten, of Berlin (before the
+war lecturer at Newnham College, Cambridge), showing that the German
+committee for helping alien enemies in distress is not behind similar
+committees in this country in looking after the little ones belonging to
+enemy countries:
+
+                                                             30/11/15.
+
+    Before I leave Switzerland, after a short visit, I should like
+    to write you a few lines.
+
+    I have been ten days in Belgium in order to get permission to
+    take Belgian and French children home to their parents, who had
+    left them in the occupied country before the outbreak of war and
+    were now living in France or in other foreign parts.
+
+    I was also to bring the first little group with me myself.
+    Others will be fetched during the next weeks by other ladies of
+    our committee. We spent the night in Frankfurt in the houses of
+    German ladies, who are already looking forward to their future
+    little guests. The whole expedition will belong to one of the
+    pleasantest peace remembrances of the war, and it was a
+    particular pleasure and benefit to me to see and to experience
+    personally in the work of my mission, in how many directions and
+    with what sincerely good and noble intentions the Governor
+    General endeavours to mitigate personal suffering, and
+    particularly how he cares for the children who are separated
+    from their parents.
+
+    I hope soon to write more. The children will now be taken to
+    their parents by Swiss ladies, and I am on the point of starting
+    for Frankfurt, where there are many important points to discuss
+    with the Committee for Advice and Aid in connection with our
+    common work.
+
+The last-named committee is a local Frankfort Emergency Committee for
+Aliens.
+
+
+A SOLDIER AND THE CHILDREN.
+
+Here is a German N.C.O. writing in _Vorwaerts_ of some experiences in the
+Russian occupied territory:
+
+He describes the poverty of the people, the lack of even such
+necessaries of life as salt, boots, etc.; how little children are
+running about in the snow with bare feet, and often with no other
+garment on them than a shirt. He adds:
+
+    On the whole, however, the children give me great joy, though
+    also not a little annoyance owing to their importunity.
+    Fortunately, during my activity in connection with the school
+    children's gymnastic society at ---- I have gained so much
+    patience that I never permit myself to lose my temper. While I
+    am writing this already ten or twelve children have invaded my
+    room asking for bread. Everyone of them got something. I am now
+    almost reduced to beggary myself, and whatever I can get hold of
+    is given to the children, so that they may enjoy themselves. I
+    got from a friend a few packets of ginger cakes. I gave them all
+    away, and I do not even know how they tasted.
+
+    And when I show them photographs of my children's gymnastic
+    society there is almost a riot. How I wish I could understand
+    them better! A little girl of 13, who always reminds me of my
+    own second daughter, has won my heart completely. Every day she
+    says to me a couple of German words which she has picked up
+    somewhere: "I don't know," "Potatoes without salt are no good,"
+    "Benzine is dangerous," and phrases like that. I cannot realise
+    that these children belong to an enemy nation. I should have
+    dearly loved to roam about with them through forest and field,
+    as I used to in Berlin.--(Quoted in the _Daily News_, December
+    20, 1915.)[40]
+
+
+THE CHILD IN NO MAN'S LAND.
+
+The story of the child adopted by the Bedfordshires will be remembered
+by many. She was found in a ditch by the men on their way to the
+trenches, and was perforce for some time with them there.
+
+    The German trenches were about 150 yards off, and the level,
+    open space between the two lines wasn't healthy. No man who
+    valued his life would go there unnecessarily, or recklessly put
+    his head above the parapet. One morning, to their horror the
+    men, through the periscope, saw the child standing above the
+    trench on the German side. Cries came from the enemy, but they
+    were not hostile. The sight of the girl, little more than an
+    infant, has touched their sentimental side, and she had offers
+    of chocolate and invitations to go and see them.
+
+    After that the girl went over the parapet quite often. She was
+    as safe in that danger zone as if she had been behind the lines.
+    No German would harm her, and once she went close up to their
+    first-line trench.--(_Daily News_, February 17, 1916).
+
+
+AUSTRO-HUNGARIANS IN CETINJE.
+
+When the Austro-Hungarian troops entered Cetinje there was already
+serious famine:
+
+    The children in the streets were begging bread from the passing
+    soldiers, who shared their tiny brown loaves with the hungry
+    little children, and the military authorities at the barracks
+    were besieged from the morning till late in the evening by the
+    starving population.
+
+    There were some fifty or sixty well-to-do better class families,
+    who had been in Government positions before, or prominent
+    business people, who suffered as terribly as their poorer
+    brethren. Among those who went begging for bread to headquarters
+    were wives of ex-Ministers and women who were ladies-in-waiting
+    at the Royal Court only a few weeks previously. For their
+    children's sake they were all ready to beg for something to eat.
+
+    It must be admitted that the military authorities put the
+    soldiers on quarter rations and distributed all the available
+    food among the suffering population. The bad condition of the
+    roads and the consequent lack of supplies in the army itself
+    made it impossible for them to do more.--(_Daily News_, February
+    21, 1916.)
+
+    _On quarter rations_--that is worth remembering.
+
+
+NOT ALL BARBARIANS, NOR ALL CHIVALROUS.
+
+We have all of us heard many stories from our soldier friends. Many
+statements and opinions we cannot in these days publish, but some are
+allowable. Such as the following: "Some of our men were hung up on the
+German barbed wire. We could do nothing to get at them. We saw the
+Germans trying to make signs from their trenches and we couldn't at
+first make out what they meant, but presently some of them ventured out
+and took in our wounded. I turned to my mate and said, 'They tell us all
+the Germans are barbarians, but that doesn't look much like it.' It was
+difficult to keep some of our men from firing on the Germans even then."
+The last statement will surprise only those who have not been told the
+truth about war. Passion gets the upper hand of humanity, and indeed
+reason may support passion, for is not destruction of the enemy one of
+the chief aims of war? Shall we spare the enemy when rescuing their
+_own_ wounded? By war logic that would be inconceivably foolish. Hence
+such incidents as the following: A lieutenant of Hussars wrote on
+October 22, 1914, of his work in a loft which he had previously
+loopholed. The letter is both frank and generous, and as usual with
+soldiers' letters, without any of the malicious sanctity which so besets
+the civilian. The letter was published in the _Times_, November 26,
+1914. "When I got up I could see crowds of Germans advancing. I think
+they have learnt a lesson from us, for they didn't advance in masses,
+but in extended order like we do. They were jolly good, too.... One
+fellow was jolly brave. I saw him carrying back a wounded man on his
+back, and it made a very good target. Though we didn't succeed in
+hitting him, he had to drop his man.... We were having jolly good fun."
+One sentence shows how far removed are the ethics of war from the ethics
+of peace: "I saw him carrying back a wounded man on his back, _and it
+made a very good target_."
+
+And here is a case where chivalry was remembered and forgotten. The
+extract is from the _Daily News_, May 17, 1916. Most of us may get
+similar information privately, but it is wisest to confine oneself to
+what has already been published:
+
+    A sergeant on active service writes in the course of a letter on
+    his experiences: "I got stuck in a trench up to my waist in mud,
+    and who do you think pulled me out?--only a German about 6ft.
+    4in. One of my boys wanted to bayonet him.[41] I said: 'Drop
+    that or I shoot you.' The German said: 'Sergeant, it is not my
+    fault--I am only fighting for my country as you are fighting for
+    yours.'"
+
+
+A GERMAN PRIEST.
+
+From the _Daily News_, February 17, 1916, I take the following story of
+a German priest:
+
+    Then the word came that we were to go for the enemy's first
+    line, and we did. Our artillery started the music, and we made
+    our effort.
+
+    Our lads almost lost their reason for the time being, and
+    heedless of shells and bullets, mounted the first German
+    parapet. We killed many of them, but it is fair to say they
+    didn't give in. They quickly had reinforcements, and we were
+    compelled against heavy odds to yield the trench to the enemy.
+    Angry fighting continued, and our game now was to lure as many
+    of the Germans towards our lines as possible so that we could
+    mow them down with our guns. On they came, many hundreds of
+    them, and as quickly they fell.
+
+    Our fellows got it too, and one little party was absolutely at
+    the mercy of the enemy. Two of our young officers and five men
+    were severely wounded and their position was helpless, for it
+    was impossible to rescue them. Despite our tremendous fire the
+    Germans, with fixed bayonets, tried to reach the party and their
+    intention was obvious. They got within a few yards of the
+    wounded when one of their number sprang in front of them and
+    flashed a crucifix. "Stop," he shouted, and then he knelt down
+    by the side of our men and blessed them. The other Germans
+    immediately withdrew.
+
+    Then we managed to reach the wounded and our officer thanked the
+    priest for the brave way in which he had behaved in the face of
+    his own men. "Take me," said the priest. "I am your prisoner."
+    The officer said he would not do that, but he would see that he
+    returned to the German lines unharmed. The promise was kept, and
+    before they parted the priest, falling on his knees, thanked our
+    officer warmly, adding: "God bless you and good luck!"
+
+
+MUTUAL FEARS.
+
+Each side fears the barbarity of the other. "Would it be good military
+policy," asked a military official, "to encourage any other idea?" "'My
+comrades were afraid,' said this German sergeant. 'They cried out to me
+that the Indians would kill their prisoners, and that we should die if
+we surrendered. But I said, 'That is not true, comrades, and is only a
+tale. Let us go forward with our hands up.' So in that way we went, and
+the Indian horsemen closed about us, and I spoke to one of them, asking
+for mercy for our men, and he was very kind and a gentleman, and we
+surrendered to him safely.' He was glad to be alive, this man from
+Wiesbaden. He showed me the portrait of his wife and boy, and cried a
+little, saying that the German people did not make the war, but had to
+fight for their country when told to fight, like other men.... He waved
+his hand back to the woodlands, and remembered the terror of the place
+from which he had just come. 'Over there it was worse than death.'" Yes,
+and "If any man were to draw the picture of those things or to tell them
+more nakedly than I have told them, because now is not the time, nor
+this the place, no man or woman would dare to speak again of war's
+'glory,' or of 'the splendour of war,' or any of those old lying phrases
+which hide the dreadful truth." (Philip Gibbs in the _Daily Chronicle_,
+July 18, 1916.)
+
+
+THE CIVILIAN'S HATE.
+
+Yet, appalling as modern war is, there are things which some soldiers
+find worse. When I spoke to an old friend of mine about a popular print
+that disseminates hatred he said, "Whenever I see that paper it makes my
+blood run cold." Yet in one of the charges which that man had faced only
+about a quarter of his company came back. That charge was to him less
+hideous than some newspaper malice--a malice which is so often a matter
+of business. Since then my friend has given his life, and has left in
+one heart a desolation that is worse than death. But in that heart there
+is no hate, only sympathy for all the sorrow, both on this side and the
+other.
+
+Mr. Frederick Niven tells us the impressions of a wounded soldier who
+saw the Zeppelin burned at Cuffley. "What stuck in his mind was the
+roars that occurred when the airship took fire and began to come sagging
+and flaming down. 'It reminded me of what I have read of "Thumbs down"
+in the arenas of ancient Rome. It was the most terrible thing I have
+heard in my life. I've heard some cheering at the front, but this was
+different. Nothing out there had quite the same horrible sound.'" The
+difference can be explained. "These men," says Mr. Niven, "have seen the
+procession of the maimed, grey propping khaki, khaki propping grey, all
+trooping down to the dressing station." (_Daily News_, October 9, 1916.)
+
+And here is a letter from a brave young officer, since killed. "I
+drifted into the ---- Parish Church last evening to hear the organ and
+the singing. I was pushed into a pew up in the front, and so could not
+escape until the end of the service. I could have wept when I heard the
+sermon; it was a dreadful medieval picture of Heaven and Hell, and a
+dreadful curse on all the German people as being ready for 'Hell.' ...
+The whole service was as artificial as one could imagine--so heartless
+and so soulless. It made me feel so very sad that, as I said before, I
+could have wept openly. Do you think that the congregation, a large one,
+would take in and believe all that they heard from the pulpit? It seems
+too dreadful!"
+
+
+AND CIVILIAN KINDNESS.
+
+Yet even civilians, even German civilians, do not always hate.
+
+There is a better Germany, but it is only occasionally that we are
+allowed glimpses of it now, and we must go usually among unknown people,
+and read unpopular or comparatively obscure publications if we seek a
+wider range of vision. In December, 1914, Mrs. Jackson, wife of a golf
+professional, returned from Germany to Clacton-on-Sea. Her husband had
+been in the employ of the Cologne Golf Club. "Do you think," she was
+asked, "the German hatred of England is general?" "No," replied Mrs.
+Jackson. "Of course, the Germans hate England fiercely as a nation, but
+I do not think they do as individuals. Everyone treated us extremely
+well, although they knew our nationality, and my husband's employers are
+anxious for him to go back again to them when the war is finished."
+"Does Germany know the truth?" "I do not think so. We could not get any
+British newspapers, and only heard the German side of the question. I
+was quite thunderstruck when I heard England had joined in, and I am
+sure the German people were, too. The Germans are confident of victory,
+and so much is this so that some of my friends did not want me to go
+back, saying that I should be much safer where I was." I take this
+report from the _Clacton Graphic_ of February 20, 1915.
+
+Of course, there has been much kindness on this side, and much gratitude
+for it in Germany, but I confess that some things I have heard from the
+other side have given me twinges of patriotic jealousy. I should like to
+feel that my country is always first in generosity. When Chaplain
+O'Rorke walked unattended and in khaki through the streets of Burg,
+there was no offensive remark.[42] Three English ladies travelling in
+Germany in war-time tell me that they never suffered from one unpleasant
+word. Miss Littlefair tells of some anti-English demonstrations, but of
+far more kindness, and when her unpopular nationality became known in a
+railway carriage, there was no change in the friendliness of its
+occupants.[43] Again, a Canadian Chaplain has been allowed to travel
+free, and in his uniform, and to visit his men in different camps. He
+seems to have had no difficulty with the populace. As regards walks on
+parole, we hear from Crefeld, "There has been no trouble of any kind
+with the inhabitants."[44]
+
+
+SOME GERMAN NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER GERMAN COMMENTS.
+
+The _Frankfurter Zeitung_ is one of those German newspapers which has
+often at least worked for sanity in the national attitude. We may differ
+from some of its conclusions, but we must admire its stand against the
+flood of foolish, indiscriminate hate. On February 27, 1915, it asked:
+"What sense is there in German professors declaring that they will no
+longer collaborate with this or that scientific institution in
+England?... Salutations such as the celebrated 'God punish England' are
+not only fundamentally tasteless and theatrical, but are quite
+ridiculous.... We are deep in war, and we have to collect all our
+strength to beat our enemies, and especially to subdue our most
+dangerous enemy, England; but after the war must follow a peace which
+shall render possible calm and assured work. This work must be performed
+in conjunction with other peoples which we cannot exterminate." ...
+(Quoted in the _Times_, March 2, 1915.) On April 11, 1915, there
+appeared another telling little article, "English and German, according
+to Professor Sombart." The article is quietly ironical over Professor
+Sombart, who brings us before the court on the old charge, that we are a
+nation of shopkeepers. "The traders' spirit, that is Englishdom." I
+confess that as an Englishman I have always felt there was an
+uncomfortable amount of truth in this sneer. We are surely a somewhat
+stodgy, money-making people with far too little receptivity for new
+ideas. "I have long thought and preached," wrote Lord Haldane in the
+_Nation_ of August 7, 1915, "that the real problem in this country is
+the development of thought and ideas." Dr. Drill does not in his review
+concern himself with this charge. He remarks in passing that it is quite
+possible for a tradesman to be a hero and for a minister of war to be a
+tradesman, and then goes on to point out the futile absurdity of all
+such general charges. He cites an amusing attack on German culture by a
+lecturer at Bedford College. "We smile over his attack," says Dr. Drill.
+"May we not be afraid that educated Englishmen do the same about
+Professor Sombart?" The review tears the book to tatters, and the
+reviewer sums up the opinion of the thoughtful by declaring that the
+publication of such a piece of writing at this time of crisis is
+altogether scandalous. The course of journalists during this war has so
+often been down steep places that we are refreshed whenever we come,
+either in England or in Germany, upon so brave a stand for a sane view
+of the enemy. Karl Bleibtreu (as quoted in the _Daily News_, July 8,
+1915) writes in the _Koelnische Zeitung_, "Such foolish effusions as that
+of Professor Sombart's 'Traders and Heroes,' revealing no conception of
+the more profound movements of the soul, must be regarded as an error.
+The true perception is here blurred by a confusion of the British
+private character, which is worthy in every way of the highest respect,
+with the State policy which is dominated by a national megalomania." We
+are told that Bleibtreu abuses France. Well, we have known rather
+distinguished Englishmen abuse France, too. The _Frankfurter Zeitung_
+has spoken of "the really heroic bravery" of the Black Watch. The
+_Koelnische Zeitung_ reproduced a spirited article from the Austrian
+_Danzers Armee Zeitung_ in which that paper said the generous thing
+about Serbian, Belgian and Russian armies alike. This article also was a
+protest against the lower tone which has prevailed by no means only
+amongst the newspapers printed in German. The Serbians are spoken of as
+"an enemy who can hardly be surpassed in keenness and untiring energy."
+No one has any right, the article says, to abuse the Belgians who had a
+right to fight and who fought very well, notwithstanding the notoriously
+unmilitary character of their country. Of the Russians we are told, "We
+must admit that these armies are well led, excellently equipped, and
+splendidly armed.... There have been individual cases of disregard of
+the Red Cross, and one hears of occasional plunderings, but, as regards
+the majority, it is an honourable and chivalrous enemy that is facing
+us." The love of fair play is after all not confined to Englishmen, or
+to the opponents of Germany.
+
+The _Daily News_ of March 26, 1918, quotes from the _Koelnische Zeitung_,
+which writes of the British enemy as "defending himself with
+extraordinary determination and bravery.... Our men speak in terms of
+the highest praise of the attitude of the enemy. The Englishman is an
+extremely brave soldier." I confess I should be glad to read tributes of
+like generosity in certain popular newspapers on this side. The
+_Deutsche Tageszeitung_ is also quoted as saying that the British
+defended every one of their points of support determinedly and bravely,
+giving way only step by step. Again, von Ludendorff (March 27) is quoted
+as saying: "The English use and distribute their machine guns very
+cleverly," and there is something out of keeping with the attributed
+Ludendorff character in the remark: "The district over which the
+offensive has passed is pitiable."
+
+On April 4, 1918, the _Daily News_ contained the following under the
+heading, "A Respectful Greeting sent per balloon by the Germans":
+
+    In a dispatch from the front Reuter's special correspondent says
+    there is a certain sporting element in the German army, and
+    relates the following incident:
+
+    During the thick of the first clash a small balloon came
+    floating down to where our men were making a splendid
+    resistance. On being captured it was found to be carrying the
+    following message: "Good old 51st! Sticking it still! Good
+    luck!"
+
+    The 51st, which is one of the three first divisions to be named
+    in official communiques for magnificently opposing the enemy
+    hordes, is known to be regarded by the Germans as one of our
+    most formidable corps.
+
+On April 15 we read of Armentieres: "A Berlin semi-official statement
+says that despite the ever-increasing pressure of the enveloping troops
+the town held out extraordinarily bravely. Only when, by a flank
+onslaught of the German troops, envelopment to the west of the town was
+almost completed, did the remnant of the brave garrison surrender."
+
+And here is a letter from an Englishwoman in Germany (_Nation_, May 15,
+1915): "'Gott strafe England' is a 'Spruch' in great use here, and is to
+be had on rubber stamps.... School children are taught it.... This is a
+fact, but all the better-thinking people deplore it, and I wonder
+whether, if it is ever recorded in history, it will also be recorded
+that the Kaiser has now strictly forbidden it. It will die, but
+gradually. It is the idea of some silly loud-mouthed ass, and the
+people, like sheep, followed it." Professor Wrangel, a German authority
+on pedagogy, urges the avoidance of instilling hatred into the young,
+and he tells us that the Bavarian Government has instructed its teachers
+to avoid in their lessons all language insulting to the enemy. (_Daily
+Chronicle_, June 19, 1915.) In July, 1915, the _Frankfurter Zeitung_
+published a long article on the situation in England, written by a
+neutral observer. The London _Daily News_ describes it as giving "on the
+whole a fair and conscientious presentation of facts." The article
+points out that the average Englishman regards the war as a war of
+defence (just as the average German does). The article warmly praises
+England for the way in which it won the loyalty of the Boer Republics.
+
+In the _Montag_ (the Monday edition of the Berlin _Lokalanzeiger_) Herr
+E. Zimmermann stoutly defended actions of both neutrals and enemies that
+the more biased in Germany had condemned. "Reproach levelled against
+America for supplying war material to our enemies is unjust. Germany
+herself, at the Hague Conference, caused the rejection of the proposal
+to prohibit the supply of war material to belligerents by neutral
+countries. Only the prohibition of supply of war material by the
+Governments of neutral States exists, while private industry is free to
+act as it likes. So far America, as a State, has supplied no war
+material." In his attitude towards America, says Herr Zimmermann, the
+Imperial Chancellor "need take no notice of those ferocious heroes who
+take care to keep themselves at a distance from the hail of bullets in
+safe retreat...." We know something of those ferocious heroes on this
+side too.
+
+Again, "I cannot share in the political sentimentality which represents
+England's attempt to starve us into submission as an exceedingly mean
+thing. I cannot share in it because it would have been a pleasure to me
+if I could apply with success the same war tactics to England. We must
+not forget that it is not really a question of actually starving to
+death tens of millions of men and women, but only of constraining them
+to lay down their arms."
+
+Sir Edwin Pears writes in the _Sunday Times_ of October 10, 1915:
+
+    The _Frankfurter Zeitung_ has been allowed to publish a
+    statement which not unfairly represents the situation. It says
+    that the Greek crisis raises the question: "Who is the stronger?
+    The King with the General Staff and the great part of the Army,
+    or Venizelos and the Cabinet who embody the will of the country
+    as represented in the Chamber?"
+
+This is a singularly fair and frank statement of the facts of the
+crisis, as they at first presented themselves. The _Frankfurter Zeitung_
+is no doubt distinguished for the reasonableness of its outlook, but I
+think that anyone reading the better German newspapers must (in the days
+when they were available) have felt a little prick of wounded pride when
+he compared them with our own. The _Koelnische Zeitung_ is, for instance,
+like all belligerent newspapers, ridiculously biased; but in the earlier
+days, when I was able to see it, I did not find gross misrepresentation
+or absurd hate. The "not very tasteful 'Gott strafe England'" has given
+the English a new word, one writer remarks (Sept. 21, 1915). Naturally,
+American testimony favourable to Germany is exclusively quoted, just as
+in this country we quoted exclusively that favourable to the Entente.
+And some space was given to the utterances of such men as Sven Hedin and
+Bjoern Bjoernson, who, as neutral observers, had formed a high opinion of
+the way that German character was meeting the crisis. There was not,
+however, so much of the curious sanctimonious malice which has
+disfigured some of the well-known English papers.[45]
+
+
+SCHOOL-BOOKS.
+
+If children are to be told of the war at all, the central duty of any
+teacher should surely be to avoid stimulating those feelings of hatred
+which might obscure the chances of future peace. On the whole, the
+German school-books I have before me seem to fulfil this duty, or at
+least to aim at fulfilling it.[46] There are, of course, many stories of
+the achievements and the courage of the German soldiers. All peoples
+have dwelt on physical courage in too primitive a way. But these books
+scarcely encourage hate. A letter from France tells how German soldiers
+tried to help the starving people. The writer is very obviously sincere.
+"In one village near our fortifications the people were crying with
+hunger. It was woeful. I gave them all the bread I had. The children
+were always asking for more, and kissed our hands. That moved us all
+greatly. Naturally we told the Commandant." As a result, twelve women
+were allowed to pass through the lines blindfolded to fetch food from
+----. This story is not one to encourage hate, and again and again there
+are stories of German sympathy with the enemy.
+
+A sad account of incidents of the Russian invasion begins: "Of course,
+not all Russians are barbarians, most of the misdeeds are due to the
+Cossacks." (I could not help on reading this calling to mind some of the
+wilder anti-German outbursts. An official in a rather responsible
+position said to me that he could not see "a single redeeming feature in
+any one of them." It was a childish outburst, but childishness in a
+position of authority becomes cruelty.) A story one German school-book
+tells of a wounded Belgian sounds only the note of pity, and there is a
+wonderful little picture of a wounded German's suspicion of a wounded
+Russian. The story is finely told, but I cannot reproduce it all here.
+The Russian is in pain and thirst, the wounded German hesitates between
+suspicion and pity, but pity gets the upper hand, and he crawls with his
+water bottle to the Russian. Later, as he lies helpless, his fears are
+aroused by seeing the Russian fumble with something in his breast. Is it
+a revolver? The wounded German, overstrained with suffering, waits in
+terror, but the Russian dies before his hand can bring out what it
+sought. When the stretcher bearers come the German asks the leader to
+look for the revolver which he feared the Russian was trying to get out.
+The leader goes to look. He brings back what the Russian's dying hand
+was seeking. No revolver, but the portrait of his mother. This rebuke of
+hatred and suspicion would live in a child's mind for long.
+
+The effects of the anti-German outbursts can be traced even in these
+books. When an officer finds the Sisters of a nunnery in want, his ready
+help is accompanied by the words: "This little kindness is the act of
+German barbarians, who refuse all thanks. As long as we are here, each
+barbarian soldier will give up a little, so that you may have their
+savings every three days, and then you will have plenty.... Enjoy it,
+and be as happy as you can."
+
+
+BELGIUM AND WAR AIMS.
+
+Professor Martin-Rade of Marburg University is a Protestant Liberal
+Theologian and a man well known in his own country on account of his
+literary and political activities. He writes as follows in the
+_Christliche Welt_, a widely-circulated magazine of which he is the
+editor: "I can only deplore the manner in which the Chancellor in his
+speech ... has treated the question of neutral countries, for there was
+no need for him to have recourse to the proverb, 'Necessity knows no
+law.' With that proverb I cannot convince these who behold in the
+existence of neutral States a triumph of the rights of man. That is why
+it is a pity--for which it is hard indeed to make reparation--that the
+German Empire should not have abstained altogether, at the very outset,
+from the sin ... which it has committed against Belgium. Whoever accuses
+my view of being unpatriotic I challenge, by whatever test he likes, to
+show that he loves his Fatherland better than I do." (From a letter in
+the _Nation_, November 28, 1914.)
+
+Again, as early as December, 1914, at a meeting of the Socialist Party
+in the Reichstag a resolution was proposed in favour of (_a_) the
+evacuation of Belgium, and (_b_) the setting up of plebiscites in
+Schleswig and Alsace-Lorraine to determine the future government of
+those districts. It was defeated, but twenty four members voted for it.
+(_Nation_, January 23, 1915.) To estimate the full value of this we
+must try to envisage the state of mind of a nation at war. This is
+notoriously difficult. We cannot picture our _own_ state of mind,
+because it is obviously impossible at one and the same time to be
+intensely moved and to picture this emotion without emotional bias. And
+our bias renders us perhaps equally incapable of envisaging the mind of
+the enemy. It will be necessary therefore somewhat wilfully to
+exaggerate an analogy in order to see how Germans may feel. Let us
+conceive, then, twenty-four members of the House of Commons proposing
+(in the midst of the war) (_a_) the raising of all blockade restrictions
+against neutrals, the evacuation of all neutral territories (whether
+Grecian or Persian), and (_b_) the setting up of plebiscites in Ireland,
+India and Egypt, to determine the future governments of those districts.
