diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/24790-8.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/24790-8.txt | 34049 |
1 files changed, 34049 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/old/24790-8.txt b/old/24790-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cbef16 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/24790-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34049 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Early English Meals and Manners, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Early English Meals and Manners + +Author: Various + +Editor: Frederick Furnivall + +Release Date: March 9, 2008 [EBook #24790] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY ENGLISH MEALS AND MANNERS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Kathryn Lybarger and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This text is for readers who cannot use the "real" (unicode, utf-8) +version of the file. Some substitutions have been made: + + oe (written as a ligature in the original) + [gh], [Gh] yogh + [s] long "s" (used only in one selection) + [l~l] paired final "l" joined with tilde-like line + [~l] single "l" with crossing line + [m)] "m" with curved flourish + [-m], [-n] "m", "n" and other letters with overline or macron + +Greek has been transliterated and shown between +marks+; single Greek +letters are shown by name in brackets: [alpha]. The "dagger" symbol is +shown as two asterisks **. + + +This very long book has been separated into independent units, set off +by triple rows of asterisks: + + [1] Early English Text Society (information and list of titles) + [2] Introductory pages with full table of contents + [3] General Preface ("Forewords") + [4] Preface to Russell, _Boke of Nurture_ + [5] Collations and Corrigenda + (see beginning of "Corrigenda" for details of corrections) + [6] John Russell's _Boke of Nurture_ with detailed table of contents + [7] Notes to _Boke of Nurture_ + (longer linenotes, printed as a separate section in original text) + [8] Lawrens Andrewe on Fish + [9] "Illustrative Extracts" (titles listed in Table of Contents) + and Recipes + [10] _Boke of Keruynge_ and _Boke of Curtasye_, with Notes + [11] _Booke of Demeanor_ and following shorter selections + [12] _The Babees Book_ and following shorter selections + [13] Parallel texts of _The Little Children's Boke_ + and _Stans Puer ad Mensam_ + [14] General Index (excluding Postscript) + [15] Postscript "added after the Index had been printed" + [16] Collected Sidenotes (section added by transcriber: editor's + sidenotes can be read as a condensed version of full text) + +Each segment has its own footnotes and errata lists. Readers may choose +to divide them into separate files. The following notes on text format +apply to all texts and will not be repeated in full. + +_Italics and other text markings:_ + +Italicized letters within words, representing expanded abbreviations, +are shown in the e-text with braces ("curly brackets"): co{n}nyng{e}. +Readers who find this added information distracting may globally delete +all braces; they are not used for any other purpose. Whole-word italics +are shown in the usual way with _lines_. Superscripts are shown with ^, +and boldface or blackletter type with +marks+. + +_Page Layout:_ + +In the original book, each text page contained several types of +secondary material printed in all four margins. The HTML version of +this e-text offers a closer approximation of the original appearance. + +_Headnotes_ appeared at the top of alternate pages, like subsidiary +chapter headings. In longer selections they have been retained and +moved to the beginning of the most appropriate paragraph; some are +also grouped at the beginning of a selection to act as a detailed +table of contents. + +_Footnotes_ were numbered separately for each page. In this e-text, +general footnotes are numbered sequentially and grouped at the end of +the selection. In some selections, text notes (glosses or variant +readings) are marked with capital letters [A] and are kept in small +groups near each passage. Footnotes in the form [[10a]] are additional +notes from the editor's Corrigenda. Footnotes with symbols [10*] are +_footnotes to footnotes_. + +_Sidenotes_ were generally added by the editor to give translations +or summaries. In this e-text, they are always collected into full +sentences. In some verse selections, sidenotes appear immediately +_before_ their original location, with no further marking. In other +selections-- including all prose passages-- sidenotes are collected +into longer paragraphs and placed _after_ the text they refer to. These +will be identified either by line number or by lower-case letters [a] +showing their original location. + +Sidenotes in the form [Fol. 10b] or [Page 27] are shown inline, within +the body text. Numbered notes printed in the side margin were generally +treated as footnotes or text notes.] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + Early English Text Society. + + Original Series, 32. + + + Early English Meals and Manners: + + John Russell's Boke of Nurture, + Wynkyn de Worde's Boke of Keruynge, + The Boke of Curtasye, + R. Weste's Booke of Demeanor, + Seager's Schoole of Vertue, + + The Babees Book, Aristotle's ABC, Urbanitatis, + Stans Puer ad Mensam, The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke, + For to serve a Lord, Old Symon, The Birched School-Boy, + &c. &c. + + with some + Forewords on Education in Early England. + + + Edited by + FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, M.A., + Trin. Hall, Cambridge. + + London: + Published for the Early English Text Society + by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Limited, + Dryden House, 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, W. + 1868. + + [_Re-printed 1894, 1904._] + + + + + Early English Text Society + + Committee of Management: + + Director: DR. FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, M.A. + Treasurer: HENRY B. WHEATLEY, Esq. + Hon. Sec.: W. A. DALZIEL, Esq., 67 VICTORIA ROAD, FINSBURY PARK, N. + Hon. Secs. for America: + { North & East: Prof. G. L. KITTREDGE, Harvard Coll., Cambr., Mass. + { South & West: Prof. J. W. BRIGHT, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore. + + LORD ALDENHAM, M.A. + ISRAEL GOLLANCZ, M.A. + SIDNEY L. LEE, M.A., D.Lit. + Rev. Prof. J. E. B. MAYOR, M.A. + Dr. J. A. H. MURRAY, M.A. + Prof. NAPIER, M.A., Ph.D. + EDWARD B. PEACOCK, Esq. + ALFRED W. POLLARD, M.A. + Rev. Prof. WALTER W. SKEAT, Litt.D. + Dr. HENRY SWEET, M.A. + Dr. W. ALDIS WRIGHT, M.A. + (_With power to add Workers to their number._) + + Bankers: THE UNION BANK OF LONDON, 2, PRINCES STREET, E.C. + +The Early English Text Society was started by Dr. Furnivall in 1864 for +the purpose of bringing the mass of Old English Literature within the +reach of the ordinary student, and of wiping away the reproach under +which England had long rested, of having felt little interest in the +monuments of her early language and life. + +On the starting of the Society, so many Texts of importance were at once +taken in hand by its Editors, that it became necessary in 1867 to open, +besides the _Original Series_ with which the Society began, an _Extra +Series_ which should be mainly devoted to fresh editions of all that is +most valuable in printed MSS. and Caxton's and other black-letter books, +though first editions of MSS. will not be excluded when the convenience +of issuing them demands their inclusion in the Extra Series. + +During the thirty-nine years of the Society's existence, it has +produced, with whatever shortcomings, an amount of good solid work for +which all students of our Language, and some of our Literature, must be +grateful, and which has rendered possible the beginnings (at least) of +proper Histories and Dictionaries of that Language and Literature, and +has illustrated the thoughts, the life, the manners and customs of our +forefathers and foremothers. + +But the Society's experience has shown the very small number of those +inheritors of the speech of Cynewulf, Chaucer, and Shakspere, who care +two guineas a year for the records of that speech: 'Let the dead past +bury its dead' is still the cry of Great Britain and her Colonies, and +of America, in the matter of language. The Society has never had money +enough to produce the Texts that could easily have been got ready for +it; and many Editors are now anxious to send to press the work they have +prepared. The necessity has therefore arisen for trying to increase the +number of the Society's members, and to induce its well-wishers to help +it by gifts of money, either in one sum or by instalments. The Committee +trust that every Member will bring before his or her friends and +acquaintances the Society's claims for liberal support. Until all Early +English MSS. are printed, no proper History of our Language or Social +Life is possible. + +The Subscription to the Society, which constitutes membership, is £1 1s. +a year for the ORIGINAL SERIES, and £1 1s. for the EXTRA SERIES, due in +advance on the 1st of JANUARY, and should be paid by Cheque, Postal +Order, or Money-Order, crost 'Union Bank of London,' to the Hon. +Secretary, W. A. DALZIEL, Esq., 67, Victoria Rd., Finsbury Park, +London, N. Members who want their Texts posted to them, must add to +their prepaid Subscriptions 1s. for the Original Series, and 1s. for the +Extra Series, yearly. The Society's Texts are also sold separately at +the prices put after them in the Lists; but Members can get back-Texts +at one-third less than the List-prices by sending the cash for them in +advance to the Hon. Secretary. + + +-> The Society intends to complete, as soon as its funds will allow, the +Reprints of its out-of-print Texts of the year 1866, and also of nos. +20, 26 and 33. Prof. Skeat has finisht _Partenay_; Dr. McKnight of Ohio +_King Horn_ and _Floris and Blancheflour_; and Dr. Furnivall his +_Political, Religious and Love Poems_ and _Myrc's Duties of a Parish +Priest_. Dr. Otto Glauning has undertaken _Seinte Marherete_; and Dr. +Furnivall has _Hali Meidenhad_ in type. As the cost of these Reprints, +if they were not needed, would have been devoted to fresh Texts, the +Reprints will be sent to all Members in lieu of such Texts. Though +called 'Reprints,' these books are new editions, generally with valuable +additions, a fact not noticed by a few careless receivers of them, who +have complained that they already had the volumes. As the Society's +copies of the _Facsimile of the Epinal MS._ issued as an Extra Volume +in 1883 are exhausted, Mr. J. H. Hessels, M.A., of St. John's Coll., +Cambridge, has kindly undertaken an edition of the MS. for the Society. +This will be substituted for the Facsimile as an 1883 book, but will be +also issued to all the present Members. + +JULY 1904. The Original-Series Texts for 1903 were: No. 122, Part II of +_The Laud MS. Troy-Book_, edited from the unique Laud MS. 595 by Dr. +J. E. Wülting; and No. 123, Part II of Robert of Brunne's _Handlyng +Synne_, and its French original, ed. by Dr. F. J. Furnivall. + +The Extra-Series Texts for 1903 are to be: No. LXXXVIII, _Le Morte +Arthur_, in 8-line stanzas, re-edited from the unique MS. Harl. 2252, +by Prof. J. Douglas Bruce (issued), No. LXXXIX, Lydgate's _Reason and +Sensuality_, edited by Dr. Ernst Sieper, Part II, and _English Fragments +from Latin Medieval Service-Books_, edited, and given to the Society, by +Mr. Henry Littlehales. + +The Original-Series Texts for 1904 will be No. 124, t. Hen. V, +_Twenty-six Political and other Poems_ from the Digby MS. 102, &c, +edited by Dr. J. Kail, and No. 125, Part I of the _Medieval Records of +a London City Church_ (St. Mary-at-Hill), A.D. 1420-1559, copied and +edited by Mr. Henry Littlehales from the Church Records in the +Guildhall, the cost of the setting and corrections of the text being +generously borne by its Editor. This book will show the income and +outlay of the church; the drink provided for its Palm-Sunday players, +its officers' excursions into Kent and Essex, its dealing with the +Plague, the disposal of its goods at the Reformation, &c., &c., and will +help our members to realize the church-life of its time. The third Text +will be Part I of _An Alphabet of Tales_, a very interesting collection, +englisht in the Northern Dialect, about 1440, from the Latin _Alphabetum +Narrationum_ by Etienne de Bésançon, and edited by Mrs. M. M. Banks from +the unique MS. in the King's Library in the British Museum; the +above-named three texts are now ready for issue. Those for 1905 and 1906 +will probably be chosen from Part II of the _Exeter Book_--Anglo-Saxon +Poems from the unique MS. in Exeter Cathedral--re-edited by Israel +Gollancz, M.A.; Part II of Prof. Dr. Holthausen's _Vices and Virtues_; +Part II of _Jacob's Well_, edited by Dr. Brandeis; the Alliterative +_Siege of Jerusalem_, edited by the late Prof. Dr. E. Kölbing and Prof. +Dr. Kaluza; an Introduction and Glossary to the _Minor Poems of the +Vernon MS._ by H. Hartley, M.A.; Alain Chartier's _Quadrilogue_, edited +from the unique MS. Univ. Coll. Oxford MS. No. 85, by Mr. J. W. H. +Atkins of Owen's College; a Northern Verse _Chronicle of England_ to +1327 A.D., in 42,000 lines, about 1420 A.D., edited by M. L. Perrin, +B.A.; Prof. Bruce's Introduction to _The English Conquest of Ireland_, +Part II; and Dr. Furnivall's edition of the _Lichfield Gilds_, which is +all printed, and waits only for the Introduction, that Prof. E. C. K. +Gonner has kindly undertaken to write for the book. Canon Wordsworth of +Marlborough has given the Society a copy of the Leofric Canonical Rule, +Latin and Anglo-Saxon, Parker MS. 191, C.C.C. Cambridge, and Prof. +Napier will edit it, with a fragment of the englisht Capitula of Bp. +Theodulf. The _Coventry Leet Book_ is being copied for the Society by +Miss M. Dormer Harris--helpt by a contribution from the Common Council +of the City,--and will be publisht by the Society (Miss Harris editing), +as its contribution to our knowledge of the provincial city life of the +15th century. + +Dr. Brie of Berlin has undertaken to edit the prose _Brut_ or _Chronicle +of Britain_ attributed to Sir John Mandeville, and printed by Caxton. He +has already examined more than 100 English MSS. and several French ones, +to get the best text, and find out its source. + +The Extra-Series Texts for 1904 will be chosen from Lydgate's +_DeGuilleville's Pilgrimage of the Life of Man_, Part III, edited by +Miss Locock; Dr. M. Konrath's re-edition of _William of Shorcham's +Poems_, Part II; Dr. E. A. Kock's edition of Lovelich's _Merlin_ from +the unique MS. in Corpus Christi Coll., Cambridge; the _Macro Plays_, +edited from Mr. Gurney's MS. by Dr. Furnivall and A. W. Pollard, M.A.; +Prof. Erdmann's re-edition of Lydgate's _Siege of Thebes_ (issued also +by the Chaucer Society); Miss Rickert's re-edition of the Romance of +_Emare_; Prof. I. Gollanez's re-edition of two Alliterative Poems, +_Winner and Waster_, &c, ab. 1360, lately issued for the Roxburghe Club; +Dr. Norman Moore's re-edition of _The Book of the Foundation of St. +Bartholomew's Hospital, London_, from the unique MS. ab. 1425, which +gives an account of the Founder, Rahere, and the miraculous cures +wrought at the Hospital; _The Craft of Nombrynge_, with other of the +earliest englisht Treatises on Arithmetic, edited by R. Steele, B.A.; +and Miss Warren's two-text edition of _The Dance of Death_ from the +Ellesmere and other MSS. + +These Extra-Series Texts ought to be completed by their Editors: the +Second Part of the prose Romance of _Melusine_--Introduction, with ten +facsimiles of the best woodblocks of the old foreign black-letter +editions, Glossary, &c, by A. K. Donald, B.A. (now in India); and a new +edition of the famous Early-English Dictionary (English and Latin), +_Promptorium Parvulorum_, from the Winchester MS., ab. 1440 A.D.: in +this, the Editor, the Rev. A. L. Mayhew, M.A., will follow and print his +MS. not only in its arrangement of nouns first, and verbs second, under +every letter of the Alphabet, but also in its giving of the flexions of +the words. The Society's edition will thus be the first modern one that +really represents its original, a point on which Mr. Mayhew's insistence +will meet with the sympathy of all our Members. + +The Texts for the Extra Series in 1906 and 1907 will be chosen from _The +Three Kings' Sons_, Part II, the Introduction &c. by Prof. Dr. Leon +Kellner; Part II of _The Chester Plays_, re-edited from the MSS., with a +full collation of the formerly missing Devonshire MS., by Mr. G. England +and Dr. Matthews; the Parallel-Text of the only two MSS. of the _Owl and +Nightingale_, edited by Mr. G. F. H. Sykes (at press); Prof. Jespersen's +editions of John Hart's _Orthographie_ (MS. 1551 A.D.; blackletter +1569), and _Method to teach Reading_, 1570; Deguilleville's _Pilgrimage +of the Sowle_, in English prose, edited by Prof. Dr. L. Kellner. (For +the three prose versions of _The Pilgrimage of the Life of Man_--two +English, one French--an Editor is wanted.) Members are askt to realise +the fact that the Society has now 50 years' work on its Lists,--at its +present rate of production,--and that there is from 100 to 200 more +years' work to come after that. The year 2000 will not see finisht all +the Texts that the Society ought to print. The need of more Members and +money is pressing. Offers of help from willing Editors have continually +to be declined because the Society has no funds to print their Texts. + +An urgent appeal is hereby made to Members to increase the list of +Subscribers to the E. E. Text Society. It is nothing less than a scandal +that the Hellenic Society should have nearly 1000 members, while the +Early English Text Society has not 300! + +Before his death in 1895, Mr. G. N. Currie was preparing an edition of +the 15th and 16th century Prose Versions of Guillaume de Deguilleville's +_Pilgrimage of the Life of Man_, with the French prose version by Jean +Gallopes, from Lord Aldenham's MS., he having generously promist to pay +the extra cost of printing the French text, and engraving one or two of +the illuminations in his MS. But Mr. Currie, when on his deathbed, +charged a friend to burn _all_ his MSS. which lay in a corner of his +room, and unluckily all the E. E. T. S.'s copies of the Deguilleville +prose versions were with them, and were burnt with them, so that the +Society will be put to the cost of fresh copies, Mr. Currie having died +in debt. + +Guillaume de Deguilleville, monk of the Cistercian abbey of Chaalis, in +the diocese of Senlis, wrote his first verse _Pèlerinaige de l'Homme_ in +1330-1 when he was 36.[1] Twenty-five (or six) years after, in 1355, he +revised his poem, and issued a second version of it,[2] a revision of +which was printed ab. 1500. Of the prose representative of the first +version, 1330-1, a prose Englishing, about 1430 A.D., was edited by Mr. +Aldis Wright for the Roxburghe Club in 1869, from MS. Ff. 5. 30 in the +Cambridge University Library. Other copies of this prose English are in +the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, Q. 2. 25; Sion College, London; and the +Laud Collection in the Bodleian, no. 740.[3] A copy in the Northern +dialect is MS. G. 21, in St. John's Coll., Cambridge, and this is the +MS. which will be edited for the E. E. Text Society. The Laud MS. 740 +was somewhat condenst and modernised, in the 17th century, into MS. Ff. +6. 30, in the Cambridge University Library:[4] "The Pilgrime or the +Pilgrimage of Man in this World," copied by Will. Baspoole, whose copy +"was verbatim written by Walter Parker, 1645, and from thence +transcribed by G. G. 1649; and from thence by W. A. 1655." This last +copy may have been read by, or its story reported to, Bunyan, and may +have been the groundwork of his _Pilgrim's Progress_. It will be edited +for the E. E. T. Soc., its text running under the earlier English, as in +Mr. Herrtage's edition of the _Gesta Romanorum_ for the Society. In +February 1464,[5] Jean Gallopes--a clerk of Angers, afterwards chaplain +to John, Duke of Bedford, Regent of France--turned Deguilleville's first +verse _Pèlerinaige_ into a prose _Pèlerinage de la vie humaine_.[6] By +the kindness of Lord Aldenham, as above mentiond, Gallopes's French text +will be printed opposite the early prose northern Englishing in the +Society's edition. + +The Second Version of Deguilleville's _Pèlerinaige de l'Homme_, A.D. +1355 or -6, was englisht in verse by Lydgate in 1426. Of Lydgate's poem, +the larger part is in the Cotton MS. Vitellius C. xiii (leaves 2-308). +This MS. leaves out Chaucer's englishing of Deguilleville's _ABC_ or +_Prayer to the Virgin_, of which the successive stanzas start with A, B, +C, and run all thro' the alphabet; and it has 2 main gaps, besides many +small ones from the tops of leaves being burnt in the Cotton fire. All +these gaps (save the A B C) have been fild up from the Stowe MS. 952 +(which old John Stowe completed) and from the end of the other imperfect +MS. Cotton, Tiberius A vii. Thanks to the diligence of the old +Elizabethan tailor and manuscript-lover, a complete text of Lydgate's +poem can be given, though that of an inserted theological prose treatise +is incomplete. The British Museum French MSS. (Harleian 4399,[7] and +Additional 22,937[8] and 25,594[9]) are all of the First Version. + +Besides his first _Pèlerinaige de l'homme_ in its two versions, +Deguilleville wrote a second, "de l'ame separee du corps," and a third, +"de nostre seigneur Iesus." Of the second, a prose Englishing of 1413, +_The Pilgrimage of the Sowle_ (with poems by Hoccleve, already printed +for the Society with that author's _Regement of Princes_), exists in the +Egerton MS. 615,[10] at Hatfield, Cambridge (Univ. Kk. 1. 