+I can imagine somewhat heated or contemptuous treatment of this
+comparison. Just so: the Germans are heated too, and they no longer see
+clearly. And we must never forget that they have had long training in
+obedience to government. There are not wanting English politicians who
+would like to see similar training introduced here. It leads however to
+the hypnotic response of which Colonel Maude has written interestingly
+in his "War and the World's Life." The Government in Germany called for
+the defence of the Fatherland, the Government declared the invasion of
+Belgium as unavoidable. The hypnotic response followed, but at least
+twenty-four members of the national legislature woke from the trance and
+_thought_. I have attempted in my comparison only to suggest how much
+independence, how much cutting of bonds and attachments that thought
+required. I press the analogy no further. What is noticeable is that
+this thought, voiced so early and unmistakably, has been gaining wider
+and wider utterance. It appears that in December, 1914, Herr Haase,
+speaking in the Reichstag for the Social Democrats, declared that the
+party were unanimously of opinion that the facts which had come to
+light since the beginning of the war were not sufficient evidence for
+them to adopt the Imperial Chancellor's view that the violation of the
+neutrality of Luxemburg and Belgium was justified by military reasons.
+The party had come to the conclusion and had agreed that the violation
+of Luxemburg and Belgium must be regarded as a violation of justice. The
+above declaration seems to have been suppressed in the German papers. It
+reached the _Labour Leader_ from Holland.
+
+
+AGAINST ANNEXATION.
+
+We have all of us read the celebrated manifesto issued by the National
+Executive of the German Social Democratic Party which the _Vorwaerts_ was
+suppressed for publishing. Let us remind ourselves of a few passages in
+that document. It was issued in June, 1915. "When in recent years the
+threatening clouds of war gathered on the political horizon, the German
+Socialists stood with all their strength up to the last hour, for the
+preservation of peace. To the misfortune of the peoples, the Socialists
+in all countries were not yet strong enough to hold back the terrible
+fate which has come upon Europe. The torch of war flared up sharply and
+set the whole world on fire.
+
+"When the Cossacks of the Tsar passed over the frontiers, plundering and
+burning, the German Socialists proved true to the word which their
+leaders had given to the German people. They put themselves at the
+service of their country and voted the means for its defence....
+
+"The Parliamentary Party and the Party Executive have always unanimously
+opposed the policy of conquests and of annexations. We raise once more
+the sharpest protests against all attempts to secure the annexation of
+foreign territories and the violation of the rights of other peoples,
+particularly as they have been expressed in the demands of great
+Capitalist Federations and in the speeches of leading capitalist
+politicians. To make such attempts delays more than ever the peace which
+is strongly desired by the whole people. _The people do not want any
+annexations. The people want peace._--THE EXECUTIVE OF THE SOCIAL
+DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF GERMANY. June 23, 1915, Berlin."
+
+When we remember that the Social Democrats of Germany number about four
+millions,[47] the importance of this manifesto becomes clearer. It is a
+tremendous fact. The loud-voiced threats of crushing, boycott, etc., by
+influential sections on this side have been one of the greatest
+hindrances to the Social Democrats, and one of the greatest aids to
+German militarists.
+
+We heard much in 1915 of the "annexation split" in Germany. The
+Delbrueck-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial represented, to my thinking, nothing
+strange, or new, or abnormal, but rather the voice of natural and normal
+Germany making itself heard again amidst the clamour of foolish hatred
+and silly bombast in which present-day crises seem always to involve the
+contending nations. "Germany did not enter the war with the idea of
+annexation"--thus the Memorial opens. It is easy to scoff at this
+statement, because it is always easier in a crisis to be swayed entirely
+by bias. Frankly, as regards _Germany_, that is (if this word is to have
+any meaning), as regards the mass of the German people, I believe this
+statement to be true. Whatever the militarist and commercial schemers
+may have contrived, Germany as a whole did not enter the war with the
+idea of annexation, but, as the Memorial goes on, "in order to preserve
+its existence, threatened by the enemy coalition against its national
+unity and its progressive development. In concluding peace, Germany
+cannot pursue anything that does not serve these objects." Who were the
+signatories to this Memorial? Amongst the 82 names are those of
+Professor Hans Delbrueck, Dr. Dernburg (the ex-Minister), Professor
+Adolf von Harnack (the theologian and General Director of the Royal
+Library at Berlin), Theodore Wolff (Editor of the _Berliner Tageblatt_),
+Dr. Oppenheim (who holds an important position in the dye industries),
+Carl Permet (Judge of the Berlin Commercial Courts), Prince von
+Hatzfeld, Franz von Mendelsohn (President of the Berlin Chamber of
+Commerce), Prince Donnersmarck, Count von Leyden (ex-ambassador), Dr.
+August Stein (Editor of the _Frankfurter Zeitung_), Major von Parseval
+(the designer of the famous airship). These are representative names.
+They stand, I think, with the Social Democrats for the real Germany.
+
+The _Berliner Tageblatt_ has returned again and again to the charge.
+Here, for instance, is an extract from an article by Herr Theodore Wolff
+as given in the _Daily News_ of February 4, 1916:
+
+    Since August 4, 1914, the Belgian question has been withdrawn
+    from public discussion, and only the advocates of a boundless
+    policy of grab are now and again impelled by their temperament
+    to throw off all restraint. Because these voices are alone
+    audible, the Paris papers and those Belgian papers which are
+    published in London are able constantly to din into the ears of
+    the war-weary Belgians and the world at large that Belgium has
+    only the choice between the continuation of the war and complete
+    destruction. In this way, by asserting that in Germany at most
+    only a few Socialists and pacifists without influence are
+    opposed to the policy of annexation, they succeed in stifling
+    again and again any aspiration towards peace. It is therefore
+    necessary and useful at least to proclaim from time to time that
+    this assertion, as will be demonstrated on the very first day
+    when free discussion is allowed, is absolutely incorrect.[48]
+
+
+GERMANY AND CONTRACTS.
+
+The real German is not simply a brute, though the brute lies perdu in
+every civilised man. Mr. Herbert Hoover, formerly Chairman of the
+Commission of Relief in Belgium, said, "The German authorities place no
+obstruction in the way of relief, and, as far as can be ascertained, not
+one loaf of bread or one spoonful of salt supplied by the Relief
+Commission has been taken by the Germans." (_Times_, c. December 6,
+1914).
+
+It has often been said in this country that according to German rules
+contracts with enemy subjects are cancelled by the mere fact of war. The
+_Koelnische Zeitung_ published a legal opinion disposing of this
+statement. No law to this effect exists, and none has been enacted.
+"Only the right of enemies to secure enforcement of contracts by means
+of legal process has been curtailed. Moreover, the making of payments to
+England, France or Russia has been prohibited. But these last-named
+prohibitions presuppose the legal validity of the contracts themselves,
+since they declare the payments due under them to be merely postponed."
+(_Daily News_, August 20, 1915.)
+
+An old friend of mine was in process of negotiating patent rights in
+Germany for an invention of his at the time that war broke out. He was
+allowed to complete the claim to the patent, and it was granted him
+after Germany and Britain were at war.
+
+
+"FRIGHTFULNESS."
+
+Not every one in Germany is obsessed with a conviction of the efficacy
+of "frightfulness." This is plain from the fact that the _Frankfurter
+Zeitung_ published articles from its neutral correspondent in England
+which point out that each phase of frightfulness had precisely the
+opposite effect of that which was intended. The bombardments of coast
+towns, the use of asphyxiating gases, the sinking of the Lusitania all
+led, he remarks, to increased recruiting and intensified war feeling.
+Each act of frightfulness has of course been represented to the German
+public in a very different light from that in which it has been
+presented to us,[49] and it is therefore the more striking that so
+influential a newspaper should publish such an opinion. When the
+Lusitania was sunk, both the _Berliner Tageblatt_ and the _Vorwaerts_
+maintained an absolute silence, and these are the two most influential
+organs in Berlin.
+
+
+THE BROTHERHOOD OF ENEMIES.
+
+The soldier's attitude is often that of Captain Ball, the boy who did
+such wonders in the air fight:--
+
+    I attacked two Albatross scouts and crashed them, killing the
+    pilots. In the end I was brought down, but am quite O.K. Oh, it
+    was a good fight, and the Huns were fine sports. One tried to
+    ram me after he was hit, and only missed by inches. Am indeed
+    looked after by God, but oh! I do get tired of always living to
+    kill and am really beginning to feel like a murderer. Shall be
+    so pleased when I have finished.
+
+Quoted in the _Daily News_, May 7, 1918. Captain Ball has finished the
+killing in the only way boys can finish the killing now, for he is dead.
+The last words, _Requiescat in pace_, have a new poignancy in days when
+children are growing up who have never known peace.
+
+Yet underneath all the wild recriminations prompted by fear and hate,
+there is brotherhood. For at the worst what do all these charges mean?
+That a few foolish men without vision have slipped into power and direct
+the great beast-machine that kills. That Frankenstein is apt at all
+times to wild, primitive cruelty. What may it be when foolish, hard
+theorists are its masters? Yet, for all that, the people out of whom
+Frankensteins are made are of one flesh, are all brothers, all parts of
+the great Life which some call God. Now and then, amidst their fiercest
+fighting, this becomes plain. It sometimes seems as if the main concern
+of rulers were to prevent any permanent realisation of this truth; for
+if the peoples should realise their oneness, war would cease, and there
+is nothing that stops awkward questions as war does. Yet some day these
+awkward questions will be asked again, I hope, and Hans and Jack and
+Francois and Ivan may come to realise their brotherhood. Let us remind
+ourselves how now and then they can realise this even in war. "Who will
+not recall in this connection," writes Prince Eugene Troubetzky in the
+_Hibbert_ (July, 1915), "the touching description of the Christmas
+festival in the trenches, when the Germans, hearing the English singing
+their hymns, went out to meet them and heartily shook their enemies by
+the hand? Similar scenes have occurred more than once between the
+Russians and the Germans. At the present moment there lies before me the
+letter of a Russian soldier which refers to them: 'What I am going to
+tell you,' he says, 'is a true miracle.' The 'miracle' which had so
+appealed to his imagination was that, during an armistice, there were
+'handshakes and hearty acclamations on both sides, to which no
+description could do justice.' ... From the very heart of war there
+issues this mighty protest of life against the destructive force of
+death. But whenever life asserts itself, its object is always to
+re-establish a living unity. The more violently unity is threatened by
+war, or by the mutual hate which would tear it asunder, the more
+powerful becomes the answer of this spiritual force in its effort to
+re-establish the integrity of mankind. In this we have the explanation
+of a fact, which at first sight seems incredible, that in time of war
+the perception of the universal solidarity of mankind reaches a degree
+of elevation which would hardly be possible in time of peace."
+
+"On Christmas Eve," writes a member of the London Rifle Brigade, "the
+Germans burned coloured lights and candles along the top of their
+trenches, and on Christmas Day a football match was played between them
+and us in front of the trench. They even allowed us to bury all our dead
+lying in front, and some of them, with hats in hand, brought in some of
+our dead officers from behind their trench, so that we could bury them
+decently. They were really magnificent in the whole thing, and jolly
+good sorts. I have now a very different opinion of the German. Both
+sides have started the firing, and are already enemies again. Strange it
+all seems, doesn't it?" (_Nation_, January 2, 1915.)
+
+"These Germans were enduring the same hardships, and the same squalor.
+There was only pity for them and a sense of comradeship, as of men
+forced by the cruel gods to be tortured by fate. This sense of
+comradeship reached strange lengths at Christmas, and on other days.
+Truces were established and men who had been engaged in trying to kill
+each other came out of opposite trenches and fraternised. They took
+photographs of mixed groups of Germans and English, arm-in-arm. They
+exchanged cigarettes, and patted each other on the shoulder, and cursed
+the war.... The war had become the most tragic farce in the world. The
+frightful senselessness of it was apparent when the enemies of two
+nations fighting to the death stood in the grey mist together and liked
+each other. They did not want to kill each other, these Saxons of the
+same race and blood, so like each other in physical appearance, and with
+the same human qualities.... The monstrous absurdity of war, this
+devil's jest, stood revealed nakedly by those little groups of men
+standing together in the mists of Flanders.... It became so apparent
+that army orders had to be issued stopping such truces."
+
+It is only by artificial stimulus, by artificially made ignorance, that
+war can be kept going in these days. By which I do not mean to imply
+that commanders and leaders are wilfully cruel men; but the leaders on
+each side are afraid lest _their_ men should give up fighting first. To
+be the first to acknowledge brotherhood seems like being the first to
+give in, and actually does foreshadow serious dangers. And yet the time
+will come when we shall have to face danger for the sake of brotherhood,
+as we do now for the sake of self-assertion. The orders to avoid
+friendship with the enemy were, even in these circumstances, not always
+obeyed. "For months after German and British soldiers in neighbouring
+trenches fixed up secret treaties by which they fired at fixed targets
+at stated periods to keep up appearances and then strolled about in
+safety, sure of each other's loyalty." (Gibbs, "The Soul of the War," p.
+351.) Prisoners were sent back to their own trenches, and sometimes went
+with great reluctance.
+
+
+WOUNDED.
+
+"He told me how on the night he had his own wound French and German
+soldiers talked together by light of the moon, which shed its pale light
+upon all those prostrate men, making their faces look very white. He
+heard the murmurs of their voices about him, and the groans of the
+dying, rising to hideous anguish as men were tortured by ghastly wounds
+and broken limbs. In that night enmity was forgotten by those who had
+fought like beasts and now lay together. A French soldier gave his
+water-bottle to a German officer who was crying out with thirst. The
+German sipped a little and then kissed the hand of the man who had been
+his enemy. 'There will be no war on the other side,' he said. Another
+Frenchman--who came from Montmartre--found lying within a yard of him a
+Luxembourgeois whom he had known as his _chasseur_ in a big hotel in
+Paris. The young German wept to see his old acquaintance. 'It is
+stupid,' he said, 'this war. You and I were happy when we were good
+friends in Paris. Why should we have been made to fight with each
+other?' He died with his arms round the neck of the soldier, who told
+me the story unashamed of his own tears." (Gibbs, l.c. p. 282) "At one
+spot where there had been a fierce hand-to-hand fight, there were
+indications that the combatants when wounded had shared their water
+bottles." (_Sheffield Telegraph_, November 14, 1914.)
+
+The following letter must not be forgotten. It was found at the side of
+a dead French cavalry officer: "There are two other men lying near me,
+and I do not think there is much hope for them either. One is an officer
+of a Scottish regiment, and the other is a private in the Uhlans. They
+were struck down after me, and when I came to myself, I found them
+bending over me, rendering first aid. The Britisher was pouring water
+down my throat from his flask, while the German was endeavouring to
+staunch my wound with an anti-septic preparation served out to them by
+their medical corps. The Highlander had one of his legs shattered, and
+the German had several pieces of shrapnel buried in his side. In spite
+of their own suffering they were trying to help me, and when I was fully
+conscious again, the German gave us a morphia injection and took one
+himself. His medical corps had also provided him with the injection and
+the needle, together with printed instructions for its use. After the
+injection, feeling wonderfully at ease, we spoke of the lives we had
+lived before the war. We all spoke English, and we talked of the women
+we had left at home. Both the German and the Britisher had only been
+married a year. I wondered, and I suppose the others did, why we had
+fought each other at all...." (_Daily Citizen_, December 21, 1914.
+Quoted in Edward Carpenter's "The Healing of Nations," p. 261.)
+
+
+MORE CHRISTMAS INCIDENTS.
+
+Let us take one or two more of the Christmas experiences as quoted by
+Mr. Edward Carpenter, in his book, "The Healing of Nations": "Last night
+(Christmas Eve) was the weirdest stunt I have ever seen. All day the
+Germans had been sniping industriously, with some success, but after
+sunset they started singing, and we replied with carols. Then they
+shouted, 'Happy Christmas!' to us, and some of us replied in German. It
+was a topping moonlight night, and we carried on long conversations, and
+kept singing to each other and cheering. Later they asked us to send one
+man out to the middle, between the trenches, with a cake, and they would
+give us a bottle of wine. Hunt went out, and five of them came out and
+gave him the wine, cigarettes and cigars. After that you could hear them
+for a long time calling from half-way, 'Englishman, kom hier.' So one or
+two more of our chaps went out and exchanged cigarettes, etc., and they
+all seemed decent fellows."
+
+Again. "We had quite a sing-song last night (Christmas Eve). The Germans
+gave a song, and then our chaps gave them one in return. A German that
+could speak English, and some others, came right up to our trenches, and
+we gave them cigarettes and papers to read, as they never get any news,
+and then we let them walk back to their own trenches. Then our chaps
+went over to their trenches, and they let them come back all right.
+About five o'clock on Christmas Eve one of them shouted across and told
+us that if we did not fire on them they would not open fire on us, and
+so the officers agreed. About twenty of them came up all at once and
+started chatting away to our chaps like old chums, and neither side
+attempted to shoot." Another soldier relates how his comrades and the
+Saxons opposed to them sang and shouted to each other through the night.
+He goes on, "When daylight came, two of our fellows, at the invitation
+of the enemy, left the trenches, met half-way and drank together. That
+completed it. They said they would not fire, if we did not; so after
+that we strolled about talking to each other."
+
+On Christmas morning, elsewhere. "We mixed together, played
+mouth-organs and took part in dances. My word! The Germans can't half
+sing part songs! We exchanged addresses and souvenirs, and when the time
+came we shook hands and saluted each other, returning to our trenches. I
+went up into the trenches on Christmas night. One wouldn't have thought
+there was a war going on. All day our soldiers and the Germans were
+talking and singing half-way between the opposing trenches. The space
+was filled with English and Germans handing one another cigars. At night
+we sang carols." Another records how souvenirs and food were exchanged,
+and how jollification and football were indulged in with the Germans.
+But "next day we got an order that all communication and friendly
+intercourse must cease." The Germans had said frankly they were tired of
+the war, the English soldiers wished to be their friends, but far away
+were a few elderly men who wanted the fighting to go on.
+
+Into what depths the need of exacerbating hate may lead one is shown by
+the following extract from a telegram headed, "British Headquarters,
+France," which I take from the _Daily News_ of December 23, 1915:
+
+    No doubt the Bosches will have plenty of Christmas trees, as
+    they did last year, but, without attaching too much credence to
+    the reports of an increasing difficulty in maintaining their
+    rations. I think it is quite safe to say that they will fare
+    very much more frugally than our own men. But may not their own
+    consciousness of the fact result in an outburst of "strafing?"
+    The principle that the next best thing to not getting well
+    served yourself is to spoil the other fellow's enjoyment is a
+    good sound Hunnish axiom. There will certainly be no amenities
+    nor anything in the nature of a truce so far as the British are
+    concerned. All ranks are bidden to remember that war is war and
+    that the Germans invariably have some sinister motive in all
+    they do, especially under the guise of a gush of friendly
+    sentiment.--Reuter.
+
+The last sentences must surely, in any generous heart (if the moral
+destruction of war has left us such), produce a feeling of acute shame.
+In all the multitude of truces that occurred at Christmas, 1914, I have
+not seen a single case of German treachery reported. What is it that is
+feared in the truce? "In some places," said a German officer, "we have
+had to change our men several times. They get too damn friendly."[50]
+"If we don't take care," said an English officer that Christmas, "there
+will be a permanent peace without generals or c.o.'s having a say in the
+matter." Is that thought really more terrible than the thought of
+unnumbered shattered bodies and hopeless hearts?
+
+How ineffectual so far are all European attempts at democracy! Carlyle's
+satire about the thirty men of Dumdrudge called out, they know not why,
+to kill thirty men from a Dumdrudge elsewhere is not referred to in
+these days; but it still expresses the essential absurdity of wars.
+
+Here is an extract from the _Labour Leader_ of August 19, 1915:
+
+    My friend must not be identified. But here is an incident he
+    told me I can safely relate. During the unauthorised Christmas
+    truce of eight months ago so chummy did a British officer and a
+    Saxon officer become that the Saxon officer gave his enemy "an
+    invitation to visit him in Germany at the end of the war," and
+    "stay as long as you like," he added. The British officer is
+    still carrying the address in his pocket in the hope that one
+    day he may be able to accept the invitation.
+
+The _Labour Leader_ is much disliked by the orthodox of England, as is
+the _Vorwaerts_ by the orthodox of Germany. It seems to me that both may
+be rendering a fine service to the cause of humanity, and one may surely
+say this without implying complete agreement with the opinions or the
+policy of either.
+
+
+WOUNDED ENEMIES.
+
+Writing home to his mother in Somerset, a member of the R.A.M.C. says:
+"You will find inside a German button for a souvenir. It was given me
+by a wounded German prisoner. After he had had his wound dressed, he
+pointed to his buttons and made signs for me to cut one off. He hardly
+knew how to thank us after he had finished his tea, and his eyes gleamed
+with gratitude as he looked around at us." (_Daily News_, August 26,
+1915.)
+
+From a private letter: "The following is first hand, and of interest.
+Dr. S. lectures on first aid to C.'s squad. During the course of a
+lecture on the heart he referred to a visit paid to the local hospital.
+In the hospital was a man who had been a prisoner in Germany. Dr. S.
+asked the man about his treatment. In the course of the talk the man
+said that if he had his choice he would prefer to be in a German
+hospital! Dr. S. smiled when he related this. 'This is not the kind of
+statement,' he said, 'that is published in the newspapers!'"
+
+There comes into my mind the photograph of a British prisoner in a
+German camp. The boy's mother was delighted to see him looking so well.
+The photograph was the more striking as the lad was wounded in the
+stomach at the time he was taken prisoner.
+
+From a private letter: "My nephew was in the Canadians and was wounded
+in the spine in a recent advance.... He was brought back to London,
+where I saw him, and he died in hospital shortly after. He told me
+himself all about it. He lay for several hours after being wounded,
+unable of course to move. When the ambulance came up, the stretcher
+bearers were Germans--prisoners of war. They saw he was cold and took
+off their own coats and wrapped him up. All the while they were under
+fire from the British guns.[51] One of them was wounded in the arm by
+shrapnel as they were carrying him, but he kept his hold. He called to
+his mate to let down the stretcher, but till it was on the ground, he
+never flinched. My nephew knew what this meant, and as he thought of
+what had been done for him by an 'enemy' his face lighted up, as he
+said, 'That man is a hero!' And he added, 'We don't feel hard towards
+them at the front.'"
+
+Again, a wounded soldier who had been prisoner in Germany says: "I could
+not have been better treated, and I know ninety companions who say the
+same. But this is not the sort of story the newspapers want." People
+very generally do not like to hear good of an enemy. In war-time this
+very human objection may become an important cause of continued strife.
+(cf., p. 108.)
+
+In the following, Philip Gibbs tells of a German doctor who tended
+friend and foe alike. "A number of Germans ... --about 250 of
+them--stayed in the dug-outs, without food and water, while our shells
+made a fury above them and smashed up the ground. They had a German
+doctor there, a giant of a man with a great heart, who had put his
+first-aid dressing station in the second line trench, and attended to
+the wounds of the men until our bombardment intensified so that no man
+could live there.
+
+"He took the wounded down to a dug-out--those who had not been carried
+back--and stayed there expecting death. But then, as he told me to-day,
+at about eleven o'clock this morning the shells ceased to scream and
+roar above-ground, and after a sudden silence he heard the noise of
+British troops. He went up to the entrance of his dug-out and said to
+some English soldiers who came up with fixed bayonets, 'My friends, I
+surrender.' Afterwards he helped to tend our own wounded, and did very
+good work for us under the fire of his own guns, which had now turned
+upon this position." (_Daily Chronicle_, July 5, 1916.)
+
+It must be easy to tell bad stories of every furious fight, but the
+right spirit is surely that shown by Mr. Gibbs in another despatch
+(_Daily Chronicle_, July 7, 1916): "The enemy behaved well, I am told,
+to our wounded men at some parts of the line, and helped them over the
+parapets. This makes us loth to tell other stories not so good."
+
+Again, on July 21, 1916: "It was the turn of the stretcher-bearers, and
+they worked with great courage. And here one must pay a tribute to the
+enemy. 'We had white men against us,' said one of the officers, 'and
+they let us get in our wounded without hindrance as soon as the fight
+was over.'"
+
+"'This war!' said a German doctor, 'We go on killing each other to no
+purpose.'" (_Daily Chronicle_, July 5, 1916.)
+
+And on this side:
+
+    The wife of a petty officer described to me the arrival of the
+    first batch of wounded. It happened that these were chiefly
+    Germans. "I thought I wouldn't care so long as I didn't see our
+    poor boys carried up," she said, "but when I saw them, Germans
+    or not, I couldn't help crying." I gathered that the sight of
+    the sufferers swept away every feeling but sympathy amongst the
+    onlookers. She told me of the funerals to the little churchyard
+    outside the barracks, and of the "loneliness" of the dead
+    Germans. She had wept by those nameless graves, thinking of
+    those that belonged to these strangers.--Louie Bennett in the
+    _Labour Leader_.
+
+I remember a Cockney boy of fifteen telling me how at Southend he had
+gone for fun to see wounded Germans brought ashore. But the fun died out
+in his heart at the reality, and he ran away.
+
+The little incident I will next mention has special charm because of the
+beautiful spirit shown by every one concerned. A wounded German, Albert
+Dill, lay in hospital here. He was asked by a visitor if there was
+anything that he specially wished for. He answered. "Flowers for the
+dear English nurse, more than anything else." The flowers were sent and
+his letter of gratitude is touching. There were far more than he
+expected, he said, and his joy was the greater. "The pleasure of the
+nurses and the doctors too was great when they saw this rich gift of
+flowers (diese reiche Blumenspende).... This day will often remind me of
+the good and self-sacrificing nursing that I have had here in this
+hospital." And the "dear English nurse" writes: "The flowers you sent at
+the request of Albert Dill were indeed most beautiful.... I have been
+nursing the German patients for a considerable time, and their gratitude
+has always been most marked. We sincerely hope that while carrying out
+our duties we have been able to relieve their sufferings, and have
+perhaps helped them to bear the misfortunes of war a little more
+patiently." This little incident is surely the greatest of victories,
+for it is a victory of the spirit.
+
+Nurse Kathleen Cambridge, who was near Mons at the time of the British
+retreat, spoke as follows of some of her experiences (_Daily News_,
+January 8, 1916):
+
+    After the battle I was very pleased to be of assistance to the
+    wounded, for whom my mother and I had arranged an ambulance. It
+    was at four o'clock that I saw the first party of British
+    prisoners being marched through from Mons to Brussels. A halt
+    was called just outside the Chateau. The Germans were very kind
+    at that time and offered their prisoners cigarettes and gave
+    them water from their bottles.
+
+    Two men, exhausted by terrible wounds, dropped into the ditch.
+    The baron went off to ask if we could be of assistance, and the
+    German doctor told him that he would be grateful for any help,
+    as he had to get on to Brussels and could not wait. The two men
+    were brought into the chateau. We did all we could for them, and
+    gradually, after some weeks, they recovered.
+
+Neglect and honourable conduct are both recorded in the next cutting
+from the _Manchester Guardian_ (September 17, 1917).
+
+    A Scotsman wounded at La Bassee had lain for eight days in a
+    German dug-out which our troops had captured and from which they
+    had been driven. One party of Germans peering into the darkness
+    had bombed him, and added one or two slight wounds to the
+    twenty-two he already possessed. He managed to signal to the
+    second bombing party some days later, and was carried away to
+    the field hospital, where hundreds of wounded Germans were
+    lying. Here he was found by a young German engineer who had
+    spent years in Glasgow and Liverpool. "Hullo, Jock," the man
+    said kindly, "pretty bad, aren't you? I'll fetch a doctor for
+    you."
+
+    He did so, and the wounds were roughly dressed. Nothing more was
+    done for eight days, when the Scot managed to attract the
+    attention of some visiting officer to the fact that his wounds
+    were in a dreadful condition, septic and suppurating.
+
+    "He was furious," said the Scot: "made no end of a row about it,
+    and I was attended to at once. I have nothing to complain of
+    about my treatment when in hospital in Germany."
+
+From the _Daily News_, April 16, 1918:
+
+    Here is a story vouched for by a young soldier now in hospital
+    in the North of England:--"I was shot in both legs during the
+    recent fighting. As I lay, helpless and almost hopeless, for our
+    lads had been pressed back, a German officer, also wounded,
+    crawled up to me. He spoke English fluently, and it turned out
+    that he had once worked in the town from which I come. When I
+    told him I was the last of the family left to my widowed mother,
+    and that I feared it would settle her when she heard I had gone
+    too, he said: 'All right, old chap; we'll see what can be done.'
+    As soon as it was quite dark he got me to pull myself on to his
+    back. In this way he crawled to within earshot of our outposts,
+    and only left me and dragged himself in the direction of his own
+    lines when he knew my cry had been heard."
+
+From the same paper of April 11, 1918, I take the story told by a naval
+prisoner exchanged through Switzerland:
+
+    The sailor had one eye blown out and the other temporarily
+    damaged by a shell in a concentrated fire which sank his
+    destroyer in the battle of Jutland. He was picked up by an
+    already overcrowded British boat after swimming about for an
+    hour almost blind. Then a German destroyer ran alongside and
+    took aboard the whole boatload.
+
+    The voice of an officer hailed from the deck: "Don't forget the
+    British way, lads, wounded first." "He spoke such good English
+    that I took him for a Scottie," said my informant, "and I
+    thought it was a British destroyer that had picked us up. I was
+    hauled aboard, and I saw him look at my face and turn away.
+    'What's the matter, Jock?' I said. 'I'm not a Jock,' says he,
+    'I'm one of the Huns.' 'What, ain't this a British ship?' says
+    I. 'Throw me back into the sea, and let me take the chance of
+    being picked up by one of ours.' 'It can't be done, sonny,' he
+    says. 'You've got to go to Germany. But you'll be exchanged all
+    right. You're disabled.' It seems he had a relative in London,
+    and knew England well. All the time British ships were chasing
+    us and shelling us; and he hung a lifebelt near me, and said:
+    'If the British Fleet sink us that will give you a bit of a
+    chance yet.'"
+
+The following is from _Lloyd's News_, May 12, 1918, under the heading of
+"Back from the dead":
+
+    Three years ago a Twickenham resident, Mrs. Maunders, received
+    official news from the War Office that her husband, one of "The
+    Old Contemptibles," had been killed in action.
+
+    Thrown on her own resources, and having a small family to keep,
+    she struggled on, and a very good offer of marriage came along
+    and was accepted. A few days before the wedding a letter came
+    from the supposed dead husband, stating that he was badly
+    wounded and left for dead on the battlefield, but was found by
+    the enemy and nursed back to health.
+
+The following is from a private letter: "I am happy to be able to tell
+you that through the German Flying Corps dropping a message, we heard of
+[my son's] safety early in July. He writes to us and appears to be well
+and comfortable.... He was shot through the neck. He has happily quite
+recovered after being about four weeks in hospital. He has spoken only
+of kindness and attention from doctors and nurses."
+
+Again: "As you have probably heard by now, I am a wounded prisoner of
+war.... I myself got my shoulder rather badly smashed up by a machine
+gun which knocked me out, and I lay in a shell hole for about ten hours
+while our guns strafed like hell and I expected every moment to be blown
+to bits. However, I at last managed to crawl up and stagger along, and
+as I was in German lines, ran into a lot of Germans. They were awfully
+kind to me, gave me food and drink and bound up my wound, and then sent
+me along to the dressing station. I am at present in hospital in
+Belgium and expect to go to Germany almost directly. My address at the
+back will find me." What follows from the same correspondent has some
+bearing on the feeding in hospitals. "You mentioned in your last letter
+whether you could send me anything. Well, dear old chap, if you are
+feeling an angel, plenty of good plain chocolate and other delicacies
+would be awfully welcome, also some Gold Flake cigarettes." It was only
+"delicacies," it will be observed, that were asked for. This was in the
+middle of 1917.
+
+The next extract is from _Common Sense_, July 13, 1918:
+
+"The following experience of an Ullet Road boy, Private Arthur Bibby
+(6th S.W.B.), who is now recovering from a severe wound, is recorded in
+the Ullet Road Church _Calendar_ for July:
+
+    The part of the line in which Private Bibby was placed was
+    subjected to a heavy bombardment, after which the enemy
+    delivered an attack. The order to retire was given "and our
+    section made for a road which led into a village, but about a
+    hundred yards up the road I received a bullet wound which passed
+    under the shoulder-blade and pierced a portion of the lung."
+
+"Private Bibby was forced to lie down by the side of the road, and
+shortly afterwards an advance party of the Germans came along delivering
+their attack. The first wave swept past, but of those who followed one
+stopped to give Private Bibby a cigarette, another took off his wounded
+foe's equipment and made it into a pillow for his head, and put his
+water-bottle within reach, while a third made a pad out of his field
+dressing with which he staunched the wound. As he turned and followed
+his comrades, he assured his patient that the Red Cross would come soon.
+
+"A German Red Cross orderly came up shortly afterwards, and was engaged
+in dressing the wound when the order came for the Germans to retire
+before a British counter-attack. 'About ten minutes after the last had
+passed down the road our lads, counter-attacking, were creeping up the
+road, and it was not long before the R.A.M.C. lifted me on a stretcher
+and took me to the advanced dressing station.'
+
+"We congratulate Private Bibby on the recovery he is making from a
+severe wound, and are glad that he is able to bear this testimony of
+gratitude to a company of unknown but chivalrous foes.
+
+"It is, of course, well known that the Northcliffe Press refuses to
+print experiences of this kind."
+
+"Many of our wounded have passed through the same conditions of
+captivity and deliverance. They bear witness to the honourable conduct
+of the German Army doctors (majors). Here, for example, is one of the
+stories that I have heard: 'I found myself in a ditch after the battle,
+unable to move. A German doctor came by; he gave me bread and coffee and
+promised to come back in the evening if he could, or next day. That
+night and the following day passed without my seeing any one; the time
+seemed long. In the evening he came: 'I had not forgotten you,' he said,
+'but I have had no time.' He had me carried away and gave me careful
+attention.'" (_La Guerre vue d'une Ambulance_, par L'Abbe Felix Klein,
+Aumonier de l'Ambulance americaine, p. 80.)
+
+The writer continues: "Facts of this nature deserve to be recorded.
+Amidst this setting loose of horrors and hates it would be well to lay
+stress on some of those deeds which are able to soften the soul. This
+morning I see that an article has been passed in one of the most widely
+read French journals recommending that no prisoners should be made in
+forthcoming battles, but that our enemies should be 'struck down like
+wild beasts,' 'butchered like swine'! Nothing, not even the sack of
+Senlis, nothing justifies such outbursts of fury." The French soldiers,
+M. L'Abbe indicates, confine their denunciations to the Prussian
+regulars and speak well of the reserves. "They are men like us, married
+men, fathers of families, fair-minded." But for the doctors there is
+often a good word: "Le major allemand est venu, nous a soignes, nous a
+donne du cafe, du pain." "Le major nous a soignes et donne de la soupe."
+There was however, much plundering. The armies which do not plunder are
+indeed _rarae aves_. "The animosity of the English against the enemy,"
+says the Abbe, "is greater even than ours." "In the evening," runs one
+narrative, "the soldiers of the 101st put me in the wood where were many
+wounded Frenchmen and a German captain, wounded the day before. He
+suffered, he too, poor man (le pauvre malheureux)." When the Germans
+came, "some looked askance," but the captain said the Frenchmen had been
+kind, and when the Germans had taken him they came back and attended to
+the French. It was a bad time in the retreat, but French and German
+wounded shared the same fate. (l.c., p. 98.)
+
+
+WHOSE FAULT?
+
+The poor soldiers, obliged to obey orders under penalty of death,
+defending (as they believe) their homes from wanton attack, are surely,
+in the mass, but little to blame. The blame rests elsewhere. A body of
+Russian prisoners was brought into a village in East Prussia. The
+sufferings of the inhabitants during the invasion had made them bitter,
+and from the crowd of onlookers there was a scornful outcry. "At that
+one of the prisoners bent forward, shook his head and said slowly, with
+great, sad eyes, 'It is not your fault, and it is not mine.'" (Dr.
+Elisabeth Rotten in _Die Staatsbuergerin_.) Looking at it all with fresh
+knowledge, after more than three years of war, I feel that this Russian
+spoke for all the peoples, "It is not your fault, and it is not mine."
+Meanwhile there still goes on what my wounded friend, writing from Rouen
+described as "this orgy of slaughter, this incredible and criminal
+lunacy."
+
+
+AN ORDER AGAINST KINDNESS.
+
+A girl who, with others, was attending to the enemy wounded, writes:
+"Doubtless we should have more consolation among our little soldiers,
+since here _we are forbidden to give little kindnesses and attention;_
+but I believe that before the end we shall disobey the order, because we
+put our hearts into our devotion and our pity." (_La Guerre vue d'une
+Ambulance_, p. 116.) It is a little startling to learn of orders against
+kindness to enemy wounded. In a country one of whose chief newspapers
+advocated slaughter of the enemy like swine, such orders seem unwise.
+They can surely scarcely be made except when we wilfully blind ourselves
+and imagine that our enemies do not share our humanity.
+
+
+OUR COMMON HUMANITY.
+
+Here is a letter found on one of the German dead, a man with "a good
+face, strong and kindly," so wrote the _Daily Mail_ correspondent. "My
+dearest Heart," runs the letter, "when the little ones have said their
+prayers and prayed for their dear father, and have gone to bed, I sit
+and think of thee, my love. I think of all the old days when we were
+betrothed, and I think of all our happy married life. Oh! Ludwig,
+beloved of my soul, why should people fight each other? I cannot think
+that God would wish it...."
+
+    Here in this leafy place
+    Quiet he lies;
+    Cold, with his sightless face
+    Turned to the skies;
+    'Tis but another dead:
+    All you can say is said.
+
+    Carry the body hence;
+    Kings must have slaves;
+    Kings rise to eminence
+    Over men's graves;
+    So this man's eyes are dim.
+    Cast the earth over him.
+
+    What was that white you touched,
+    There by his side?
+    Paper his hand had clutched
+    Tight ere he died?
+    Message or wish, maybe?
+    Smooth out its folds and see.
+
+       *       *       *
+
+    Ah! That beside the dead
+    Slumbered the pain!
+    Ah! That the hearts that bled
+    Slept with the slain!
+    That the grief died. But no!
+    Death will not have it so.
+
+These words of Austin Dobson were written of a French sergeant in an
+earlier war, yet they serve equally well for the German soldier in this.
+Strange that we leave it to the dead to prove their brotherhood and
+ours.
+
+Philip Gibbs tells us how in a German dug-out he picked up some letters.
+"They were all written to 'dear brother Wilhelm,' from sisters and
+brothers, sending him their loving greetings, praying that his health
+might be good, promising to send him gifts of food and yearning for his
+home-coming." They were anxious, for here had been no news for some
+time. "Every time the postman comes we hope for a little note from you."
+Can any generous heart think of that anxious waiting unmoved? Shall we
+children of one Life wait till we have wholly darkened each other's
+homes, and then call our handiwork peace?
+
+But by that time, by the judgment of God, our eyes will be opened.
+
+    We who are bound by the same grief for ever,
+    When all our sons are dead may talk together,
+    Each asking pardon of the other one,
+        For her dead son.[52]
+
+It is we at home who seem to yield only to this dread proof. With the
+fighters it is often different, as we have seen, and though the stories
+savour of repetition, the repetition is surely worth while. I have aimed
+here at no literary production, but simply at a collection of facts that
+may reach the heart. "We sing," said a soldier from Baden, "to the
+accompaniment of the piano--especially during the interval for dinner.
+We have indeed entered into a tacit agreement with the French to stop
+all fire between 12 and 1 o'clock, so that they and we might not be
+disturbed when we feed." (_Zeitung am Mittag_, as quoted in the _Daily
+Chronicle_, November 10, 1914.) "One of our teachers, a lieutenant in
+the R.F.A., who has been out most of the time, had a few days' leave
+some weeks ago. He said to the school, assembled to do him honour,
+'Boys, do not believe the stories you read about the Germans in the
+newspapers. Whatever they may have done at the beginning of the war, the
+German is a brave and noble soldier, and after the war we must be
+friends.'" (From a private letter.) A soldier writes that a diary he
+kept was blown to bits by a shell. He gave what remained of it to a
+wounded German who pleaded for it. He had met many German Socialists in
+the fighting. "It is a blessing to meet such men and amid all the
+slaughter brought about by our present system, it seems heaven upon
+earth." (_Labour Leader_, June 24, 1915.)
+
+
+ARE WE ALWAYS CHIVALROUS?
+
+It will only be making the _amende honorable_ if we do our best now to
+spread reports of good deeds of the enemy, for in the early stages of
+the war we deliberately deleted them from messages, and we have
+certainly done a great deal to conceal them ever since. Writing to the
+_Times_ in October, 1914, Mr. Herbert Corey, the American correspondent,
+said: "The _Times_ leader quotes the _Post_ as charging that I 'flatly
+made the charge that dispatches had been altered for the purpose of
+hiding the truth and blackening the German character.' I do not
+recollect this phrase. I did charge that dispatches of German
+atrocities were permitted to go through unaltered, and that sentences in
+other dispatches in which credit was given the Germans for courtesy and
+kindness were deleted. I abide by that statement."
+
+There have been many angry references to unfair German attempts to
+influence neutral opinion. A letter such as Mr. Corey's makes me able to
+understand why some neutrals have accused England of the very same
+unfairness. There is other testimony to the same effect. Mr. Edward
+Price Bell, London Correspondent of the _Chicago Daily News_, has, in a
+pamphlet published by Fisher Unwin, indicted the British censorship in
+the following terms:
+
+    I call the censorship chaotic because of the chaos in its
+    administration. I call it political because it has changed or
+    suppressed political cables. I call it discriminatory because
+    there are flagrant instances of its not holding the scales
+    evenly between correspondents and newspapers. I call it
+    unchivalrous because it has been known to elide eulogies of
+    enemy decency and enemy valour. I call it destructive because
+    its function is to destroy; it has no constructive function
+    whatever. I call it in effect anti-British and pro-German
+    because its tendency--one means, of course, its unconscious
+    tendency--often is to elevate the German name for veracity and
+    for courage above the British. I call it ludicrous, because it
+    has censored such matter as Kipling's "Recessional" and
+    Browning's poetry. I call it incompetent because one can
+    perceive no sort of collective efficiency in its work. And
+    because of the sum of these things I give it the final
+    descriptive--"incredible."--_Daily News_, January 7, 1916.
+
+There is no doubt that people often _fear_ to tell of German good deeds.
+An acquaintance of mine told me that his boy got decorated for bringing
+in a badly wounded comrade from near the German trenches. A little
+shamefacedly my informant went on: "I don't mind telling _you_, but I
+_shouldn't like it to be known generally here_, that I know the Germans
+act well sometimes. My boy wrote he would have had no chance, but he
+heard the Germans give the order to cease fire." My informant evidently
+feared the neighbours would call him pro-German if he told this to them,
+but he thought he might venture to tell a pacifist.[53]
+
+One notices this fear sometimes in rather amusing ways. In a railway
+compartment with me were a loud-mouthed patriotic woman "war-worker" and
+a mere soldier back from the front. I'm afraid I got a little at
+loggerheads with the war-worker, who adopted in argument a kind of
+furious grin which revealed a formidable row of teeth that in my
+mind-picture of her have become symbolically almost gigantic. I turned
+for relief to the mere soldier, and while the train was moving we had a
+pleasant dip into soldier philosophy. "I've come to the conclusion that
+there's good and bad everywhere," he said. "I've known bad Germans, and
+I've known Germans to look after our wounded as well as a British Tommy
+could look after his chum." There was more to this effect, but whenever
+the train stopped and our voices became audible to others, we were
+silent. The fear of that row of teeth was, I think in both our hearts,
+and I could see the mere soldier looking timid before them.
+
+Fair play to the enemy's character is a concession not quite so easy to
+the average Englishman as he supposes. "The Anglo-Saxon race has never
+been remarkable for magnanimity towards a fallen foe." Just now, when we
+are inclined to be almost afraid of the excess of chivalry which
+possesses us, there may be useful corrective in these words of
+Lieutenant-General Sir William Butler, K.C.B. There has been much
+searching of old history books of late to find out what was said in the
+days of Tacitus against the Germans.[54] (What Tacitus said in their
+favour is not considered.) Perhaps on the other side there are
+investigators searching their history books for ancient opinions of the
+English. "Strike well these English," said Duke William to his Normans,
+"show no weakness towards these English, for they will have no pity for
+you. Neither the coward for running well, nor the bold man for fighting
+well will be better liked by the English, nor will any be more spared on
+either account." Butler approved this verdict. We shall not readily
+agree with him. Yet he did not speak without cause: he had known an
+English general kick the dead body of an African King, who "was a
+soldier every inch of him," and he had known the colonists spit upon an
+African chief brought bound and helpless through Natal. ("Far Out," p.
+131.) I believe myself there is a great and ready generosity in the
+hearts of the English people, but he must surely be a man invariably on
+the "correct" side who has not more than once come across the official
+Englishman who could be a bully to those in his power.
+
+
+SOME BRITISH OPINIONS.
+
+"I am disgusted by the accounts I see in the papers of the inferiority
+of Germans as soldiers. Don't believe one word of it. They are quite
+splendid in every way. Their courage, efficiency, organisation,
+equipment and leading are all of the very best, and never surpassed by
+any troops ever raised. They come on in masses against our trenches and
+machine guns, and come time after time, and they are never quiescent,
+but always on the offensive. I am full of admiration for them, and so
+are all who know anything about them. It is a pity that such fine
+soldiers should have behaved so badly in Belgium and here; they have
+behaved badly, there is no doubt about it, but nothing like what is said
+of them--any way in parts I have been through." These words from a
+General Officer commanding a brigade occur in a letter published in the
+_Times_ of November 19, 1914. Yet these "quite splendid" fighters are
+the men of whom a learned professor appointed by the Government has
+written that they are "rotten to the core." There is some discrepancy
+here. "They are great workers, these Germans," wrote Philip Gibbs
+(_Daily Chronicle_, July 5, 1916), "and wonderful soldiers."
+
+"An officer of the _Sydney_ gave a quite enthusiastic account of the
+officers of the _Emden_. 'Vitthoef, the torpedo lieutenant, was a
+thoroughly nice fellow. Lieutenant Schal was also a good fellow and half
+English. It quite shook them when they found that the captain had asked
+that there be no cheering on entering Colombo, but we certainly did not
+want cheering with rows of badly wounded men (almost all German) laid
+out in cots on the quarter deck. Captain von Mueller is a very fine
+fellow.... The day he was leaving the ship at Colombo, he came up to me
+on the quarter-deck and thanked me in connection with the rescue of the
+wounded, shook hands and saluted, which was very nice and polite of
+him.... Prince Hohenzollern was a decent enough fellow. In fact, we
+seemed to agree that it was our job to knock one another out, but there
+was no malice in it.' This is the ideal fighting, 'with no malice in
+it.' It has been achieved by many English and Germans, and that gives
+hope for the future. Let us make the most, not the least, of what points
+towards a better understanding.... At the beginning of November
+'Eye-Witness' records how English prisoners had been sheltered by the
+Germans in cellars to protect them from the bombardment of their own
+side. An Anglo-Indian tells of a wounded havildar who was noticed by a
+German officer. 'The German officer spoke to him in Hindustani, asking
+him the number of his regiment, and where he came from. He bound up his
+wounds, gave him a drink, and brought him a bundle of straw to support
+his head. This will be remembered to the credit side of our German
+account.'
+
+"A wounded officer addressed some students at one of our universities.
+He protested humorously that he was not a 'pro-German,' and then spoke
+up for a fair view of the enemy. When he was being carried into
+hospital, he noticed an anti-aircraft gun just outside the hospital.
+This struck him as, to say the least, unwise. He expected the hospital
+to be shelled, and this occurred. He did not blame the Germans. On
+another occasion a farm near the firing line was used for first aid. It
+was not obviously a hospital and was fired on. The Commanding Officer
+sent a note to Von Kluck to explain matters, and the farm was never
+after exposed to fire.[55] He had seen a church damaged by German shell
+fire, but this was one which he had himself seen used by the French for
+observation purposes.[56] The same officer uttered a warning against
+believing all that was in the 'Tommies' letters. At one time when he was
+censoring letters, one passed through his hands from a Tommy only just
+arrived in France, and never in the firing line. He described an immense
+battle in which the English did wonders and he himself had marvellous
+duties to perform. As far as the military situation was concerned the
+letter was quite harmless, so it was allowed to go through. It was
+something like the intelligence to the publication of which the Press
+Bureau 'does not object.'"[57][58]
+
+In her book, "My War Experiences on Two Continents," Miss Macnaughten
+writes of the Germans: "Individually, I always like them, and it is
+useless to say I don't. They are all polite and grateful, and I thought
+to-day, when the prisoners were surrounded by a gaping crowd, that they
+bore themselves very well." (p. 127). Again, "I found one young German
+with both hands smashed. He was not ill enough to have a bed, of course,
+but sat with his head fallen forward trying to sleep on a chair. I fed
+him with porridge and milk out of a little bowl, and when he had
+finished half of it he said, 'I won't have any more. I am afraid there
+will be none for the others.'" (p. 37.) Unfortunately, Miss Macnaughten
+too readily accepted war stories. She writes of "country houses" where
+he heard German prisoners here lived in luxury, "and they say girls are
+allowed to come and play lawn tennis with them." The humour of this will
+be apparent to any who have visited internment camps. Lawn tennis was,
+however, possible at some camps, both here and in Germany--there were
+seven courts at Ruhleben. Some of the atrocity stories many of us will
+recognise as not so reliable as Miss Macnaughten supposed. It is her
+personal experiences which are important, and, like the Scotchman[59]
+(whom she quotes) she has, not hatred, but respect, for the Germans whom
+she herself meets.
+
+
+THE EASE OF ACCUSATION.
+
+Again and again, everywhere, we find readiness to accept stories against
+the enemy on very slender evidence. At the time of the loss of our three
+cruisers I saw in one of the better newspapers a large heading, "German
+Treachery. Fighting under the Dutch Flag." I looked down the columns for
+evidence. No mention of such a circumstance in the official report, none
+in the letter from the chief correspondent; but at last I found that
+some one at Harwich had "heard of" such an incident. We must remember
+that only cool and clear intellects are likely at such a time to give
+an accurate account of facts. Between others mutual recrimination may
+readily arise. An officer on H.M.A.S. _Sydney_ wrote after the attack on
+the _Emden_: "It was very interesting talking to some of the German
+officers afterwards. On the first day they were on board one said to me,
+'You fire on the white flag.' I at once took the matter up, and the
+torpedo-lieutenant and an engineer (of the _Emden_) both said
+emphatically, 'No, that is not so; you did not fire on the white flag.'
+But we did not leave it at that. One of us went to the captain, and he
+got from Captain von Mueller an assurance that we had done nothing of the
+kind, and that he intended to assemble his officers and tell them so."
+Note how readily on the other side, amongst those less responsible or
+less cool-headed, a tale may grow up against _us_. Let us observe in
+considering tales against them the same caution that we should wish them
+to exercise in considering tales against us.[60]
+
+
+TROOPS IN OCCUPATION.
+
+Witnesses from Brussels and from Ghent have spoken well of the personal
+behaviour of both soldiers and officers. A neutral correspondent writes
+in the _Times_ of January 28, 1915:
+
+    "On the whole it cannot be said that the behaviour of the German
+    officers and soldiers towards the population of Ghent is bad.
+    When the German troops entered the city, strict injunctions were
+    given them to refrain from pillaging, and to pay for everything
+    they bought in the shops, very much to the disgust of many...."
+
+Mr. Gabriel Mourey has written an account of his custody of the Palais
+de Compiegne during the invasion. The _Times_ review of this book is so
+interesting that I propose to give some extracts from it:
+
+    First the palace served as the general headquarters of the
+    British Army during the last stage of the strategic retreat to
+    the Marne; and in the closing days of August, M. Mourey looked
+    out of his window to see Generals French and Joffre walking up
+    and down the terrace in consultation, while in the park English
+    soldiers were shaving themselves calmly before little pieces of
+    broken mirror. In a night they had left Compiegne, blowing up
+    the Louis XV. bridge ("utterly improved," and therefore no great
+    loss). On the next day came the Uhlans, by no means so terrible
+    as they had been painted.... Von Kluck was to make his
+    headquarters there for a day, and the first announcement of the
+    doubtful honour was brought by an engineer lieutenant, who came
+    to make a wireless installation on the palace roof. He was very
+    quick, but he found time to inform the conservator that his name
+    was Maurin, that it was a French name. He repeated it many
+    times, "C'est un nom francais," and he was plainly proud of it.
+    Then came Von Kluck himself, asking in polite and excellent
+    French that he might be shown over the palace. Of him M. Mourey
+    draws a by no means unattractive picture, urbane yet reserved,
+    with real admiration for the treasures of the Palace, discreetly
+    murmuring "Je sais" at the close of every explanation, not
+    offensively, but as though some long forgotten memory had
+    returned to him, making his frequent "Kolossal" sound in his
+    conductor's ears as gently as the continual "Very nice" of the
+    British Officer, and, his visit over, promising that respect
+    should be paid to the monument of Imperial France.
+
+    But Von Kluck could not stay. He was followed by Von Marwitz, no
+    less polite, no less sympathetic to M. Mourey's natural fears,
+    and generous enough to write and sign a proclamation forbidding
+    his troops to lay their hand upon the palace. He, too, went his
+    way. Von Kluck's Quartermaster-General seized the opportunity of
+    making a private levy of 5,000f. upon the town before he sped
+    like Gehazi after his master's chariot. Then ensued the brief
+    reign of lesser men, stupid, brutal, blustering, bullying,
+    insulting, because they feared a civilisation which they could
+    not understand.
+
+I think we know such men, and many privates know such men, elsewhere
+than in the German army. Germany may have cultivated them in greater
+numbers--that is highly probable--but they are rife everywhere, and
+under favourable circumstances they thrive exceedingly.
+
+    Their insolent arrogance culminated in a certain aide-de-camp,
+    who arrived post-haste to say that the Palace must be instantly
+    made ready to receive an Excellence _par excellence_. A man of
+    imagination this aide-de-camp, for when at his command M. Mourey
+    showed him over the palace and pointed out the gaps in the
+    collections made by the soldiers' pilfery, he said with an
+    all-explanatory air, "But why didn't you get souvenirs ready for
+    the officers?" The Excellence whom this right Brandenburger
+    heralded was no less than the Kaiser himself, and M. Mourey is
+    convinced that it is to the Imperial intention that the safety
+    of Compiegne is owing. It may be: but we prefer to think that
+    honourable foes such as Von Kluck and Von Marwitz had their
+    share in the unusual consummation.[61]
+
+"The Irish Nuns at Ypres" gives an account of their experiences by a
+member of the Community. In a review (May 27, 1915), the _Times_
+Literary Supplement says:
+
+    For us in England it is hard to realise the feeling of sickening
+    anxiety with which, on October 7, these defenceless ladies
+    witnessed the arrival in Ypres of the devastators of Belgium. On
+    this occasion, apart from a certain amount of looting, the
+    Germans behaved "pretty civilly," and the Abbey had nothing to
+    complain of but want of bread.