7, and Caius), +Oxford (Univ. Coll. and Corpus), and in Caxton's edition of 1483. This +version has 'somewhat of addicions' as Caxton says, and some shortenings +too, as the maker of both, the first translater, tells us in the MSS. +Caxton leaves out the earlier englisher's interesting Epilog in the +Egerton MS. This prose englishing of the _Sowle_ will be edited for the +Society by Prof. Dr. Leon Kellner after that of the _Man_ is finisht, +and will have Gallopes's French opposite it, from Lord Aldenham's MS., +as his gift to the Society. Of the Pilgrimage of Jesus, no englishing is +known. + +As to the MS. Anglo-Saxon Psalters, Dr. Hy. Sweet has edited the oldest +MS., the Vespasian, in his _Oldest English Texts_ for the Society, and +Mr. Harsley has edited the latest, c. 1150, Eadwine's Canterbury +Psalter. The other MSS., except the Paris one, being interlinear +versions,--some of the Roman-Latin redaction, and some of the +Gallican,--Prof. Logeman has prepared for press, a Parallel-Text edition +of the first twelve Psalms, to start the complete work. He will do his +best to get the Paris Psalter--tho' it is not an interlinear one--into +this collective edition; but the additional matter, especially in the +Verse-Psalms, is very difficult to manage. If the Paris text cannot be +parallelised, it will form a separate volume. The Early English Psalters +are all independent versions, and will follow separately in due course. + +Through the good offices of the Examiners, some of the books for the +Early-English Examinations of the University of London will be chosen +from the Society's publications, the Committee having undertaken to +supply such books to students at a large reduction in price. The net +profits from these sales will be applied to the Society's Reprints. + +Members are reminded that _fresh Subscribers are always wanted_, and +that the Committee can at anytime, on short notice, send to press an +additional Thousand Pounds' worth of work. + +The Subscribers to the Original Series must be prepared for the issue of +the whole of the Early English _Lives of Saints_, sooner or later. The +Society cannot leave out any of them, even though some are dull. The +Sinners would doubtless be much more interesting. But in many Saints' +Lives will be found valuable incidental details of our forefathers' +social state, and all are worthful for the history of our language. The +Lives may be lookt on as the religious romances or story-books of their +period. + +The Standard Collection of Saints' Lives in the Corpus and Ashmole MSS., +the Harleian MS. 2277, &c. will repeat the Laud set, our No. 87, with +additions, and in right order. (The foundation MS. (Laud 108) had to be +printed first, to prevent quite unwieldy collations.) The Supplementary +Lives from the Vernon and other MSS. will form one or two separate +volumes. + +Besides the Saints' Lives, Trevisa's englishing of _Bartholomæus de +Proprietatibus Rerum_, the mediæval Cyclopædia of Science, &c, will be +the Society's next big undertaking. Dr. R. von Fleischhacker will edit +it. Prof. Napier of Oxford, wishing to have the whole of our MS. +Anglo-Saxon in type, and accessible to students, will edit for the +Society all the unprinted and other Anglo-Saxon Homilies which are not +included in Thorpe's edition of Ælfric's prose,[11] Dr. Morris's of the +Blickling Homilies, and Prof. Skeat's of Ælfric's Metrical Homilies. The +late Prof. Kölbing left complete his text, for the Society, of the +_Ancren Riwle_, from the best MS., with collations of the other four, +and this will be edited for the Society by Dr. Thümmler. Mr. Harvey +means to prepare an edition of the three MSS. of the _Earliest English +Metrical Psalter_, one of which was edited by the late Mr. Stevenson for +the Surtees Society. + +Members of the Society will learn with pleasure that its example has +been followed, not only by the Old French Text Society which has done +such admirable work under its founders Profs. Paul Meyer and Gaston +Paris, but also by the Early Russian Text Society, which was set on foot +in 1877, and has since issued many excellent editions of old MS. +Chronicles, &c. + +Members will also note with pleasure the annexation of large tracts of +our Early English territory by the important German contingent, the late +Professors Zupitza and Kölbing, the living Hausknecht, Einenkel, +Haenisch, Kaluza, Hupe, Adam, Holthausen, Schick, Herzfeld, Brandeis, +Sieper, Konrath, Wülfing, &c. Scandinavia has also sent us Prof. Erdmann +and Dr. E. A. Kock; Holland, Prof. H. Logeman, who is now working in +Belgium; France, Prof. Paul Meyer--with Gaston Paris as adviser (alas, +now dead);--Italy, Prof. Lattanzi; Austria, Dr. von Fleischhacker; while +America is represented by the late Prof. Child, by Dr. Mary Noyes +Colvin, Miss Rickert, Profs. Mead, McKnight, Triggs, Perrin, &c. The +sympathy, the ready help, which the Society's work has cald forth from +the Continent and the United States, have been among the pleasantest +experiences of the Society's life, a real aid and cheer amid all +troubles and discouragements. All our Members are grateful for it, and +recognise that the bond their work has woven between them and the lovers +of language and antiquity across the seas is one of the most welcome +results of the Society's efforts. + + +ORIGINAL SERIES. + +1. _Early English Alliterative Poems_, ab. 1360 A.D., ed. Rev. Dr. +R. Morris. 16s. 1864 + +2. _Arthur_, ab. 1440, ed. F. J. Furnivall, M.A. 4s. " + +3. _Lauder on the Dewtie of Kyngis, &c._, 1556, ed. F. Hall, D.C.L. +4s. " + +4. _Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight_, ab. 1360, ed. Rev. Dr. +R. Morris. 10s. " + +5. _Hume's Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue_, +ab. 1617, ed. H. B. Wheatley. 4s. 1865 + +6. _Lancelot of the Laik_, ab. 1500, ed. Rev. W. W. Skeat. 8s. " + +7. _Genesis & Exodus_, ab. 1250, ed. Rev. Dr. R. Morris. 8s. " + +8. _Morte Arthure_, ab. 1440, ed. E. Brock. 7s. " + +9. _Thynne on Speght's ed. of Chaucer_, A.D. 1599, ed. Dr. G. Kingsley +and Dr. F. J. Furnivall. 10s. " + +10. _Merlin_, ab. 1440, Part I., ed. H. B. Wheatley. 2s. 6d. " + +11. _Lyndesay's Monarche, &c._, 1552, Part I., ed. J. Small, M.A. 3s. " + +12. _Wright's Chaste Wife_, ab. 1462, ed. F. J. Furnivall, M.A. 1s. " + +13. _Seinte Marherete_, 1200-1330, ed. Rev. O. Cockayne; re-edited +by Dr. Otto Glauning. [_Out of print._ 1866 + +14. _Kyng Horn, Floris and Blancheflour, &c._, ed. Rev. J. R. Lumby, +B.D., re-ed. Dr. G. H. McKnight. 5s. " + +15. _Political, Religious, and Love Poems_, ed. F. J. Furnivall. +7s. 6d. " + +16. _The Book of Quinte Essence_, ab. 1460-70, ed. F. J. Furnivall. +1s. " + +17. _Parallel Extracts from 45 MSS. of Piers the Plowman_, ed. Rev. +W. W. Skeat. 1s. " + +18. _Hali Meidenhad_, ab. 1200, ed. Rev. O. Cockayne, re-edited by Dr. +F. J. Furnivall. [_At Press._ " + +19. _Lyndesay's Monarche, &c._, Part II., ed. J. Small, M.A. 3s. 6d. " + +20. _Hampole's English Prose Treatises_, ed. Rev. G. G. Perry. 1s. +[_Out of print._ " + +21. _Merlin_, Part II., ed. H. B. Wheatley. 4s. " + +22. _Partenay_ or _Lusignen_, ed. Rev. W. W. Skeat. " + +23. _Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt_, 1340, ed. Rev. Dr. R. Morris. +10s. 6d. " + +24. _Hymns to the Virgin and Christ; the Parliament of Devils, &c._, +ab. 1430, ed. F. J. Furnivall. 1867 + +25. _The Stacions of Rome, the Pilgrims' Sea-voyage, with Clene +Maydenhod_, ed. F. J. Furnivall. 1s. " + +26. _Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse_, from R. Thornton's MS., +ed. Rev. G. G. Perry. 2s. [_Out of print._ " + +27. _Levins's Manipulus Vocabulorum, a ryming Dictionary_, 1570, +ed. H. B. Wheatley. 12s. " + +28. _William's Vision of Piers the Plowman_, 1362 A.D.; Text A, +Part I., ed. Rev. W. W. Skeat. 6s. " + +29. _Old English Homilies_ (ab. 1220-30 A.D.). Series I, Part I. +Edited by Rev. Dr. R. Morris. 7s. " + +30. _Pierce the Ploughmans Crede_, ed. Rev. W. W. Skeat. 2s. " + +31. _Myrc's Duties of a Parish Priest_, in Verse, ab. 1420 A.D., +ed. E. Peacock. 4s. 1868 + +32. _Early English Meals and Manners: the Boke of Norture of John +Russell, the Bokes of Keruynge, Curtasye, and Demeanor, the Babees +Book, Urbanitatis, &c._, ed. F. J. Furnivall. 12s. " + +33. _The Knight de la Tour Landry_, ab. 1440 A.D. A Book for +Daughters, ed. T. Wright, M.A. [_Out of print._ + +34. _Old English Homilies_ (before 1300 A.D.). Series I, Part II., +ed. R. Morris, LL.D. 8s. " + +35. _Lyndesay's Works_, Part III.: The Historie and Testament of +Squyer Meldrum, ed. F. Hall. 2s. " + +36. _Merlin_, Part III. Ed. H. B. Wheatley. On Arthurian Localities, +by J. S. Stuart Glennie. 12s. 1869 + +37. _Sir David Lyndesay's Works_, Part IV., Ane Satyre of the Three +Estaits. Ed. F. Hall, D.C.L. 4s. " + +38. _William's Vision of Piers the Plowman_, Part II. Text B. Ed. Rev. +W. W. Skeat, M.A. 10s. 6d. " + +39. _Alliterative Romance of the Destruction of Troy_. +Ed. D. Donaldson & G. A. Panton. Pt. I. 10s. 6d. " + +40. _English Gilds_, their Statutes and Customs, 1389 A.D. Edit. +Toulmin Smith and Lucy T. Smith, with an Essay on Gilds and +Trades-Unions, by Dr. L. Brentano. 21s. 1870 + +41. _William Lauder's Minor Poems_. Ed. F. J. Furnivall. 3s. " + +42. _Bernardus De Cura Rei Famuliaris_, Early Scottish Prophecies, &c. +Ed. J. R. Lumby, M.A. 2s. " + +43. _Ratis Raving_, and other Moral and Religious Pieces. Ed. +J. R. Lumby, M.A. " + +44. _The Alliterative Romance of Joseph of Arimathie_, or _The Holy +Grail_: from the Vernon MS.; with W. de Worde's and Pynson's Lives of +Joseph: ed. Rev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. 5s. 1871 + +45. _King Alfred's West-Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care_, +edited from 2 MSS., with an English translation, by Henry Sweet, Esq., +B.A., Balliol College, Oxford. Part I. 10s. " + +46. _Legends of the Holy Rood, Symbols of the Passion and Cross +Poems_, ed. Rev. Dr. R. Morris. 10s. " + +47. _Sir David Lyndesay's Works_, Part V., ed. Dr. J. A. H. Murray. +3s. " + +48. _The Times' Whistle_, and other Poems, by R. C., 1616; ed. by +J. M. Cowper, Esq. 6s. " + +49. _An Old English Miscellany_, containing a Bestiary, Kentish +Sermons, Proverbs of Alfred, and Religious Poems of the 13th cent., +ed. from the MSS. by the Rev. R. Morris, LL.D. 10s. 1872 + +50._King Alfred's West-Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care_, +ed. H. Sweet, M.A. Part II. 10s. " + +51. _The Life of St Juliana_, 2 versions, A.D. 1230, with +translations; ed. T. O. Cockayne & E. Brock. 2s. " + +52. _Palladius on Husbondrie_, englisht (ab. 1420 A.D.), ed. Rev. +Barton Lodge, M.A. Part I. 10s. 1872 + +53. _Old-English Homilies_, Series II., and three Hymns to the Virgin +and God, 13th-century, with the music to two of them, in old and +modern notation; ed. Rev. R. Morris, LL.D. 8s. 1873 + +54. _The Vision of Piers Plowman, Text C: Richard the Redeles_ +(by William, the author of the _Vision_) and _The Crowned King_; +Part III., ed. Rev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. 18s. " + +55. _Generydes_, a Romance, ab. 1440 A.D., ed. W. Aldis Wright, +M.A. Part I. 3s. " + +56. _The Gest Hystoriale of the Destruction of Troy_, in alliterative +verse; ed. by D. Donaldson, Esq., and the late Rev. G. A. Panton. +Part II. 10s. 6d. 1874 + +57. _The Early English Version of the "Cursor Mundi"_; in four Texts, +edited by the Rev. R. Morris, M.A., LL.D. Part I, with 2 +photolithographic facsimiles. 10s. 6d. " + +58. _The Blickling Homilies_, 971 A.D., ed. Rev. R. Morris, LL.D. +Part I. 8s. " + +59. _The "Cursor Mundi,"_ in four Texts, ed. Rev. Dr. B. Morris. +Part II. 15s. 1875 + +60. _Meditacyuns on the Soper of our Lorde_ (by Robert of Brunne), +edited by J. M. Cowper. 2s. 6d. " + +61. _The Romance and Prophecies of Thomas of Eroeldoune_, from 5 MSS.; +ed. Dr. J. A. H. Murray. 10s. 6d. " + +62. _The "Cursor Mundi,"_ in four Texts, ed. Rev. Dr. B. Morris. +Part III. 15s. 1876 + +63. _The Blickling Homilies_, 971 A.D., ed. Rev. Dr. R. Morris. +Part II. 7s. " + +64. _Francis Thynne's Embleames and Epigrams_, A.D. 1600, ed. F. J. +Furnivall. 7s. " + +65. _Be Domes Dæge_ (Bede's _De Die Judicii_), &c., ed. J. R. Lumby, +B.D. 2s. " + +66. _The "Cursor Mundi,"_ in four Texts, ed. Rev. Dr. R. Morris. +Part IV., with 2 autotypes. 10s. 1877 + +67. _Notes on Piers Plowman_, by the Rev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. Part I. +21s. " + +68. _The "Cursor Mundi,"_ in 4 Texts, ed. Rev. Dr. R. Morris Part V. +25s. 1878 + +69. _Adam Davie's 5 Dreams about Edward II., &c._, ed. F. J. Furnivall, +M.A. 5s. " + +70. _Generydes_, a Romance, ed. W. Aldis Wright, M.A. Part II. 4s. " + +71. _The Lay Folks Mass-Book_, four texts, ed. Rev. Canon Simmons. +25s. 1879 + +72. _Palladius on Husbondrie_, englisht (ab. 1420 A.D.). Part II. +Ed. S. J. Herrtage, B.A. 15s. " + +73. _The Blickling Homilies_, 971 A.D., ed. Rev. Dr. R. Morris. +Part III. 10s. 1880 + +74. _English Works of Wyclif_, hitherto unprinted, ed. F. D. Matthew, +Esq. 20s. " + +75. _Catholicon Anglicum_, an early English Dictionary, from Lord +Monson's MS. A.D. 1483, ed., with Introduction & Notes, by S. J. +Herrtage, B.A.; and with a Preface by H. B. Wheatley. 20s. 1881 + +76. _Aelfric's Metrical Lives of Saints_, in MS. Cott. Jul. E 7., +ed. Rev. Prof. Skeat, M.A. Part I. 10s. " + +77. _Beowulf_, the unique MS. autotyped and transliterated, edited by +Prof. Zupitza, Ph.D. 25s. 1882 + +78. _The Fifty Earliest English Wills_, in the Court of Probate, +1387-1439, ed. by F. J. Furnivall, M.A. 7s. " + +79. _King Alfred's Orosius_, from Lord Tollemache's 9th century MS., +Part I, ed. H. Sweet, M.A. 13s. 1883 + +79b. _The Epinal Glossary_, 8th cent., ed. J. H. Hessels, M.A. +15s. [_Preparing._ " + +80. _The Early-English Life of St. Katherine_ and its Latin Original, +ed. Dr. Einenkel. 12s. 1884 + +81. _Piers Plowman_: Notes, Glossary, &c. Part IV, completing the +work, ed. Rev. Prof. Skeat, M.A. 18s. " + +82. _Aelfric's Metrical Lives of Saints, MS_. Cott. Jul. E 7., +ed. Rev. Prof. Skeat, M.A., LL.D. Part II. 12s. 1885 + +83. _The Oldest English Texts, Charters, &c._, ed. H. Sweet, M.A. +20s. " + +84. _Additional Analogs to 'The Wright's Chaste Wife,'_ No. 12, +by W. A. Clouston. 1s. 1886 + +85. _The Three Kings of Cologne_. 2 English Texts, and 1 Latin, +ed. Dr. C. Horstmann. 17s. " + +86. _Prose Lives of Women Saints_, ab. 1610 A.D., ed. from the unique +MS. by Dr. C. Horstmann. 12s. " + +87. _Early English Verse Lives of Saints_ (earliest version), Laud MS. +108, ed. Dr. C. Horstmann. 20s. 1887 + +88. _Hy. Bradshaw's life of St. Werburghe_ (Pynson, 1521), ed. Dr. +C. Horstmann. 10s. " + +89. _Vices and Virtues_, from the unique MS., ab. 1200 A.D., +ed. Dr. F. Holthausen. Part I. 8s. 1888 + +90. _Anglo-Saxon and Latin Rule of St. Benet_, interlinear Glosses, +ed. Dr. H. Logeman. 12s. " + +91. _Two Fifteenth-Century Cookery-Books_, ab. 1430-1450, edited by +Mr. T. Austin. 10s. " + +92. _Eadwine's Canterbury Psalter_, from the Trin. Cambr. MS., +ab. 1150 A.D., ed. F. Harsley, B. Pt. I. 12s. 1889 + +93. _Defensor's Liber Scintillarum_, edited from the MSS. by Ernest +Rhodes, B.A. 12s. " + +94. _Aelfric's Metrical Lives of Saints, MS_. Cott. Jul. E 7, +Part III., ed. Prof. Skeat, Litt.D., LL.D. 12s. 1890 + +95. _The Old-English version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History_, re-ed. +by Dr. Thomas Miller. Part I, § 1. 18s. " + +96. _The Old-English version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History_, re-ed. +by Dr. Thomas Miller. Pt. I, § 2. 15s. 1891 + +97. _The Earliest English Prose Psalter_, edited from its 2 MSS. +by Dr. K. D. Buelbring. Part I. 15s. " + +98. _Minor Poems of the Vernon MS_., Part I., ed. Dr. C. Horstmann. +20s. 1892 + +99. _Cursor Mundi_. Part VI. Preface, Notes, and Glossary, ed. Rev. +Dr. R. Morris. 10s. " + +100. _Capgrave's Life of St. Katharine_, ed. Dr. C. Horstmann, with +Forewords by Dr. Furnivall. 20s. 1893 + +101. _Cursor Mundi_. Part VII. Essay on the MSS., their Dialects, &c., +by Dr. H. Hupe. 10s. " + +102. _Lanfranc's Cirurgie_, ab. 1400 A.D., ed. Dr. R. von +Fleischhacker. Part I. 20s. 1894 + +103. _The Legend of the Cross_, from a 12th century MS., &c., +ed. Prof. A. S. Napier, M.A., Ph.D. 7s. 6d. " + +104. _The Exeter Book_ (Anglo-Saxon Poems), re-edited from the unique +MS. by I. Gollancz, M.A. Part I. 20s. 1895 + +105. _The Prymer or Lay-Folks' Prayer-Book_, Camb. Univ. MS., +ab. 1420, ed. Henry Littlehales. Part I. 10s. " + +106. _R. Misyn's Fire of Love and Mending of Life_ (Hampole), 1434, +1435, ed. Rev. R. Harvey, M.A. 15s. 1896 + +107. _The English Conquest of Ireland_, A.D. 1166-1185, 2 Texts, 1425, +1440, Pt. I., ed. Dr. Furnivall. 15s. " + +108. _Child-Marriages and Divorces, Trothplights, &c_. Chester +Depositions, 1561-6, ed. Dr. Furnivall. 15s. 1897 + +109. _The Prymer or Lay-Folks' Prayer-Book_, ab. 1420, ed. Henry +Littlehales. Part II. 10s. " + +110. _The Old-English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History_, +ed. Dr. T. Miller. Part II, § 1. 15s. 1898 + +111. _The Old-English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History_, +ed. Dr. T. Miller. Part II, § 2. 15s. " + +112. _Merlin, Part IV: Outlines of the Legend of Merlin_, by Prof. +W. E. Mead. Ph.D. 15s. 1899 + +113. _Queen Elizabeth's Englishings of Boethius, Plutarch &c. &c_., +ed. Miss C. Pemberton. 15s. " + +114. _Aelfric's Metrical lives of Saints_, Part IV and last, ed. Prof. +Skeat, Litt.D., LL.D. 10s. 1900 + +115. _Jacob's Well_, edited from the unique Salisbury Cathedral MS. +by Dr. A. Brandeis. Part I. 10s. " + +116. _An Old-English Martyrology_, re-edited by Dr. G. Herzfeld. +10s. " + +117. _Minor Poems of the Vernon MS._, edited by Dr. F. J. Furnivall. +Part II. 15s. 1901 + +118. _The Lay Folks' Catechism,_ ed. by Canon Simmons and Rev. H. E. +Nolloth, M.A. 5s. " + +119. _Robert of Brunne's Handlyng Synne_ (1303), and its French +original, re-ed. by Dr. Furnivall. Pt. I. 10s. " + +120. _The Rule of St. Benet_, in Northern Prose and Verse, & Caxton's +Summary, ed. Dr. E. A. Kock. 15s. 1902 + +121. _The Laud MS. Troy-Book_, ed. from the unique Laud MS. 595, +by Dr. J. E. Wülfing. Part I. 15s. " + +122. _The Laud MS. Troy-Book_, ed. from the unique Laud MS. 595, +by Dr. J. E. Wülfing. Part II. 20s. 1903 + +123. _Robert of Brunne's Handlyng Synne_ (1303), and its French +original, re-ed. by Dr. Furnivall. Pt. II. 10s. " + +124. _Twenty-six Political and other Poems_ from Digby MS. 102 &c, +ed. by Dr. J. Kail. Part I. 10s. 1904 + +125. _Medieval Records of a London City Church_, ed. Henry +Littlehales. Pt. 1. 20s. " + +126. _An Alphabet of Tales_, in Northern English from Latin, +ed. Mrs. M. M. Banks. Part I. 10s. " + +127. 1905 + + +EXTRA SERIES. + +The Publications for _1867-1901_ (one guinea each year) are:-- + +I. _William of Palerne_; or, _William and the Werwolf._ Re-edited +by Rev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. 13s. 1867 + +II. _Early English Pronunciation_ with especial Reference to Shakspere +and Chaucer, by A. J. Ellis, F.R.S. Part I. 10s. " + +III. _Caxton's Book of Curtesye_, in Three Versions. Ed. F. J. +Furnivall. 5s. 1868 + +IV. _Havelok the Dane._ Re-edited by the Rev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. 10s. + " + + V. _Chaucer's Boethius._ Edited from the two best MSS. by Rev. Dr. +R. Morris 12s. " + +VI. _Chevelere Assigne._ Re-edited from the unique MS. by Lord +Aldenham, M.A. 3s. " + +VII. _Early English Pronunciation_, by A. J. Ellis, F.R.S. Part II. +10s. 1869 + +VIII. _Queene Elizabethes Achademy, &c._ Ed. F. J. Furnivall. Essays +on early Italian and German Books of Courtesy, by W. M. Rossetti and +Dr. E. Oswald. 13s. " + +IX. _Awdeley's Fraternitye of Vacabondes, Harmon's Caveat, &c._ +Ed. E. Viles & F. J. Furnivall. 7_a_. 6d. " + +X. _Andrew Boorde's Introduction of Knowledge, 1547, Dyetary of +Helth, 1542, Barnes in Defence of the Berde, 1542-3._ Ed. F. J. +Furnivall. 18s. 1870 + +XI. _Barbour's Bruce_, Part I. Ed. from MSS. and editions, by Rev. +W. W. Skeat, M.A. 12s. " + +XII. _England in Henry VIII's Time_: a Dialogue between Cardinal Pole +& Lupset, by Thom. Starkey, Chaplain to Henry VIII. Ed. J. M. Cowper. +Part II. 12s. (Part I. is No. XXXII, 1878, 8s.) 1871 + +XIII. _A Supplicacyon of the Beggers_, by Simon Fish, 1528-9 A.D., ed. +F. J. Furnivall; with _A Supplication to our Moste Soueraigne Lorde; +A Supplication of the Poore Commons_; and _The Decaye of England by +the Great Multitude of Sheep_, ed. by J. M. Cowper, Esq. 6s. " + +XIV. _Early English Pronunciation_, by A. J. Ellis, Esq., F.R.S. Part +III. 10s. " + +XV. _Robert Crowley's Thirty-One Epigrams, Voyce of the Last Trumpet, +Way to Wealth, &c._, A.D. 1550-1, edited by J. M. Cowper, Esq. 12s. +1872 + +XVI. _Chaucer's Treatise on the Astrolabe._ Ed. Rev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. +6s. " + +XVII. _The Complaynt of Scotlande_, 1549 A.D., with 4 Tracts +(1542-48), ed. Dr. Murray. Part I. 10s. " + +XVIII. _The Complaynt of Scotlande_, 1549 A.D., ed. Dr. Murray. Part +II. 8s. 1873 + +XIX. _Oure Ladyes Myroure_, A.D. 1530, ed. Rev. J. H. Blunt, M.A. +24s. " + +XX. _Lovelich's History of the Holy Grail_ (ab. 1450 A.D.), ed. F. J. +Furnivall, M.A., Ph.D. Part I. 8_s_ 1874 + +XXI. _Barbour's Bruce_, Part II., ed. Rev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. 