+
+Another French account of the invaders in Northern France is given by
+Gabriele and Margerita Yerta, "Six Women and the Invasion." Their
+experiences were variable. "It is clear," writes a reviewer in the
+_Nation_, "that Herr Major, and 'Barlu,' and 'Crafleux' and the two
+'model Prussians,' who replenished the house with coal and provisions,
+and offered the ladies game they had shot, only sinned by their
+over-gallantry. But things changed for the worse with the coming of a
+hundred Death's Head Hussars and Lieutenant von Bernhausen.... Nothing
+very outrageous is recorded, but there was dragooning, inquisition,
+drunkenness. Bernhausen's reign lasted two months." As to outrages on
+women, Madame Yerta writes: "To be sure there were rapes, but, thanks be
+to God, these were few, and they took place at the beginning of the
+invasion.... I must confess that many a woman was the victim of her own
+imprudence." The book is, naturally, fiercely anti-German, its facts
+are, however, those of any war story.
+
+Again, "On the whole the Germans behaved well at St. Quentin. Their rule
+was stern but just, and although the civil population had been put on
+rations of black bread, they got enough, and it was not, after all, so
+bad." This testimony is the more noteworthy because, "as one of the most
+important bases of the German Army in France the town was continually
+filled with troops of every regiment, who stayed a little while and then
+passed on." (Philip Gibbs, "The Soul of the War," p. 152.) It is a
+little startling to read some more that Mr. Gibbs has to say.
+French-women were ready to sell themselves to German soldiers, and "such
+outrageous scenes took place that the German order to close some of the
+cafes was hailed as a boon by the decent citizens, who saw the women
+expelled by order of the German commandant with enormous thankfulness."
+I am not so surprised at this now as when I first read it. An English
+soldier has since told me that the "silliness" (as he called it) of
+women for soldiers leads them, in more cases than he could have
+imagined, to bestow themselves on either friend or enemy. Women with
+child had said to him quite proudly that it was by a German soldier!
+
+From a private letter: "One of the party is a French officer who tells
+the tale. After the Marne retreat he was crossing over the territory
+evacuated by the Germans, and made inquiry of the villagers who had
+housed the enemy, how they had been treated, what barbarities had been
+committed, and so forth. The villagers were surprised. The Germans had
+behaved like gentlemen, had paid for what they used, and had treated
+them with perfect courtesy. What, no looting? On the contrary, the
+German officer had a soldier shot for a very small act of pillage....
+'We're soldiers, not robbers,' he said." I cannot vouch for this story,
+but it gives just the same impression as the account given by Dr.
+Scarlett-Synge (see pp. 149ff). It is also remarkably similar to
+experiences recounted by C. A. Winn (Baron Headley) who was with the
+Prussians in 1870. ("What I saw of the War," p. 44.) When he himself had
+taken some vegetables from a garden, he was told by his officer friends
+that any sort of pillage was the "greatest offence a friend of the
+Prussians could be guilty of." And Mr. Winn speaks of "the many
+instances of the remarkable efforts of the authorities of the Prussian
+army to prevent plunders by their soldiers." It must be remembered that
+deliberate destruction for military reasons, or as punishment (carried
+out by all armies) is very different from theft. I do not for a moment
+suppose that this standard is always reached by the German armies. That
+it has often been aimed at is something to remember.
+
+I may add here a rather interesting quotation from Colonel F. N. Maude's
+book, "War and the World's Life." On page 11 he writes: "I do not
+suggest that life in the Prussian army has at any time been ideal, but I
+do assert, from personal knowledge, that relatively to their respective
+stages of civilisation the treatment of the Prussian soldier, since
+1815, has at all times been fairer and more humane than in any other
+army. The fact is proved by the very high standard of discipline
+maintained, together with the extraordinary absence of military crime
+which has so long distinguished it."
+
+I am reminded, too, of one of the first experiences of a friend of mine
+in France. He reached a village through which the Uhlans had passed. Had
+the inhabitants any complaints of their behaviour? None whatever.[62]
+Their only indignation was directed against some English soldiers who
+(if their story be correct) had behaved abominably. It was a curious
+shock of reality for my friend. He realised that sometimes the enemy
+might behave well, and sometimes bad stories of English soldiers might
+be circulated (even amongst Allies). I am quite sure that no soldiers in
+the world would, in general, have more natural humanity than the
+British, and perhaps none would have as much. I contend only against the
+belief that one side is impeccable, and the other hopelessly barbarian.
+
+
+FROM THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW; A COMMON MEMORIAL.
+
+Here are a few extracts from the _International Review_, a periodical
+published at Zuerich, and with co-operators in Russia, Denmark, Germany,
+Austria, Italy, America, Great Britain. "The yearning of human beings
+towards mutual understanding needs to-day a new organ for its
+expression." Hence this review--a review naturally pronounced pro-German
+by our Junker Press, since it presents, amongst other things, moderate
+statements of the German standpoint. The only internationalism which
+this Press can recognise is one that is exclusively English. So exactly,
+_mutatis mutandis_, do German and English chauvinism coincide. The
+extracts which follow are taken from the first number of the review.
+"Under the title, 'German-French Chivalry,' the _Volksstimme_, of
+Frankfurt a.M. (June 19, 1915), describes the dedication of a memorial
+to three thousand dead at Sedan on June 12. The leaders of the German
+army were present, and the French authorities officially shared in the
+proceedings. The short inscriptions on the simple monuments are in both
+French and German. They refer alike to the seventeen hundred French and
+the thirteen hundred Germans who fell on August 27 during the battle on
+the heights of Noyers."
+
+
+A STORY FROM FRANCE.
+
+From _L'Action Francaise_, Paris (June 12, 1915), is cited a description
+of the poignancy of war, of which the following is a translation:
+
+    There had been a fierce fight in front of a fortress. Many dead
+    lay on the ground, and a few wounded who were dying. In the
+    night we heard weak cries, 'Kamerad, Kamerad!' We answered,
+    thinking it was a German who wished to give himself up. The
+    cries were repeated. We thought of treachery, and each took his
+    stand in readiness. Suddenly, there came in pure French:
+    'Camerades Francais!' 'What is it?' 'A wounded man lies near
+    you.' 'No.' 'Yes, in front of the trench.' 'We have just made a
+    round, and found only dead.' 'Yes, but there _is_ a wounded man
+    there who is calling. Can you not look for him?' 'No.' And then
+    in the silence we hear again, 'Kamerad, Kamerad!' The German
+    officer speaks again, very politely: 'French comrades, may we go
+    to look for the wounded man?' An inflexible 'No' is the answer.
+    Is not some trick concealed under his apparent humanity and his
+    persistence? 'Well, then,' calls the German again, 'go yourself
+    and look; we shall not shoot.' Can we trust a German's word,
+    after all that they have done? But there is no long delay. A man
+    from Lille springs forward: 'All right, I will go to fetch him,'
+    he says. 'I will go with him,' I say to the Lieutenant. The
+    leader of my squadron brings some others. The wounded man calls:
+    'Kamerad! Do not kill me!' We reassure him as to our intentions,
+    and as he has a shattered hip we carry him to our lines, and on
+    the way in spite of his suffering, he keeps on repeating with
+    every kind of modulation, 'Good comrade.' He was a young man,
+    scarcely eighteen years old, of the 205th Infantry.
+
+    I call to the enemy trenches: 'We have brought in one wounded
+    man, are there any others there?' 'Yes. 20 metres further to the
+    right.' We look round. 'There are none there, only dead.' 'Wait,
+    we will give you some light.' A few words in German which we
+    cannot understand. Will they simply shoot us down? Suddenly two
+    splendid rockets go up: we can see as if it were midday. We are
+    half a dozen marines and are standing twenty metres from the
+    German trenches. On the other side of the wire entanglements an
+    officer and men, behind the breastwork pointed helmets and caps.
+    All remains quiet. We look round carefully. 'Nothing. There are
+    only corpses here. We are going back, you go back, too.' 'Merci,
+    camerades francais!' calls the officer, and his men repeat the
+    greeting of their superior. As soon as we are behind our
+    breastwork our Lieutenant gives a command loud enough to be
+    heard at sixty metres. 'In the air--Fire!' From over there once
+    more, 'Thank you, comrades,' as answer to our salvo, and all
+    falls back once more into the silence of the night; the work of
+    death can go on again. But for this one night not a shot was
+    heard around us.
+
+How much sanity is there in a world that sets such men to kill each
+other, and eggs them on to hate?
+
+
+GERMAN HELP OF "ALIEN ENEMIES."
+
+In Germany (as already mentioned in Chap. IV.) is a 'Committee for
+advice and help to natives and foreigners in State and international
+affairs.' It deals with those of all nationalities, and one branch of it
+corresponds in many ways to the similar Emergency Committee in England
+for assistance of Germans, Austrians and Hungarians in distress.
+
+What, however, is most striking is the number of cases of individual
+kindness shown by Germans to "alien enemies." The minds of many might be
+cleared on this subject if they would read a charming and unpretentious
+little book, "An English Girl's Adventures in Hostile Germany," by Mary
+Littlefair, published by John Long, Ltd. The authoress saw and heard
+absurd Press charges on the other side, and something, too, of the
+irrational hatred of war-time, but the little book is a record of almost
+nothing but kindness, and gives fresh hope to those who had begun to
+despair of human nature.[63] Here are two cases of singular beauty from
+Nauheim. A postman "happened to know of a poor English lady whose funds
+had come to an end, and who had in consequence offered to wash up the
+crockery at her pension in return for her board and lodging, and he told
+her one morning that he had forty pounds saved up which she should have,
+and welcome, if she was in need." The case of the bath-chair woman was
+not less touching and generous, for she and her husband, a
+crossing-sweeper, also put their savings at the disposal of an invalid
+lady his wife used to wheel out every day, telling her that, though
+their cottage was only small, they did possess a tiny spare room, and
+they would be so glad if she would come to them as their honoured guest,
+supposing--as at present seemed likely--the English would have to spend
+the winter in Nauheim; they would indeed do their best to make her happy
+and comfortable.[64]
+
+On more than one occasion in the railway trains the "enemy" character of
+Miss Littlefair and those who were with her was revealed, but no
+unkindness was shown. The last occasion was in October, 1914. "'Shall
+you have to travel farther, or does your journey end in Munich,' 'No,' I
+said, 'we hope to go on to Switzerland to-morrow.' 'O, how delightful!
+You are lucky. It is such a beautiful country. Tell me, are you
+foreigners by any chance--American, or perhaps English?' she queried.
+'English,' I replied. The truth was out, and I looked to see a change of
+feeling reflected in her pleasant, winsome face; but her expression
+remained as kind and as interested as before, and her manner as cordial,
+so I told her more about ourselves, as there was no longer any need of
+reserve, and she had told me so much of their affairs." There was, of
+course, the usual patriotic bias, but it was expressed with real good
+feeling. "'Of course, we don't hold the English people personally
+responsible for the war,' she said, 'but we think that England[65] has
+behaved very shabbily. It is very grieving, though, that the two
+countries should be at war.' She had two or three English friends, and
+told me about them till our arrival in Munich, where our confidences
+were necessarily cut short, and we took an affectionate leave of one
+another." (p. 123.)
+
+The following incident also shows simple folk made clear-sighted by
+kindness of heart: "On another occasion Christine and one of the ladies
+in our hotel went into a shop to buy some beautiful lace which was being
+sold at half-price. 'We have to sell it cheaply because of the war,'
+explained the assistant: 'ach! it is terrible! We never wanted this war,
+and I am sure you did not either. You and I are not enemies, it is
+ridiculous. Let us shake hands to show we are friends. Yes!' And they
+did."[66] Good! That handshake, let us hope, will outweigh many a
+hysterical outburst on both sides.
+
+An English schoolmaster was, with his wife and family, in Germany at the
+outbreak of war. He testifies to the quite wonderful kindness he
+received. Almost daily he was taken by his hosts to other houses, and at
+the _Kaffeeklatsch_ which ensued there was never anything but a finely
+chivalrous courtesy. So grateful did the schoolmaster feel that (just as
+with Germans befriended here) he felt he must make some sort of return
+to the "enemy." He explained the situation, and obtained permission to
+take two interned enemy nationals into his house. They in their turn
+felt that movement of gratitude which the preachers of hate refuse to
+believe in. They wanted to make some return to the schoolmaster, for
+schoolmasters are usually poor men. "If you do that," he said, "I shall
+feel I am doing nothing." There was a dispute of kindness, and in the
+end a _modus vivendi_ of gratitude was arrived at. How strange the
+methods of force seem by comparison. The two men are now interned once
+more--surely a sorry end to a story of such fine humanity.
+
+From Mrs. K. Warmington: "There are two little instances that stand out
+in my mind very clearly, and I think speak for themselves. The first
+relates to an English lady, her husband, and her son, with whom I made
+acquaintance at the English Consul's office. Later on I met the same
+lady at the American Consul's office; she was in deep distress, as her
+husband and son had been arrested and put into prison. Through the
+influence of an American that we met at an hotel, we got a permit to go
+and see a military commandant at the barracks to see if anything could
+be done for them. When we arrived, he treated us most courteously, and
+listened patiently to what we had to say. He rang a doctor up on the
+telephone, and, as far as we could make out, told the doctor to examine
+these men, and to pronounce them ill. He then turned to us, and told us
+to return in the afternoon, when he would fetch them in his own
+motor-car, which he did. He also gave us a paper asking the civil
+authorities to do all they could to aid us to get away, shook hands, and
+wished us a safe journey.
+
+"The other instance relates more to myself. We were at Nueremberg,
+Bavaria. We had permission to leave for Lindau, on the borders of Lake
+Constance, on our way to Romanshorn in Switzerland. The journey was a
+rather expensive one for me, as I had very little money, little more
+indeed than a cheque, which was valueless. A young German, who was
+shortly going into the Navy, whom I had known only about a month,
+hearing of my case came to me, and gave me L9 in English gold to enable
+me to travel more comfortably.
+
+"My father was German, my mother English, and my husband English. I was
+in Germany in 1914 from July 26 to August 26. As my son was of military
+age, and I did not want him interned, I got what influence I could to
+get him away. He was finally released at the end of August, and we were
+allowed to go on to Switzerland."
+
+In the course of 1915 an English born woman returned to her husband in
+Munich. Her sister wrote to me of the extreme kindness with which this
+lady was received by her German friends. Many English wives of interned
+men have gone to Germany to their husband's families, and one hears the
+same account of extreme kindness. In Offenbach alone there are twenty
+English wives with forty English born children. _Special classes have
+been opened for them._ After all, there are some German methods which
+are worthy of imitation. There seems at times a danger of our imitating
+what is _worst_ in our enemies, partly as a result of a desire to ignore
+what is better.
+
+The letter which follows appeared in the _Times_ of September 2, 1914:
+
+    Sir,--Various rumours are finding their way into the German
+    papers respecting the harsh treatment which certain Germans are
+    said to have received in England. We British subjects who are
+    being kindly and hospitably treated by Germans earnestly hope
+    that these reports are, at any rate, much exaggerated.
+
+    It is well that the British public should understand the
+    position of their fellow countrymen here. At the outbreak of the
+    war British subjects in out-of-the-way places were given safe
+    conducts to suitable centres, such as Baden-Baden, and there
+    allowed to choose places of abode according to their tastes and
+    means. Such restrictions as are put upon their movements are in
+    their own interests. The authorities have exhorted the
+    inhabitants publicly as well as by house to house visitations to
+    treat foreigners with respect and courtesy, taking pride in thus
+    proving their claim to a truly high standard of civilisation,
+    and the people have responded nobly to this appeal. Not only
+    have hotel and pension-keepers done everything in their power to
+    accommodate their visitors, at the most reduced prices, giving
+    credit in many instances, but several cases have come to our
+    notice in which Germans have housed and fed English women and
+    children, who were perfect strangers to them, out of pure
+    humanity and good feeling.
+
+    You, sir, can imagine how galling it must be to these people
+    when they read in their papers of the very different treatment
+    alleged to have been shown to Germans in England, and how
+    painful and humiliating a position is thereby created for us
+    here. England has hitherto enjoyed such a high reputation for
+    chivalry and hospitality that tales to the contrary cause
+    Germans a half incredulous shock. It it not too late for
+    England to prove that she is living up to her old standard and
+    that she refuses to be outdone in magnanimity towards the
+    stranger within her gates....
+
+    (A paragraph follows as to the means by which money can be sent
+    to Britons _via_ neutral countries.)
+
+        (Signed) DOROTHY ACTON (Lady).
+                F. BULLOCK-WEBSTER, M.A., Oxon, Resident Chaplain of
+                  Baden-Baden.
+                WM. MACINTOSH, Dr. Ph., Resident English Chaplain,
+                  Freiburg, i.B.
+
+    Baden-Baden,
+        August 20, 1914.
+
+Some account may be given of a party of 190 Englishwomen and 14 children
+who landed at Queenborough on September 22, 1914. (_Times_, September
+23, 1914.) "... With one accord they spoke in terms of praise, both of
+their treatment in Germany and of the kindness shown to them on the
+journey.... 'We have received kindness everywhere,' said one of a party
+from Dantzig. 'The Germans have been absolutely stunning to us.... I
+have not heard of one English person being molested anywhere in
+Germany.'" The Englishwomen did noble work on their part, especially for
+the fugitives from East Prussia. "One Sunday we fed and clothed 290 who
+had come in without a rag to their backs."
+
+"I was arrested in Berlin as a Russian spy, because a bomb had been
+found in the house next to mine, and because a woman in the street said
+that she had seen me putting bombs in my hat-box, and that she had seen
+me with a Russian. I did, as a matter of fact, know a Russian student,
+but he was not the man she meant. I was taken to the police station and
+searched twice in the same day. They kept me in prison for two days and
+nights, giving me very bad food, and then they released me because they
+had no real evidence against me. When I came out, strangely enough it
+was German people who gave me hospitality until I was able to leave
+Berlin."
+
+Again, "The German women are crazy over our Scottish troops and their
+kilts. Some of them used to go out and give the prisoners cigarettes,
+chocolates and flowers, but that has been forbidden now."
+
+A party of 178 who landed at Folkestone had varying stories to tell.
+"Nothing could possibly be better than the treatment we have received,"
+said one, "everybody--official, police and public--treated us with the
+greatest kindness and the utmost courtesy." "The Germans are brutes,
+absolute brutes," said another. Probably a third, who described both
+statements as exaggerations, came nearer the average truth. One of this
+same party described the kilts referred to above as causing matronly
+indignation in Berlin.[67]
+
+In the _Times_ of September 24, 1914, appeared a letter on the subject
+of English exiles in Berlin:
+
+    I have read with interest and approval the statements of
+    Englishwomen who have returned from Germany, as reported in the
+    _Times_ to-day, with regard to the conduct of the German people.
+    As one of the party which arrived at Queensborough by the
+    special boat, I wish publicly to express my warm appreciation
+    not only of the considerate treatment which the people of Berlin
+    showed towards English people there, but particularly to the
+    splendid services rendered to us by the American Embassy, which
+    made all the arrangements for our return, and by the Consular
+    and municipal authorities in Holland, who supplied us with food
+    during our journey through that country.
+
+    May I add that I went about in Berlin as freely as I can now in
+    London, and that at no time since the outbreak of the war have I
+    seen a single British subject molested.
+
+                                 (Signed) L. TYRWHITT DRAKE.
+
+    Ladies' Imperial Club,
+        September 23.
+
+Here also is a fact that should give us pause. In a prisoner camp at
+Frankfurt a-Oder is a large building erected as a place of entertainment
+and general meeting hall. It is used by Russian prisoners, and _a
+considerable contribution towards its erection was collected by
+house-to-house visitation in Frankfurt._ To appreciate this fact at its
+true significance we must remember that Germany suffered from direct
+invasion by Russia immediately on the outbreak of the war, and that all
+the stories of atrocities and devastation that we heard of Belgium were
+also told of East Prussia.
+
+"An old friend of our family," a correspondent writes, "has been
+residing in Bavaria over forty years. He is an artist, and married a
+Bavarian lady. His eldest son is a doctor in London, and two of his
+daughters are married in London, but the father has no difficulty in
+getting permits to paint in the Austrian and German mountains, and still
+finds a sale for his pictures in Germany."
+
+Forty years is, I know, a long time, but not by any means always
+sufficient to prevent persecution in the present war. On my writing
+table is a little ivory elephant. It was carved by a German who had been
+forty years in the service of one British firm. He was dismissed (a man
+over seventy) because of the war. This is not a unique case. "N.S.,
+clock-maker, who had been here thirty-nine years, and P.W., baker, fifty
+years. (He had two sons at the front, and 'the longer he thought the
+more the number of his English grandchildren grew.')" (See the Third
+Report of the Emergency Committee for these and other cases).
+
+I do not in the least wish to suggest that there has been little
+kindness on this side and much on the other. I am simply trying to
+restore the balance. So far (as is usual in war-time) the game of hatred
+has been played with loaded dice. Let us welcome kindness everywhere.
+Here, then, is a different kind of story from one of the Friends'
+reports:
+
+    A young man, smart and erect three months ago when he was in
+    employment, intelligent, speaks and writes four languages, with
+    excellent references, now but a sad wreck, wants to go to South
+    Africa, where he has friends, but, alas! the permit is
+    refused--has written abroad to his father, who is in a good
+    position, for money, but it takes so long to get a reply. His
+    English landlady, though poor, "has been so kind," he had his
+    last dinner three days ago from her. We give temporary help, but
+    if this money does not come before January 1 he will have to go
+    into camp. Quite willing to do so, "but can we not give his poor
+    landlady something?"
+
+The kind landladies and other kind hearts exist, thank God, on both
+sides.[68] To enquire on which side there are most would (even if we
+could do so without bias) probably be profitless. The important point is
+that the kind hearts on the other side are there, and that a brotherhood
+of blessing will help the world more than a brotherhood of revenge--if,
+indeed, this last could be any brotherhood at all.
+
+Miss G. H. writes: "I am particularly anxious to do something for
+interned Germans. For four months of the war I was in Germany with my
+mother, sister, nephew and niece, and we were all most kindly treated
+and helped in every possible way both by friends, by my lawyer, my
+banker and the neighbouring peasants. Also by all the guards and waiters
+along our journey on November 21. Friends, peasants, and my lawyer are
+still looking after my property in Germany, and I have left everything
+in the hands of a neighbouring peasant, who sends me accounts of it. I
+would like to be able to do some kind acts here in return, and for the
+furtherance of better relationships later on." Yet it can never be
+pleasant to be in an "enemy" country. Miss H. writes further: "In spite
+of having such unspeakable sympathy, really understanding sympathy,
+shown me by not only friends, but the common people--though I hardly
+like using this term, as no one with so much fellow feeling could really
+be termed common--in spite of this kindness, I know so well how one can
+suffer. Over there _we_ are looked upon in the same way that Germans are
+looked upon here, as quite outside the pale of common morality. Fully
+realising what this must mean for me, these kindly Germans would go off
+into a day dream of wonderment as to how _they_ might feel in a similar
+plight, and one ended up with the reflection, 'Ja, es ist halt jetzt die
+Zeit der Maertyrer' (it is indeed the time of the martyrs once more)."
+Surely there is something strangely poignant about the convinced and
+steadfast martyrdom and self-sacrifice of both sides. Surely the peoples
+who can thus offer themselves in destroying each other must both have
+noble gifts to give together one day in a nobler cause.
+
+The following is from the _Nation_ (Jan. 19, 1918):
+
+    A clergyman sends me the following. I think it best to publish
+    the story as it stands:--
+
+    "Some years before the outbreak of war there lived in a certain
+    German town, now frequently raided by air squadrons, an old
+    Englishwoman. She was a semi-invalid; difficult and
+    cantankerous. Subject to illusions, she imagined that the good
+    nuns, who received her as an unremunerative paying guest, were
+    in league against her mangy, but beloved dog. Yet both she and
+    her dog continued to receive the half-humorous tolerance of
+    their benefactors.
+
+    "Then came the 4th of August, 1914, and Miss X. passed into the
+    mists of war.
+
+    "A year later she emerged from the mists.
+
+    "A letter came, forwarded through a neutral in Switzerland; but
+    the letter was not from the pen of Miss X. It had been dictated.
+    Briefly, it said: 'I am bed-ridden and almost blind. I have
+    hardly anything to live upon; and the Germans will not let me
+    go.'
+
+    "Certain details were added which clearly established identity
+    to the recipient of the letter. There followed, on the same
+    sheet of paper, and in the same handwriting, a postscript: 'Sir,
+    I have taken this poor Englishwoman into my house. How can she
+    live on 10 marks a month?
+
+                                        Yours, Fraeulein ...'
+
+    "Intervened the British Foreign Office and the American
+    Embassy. Then came another letter: 'Sir, your efforts have not
+    been in vain....
+
+                                               Fraeulein ...'
+
+    "But that is not the end of this incident of war. 'Hate.' had
+    still its 'uses.'
+
+    "'Sir. I thank you for your good letter and your very kind
+    question. All is paid, hospital and funeral. There were 30 marks
+    left to have the grave a little arranged.
+
+                                              Fraeulein ...'"
+
+    My correspondent adds the following comment: "I was an enemy,
+    and ye took me in."
+
+In Vienna newspapers there were in 1915 many advertisements in which
+French, English, and Russian natives offer their services as teachers,
+thus:
+
+    London Lady (Diploma) gives lessons.--L. Balman, VI Bez.
+    Gumpendorferstrasse 5, Th. 14.
+
+    Frenchman and Frenchwoman give instruction in French.--VIII,
+    Lerchengasse 10.
+
+    An Irishwoman, brought up in England, gives lessons.--Letters to
+    Miss Morris.
+
+Such advertisements, we learn from the _International Review_ of July,
+1915, appear daily in Vienna.
+
+From _Die Hilfe_, June 22, 1915: "in a weekly concert in Noyon the
+collaborators were Prof. Riviere, Sergeant Bonhoff, and Director Guenzel.
+The performance of the Frenchman from an organ composition of his own
+was most effective." There are, of course, also exhibitions of
+narrow-mindedness. In Halle the police forbade a performance because one
+of those who took part was an "enemy alien." (_Vorwaerts_, June 1, 1915.)
+On the other hand, when some Italian musicians complained of unjust
+dismissal, the court awarded them damages of 700 marks. The
+_Volksstimme_, of Frankfurt a.M., June 8, 1915, writing of Italy,
+deprecates any hatred of Italians. As soon as the responsible
+authorities had decided on war, obedience was the duty of each Italian
+citizen, just as of each German.[69] This outspoken deference to
+"responsible authority" is characteristically German, but the doctrine
+is here applied with great fairness. Some of our militarists apply it
+less fairly. And, alas, when the Italian _Avanti_ published an article
+"Against the Blunders of International Hate," the wisdom of the Censor
+caused it to be largely blanked out. The Censors seem to have strict
+orders to keep us hating each other.[70]
+
+
+BROTHERHOOD AGAIN.
+
+And yet--"We picked up scrappily the hint, however, that 'some of the
+Germans were all right.'" This from an article in the _Times_ on a
+homecomer from the front. With unconscious self-revelation the writer
+adds: "That somehow sounds depressing. One has heard the opposite." Just
+so, it is disconcerting and depressing to have it suggested that the
+enemy is a man very much like ourselves; it injures our feeling of
+superiority. We "confess" any favourable impression of him as if it were
+a fault of our own. A correspondent of the _Petit Parisien_ tells of the
+capture of a German officer of Hussars, near Arras. "I confess," he
+says, "that the impression he produced was rather favourable than
+otherwise." (_Daily Telegraph_, June 11, 1915.)
+
+With others the confession is less reluctant.
+
+    There's one spot in Ploegsteert Wood that German shells ought
+    never to reach. It's a grave with a carefully made wooden cross
+    on it, and the lettering says:
+
+    "Here lie two gallant German officers."
+
+    "That's rather unexpected," said a civilian who was with us.
+
+    "But they were brave," said the major. "The Germans aren't
+    always so bad. Five officers from my regiment were missing one
+    time, and we never even expected to find their bodies. But when
+    we drove the Germans back we found a grave on which was marked:
+    'Here lie five brave English officers.' We identified them all,
+    and their bodies were taken back to England."
+
+    We followed another sidewalk and came to a huge mound covered
+    with yellow flowers, which had been planted by the English
+    soldiers. On a neatly made cross at the head of the mound an
+    English soldier had patiently printed the words: "Here lie
+    seventeen German soldiers."
+
+    There wasn't an English grave in Ploegsteert Wood that was
+    better tended or more heavily beflowered than these mounds of
+    fallen Germans.--Mr. W. G. SHEPHERD, Special Correspondent of
+    the United Press.
+
+    _Daily News_, June 1, 1915.
+
+
+    If all the episodes of this action were recorded they would make
+    a long as well as a grim narrative revealing the ghastliness,
+    the wild passion, the self-sacrifice, and the cool cunning of
+    such an hour or two of modern war.
+
+    Some of the tales of the men would have been incredible except
+    that I heard them from soldiers who told the truth that lives on
+    the lips of men who have seen very close into the face of death.
+
+    It is, for instance, difficult to believe--yet true--that amidst
+    all this tumult and terror of noise one German prisoner was
+    taken as he sat very calmly in his dug-out reading a book of
+    religious meditations through gold-rimmed spectacles. Perhaps it
+    was the man--I only guess--in whose pocket-book was found a
+    letter to his wife saying, "The position here is hellish, and
+    death is certain. I only pray that it may come soon."
+
+    _Daily Telegraph_, August 16, 1915.
+
+From Belfort in September came the report: "A German aviator this
+morning flew over Belfort, dropping a wreath on the spot where Pegoud
+was killed. The following inscription was placed on the wreath: 'To
+Pegoud, who dies a hero. (Signed) His Adversary.'"
+
+The following is from the _Daily News_ of October 9, 1915:
+
+    The parents of a Lance-Corporal in a Highland regiment who was
+    killed in the recent fighting have received particulars about
+    their son's death from a German lady in Frankfurt-on-Main.
+
+    The lady's eldest brother was killed last year near Ypres and
+    she knows, she says, how glad they were to receive any details
+    of his death. Another brother, who is an officer in the German
+    army, had written from the front, begging her to inform the dead
+    soldier's relatives of his fate.
+
+    In her letter the lady says: "Although we are enemies, pain and
+    mourning unite us. So thought my brother, too, for he wrote
+    everything about your son he could find out. I am sure my
+    brother and his comrades did all honour to their enemies."
+
+The next extract is from the _Nation_ of November 13. 1915:
+
+    Soldiers are not reluctant to speak well of their foes. The
+    officer son of a friend of mine relates that beyond his line of
+    trenches is a German commemoration of a British advance in the
+    shape of a carefully wrought cross, bearing the inscription:
+    "Sacred to the memory of Lieutenants A---- and B---- of the
+    Staffordshire Regiment, who died like heroes."
+
+From a private letter: "What impresses one most are the graveyards. All
+these are beautifully kept, all the graves have been cared for, and no
+distinction has been drawn between German, English, and French, who lie
+side by side. 'Hier ruht ein tapferer Englaender, gefallen im Luftkampf'
+(Here lies a brave Englishman, fallen in the air fight), etc., etc."
+
+The _Daily News_ of March 10, 1919, has the following:
+
+    From a staff sergeant in Germany: "Here, in Germany, an English
+    officer with the 'flu was nursed by his landlady, who, when her
+    patient was better, succumbed to its ravages. Her daughter
+    caught it from the mother, and is now lying at death's door. But
+    merely 'Huns,' I suppose."
+
+The roll of honour in the chapel at New College, Oxford, includes the
+names of three Germans, and the words of charity: _Pro patria--Memento
+fratres in Christo_.
+
+
+THE WAY OF NEW RUSSIA.
+
+In reprisals of good we may learn something from the new Russia. When
+the German prisoners were set to work Kerensky said, "Prisoners or not,
+they shall be paid at the same rate as other men," and they were. What
+was the result? Again the movement of gratitude, which is so potent a
+force, if only we would believe it. _The German prisoners presented half
+their wages to the Russian Red Cross._ I have to rely on private
+information for this.
+
+
+THOUGHTS FROM THE OTHER SIDE.
+
+The thoughts of the others are much like our own--that is the difficult
+truth we have to learn. It is a truth that is absolutely essential to
+any peace that is to be more than an armistice of fools.
+
+    The war has produced in the public opinion of the nations a
+    state of mind which formerly would not have been regarded as
+    possible in our age of internationalism and intellectuality.
+    National egotism and the effort to assert one's own national
+    interests by all and every means are dominating so exclusively
+    each belligerent group that it forms for itself a closed circle
+    of ideas, and under its influence conclusions are drawn which
+    are so contradictory that one is almost inclined to think that
+    logic and common sense have been entirely eliminated from the
+    thinking capacity of the warring nations....
+
+    We Germans, among the others, are subject to this
+    war-suggestion. We do not wish to say, after the manner of the
+    Pharisees, beating their breasts: "We thank Thee, Lord, that we
+    are not like these publicans." We know that we, too, are
+    prisoners of our circle of ideas, and must remain so, for we,
+    too, are ruled by our national egotism and by our desire to win
+    the war.--_Koelnische Zeitung_, as quoted by the _Daily News_,
+    September 3, 1915.
+
+Ideas imprisoned, narrowed (beschraenkt, as the Germans say), become
+putrescent through lack of free air. It is in this putrescence that the
+gospel of hate is bred. Here is a German officer's protest against the
+infamy of this gospel. It is quoted from the _Koelnische Zeitung_ by Mr.
+A. G. Gardiner in his book, "The War Lords":
+
+    Perhaps you will be so good as to assist, by the publication of
+    these lines, in freeing our troops from an evil which they feel
+    very strongly. I have on many occasions, when distributing among
+    the men the postal packets, observed among them postcards on
+    which the defeated French, English and Russians were derided in
+    a tasteless fashion. The impression made by these postcards on
+    our men is highly noteworthy. Scarcely anybody is pleased with
+    these postcards; on the contrary, every one expresses his
+    displeasure.
+
+    This is quite natural when one considers the position. We know
+    how victories are won. We also know by what tremendous
+    sacrifices they are obtained. We see with our own eyes the
+    unspeakable misery of the battlefield. We rejoice over our
+    victories, but our joy is damped by the recollection of the sad
+    pictures which we observe almost daily.
+
+    And our enemies have, in an overwhelming majority of cases,
+    truly not deserved to be derided in such a way. Had they not
+    fought bravely we should not have had to register such losses.
+
+    Insipid, therefore, as these postcards are in themselves, their
+    effect here on the battlefields, in face of our dead and
+    wounded, is only calculated to cause disgust. Such postcards are
+    as much out of place on the battlefield as a clown is at a
+    funeral. Perhaps these lines may prove instrumental in
+    decreasing the number of such postcards sent to our troops.
+
+Personally, I believe this to express the soul of the real Germany and
+the soul of the real England. The soul of any people is the _best_ that
+is in it.
+
+The following is from a lecture delivered by Prof. H. Gomperz in Vienna,
+early in 1915:
+
+    "Ladies and gentlemen, in our day all sorts of speakers and
+    writers feel called upon to preach to us the doctrine of hate,
+    in prose and even in verse, more especially against one of the
+    countries opposing us. I do them the honour of assuming that
+    even they do not mean that we are to translate this feeling into
+    action; rather, even they do not dream of doing the slightest
+    harm to any individual Englishman in so far as it is not
+    necessary or inevitable for the purposes of victory. What then
+    does this preaching of hatred mean, if indeed it means anything
+    at all, and is not the mere empty clamour of some people anxious
+    to attract attention without rendering useful service? Do they
+    mean us to nurse and cherish the feeling of hate? Truly a
+    strange demand after nearly two thousand years of training in
+    the teaching of the gospel! And besides, whom are we to hate?
+    The individual doing his duty in the service of his country,
+    just as we are? Or the responsible governors of the destinies of
+    that country, and the irresponsible leaders of its public
+    opinion?" Hatred of the individual serving his country and
+    governed by others Prof. Gomperz does not stop to discuss. It
+    can obviously be the product only of what with etymological
+    correctness we may term _insanity_. The governors and leaders
+    imagined an irreconcilable antagonism. If they were right their
+    case is justified; if they are wrong we must no more hate them
+    than we should hate a patient suffering temporarily from
+    delusion.--_International Review_, August, 1915.
+
+Magnus Schwantje spoke very plainly at a meeting of the Schopenhauer
+Society at Duesseldorf in June, 1915. He allows that the state has a
+right to wage a war of defence, but _not to force anyone to serve in the
+army_. Schopenhauer, he tells us, "esteems sympathy with all that lives
+and suffers more highly than love for the Fatherland.... During a war a
+noble man desires such an issue as may be most beneficial to the whole
+world.... With all our readiness to recognise the merit of patriotic
+self-denial, we, the admirers of Schopenhauer, have to warn our
+compatriots, especially during a war, of the danger of patriotism
+degenerating into injustice, or even hatred and malicious joy at the
+misfortune of other nations.... Not one of the European peoples can be
+suppressed without heavy loss to the whole world, and not one has the
+right to force its special character on the others." (_International
+Review_, September, 1915.)
+
+
+WAR LITERATURE.
+
+It is the elderly gentlemen on both sides who exude vitriol. It is a
+pity that they are so much in evidence. But even some of them retain
+their sanity. The following is from the _Cambridge Magazine_ of May 15,
+1915:
+
+    Those who, at the beginning of the war, were induced by the
+    Press to wonder whether any elderly German professor had
+    retained his mental equilibrium will now be disposed to wonder
+    whether the proportion of serious cases is after all larger
+    there than here. At any rate the Schopenhauer Society is a very
+    important learned body, and Prof. Deussen, of Kiel, is one of
+    the most distinguished of German scholars. And this is how he
+    writes in the fourth year book of the Schopenhauer
+    Society--apparently in terms of contempt for a loquacious
+    minority (the translation is taken from the April number of the
+    _Open Court_, and the italics are ours, especially the
+    concluding shot at the Lady Patriot):
+
+    "'Not to my contemporaries,' says Schopenhauer, 'not to my
+    countrymen, but to humanity do I commit my work which is now
+    completed, in the confidence that it will not be without value
+    to the race. Science, and more than every other science,
+    philosophy is international.' ... Foolish, very foolish,
+    therefore is the conduct of _certain German professors_ who have
+    renounced their foreign honours and titles. And what shall we
+    say of a member of our society who demanded that citizens of
+    those states which are at war with us should be excluded from
+    the Schopenhauer Society, and who, when it was pointed out that
+    our foreign members certainly condemned this infamous war as
+    much as we Germans, protested that she could not belong to an
+    association in which Frenchmen, Englishmen and Russians took
+    part, and announced her withdrawal from our society, indeed,
+    even published her brave resolution in the columns of a local
+    paper in her provincial town. _We shall not shed any tears_ for
+    her having gone."[71]
+
+Romain Rolland bears out the idea that "in all countries the extremest
+views have been expressed by writers already past middle age." So it is
+in Germany, Rolland tells us. Dehmel, the enemy of war, has enlisted at
+51; Gerhart Hauptmann, "the poet of brotherly love," cries out for
+slaughter. But Fritz von Unruh has, from the battlefield, written "Das
+Lamm": "Lamb of God, I have seen Thy look of suffering; lead us back to
+the heaven of love." Rudolf Leonhard, who was caught up in the storm,
+wrote afterwards on the front page of his poems: "These were written
+during the madness of the first weeks. That madness has spent itself,
+and only our strength is left. We shall again win control over ourselves
+and love one another."
+
+    "Menschen in Not ...
+    Brueder dir tot ...
+    Krieg ist im Land ..."
+
+No "glory" of war is in these simple, poignant words of Ludwig
+Marck--simply a dire evil that we have not the sanity to avoid. "Whether
+you gaze trembling into the eyes of the beloved, or mark down your enemy
+with pitiless glance, think of the eye that will grow dim, of the
+failing breath, the parched lips and clenched hands, the final solitude,
+and the brow that grows moist in the last pangs.... Be kind....
+Tenderness is wisdom. Kindness is reason.... We are strangers all upon
+this earth, and die but to be reunited." Thus Franz Werfel. Since these
+words cannot be called barbaric, they will perhaps be called
+sentimental. It is true that to those of us who have loved our comrades,
+of whatever nation, the sentiment of brotherhood does just now make a
+somewhat tragic appeal. If that appeal, in these days of decimated
+ideals, be at times strained and feverish, it scarcely lies in the
+mouths of the apostles of hate to deride us. The sentimentality of
+hatred is uglier and more fatuous than the sentimentality of
+brotherhood.
+
+Hermann Hesse is living at Berne. He has implored the writers of all
+nations not to join with their pens in destroying the future of Europe.
+From a poem of later date come these words: "All possessed it, but no
+one prized it. Like a cool spring it has refreshed us all. What a sound
+the word peace has for us now. Distant it sounds, and fearful, and heavy
+with tears. No one knows or can name the day for which all sigh with
+such longing."
+
+Do not let us forget that almost everything that is most militarist is
+_old_. It is only the old who affect still to glory in war--the old
+newspapers, the old reviews, the old statesmen, and some, perhaps, of
+the old soldiers--it is to what is newest, youngest, most creative, most
+living that we look not in vain for an unshaken belief in brotherhood,
+for a clear acknowledgment that any other belief would throw us back
+into the ape and tiger struggle of world beginnings, but with the ape
+ten thousand times more cunning and the tiger ten thousand times more
+cruel. To some German publications the war is a stupid eruption of
+barbarism into a workshop where work was being done. _Die Aktion_ scoffs
+mercilessly at the Chauvinists and at Lissauer with his Hymn of
+Hate.[72] Even Lissauer, be it remarked, has published his repentance,
+and, personally, I respect him for it. The man who can say that he spoke
+too strongly is always worth knowing. The man who insists elaborately on
+his consistency (as the politicians do) is usually singularly devoid of
+any appreciation of truth. _Die Aktion_ (1915) goes on steadily with its
+appreciation of French artists, as if no war were in progress. There may
+be some affectation in this attitude, but it is to be preferred, I
+think, to the complete ostracism of work of the enemy called for by a
+noisy but, I believe, small section on this side. _Die Weissen Blaetter_
+appeared in January, 1915, with the following announcement:
+
+    It seems good to us to begin the work of reconstruction in the
+    midst of the war. The community of Europe is at present
+    apparently destroyed. Is it not the duty of all of us who are
+    not bearing arms to live from to-day onwards according to the
+    dictates of our conscience, as it will be the duty of every
+    German when once the war is over?
+
+Evidently the editor has in his mind a contrast between the dictates of
+conscience and the dictates of officialism. He was born in Alsace, so he
+may well know this contrast. We are learning it here. In the February
+number the _Krieg mit dem Maul_ (war with the mouth) was most vigorously
+condemned:
+
+    If journalists hope to inspire courage by insulting the enemy,
+    they are mistaken--we refuse such stimulants. We dare to
+    maintain our opinion that the humblest volunteer of the enemy,
+    who, from an unreasoned but exalted sentiment of patriotism,
+    fires upon us from an ambush, knowing well what he risks, is
+    much superior to those journalists who profit by the public
+    feeling of the day, and under cover of high-sounding words of
+    patriotism do not fight the enemy, but spit on him.
+
+I am reminded of words used by one of my Swiss friends: "As soon as
+soldiers must get their fighting force from suggestions of puerile
+besmirching of the enemy, then war indeed becomes intolerably base."
+
+Annette Kolb, daughter of a German father and a French mother, had the
+courage to proclaim openly in a public lecture at Dresden that _she was
+faithful to both sides_, and to express her regret that Germany should
+fail to understand France. After all, German intolerance must have its
+limits for such a bold speech to be possible.
+
+Wilhelm Herzog in the Munich _Forum_ has attacked the intellectual
+fire-eaters, the patriots who insult other peoples and the Chauvinists
+generally. He defends France, the French army and French civilisation,
+against the brilliant novelist, Thomas Mann. Above all does he condemn
+the intellectual babble: "The wrong that these privy councillors and
+professors have done us with their 'Aufklaerungsarbeit' can hardly be
+measured. They have isolated themselves from humanity by their inability
+to realise the feelings of others."
+
+Mr. Lowes Dickinson has called attention in the _Hibbert_ of October,
+1915, to a pamphlet by Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster, entitled
+"Deutschlands Jugend und der Weltkrieg." The same pamphlet is quoted in
+_The Ethical Movement_ of the same date. Here are some extracts:
+
+    "Hate disorganises, love disciplines. Fill yourselves with
+    deepest sympathy for all who suffer in war, whose hearts are
+    crushed, whose bodies are broken, whose homes are burned ...
+    and win a peace which shall make the recurrence of such things
+    for ever impossible. Such a purification from the passion of
+    hate is often easier on the field than at home. Those who remain
+    behind have an abstract enemy in view. The soldier sees living
+    men who suffer and die like himself." It will startle the
+    English reader to find Dr. Foerster pleading earnestly that the
+    English soldier is not responsible for the ways of his
+    government or of his leaders. The Germans are to remain true to
+    themselves whatever the others may do. Each side, observe,
+    accuses the other of barbarous methods, and impartiality is
+    impossible. The most that one can expect of the ardent partisan
+    is perhaps that he should, like Dr. Foerster, urge those on his
+    side to remain true to their ideals, whatever the enemy may do.
+    "England has given us also the Salvation Army, and invaluable
+    higher points of view for the treatment of Labour questions and
+    social work. She has taught our revolutionary spirits and
+    moderated our party passions. Let us always remember this, and
+    in that remembrance grasp again in the future the proffered
+    hand." For Dr. Foerster it is for this better England that
+    Germany now fights, just as for many an Englishman it is for the
+    better Germany that England is fighting. "And it is better for
+    us to fight for that better England than to rage and spit upon
+    ... Grey and his followers. In sleepless nights kindle the
+    eternal light of Christ in your souls and try to love your
+    enemies. Think of that great William Booth and of all the
+    English greatness and goodness embodied in him; of Florence
+    Nightingale, the heroine and saint, whose pioneer work is still
+    binding up to-day unnumbered wounds; and think of Carlyle,
+    Ruskin, and Toynbee and of those mighty forces of conscience
+    which spoke in their words and gave to us Germans, and will give
+    us yet, so much that is great."
+
+Again:
+
+    "Christ stands against war and above war. He who loses sight of
+    this truth slays that deep conscience of civilisation which is
+    meant to goad us unceasingly on to allay this fury of war. We
+    know well that if we were Christians there would be no war."
+    Foerster denounces the bawling haters "who must open their mouths
+    42 centimetres wide," and think that he who does not do it is no
+    patriot.
+
+    "To conquer and silence them must be your first task, young men
+    of the new Germany; you who have been purified by sacrifice and
+    suffering. For what would it profit our people if it gained the
+    whole world and lost its own soul?" May we not, _mutatis
+    mutandis_, take this appeal to heart ourselves?
+
+Again:
+
+    "The essence and foundation of the State is precisely the
+    opposite of power, viz., law, treaty, fellowship between opposed
+    interests, and the whole outer strength of a State rests upon
+    the depth and firmness of these, its inner conditions and links.
+    Therefore the first commandment of life for the State is not to
+    create for itself might but to care for the ethical unity of its
+    members, for the supremacy of the conscience and the sense of
+    law above rude self-interest."--(Quoted in the _Ethical
+    Movement_, October, 1915.)
+
+Granted that voices such as those of Herzog, Foerster, Schuecking,
+Schwantje are a minority, it is yet plain that they represent more than
+themselves. The existence of such reviews and utterances implies the
+existence of at least many thousands who have not been deluded by their
+governors. Of those who have been deluded into enmity, but who have
+never dreamed of world dominance, there are, I am convinced, many
+millions. Bernhardi was introduced to Germany by England. There were
+four million Social Democrats. They have defended their country, but
+they have never dreamed of aggression. The time will come to claim the
+help of these men and the many others of the wiser Germany. That wiser
+Germany will yet live to be, not an army of destruction, but an army of
+progress.
+
+Henrietta Thomas, of Baltimore, Maryland, went early in 1915 with a
+message of fellowship from English people to German people. There was
+some surprise, some tendency to view the message as Utopian, but always
+a cordial acknowledgment and a real goodwill. Dr. Siegmund Schulze was
+most heartily in sympathy. "He feels that the ultimate hope of peace
+lies in the increasing use of arbitration." "One very sweet-spirited
+elderly gentleman in Berlin said that when he prayed things looked
+different--he seemed to see things through God's eyes--but as a man he
+had to fight." "At Stuttgart and Frankfurt I found the peace people more
+thoroughgoing in their sentiments." The secretary of the Stuttgart
+Peace Society said: "The armed peace of Europe is an exploded idea. As
+long as we have armies we shall use them. We must educate the people to
+realise this, and to work for disarmament."
+
+_Lichtstrahlen_ was originally founded as an independent monthly
+periodical by a Socialist, Julian Borchardt. The periodical was
+unofficial and had a difficult struggle for existence. This was before
+the war. When the war broke out the editor took as strong a line against
+it as the censor allowed. The circulation rose so much that Borchardt
+was able to convert the monthly into a weekly. Rosa Luxembourg and Frank
+Mehring, greatly daring, started the _Internationale_ with the object of
+rebuilding the International Labour and Socialist movement during the
+war. The review was instantly suppressed, but was reprinted afterwards
+at Berne. Among the contributors is the well-known Clara Zetkin. She
+refers enthusiastically to the Christmas message sent by British women
+to the women of Germany and other belligerent countries. (_Labour
+Leader_, June 17, 1915.) Marie Engelmann, of Dresden, has protested with
+equal strength.
+
+
+FROM AN AMERICAN LADY.
+
+The following is an extract from a valuable letter by Madeline G. Doty,
+an American, which appeared in the _Nation_ of June 12, 1915:
+
+    My most revolutionary talk was with a gray-haired mother of
+    grown children, in a secluded corner of a quiet restaurant. A
+    burning flame this woman. Her face stamped with world suffering,
+    her eyes the tragic eyes of a Jane Addams. In a whisper she
+    uttered the great heresy: 'German salvation lies in Germany's
+    defeat. If Germany wins when so many of her progressive young
+    men have been slain, the people will be utterly crushed in the
+    grip of the mailed fist.'
+
+    With this companion I discussed the collapse of the Social
+    Democrats in the hour of crisis, the triumph of nationalism
+    over internationalism. She attributes it to military training.
+    During the period of service a man becomes a thing.
+    Automatically, he acquires habits of obedience, is reduced to an
+    unquestioning machine. Mechanically, when the call came, the
+    Social Democrats, with the others, fell into line. But with time
+    has come thought. Also knowledge--knowledge that, in the first
+    instance, Germany's war was not one of self-defence. But it is
+    too late to rebel. Most of the Social Democrats are at the
+    front. From month to month they have put off protest as unwise.
+    Only Liebknecht has made himself heard. Now he has been caught
+    up in the iron hand, and sent to battle. But women are not bound
+    by the spell of militarism. While the Government rejoiced at the
+    submission of its Socialist men, the women grew active.
+    Organising a party of their own, they fought bravely. Last fall
+    Rosa Luxembourg dashed into the street and addressed a regiment
+    of soldiers. 'Don't go to war, don't shoot your brothers,' she
+    cried. For this offence she was sent to prison for a year.
+    To-day she lies in solitary confinement. But her suffering only
+    inspires the others. In March 750 women walked to the Reichstag.
+    At the entrance they halted. As the members entered they
+    shouted, 'We will have no more war; we will have peace.' Quickly
+    the police dispersed them, and the order went forth that no
+    newspaper should print one word of the protest. Still the women
+    work on. On April 8, an International Socialist Woman's Congress
+    was held at Berne, Switzerland. Ten nations were represented,
+    including all the belligerents.
+
+    The task of peace propaganda in Germany is gigantic. Neither by
+    letter nor by Press can news be spread. Both are censored. The
+    work must be carried on by spoken word passed from mouth to
+    mouth. The courage of the little band of women I had met was
+    stupendous. Through them I learned to love Germany. So my life
+    in Berlin became a double one. I ate and slept, and was
+    unregenerate in one part of the town, and only really lived when
+    I escaped from respectability and, strange contradiction of
+    terms, became a criminal fighting for peace.
+
+    But wherever I was, one fact grew omnipresent. Germany was
+    magnificently organised. Here lay the country's power and her
+    weakness. Her power because it made Germany a unit. There were
+    no weak links in the chain. Her weakness, because it robbed her
+    people of individuality, made them cogs in a machine.
+
+"Germany no longer cares whom she hurts," runs another passage in this
+letter; "like an unloved child at bay she means, to smash and kill. The
+pity of it! Never was there a more generous, soft-hearted, kindly
+people. Germany, the land of the Christmas tree and folk songs, and
+hearthsides and gay childish laughter, turned into a relentless fighting
+machine! But each individual is a cog firmly fixed in the machine, which
+will go ever on as long as the ruling power turns the crank."[73]
+
+
+TWO SOLDIERS' LETTERS.
+
+"If I were not firmly convinced that even this war will help to
+establish the Kingdom of God I could hardly endure it. But I believe
+that after passing through this hell humanity will come to itself and
+learn to believe in the reign of human brotherhood.... I cannot tell you
+the moral suffering I go through. These butcheries are utter madness. I
+cannot forget for a moment that our enemies are men, and consequently
+our brothers." So wrote a young German soldier student quoted by Mr.
+Jerome K. Jerome.
+
+The following letter is from the _Vossische Zeitung_. A soldier's young
+sister had written asking him to "kill a lot of Russians" and "to gain a
+new victory in order to cheer us up." "'Kill a lot of Russians.' You
+have not seen them lying about--those poor dead, with their singularly
+solemn faces.... You have not seen the battle which preceded, and the
+bad wounds which so many of my friends got in trying to kill a lot of
+them. You do not think of the fact that those dead men had parents,
+brothers, and sisters whom they loved. And you have not seen the
+harrowing destruction of the villages and towns--how the poor,
+hunted-down population is running away, leaving everything they had
+behind them to be consumed by the flames.... And then, remember, we are
+not fighting in order to cheer you up--we are not lying about in the
+open-air day and night, starved and suffering from wounds and
+homesickness, in order that you at home may be cheerful at the tea or
+beer table. We are fighting and bearing this terrible wretchedness in
+order that you may he spared the horrors of war, and that Germany's
+future may be bright." That is, I believe, what the enormous majority of
+Germany's soldiers are fighting for. Soldiers on both sides have similar
+and quite reconcilable aims; but government is too complex to express
+the simple will of the people. In every country, it seems to me,
+anti-militarist opinion only needs its chance. I was struck by the
+frequency with which such an opinion cropped up when I was travelling a
+few weeks in Germany not long before the war. On the top of the Belchen
+I encountered it in talking to a native of Wuertemberg. Again in a walk
+with a young German to the Feldberg; again in a book-shop at Freiburg;
+again in chance railway talk with a very well-educated German on my way
+to Berlin. In Berlin itself a giant Westphalian accosted me, as he
+wanted to make the acquaintance of "one of these terrible fellows who
+mean to smash up Germany." His political ideal consisted in the belief
+that England and Germany, understanding each other, could keep the peace
+of the world.
+
+
+ALBERT KLEIN.
+
+Dr. Albert Klein, of Giessen, who was killed in the Champagne in
+February, felt compelled to side with his Government, as so many do in
+times of crisis. To that extent his was a biased judgment. It is a bias
+that one has seen possessing almost everywhere the noblest souls. But
+Klein could write thus:
+
+    When I read all this inflated stuff in the papers--written by
+    men guiltily conscious of being very safe in their offices at
+    home--to the effect that every soldier is a hero, I feel
+    positively disgusted. Heroism is far too rare to form a basis
+    for a national army. What is needed to make and keep that a
+    coherent whole is that men must respect their leaders and fear
+    them more than the enemy, and that leaders must be
+    conscientious, true to their duty, well informed, resourceful
+    and self-controlled. Thank God, there is plenty of the good old
+    discipline yet. But these fine fellows come along, concoct a
+    mess of New Year reflections and Centenary speeches and boldly
+    declaim about the German spirit that is to heal mankind. They
+    pick up all the filth of the foreign Press and fling it back
+    with threefold interest. It is just because I am so passionately
+    devoted to all that the noblest Germans have done for the
+    civilisation of the world that I do not desire to see us
+    burdened with a task we cannot accomplish.