4s. " + +XXII. _Henry Brinklow's Complaynt of Roderyck Mors_ (ab. 1542): and +_The Lamentacion of a Christian against the Citie of London_, made by +Roderigo Mors, A.D. 1545. Ed. J. M. Cowper. 9s. " + +XXIII. _Early English Pronunciation_, by A. J. Ellis, F.R.S. Part IV. +10s. " + +XXIV._ Lovelich's History of the Holy Grail_, ed. F. J. Furnivall, +M.A., Ph.D. Part II. 10s. 1875 + +XXV. _Guy of Warwick_, 15th-century Version, ed. Prof. Zupitza. +Part I. 20s. " + +XXVI. _Guy of Warwick_, 15th-century Version, ed. Prof. Zupitza. +Part II. 14s. 1876 + +XXVII. _Bp. Fisher's English Works_ (died 1535). ed. by Prof. J. E. B. +Mayor. Part I, the Text. 16s. " + +XXVIII. _Lovelich's Holy Grail_, ed. F. J. Furnivall, M.A., Ph.D. +Part III. 10s. 1877 + +XXIX. _Barbour's Bruce._ Part III., ed. Rev. W. W. Skeat, M.A. +21s. " + +XXX. _Lovelich's Holy Grail_, ed. F. J. Furnivall, M.A., Ph.D. +Part IV. 15s. 1878 + +XXXI. _The Alliterative Romance of Alexander and Dindimus_, ed. Rev. +W. W. Skeat. 6s. " + +XXXII. _Starkey's "England in Henry VIII's time."_ Pt. I. Starkey's +Life and Letters, ed. S. J. Herrtage. 8s. " + +XXXIII. _Gesta Romanorum_ (englisht ab. 1440), ed. S. J. Herrtage, +B.A. 15s. 1879 + +XXXIV. _Charlemagne Romances:--1. Sir Ferumbras_, from Ashm. MS. 33, +ed. S. J. Herrtage. 15s. " + +XXXV. _Charlemagne Romances:--2. The Sege off Melayne, Sir Otuell, +&c._, ed. S. J. Herrtage. 12s. 1880 + +XXXVI. _Charlemagne Romances:--3. Lyf of Charles the Grete_, Pt. I., +ed. S. J. Herrtage. 16s. " + +XXXVII. _Charlemagne Romances:--4. Lyf of Charles the Grete_, Pt. II., +ed. S. J. Herrtage. 15s. 1881 + +XXXVIII. _Charlemagne Romances:--5. The Sowdone of Babylone_, ed. Dr. +Hausknecht. 15s. " + +XXXIX. _Charlemagne Romances:--6. Rauf Colyear, Roland, Otuel, &c._, +ed. S. J. Herrtage, B.A. 15s. 1882 + +XL. _Charlemagne Romances:--7. Huon of Burdeux_, by Lord Berners, +ed. S. L. Lee, B. Part I. 15s. " + +XLI. _Charlemagne Romances:--8. Huon of Burdeux_, by Lord Berners, +ed. S. L. Lee, B. Pt. II. 15s. 1883 + +XLII. _Guy of Warwick_: 2 texts (Auchinleck MS. and Cains MS.), +ed. Prof. Zupitza. Part I. 15s. " + +XLIII. _Charlemagne Romances:--9. Huon of Burdeux_, by Lord Berners, +ed. S. L. Lee, B. Pt. III. 15s. 1884 + +XLIV. _Charlemagne Romances:--10. The Four Sons of Aymon_, ed. Miss +Octavia Richardson. Pt. I. 15s. 1884 + +XLV. _Charlemagne Romances:--11. The Four Sons of Aymon_, ed. Miss O. +Richardson. Pt. II. 20s. 1885 + +XLVI. _Sir Bevis of Hamton_, from the Auchinleck and other MSS., +ed. Prof. E. Kölbing, Ph.D. Part I. 10s. " + +XLVII. _The Wars of Alexander_, ed. Rev. Prof. Skeat, Litt.D., LL.D. +20s. 1886 + +XLVIII. _Sir Bevis of Hamton_, ed. Prof. E. Kölbing, Ph.D. Part II. +10s. " + +XLIX. _Guy of Warwick_, 2 texts (Auchinleck and Caius MSS.), Pt. II., +ed. Prof. J. Zupitza, Ph.D. 15s. 1887 + +L. _Charlemagne Romances:--12. Huon of Burdeux_, by Lord Berners, +ed. S. L. Lee, B. Part IV. 5s. " + +LI. _Torrent of Portyngale_, from the unique MS. in the Chetham +Library, ed. E. Adam, Ph.D. 10s. " + +LII. _Bullein's Dialogue against the Feuer Pestilence, 1578_ (ed. 1, +1564). Ed. M. & A. H. Bullen. 10s. 1888 + +LIII. _Vicary's Anatomie of the Body of Man, 1548_, ed. 1577, +ed. F. J. & Percy Furnivall. Part I. 15s. " + +LIV. _Caxton's Englishing of Alain Chartier's Curial_, ed. Dr. F. J. +Furnivall & Prof. P. Meyer. 5s. " + +LV. _Barbour's Bruce_, ed. Rev. Prof. Skeat, Litt.D., LL.D. Part IV. +5s. 1889 + +LVI. _Early English Pronunciation_, by A. J. Ellis, Esq., F.R.S. +Pt. V., the present English Dialects. 25s. " + +LVII. _Caxton's Eneydos_, A.D. 1490, coll. with its French, ed. M. T. +Culley, M.A. & Dr. F. J. Furnivall. 13s. 1890 + +LVIII. _Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine_, c. 1489, extracts from ed. +1595, & French, ed. Dr. L. Kellner. 17s. " + +LIX. _Guy of Warwick_, 2 texts (Auchinleck and Caius MSS.), Part III., +ed. Prof. J. Zupitza, Ph.D. 15s. 1891 + +LX. _Lydgate's Temple of Glass_, re-edited from the MSS. by Dr. +J. Schick. 15s. " + +LXI. _Hoccleve's Minor Poems, I._, from the Phillipps and Durham MSS., +ed. F. J. Furnivall, Ph.D. 15s. 1892 + +LXII. _The Chester Plays_, re-edited from the MSS. by the late Dr. +Hermann Deimling. Part I. 15s. " + +LXIII. _Thomas a Kempis's De Imitatione Christi_, englisht ab. 1440, +& 1502, ed. Prof. J. K. Ingram. 15s. 1893 + +LXIV. _Caxton's Godfrey of Boloyne_, or _Last Siege of Jerusalem_, +1481, ed. Dr. Mary N. Colvin. 15s. " + +LXV. _Sir Bevis of Hamton_, ed. Prof. E. Kölbing, Ph.D. Part III. +15s. 1894 + +LXVI. _Lydgate's and Burgh's Secrees of Philisoffres_, ab. 1445-50, +ed. R. Steele, B.A. 15s. " + +LXVII. _The Three Kings' Sons_, a Romance, ab. 1500, Part I., the +Text, ed. Dr. Furnivall. 10s. 1895 + +LXVIII. _Melusine_, the prose Romance, ab. 1500, Part I, the Text, +ed. A. K. Donald. 20s. " + +LXIX. _Lydgate's Assembly of the Gods_, ed. Prof. Oscar L. Triggs, +M.A., Ph.D. 15s. 1896 + +LXX. _The Digby Plays_, edited by Dr. F. J. Furnivall. 15s. " + +LXXI. _The Towneley Plays_, ed. Geo. England and A. W. Pollard, M.A. +15s. 1897 + +LXXII. _Hoccleve's Regement of Princes, 1411-12, and 14 Poems_, edited +by Dr. F. J. Furnivall. 15s. " + +LXXIII. _Hoccleve's Minor Poems, II._, from the Ashburnham MS., +ed. I. Gollancz, M.A. [_At Press._ " + +LXXIV. _Secreta Secretorum_, 3 prose Englishings, by Jas. Yonge, 1428, +ed. R. Steele, B. Part I. 20s. 1898 + +LXXV. _Speculum Guidonis de Warwyk_, edited by Miss G. L. Morrill, +M.A., Ph.D. 10s. " + +LXXVI. _George Ashby's Poems, &c._, ed. Miss Mary Bateson. 15s. 1899 + +LXXVII. _Lydgate's DeGuilleville's Pilgrimage of the Life of Man_, +1426, ed. Dr. F. J. Furnivall. Part I. 10s. " + +LXXVIII. _The Life and Death of Mary Magdalene_, by T. Robinson, +c. 1620, ed. Dr. H. O. Sommer. 5s. " + +LXXIX. _Caxton's Dialogues, English and French_, c. 1483, ed. Henry +Bradley, M.A. 10s. 1900 + +LXXX. _Lydgate's Two Nightingale Poems_, ed. Dr. Otto Glauning. +5s. " + +LXXXI. _Gower's Confessio Amantis_, edited by G. C. Macaulay, M.A. +Vol. I. 15s. " + +LXXXII. _Gower's Confessio Amantis_, edited by G. C. Macaulay, M.A. +Vol. II. 15s. 1901 + +LXXXIII. _Lydgate's DeGuilleville's Pilgrimage of the Life of Man_, +1426, ed. Dr. F. J. Furnivall. Pt. II. 10s. " + +LXXXIV. _Lydgate's Reason and Sensuality_, edited by Dr. E. Sieper. +Part I. 5s. " + +LXXXV. _Alexander Scott's Poems_, 1568, from the unique Edinburgh MS., +ed. A. K. Donald, B.A. 10s. 1902 + +LXXXVI. _William of Shoreham's Poems_, re-ed. from the unique MS. by +Dr. M. Konrath. Part I. 10s. " + +LXXXVII. _Two Coventry Corpus-Christi Plays_, re-edited by Hardin +Craig, M.A. 10s. [_At Press._ " + +LXXXVIII. _Le Morte Arthur_, re-edited from the Harleian MS. 2252 by +Prof. Bruce, Ph.D. 15s. 1903 + +LXXXIX. _Lydgate's Reason and Sensuality_, edited by Dr. E. Sieper. +Part II. 15s. " + +XC. _William of Shoreham's Poems_, re-ed. from the unique MS. by +Dr. M. Konrath. Part II. [_At Press._ 1904 + +XCI. " + + +EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY TEXTS PREPARING. + +Besides the Texts named as at press on p. 12 of the Cover of the Early +English Text Society's last Books, the following Texts are also slowly +preparing for the Society:-- + + +ORIGINAL SERIES. + +_The Earliest English Prose Psalter_, ed. Dr. K. D. Buelbring. +Part II. + +_The Earliest English Verse Psalter_, 3 texts, ed. Rev. R. Harvey, +M.A. + +_Anglo-Saxon Poems_, from the Vercelli MS., re-edited by Prof. +I. Gollancz, M.A. + +_Anglo-Saxon Glosses_ to Latin Prayers and Hymns, edited by Dr. +F. Holthausen. + +_All the Anglo-Saxon Homilies and Lives of Saints_ not accessible in +English editions, including those of the Vercelli MS. &c., edited by +Prof. Napier, M.A., Ph.D. + +_The Anglo-Saxon Psalms_; all the MSS. in Parallel Texts, ed. Dr. +H. Logeman and F. Harsley, B.A. + +_Beowulf, a critical Text, &c._, edited by a Pupil of the late Prof. +Zupitza, Ph.D. + +_Byrhtferth's Handboc_, edited by Prof. G. Hempl. + +_The Seven Sages_, in the Northern Dialect, from a Cotton MS., edited +by Dr. Squires. + +_The Master of the Game, a Book of Huntynge_ for Hen. V. when Prince +of Wales. (_Editor wanted._) + +_Ailred's Rule of Nuns, &c._, edited from the Vernon MS., by the Rev. +Canon H. R. Bramley, M.A. + +_Early English Verse Lives of Saints_, Standard Collection, from the +Harl. MS. (_Editor wanted._) + +_Early English Confessionals_, edited by Dr. R. von Fleischhacker. + +_A Lapidary_, from Lord Tollemache's MS., &c., edited by Dr. R. von +Fleischhacker. + +_Early English Deeds and Documents_, from unique MSS., ed. Dr. Lorenz +Morsbach. + +_Gilbert Banastre's Poems_, and other _Boccaccio englishings_, ed. by +Prof. Dr. Max Förster. + +_Lanfranc's Cirurgie_, ab. 1400 A.D., ed. Dr. R. von Fleischhacker, +Part II. + +_William of Nassington's Mirror of Life_, from Jn. of Waldby, edited +by J. A. Herbert, M.A. + +_More Early English Wills from the Probate Registry at Somerset +House._ (_Editor wanted._) + +_Early Lincoln Wills and Documents from the Bishops' Registers, &c._, +edited by Dr. F. J. Furnivall. + +_Early Canterbury Wills_, edited by William Cowper, B.A., and +J. Meadows Cowper. + +_Early Norwich Wills_, edited by Walter Rye and F. J. Furnivall. + +_The Cartularies of Oseney Abbey and Godstow Nunnery_, englisht ab. +1450, ed. Rev. A. Clark, M.A. + +_Early Lyrical Poems_ from the Harl. MS. 2253, re-edited by Prof. Hall +Griffin, M.A. + +_Alliterative Prophecies_, edited from the MSS. by Prof. Brandl, Ph.D. + +_Miscellaneous Alliterative Poems_, edited from the MSS. by Dr. +L. Morsbach. + +_Bird and Beast Poems_, a collection from MSS., edited by Dr. K. D. +Buelbring. + +_Scire Mori, &c._, from the Lichfield MS. 16, ed. Mrs. L. Grindon, +LL.A., and Miss Florence Gilbert. + +_Nicholas Trivet's French Chronicle_, from Sir A. Acland-Hood's unique +MS., ed. by Miss Mary Bateson. + +_Early English Homilies_ in Harl. 2276 &c., c. 1400, ed. J. Friedländer. + +_Extracts from the Registers of Boughton_, ed. Hy. Littlehales, Esq. + +_The Diary of Prior Moore of Worcester_, A.D. 1518-35, from the unique +MS., ed. Henry Littlehales, Esq. + +_The Pore Caitif_, edited from its MSS., by Mr. Peake. + +_Thomas Berkley's englisht Vegetius on the Art of War_, MS. 30 Magd. +Coll. Oxf., ed. L. C. Wharton, M.A. + + +EXTRA SERIES. + +_Bp. Fisher's English Works_, Pt. II., with his _Life and Letters_, +ed. Rev. Ronald Bayne, B.A. [_At Press._ + +_Sir Tristrem_, from the unique Auchinleck MS., edited by George F. +Black. + +_John of Arderne's Surgery_, c. 1425, ed. J. F. Payne, M.D. + +_De Guilleville's Pilgrimage of the Sowle_, edited by Prof. Dr. Leon +Kellner. + +_Vicary's Anatomie, 1548_, from the unique MS. copy by George Jeans, +edited by F. J. & Percy Furnivall. + +_Vicary's Anatomie, 1548_, ed. 1577, edited by F. J. & Percy +Furnivall. Part II. [_At Press._ + +_A Compilacion of Surgerye_, from H. de Mandeville and Lanfrank, A.D. +1392, ed. Dr. J. F. Payne. + +_William Staunton's St. Patrick's Purgatory, &c._, ed. Mr. G. P. +Krapp, U.S.A. + +_Trevisa's Bartholomæus de Proprietatibus Rerum_, re-edited by Dr. +R. von Fleischhacker. + +_Bullein's Dialogue against the Feuer Pestilence_, 1564, 1573, 1578. +Ed. A. H. and M. Bullen. Pt. II. + +_The Romance of Boctus and Sidrac_, edited from the MSS. by Dr. K. D. +Buelbring. + +_The Romance of Clariodus_, re-edited by Dr. K. D. Buelbring. + +_Sir Amadas_, re-edited from the MSS. by Dr. K. D. Buelbring. + +_Sir Degrevant_, edited from the MSS. by Dr. K. Luick. + +_Robert of Brunne's Chronicle of England_, from the Inner Temple MS., +ed. by Prof. W. E. Mead, Ph.D. + +_Maundeville's Voiage and Travaile_, re-edited from the Cotton MS. +Titus C. 16, &c., by Miss M. Bateson. + +_Avowynge of Arthur_, re-edited from the unique Ireland MS. by Dr. +K. D. Buelbring. + +_Guy of Warwick_, Copland's version, edited by a pupil of the late +Prof. Zupitza, Ph.D. + +_Awdelay's Poems_, re-edited from the unique MS. Douce 302, by Prof. +Dr. E. Wülfing. + +_The Wyse Chylde_ and other early Treatises on Education, Northwich +School, Harl. 2099 &c., ed. G. Collar, B.A. + +_Caxton's Dictes and Sayengis of Philosophirs_, 1477, with Lord +Tollemache's MS. version, ed. S. I. Butler, Esq. + +_Caxton's Book of the Ordre of Chyualry_, collated with Loutfut's +Scotch copy. (_Editor wanted._) + +_Lydgate's Court of Sapience_, edited by Dr. Borsdorf. + +_Lydgate's Lyfe of oure Lady_, ed. by Prof. Georg Fiedler, Ph.D. + +_Lydgate's Dance of Death_, edited by Miss Florence Warren. + +_Lydgate's Life of St. Edmund_, edited from the MSS. by Dr. Axel +Erdmann. + +_Lydgate's Triumph Poems_, edited by Dr. E. Sieper. + +_Lydgate's Minor Poems_, edited by Dr. Otto Glauning. + +_Richard Coer de Lion_, re-edited from Harl. MS. 4690, by Prof. +Hausknecht, Ph.D. + +_The Romance of Athelstan_, re-edited by a pupil of the late Prof. +J. Zupitza, Ph.D. + +_The Romance of Sir Degare_, re-edited by Dr. Breul. + +_Mulcaster's Positions_ 1581, and _Elementarie_ 1582, ed. Dr. Th. +Klaehr, Dresden. + +_Walton's verse Boethius de Consolatione_, edited by Mark H. Liddell, +U.S.A. + +_The Gospel of Nichodemus_, edited by Ernest Riedel. + +_Sir Landeval and Sir Launfal_, edited by Dr. Zimmermann. + +_Rolland's Seven Sages_, the Scottish version of 1560, edited by +George F. Black. + + +The Subscription to the Society, which constitutes membership, is £1 1s. +a year for the ORIGINAL SERIES, and £1 1s. for the EXTRA SERIES, due in +advance on the 1st of JANUARY, and should be paid by Cheque, Postal +Order, or Money-Order, crost 'Union Bank of London,' to the Hon. +Secretary, W. A. DALZIEL, Esq., 67, Victoria Road, Finsbury Park, +London, N. Members who want their Texts posted to them must add to their +prepaid Subscriptions 1s. for the Original Series, and 1s. for the Extra +Series, yearly. The Society's Texts are also sold separately at the +prices put after them in the Lists; but Members can get back-Texts at +one-third less than the List-prices by sending the cash for them in +advance to the Hon. Secretary. + + + [Footnote 1: He was born about 1295. See Abbé GOUGET'S + _Bibliothèque française_, Vol. IX, p. 73-4.--P. M. The Roxburghe + Club printed the 1st version in 1893.] + + [Footnote 2: The Roxburghe Club's copy of this 2nd version was + lent to Mr. Currie, and unluckily burnt too with his other MSS.] + + [Footnote 3: These 3 MSS. have not yet been collated, but are + believed to be all of the same version.] + + [Footnote 4: Another MS. is in the Pepys Library.] + + [Footnote 5: According to Lord Aldenham's MS.] + + [Footnote 6: These were printed in France, late in the 15th or + early in the 16th century.] + + [Footnote 7: 15th cent., containing only the _Vie humaine_.] + + [Footnote 8: 15th cent., containing all the 3 Pilgrimages, the 3rd + being Jesus Christ's.] + + [Footnote 9: 14th cent., containing the _Vie humaine_ and the 2nd + Pilgrimage, _de l'Ame_: both incomplete.] + + [Footnote 10: Ab. 1430, 106 leaves (leaf 1 of text wanting), with + illuminations of nice little devils--red, green, tawny, &c--and + damnd souls, fires, angels &c.] + + [Footnote 11: Of these, Mr. Harsley is preparing a new edition, + with collations of all the MSS. Many copies of Thorpe's book, not + issued by the Ælfric Society, are still in stock. + + Of the Vercelli Homilies, the Society has bought the copy made by + Prof. G. Lattanzi.] + + + Typographical Errors: + + 50. _King Alfred's ... [_"5" invisible_] + _Early English Verse Lives of Saints_ ... (_Editor wanted._) + [_closing parenthesis missing_] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + Meals and Manners + + in + + Olden Time. + + + + + Berlin: Asher & Co., 5, Unter Den Linden. + New York: C. Scribner & Co.; Leypoldt & Holt. + Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. + + + + + Early English Meals and Manners: + + John Russell's Boke of Nurture, + Wynkyn de Worde's Boke of Lernynge, + The Boke of Curtasye, + R. Weste's Booke of Demeanor, + Seager's Schoole of Vertue, + + The Babees Book, Aristotle's A B C, Urbanitatis, + Stans Puer ad Mensam, The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke, + For to serve a Lord, Old Symon, The Birched School-Boy, + &c. &c. + + with some + Forewords on Education in Early England. + + + Edited by + FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, M.A., + Trin. Hall, Cambridge. + + London: + Published for the Early English Text Society + by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Limited, + Dryden House, 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, W. + 1868. + + [_Reprinted 1894, 1904._] + + + + +Original Series, 32. + +_Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay._ + + + + + DEDICATED + + to + + The Historian Of + "The Early & Middle Ages Of England," + + CHARLES H. PEARSON, ESQ., M.A., + + + Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, + Late Professor of History at + King's College, London, + + In Admiration of his Learning + + and + + In Gratitude for his Help, + + + BY THE EDITOR + + +NOTICE. The _Russell_ and _De Worde_ of this work were issued, with +_Rhodes's Boke of Nurture_, to the Roxburghe Club, in 4to, in 1867. +The whole of the work (except p. 361), with Rhodes, and some short +poems in English, French, and Latin, was issued to the Early English +Text Society, in 8vo, in 1868, with the title _The Babees Book_, &c. +(_Manners and Meals in Olden Time_). + + + + + CONTENTS. + + PAGE + + FOREWORDS, OR GENERAL PREFACE i + Education in Early England iv + Cleanliness, or Dirt, of Men, Houses, &c. lxiii + Notice of the separate Poems up to _Russell_ lxviii + + PREFACE TO RUSSELL'S BOKE OF NURTURE, and the Poems and + Treatises following it (except those in the Postscript) lxix + + COLLATIONS AND CORRECTIONS xcii + + JOHN RUSSELL'S BOKE OF NURTURE 1 + (Contents thereof, inserted after title; + Notes thereon, p. 84. Lawrens Andrewe on Fish, p. 113.) + Wilyam Bulleyn on Boxyng and Neckeweede 124 + Andrew Borde on Sleep, Rising, and Dress 128 + William Vaughan's Fifteen Directions to preserve Health 133 + The Dyet for every Day + (from Sir John Harington's Schoole of Salerne) 138 + On Rising, Diet, and Going to Bed (from the same) 140 + Recipes (for Fritters, Jussell, and Mawmeny) 145 + Recipes (for Hares and Conies in Civeye, and for Doucettes) 146 + + WYNKYN DE WORDE'S BOKE OF KERUYNGE (ed. 1513) 147 + (Contents thereof, p. 150; Notes thereon, p. 173. + Note on the first edition of 1508, p. lxxxvii.) + + THE BOKE OF CURTASYE (from the Sloane MS. 1986, ab. 1460 A.D.) 175 + Contents thereof, p. 176. Notes thereto, p. 283 + + THE BOOKE OF DEMEANOR + (from The Schoole of Vertue by Richard Weste) 207 + Bp. Grossetest's Household Statutes (from the Sloane MS. 1986) 215 + Stanzas and Couplets of Counsel (from the Rawlinson MS. C. 86) 219 + + THE SCHOOLE OF VERTUE by F. Seager (A.D. 1557) 221 + Whate-ever thow sey, avyse thee welle! 