+
+    If Germany's contribution to the world's civilisation is the
+    highest we can strive for, we must seek afresh to live in peace
+    and concord with the other nations. Then we shall cease calling
+    every Englishman a hypocrite and every Frenchman empty-headed,
+    quite apart from the daily proofs we get of their military
+    ability. Oh, my dear friends, believe me, the man on the spot
+    who sees and experiences all this, does not talk so complacently
+    of death and sacrifice and victory, as those who, far from the
+    front, ring the bells, make fine speeches and write the papers.
+    He resigns himself to the bitter necessity of suffering and
+    death when the hour comes, and he knows and sees how many, too
+    many sacrifices have already been made, knows it is time, high
+    time that all this devastation ceased, not only on our side, but
+    on the other side, too.
+
+    It is just in seeing all this suffering that we feel a new bond
+    of sympathy (and you, my dear ones, would feel just the same,
+    yes, I know, you feel it already) uniting us with the enemy.
+
+    If, as I hardly dare to hope, I return from this murderous war,
+    it will be one of my most welcome duties to steep my mind in the
+    culture of those that now oppose us. I mean to build up on a
+    broader basis the aim and purpose of my life, namely, historical
+    and philosophical meditation on culture in its highest form.
+
+    Last night I was strangely moved, having an opportunity of
+    seeing a convoy of prisoners and speaking to one of them, a
+    colleague, a classical philologist from Vigeac. Such a frank,
+    intelligent man, with an excellent military training, as indeed
+    were all the company with him! He told me how terrible it had
+    been to endure the firing of our machine-guns (demoralisant, he
+    called it)--and showed me clearly the utter senselessness of
+    war. How we should like to be friends with people so like us in
+    education, habits of life, thought and interest.
+
+    We soon got into conversation about a book on Rousseau and
+    began a regular argument, like two old philologists. He saw the
+    ribbon in my button-hole and when he heard it was the Iron Cross
+    he said: "Felicitations!" His sparkling interest in the striped
+    ribbon seemed to me so characteristic of a Southern Frenchman
+    and very touching.
+
+    How alike we are in worth and merit! How untrue all these tales
+    told by our papers of the French being broken and spent! Just as
+    untrue as all that the _Temps_ writes about us. And all he said,
+    this French colleague of mine, betrayed so much independent
+    thought and respect for German mind and character. Why should
+    we, fated to be friends, always be divided? I was deeply
+    troubled, and sat there for a long time lost in thought, but all
+    my brooding brought me no solution.
+
+    And the end not in sight yet, the end of this war, that for six
+    months has been gorging itself with human life and prosperity
+    and happiness! The same feeling amongst us and amongst them!
+    Always the same picture! We are so much alike, we achieve the
+    same, we suffer the same, just because we happen to be such
+    bitter enemies.--(From the _International Review_.)
+
+The following is another extract given by M. Romain Rolland. It is taken
+from the letter of a German soldier to a Swiss professor:
+
+    The longing for peace is intense with us. At least with all
+    those who are at the front, forced to kill and to be killed. The
+    newspapers say that it is not possible to stem the war-like
+    passion of the soldiers. They lie, knowingly or unknowingly. Our
+    pastors deny that this passion is abating. You cannot think how
+    indignant we are at such nonsense. Let them hold their tongues
+    and not speak of things they do not understand. Or, rather, let
+    them come here, not as chaplains in the rear, but in the line of
+    fire, with arms in their hands. Perhaps then they will perceive
+    the inner change which is going on in thousands of us. In the
+    eyes of these parsons a man who has no passion for war is
+    unworthy of his age. But it seems to me that we who are
+    faithfully doing our duty without enthusiasm for the war, and
+    hating it from the bottom of our souls, are finer heroes than
+    the others. They speak of a Holy War. I know of no Holy War. I
+    only know one war, and that is the sum of everything that is
+    inhuman, impious, and beastly in man, a visitation of God and a
+    call to repentance to the people who rushed into it, or allowed
+    themselves to be drawn into it. God has plunged men into this
+    Hell in order to teach them to love Heaven. As for the German
+    people, the war seems to be a chastisement and a call to
+    contrition--addressed first of all to our German Church.
+
+
+GERMANY IN PEACE TIME.
+
+Enough has been cited to give a glimpse of the better Germany in the
+time of this war. Let us remember, too, what she has been in peace.
+"After all, in our saner moments we all of us know that the Germans are
+a great people, with a great part in the world to play. Their boasts
+about their 'culture' are not idle boasts, and, when one comes to think
+of it, it is rather important to have in our midst a people that _cares_
+to boast about its culture. The Englishman is more given to complaining
+than boasting, and when he does boast it is certainly not about culture.
+As it seems to me, the Germans excel in two things--simple tenderness of
+sentiment and the work of patient observation. I am aware that it has
+for a considerable time been the mode in England to slight German
+literature. Personally, I consider this one of those temporary poses to
+which superior persons are liable. Leave out all the great names if you
+will--Goethe, Schiller, Heine, and the rest--and we still have the
+folk-songs. A nation that can produce those folk-songs has got unusual
+gifts for the world. And, of course, we envy the Germans their music. Of
+all the contemptible utterances that this war has produced (and it has
+produced a good many) none has been worse than the silly blathering
+against German music just because it is German. What have Beethoven,
+Bach, Schubert, Schumann, Wagner got to do with the politics of the
+present war? Leaving the arts aside, it is quite certain that in any
+region where careful observation and painstaking thought are required,
+no one can afford to neglect Germany. Recently I was looking through
+May's 'Guide to the Roman Pottery in the York Museum.' Among the names
+of those dealing with the subject of Roman pottery I suppose the best
+known are those of Dechelette and Dragendorff--the one French, the other
+German. Among the other references I found fourteen to German
+publications and four to English, one of the latter being merely a
+museum catalogue. No one can study philosophy without continual
+reference to German thought. Even in a subject so English as the study
+of Shakespeare the work of Gervinus is fundamental, and from the time of
+Lessing to that of Ten Brink there has been a succession of German
+commentators. Those of us who have worked at all at science know only
+too well what we owe to Germany there. It has, indeed, been at times
+painful to compare the mass of the German output with the comparatively
+thin stream of English work. Of course, there has been splendid English
+research, but as a people we are not lovers of knowledge, and we are
+specially loath to apply it. Again and again our scientific papers have
+been filled with diatribes against our English neglect of science, and
+the diatribes were needed. I remember asking a British firm of repute to
+construct for me a resistance 'bridge' of a simple kind. I explained the
+whole purpose of the apparatus, but when it came back to me the
+resistance wire was soldered down in two places to broad bands of brass.
+This, of course, altered the resistance and rendered the apparatus
+useless. A rudimentary knowledge of electricity would have made such a
+mistake impossible. Contrast this with the following: When I was a
+student a lecturer wished to prepare a rather rare compound for some
+work of his. We both tried for long to prepare a specimen, but failed,
+probably because the temperature of our furnace was not high enough. We
+then sent to a German firm of manufacturing chemists, and they prepared
+it for us at once. I remarked recently to an English scientific chemist,
+'No English firm would have done that.' 'Well, if you had pressed them,'
+he replied, 'they would have sent over to ---- (a German firm) and then
+put their own label on the bottle.' A 'chemist' in too many of our works
+has too often been a lad who has picked up some routine knowledge, but
+who has no more scientific equipment than a farm labourer. Contrast this
+with the state of things at the _Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik_, where
+as many as _sixty_ trained chemists are employed.
+
+"I have often thought of these things when I have heard manufacturers
+bewailing German competition. The war has produced many strange
+intellectual somersaults, and it is curious to notice how many Free
+Traders are now eager for the destruction, not temporarily, but
+permanently, of German trade. A few months ago they would have preached
+in season and out on the advantage to England of receiving cheap goods,
+they would have extolled German scientific methods, and they would (with
+every right) have pointed out that a customer who buys forty million
+pounds' worth of our goods is scarcely one whom we should wish to
+destroy. All these facts remain absolutely unaltered by the war. All
+that has happened is that a half-ashamed jealousy is no longer ashamed,
+and is masquerading as patriotism so successful as to have misled the
+majority of our countrymen--for a time. The day of reckoning will come,
+and we shall not then find it any better than previously to buy dear
+goods to please the manufacturers. Moreover, our men of business will
+not have learned scientific methods by the end of the war. A publisher's
+circular that I recently received appealed, on patriotic grounds, for
+the purchase of a book on applied science. I am not very cynical, but I
+confess that I distrust these trade appeals to patriotism. The true
+patriot does not advertise his patriotism in order to make money. In
+this case the work was well known and important, but it was interesting
+to observe that almost every one of the contributors was German, and
+that the rest were German-Swiss. Surely, in spite of its horror, there
+are many things in this contest to make the gods laugh."[74]
+
+
+BRITISH RECOGNITION.
+
+It is pleasant to find recognition of Germany's commercial deserts among
+British commercial men. The annual conference of the United Kingdom
+Commercial Travellers' Association was opened at the Town Hall,
+Manchester, on May 24, 1915. Sir William Mather, who was unanimously
+elected president, referred to Germany as follows:
+
+    The position of Germany in the world of commerce had been
+    attained as the result of years of patient and persistent
+    organisation, of close application to business, of exhaustive
+    and careful research work, and full appreciation of the
+    requirements and necessities of the markets for which she was
+    catering, and a determination to meet those requirements in
+    strict accordance with the wishes and needs of her potential
+    customers. Behind all the efforts had been lavish financial
+    support by the German Government, and the pledging of national
+    credit for individual and private enterprise.
+
+    The position secured by Germany as a result of her persistent
+    application of these methods was not to be seriously challenged,
+    nor would she be deprived of her hold upon it by anything other
+    than the use by Englishmen of the same skill, the same
+    elasticity, the same persistence, and the same efficiency in
+    every branch of commerce.
+
+    Commercial travellers, as one of the most important parts of the
+    mechanism, must, if the desired result be obtained, make
+    themselves fully efficient for their part in the work. They had
+    been perhaps, as vocal as any section of the community as to the
+    necessity and possibility of extending English trade, but it was
+    much to be regretted that when opportunities were given and
+    facilities provided, more particularly for the younger men to
+    equip themselves for the work which had to be done in extending
+    British commerce abroad, the response was extremely
+    inadequate.--(_Daily Telegraph_, May 25, 1915.)
+
+As regards chemical research there also fortunately remain those who
+still ungrudgingly admit our enormous indebtedness to Germany. In March,
+1915, Professor Percy Frankland, F.R.S., addressed the Birmingham
+Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on "The Chemical Industries
+of Germany." With true and chivalrous courtesy, Professor Frankland, in
+a footnote to his printed address, writes: "The author has much pleasure
+in acknowledging the assistance he has received from the valuable
+compilation by Professor Lepsius of Berlin, 'Deutschlands Chem.
+Industrie, 1888-1913,' and from that by Dr. Duisberg, of Elberfeld,
+'Wissenschaft und Technik,' 1911." I believe such courtesy is more
+characteristically British than the lack of it sometimes shown by
+others. The following quotations from Professor Frankland's address are
+of interest:
+
+
+INDUSTRIES DEPENDENT ON SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
+
+    ... During the major part of the [past] 60 years the great bulk
+    of the discoveries in this domain have been made in Germany.
+    Organic chemistry is, perhaps, the branch of science which more
+    perfectly suits the German mind and temperament. It involves the
+    possession of those qualities in which Germans are so
+    pre-eminent--the capacity for taking an infinitude of pains, the
+    capacity to anticipate difficulties and organise means to
+    circumvent them.... It is in the possession of such schools of
+    research, both in the universities and in the chemical
+    factories, that Germany has by two generations the lead of all
+    other countries in the world.... The chemical manufacturers in
+    this country have, with some notable exceptions, failed to
+    establish anything worthy of the name of research laboratories
+    in connection with their works.... Whereas the artificial colour
+    industry started in England, that of artificial drugs is
+    entirely of German origin, and may be said to begin with the
+    discovery by Liebig of chloroform in 1831, and of chloral
+    hydrate in 1832.... The composition of the personnel who carry
+    on these German colour works is at the bottom of their success.
+    Take the works of Messrs. Meister, Lucius, und Bruening as an
+    example. In 1913, the composition was as follows: Workmen,
+    7,680; managers, 374; expert chemists, 307; technologists, 74;
+    commercial staff, 611. Contrast with the above the fact that the
+    six English factories now producing dyestuffs employ altogether
+    only 35 chemists, whilst evidence of their relative activities
+    is again furnished by the circumstance that between 1886 and
+    1900 the English firms took out only 86 patents, whereas the six
+    principal German firms were responsible for 948 during the same
+    period. Having shown that these German coal-tar colour
+    manufacturers are without rivals from the commercial point of
+    view, I feel it to be my duty to point out also that their
+    industry is carried on under conditions of labour which are
+    highly creditable to the management.
+
+Professor Frankland goes on to urge that we should at least pay heed to
+"the warnings repeated _ad nauseam_ by the chemical profession during a
+whole generation." Those warnings told us of the stupidity and peril of
+neglecting science. It is not mere commercialism but science that is
+needed. The help of science, it may be added, will never be gained
+unless devotion is paid to it for its own sake, and not simply as a
+means to money. That reward is too far off for mere commercialism. Adolf
+Baeyer synthesised indigo in 1880, but it cost 17 years of laborious
+investigation and the investment of nearly L1,000,000 of capital before
+that synthesis could be made a commercial success. So long a chase is
+not carried out by those who are thinking only of the prize. The hunt
+itself must interest them. That, I personally fear, is where we in
+Britain (and especially in England) are somewhat lacking.
+
+Two other points in Professor Frankland's address I would draw attention
+to. In emphasising the need of scientific men on the directorates he
+asks: "What does not the firm of Messrs. Brunner, Mond and Co., for
+example, owe to the late Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S.?" Just so. Dr. Ludwig
+Mond was a German. He came to this country and brought with him his
+energy, enterprise, and his very exceptional scientific endowments. With
+Mr. J. J. Brunner he was thus able to found what became the largest
+alkali works in the kingdom, and undoubtedly one of the most scientific
+and enterprising works we have. Incidentally it is worth mentioning that
+the firm of Brunner, Mond and Co. was one of the first to introduce the
+eight hours day. There are people about (a few of whom ought to know
+better) asking for the exclusion of the German in the future. I would
+venture to suggest that we might well exchange very many English people
+of such limited brain capacity for one Ludwig Mond. To shut the door to
+men is to shut the doors to talent, and talent produces its best by
+cross-fertilisation.
+
+I may at this point insert an illustration communicated to me privately.
+My informant said: "When I was a very young man I determined to try to
+save a business which was falling in ruin. My project was strongly
+opposed by my friends, but I determined to carry it out. The works which
+I took over were then employing 150 men. There was a great lack of
+scientific training, and _this_ I saw was the chief cause of disaster.
+So I began sending my men to Germany to be trained. The Germans have
+always, at their State-supported universities, welcomed the foreigner
+and given him their best knowledge. My men brought that knowledge back
+to England. The result was that by the time I withdrew from active work
+we were employing about three thousand men. The Germans had thus given
+work to nearly three thousand Englishmen. People should remember facts
+of this kind when they talk of Germans coming here and 'taking the bread
+out of our mouths.'"
+
+The wife of an interned man struggled to keep his business. She was,
+however, ruined. "Serve you right," she was told, "coming here and
+taking the bread out of our people's mouths." What a strange idea of
+humanity! What are "our people"? If a Scotsman settles in London is he
+"taking the bread out of our people's mouths'"? We forget that the
+foreigner is very often an enormous accession to a State. The Norman
+conquerors who organised us, the Flemings who improved our weaving, the
+Huguenots who gave new ideas to our commerce, the Germans who brought
+us scientific method have all been amongst the makers of England.
+Exclusiveness is a constricting cord that strangles progress. Exchange
+of commodities is, we know, the life of trade, and exchange of men and
+ideas is the life of more than trade.
+
+The last quotation I shall make from Professor Frankland's address has,
+I venture to think, very considerable bearing on the possibilities of
+future friendship:
+
+    Notwithstanding the absence of material inducements, I venture
+    to say without fear of contradiction that there is more original
+    investigation being prosecuted in this country by chemists than
+    by any other body of British men of science, and this I
+    attribute to the fact that such a large proportion of our number
+    have either been at German universities or are the pupils of
+    those who have been at these centres of research. Nor are any of
+    us, I am sure, even during this unfortunate crisis, unmindful of
+    the hospitality and inspiration which we have received in the
+    schools of the enemy.
+
+One has met with so much pettiness and folly masquerading as patriotism
+that it is delightful to welcome such a truly noble utterance.
+
+The allusion to the conditions of labour in Professor Frankland's
+address is also important. Most of us regard the German labourer as far
+too controlled and regulated, but everyone knows that Germany was to the
+fore in care for the health and well-being of the workman: "As to the
+factory legislation in general, not only do they afford to children and
+juveniles a greater measure of protection in regard to hours and other
+conditions of work than is enforced by the English Factory Acts, but
+many of their provisions for ensuring the health, comfort, and safety of
+all workers go beyond the limits which are thought sufficient in this
+country." (W. H. Dawson, "The Evolution of Modern Germany," p. 332.)
+
+Insurance against sickness and old age were measures that we learned
+from Germany. They were intended to increase British efficiency and
+well-being, and our statesmen received every courtesy and help in
+studying German methods. It will be said by many that we shall not study
+those methods again. Perhaps not. They may prefer an English method as
+propounded by Lord Headley when speaking at a luncheon in connection
+with the Bakery and Confectionery Trades Exhibition held at Islington.
+The report is from the _Glasgow Herald_ as reproduced in the _Labour
+Leader_ (October 21, 1915):
+
+    In regard to many industries, the plain fact was that the
+    foreigner lived much more cheaply than the British workman and
+    charged far less for his labour. Where labour, and not
+    machinery, formed a small part of the cost of production we
+    should be able to compete with the foreigner, and that should be
+    the case in high class confectionery more than in anything else.
+    If we were to defeat the foreigner in other industries after the
+    war, it seemed to him that the British workman would have to
+    consent to work for lower wages than hitherto. At any rate, he
+    hoped so, in order that the country might supply itself with
+    necessities without having to go abroad for them.
+
+It seems to me that in this way we should "defeat" not only the
+foreigner, but the Englishman as well--except the privileged few who
+could get workmen at low wages without lowering their profits. I
+remember saying to a Colonial lady that we had gained much from the
+science of German settlers in this country. "Damn German science," was
+her reply. A certain type of employer desires two protections--protection
+against the knowledge of the foreigner, and protection against the
+aspirations of the worker. Both the knowledge and the aspirations of
+others are a disturbance of repose.
+
+At a Nottingham meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry the
+unscientific character of British methods was again emphasised. So, too,
+at the Edinburgh meeting in December, 1914.
+
+Principal A. P. Laurie, speaking of paints and colours, said: "There
+were very few cases among those he had inquired into of a chemical, a
+colour product, or a pigment which was being made both in Germany and in
+England in which the German product was not better than that made in
+this country.... Again, it was admitted that German barytes was better
+ground than English. Yet an extensive literature on barytes and barytes
+mining had been published by the Germans, showing exactly how German
+barytes was ground. They had not found a barytes miner in England who
+owned a microscope.... The English manufacturer did not believe in or
+use the man of science.
+
+"Mr. Tatlock, speaking from the laboratory glass apparatus makers' point
+of view, said that British manufacturers were finding it exceedingly
+difficult to replace German and Austrian products.... Professor
+Henderson had referred to the possibility of people buying more readily
+goods of British manufacture. They did not find that to be the case. The
+goods had to be cheaper or better; they would certainly never be bought
+purely because they were British, and he did not altogether think that
+they should be bought for that reason."
+
+It is surely clear that the only wise world policy is one in which each
+nation brings its own particular contribution to the common stock and in
+no way tries to shut others out.
+
+
+THE POLICY OF BOYCOTTING THOUGHT.
+
+We find it impossible to shut out German music. "Germany, it must be
+said to its credit," I read in the daily Press, "is not boycotting
+foreign art." In the autumn of 1915 the Royal Theatres of Berlin
+announced Shakespeare's "Macbeth," and "Antony and Cleopatra," and
+Scribe's "Glass of Water." "Shakespeare, one hears," writes a reviewer
+in the _Daily News_, of December 4, 1915, "is still being played in the
+German theatres. If you go to a theatre in London you are more likely to
+see a performance with a title like 'I _don't_ Think!' or 'Pass the
+Mustard, Please!' Shakespeare, to tell the truth, is in England left
+largely to professors and schoolboys."
+
+A silly crusade was started in this country against German thought in
+general, a crusade so petty that it made some of us wince for shame. The
+upholders of creeds joined in hastily, for German investigators had
+given our beliefs many uncomfortable shocks. We remember how it came
+about that the President of the Training College in Mark Rutherford's
+Autobiography could with such satisfaction to himself destroy the
+"infidel." "The President's task was all the easier because he knew
+nothing of German literature; and, indeed, the word 'German' was a term
+of reproach signifying something very awful, although nobody knew
+exactly what it was." The obscurantist and opponent of free thought has
+shown signs of hope that the German's reputation for awfulness may turn
+us from his evil companionship into the restful paths of British piety.
+The Englishman (especially, I believe, the Saxon element) has too often
+been prone to make a stronghold of ignorance. This stronghold has
+certainly in industry proved to be a house of cards, and I think it has
+proved to be equally a house of cards in religion. It would, indeed, be
+a disastrous outcome of the war if it led us still more to emphasise our
+insularity. Unless we are readier after the war to learn from everyone,
+we shall, as a nation, be mentally moribund. It matters not in the least
+whether the thought be German, French, Austrian, Swiss, Russian, or any
+other. Miss Petre, in her "Reflections of a Non-Combatant," has finely
+stated the wider view:
+
+    Thought and learning, art and music, may bear certain
+    characteristics of the country in which they are begotten; but
+    they are also the products of humanity itself, or they would
+    make no appeal to the world at large. The monuments of the
+    German mind are no more robbed of their intellectual value by
+    the national crime of this war than German mountains are robbed
+    of their natural grandeur, German forests of their solemnity, or
+    German rivers of their width and volume.
+
+Any other attitude is extremely likely to degenerate into a petty
+jealousy that is bred of fear. This is how Mr. H. G. Wells wrote of our
+attitude towards Germany years ago:
+
+    We in Great Britain are now intensely jealous of Germany. We are
+    intensely jealous of Germany, not only because the Germans
+    outnumber us, and have a much larger and more diversified
+    country than ours, and lie in the very heart and body of Europe,
+    but because in the last hundred years, while we have fed on
+    platitudes and vanity, they have had the energy and humility to
+    develop a splendid system of national education, to toil at
+    science and art and literature, to develop social organisation,
+    to master and better our methods of business and industry, and
+    to clamber above us in the scale of civilisation. This has
+    humiliated and irritated rather than chastened us.
+
+Such jealousy is a strangely short-sighted mistake. No valuable or
+lasting peace will come till jealousy is exorcised. There are ominous
+signs of the possible triumph of a deadly Saxon insularity, but there
+are other signs that give us hope. When so ardent a combatant as Mr.
+Lloyd George can speak well of the services of Germany to the world, all
+is not lost. It is pleasant to be able to quote these passages from an
+interview reported in the _Daily News_ of January 25, 1916:
+
+"Mr. Lloyd George is not among those who imagine they are doing their
+country a service by decrying everything German. 'I think,' he said,
+'that America and all of us should realise that there were two Germanies
+before the war. On the one hand, there was the industrial, the
+commercial, and the intellectual Germany, and in a most remarkable way
+she had blended the three elements. That Germany was rendering a great
+service to civilisation. It was conquering the world by the success of
+its methods and of its example, and that conquest would have proved a
+very genuine blessing. It would have been the means of saving some of
+the terrible waste from which most of the social evils of humanity
+spring. As an ardent social reformer, I freely confess that I myself was
+learning a good deal from that side of Germany, particularly in the
+direction of municipal and national organisation.'" Mr. Lloyd George
+goes on to say that the other Germany, the military Germany, had
+overthrown the Germany from which he had drawn inspiration. Our task
+then surely is to help to reduce military dominance everywhere and to
+help to set free that Germany whose peaceful conquest of the world
+"would have proved a very genuine blessing."
+
+That Germany was, and still is, a Germany of simple hearts, of men and
+women who can love well. I have talked to many British-born wives of
+interned men. Over and over again I have heard the same story. "I could
+not have had a better husband, and the children could not have had a
+better father." That is why many English wives have already gone to
+Germany to their husband's families.
+
+It is time we got rid of grotesque caricatures of the German people.
+Such caricatures always represent the outlook of war-time, but they do
+not make for a lasting peace. There is a great German people, and that
+people and ours should find each other's hearts. I am not so much
+concerned as to the Germany of brilliant science and industrious
+commerce. That is good, but there is something better: It is the Germany
+of loving husbands and true comrades, of true wives and devoted mothers.
+It is the heart that rules the world, and we need the true hearts in
+Germany, England, France, and over all the world to recognise each
+other. The one prayer for us all in every land in these days surely is,
+"Lord, that our eyes may be opened!" When we can pray that prayer, we
+shall begin to see the war to a peace of the heart--the only peace that
+will not be a "patched-up peace."
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 40: Lieut. Dr. Kutscher writes with obvious pleasure
+    of the _grande loterie de Noel_ shared out by the officers to
+    the children of C. in France. The children's parties went on,
+    too, in the New Year. (_Int. Review_, 10th Aug., 1915).]
+
+    [Footnote 41: Cf. p. 161. These are simply examples of the wild
+    passions war engenders, and there is not always the sergeant at
+    hand who says "Drop that or I shoot you." One side may be
+    decidedly worse than the other (as seems, _e.g._, to have been
+    the case in the American Civil War), but this does not alter the
+    character of what war does for human nature.]
+
+    [Footnote 42: See p. 36.]
+
+    [Footnote 43: "An English Girl's Adventures in Hostile Germany,"
+    pp. 58 and 124. For other incidents see p. 212.]
+
+    [Footnote 44: See above, p. 55. For further examples of civilian
+    kindness see pp. 212 ff.]
+
+    [Footnote 45: It is disconcerting to one's pride to learn that
+    while the sale of German newspapers in England was entirely
+    "verboten" in 1916, English newspapers may still be readily
+    obtained in Germany in the autumn of 1918. Why are we so afraid
+    of the other side being known?]
+
+    [Footnote 46: Cf. p. 169.]
+
+    [Footnote 47: The war has greatly increased that number.]
+
+    [Footnote 48: My aim is not political, and I do not, therefore,
+    touch upon the many later utterances. The protests, for example,
+    against the unfairness of the Brest-Litovsk Peace have in
+    Reichstag and Press been numerous and emphatic. For such facts
+    the reader should consult the "Cambridge Magazine."]
+
+    [Footnote 49: We were allowed to suppose that the Lusitania
+    carried no munitions, the Germans were encouraged to believe
+    that she carried mounted guns. Both views were incorrect. The
+    _New York Evening Post_ (quoted by the _Labour Leader_)
+    published the "manifest" of the number of cases of ammunition
+    carried.]
+
+    [Footnote 50: Ernest Poole in "Cassell's Magazine," No. 42.]