244 + A Dogg Lardyner, & a Sowe Gardyner 246 + Maxims in -ly 247 + Roger Ascham's Advice to Lord Warwick's Servant 248 + + THE BABEES BOOK, + (or a 'lytyl Reporte' of how Young People should behave) 250 + Lerne or be Lewde 258 + The A B C of Aristotle 260 + _Vrbanitatis_ 262 + The Boris Hede furst 264* + The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke, or Edyllys be + (on left-hand pages to p. 273) 265 + The Young Children's Book + (on right-hand pages to p. 274) 266 + Stans Puer ad Mensam (in English, from MS. Harl. 2251; + on left-hand pages to p. 281) 275 + The Book of Curteisie that is clepid _Stans Puer ad Mensam_ + (from Lambeth MS. 853; on right-hand pages to p. 282) 276 + + Notes to the Boke of Curtasye, &c. 283 + Index to the Poems, &c. (before the Postscript) 286 + + + [***] POSTSCRIPT (added after the Index was printed). + + FFOR TO SERVE A LORD (see Preface to Russell, p. lxxii.), + with _A Feste for a Bryde_, p. 358 349 + Suffer, and hold your tongue 361 + The Houshold Stuff occupied at the + Lord Mayor's Feast, A.D. 1505 362 + The Ordre of goyng or sittyng 365 + Latin Graces 366 + SYMON'S Lesson of Wysedome for all maner Chyldryn 381 + The Birched School-Boy of about 1500 A.D. 385 + The Song of the School-Boy at Christmas 387 + The Boar's Head 388 + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +The Headnotes from the General Preface are collected here to act as +a table of contents. Each note will also appear in the text at +approximately its original location.] + + EDWARD THE FOURTH'S HENCHMEN + RICH MEN'S EDUCATION IN EARLY ENGLAND. + HOUSES OF NOBLES AND CHANCELLORS WERE SCHOOLS. + BP. GROSSETETE TAUGHT NOBLES' SONS. + YOUNG NOBLES IN WOLSEY'S HOUSEHOLD. + KNOWLEDGE OF FRENCH. + APPRENTICESHIP IN HENRY VII.'S TIME. + GIRLS SENT OUT TO LADIES' HOUSES. + PRIVATE TUITION IN EARLY ENGLAND. + EDUCATION AT HOME AND AT TUTORS'. + STUDIES OF YOUTHS, TEMP. HEN. VIII. AND ELIZABETH. + NEGLECT OF EDUCATION BY MOTHERS. + UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN EARLY ENGLAND. + POVERTY OF UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS. + UNDERGRADUATE'S EXPENSES AT OXFORD, 1478. + FEW NOBLEMEN AT CAMBRIDGE. + NOBLES AND GENTLEMEN AT OXFORD. + FAVOURITISM OF THE RICH IN THE UNIVERSITIES. + BAD EXAMPLE OF RICH MEN AT COLLEGE. + FOREIGN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. + MONASTIC AND CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS. + LYDGATE'S TRICKS AT SCHOOL. + EDUCATION OF FIELD LABOURERS. + NO BONDSMAN'S SON TO BE AN APPRENTICE. + POST-REFORMATION CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS. + POOR MEN'S SONS HAVE HEADS AS WELL AS RICH ONES'. + AN ETON BOY IN A.D. 1478. + POST-REFORMATION GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. + STUDY OF ENGLISH RECOMMENDED IN 1582-1612. + A GRAMMAR-SCHOOL BOY'S DAY IN A.D. 1612. + THE GOOD OLD TIMES OF SMOKE AND FILTH. + NAKED SCULLIONS AND DIRTY STREETS. + + + + +FOREWORDS. + + +"The naturall maister Aristotell saith that euery body be the course of +nature is enclyned to here & se all that refressheth & quickeneth the +spretys of man[1] / wherfor I haue thus in this boke folowinge[2]" +gathered together divers treatises touching the Manners & Meals of +Englishmen in former days, & have added therto divers figures of men of +old, at meat & in bed,[3] to the end that, to my fellows here & to come, +the home life of their forefathers may be somewhat more plain, & their +own minds somewhat rejoiced. + +The treatises here collected consist of a main one--John Russell's _Boke +of Nurture_, to which I have written a separate preface[4]--extracts and +short books illustrating Russell, like the _Booke of Demeanor_ and _Boke +of Curtasy_, and certain shorter poems addressed partly to those whom +Cotgrave calls "_Enfans de famille_, Yonkers of account, youthes of good +houses, children of rich parents (yet aliue)," partly to carvers and +servants, partly to schoolboys, partly to people in general, or at least +those of them who were willing to take advice as to how they should mend +their manners and live a healthy life. + + + [Headnote: EDWARD THE FOURTH'S HENCHMEN] + +The persons to whom the last poems of the present collection are +addressed, the + + yonge Babees, whom{e} bloode Royall{e} + With{e} grace, feture, and hyhe habylite + Hath{e} en{ou}rmyd, + +the "Bele Babees" and "swete Children," may be likened to the "young +gentylmen, Henxmen,--VI Enfauntes, or more, as it shall please the +Kinge,"--at Edward the Fourth's Court; and the authors or translators of +the Bokes in this volume, somewhat to that sovereign's Maistyr of +Henxmen, whose duty it was + + "to shew the schooles[5] of urbanitie and nourture of Englond, to + lerne them to ryde clenely and surely; to drawe them also to + justes; to lerne them were theyre barneys; to haue all curtesy in + wordes, dedes, and degrees; dilygently to kepe them in rules of + goynges and sittinges, after they be of honour. Moreover to teche + them sondry languages, and othyr lerninges vertuous, to harping, + to pype, sing, daunce, and with other honest and temperate + behaviour and patience; and to kepe dayly and wekely with these + children dew convenity, with corrections in theyre chambres, + according to suche gentylmen; and eche of them to be used to that + thinge of vertue that he shall be moste apt to lerne, with + remembraunce dayly of Goddes servyce accustumed. This maistyr + sittith in the halle, next unto these Henxmen, at the same boarde, + to have his respecte unto theyre demeanynges, howe manerly they + ete and drinke, and to theyre communication and other formes + curiall, after _the booke of urbanitie_." (Liber Niger in + _Household Ordinances_, p. 45.) + +That these young Henxmen were gentlemen, is expressly stated,[6] and +they had "everyche of them an honest servaunt to keepe theyre chambre +and harneys, and to aray hym in this courte whyles theyre maisters he +present in courte." I suppose that when they grew up, some became +Esquires, and then their teaching would prove of use, for + + "These Esquiers of houshold of old [were] accustumed, wynter and + sumer, in aftyrnoones and in eveninges, to drawe to lordes + chambres within courte, there to kepe honest company aftyr theyre + cunnynge, in talkyng of cronycles of Kings and of other polycyes, + or in pypeyng or harpyng, synging, or other actes martialles, to + help occupy the courte, and accompany straungers, tyll the tyme + require of departing." + +But that a higher station than an Esquier's was in store for some of +these henchmen, may be known from the history of one of them. Thomas +Howard, eldest son of Sir John Howard, knight (who was afterwards Duke +of Norfolk, and killed at Bosworth Field), was among these henchmen or +pages, 'enfauntes' six or more, of Edward IV.'s. He was made Duke of +Norfolk for his splendid victory over the Scots at Flodden, and Anne +Boleyn and Catherine Howard were his granddaughters. Among the 'othyr +lerninges vertuous' taught him at Edward's court was no doubt that of +drawing, for we find that 'He was buried with much pomp at Thetford +Abbey under a tomb designed by himself and master Clarke, master of the +works at King's College, Cambridge, & Wassel a freemason of Bury S. +Edmund's.' Cooper's _Ath. Cant._, i. p. 29, col. 2. + + + [Headnote: RICH MEN'S EDUCATION IN EARLY ENGLAND.] + +The question of the social rank of these Bele Babees,[[6a]] children, +and _Pueri_ who stood at tables, opens up the whole subject of +upper-class education in early times in England. It is a subject that, +so far as I can find, has never yet been separately treated[7], and I +therefore throw together such few notices as the kindness of friends[8] +and my own chance grubbings have collected; these as a sort of stopgap +till the appearance of Mr Anstey's volume on early Oxford Studies in the +_Chronicles and Memorials_, a volume which will, I trust, give us a +complete account of early education in our land. If it should not, +I hope that Mr Quick will carry his pedagogic researches past Henry +VIII.'s time, or that one of our own members will take the subject up. +It is worthy of being thoroughly worked out. For convenience' sake, the +notices I have mentioned are arranged under six heads: + + 1. Education in Nobles' houses. + 2. At Home and at Private Tutors', p. xvii. (Girls, p. xxv.) + 3. At English Universities, p. xxvi. + 4. At Foreign Universities, p. xl. + 5. At Monastic and Cathedral Schools, p. xli. + 6. At Grammar Schools, p. lii. + +One consideration should be premised, that manly exercises, manners and +courtesy, music and singing, knowledge of the order of precedency of +ranks, and ability to carve, were in early times more important than +Latin and Philosophy. 'Aylmar þe kyng' gives these directions to +Athelbrus, his steward, as to Horn's education: + + Stiwarde, tak nu here + Mi fundlyng for to lere 228 + Of þine meste{re}, + Of wude {and} of riuere; + {And} tech him to harpe + Wiþ his nayles scharpe; 232 + Biuore me to kerue, + And of þe cupe serue; + Þu tech him of alle þe liste (craft, AS. _list_) + Þat þu eure of wiste; 236 + [And] his feiren þou wise (mates thou teach) + Into oþere s{er}uise. + Horn þu underuonge, + {And} tech him of harpe {and} songe. 240 + + _King Horn_, E. E. T. Soc., 1866, ed. Lumby, p. 7.[9] + +So in Romances and Ballads of later date, we find + + The child was taught great nurterye; + a Master had him vnder his care, + & taught him _curtesie_. + + _Tryamore_, in Bp. Percy's Folio MS. vol. ii. ed. 1867. + + It was the worthy Lord of learen, + he was a lord of hie degree; + he had noe more children but one sonne, + he sett him to schoole to learne _curtesie_. + + _Lord of Learne_, Bp. Percy's Folio MS. vol. i. p. 182, ed. 1867. + +Chaucer's Squire, as we know, at twenty years of age + + hadde ben somtyme in chivachie, + In Flaundres, in Artoys, and in Picardie, + And born him wel, as in so litel space, + In hope to stonden in his lady grace ... + Syngynge he was, or flowtynge, al the day ... + Wel cowde he sitte on hors, and wel cowde ryde. + He cowde songes wel make and endite, + Justne and eek daunce, and wel purtray and write ... + Curteys he was, lowly, and servysable, + And carf beforn his fadur at the table.[10] + +Which of these accomplishments would Cambridge or Oxford teach? Music +alone.[[10a]] That, as Harrison says, was one of the Quadrivials, +'arithmetike, musike, geometrie, and astronomie.' The Trivium was +grammar, rhetoric, and logic. + + + [Headnote: HOUSES OF NOBLES AND CHANCELLORS WERE SCHOOLS.] + +1. The chief places of education for the sons of our nobility and gentry +were the houses of other nobles, and specially those of the Chancellors +of our Kings, men not only able to read and write, talk Latin and French +themselves, but in whose hands the Court patronage lay. As early as +Henry the Second's time (A.D. 1154-62), if not before[11], this system +prevailed. A friend notes that Fitz-Stephen says of Becket: + + "The nobles of the realm of England and of neighbouring kingdoms + used to send their sons to serve the Chancellor, whom he trained + with honourable bringing-up and learning; and when they had + received the knight's belt, sent them back with honour to their + fathers and kindred: some he used to keep. The king himself, his + master, entrusted to him his son, the heir of the realm, to be + brought up; whom he had with him, with many sons of nobles of the + same age, and their proper retinue and masters and proper servants + in the honour due." --_Vita S. Thomæ_, pp. 189, 190, ed. Giles. + +Roger de Hoveden, a Yorkshireman, who was a clerk or secretary to Henry +the Second, says of Richard the Lionheart's unpopular chancellor, +Longchamps the Bishop of Ely: + + "All the sons of the nobles acted as his servants, with downcast + looks, nor dared they to look upward towards the heavens unless it + so happened that they were addressing him; and if they attended to + anything else they were pricked with a goad, which their lord held + in his hand, fully mindful of his grandfather of pious memory, + who, being of servile condition in the district of Beauvais, had, + for his occupation, to guide the plough and whip up the oxen; and + who at length, to gain his liberty, fled to the Norman territory." + (Riley's _Hoveden_, ii. 232, quoted in _The Cornhill Magazine_, + vol. xv. p. 165.)[12] + +All Chancellors were not brutes of this kind, but we must remember that +young people were subjected to rough treatment in early days. Even so +late as Henry VI.'s time, Agnes Paston sends to London on the 28th of +January, 1457, to pray the master of her son of 15, that if the boy +"hath not done well, nor will not amend," his master Greenfield "will +truly belash him till he will amend." And of the same lady's treatment +of her marriageable daughter, Elizabeth, Clere writes on the 29th of +June, 1454, + + "She (the daughter) was never in so great sorrow as she is + now-a-days, for she may not speak with no man, whosoever come, ne + not may see nor speak with my man, nor with servants of her + mother's, but that she beareth her on hand otherwise than she + meaneth; and she hath since Easter the most part been beaten once + in the week or twice, and sometimes twice on a day, and her head + broken in two or three places." (v. i. p. 50, col. 1, ed. 1840.) + +The treatment of Lady Jane Grey by her parents was also very severe, as +she told Ascham, though she took it meekly, as her sweet nature was: + + "One of the greatest benefites that God ever gave me, is, that he + sent me so sharpe and severe Parentes, and so jentle a + scholemaster. For when I am in presence either of father or + mother, whether I speake, kepe silence, sit, stand, or go, eate, + drinke, be merie or sad, be sewyng, plaiyng, dauncing, or doing + anie thing els, I must do it, as it were, in soch weight, mesure, + and number, even so perfitelie as God made the world, or els I am + so sharplie taunted, so cruellie threatened; yea presentlie some + tymes, with pinches, nippes, and bobbes, and other waies which I + will not name for the honor I beare them, so without measure + misordered, that I thinke my self in hell till tyme cum that I + must go to _M. Elmer_, who teacheth me so jentlie, so pleasantlie, + with soch faire allurementes to learning, that I thinke all the + tyme nothing whiles I am with him. And when I am called from him, + I fall on weeping." --_The Scholemaster_, ed. Mayor. + +The inordinate beating[13] of boys by schoolmasters--whom he calls in +different places 'sharp, fond, & lewd'[14]--Ascham denounces strongly in +the first book of his _Scholemaster_, and he contrasts their folly in +beating into their scholars the hatred of learning with the practice of +the wise riders who by gentle allurements breed them up in the love of +riding. Indeed, the origin of his book was Sir Wm. Cecil's saying to him +"I have strange news brought me this morning, that divers scholars of +Eton be run away from the school for fear of beating." + +Sir Peter Carew, says Mr Froude, being rather a troublesome boy, was +chained in the Haccombe dog-kennel till he ran away from it. + + + [Headnote: BP. GROSSETETE TAUGHT NOBLES' SONS.] + +But to return to the training of young men in nobles' houses. I take the +following from Fiddes's Appendix to his Life of Wolsey: + + _John de Athon_, upon the Constitutions of _Othobon, tit._ 23, in + respect to the Goods of such who dyed intestate, and upon the Word + _Barones_, has the following Passage concerning _Grodsted_ Bishop + of _Lincoln_[15] (who died 9th Oct., 1253),-- + + "Robert surnamed Grodsted of holy memory, late Bishop of Lincoln, + when King Henry asked him, as if in wonder, where he learnt the + Nurture in which he had instructed the sons of nobles (&) peers of + the Realm, whom he kept about him as pages + (_domisellos_[16]),--since he was not descended from a noble + lineage, but from humble (parents)--is said to have answered + fearlessly, 'In the house or guest-chambers of greater kings than + the King of England'; because he had learnt from understanding the + scriptures the manner of life of David, Solomon, & other + Kings[15]." + + _Reyner,_ in his _Apostol. Bened._ from _Saunders_ acquaints us, + that the Sons of the Nobility were placed with _Whiting_ Abbot of + _Glastenbury_ for their Education, who was contemporary with the + Cardinal, and which Method of Education was continued for some + Time afterward. + + There is in the Custody of the present Earl of _Stafford_, + a Nobleman of the greatest Humanity and Goodness, an Original of + Instructions, by the Earl of _Arundell_, written in the Year 1620, + for the Benefit of his younger Son, the Earl of _Stafford's_ + Grandfather, under this Title; + + _Instructions for you my Son _William_, how to behave + your self at _Norwich_._ + + In these Instructions is the following paragraph, "You shall in + all Things reverence honour and obey my Lord Bishop of _Norwich_, + as you would do any of your Parents, esteeminge whatsoever He + shall tell or Command you, as if your Grandmother of _Arundell_, + your Mother, or my self, should say it; and in all things esteem + your self as my Lord's Page; a breeding which youths of my house + far superior to you were accustomed unto, as my Grandfather of + _Norfolk_, and his Brother my good Uncle of _Northampton_ were + both bred as Pages with Bishopps, _&c_." + +Sir Thomas More, who was born in 1480, was brought up in the house of +Cardinal Morton. Roper says that he was + + "received into the house of the right reverend, wise, and learned + prelate Cardinal Morton, where, though he was young of years, yet + would he at Christmas-tide suddenly sometimes step in among the + players, and never studying for the matter make a part of his own + there presently among them, which made the lookers on more sport + than all the players beside. In whose wit and towardness the + Cardinal much delighting would say of him unto the nobles that + divers times dined with him, _This child here waiting at the + table, Whosoever shall live to see it, will prove a marvellous + man._ Whereupon for his better furtherance in learning he placed + him at Oxford, &c." (Roper's _Life of More_, ed. Singer, 1822, + p. 3.) + +Cresacre More in his _Life of More_ (ed. 1828, p. 17) states the same +thing more fully, and gives the remark of the Cardinal more accurately, +thus:-- "that that boy there waiting _on him_, whoever should live to +see it, would prove a marvellous rare man."[17] + + + [Headnote: YOUNG NOBLES IN WOLSEY'S HOUSEHOLD.] + +Through Wolsey's household, says Professor Brewer, almost all the +Officials of Henry the Eighth's time passed. Cavendish, in his Life of +Wolsey (vol. i. p. 38, ed. Singer, 1825) says of the Cardinal, "And at +meals, there was continually in his chamber a board kept for his +Chamberlains, and Gentlemen Ushers, having with them _a mess of the +young Lords_, and another for gentlemen." Among these young Lords, we +learn at p. 57, was + + "my Lord Percy, the son and heir of the Earl of Northumberland, + [who] then attended upon the Lord Cardinal, and was also his + servitor; and when it chanced the Lord Cardinal at any time to + repair to the court, the Lord Percy would then resort for his + pastime unto the queen's chamber, and there would fall in + dalliance among the queen's maidens, being at the last more + conversant with Mistress Anne Boleyn than with any other; so that + there grew such a secret love between them that, at length they + were insured together, intending to marry[18]." + +Among the persons daily attendant upon Wolsey in his house, down-lying +and up-rising, Cavendish enumerates "of Lords nine or ten, who had each +of them allowed two servants; and the Earl of Derby had allowed five +men" (p. 36-7). On this Singer prints a note, which looks like a guess, +signed _Growe_, "Those Lords that were placed in the great and privy +chambers were _Wards_, and as such paid for their board and education." +It will be seen below that he had a particular officer called +"Instructor of his Wards" (_Cavendish_, p. 38, l. 2). Why I suppose the +note to be a guess is, because at p. 33 Cavendish has stated that Wolsey +"had also a great number daily attending upon him, both of noblemen and +worthy gentlemen, of great estimation and possessions,--with no small +number of the tallest yeomen that he could get in all his realm; in so +much that well was that nobleman and gentleman that might prefer any +tall and comely yeoman unto his service." + +In the household of the Earl of Northumberland in 1511 were "..yong +gentlemen at their fryndes fynding,[19] in my lords house for the hoole +yere" and "Haunsmen ande Yong Gentlemen at thir Fryndes fynding v[j] (As +to say, Hanshmen iij. And Yong Gentlemen iij" p. 254,) no doubt for the +purpose of learning manners, &c. And that such youths would be found in +the house of every noble of importance I believe, for as Walter Mapes +(? ab. 1160-90 A.D.) says of the great nobles, in his poem _De diversis +ordinibus hominum_, the example of manners goes out from their houses, +_Exemplar morum domibus procedit eorum_. That these houses were in some +instances only the finishing schools for our well-born young men after +previous teaching at home and at College is possible (though the cases +of Sir Thomas More and Ascham are exactly the other way), but the Lord +Percy last named had a schoolmaster in his house, "The Maister of +Graimer j", p. 254; "Lyverays for the Maister of Gramer[20] in +Housholde: Item Half a Loof of Houshold Breide, a Pottell of Beere, and +two White Lyghts," p. 97. "Every Scolemaister techyng Grammer in the +Hous C _s_." (p. 47, 51). Edward IV.'s henxmen were taught grammar; and +if the Pastons are to be taken as a type of their class, our nobles and +gentry at the end of the 15th century must have been able to read and +write freely. Chaucer's Squire could write, and though the custom of +sealing deeds and not signing them prevailed, more or less, till Henry +VIII.'s time, it is doubtful whether this implied inability of the +sealers to write. Mr Chappell says that in Henry VIII.'s time half our +nobility were then writing ballads. Still, the bad spelling and grammar +of most of the letters up to that period, and the general ignorance of +our upper classes were, says Professor Brewer, the reason why the whole +government of the country was in the hands of ecclesiastics. Even in +Henry the Eighth's time, Sir Thomas Boleyn is said to have been the only +noble at Court who could speak French with any degree of fluency, and so +was learned enough to be sent on an embassy abroad. But this may be +questioned. Yet Wolsey, speaking to his Lord Chamberlain and Comptroller +when they + + [Headnote: KNOWLEDGE OF FRENCH.] + + "showed him that it seemed to them there should be some noblemen + and strangers [Henry VIII. and his courtiers masked] arrived at + his bridge, as ambassadors from some foreign prince. With that, + quoth the Cardinal, 'I shall desire you, _because ye can speak + French_, to take the pains to go down into the hall to encounter + and to receive them, according to their estates, and to conduct + them into this chamber' (_Cavendish_, p. 51). Then spake my Lord + Chamberlain unto them _in French_, declaring my Lord Cardinal's + mind (p. 53)." + +The general[21] opinion of our gentry as to the study of Letters, before +and about 1500 A.D., is probably well represented by the opinion of one +of them stated by Pace, in his Prefatory Letter to Colet, prefixed to +the former's _De Fructu_[22]. + + It remains that I now explain to you what moves me to compile and + publish a treatise with this title. When, two years ago, more or + less, I had returned to my native land from the city of Rome, + I was present at a certain feast, a stranger to many; where, when + enough had been drunk, one or other of the guests--no fool, as one + might infer from his words and countenance--began to talk of + educating his children well. And, first of all, he thought that he + must search out a good teacher for them, and that they should at + any rate attend school. There happened to be present one of those + whom we call gentle-men (_generosos_), and who always carry some + horn hanging at their backs, as though they would hunt during + dinner. He, hearing letters praised, roused with sudden anger, + burst out furiously with these words. "Why do you talk nonsense, + friend?" he said; "A curse on those stupid letters! all learned + men are beggars: even Erasmus, the most learned of all, is a + beggar (as I hear), and in a certain letter of his calls +tên + kataraton penian+ (that is, execrable poverty) his wife, and + vehemently complains that he cannot shake her off his shoulders + right into +bathukêtea ponton+, that is, into the deep sea. + I swear by God's body I'd rather that my son should hang than + study letters. For it becomes the sons of gentlemen to blow the + horn nicely (_apte_), to hunt skilfully, and elegantly carry and + train a hawk. But the study of letters should be left to the sons + of rustics." At this point I could not restrain myself from + answering something to this most talkative man, in defence of good + letters. "You do not seem to me, good man," I said, "to think + rightly. For if any foreigner were to come to the king, such as + the ambassadors (_oratores_) of princes are, and an answer had to + be given to him, your son, if he were educated as you wish, could + only blow his horn, and the learned sons of rustics would be + called to answer, and would be far preferred to your hunter or + fowler son; and they, enjoying their learned liberty, would say to + your face, 'We prefer to be learned, and, thanks to our learning, + no fools, than boast of our fool-like nobility.'" Then he upon + this, looking round, said, "Who is this person that is talking + like this? I don't know the fellow." And when some one whispered + in his ear who I was, he muttered something or other in a low + voice to himself; and finding a fool to listen to him, he then + caught hold of a cup of wine. And when he could get nothing to + answer, he began to drink, and change the conversation to other + things. And thus I was freed from the disputing of this mad + fellow,--which I was dreadfully afraid would have lasted a long + time,--not by Apollo, like Horace was from his babbler, but by + Bacchus. + + + [Headnote: APPRENTICESHIP IN HENRY VII.'S TIME.] + +On the general subject it should be noted that Fleta mentions nothing +about boarders or apprentices in his account of household economy; nor +does the _Liber Contrarotulatoris Garderobæ Edw. I^mi_ mention any +young noblemen as part of the King's household. That among tradesmen +in later times, putting out their children in other houses, and +apprenticeships, were the rule, we know from many statements and +allusions in our literature, and "The Italian Relation of England" +(temp. Hen. VII.) mentions that the Duke of Suffolk was boarded out to +a rich old widow, who persuaded him to marry her (p. 27). It also says + + The want of affection in the English is strongly manifested + towards their children; for after having kept them at home till + they arrive at the age of 7 or 9 years at the utmost, they put + them out, both males and females, to hard service in the houses of + other people, binding them generally for another 7 or 9 years. And + these are called apprentices, and during that time they perform + all the most menial offices; and few are born who are exempted + from this fate, for every one, however rich he may be, sends away + his children into the houses of others, whilst he, in return, + receives those of strangers into his own. And on inquiring their + reason for this severity, they answered that they did it in order + that their children might learn better manners. But I, for my + part, believe that they do it because they like to enjoy all their + comforts themselves, and that they are better served by strangers + than they would be by their own children. Besides which, the + English being great epicures, and very avaricious by nature, + indulge in the most delicate fare themselves and give their + household the coarsest bread, and beer, and cold meat baked on + Sunday for the week, which, however, they allow them in great + abundance. That if they had their own children at home, they would + be obliged to give them the same food they made use of for + themselves. That if the English sent their children away from home + to learn virtue and good manners, and took them back again when + their apprenticeship was over, they might, perhaps, be excused; + but they never return, for the girls are settled by their patrons, + and the boys make the best marriages they can, and, assisted by + their patrons, not by their fathers, they also open a house and + strive diligently by this means to make some fortune for + themselves; whence it proceeds that, having no hope of their + paternal inheritance, that all become so greedy of gain that they + feel no shame in asking, almost "for the love of God," for the + smallest sums of money; and to this it may be attributed, that + there is no injury that can be committed against the lower orders + of the English, that may not be atoned for by money. --_A Relation + of the Island of England_ (Camden Society, 1847), pp. 24-6. + +"This evidently refers to tradesmen.[23] The note by the Editor[24] +however says it was the case with the children of the first nobility, +and gives the terms for the Duke of Buckingham's children with Mrs +Hexstall. The document only shows that Mrs Hexstall boarded them by +contract 'during the time of absence of my Lord and my Ladie.'" + +The Earl of Essex says in a letter to Lord Burleigh, 1576, printed in +Murdin's _State Papers_, p. 301-2. + + "Neverthelesse, uppon the assured Confidence, that your love to me + shall dissend to my Childrenne, and that your Lordship will + declare yourself a Frend to me, both alive and dead, I have willed + Mr _Waterhouse_ to shew unto you how you may with Honor and Equity + do good to my Sonne _Hereford_, and how to bind him with perpetual + Frendship to you and your House. And to the Ende I wold have his + Love towardes those which are dissended from you spring up and + increase with his Yeares, I have wished his Education to be in + your Household, though the same had not bene allotted to your + Lordship as Master of the Wardes; and that the whole Tyme, which + he shold spend in _England_ in his Minority, might be devided in + Attendance uppon my Lord _Chamberlayne_ and you, to the End, that + as he might frame himself to the Example of my Lord of _Sussex_ in + all the Actions of his Life, tending either to the Warres, or to + the Institution of a Nobleman, so that he might also reverence + your Lordship for your Wisdome and Gravyty, and lay up your + Counsells and Advises in the Treasory of his Hart." + + + [Headnote: GIRLS SENT OUT TO LADIES' HOUSES.] + +That girls, as well as boys, were sent out to noblemen's houses for +their education, is evident from Margaret Paston's letter of the 3rd of +April, 1469, to Sir John Paston, "Also I would ye should purvey for your +sister [? Margery] to be with my Lady of Oxford, or with my Lady of +Bedford, or in some other worshipful place whereas ye think best, and I +will help to her finding, for we be either of us weary of other." Alice +Crane's Letter, in the Paston Letters, v. i. p. 35, ed. 1840, also +supports this view, as does Sir John Heveningham's to Margaret Paston, +asking her to take his cousin Anneys Loveday for some time as a boarder +till a mistress could be found for her. "If that it please you to have +her with you to into the time that a mistress may be purveyed for her, +I pray you thereof, and I shall content you for her board that ye shall +be well pleased." Similarly Anne Boleyn and her sister were sent to +Margaret of Savoy, aunt of Charles V., who lived at Brussels, to learn +courtesy, &c., says Prof. Brewer. Sir Roger Twysden says that Anne was +"Not above seven yeares of age, Anno 1514," when she went abroad. He +adds: + + "It should seeme by some that she served three in France + successively; Mary of England maryed to Lewis the twelfth, an. + 1514, with whome she went out of England, but Lewis dying the + first of January following, and that Queene (being) to returne + home, sooner than either Sir Thomas Bullen or some other of her + frendes liked she should, she was preferred to Clauda, daughter to + Lewis XII. and wife to Francis I. then Queene (it is likely upon + the commendation of Mary the Dowager), who not long after dying, + an. 1524, not yet weary of France she went to live with + Marguerite, Dutchess of Alançon and Berry, a Lady much commended + for her favor towards good letters, but never enough for the + Protestant religion then in the infancy--from her, if I am not + deceived, she first learnt the grounds of the Protestant religion; + so that England may seem to owe some part of her happyness derived + from that Lady." (Twysden's Notes quoted by Singer in his ed. of + Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, 1825, p. 57.) + +As Henry VIII. fell in love with his wife's maid of honour,--"began to +kindle the brand of amours" at the light of Anne Boleyn's beauty, "her +excellent gesture and behaviour,"--so we find in later times rich young +men became enamoured of poor young women staying in the same house with +them. Mr Bruce sends me an instance: + + "the young lady was niece, you will perceive, to a well-beneficed + clergyman, and a thriving gentleman well-advanced in the public + service. She had lost her mother, and her father was in debt and + difficulties. She was therefore placed by the influence of her + uncles in a well-known family in Wiltshire." + + _State Papers. Dom. Car._ I. Vol. ccclii. No. 29. Dr Matthew + Nicholas, afterwards Dean of St Paul's, to Edward Nicholas, Clerk + of the Council, and afterwards Secretary of State. Dated, West + Dean, April 4, 1637. + + "I have spoken with Miss Evelyn since I wrote last unto you, and + enquired of her the cause w{hi}ch moued her to displace my coson + Hunton. She told me much accordinge to what she had sayd unto my + coson Hunton, w{i}th this addition, that she had respect in it as + well unto her good as her owne convenience, for hauinge nowe noe + employment for her but her needle, she founde that sittinge still + at her worke made her sickly, and therefore thought she might doe + better in another seruice where she might haue the orderinge of an + huswifely charge, for w{hi}ch (she told me) she had made her very + able. I expressed myselfe tender of the disgrace w{hi}ch would lay + uppon my coson in beinge displaced in such a manner by warninge + giuen, wherof whatsoeuer were the cause, it would be imagined by + all that knowe it not, to be in her ill carriage, and wished she + had done me that fauour as to haue acquainted me with her intents + in such time as I might haue taken some course to haue disposed of + her before it had bin knowne that she was to leaue her: she + slubbered it ouer w{i}th a slight excuse that she had acquainted + my wife ... but for my satisfaction she told me that she would be + as mindfull of her when God should call her as if she were w{i}th + her, and in testimony of her good likinge of her seruice she would + allowe her forty shillings yearly towarde her maintainance as + longe as herself should liue. I am soe well acquainted w{i}th what + she hath as yet disposed to her by will, and soe little value + forty shillings to my coson Hunton's credit, as I gaue her noe + thankes. Mr Downes (I heare) is sent for home by his father w{i}th + an intent to keepe him w{i}th him, but I doe imagine that when my + coson Hunton shall be other where disposed off, he shall returne; + for my conceit is stronge that the feare of his beinge match'd to + his disadvantage, who was placed w{i}th Mr Evelyn a youth to be + bred for his p{re}ferment, hath caused this alteration; howsoever + there be noe wordes made of it. I confess that when I have bin + told of the good will that was obserued betweene my coson Hunton + and Mr Downes, I did put it by w{i}th my coson Huntons + protestation to the contrary, and was willinge by that neglect to + have suffered it to have come to pass (if it mought have bin) + because I thought it would haue bin to her aduantage, but nowe + that the busines is come to this issue (as whatsoeuer be + p{re}tended I am confident this is the cause of my cosons + partinge) I begin to quæstion my discretion.... Good brother, let + me haue your aduise what to do." + + + [Headnote: PRIVATE TUITION IN EARLY ENGLAND.] + +2. _Home and Private Education._ Of these, more or less must have been +going on all over England, by private tutors at home, or in the houses +of the latter. "In five years (after my baptism) I was handed over by my +father to Siward, a noble priest, to be trained in letters, to whose +mastery I was subdued during five years learning the first rudiments. +But in the eleventh year of my age I was given up by my own father for +the love of God, and destined to enter the service of the eternal King." +--_Orderic_, vol. ii. p. 301, ed. Prevost. + +From Adam de Marisco's Letters, 53, we find that Henry and Almeric, the +eldest and youngest sons of the Earl of Montfort, were put under +Grosseteste for tuition, he being then a Bishop. At Paris, John of +Salisbury (who died in 1180) gained a living by teaching the sons of +noblemen,--(_instruendos susceperam_, ? took them in to board). +--_Metalogicus_, lib. 11, c. 10. + +Henry of Huntingdon says, "Richard, the king's (Henry I.'s) bastard son, +was honourably brought up (_festive nutritus_) by our Bishop Robert +(Blote of Lincoln), and duly reverenced by me and others in the same +household I lived in." --_Anglia Sacra_, vol. ii. p. 696. Giraldus +Cambrensis speaks of beating his _coætanei et conscolares terræ suæ_, of +being reproved for idleness by his uncle, the Bishop of St David's, and +of being constantly chaffed by two of his uncle's chaplains, who used to +decline _durus_ and _stultus_ to him. Also he alludes to the rod. +Probably there was some sort of school at either Pembroke or St +David's[[24a]].--_De Rebus a se Gestis_, lib. 1, c. 2.[25] + +The Statutes of a Gild of young Scholars formed to burn lights in honour +of some saint or other, and to help one another in sickness, old age, +and to burial, will be printed for us by Mr Toulmin Smith in the Early +English Text Society's books this year. + +Under this head of Private Tuition we may class the houses of Abbots, +where boys of good birth were educated. In his History of English +Poetry, section 36, vol. iii. p. 9, ed. 1840, Warton says: + + "It appears to have been customary for the governors of the most + considerable convents, especially those that were honoured with + the mitre, to receive into their own private lodgings the sons of + the principal families of the neighbourhood for education. About + the year 1450, Thomas Bromele, abbot of the mitred monastery of + Hyde near Winchester, entertained in his own abbatial house within + that monastery eight young gentlemen, or _gentiles pueri_, who + were placed there for the purpose of literary instruction, and + constantly dined at the abbot's table. I will not scruple to give + the original words, which are more particular and expressive, of + the obscure record which preserves this curious anecdote of + monastic life. '_Pro octo gentilibus pueris apud dominum abbatem + studii causa perhendinantibus, et ad mensam domini victitantibus, + cum garcionibus suis ipsos comitantibus, hoc anno_, xvii_l._ ixs. + _Capiendo pro_[26]...'" This, by the way, was more extraordinary, + as William of Wykeham's celebrated seminary was so near. And this + seems to have been an established practice of the abbot of + Glastonbury, "whose apartment in the abbey was a kind of + well-disciplined court, where the sons of noblemen and young + gentlemen were wont to be sent for virtuous education, who + returned thence home excellently accomplished.[27]" Richard + Whiting, the last abbot of Glastonbury, who was cruelly executed + by the king, during the course of his government educated near + three hundred ingenuous youths, who constituted a part of his + family; beside many others whom he liberally supported at the + universities.[28] Whitgift, the most excellent and learned + archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was + educated under Robert Whitgift his uncle, abbot of the Augustine + monastery of black canons at Wellhow in Lincolnshire, "who," says + Strype, "had several other young gentlemen under his care for + education." (Strype's Whitgift, v. i. ch. i. p. 3.) + +Of Lydgate--about 1420-30 A.D. I suppose--Prof. Morley says in his +_English Writers_, vol. ii. Pt. I. p. 423: + + "After studying at Oxford, Paris, and Padua, and after mastering + with special delight the writings of such poets as Dante, + Boccaccio, and Alain Chartier, Lydgate opened at his monastery of + Bury St Edmund's a school of rhetoric in which he taught young + nobles literature and the art of versifying!" + +Richard Pace says in his _De Fructu_, 1517: + + "Now the learning of music too demands its place, especially from + me whom it distinguished when a boy amongst boys. For Thomas + Langton, bishop of Winchester (the predecessor of him who is now + living), whose secretary I was, when he had marked that I was + making a proficiency in music far beyond my age (as + himself--perchance from his too great affection for me--would + point out and repeatedly say), 'The talent of this lad,' he said, + 'is born for greater things,' and a few days afterwards he sent + me, to pursue the study of literature, into Italy, to the school + at Padua, which then was at its greatest prime, and benevolently + supplied the annual expenses, as he showed wonderful favour to all + men of letters, and in his day played the part of a second + Mecænas, well remembering (as he ofttimes said) that he had been + advanced to the episcopal dignity on account of his learning. For + he had gained, with the highest commendation, the distinctions of + each law[29] (as they say now-a-days). Also he so highly prized + the study of Humanity[30] that he had boys and youths instructed + in it at a school in his house; And he was vastly delighted to + hear the scholars repeat to him at night the lessons given them by + the teacher during the day. In this competition he who had borne + himself notably went away with a present of something suitable to + his character, and with commendation expressed in the most refined + language; for that excellent governor had ever in his mouth the + maxim that merit grows with praise."