+
+    [Footnote 51: This seems unavoidable. "At last things quieted
+    down a bit, but many wounded had to be brought in between the
+    firing lines--dangerous work, as both sides are liable to fire
+    if they are seen."--An R.A.M.C. Officer in the _Times_.]
+
+    [Footnote 52: From "The Pageant of War," by Lady Margaret
+    Sackville.]
+
+    [Footnote 53: Cf. too p. 108.]
+
+    [Footnote 54: "There is no reason to suppose that he had seen
+    Germany." wrote Mr. George Long in Sir William Smith's
+    "Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology."]
+
+    [Footnote 55: Further, we must remember that "The Red Cross on a
+    white field is not a magic mantle that can ward off shells fired
+    by an artillerist at a target which he cannot see, nor against
+    flyers dropping bombs from thousands of feet in the air.
+    'Bomb-dropping flyers are the terror of the doctors and wounded
+    behind the lines,' remarked a doctor to me."--Karl von Wiegand,
+    in the _New York World_, August 17, 1916. ("Cambridge Magazine,"
+    _Oct_. 7, 1916.)]
+
+    [Footnote 56: "Church towers in a flat country are the only
+    observation points, and so they are used, and so they are
+    shelled."--Ernest Poole, in "Cassell's Magazine," No. 42, p.
+    27.]
+
+    [Footnote 57: From "Is It To Be Hate?" (Allen and Unwin), a
+    pamphlet which I wrote in 1915. On many points there dealt with
+    my second thoughts are different, as are those of many others.
+    We have learned much since then.]
+
+    [Footnote 58: The public is extraordinarily innocent as regards
+    this kind of information. It would form an interesting subject
+    for post-war analysis.]
+
+    [Footnote 59: Cf. p. 157.]
+
+    [Footnote 60: From "Is It To Be Hate?" by the Author.]
+
+    [Footnote 61: _La guerre devant Le Palais._ Par Gabriel Mourey.
+    Paris. Ollendorff 2f.--_Times_ Literary Supplement, Aug. 19,
+    1915.]
+
+    [Footnote 62: Cf. M. Mourey on the Uhlans at Compiegne, p. 206.]
+
+    [Footnote 63: See also p. 104.]
+
+    [Footnote 64: p. 90.]
+
+    [Footnote 65: "England," "Germany," "France," etc., in these
+    connections actually stand for a very small group of diplomats
+    controlling foreign policy. The association of the names
+    unfortunately makes us think of the countries as a whole, a word
+    fallacy that leads to illimitable disaster.]
+
+    [Footnote 66: p. 91.]
+
+    [Footnote 67: The variability of war stories may be observed
+    also in the columns of the _Times_ during the Crimean War. The
+    truth is, no doubt, that great local differences of treatment
+    occur, and that stories to the discredit of an enemy are more
+    welcomed than stories in his favour.]
+
+    [Footnote 68: In the _International Review_ of August 10, 1915,
+    an Austrian lady, Charlotte Frankl, gives an account of the
+    warm-hearted help she received in France, and the even greater
+    kindness she and others received in England: "Not one of us had
+    had unhappy experiences in England."]
+
+    [Footnote 69: War was declared upon Austria May 23, 1915, and
+    though formal declaration of war against Germany was delayed for
+    more than a year, the obvious fact was that Italy had taken
+    sides with the enemy.]
+
+    [Footnote 70: Cf. p. 199.]
+
+    [Footnote 71: The British Chemical Society expelled its honorary
+    German and Austrian Fellows, men who had worked for the whole of
+    humanity. The German Chemical Society was asked by some of its
+    members to expel an English Honorary Fellow who had attacked
+    German men of science with exceptional virulence. The Society
+    adopted the dignified course of taking no action amidst the
+    passions of war.]
+
+    [Footnote 72: "Whatever Mr. Ernest Lissauer and his fellows may
+    have set before themselves in their Tyrtaean poems of hate, in
+    any case it can be said of them that they knew not what they
+    did.... They did not know, though they should have known ...
+    that the solidarity of the nations ... has to-day already become
+    such that no great nation can aim at the very conditions of
+    existence of another without damaging itself at the same
+    time."--Ed. Bernstein in _Das Forum_ Jan., 1915.]
+
+    [Footnote 73: This is one view. Others who have seen German life
+    during the war report a real solidarity of the people, a
+    solidarity which later developments and revelations of Entente
+    proposals has certainly not diminished.]
+
+    [Footnote 74: From "Is It To Be Hate?" by Harold Picton (Allen
+    and Unwin). See footnote p. 203.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+Mme. F. L. Cyon had some rather important experiences at Lille at the
+time of the German attack and during the German occupation. She is a
+woman of singularly cool mentality, and her evidence may be compared
+with that of Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge in a widely distant war area.
+
+Mme. Cyon has very kindly placed her notes of her experiences at my
+disposal. As the notes record also a point of view as to war in general,
+it has seemed more fitting to print them as an appendix. No statement of
+this kind is unbiased, for the pacifist has his own bias. Yet I am quite
+certain that everything set down by Mme. Cyon has been set down in
+complete sincerity and with unusual absence of mental distortion. The
+record is that made by a quiet worker amidst circumstances where few
+people remained sane.
+
+
+THE MENTAL HAVOC WROUGHT BY THE WAR.
+
+BY FRANCOISE LAFITTE CYON.
+
+During the months of September, October, November, and December, 1914, I
+undertook a journey in Northern France; going first to Lille, thence to
+Maubeuge, and returning to England via Brussels, Malines, Antwerp, and
+Holland.
+
+I was at Lille on October 13, 1914, when the Germans took the town.
+During the first three months of my stay in France I was engaged in
+nursing work at the military hospital 105 at Lille. In the early part of
+December I travelled as well as I could, sometimes tramping and
+sometimes making use of peasants' carts and local tramways, until I
+eventually reached Holland.
+
+It is not, however, my intention to speak much of my adventures or of
+the war itself, but rather to depict, to the best of my ability, the
+effect which the dreadful events of our doings have had on the minds of
+the men and women I have met with over there; be they French, Belgian,
+or German. This article will be an attempt to give a series of short
+studies in psychology, rather than a dramatic account of a perilous
+journey.
+
+I wish my readers to bear in mind at the outset that after October 13 I
+was in German territory, where, from that date onwards, I met with two
+kinds of people. On the one hand, the oppressors or Germans; on the
+other hand, the oppressed, namely, the French, Belgian, and a few
+English.
+
+For a psychological study to be of value, such a distinction is useful
+to begin with, for one seldom finds the same frame of mind in the victor
+and the vanquished, in the oppressor and the oppressed.
+
+Whilst endeavouring to give facts, I must distinguish between three
+types of people whom I met during my journey. First, civilians, French
+and Belgian; secondly, the hospital staff, doctors and nurses, mostly
+French, with the exception of two German doctors; thirdly, the military,
+officers and men, French and German, with a few British. I am obliged to
+make this division in order to make myself clear, as the events of the
+war do not seem to affect the people of these three divisions in the
+same way.
+
+In what follows I shall for the most part depict types.
+
+I met first with the civilian population. When I reached Lille, I found
+life there much as usual, excepting that all appeared very quiet. But a
+few days after my arrival Lille began to show an extraordinary and sad
+animation. The town, which had already given shelter to many refugees
+from Valenciennes and villages thereabouts, was suddenly crowded by the
+exodus of the inhabitants of Orchies; the latter town, it was reported,
+had been completely burnt to the ground by the Germans, only thirty
+houses having been left standing.
+
+Life in Lille became horrible. In the streets one met long processions
+of miserable creatures, looking haggard and exhausted. Here was a woman
+with three tiny children, two of them in a dilapidated perambulator, the
+other she carried in her arms. She looked grey with the dust of the
+road: I followed her. She was going to the office of some local paper,
+whence these poor refugees were directed where to go to find food and
+shelter. Waiting at the door of the office were such numbers of these
+worn-out human beings that many of them, too tired to stand any longer,
+were sitting on the pavement whilst the children were eating pieces of
+bread.
+
+One morning I followed the crowd going to get bread at the town hall. I
+saw a little boy of four standing at his mother's side while she talked
+with another woman. The mother's basket had been put down on the
+pavement and a round loaf of bread was partly coming out of it. The
+little mite kneeled down on the ground and, going at it with all his
+might, he began to eat off the loaf in a way which told a long, sad
+tale.
+
+But what one met with amongst one's friends was often more horrible than
+the sights in the streets. The tale of the destruction of Orchies had
+been believed almost everywhere before any explanation had been
+forthcoming, and in these days hatred began to rear its head when people
+talked of the Germans.
+
+"If they had burned Orchies," said one of my acquaintances, "it is
+because we are too tolerant with them. To brutes we must speak only the
+language of brutes. We treat their prisoners like guests; let us put
+them all against the wall and shoot them and their wounded, too."
+
+When I replied that we should have little right to complain of German
+atrocities if we did what they are reported to do, I was looked at as
+too soft and as if I were a woman without patriotic feeling. My friend
+told me this as politely as his temper allowed.
+
+I left him and went into the street to try to find some distraction from
+his hatred. I chanced to meet a woman of Orchies and inquired what had
+happened there. I give her tale as told to me, though I have not been
+able to verify it.
+
+"The Germans," said she, "behaved quite well the first time they came
+into our town. They were kind to the children and even gave them sweets
+and toys, but on their second visit they found that some of their
+wounded had had their ears cut off and they ordered that Orchies should
+be set on fire."
+
+"It was monstrous," she added, "but I know that an African soldier was
+found with a necklace of sixty ears, which he had certainly taken
+somewhere. This, too, was monstrous. I do not excuse the Germans for
+their crime--I have lost everything myself--but if we allow their
+wounded to be mutilated at such times, what can we expect? Who can say
+which side is the more barbarous? I must tell you that the officer
+ordered to set fire to Orchies was also told to arrest the mayor and
+some other men and to have them shot. However, he gave them timely
+warning to evacuate Orchies and to make good their escape, so no one was
+hurt."
+
+How far this story was true I never knew, but the effect of it on my
+fellow creatures I had seen too well, and I went away bearing on my
+heart the words of the woman of Orchies: "Who can say which side is the
+more barbarous?"
+
+On October 7 we heard that the Germans were outside the city and in many
+quarters fear was added to the anguish already overburdening the hearts
+of so many. Yet one woman, hearing the Germans were near, exclaimed,
+"Say what you like, these men are just like our French men. War is war;
+you cannot expect it to be anything but cruel and barbarous. The Germans
+are no enemies of mine."
+
+Her words made a bad impression on the listeners, and it was well that
+the kind-hearted soul had three brothers in the French Army or she would
+have been regarded with much suspicion.
+
+An old lady of my acquaintance almost lost her head with fright. "How
+dare they," she said, speaking of the French, "let the Germans take
+Lille?"
+
+"What then," said I, "of Rheims?"
+
+"Yes, Rheims, I know it was horrible! But Lille, the most beautiful town
+of the North, it is a crime to make it suffer."
+
+Whilst discussing with me the doings of the French Army the old lady had
+often argued that Rheims and Arras had had to suffer because this was
+necessary to the success of the French operations. Recalling her own
+words, I asked: "But what could you say if for the good of the common
+cause Lille must suffer as did Rheims and Arras?"
+
+But in her terror, forgetful of what she had said previously, she only
+exclaimed: "Lille! It is a crime. What shall we do? How shall we live?"
+
+And I could see fear in her eyes, fear for her belongings as well as for
+her life, fear which made her forget for a moment the "good cause of
+this war" as she had often put it to me, fear which made her heart give
+out a note of real selfishness.
+
+So far as I can remember it was on October 8 that all the gates of the
+city were closed, and that there was fighting on the Grand Boulevard,
+the great wide thoroughfare which connects Lille with its sister-cities
+of Roubaix and Tourcoing. There was also fighting near one of the gates.
+
+On the following day, on returning from my work in Hospital 105, the
+people with whom I was living told me of the terrible spectacle they had
+witnessed when they had gone to get news of some relations living near
+the gate where the fight had taken place. One woman said:
+
+"The fight was on the bridge, which was covered in the evening with the
+dead bodies of Germans, amongst them two wounded men whom the Germans
+had left behind. By the bridge there is an inn, and we have been told
+that five men, civilians, who were there, killed the two 'Boches' by
+strangling them. This makes two less of them!"
+
+I looked at her in horror, thinking that fright had turned her brain. I
+could find no words to reply. I turned to go to my own room, when she
+added:
+
+"In any case, the 'Boches' won't know of it for the bodies are buried
+under a heap of stones."
+
+I left her with the words of the woman of Orchies echoing through my
+brain: "Who can tell which side is the more barbarous?"
+
+Some of these people I had known before the war to be peaceful, quiet
+citizens; they now appeared to me to have suddenly turned into devils.
+Fear and danger had made them crazy with hatred. Everywhere one went it
+was the same. If I tried to escape it, and took refuge in the street, I
+seemed to feel hatred rising from the very ground.
+
+Amongst the fugitives one saw, many had run away before even seeing a
+German helmet, but all were full of atrocious tales, all were mad with
+hatred and revenge.
+
+Not until the actual shelling of the town began did I fully realise the
+havoc that fear and hatred can work! To feel helpless while shells go
+whirling over one's head at the rate of sixty a minute, while houses are
+burning on either side of one, is a horrible experience. To have to bear
+all these horrors without being able to put a stop to them, is
+maddening. At such moments one feels like a mouse caught in a trap. One
+would have to be more than human not to feel terror.
+
+We all felt this at Lille, the great majority were so panic-stricken
+that they made for the gates, quite oblivious of the fact that the gates
+were closed and that fighting was going on there.
+
+It is usually in these moments of supreme fear that the lurking hatred
+in the soul takes full possession of it, distorting the imagination,
+bringing back the most atavistic moral ideas, giving birth to falsehoods
+of every description, and widening the gulf of misunderstanding which
+seems to part the nations.
+
+I have always known that hatred is the offspring of war. I am well aware
+that ever since the beginning of the present crisis the newspapers and
+the warmongers have been daily adding fuel to the fire of hatred for
+fear that if the fire died out the war would do the same. But over
+there, at Lille, I felt that hatred had fallen on the hearts of many
+people like a fatal malediction with which they are to be cursed all
+their life long and which they will transmit to their descendants.
+
+These people whom fear has driven, like cattle, from their burning
+houses, who have suddenly been left without a roof over their heads or
+food to eat, are not likely easily to give up their hatred when this
+passion of war is a thing of the past. Deep in their hearts will be
+written the word "revenge" even though France does not lose a second
+Alsace-Lorraine.
+
+This same overpowering feeling of hatred I found amongst most of the
+staff of the hospital where I was working, and I was able to note at
+first hand the effect it had in the dealings of the nursing staff with
+the German wounded.
+
+After October 13, 1914, the Germans took control of all the hospitals at
+Lille, and soon they were crowded with German wounded, while, little by
+little, as soon as they were able to travel, the French and British were
+evacuated and taken to Germany as prisoners of war.
+
+At Hospital 105 the French staff were asked if they would agree to
+remain under the German authorities, and most of the doctors and nurses
+elected to remain at their post. The hospital was controlled by the
+"Societe des femmes de France," who financed it and managed the entire
+establishment. Many of these women were society ladies and, with the
+exception of two or three, most incompetent. Before the German
+occupation their activities had mostly been of a showy character. They
+were all dainty, smart, and useless, and so they remained under German
+rule--those, at least, who did not run away. They avoided nursing
+Germans with great skill, and overcrowded the French and English wards.
+They were very diplomatic in their dealings with the enemy, as silly and
+pitiful in their hatred of the German and their cautious dealings with
+him as they were in their other activities. Their hatred was of the
+emptyheaded kind, but all the more dangerous for being based on
+frivolity of heart and crass ignorance.
+
+Side by side with them were a few intellectual women, professors and
+teachers. Most of them followed in the wake of their sisters and behaved
+in a similar manner. One of them, a woman I had known before, had spent
+many years of her life in Germany and had taught the German language for
+nearly twenty years. Before the war she had often told me how lovable
+she had found the German people, what good friends she had in Germany
+and how she always enjoyed a holiday there, so that when some of my
+German patients asked me for books, I thought she would be the very
+person to whom to apply for some.
+
+To my astonishment she flew into a passion when she heard my request.
+
+"Want books, do they? They will soon ask for chickens and lobsters."
+
+Walking into my ward, she exclaimed haughtily: "So you are asking for
+books! As you set fire to everything, there are no books left for you!"
+
+Very little of the nursing was done by these women, however, who,
+instead of being a real help for the most part, put spokes in the wheels
+of the more useful helpers. The hardships of overwork, of long hours, of
+day and night duties in succession, fell all the more heavily on the
+shoulders of a few willing women, the other part of the female element
+proving so unreliable.
+
+These women, whose devotion never flagged, comprised three trained
+nurses and nine or ten women clerks or teachers, of quite another type
+to those mentioned above. It is true they were not all free from hatred,
+but, if I may so express it, theirs was almost a hopeful hatred compared
+with the blind stupidity of those others.
+
+Amongst the three professional nurses I remember a tall, handsome girl
+of 22 or thereabouts. Hers was an ardent soul, one of those souls which
+keep young in spite of advancing years. Whatever task this girl sets
+herself to do she will carry it through with skill and earnestness.
+Whichever cause she champions she will do so in no light spirit, and it
+was thus that she hated the Germans with the strongest hatred and yet
+nursed them with utter devotion, for she was as earnest a nurse as she
+was keen a patriot. There was almost a kind of healthiness about her
+hatred, based as it was on deep-rooted feelings, knowing no caution and
+no fear. One might hope more for her who, fearless of consequences,
+could wave the French flag and shout "Vive la France" when French
+prisoners were led away, than for all the fine ladies whose little souls
+were filled with great fear and ignorant hatred.
+
+I remember also a small, fair nurse, silent for the most part, but up at
+all times of the night as well as working hard all day. She sometimes
+opened her heart to me and I found there, as deep-rooted as her
+colleague's hatred, a great and sincere love for all men and women, an
+unflinching hope that in the long run "brotherhood" will be the
+watchword of all humanity.
+
+Amongst these hard-working women many were of this silent type, going
+about with sealed lips, but with treasures of unconscious kindliness and
+love hidden in their hearts, known only to God.
+
+My daily intercourse with the men on our hospital staff was on the whole
+never sufficiently intimate to allow me to speak here of their mental
+attitude towards "the enemy." The French doctors I never saw except when
+I was on duty, and I had little or no opportunity of speaking with them,
+being only an assistant nurse, but I recollect one little incident
+connected with Professor L----, a man of acknowledged skill in France.
+At the time of which I speak, I had been transferred to a German ward,
+and one day, finding myself short of boiled water for the men to drink,
+I went to the chemist to ask for some. There I met Professor L----, who
+said:
+
+"So you want boiled water for your friends the Germans? What would you
+say if I were to put in it a few microbes of cholera morbus?"
+
+"I would hardly believe it of you!"
+
+"Of course, you would not, for I am told that you are surprisingly good
+to these Germans. But believe me, if it were not for the fear of
+spreading the disease far and wide, this would be the best thing to do."
+
+I have, however, no means of ascertaining that this incident is typical
+of the attitude of the average Frenchman on the male staff towards the
+Germans. As a matter of fact, they had very little to do with the German
+wounded, as these were left entirely in the hands of the German doctors,
+aided by the French nurses.
+
+After my transfer to the German wards, where we were very short of
+nurses, I soon found myself in sole charge of from 16 to 26 wounded, a
+burden which I felt rather too heavy for me, as I had had but little
+experience in nursing previous to the war. But it was during this time,
+when my duties involved greater responsibility, that I came into closer
+contact with doctors, but they were German doctors, of course.
+
+I remember one of them, a small man, somewhat round, whom we had
+nicknamed "pupuce" (little flea). Pupuce always appeared to me to be
+kindness itself: intent on his work, good to his men and fair to his
+helpers. His position as head of a hospital where most of the men were
+French, was not an easy one. He was disliked by the majority of the
+nurses, mostly those who had not been willing to work under him; yet I
+never saw him manifest anything but the greatest tolerance and courtesy
+towards all.
+
+But where one felt the smallest amount of hatred existing on either side
+was amongst the men who had fought and been wounded.
+
+Being left so much alone with my German patients I got to know them
+well. I never had to complain of my "Boches." They were so much like our
+own men; yes, so much like them! They were grateful for what was done
+for them just in the same way. They showed me photographs of their dear
+ones and told me stories of them which made my heart beat ever so
+quickly.
+
+But some of them were very funny. They ate, ate, so that one marvelled.
+They showed me plainly that I was to heap potatoes and other food on
+their plates. It was never too thick or too much for them. These men
+were of the peasant type, heavy in features and in general appearance. I
+found but few like them amongst our French men. They seemed to feel
+kindly towards me. Some of them used to pat me on the back heavily and
+call me: "Goode Petite Madam." But their kindness was cow-like, so to
+speak, and reminded me of the animals when they have been well fed.
+
+But, of course, all were not like that. I remember many handsome and
+intelligent faces of men who seemed to have been born for better things
+than butchery. Here was a young man, a student of science, as gentle as
+a woman. He seemed to be the soul of all his comrades, so great was his
+influence for good over them. Day and night he was ready to help and to
+go to the assistance of his fellows, so far as his own wounds would
+allow him to do so.
+
+There were many of this type, and many others who seemed like children,
+and who could hardly be expected to realise how they got into such a
+scrape. One, a young mechanic, a lad with a bright rosy face, discovered
+that I was a Socialist, and, with finger on lip, he told me that he also
+was one. He whispered the great names of Jaures, Keir Hardie, and
+Liebknecht; I could read in his eyes the hope these names roused in him,
+but I could also see that he was scarcely old enough to know his own
+mind, and that he might be brutally killed ere he had lived long enough
+to strengthen his hopes and to see his goal clearly through the maze of
+his youthful dreams.
+
+There were types on the French side corresponding more or less closely
+to these.
+
+It is true that the French peasant drinks wine in the place of beer,
+eats less than the German, is lighter in build and in wits, but apart
+from these superficial differences there is much similarity. Under an
+outside show of brains, both are often of dull and shallow intelligence.
+The German cracks heavy jokes and the French cynical ones: it is
+difficult to choose between them as both show little culture and an
+inherent commonplaceness of mind.
+
+Men of greater sensibility, of refined culture, I have found on either
+side, and be they French or German, I have nearly always found their
+behaviour correspond to that which I have here tried to delineate.
+
+Most of these men had seen many ghastly things, the horrors of which
+often remained impressed in their eyes for days and days after their
+arrival in hospital. It is often said that the trade of war, the heavy
+slaughter in which they have participated, is bound to brutalise them. I
+readily believe this to be so in the case of the most vulgar types on
+either side, though, even on these, the brutalising and demoralising
+effect of the war seems less to be feared than amongst their
+corresponding types among the civilians.
+
+It is amongst the soldiers and officers of the fighting ranks that I
+have found the greater readiness to fraternise with the enemy, to
+acknowledge the good points of the other side.
+
+The men in my ward one day having sent coffee to their French comrades,
+the latter replied by sending cigarettes, and soon both sides were
+conversing together. The men who have stood face to face in the fight,
+who have seen their enemies falling as bravely as they themselves have
+done, have little hatred left in their hearts; but those who have
+suffered all the horrors of war and who have not found either in work,
+or even in participation in the war itself, a means to cool their
+overheated feelings, are those who constitute the real danger for the
+future work of the pacifists, as, after all, the brutalising effect of
+war is not due so much to the use of physical force as to the hatred
+which such physical force, bent on destruction, brings in its wake.
+
+What I say here of the men does not, however, apply to the professional
+officers. Amongst the Germans these are mostly of the aristocracy. Their
+haughty, scarred faces were always repellent to me. Luckily I was not
+told off to nurse them. They had a special room of their own.
+
+Once only, at lunch time, when their usual nurse was away at her lunch,
+one of them beckoned to me as I was passing their door. Thinking that he
+wanted something, I went up to him, but he received me by putting out
+his tongue and taking a "sight" at me, to the amusement of all his
+friends. This young scamp was no other than Lieutenant von W----, the
+son of General von W----. We all knew that he was a cad and Pupuce
+himself seemed to find him rather a handful.
+
+I met very few French officers during my stay at Lille, but my knowledge
+of the professional military man in time of peace, leads me to believe
+that the type I have described, is far from uncommon in France. He is
+the embodiment of militarism anywhere, and neither in Germany nor
+elsewhere will these men's brutal instincts be checked through war, or
+even through defeat.
+
+After leaving Lille, and during my subsequent journey through Northern
+France and Belgium, I had the opportunity to note the dealings of the
+Germans with the population of these invaded lands.
+
+After the numerous accounts of monstrous atrocities which were
+perpetrated over there, I hardly dare to mention here that personally I
+did not meet with any of these. I do not mean to imply by this that
+atrocities have not happened, but simply that it has been my good
+fortune not to come across any.
+
+At Lille itself, the Germans behaved decently when once in occupation.
+Posters were put on the walls of the town inviting the population to
+keep quiet. It is true that a few days later fresh bills appeared,
+worded in very peremptory fashion, warning the inhabitants to keep away
+from the bridges, railways, and so forth, under penalty of death for
+disobedience. However, to my knowledge, no disturbances occurred. There,
+as elsewhere, the Germans tried to reorganise ordinary life as quickly
+as possible; they helped to put out fires and to restore quiet and order
+amongst the civilians.
+
+At Maubeuge I met with a similar state of affairs, though I came to this
+town to find that my father, one of the citizens, had only the day
+before come out of prison, where the Germans had kept him for 28 days;
+on a false charge of trying to incite the inhabitants of Maubeuge
+against the Germans, he and two other men had been arrested. According
+to their own account the three of them were given a very fair trial and
+were acquitted. My father did not in any way complain of the treatment
+he had met with.
+
+I must admit, however, that the three prisoners did not all speak of
+their adventure in the same spirit. My father, always quiet and
+cool-headed by nature, resolved to make the best of a bad job, and
+having obtained paper and ink, wrote about half of a book whilst in
+prison. He found the food wholesome, though not always plentiful, and
+asked my mother after his release, to make him a pea soup like that he
+had had in his cell. The other two, however, one a mere lad, the other
+an old-maidish man of 50, complained bitterly of the food and other
+things. While narrating his part of the story the middle-aged man turned
+to me exclaiming: "Why, your father, no one would believe that he is a
+good bit over 60. He took it all so quietly, just as if he were still a
+young man!"
+
+I could not but infer from this that in times of such great crisis and
+passion a man over there in the invaded parts is often treated by "the
+enemy" according to the way in which he himself behaves towards the
+so-called "enemy." Coolness of head and courtesy on the one side more
+often than not met with the same qualities on the other side.
+
+I suspect it was this, that, after the trial of the three, caused the
+President of the Court to apologise to my father, who had proved himself
+a man, but not to think of doing so to the two other prisoners, who had
+been more sheepish than human.
+
+On the average, the relations between the Germans and the inhabitants,
+from stories I have heard and facts I have witnessed, might roughly be
+summed up in the following statement:
+
+Arrogance, temper, haughtiness on the one side, provoke arrogance,
+temper and haughtiness on the other; while quietness and coolness of one
+party inspire the other with the same quietness and moderation. Provided
+we bear in mind that it takes less to provoke the victor than to provoke
+the vanquished, that it is more easy for the former to indulge in his
+temper without fear of consequences. I do not think that the atrocities
+perpetrated by the Germans in Belgium, the true ones as they came to my
+knowledge, and not the false ones which have been spread by the Press,
+have proved in any way that the Germans have passed the bounds of all
+that has been known in previous wars, and have deserved to be banned and
+thrust outside the pale of humanity.
+
+In this article I have endeavoured to give a fair account of my journey
+and to relate facts I have witnessed as they have impressed themselves
+upon my mind. I have done so not to pass judgment upon some of my
+fellow-creatures at such times of overheated passions, but merely in
+order to present to Socialists and Pacifists the enormity of their task
+after the war, such as I have felt it over there.