[31] + + [Headnote: EDUCATION AT HOME AND AT TUTORS'.] + +Palsgrave in 1530 speaks of "maister Petrus Vallensys, scole maister +to his [Charles, Duke of Suffolk's] excellent yong sonne the Erle of +Lyncolne." + +Roger Ascham, author of the _Scholemaster_, &c., born in 1515, + + "was received at a very youthful age into the family of Sir Antony + Wingfield, who furnished money for his education, and placed + Roger, together with his own sons, under a tutor whose name was + Bond. The boy had by nature a taste for books, and showed his good + taste by reading English in preference to Latin, with wonderful + eagerness. This was the more remarkable from the fact that Latin + was still the language of literature, and it is not likely that + the few English books written at that time were at all largely + spread abroad in places far away from the Universities and + Cathedral towns. In or about the year 1530, Mr Bond the domestic + tutor resigned the charge of young Roger, who was now about + fifteen years old, and by the advice and pecuniary aid of his kind + patron Sir Antony, he was enabled to enter St John's College, + Cambridge, at that time the most famous seminary of learning in + all England ... he took his bachelor's degree in 1531, Feb. 18, in + the 18th year of his age ["being a boy, new bachelor of art," he + says himself,] a time of life at which it is now more common to + enter the University than to take a degree, but which, according + to the modes of education then in use, was not thought premature. + On the 23rd of March following, he was elected fellow of the + College." Giles's Life of Ascham, Works, vol. i. p. xi-xiv. + +Dr Clement and his wife were brought up in Sir T. More's house. Clement +was taken from St Paul's school, London, appointed tutor to More's +children, and afterwards to his daughter Margaret, p. 402, col. 1. + +What a young nobleman learnt in Henry the Eighth's time may be gathered +from the following extracts (partly given by Mr Froude, Hist., v. i. p. +39-40) from the letters of young Gregory Cromwell's tutor, to his +father, the Earl of Essex, the King's Chief Secretary. + + "The order of his studie, as the houres lymyted for the Frenche + tongue, writinge, plaienge att weapons, castinge of accomptes, + pastimes of instruments, and suche others, hath bene devised and + directed by the prudent wisdome of Mr Southwell; who with a + ffatherly zeale and amitie muche desiringe to have hime a sonne + worthy suche parents, ceasseth not aswell concerninge all other + things for hime mete and necessary, as also in lerninge, + t'expresse his tendre love and affection towardes hime, serchinge + by all meanes possible howe he may moste proffitte, dailie heringe + hime to rede sumwhatt in thenglishe tongue, and advertisenge hime + of the naturell and true kynde of pronuntiacõn therof, expoundinge + also and declaringe the etimologie and native signification of + suche wordes as we have borowed of the Latines or Frenche menue, + not evyn so comonly used in our quotidiene speche. Mr Cheney and + Mr Charles in lyke wise endevoireth and emploieth themselves, + accompanienge Mr Gregory in lerninge, amonge whome ther is a + perpetuall contention, strife, and conflicte, and in maner of an + honest envie who shall do beste, not oonlie in the ffrenche tongue + (wherin Mr Vallence after a wonderesly compendious, facile, + prompte, and redy waye, nott withoute painfull delegence and + laborious industrie doth enstructe them) but also in writynge, + playenge at weapons, and all other theire exercises, so that if + continuance in this bihalf may take place, whereas the laste + Diana, this shall (I truste) be consecrated to Apollo and the + Muses, to theire no small profecte and your good contentation and + pleasure. And thus I beseche the Lord to have you in his moste + gratious tuition. + + At Reisinge in Norff[olk] the last daie of Aprill. + Your faithfull and most bounden servaunte + HENRY DOWES. + + To his right honorable maister Mr Thomas Crumwell + chief Secretary vnto the King's Maiestie." + Ellis, _Original Letters_. Series I. vol. i. p. 341-3. + +The next Letter gives further details of Gregory's studies-- + + "But forcause somer was spente in the servyce of the wylde goddes, + it is so moche to be regarded after what fashion yeouth is educate + and browght upp, in whiche tyme that that is lerned (for the moste + parte) will nott all holelie be forgotten in the older yeres, + I thinke it my dutie to asserteyne yo^r Maistershippe how he + spendith his tyme.... And firste, after he hath herde Masse he + taketh a lecture of a Diologe of Erasmus Colloquium, called Pietas + Puerilis, whereinne is described a veray picture of oone that + sholde be vertuouselie brought upp; and forcause it is so + necessary for hime, I do not onelie cause him to rede it over, but + also to practise the preceptes of the same, and I have also + translated it into Englishe, so that he may conferre theime both + to-githers, whereof (as lerned men affirme) cometh no smalle + profecte[32] ... after that, he exerciseth his hande in writing + one or two houres, and redith uppon Fabian's Chronicle as longe; + the residue of the day he doth spende uppon the lute and + virginalls. When he rideth (as he doth very ofte) I tell hime by + the way some historie of the Romanes or the Greekes, whiche I + cause him to reherse agayn in a tale. For his recreation he useth + to hawke and hunte, and shote in his long bowe, which frameth and + succedeth so well with hime that he semeth to be therunto given by + nature." + + Ellis, i. 343-4. + + + [Headnote: STUDIES OF YOUTHS, TEMP. HEN. VIII. AND ELIZABETH.] + +Of the course of study of 'well-bred youths' in the early years of +Elizabeth's reign we have an interesting account by Sir Nicholas Bacon, +Lord Keeper, father of the great Bacon, in a Paper by Mr J. Payne +Collier in the _Archæologia_, vol. 36, Part 2, p. 339, Article xxxi.[33] +"Before he became Lord Keeper, Sir Nicholas Bacon had been Attorney of +that Court" [the Court of Wards and Liveries] "a most lucrative +appointment; and on the 27th May, 1561, he addressed a letter to Sir +William Cecil, then recently (Jan., 1561) made Master of the Wards, +followed by a paper thus entitled:--'Articles devised for the bringing +up in vertue and learning of the Queenes Majesties Wardes, being heires +males, and whose landes, descending in possession and coming to the +Queenes Majestie, shall amount to the cleere yearly value of c. markes, +or above.'" Sir Nicholas asks the new Master of Wards to reform what he +justly calls most "preposterous" abuses in the department:--"That the +proceeding hath bin preposterous, appeareth by this: the chiefe thinge, +and most of price, in wardeship, is the wardes mynde; the next to that, +his bodie; the last and meanest, his land. Nowe, hitherto the chiefe +care of governaunce hath bin to the land, being the meaneste; and to the +bodie, being the better, very small; but to the mynde, being the best, +none at all, which methinkes is playnely to sett the carte before the +horse" (p. 343). Mr Collier then summarises Bacon's Articles for the +bringing up of the Wards thus: "The wards are to attend divine service +at six in the morning: nothing is said about breakfast,[34] but they are +to study Latin until eleven; to dine between 11 and 12; to study with +the music-master from 12 till 2; from 2 to 3 they are to be with the +French master; and from 3 to 5 with the Latin and Greek masters. At 5 +they are to go to evening prayers; then they are to sup; to be allowed +honest pastimes till 8; and, last of all, before they go to bed at 9, +they are again to apply themselves to music under the instruction of the +master. At and after the age of 16 they were to attend lectures upon +temporal and civil law, as well as _de disciplinâ militari_. It is not +necessary to insert farther details; but what I have stated will serve +to show how well-bred youths of that period were usually brought up, and +how disgracefully the duty of education as regards wards was +neglected.... It may appear singular that in these articles drawn up by +Sir Nicholas, so much stress is laid upon instruction in music[35]; but +it only serves to confirm the notion that the science was then most +industriously cultivated by nearly every class of society." Pace in 1517 +requires that every one should study it, but should join with it some +other study, as Astrology or Astronomy. He says also that the greatest +part of the art had perished by men's negligence; "For all that our +musicians do now-a-days, is almost trivial if compared with what the old +ones (_antiqui_) did, so that now hardly one or two (_unus aut alter_) +can be found who know what harmony is, though the word is always on +their tongue." (_De Fructu_, p. 54-5.) Ascham, while lamenting in 1545 +(_Toxophilus_, p. 29) 'that the laudable custom of England to teach +children their plain song and prick-song' is 'so decayed throughout all +the realm as it is,' denounces the great practise of instrumental music +by older students: "the minstrelsy of lutes, pipes, harps, and all other +that standeth by such nice, fine, minikin fingering, (such as the most +part of scholars whom I know use, if they use any,) is far more fit, for +the womanishness of it, to dwell in the Court among ladies, than for any +great thing in it which should help good and sad study, to abide in the +University among scholars." + + + [Headnote: NEGLECT OF EDUCATION BY MOTHERS.] + +By 1577 our rich people, according to Harrison, attended properly to the +education of their children. After speaking "of our women, whose beautie +commonlie exceedeth the fairest of those of the maine," he says: + + "This neuerthelesse I vtterlie mislike in the poorer sort of them, + for the wealthier doo sildome offend herein: that being of + themselues without competent wit, they are so carelesse in the + education of their children (wherein their husbands also are to be + blamed,) by means whereof verie manie of them neither fearing God, + neither regarding either manners or obedience, do oftentimes come + to confusion, which (if anie correction or discipline had beene + vsed toward them in youth) might haue prooued good members of + their common-wealth & countrie, by their good seruice and + industrie." --_Descr. of Britaine_, Holinshed, i. 115, col. 2. + +This is borne out by Ascham, who says that young men up to 17 were well +looked after, but after that age were turned loose to get into all the +mischief they liked: + + "In deede, from seven to seventene, yong jentlemen commonlie be + carefullie enough brought up: But from seventene to seven and + twentie (the most dangerous tyme of all a mans life, and most + slipperie to stay well in) they have commonlie the rein of all + licens in their owne hand, and speciallie soch as do live in the + Court. And that which is most to be merveled at, commonlie the + wisest and also best men be found the fondest fathers in this + behalfe. And if som good father wold seek some remedie herein, yet + the mother (if the household of our Lady) had rather, yea, and + will to, have her sonne cunnyng and bold, in making him to lyve + trimlie when he is yong, than by learning and travell to be able + to serve his Prince & his countrie, both wiselie in peace, and + stoutlie in warre, whan he is old. + + "The fault is in your selves, ye noble mens sonnes, and therfore + ye deserve the greater blame, that commonlie the meaner mens + children cum to be the wisest councellours, and greatest doers, in + the weightie affaires of this realme." --_Scholemaster_, ed. Mayor, + p. 39-40. + +Note lastly, on this subject of private tuition, that Mulcaster in his +_Elementarie_, 1582, complains greatly of rich people aping the custom +of princes in having private tutors for their boys, and withdrawing them +from public schools where the spirit of emulation against other boys +would make them work. The course he recommends is, that rich people +should send their sons, with their tutors, to the public schools, and so +get the advantage of both kinds of tuition. + +_Girls' Home Education._ The earliest notice of an English Governess +that any friend has found for me is in "the 34th Letter of Osbert de +Clare in Stephen's reign, A.D. 1135-54. He mentions what seems to be a +Governess of his children, '_quædam matrona quæ liberos ejus_ (sc. +_militis, Herberti de Furcis_) _educare consueverat_.' She appears to be +treated as one of the family: e.g. they wait for her when she goes into +a chapel to pray. I think a nurse would have been 'ancilla quæ liberos +ejus nutriendos susceperat.'" Walter de Biblesworth was the tutor of the +"lady Dionysia de Monchensi, a Kentish heiress, the daughter of William +de Monchensi, baron of Swanescombe, and related, apparently,[[35a]] to +the Valences, earls of Pembroke, and wrote his French Grammar, or rather +Vocabulary[36], for her. She married Hugh de Vere, the second son of +Robert, fifth earl of Oxford. (Wright.) Lady Jane Grey was taught by a +tutor at home, as we have seen. Palsgrave was tutor to Henry VIII.'s +"most dere and most entirely beloved suster, quene Mary, douagier of +France," and no doubt wrote his _Lesclaircissement de la Langue +Francoise_ mainly for her, though also "desirous to do some humble +service unto the nobilitie of this victorious realme, and universally +unto all other estates of this my natyfe country." Giles Du Guez, or as +Palsgrave says to Henry VIII., "the synguler clerke, maister Gyles +Dewes, somtyme instructor to your noble grace in this selfe tong, at the +especiall instaunce and request of dyvers of your highe estates and +noble men, hath also for his partye written in this matter." His book is +entitled "An Introductorie for to lerne to rede, to pronounce & to speke +French trewly: compyled for the Right high, excellent, and most vertuous +lady The Lady Mary of Englande, doughter to our most gracious soverayn +Lorde Kyng Henry the Eight." + + + [Headnote: UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN EARLY ENGLAND.] + +3. _English University Education._ In early days Cambridge and Oxford +must be looked on, I suppose, as mainly the great schools for boys, and +the generality of scholars as poor men's children,[37] like Chaucer's +'poore scolares tuo that dwelten in the soler-halle of Cantebregge,' his +Clerk of Oxenford, and those students, gifts to whom are considered as +one of the regular burdens on the husbandman, in "God speed the Plough." +Mr Froude says, Hist. of England, I. 37: + + "The universities were well filled, by the sons of yeomen chiefly. + The cost of supporting them at the colleges was little, and + wealthy men took a pride in helping forward any boys of + promise[38] (_Latimer's Sermons_, p. 64). It seems clear also, as + the Reformation drew nearer, while the clergy were sinking lower + and lower, a marked change for the better became perceptible in a + portion at least of the laity." + +But Grosseteste mentions a "noble" scholar at Oxford (_Epist._ 129), and +Edward the Black Prince and Henry V. are said to have been students of +Queen's College, Oxford. Wolsey himself was a College tutor at Oxford, +and had among his pupils the sons of the Marquess of Dorset, who +afterwards gave him his first preferment, the living of Lymington. +(Chappell.) [[38a]] + +The legend runs that the first school at Oxford was founded by King +Alfred[39], and that Oxford was a place of study in the time of Edward +the Confessor (1041-66). If one may quote a book now considered to be 'a +monkish forgery and an exploded authority,' Ingulfus, who was Abbot of +Croyland, in the Isle of Ely, under William the Conqueror, says of +himself that he was educated first at Westminster, and then passed to +Oxford, where he made proficiency in such books of Aristotle as were +then accessible to students,[40] and in the first two books of Tully's +Rhetoric.--_Malden_, On the Origin of Universities, 1835, p. 71. + +In 1201 Oxford is called a _University_, and said to have contained 3000 +scholars; in 1253 its first College (University) is founded. In 1244, +Hen. III. grants it its first privileges as a corporate body, and +confirms and extends them in 1245. In his reign, Wood says the number of +scholars amounted to 30,000, a number no doubt greatly exaggerated. + + + [Headnote: POVERTY OF UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS.] + +In the reign of Stephen, we know that Vacarius, a Lombard by birth, who +had studied the civil law at Bologna, came into England, and formed a +school of law at Oxford[41] ... he remained in England in the reign of +Henry II. On account of the difficulty and expense of obtaining copies +of the original books of the Roman law, and _the poverty of his English +scholars_, Vacarius [ab. 1149, A.D.] compiled an abridgment of the +Digests and Codex, in which their most essential parts were preserved, +with some difference of arrangement, and illustrated from other +law-books.... It bore on its title that it was "_pauperibus presertim +destinatus_;" and hence the Oxford students of law obtained the name of +_Pauperists._--_Malden_, p. 72-3. + +Roger Bacon (who died 1248)[[41a]] speaks of a young fellow who came to +him, aged 15, not having wherewithal to live, or finding proper masters: +"because he was obliged to serve those who gave him necessaries, during +two years found no one to teach him a word in the things he learned." +--_Opus Tertium_, cap. xx. In 1214 the Commonalty of Oxford agreed to +pay 52s. yearly for the use of poor scholars, and to give 100 of them a +meal of bread, ale, and pottage, with one large dish of flesh or fish, +every St Nicholas day.--_Wood's An._ i. 185. _Wood's Annals_ (ed. Gutch, +v. i. p. 619-20) also notes that in 1461 A.D. divers Scholars were +forced to get a license under the Chancellor's hand and seal (according +to the Stat. 12 Ric. II., A.D. 1388, _Ib._, p. 519) to beg: and Sir +Thos. More says "then may wee yet, like poor Scholars of Oxford, go a +begging with our baggs & wallets, & sing salve Regina at rich mens +dores." On this point we may also compare the Statutes of Walter de +Merton for his College at Oxford, A.D. 1274, ed. Halliwell, 1843, p. 19: + + Cap. 13. De admissione scholarium. + + Hoc etiam in eadem domo specialiter observari volo et decerno, ut + circa eos, qui ad hujusmodi eleemosinæ participationem admittendi + fuerint, diligenti solicitudine caveatur, ne qui præter castos, + honestos, pacificos, humiles, _indigentes_, ad studium habiles ac + proficere volentes, admittantur. Ad quorum agnitionem singulis, + cum in dicta societate fuerint admittendi sustentationis gratia in + eadem, ad annum unum utpote probationis causa primitus concedatur, + ut sic demum si in dictis conditionibus laudabiliter se habuerint, + in dictam congregationem admittantur. + + See also cap. 31, against horses of scholars being kept. + +Lodgings were let according to the joint valuation of 2 Magistri +(scholars) and two townsmen (probi et legales homines de Villa). _Wood_, +i. 255. An. 15 Hen. III. A.D. 1230-1. + +In the beginning of the 15th century it had become the established rule +that every scholar must be a member of some college or hall. The +scholars who attended the public lectures of the university, without +entering themselves at any college or hall, were called _chamber +dekyns_, as in Paris they were called martinets; and frequent enactments +were made against them.--_Malden_, p. 85, ref. to _Woods Annals_, 1408, +-13, -22, and 1512, &c. + +The following are the dates of the foundations of the different Colleges +at Oxford as given in the University Calendar:-- + + University College, 1253-80[42] + Balliol Coll., betw. 1263 & 1268 + Merton College, founded at + Maldon, in Surrey, in + 1264, removed to Oxford + in 1274 + Exeter College 1314 + Oriel " 1326 + The Queen's College 1340 + New " 1386 + Lincoln " 1427 + All Souls " 1437 + Magdalen " 1458 + The King's Hall and } + College of Brasenose } 1509 + Corpus Christi College 1516 + Christ Church " 1526 + Trinity College 1554 + St John's " 1555 + Jesus " 1571 + Wadham " 1613 + Pembroke " 1624 + Worcester " 1714 + +HALLS + + St Edmund Hall 1317 + St Mary's " 1333 + New Inn " 1438 + Magdalen " 1487 + St Alban " after 1547 + + + [Headnote: UNDERGRADUATE'S EXPENSES AT OXFORD, 1478.] + +'The Paston Letters' do not give us much information about studies or +life at Oxford, but they do give us material for estimating the cost of +a student there (ii. 124[43]); they show us the tutor reporting to a +mother her son's progress in learning (ii. 130), and note the custom of +a man, when made bachelor, giving a feast: "I was made bachelor ... on +Friday was se'nnight (18 June, 1479), and I made my feast on the Monday +after (21 June). I was promised venison against my feast, of my Lady +Harcourt, and of another person too, but I was deceived of both; but my +guests held them pleased with such meat as they had, blessed be God." +The letter as to the costs is dated May 19, 1478. + + "I marvel sore that you sent me no word of the letter which I sent + to you by Master William Brown at Easter. I sent you word that + time that I should send you mine expenses particularly; but as at + this time the bearer hereof had a letter suddenly that he should + come home, & therefore I could have no leisure to send them to you + on that wise, & therefore I shall write to you in this letter the + whole sum of my expenses since I was with you till Easter last + past, and also the receipts, reckoning the twenty shillings that I + had of you to Oxon wards, with the bishop's finding:-- + + £ s. d. + The whole sum of receipts is 5 17 6 + And the whole sum of expenses is 6 5 5¾ + And that [= what] cometh over my receipts + & my expenses I have borrowed of Master Edmund, + & it draweth to 8 0 + + and yet I reckon none expenses since Easter; but as for them, they + be not great." + +On this account Fenn says, + + "he (Wm. Paston) had expended £6 5s. 5¾d. from the time he left + his mother to Easter last, which this year fell on the 22nd March, + from which time it was now two months, & of the expenses 'since + incurred' he says 'they be not great.' We may therefore conclude + the former account was from the Michaelmas preceding, and a + moderate one; if so, we may fairly estimate his university + education at £100 a-year of our present money. I mean that £12 + 10s. 11½d. would then procure as many necessaries and comforts as + £100 will at this day." + +What was the basis of Fenn's calculation he does not say. In 1468, the +estimates for the Duke of Clarence's household expenses give these +prices, among others: + + s. d. £ s. d. + Wheat, a quarter 6 0 now, say 3 0 0 + Ale, a gallon - 1½ " - 1 0 + Beves, less hide and tallow, each 10 0 " 15 0 0[*] + Muttons " " 1 4 " 2 10 0[*] + Velys " " 2 6 " 4 0 0[*] + Porkes " " 2 0 " 5 0 0 + Rice, a pound 3 " 5 + Sugar " 6 " 6 + Holland, an ell (6d., 8d., 16d.) 10 " 1 3 + Diapre " 4 6 " 3 0 + Towelles " 1 8 " 1 6 + Napkyns, a dozen, 12s., £1, £2, 17 4 " 2 0 0 + ---------- ------------- + £2 7 0½ £31 17 8 + + [*: Poor ones.] + +This sum would make the things named nearly 14 times as dear now as in +1468, and raise Fenn's £100 to about £180; but no reliance can be placed +on this estimate because we know nothing of the condition of the beves, +muttons, veles, and porkys, then, as contrasted with ours. Possibly they +were half the size and half the weight. Still, I have referred the +question to Professor Thorold Rogers, author of the _History of Prices_ +1250-1400 A.D., and he says: + + "In the year to which you refer (1478) bread was very dear, 50 per + cent. above the average. But on the whole, wheat prices in the + 15th century were lower than in the 14th. Fenn's calculation, + a little below the mark for wheat, is still less below it in most + of the second necessaries of life. The multiple of wheat is about + 9, that of meat at least 24, those of butter and cheese nearly as + much. But that of clothing is not more than 6, that of linen from + 4 to 5. Taking however one thing with another, 12 is a safe + general multiplier." + +This would make the cost of young Paston's university education £150 +11s. 6d. a year. + +Mr Whiston would raise Fenn's estimate of £100 to £200. He says that +the rent of land in Kent in 1540 was a shilling or eighteenpence an +acre,--see _Valor Ecclesiasticus_,--and that the tithes and glebes of +the Dean and Chapter of Rochester, which were worth about £480 a-year in +1542, are now worth £19,000. + +The remaining Oxford letter in the Paston volumes seems to allude to the +students bearing part of the expenses of the degree, or the feast at it, +of a person related to royal family. + + "I supposed, when that I sent my letter to my brother John, that + the Queen's brother should have proceeded at Midsummer, and + therefore I beseeched her to send me some money, _for it will be + some cost to me_, but not much." + +The first school at Cambridge is said to have been founded by Edward the +Elder, the son of Alfred, but on no good authority. In 1223 the term +_University_ was applied to the place. The dates of the foundations of +its Colleges, as given in its Calendar, are: + + St Peter's 1257 + (date of charter, 1264) + Clare Hall 1326 + Pembroke 1347 + Caius 1349 + Trinity Hall 1350 + Corpus Christi 1351 + King's 1441 + Queen's 1446 + (refounded 1465) + St Catherine's Hall 1473 + Jesus 1496 + Christ's 1505 + St John's 1511 + Magdalene 1519 + Trinity 1546 + Emmanuel 1584 + Sidney 1598 + Downing 1800 + + + [Headnote: FEW NOBLEMEN AT CAMBRIDGE.] + +Lord Henry Brandon, son of the Duke of Suffolk, died of the sweating +sickness then prevalent in the University, on the 16th July, 1551, while +a student of Cambridge. His brother, Lord Charles Brandon, died on the +same day. Their removal to Buckden was too late to save them (_Ath. +Cant._, i. 105, 541). Of them Ascham says, 'two noble Primeroses of +Nobilitie, the yong Duke of Suffolke and Lord _H. Matrevers_ were soch +two examples to the Courte for learnyng, as our tyme may rather wishe, +than look for agayne.'