+
+It is in the hearts of the people that we shall have to work, to bring
+to them seeds of love and fraternal goodwill in the place of the weeds
+of hatred and ignorance which years of war and horrors will have left in
+the souls of many. Everywhere, but mostly in the countries which have
+been devastated by the war, be it in France, Belgium, Serbia, Poland or
+East Prussia and Galicia, it is in the hearts of the majority of the
+civilian population that we shall meet with the hardest task, but we
+must work so that our faith be so great as really to move mountains.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+_Where there are several references and one is of chief importance, that
+one is printed in heavy figures._
+
+
+PAGE.
+
+Accusation, Ease of, 204-5
+
+Achim, 136
+
+_Aktion, Die_, 231
+
+Alexandra Palace, Internment at, 103
+
+Altdamm, 8
+
+American Civil War, Prisoners in, 123-4
+
+Anderson, Chandler, 79
+
+Annexation
+  --Delbrueck-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial Against, 176
+  --German Socialist Party Manifesto Against, 175
+
+Assistance Agency, German, for Prisoners, 12, =133-142=
+
+Assistance to British Subjects in Germany, 212-21
+
+Atrocities
+  --and Credulity, 31, 38
+  --German, 264, 265
+  --Unfounded Story of, 156
+
+_Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle fuer Deutsche im Ausland und Auslaender in
+    Deutschland_, 133-4
+
+Austin, L. J., 33, =37=
+
+Austria, a Prisoner in, 26
+
+_Avanti_, 223
+
+
+Bad Blenhorst, 48, 57
+
+Baden, Prisoners in, 60, 61
+
+_Basler Nachrichten_, 66
+
+Bathing Facilities
+  --in British Camps, 65
+  --in German Camps, 11, 13, 15, 48, 50
+
+Bath-Chair Woman and English Lady, 213
+
+Batochina, 150-2
+
+Bayreuth, 55
+
+Belgian Relief Commission, Germany's Attitude to, 177-8
+
+Belgium, German Protests Against Annexation of, 173-177
+
+Bell, Mr. E. P., on the Censorship, 199
+
+Belle-Ile, 43
+
+Beresford, Lord, 29
+
+_Berliner Tageblatt_, 177, 179
+
+Bernhardi, 234
+
+Bernstein, Ed., 231
+
+Berry, Dr. F. M. Dickinson, 72
+
+Bibby, Private A., 193
+
+Birt, Capt. W. B., 146
+
+Bischofswerda, 45-6, 49
+
+Bishop of Winchester, 12, =132-3=
+
+Bjoernson, Bjoern, 171
+
+Blankenberg-i-Mark, 51
+
+Blankenburg, =19=, 52
+
+Blue Book on Prisoners in Germany, 24
+
+Boer War
+  --Concentration Camps, 126-31
+  --Prisoners in, 125
+
+Bogen, Col., 11
+
+Borchardt, Julian, 235
+
+Bouvigny, 38
+
+Boxing in Prison Camps, 51
+
+Brandenburg, 56
+
+British Subjects in Germany, Kindness to, 212-21
+
+Brunner, Mond & Co., 246
+
+Bryan, Mr., 6
+
+Buchan, John, 157
+
+Bulgaria, British Prisoners in, 73
+
+Burg, 34-37
+
+Burg-bei-Magdeburg, 10
+
+Bury, Bishop, 28, =102-3=, 107-8
+
+Butler, Lt.-Gen. Sir W., quoted, 200, 201
+
+
+_Cambridge Magazine_, 30, 73, 124, 228
+
+Carpenter, Edward, 183
+
+Cassabianda, 44
+
+Catering, Self-management in, 22
+
+Celle, 57
+
+Censor Fined by Prisoner, 35
+
+Censorship, E. P. Bell on the, 199
+
+Cetinje, Starvation in, 160
+
+Chemical Society,
+  --British, 229
+  --German, 229
+
+Chemistry, Germany and, 245_ff_
+
+Child in No-Man's-Land, 159
+
+Children in Russia, 159
+
+Children Taken Home from Occupied Territory, 135, 158
+
+_Christliche Welt_, 173
+
+Christmas Truces, 180-2, 183-6
+
+Cimino, Dr., 84, =104=
+
+Civilian Hate, 163-4
+
+Civilians, Resident Enemy, Treatment of, 75
+
+_Clacton Graphic_, 165
+
+Clausthal, 49
+
+Clothes, British Prisoners and, 23
+
+Cohen, Israel, 79, =104=
+
+Colenso, Miss, 4
+
+Cologne
+  --Hospitals at, 12
+  --Military Prison at, 54
+
+Commandants, Good German, 56
+
+_Common Cause_, 66
+
+_Common Sense_, 111, 193
+
+Compiegne, Palais de, 205-7
+
+Complaints by Prisoners, 73
+
+Concentration Camps, Boer War, 126-31
+
+Contracts, Germany and, 177-8
+
+Corey, Mr. Herbert, and the _Times_, 198
+
+Correspondence, Complaints about, 6-8
+
+Cottbus, 57
+
+Coulston, Capt., 52
+
+Credulity and Atrocities, 31, 38
+
+Crefeld, 2, =13=, 55, 65
+
+Cuestrin, 49
+
+Cyon, Madame F. L., 153-7, 255_ff_
+
+
+_Daily Chronicle_, 83, 163, 168, 188, 189, 198, 202
+
+_Daily Citizen_, 183
+
+_Daily Mail_, 6, 196
+
+_Daily News_, 4, 7, 26, 28, 45, 59, 60, 61, 68, 71, 107, 119, 120, 159,
+    160, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 177, 178, 179, 185, 187, 190, 191, 199,
+    224, 225, 226, 251, 252
+
+_Daily Telegraph_, 96, 105, 122, 223, 224, 244
+
+Damm, Mr., 8
+
+Dartford Prisoners of War Hospital, 64
+
+Dawson, W. H., 248
+
+Dehmel, 229
+
+Delbrueck-Dernburg-Wolff Memorial, 176
+
+Dernburg, Dr., 176-7
+
+Desmond, G. G., =61=
+
+Deussen, Prof., Against Hate, 228-9
+
+_Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung_, 73
+
+_Deutsche Tageszeitung_, 168
+
+Dickinson, Lowes, 232
+
+Doeberitz, 5, =9=, 25, 30, 135
+
+Dobson, Austin, quoted, 196-7
+
+Dogs in German Prison Camps, =33=, 39
+
+Donington Hall and Luxury, 64
+
+Dorchester Camp, 9, =64=
+
+Doty, Madeline, 235
+
+Douglas, 25
+
+Dresel, Mr., 33, 110
+
+Drill, Dr., 167
+
+Duelmen, 61, 62
+
+Dyffry Camp, 9
+
+Dyffryn Aled Camp, 64
+
+Dyroetz, 52
+
+
+East Africa, German Women Prisoners from, 69
+
+Elswick, 7
+
+_Emden_, 202, 205
+
+England, Military Prisoners in, 63_ff_
+
+_English Girl's Adventures in Hostile Germany_, 212-14
+
+_Englishman, Kamerad_, 8
+
+Erfurt, 22
+
+Erzberger, 73
+
+Escape, Attempts to, 48
+
+_Ethical Movement_, 232, 234
+
+Ethics of War, 161-2
+
+Eugster, Nat. Councillor A., =40-2=, 45, 67
+
+_Evolution of Modern Germany_, 248
+
+Ey-Steinecke, Gen. von, 56
+
+
+Families of Germans in England, 143-4
+
+_Far Out_, 201
+
+Farm Work
+  --Prisoners in Germany and, 21
+  --German Prisoners and, 68, 69
+
+Food
+  --at Ruhleben, 90, 91, 101-2, 104
+  --During Transport of Prisoners, 46
+  --German Prisoners and, 30, 69-70
+  --In Boer War Concentration Camps, 131
+  --In English Camps, 9, 27, 117
+  --In French Camps, 43, 44
+  --In German Camps, 3, 5, 10, 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, =27-31=, 34, 40,
+    50, 51
+  --Problem in Germany, 99
+
+Fougeres, 44
+
+Foerster, Prof. W., 134
+
+Foerster, Dr. F. W., 232
+
+Fort Friedrichshafen, 50
+
+_Forum, Das_, 231, 232
+
+Franco-German War, Prisoners in, 124
+
+Frankfort, Freedom of English in, 83
+
+Frankfurt-am-Oder, 137, 218
+
+_Frankfurter Zeitung_, 166, 169, 170, 177, 178
+
+Frankland, Prof., 245
+
+Frentz, Gen. Raitz von, 56
+
+Friedberg, 23, 48, 65
+
+Friedrichsfeld, 46
+
+_Friend, The_, 132, 138
+
+Friends' Emergency Committee, 87, 132, =137-144=, 158
+
+"Frightfulness" Condemned by German Newspapers, 178
+
+Frongoch, 145
+
+Funeral of an English Officer in Germany, 146-8
+
+
+Gardelegen, 15
+
+Gardens, Prisoners', 23, 49
+
+Gardiner, A. G., 226
+
+Gerard, Mr., 23, 25, 45, 47, 50, 53, 81, 82, 93, 97-8, 100, 102, 104
+
+German
+  --Feeling Towards England, 165
+  --Heroism at the Front, 161-2
+  --Newspaper Comments, 166_ff_
+  --Officers, Professional, 263-4
+  --Officers and Privates, Familiarity Between, 38
+  --Soldier, British Opinions of the, 201-3
+  --Soldiers, French Women and, 208
+  --School-books and the War, 171-3
+  --Tribute to Pegoud, 224
+  --Troops in Occupation, 205_ff_
+
+Germany
+  --and Commerce, 244
+  --Conditions of Labour in, 248
+  --In Peace Time, 241_ff_
+
+Germersheim Hospitals, 55
+
+George, Lieut., =36=
+
+Gibbs, Philip, 163, 182, 183, 188, 189, 197, 202, 208
+
+Giessen, 48, 53, 150
+
+Gilliland, Lieut., 73
+
+_Glasgow Herald_, 249
+
+Glass Apparatus, Germany and, 250
+
+Gmelin, Prof., 53
+
+"God Punish England," 166, 169, 171
+
+Gomperz, Prof. H., 227
+
+Goerlitz, 49
+
+"Gott Strafe England," 166, 169, 171
+
+Goettingen, =11=, 27, 53, 67, 144
+
+Graaf, Excellenz de, and English Civilians, 82
+
+Grey, Sir Edward, 8, 24, 50, 77, 78, 80, 92, 97
+
+Guestrow i/Mecklenburg, =16=, 52, 53, 57
+
+
+Haase, Herr, on Belgian Neutrality, 174
+
+Hakenmoor, 51
+
+Hale, Chandler, 25
+
+Hall: _International Law_, 76
+
+Halle a/d Saale, 10
+
+Halle, 49
+
+Hamilton, Sir Ian, 7
+
+Harnack, Prof., 177
+
+Harris, H. W., 82
+
+Harte, A. C., 11
+
+Harvey, Lieut.-Observer J. E. P., 3
+
+Hate
+  --Civilian, 163-4
+  --Hymn of, 231
+  --Prof. Deussen Condemns, 228
+  --Prof. Gomperz Condemns, 227
+
+Hauptmann, Gerhart, 229
+
+Havelberg, 110
+
+Hay, the Hon. Ivan, 36
+
+Headley, Lord, 249
+
+_Healing of Nations_, 183
+
+Hedin, Sven, 171
+
+_Herald_, 109
+
+Heroism of German Prisoners, 119
+
+Herzog, Wilhelm, 232
+
+Hesse, Hermann, 230
+
+_Hibbert Journal_, 180, 232
+
+_Hilfe, Die_, 222
+
+Hobhouse, Miss Emily, 127-31
+
+Holderness, 26
+
+Holyport Camp, 9, 64
+
+Holzminden, 135
+
+Hoover, Herbert, 177
+
+Hope, James, 71
+
+Horrors of War, 163
+
+Hospital at Lille, 156-7, 258_ff_
+
+Hospital Treatment, Prisoners in Germany, 12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 47, 48,
+    55, =57-8=
+
+"Hymn of Hate," 231
+
+
+_In the Hands of the Enemy_, 31
+
+Indian Prisoners at Wuensdorf, 55
+
+Indian Prisoners, Wounded, 13
+
+International Red Cross--see under Red Cross
+
+_International Review_, 210, 220, 222, 228, 240
+
+Internment Camps, Neutral, 121
+
+Internment
+  --Effects of, 6, =83-7=, 110, 114, 120
+  --Origin of, 76_ff_
+
+_Is it to be Hate?_ 203, 205, 244
+
+Isighem, 47
+
+Isle of Man, 9
+
+
+Jackson, Mr., 9, 10, 16, 19, 25, 27, 29, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57
+
+Jealousy, English, of Germany, 252
+
+Jens, Fraeulein, 136
+
+Johnson, Capt. Benjamin, 13
+
+Journalists Condemned, 232, 238
+
+
+Kaiser, 207
+
+Kerensky, 225
+
+Kindness, Order Against, 196
+
+Kirchhoff, Frau, 136
+
+Klein, Albert, 238
+
+Klein, L'Abbe Felix, 194
+
+Kluck, General von, 203, =206-7=
+
+Knockaloe Camp, 114-17
+  --Accommodation at, Compared with Ruhleben, 115-16;
+  --Prisoners' Aid Society, 136-7
+
+Kolb, Annette, 232
+
+_Koelnische Zeitung_, 148, 167, 168, 171, 178, 226
+
+Koenigsbrueck, 49
+
+Kothe, Oberst, 56
+
+
+_La Guerre vue d'une Ambulance_, 194, 196
+
+_Labour Leader_, 117, 175, 186, 189, 198, 235, 249
+
+_L'Action Francaise_, 211
+
+Landrecies, 31
+
+Langen Halbach b/Haiger, 54
+
+Laurie, Principal, 250
+
+Leonhard, Rudolf, 229
+
+Letters, German Soldiers', 237_ff_
+
+Lichnowsky, Prince, 12, 133
+
+_Lichtstrahlen_, 235
+
+Liebknecht, 236
+
+Lille, 153-7, 255_ff_
+  --Hospital at, 156-7, 258_ff_
+
+Limbau, 57
+
+Limburg, 21
+
+Lissauer, 231
+
+Literature, German War, 228-34
+
+Littlefair, Mary, 165, =212-14=
+
+Lloyd George, Mr., on the Two Germanies, 252
+
+_Lloyd's News_, 192
+
+_Lokalanzeiger_, 170
+
+Lorient, 43
+
+Ludendorff, 168
+
+_Lusitania_, Sinking of, 178-9
+
+Luxembourg, Rosa, 235, 236
+
+
+Macnaughten, Miss, 203-4
+
+Maffe, 37
+
+Magdeburg, =10=, 33, 46
+
+Mainz, =20=, 36
+
+Malcolm, Ian, 6
+
+_Manchester Guardian_, 26, 74, 106, 149, 190
+
+Mann, Thomas, 232
+
+Marck, Ludwig, 230
+
+Markel, Dr. K. E., 144
+
+Martin-Rade, Prof., 173
+
+Marval, Dr. de, 41, 45
+
+Marwitz, von, 206-7
+
+Mather, Sir William, 244
+
+Maubeuge, =154=, 255, =264=
+
+Maude, Col. F. N., on the Prussian Army, 209
+
+Mehring, Frank, 235
+
+Merseberg, 23
+
+Merseburg, =4=, 51
+
+Michelson, Mr., 12, 46
+
+Minot, Mr., 93-5
+
+Mond, Ludwig, 246
+
+Monotony of Camp Life, 6--See also under Internment, Effects of
+
+Morgan, Mr., American Consul at Hamburg, 47
+
+_Morning Post_, 29
+
+Mourey, Gabriel, 205-7
+
+MS. Returned, 37
+
+Mueller, Capt. von, 202, 205
+
+Muenden, 23
+
+Munich, 3
+
+Muenster, =17=, 28, =56=
+
+_My Experiences as Prisoner in Germany_, 33, =37=
+
+Motor-cycles, German Privates Ride Officers', 38
+
+
+Namur, 37
+
+Napier, Col., 26
+
+Napoleonic Wars, Prisoners in, 123
+
+_Nation_, 72, 167, 169, 173, 207, 221, 225, 235
+
+Neubrandenburg, 48
+
+New College, Oxford, 225
+
+_News of the World_, 4
+
+Newspaper
+  --Advertisements in Vienna, 222
+  --Comments, German, 166_ff_
+  --Reports, Inaccurate, 53-4, 82
+
+Newton, Lord, on Prisoners in Germany, 26, 28, 105
+
+Nies, Archdeacon W. E., 55
+
+Nobbs, Capt. Gilbert, 7, 8
+
+Nurses, French, 260-1
+
+
+_Observer_, 107
+
+Occupation, German Troops in, 205_ff_
+
+Officers
+  --German, and Privates, Familiarity Between, 38
+  --German, at Lille Hospital, 263-4
+
+Ohnesorg, Dr., 12, 15, 18, 20, 33, 47, 48
+
+Ohrdruf, 22
+
+O'Rorke, Chaplain Benjamin, 31-37, 165
+
+Orchies, Burning of, 257
+
+Osborne, Lithgow, 1, 10, 19, 25, 50, 53
+
+O'Sullivan, Private, 1
+
+Ozendaal, 39
+
+
+Packages, Complaints About, =6-8=, 43, 50, 67, 96
+
+Paderborn, Lazarets, 47
+
+Padwick, Mr. H., 68
+
+Page, Mr., 9, 11, 24, 77, 78, 81, 92, 97
+
+Paillet, Leon, 11
+
+Panzera, Col. F. N., 116
+
+Parchim, 56
+
+Paris, Enemy Nationals in, in 1870, 76-7
+
+Pearce, Second-Lieut. F. Phillips, 2
+
+Pegoud, German Tribute to, 224
+
+Petre, Miss, 251
+
+Portsmouth Camp, 9
+
+Postman's Help to English Lady, 212
+
+Prince Heinrich of Reuss, 38
+
+Princess Friedrich Leopold of Prussia, 52
+
+Prison, Military, at Cologne, 54
+
+Prisoner in Austria, A, 26
+
+Prisoner's Life, Monotony of the, 6
+  (See also under Internment, Effects of)
+
+Prisoners
+  --British, Alleged Bad Treatment of, 16, 24, 53, 60
+  --British, and Clothes, 23
+  --Civilian and Military, Compared, 83-7
+  --False Statements by, 66
+  --Food During Transport of, 46
+  --Friction Between, 5-6, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 52
+  --German Army and, 190
+  --German, Heroism of, 118-19
+  --German Populace and, 32, 36
+  --Harsh Treatment of, During Transport, in France, 43
+  --Harsh Treatment of, During Transport, in Germany, 16, 45-6
+  --in American Civil War, 123-4
+  --in Boer War, 125
+  --in France, 43-5
+  --in Franco-German War, 124
+  --in Germany, Lord Newton on, 26, 28, 105
+  --in Germany, Officers' Rooms, 23
+  --in Hospital, Germany, 12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 47, 48, 55, =57-8=
+  --in Napoleonic Wars, 123
+  --in Russo-Japanese War, 125
+  --in Russia, 125
+  --Indian, at Wuensdorf, 53
+  --Indian, Wounded, 13
+  --Military, in Germany: General Conclusions, 62
+  --on Farm Work, 21, 68, 69
+  --"Reprisal," 36, 71
+  --Tact in Treatment of, 42
+
+
+Queensferry Camp, 9
+
+
+Railway Trucks and Interned Prisoners, 118
+
+Rastatt, 60
+
+Reciprocity in Good Treatment, 47
+
+Red Cross, International
+  --and English Prison Camps, 9
+  --Committee of the, 71
+  --Reports of the, 39-45
+
+Release of Civilian Prisoners, Appeals for, 111_ff_
+
+Repatriations
+  --of Civilian Prisoners, 109
+  --of Prisoners of War, =58=_ff_
+
+"Reprisal Prisoners," 36, 71
+
+"Reprisals of Good," 24, 105, =132=_ff_
+
+Reuss, Prince Heinrich of, 38
+
+Rolland, Romain, 229, 240
+
+Rotten, Dr. Elizabeth, 65, 85, 134, =138-40=, 144, 158, 195
+
+Roubaix, 258
+
+Ruhleben, 84, 133, 135
+  --Reports on, =87=_ff_
+
+Ruhleben,
+  --Accommodation at, 102
+  --Accommodation at, Compared with Knockaloe, 115-16
+  --Camp Committee, 99-100
+  --Leave of Absence from, 140
+  --Mr. Jackson on, 86
+  --Overcrowding at, 102-3
+  --Prisoners' Activities at, 106-7
+  --Relatives' Visits to Men at, 139
+
+_Ruhleben, My Visit to_, 102, 107-8
+
+_Ruhleben Prison Camp, The_, 79, =104=
+
+Rumours, 66, 156, 157
+  --Sir E. Grey on, 9, 24
+
+Russell, Mr., 51
+
+Russia, Prisoners in, 73
+
+Russo-Japanese War, Prisoners in, 125
+
+
+Sackville, Lady Margaret, quoted, 197
+
+Salzwedel, 15
+
+Scarlett-Synge, Dr. Ella, 50, =149-153=, 209
+
+Scheuen, near Celle, 17
+
+Schloss Celle, 49
+
+School-books, German, and the War, 171-3
+
+Schopenhauer Society, 228-9
+
+Schulze, Dr. Siegmund, =85-7=, 103, 133, 144, 234
+
+Schwantje, Magnus, 228
+
+Schwerin, Graf, 95, 98, 104
+
+Scotswood, 7
+
+Senne, =19=, =29=, 41
+
+Serbia
+  --Austro-German Conduct in, 150-3
+  --Austro-German Prisoners in, 72
+
+Serbian Prisoners and German Assistance Agency, 137
+
+Shakespeare, Germany and, 242, 250
+
+_Sheffield Telegraph_, 183
+
+Soltau, 17
+
+Sombart, Prof., 166-7
+
+_Soul of the War_, 182, 208
+
+Southend Camp, 9
+
+Spaight, Dr. J. M., =75-6=, 123, 125-6
+
+Spandau, 52
+
+Spectroscope Story, 140-2
+
+St. Quentin, Germans at, 208
+
+_Staatsbuergerin_, 195
+
+Stange, Prof., 11, 12, 27, 30, 53, =144=
+
+Stargard, 8
+
+Steen, M. T. E., on German Prison Camps, 62
+
+Stendal, 50
+
+Stettin, 68
+
+Stobs Camp, 65
+
+_Stobsiad_, 65
+
+Stuecklen, Herr, 30
+
+_Sunday Times_, 170
+
+Swiss and Red Cross, 39
+
+_Sydney_, 202, 205
+
+Sympathetic Ink, 66
+
+
+Taylor, Dr. A. E., 56, 101-2
+
+Taube, Baron von, 88_ff_, 98
+
+Tennant, Mr., 67
+
+Tennis-court, Officer Prisoners', 48
+
+_Times_, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 53, 64, 96, 132, 158, 161, 166, 178, 198, 201,
+    205, 216, 217, 218
+
+_Times Literary Supplement_, 207
+
+Torgau, 23, 24, 32, 33
+
+Treatment of Prisoners--See under Prisoners.
+
+Tourcoing, 258
+
+Turkey, Prisoners in, 71
+
+
+Uhlans, 37, 206, 209
+
+Unruh, Fritz von, 229
+
+
+Vermin in Camps, =41=, 43
+
+Vienna Newspapers, Advertisements in, 222
+
+Visits Outside Camp, 35, =52=, 55, 57, 105, 142
+
+Vitre, 43
+
+_Volksstimme_, 210, 222
+
+_Vorwaerts_, 159, 175, 179, 186, 222
+
+_Vossische Zeitung_, 237
+
+
+Wahn, 18
+
+_War and the World's Life_, 209
+
+Warmington, Mrs. K., 214
+
+Webster, J. P., 56
+
+_Weissen Blaetter_, 231
+
+Wells, H. G., 252
+
+Werfel, Franz, 230
+
+Wesel, Lazarets, 48
+
+_Westminster Gazette_, 158
+
+Wilson, Capt. A. Stanley, 26
+
+Winchester, Bishop of, 12, =132-3=
+
+Wittenberg, 1, 50, 62, 129
+
+Wolff, Theodore, 176-7
+
+_Woman's Dreadnought_, 117
+
+Women, French, and German Soldiers, 208
+
+Working Camps, 48, 51
+
+Wounded
+  --Brotherhood Among, 182-3;
+  --German, at Orchies, 257;
+  --German, at Lille Hospital, 262-3;
+  --German, Killed, 258;
+  --Treatment of, by Germans, =187-195=, 211
+
+Wuensdorf, 55
+
+
+Y.M.C.A. at Goettingen Camp, 11
+
+_Ypres, The Irish Nuns at_, 207
+
+
+Zetkin, Clara, 235
+
+Zimmermann, Herr E., 170
+
+Zossen, 23, 41, 66
+
+Zueder Zollhaus, 18
+
+Zwickau, 49
+
+
+                   The National Labour Press, Ltd.,
+                        Manchester and London.
+                                 28375
+
+
+
+[Transriber's Note: The table below lists all corrections applied to the
+original text.
+
+p. vii: par L'Abbe Felix Klein -> Felix
+p. 002: lights out at 10-45 -> 10.45
+p. 009: [normalized] visited camps at Hollyport -> Holyport
+p. 014: [removed extra comma] insufficient, light -> insufficient light
+p. 016: [added opening quotes] "Clothing is furnished when required
+p. 026: his intercourse wth the German delegates -> with
+p. 040: [added closing quotes] cereals is impossible."
+p. 044: [normalized] Of Casabianda -> Cassabianda
+p. 053: the occurence mentioned -> occurrence
+p. 058: it seems very probable that -> It
+p. 074: most trivial beaches of discipline -> breaches
+p. 095: contsantly progressing -> constantly
+p. 100: recreation and asembling room -> assembling
+p. 107: [added closing quotes] skits on the camp, etc."
+p. 112: [added closing brace] (Editor of the Journal de Geneve)
+p. 112: official negotiaions -> negotiations
+p. 121: Even in neutral interment camps -> internment
+p. 128: [added period] by no means supports these charges.
+p. 139: so well satified -> satisfied
+p. 144: No interment camp -> internment
+p. 154: delapidated and without fire -> dilapidated
+p. 155: sme of them were so impertinent -> some
+p. 157: [added closing quotes] thanking me for my care."
+p. 159: grande loterie de Noel -> Noel
+p. 160: troops entered Centinje -> Cetinje
+p. 163: [added closing quote] go forward with our hands up.'
+p. 161: [added comma] from the Daily News, May 17
+p. 167: herioc bravery-> heroic
+p. 170: bullets in safe reatreat -> retreat
+p. 170: This is a singuarly fair -> singularly
+p. 194: par L'Abee Felix Klein -> L'Abbe
+p. 198: [added period] to conceal them ever since.
+p. 205: [added opening quotes] "On the whole it cannot be said
+p. 207: imagination this aid-de-camp -> aide-de-camp
+p. 207: [added opening quotes] reviewer in the Nation, "that Herr Major
+p. 232: Deutschlands Jugend und der Weltkreig -> Weltkrieg
+p. 255: Francoise Lafitte Cyon -> Francoise
+p. 269: Guestrow i-Mecklenburg -> Guestrow i/Mecklenburg
+p. 269: Klein, L'Abee Felix -> L'Abbe
+p. 271: Turcoing, 258 -> Tourcoing ]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Better Germany in War Time, by Harold Picton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BETTER GERMANY IN WAR TIME ***
+
+***** This file should be named 24810.txt or 24810.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/8/1/24810/
+
+Produced by Irma Spehar, Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/24810.zip b/24810.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73bd7ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24810.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b206149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #24810 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24810)