--_Scholemaster_, ed. Mayor, p. 62. Besides +these two young noblemen, the first 104 pages of Cooper's _Athenæ +Cantabrigienses_ disclose only one other, Lord Derby's son, and the +following names of sons of knights:[44] + + CAMBRIDGE MEN. + + 1443 + Thomas Rotherham, Fellow of King's, son of Sir Thomas Rotherham, + knight, and Alice his wife. + + 1494 + Reginald Bray, high-steward of the university of Oxford, son of + Sir Richard Bray, knight, and the lady Joan his second wife. + + 1502 + Humphrey Fitzwilliam, of Pembroke Hall, Vice-Chancellor, _appears_ + to have been the son of Sir Richard Fitzwilliam of Ecclesfield, + and Elizabeth his wife. + + ab. 1468 + Richard Redman, son of Sir Richard Redman and Elizabeth [Aldburgh] + his wife; made Bp. of St Asaph. + + 1492 + Thomas Savage, son of Sir John Savage, knight, Bp. of Rochester. + Was LL.D. ? educated at Cambridge. + + 1485 + James Stanley, younger son of Thomas Earl of Derby, educated at + both universities, graduated at Cambridge, and became prebendary + of Holywell in 1485, Bp. of Ely in 1506. + + 1497 + William Coningsby, son of Sir Humphrey Coningsby, elected from + Eton to King's. + + 1507 + Thomas Elyot, son of Sir Richard Elyot, made M.A. + + ab. 1520 + George Blagge, son of Sir Robert Blagge. + +Queen Elizabeth's favourite, Lord Essex, was at Trinity College, +Cambridge. See his letter of May 13, from there, in Ellis, series II. v. +iii. p. 73; the furniture of his room, and his expenses, in the note p. +73-4; and his Tutor's letter asking for new clothes for 'my Lord,' or +else 'he shall not onely be thrid bare, but ragged.' + +Archbp. Whitgift[45], when B.D. at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, A.D. 1563, +"bestowed some of his time and abilities in the instruction of ingenious +youth, sent to the college for education, in good learning and Christian +manners. And among such his pupils, were two noblemen's sons, viz. the +Lord Herbert, son and heir to the Earl of Pembroke; and John, son and +heir to the Lord North." (_Life_, by Strype, ed. 1822, vol. i. p. 14.) + +While Whitgift was Master of Trinity, Strype says he had bred up under +him not only several Bishops, but also "the Earls of Worcester and +Cumberland, the Lord Zouch, the Lord Dunboy of Ireland, Sir Nicolas and +Sir Francis Bacon. To which I may add one more, namely, the son of Sir +Nicolas White, Master of the Rolls in Ireland, who married a Devereux." +(_Life_, i. 157, ed. 1822.) + + + [Headnote: NOBLES AND GENTLEMEN AT OXFORD.] + +A search through the whole of the first volume of Wood's _Athenæ +Oxonienses_, comprising a period of nearly 100 years, has resulted in +the following meagre list of men of noble or knightly birth who +distinguished themselves. There are besides many men of "genteel +parents," some of trader-ones, many friars, some Winchester men, but no +Eton ones, educated at Oxford. + + 1478 + Edmund Dudley, son of John Dudley, Esq., 2nd son of John Lord + Dudley, of Dudley Castle in Staffordshire. + + ab. 1483 + John Colet, the eldest son of Sir Henry Colet, twice lord mayor + of London ... was educated in grammaticals, partly in London or + Westminster. + + " + Nicholas Vaux, son of Sir Will. Vaux of Harwedon in + Northamptonshire (not the Poet, Lord Vaux). + + end of Edw. IV. + John Bourchier, Lord Berners, eldest son of Sir John Bourchier, + knight, Lord Berners of Hertfordshire ... was instructed in + several sorts of learning in the university in the latter end of + K. Edw. IV.; in whose reign, and before, were the sons of divers + of the English nobility educated in academical literature in + Baliol Coll.,[46] wherein, as 'tis probable, this our author was + instructed also. + + 1497 + Thomas More, son of Sir John More, knight. (_The_ Sir Thomas More.) + + ? ab. 1510 + George Bulleyn, son and heir of Sir Tho. Bullen, and brother of + Anne Bulleyn. + + ? " + Henry Parker, son of Sir William Parker, knight. + + 1515 + Christopher Seintgerman, son of Sir Henry Seintgerman, knight. + + ? ab. 1520 + Thomas Wyatt, son of Henry Wyatt of Alington Castle in Kent, + knight and baronet, migrated from St John's, Cambridge.[47] + + 1538[48] + John Heron, a Kentish man born, near of kin to Sir John Heron, + knight. + + ? ab. 1520 + Edward Seymoure, son of Sir John Seymoure, or St Maure of + Wolf-hall in Wilts, knight, was educated in trivials, and partly + in quadrivials for some time in this university. He was Jane + Seymour's brother, and afterwards Duke of Somerset, and was + beheaded on Jan. 22, 1552-3. + + 1534 + John Philpot, son of Sir Pet. Philpot, knight of the Bath. Fellow + of New Coll. + + ab. 15-- + Henry Lord Stafford (author of the _Mirror for Magistrates_), the + only son of Edward, Duke of Bucks, 'received his education in both + the universities, especially in that of Cambridge, to which his + father had been a benefactor.' + + 1515 + Reynold Pole (the Cardinal), a younger son of Sir Rich. Pole. + + ? ab. 1530 + Anthony Browne, son of Sir Weston Browne, of Abbesroding and of + Langenhoo in Essex, knight. + + ab. 1574 + Patrick Plunket, baron of Dunsary in Ireland, son of Rob. Plunket, + baron of the same place. + + ab. 1570 + Philip Sidney (the poet), son of Sir Henry Sidney. + + ? + John Smythe, son of Sir Clem. Smythe. + + (Peter Levens or Levins, our _Manipulus_ or Rhyming-Dictionary + man, became a student in the university, an. 1552, was elected + probationer-fellow of Mag. Coll. into a Yorkshire place, 18 Jan. + 1557, being then bach. of arts, and on the 19th Jan. 1559 was + admitted true and perpetual fellow. In 1560 he left his + fellowship. _Ath. Ox._ p. 547, col. 2.) + + ? ab. 1570 + Reynolde Scot, a younger son of Sir John Scot of Scotshall, near + to Smeeth in Kent. + + 1590 + Hayward Townshend, eldest son of Sir Henry Townshend, knight. + + ab. 1587 + Francis Tresham (of Gunpowder Plot notoriety), son of Sir Thomas + Tresham, knight. + +The number of friars and monks at the Universities before the +Reformation, and especially at Oxford, must have been large. Tanner +says, + + In our universities ... were taught divinity and canon law (then, + t. Hen. III., much in vogue), and the friers resorting thither in + great numbers and applying themselves closely to their studies, + outdid the monks in all fashionable knowledge. But the monks + quickly perceived it, and went also to the universities and + studied hard, that they might not be run down by the friers.[49] + And as the friers got houses in the universities, the monks also + got colleges founded and endowed there[50] for the education of + their novices, where they were for some years instructed in + grammar, philosophy, and school divinity, and then returning home, + improved their knowledge by their private studies, to the service + of God and the credit of their respective societies. So that a + little before the Reformation, the greatest part of the proceeders + in divinity at Oxford were monks and Regular canons. + + + [Headnote: FAVOURITISM OF THE RICH IN THE UNIVERSITIES.] + +By Harrison's time, A.D. 1577[51], rich men's sons had not only pressed +into the Universities, but were scrooging poor men's sons out of the +endowments meant only for the poor, learning the lessons that Mr Whiston +so well shows our Cathedral dignitaries have carried out with the +stipends of their choristers, boys and men. "_Les gros poissons mangent +les menus._ Pro. Poore men are (easily) supplanted by the rich, the +weake by the strong, the meane by the mighty."[52] (Cotgrave, u. +_manger_.) The law of "natural selection" prevails. Who shall say nay in +a Christian land professing the principles of the great "Inventor of +Philanthropy"? Whitgift for one, see his Life of Strype, Bk. I. chap. +xiii. p. 148-50, ed. 1822. In 1589 an act 31 Eliz. c. 6, was passed to +endeavour to prevent the abuse, but, like modern Election-bribery Acts +with their abuse, did not do it. + + + [Headnote: BAD EXAMPLE OF RICH MEN AT COLLEGE.] + + "at this present, of one sort & other, there are about three + thousand students nourished in them both (as by a late serveie it + manifestlie appeared). They [the Colleges at our Universities] + were created by their founders at the first, onelie for pore men's + sons, whose parents were not able to bring them up unto learning: + but now they have the least benefit of them, by reason the rich do + so incroch upon them. And so farre hath this inconvenence spread + itself, that it is in my time an hard matter for a pore man's + child to come by a fellowship (though he be neuer so good a + scholer & worthie of that roome.) Such packing also is used at + elections, that not he which best deserveth, but he that hath most + friends, though he be the worst scholer, is alwaies surest to + speed; which will turne in the end to the overthrow of learning. + That some gentlemen also, whose friends have been in times past + benefactors to certeine of those houses, doe intrude into the + disposition of their estates, without all respect of order or + statutes devised by the founders, onelie thereby to place whome + they think good (and not without some hope of gaine) the case is + too too evident, and their attempt would soone take place, if + their superiors did not provide to bridle their indevors. In some + grammar schooles likewise, which send scholers to these + universities, it is lamentable to see what briberie is used; for + yer the scholer can be preferred, such briberye is made, that pore + men's children are commonly shut out, and the richer sort received + (who in times past thought it dishonour to live as it were upon + almes) and yet being placed, most of them studie little other than + histories, tables, dice & trifles, as men that make not the living + by their studie the end of their purposes; which is a lamentable + bearing. Besides this, being for the most part either gentlemen, + or rich men's sonnes, they oft bring the universities into much + slander.[53] For standing upon their reputation and libertie, they + ruffle and roist it out, exceeding in apparell, and hanting + riotous companie (which draweth them from their bookes into an + other trade). And for excuse, when they are charged with breach of + all good order, thinke it sufficient to saie, that they be + gentlemen, which grieveth manie not a little. But to proceed with + the rest. + + "Everie one of these colleges haue in like manner their professors + or readers of the tongs and severall sciences, as they call them, + which dailie trade up the youth there abiding privatlie in their + halles, to the end they may be able afterwards (when their turne + commeth about, which is after twelve termes) to show themselves + abroad, by going from thence into the common schooles and publike + disputations (as it were _In aream_) there to trie their skilles, + and declare how they have profited since their coming thither. + + "Moreover in the publike schooles of both the universities, there + are found at the prince's charge (and that verie largelie) five + professors & readers, that is to saie, of divinitie, of the civill + law, physicke, the Hebrew and the Greek tongues. And for the other + lectures, as of philosophie, logike, rhetorike and the + quadriuials, although the latter (I mean, arithmetike, musike, + geometrie and astronomie, and with them all skill in the + perspectives are now smallie regarded in either of them) the + universities themselves do allowe competent stipends to such as + reade the same, whereby they are sufficiently provided for, + touching the maintenance of their estates, and no less encouraged + to be diligent in their functions." + +On the introduction of the study of Greek into the Universities, +Dr S. Knight says in his _Life of Colet_: + + "As for _Oxford_, its own _History_ and _Antiquities_ sufficiently + confess, that nothing was known there but _Latin_, and that in the + most depraved Style of the _School-men_. _Cornelius Vitellius_, an + _Italian_, was the first who taught _Greek_ in that + University[54]; and from him the famous _Grocyne_ learned the + first Elements thereof. + + "In _Cambridge_, _Erasmus_ was the first who taught the _Greek + Grammar_. And so very low was the State of Learning in that + University, that (as he tells a Friend) about the Year 1485, the + Beginning of _Hen._ VII. Reign, there was nothing taught in that + publick Seminary besides _Alexander's Parva Logicalia_, (as they + called them) the old _Axioms_ of _Aristotle_, and the _Questions_ + of John Scotus, till in Process of time _good Letters_ were + brought in, and some Knowledge of the _Mathematicks_; as also + _Aristotle_ in a new Dress, and some Skill in the _Greek_ Tongue; + and, by Degrees, a Multitude of _Authors_, whose _Names_ before + had not been heard of.[55] + + "It is certain that even _Erasmus_ himself did little understand + _Greek_, when he came first into _England_, in 1497 (13 _Hen._ + VII.), and that our Countryman _Linacer_ taught it him, being just + returned from _Italy_ with great Skill in that Language: Which + _Linacer_ and _William Grocyne_ were the two only Tutors that were + able to teach it." Saml. Knight, Life of Dr John Colet, pp. + 17, 18. + +The age at which boys went up to the University seems to have varied +greatly. When Oxford students were forbidden to play marbles they could +not have been very old. But in "The Mirror of the Periods of Man's Life" +(? ab. 1430 A.D.), in the Society's _Hymns to the Virgin and Christ_ of +this year, we find the going-up age put at twenty: + + Quod resou{n}, in age of .XX. [gh]eer, + Goo to oxenford, or lerne lawe[56]. + +This is confirmed by young Paston's being at Eton at nineteen (see +below, p. lvi). In 1612, Brinsley (_Grammar Schoole_, p. 307) puts the +age at fifteen, and says, + + "such onely should be sent to the Vniuersities, who proue most + ingenuous and towardly, and who, in a loue of learning, will begin + to take paines of themselues, hauing attained in some sort the + former parts of learning; being good Grammarians at least, able to + vnderstand, write and speake Latine in good sort. + + "Such as haue good discretion how to gouerne themselues there, and + to moderate their expenses; which is seldome times before 15 + yeeres of age; which is also the youngest age admitted by the + statutes of the Vniuersity, as I take it." + + + [Headnote: FOREIGN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION.] + +4. _Foreign University Education._ That some of our nobles sent their +sons to be educated in the French universities (whence they sometimes +imported foreign vices into England[57]) is witnessed by some verses in +a Latin Poem "in MS. Digby, No. 4 (Bodleian Library) of the end of the +13th or beginning of the 14th century," printed by Mr Thomas Wright in +his _Anecdota Literaria_, p. 38. + + Filii nobilium, dum sunt juniores, + Mittuntur in Franciam fieri doctores; + Quos prece vel pretio domant corruptores, + Sic prætaxatos referunt artaxata mores. + +An English _nation_ or set of students of the Faculty of Arts at Paris +existed in 1169; after 1430 the name was changed to the German nation. +Besides the students from the French provinces subject to the English, +as Poictou, Guienne, &c, it included the English, Scottish, Irish, +Poles, Germans, &c. --_Encyc. Brit._ John of Salisbury (born 1110) says +that he was twelve years studying at Paris on his own account. Thomas a +Becket, as a young man, studied at Paris. Giraldus Cambrensis (born +1147) went to Paris for education; so did Alexander Neckham (died 1227). +Henry says, + + "The English, in particular, were so numerous, that they occupied + several schools or colleges; and made so distinguished a figure by + their genius and learning, as well as by their generous manner of + living, that they attracted the notice of all strangers. This + appears from the following verses, describing the behaviour of a + stranger on his first arrival in Paris, composed by Negel Wircker, + an English student there, A.D. 1170:-- + + The stranger dress'd, the city first surveys, + A church he enters, to his God he prays. + Next to the schools he hastens, each he views, + With care examines, anxious which to chuse. + The English most attract his prying eyes, + Their manners, words, and looks, pronounce them wise. + Theirs is the open hand, the bounteous mind; + Theirs solid sense, with sparkling wit combin'd. + Their graver studies jovial banquets crown, + Their rankling cares in flowing bowls they drown.[58] + +Montpelier was another University whither Englishmen resorted, and is to +be remembered by us if only for the memory of Andrew Borde, M.D., some +bits of whose quaintness are in the notes to Russell in the present +volume. + +Padua is to be noted for Pace's sake. He is supposed to have been born +in 1482. + +Later, the custom of sending young noblemen and gentlemen to Italy--to +travel, not to take a degree--was introduced, and Ascham's condemnation +of it, when no tutor accompanied the youths, is too well known to need +quoting. The Italians' saying, _Inglese Italianato è un diabolo +incarnato_, sums it up.[59] + + + [Headnote: MONASTIC AND CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS.] + +5. _Monastic and Cathedral Schools._ Herbert Losing, Bp. of Thetford, +afterwards Norwich, between 1091 and 1119, in his 37th Letter restores +his schools at Thetford to Dean Bund, and directs that no other schools +be opened there. + +Tanner (_Not. Mon._ p. xx. ed. Nasmith), when mentioning "the use +and advantage of these Religious houses"--under which term "are +comprehended, cathedral and collegiate churches, abbies, priories, +colleges, hospitals, preceptories (Knights Templars' houses), and +frieries"--says, + + "Secondly, They were schools of learning & education; for every + convent had one person or more appointed for this purpose; and all + the neighbours that desired it, might have their children taught + grammar and church musick without any expence to them.[60] + + In the nunneries also young women were taught to work, and to read + English, and sometimes Latin also. So that not only the lower rank + of people, who could not pay for their learning, but most of the + noblemen and gentlemen's daughters were educated in those + places."[61] + + + [Headnote: LYDGATE'S TRICKS AT SCHOOL.] + +As Lydgate (born at Lydgate in Suffolk, six or seven miles from +Newmarket) was ordained subdeacon in the Benedictine monastery of Bury +St Edmunds in 1389[62], he was probably sent as a boy to a monastic +school. At any rate, as he sketches his early escapades--apple-stealing, +playing truant, &c.,--for us in his _Testament_[63], I shall quote the +youth's bit of the poem here:-- + + [Line numbers in the following selections were added by the + transcriber for use with sidenotes.] + + Harleian MS. 2255, fol. 60. + + Duryng the tyme / of this sesou{n} ver + I meene the sesou{n} / of my yeerys greene + Gynnyng fro childhood / strecchith{e}[A] vp so fer + to þe yeerys / accountyd ful Fifteene + bexperience / as it was weel seene + The gerissh{e} sesou{n} / straunge of condiciou{n}s + Dispoosyd to many vnbridlyd passiouns 7 + + [Sidenote: [fol. 60 b.]] + + ¶ Voyd of resou{n} / yove to wilfulnesse + Froward to vertu / of thrift gaf[B] litil heede + loth to lerne / lovid no besynesse + Sauf pley or merthe / strau{n}ge to spelle or reede + Folwyng al appetites / longyng to childheede + lihtly tournyng wylde / and seelde sad + Weepyng for nouht / and anoon afftir glad 14 + + ¶ For litil wroth / to stryve with my felawe + As my passiou{n}s / did my bridil leede + Of the yeerde somtyme / I Stood in awe + to be scooryd[C] / that was al my dreede + loth toward scole / lost my tyme in deede + lik a yong colt / that ran with-owte brydil + Made my freendys / ther good to spend in ydil / 21 + + [Sidenotes (by line number): + [1] In my boyhood, [4] up to 15, [10] I loved no work but play + [17] yet I was afraid of being scored by the rod.] + + ¶ I hadde in custom / to come to scole late + Nat for to lerne / but for a contenaunce + with my felawys / reedy to debate + to Iangle and Iape / was set al my plesaunce + wherof rebukyd / this was my chevisaunce + to forge a lesyng / and therupon to muse + whan I trespasyd / my silven to excuse 28 + + [Sidenote: [fol. 61.]] + + ¶ To my bettre / did no reverence + Of my sovereyns / gaf no fors at al + wex obstynat / by inobedience + Ran in to garydns / applys ther I stal + To gadre frutys / sparyd hegg[D] nor wal + to plukke grapys / in othir mennys vynes + Was moor reedy / than for to seyn[E] matynes 35 + + ¶ My lust was al / to scorne folk and iape + Shrewde tornys / evir among to vse + to Skoffe and mowe[F] / lyk a wantou{n} Ape + whan I did evil / othre I did[G] accuse + My wittys five / in wast I did abuse[H] + Rediere chirstoonys / for to[I] telle + Than gon to chirche / or heere the sacry[K] belle 42 + + [Sidenotes (by line number): + [22] I came to school late, [25] talked, [27] lied to get off + blame, [29] and mocked my masters. [32] I stole apples and + grapes, [36] played tricks and mocked people, [40] liked counting + cherry-stones better than church.] + + ¶ Loth to ryse / lother to bedde at eve + with vnwassh handys[L] / reedy to dyneer + My _pater noster_ / my _Crede_ / or my beleeve + Cast at the[M] Cok / loo this was my maneer + Wavid with ech{e} wynd / as doth a reed speer + Snybbyd[N] of my frendys / such techchys fortame{n}de[O] + Made deff ere / lyst nat / to them attende 49 + + [Sidenote: [fol. 61 b.]] + + ¶ A child resemblyng / which was nat lyk to thryve + Froward to god / reklees[P] in his servise + loth to correcciou{n} / slouh{e} my sylf to shryve + Al good thewys / reedy to despise + Cheef bellewedir / of feyned[Q] trwaundise + this is to meene / my silf I cowde feyne + Syk lyk a trwaunt / felte[R] no maneer peyne 56 + + ¶ My poort my pas / my foot alwey vnstable + my look my eyen / vnswre and vagabounde + In al my werkys / sodeynly chaungable + To al good thewys / contrary I was founde + Now ovir sad / now moornyng / now iocounde + Wilful rekles / mad[S] stertyng as an hare + To folwe my lust / for no man wold I spare. 63 + + [Sidenotes (by line number): + [43] Late to rise, I was; dirty at dinner, [49] dea to the + snubbings of my friends, [51] reckless in God's service, + [54] chief shammer of illness when I was well, [57] always + unsteady, [60] ill-conducted, [62] sparing none for my pleasure.] + + [Collations: + A: strecched. (These collations are from Harl. 218, fol. 65, back.) + B: toke. C: skoured. D: nedir hegge. E: sey. F: mowen. + G: koude. H: alle vse. I: cheristones to. K: sacryng. + L: hondes. M: atte. N: Snybbyng. O: tamende. P: rekkes. + Q: froward. R: and felt. S: made.] + +At these monastic schools, I suppose, were educated mainly the boys whom +the monks hoped would become monks, cleric or secular; mostly the poor, +the Plowman's brother who was to be the Parson, not often the ploughman +himself. Once, though, made a scholar and monk there, and sent by the +Monastery to the University, the workman's, if not the ploughman's, son, +might rule nobles and sit by kings, nay, beard them to their face. +Thomas a Becket, himself the son of independent[[63a]] parents, was sent +to be brought up in the "religious house of the Canons of Merton." + +In 1392 the writer of Piers Plowman's Crede sketches the then state of +things thus: + + Now mot ich soutere hys sone · seten to schole, + And ich a beggeres brol · on the book lerne, + And worth to a writere · and with a lorde dwelle, + Other falsly to a frere · the fend for to serven; 4 + So of that beggares brol · a [bychop[64]] shal worthen, + Among the peres of the lond · prese to sytten, + And lordes sones[65] lowly · to tho losels alowte, + Knyghtes crouketh hem to · and cruccheth ful lowe; 8 + And his syre a soutere · y-suled in grees, + His teeth with toylyng of lether · tatered as a sawe. + + [Sidenotes (by line number): + [1] Now every cobbler's son and beggar's brat turns writer, then + Bishop, [7] and lords' sons crouch to him, [9] a cobbler's son.] + +Here I might stop the quotation, but I go on, for justice has never yet +been done[66] to this noble _Crede_ and William's _Vision_ as pictures +of the life of their times,--chiefly from the profound ignorance of us +English of our own language; partly from the grace, the freshness, and +the brilliance of Chaucer's easier and inimitable verse:-- + + Alaas! that lordes of the londe · leveth swiche wreechen, + And leveth swych lorels · for her lowe wordes. + They shulden maken [bichopes[64]] · her owen bretheren childre, + Other of som gentil blod · And so yt best semed, 4 + And fostre none faytoures[64] · ne swich false freres, + To maken fat and fulle · and her flesh combren. + For her kynde were more · to y-clense diches + Than ben to sopers y-set first · and served with sylver. 8 + A grete bolle-ful of benen · were beter in hys wombe, + And with the bandes[A] of bakun · his baly for to fillen + Than pertryches or plovers · or pecockes y-rosted, + And comeren her stomakes · with curiuse drynkes 12 + That maketh swyche harlotes · hordom usen, + And with her wikkid word · wymmen bitrayeth. + God wold her wonyynge · were in wildernesse, + And fals freres forboden · the fayre ladis chaumbres; 16 + For knewe lordes her craft · treuly I trowe + They shulden nought haunten her house · so ho[m]ly[64] on nyghtes, + Ne bedden swich brothels · in so brode shetes, 20 + But sheten her heved in the stre · to sharpen her wittes. + + [Sidenotes (by line number): + [1] Lords [3] should make gentlemen Bishops, [5] and set these + scamps [7] to clean ditches, [9] and eat beans and bacon-rind + instead of peacocks, [13] and having women. [17] If Lords but knew + their tricks, [20] they'd turn these beggars into the straw.] + + [Textnote A: ? randes. Sk.] + + + [Headnote: EDUCATION OF FIELD LABOURERS.] + +There is one side of the picture, the workman's son turned monk, and +clerk to a lord. Let us turn to the other side, the ploughman's son who +didn't turn monk, whose head _was_ 'shet' in the straw, who delved and +ditched, and dunged the earth, eat bread of corn and bran, worts +fleshless (vegetables, but no meat), drank water, and went miserably +(_Crede_, l. 1565-71). What education did he get? To whom could he be +apprenticed? What was his chance in life? Let the Statute-Book answer:-- + + A.D. 1388. 12º Rich. II., Cap. v. + + _Item._ It is ordained & assented, That he or she which used to + labour at the Plough and Cart, or other Labour or Service of + Husbandry _till they be of the Age of Twelve Years, that from + thenceforth they shall abide at the same Labour_, without being + put to any Mystery or Handicraft; and if any Covenant or Bond of + Apprentie (_so_) be from henceforth made to the Contrary, the same + shall be holden for none. + + A.D. 1405-6. 7º Henri IV., Cap. xvii. + + .....And Whereas in the Statutes made at Canterbury among other + Articles it is contained That he or she that useth to labour at + the Plough or Cart, or other Labour or Service of Husbandry, till + he be of the age of Twelve Years, that from the same time forth he + shall abide at the same Labour, without being put to any Mystery + or Handicraft; and if any Covenant or Bond be made from that time + forth to the contrary, it shall be holden for none: + Notwithstanding which Article, and the good Statutes afore made + through all parts of the Realm, the Infants born within the Towns + and Seignories of Upland, whose Fathers & Mothers have no Land nor + Rent nor other Living, but only their Service or Mystery, be put + by their said Fathers and Mothers and other their Friends to + serve, and bound Apprentices, to divers Crafts within the Cities + and Boroughs of the said Realm _sometime at the Age of Twelve + Years, sometime within the said Age_, and that for the Pride of + Clothing and other evil Customs that Servants do use in the same; + so that there is so great Scarcity of Labourers and other Servants + of Husbandry _that the Gentlemen and other People of the Realm be + greatly impoverished for the Cause aforesaid:_ Our Sovereign Lord + the King considering the said Mischief, and willing thereupon to + provide Remedy, by the advice & assent of the Lords Spiritual and + Temporal, and at the request of the said Commons, hath ordained + and stablished, That no Man nor Woman, of what Estate or Condition + they be, shall put their Son or Daughter, of whatsoever Age he or + she be, to Serve as Apprentice to no Craft nor other Labour within + any City or Borough in the Realm, except he have Land or Rent to + the Value of Twenty Shillings by the Year at the least, but they + shall be put to other labours as their Estates doth require, upon + Pain of one Year's Imprisonment, and to make Fine and Ransom at + the King's Will. And if any Covenant be made of any such Infant, + of what Estate that he be, to the contrary, it shall be holden for + none. Provided Always, that every Man and Woman, of what Estate or + Condition that he be, shall be free to set their Son or Daughter + to take Learning at any manner School that pleaseth them within + the Realm. + +A most gracious saving clause truly, for those children who were used to +labour at the plough and cart till they were twelve years old[67]. Let +us hope that some got the benefit of it! + +These Acts I came across when hunting for the Statutes referred to by +the _Boke of Curtasye_ as fixing the hire of horses for carriage at +fourpence a piece, and they caused me some surprise. They made me wonder +less at the energy with which some people now are striving to erect +"barriers against democracy" to prevent the return match for the old +game coming off.--However improving, and however justly retributive, +future legislation for the rich by the poor in the spirit of past +legislation for the poor by the rich might be, it could hardly be +considered pleasant, and is surely worth putting up the true barrier +against, one of education in each poor man's mind. (He who americanizes +us thus far will be the greatest benefactor England has had for some +ages.)--These Statutes also made me think how the old spirit still +lingers in England, how a friend of my own was curate in a Surrey +village where the kind-hearted squire would allow none of the R's but +Reading to be taught in his school; how another clergyman lately +reported his Farmers' meeting on the school question: Reading and +Writing might be taught, but Arithmetic not; the boys would be getting +to know too much about wages, and that would be troublesome; how, +lastly, our gangs of children working on our Eastern-counties farms, and +our bird-keeping boys of the whole South, can almost match the children +of the agricultural labourer of 1388. + + + [Headnote: NO BONDSMAN'S SON TO BE AN APPRENTICE.] + +The early practice of the Freemasons, and other crafts, refusing to let +any member take a bondsman's son as an apprentice, was founded on the +reasonable apprehension that his lord would or might afterwards claim +the lad, make him disclose the trade-secrets, and carry on his art for +the lord's benefit. The fourth of the 'Fyftene artyculus or fyftene +poyntus' of the Freemasons, printed by Mr Halliwell (p. 16), is on this +subject. + + _Articulus quartus_ (MS. Bibl. Reg. 17 A, Art. I., fol. 3, &c.) + + The fowrthe artycul thys moste be, + That the mayster hym wel be-se + That he _no bondemon_ prentys make, + Ny for no covetyse do hym take; + For the lord that he ys bond to, + May fache the prentes whersever he go. + [Gh]ef yn the logge he were y-take, + Muche desese hyt my[gh]th ther make, + And suche case hyt my[gh]th befalle + That hyt my[gh]th greve summe or alle; + For alle the masonus that ben there + Wol stonde togedur hol y-fere. + [Gh]ef suche won yn that craft schulde dwelle, + Of dyvers desesys [gh]e my[gh]th telle. + For more [gh]ese thenne, and of honesté, + Take a prentes of herre[A] degré. + By olde tyme, wryten y fynde + That the prentes schulde be of gentyl kynde; + And so sumtyme grete lordys blod + Toke thys gemetry that ys ful good. + + [Text Note: + A: higher.] + +I should like to see the evidence of a lord's son having become a +working mason, and dwelling seven years with his master 'hys craft to +lurne.' + + + [Headnote: POST-REFORMATION CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS.] + +_Cathedral Schools._ About the pre-Reformation Schools I can find only +the extract from Tanner given above, p. xlii. On the post-Reformation +Schools I refer readers to Mr Whiston's _Cathedral Trusts_, 1850. He +says: + + "The Cathedrals of England are of two kinds, those of the old and + those of the new foundation: of the latter, Canterbury (the old + archiepiscopal see) and Carlisle, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Rochester, + and Worcester, old episcopal sees, were A.D. 1541-2 refounded, or + rather reformed, by Henry VIII. ... Besides these, he created five + other cathedral churches or colleges, in connexion with the five + new episcopal sees of Bristol, Chester, Gloucester, Oxford, and + Peterborough. He further created the see of Westminster, which was + ... subsequently (A.D. 1560) converted to a deanery collegiate by + Queen Elizabeth ... (p. 6). The preamble of the Act 31 Henry VIII. + c. 9, for founding the new cathedrals, preserved in Henry's own + handwriting, recites that they were established 'To the intente + that Gods worde myght the better be sett forthe, _cyldren broght + up in lernynge, clerces nuryshyd in the universities_, olde + servantes decayed, to have lyfing, allmes housys for pour folke to + be sustayned in, _Reders of grece, ebrew, and latyne to have good + stypende_, dayly almes to be mynistrate, mending of hyght wayes, + and exhybision for mynisters of the chyrche.'" + +"A general idea of the scope and nature of the cathedral establishments, +as originally planned and settled by Henry VIII., may be formed from +the first chapter of the old statutes of Canterbury, which is almost +identical with the corresponding chapter of the statutes of all the +other cathedrals of the new foundation. It is as follows: + + "On[68] the entire number of those who have their sustentation + (qui sustentantur) in the cathedral and metropolitical church of + Canterbury: + + "First of all we ordain and direct that there be for ever in our + aforesaid church, one dean, twelve canons, six preachers, twelve + minor canons, one deacon, one subdeacon, twelve lay-clerks, _one + master of the choristers, ten choristers, two teachers of the boys + in grammar, one of whom is to be the head master, the other, + second master, fifty boys to be instructed in grammar_,[69] twelve + poor men to be maintained at the costs and charges of the said + church, two vergers, two subsacrists (_i.e._, sextons), four + servants in the church to ring the bells, and arrange all the + rest, two porters, who shall also be barber-tonsors, one + caterer,[70] one butler, and one under butler, one cook, and one + under-cook, who, indeed, in the number prescribed, are to serve in + our church every one of them in his own order, according to our + statutes and ordinances." + +In the Durham statutes, as settled in the first year of Philip and Mary, +the corresponding chapter is as follows: + + On[71] the total number of those who have their sustentation (qui + sustentantur) in the cathedral church of Durham. + + "We direct and ordain that there be for ever in the said church, + one dean, twelve prebendaries, twelve minor canons, one deacon, + one sub-deacon, ten clerks, (who may be either clerks or laymen,) + _one master of the choristers, ten choristers, two teachers of the + boys in grammar, eighteen boys to be instructed in grammar_, eight + poor men to be maintained at the costs of the said church, two + subsacrists, two vergers, two porters, one of whom shall also be + barber-tonsor, one butler, one under-butler, one cook, and one + under-cook." + + "The monastic or collegiate character of the bodies thus + constituted, is indicated by the names and offices of the inferior + ministers above specified, who were intended to form a part of the + establishment of the Common Hall, in which most of the subordinate + members, including the boys to be instructed in grammar, were to + take their meals. There was also another point in which the + cathedrals were meant to resemble and supply the place of the old + religious houses, _i.e._, in the maintenance of a certain number + of students at the universities." + + R^t. WHISTON, _Cathedral Trusts and their Fulfilment_, p. 2-4. + +"The nature of these schools, and the desire to perpetuate and improve +them, may be inferred from 'certein articles noted for the reformation +of the cathedral churche of Excestr', submitted by the commissioners of +Henry VIII., unto the correction of the Kynges Majestie,' as follows: + + _The tenth Article_ submitted. "That ther may be in the said + Cathedral churche a free songe scole, the scolemaster to have + yerly of the said pastor and prechars xx. marks for his wages, and + his howss free, to teache xl. children frely, to rede, to write, + synge and playe upon instruments of musike, also to teache ther + A. B. C. in greke and hebrew. And every of the said xl. children + to have wekely xiid. for ther meat and drink, and yerly vi^s + viii^d. for a gowne; they to be bownd dayly to syng _and_ rede + within the said Cathedral churche such divine service as it may + please the Kynges Majestie to allowe; the said childre to be at + comons alltogether, with three prests hereaffter to be spoke off, + to see them well ordered at the meat and to reforme their + manners." + + _Article the eleventh_, submitted. "That ther may be a fre grammer + scole within the same Cathedral churche, the scole-master to have + xx^li. by yere and his howss fre, the ussher x^li. & his howss + fre, and that the said pastor and prechars may be bound to fynd + xl. children at the said grammer scole, giving to every oon of the + children xiid. wekely, to go to commons within the citie at the + pleasour of the frendes, so long to continew as the scolemaster do + se them diligent to lerne. The pastor to appointe viii. every + prechar iiii. and the scolemaster iiii.; the said childre serving + in the said churche and going to scole, to be preferred before + strangers; provided always, that no childe be admitted to + thexhibicion of the said churche, whose father is knowne to be + worthe in goodes above ccc^li., or elles may dispend above xl^li. + yerly enheritance." --_Ibid._, p. 10--12. + +"Now £300 at that time was worth about £5,000 now, so that these schools +were _designed_ for the lower ranks of society, and open to the sons of +the poorer gentry. + +"An interesting illustration of this [and of the class-feeling in +education at this time] is supplied," says Mr Whiston, "by the narrative +of what took place-- + + "when the Cathedral Church of Canterbury was altered from monks + to secular men of the clergy, viz.: prebendaries or canons, + petty-canons, choristers and scholars. At this erection were + present, Thomas Cranmer, archbishop, with divers other + commissioners. And nominating and electing such convenient and fit + persons as should serve for the furniture of the said Cathedral + church according to the new foundation, it came to pass that, when + they should elect the children of the Grammar school, there were + of the commissioners more than one or two who would have none + admitted but sons or younger brethren of gentlemen. As for other, + husbandmen's children, they were more meet, they said, for the + plough, and to be artificers, than to occupy the place of the + learned sort; so that they wished none else to be put to school, + but only gentlemen's children. Whereunto the most reverend father, + the Archbishop, being of a contrary mind, said, 'That he thought + it not indifferent so to order the matter; for,' said he, 'poor + men's children are many times endued with more singular gifts of + nature, which are also the gifts of God, as, with eloquence, + memory, apt pronunciation, sobriety, and such like; and also + commonly more apt to apply their study, than is the gentleman's + son, delicately educated.' Hereunto it was on the other part + replied, 'that it was meet for the ploughman's son to go to + plough, and the artificer's son to apply the trade of his parent's + vocation; and the gentleman's children are meet to have the + knowledge of government and rule in the commonwealth. For we + have,' said they, 'as much need of ploughmen as any other state; + and all sorts of men may not go to school.' 'I grant,' replied the + Archbishop, 'much of your meaning herein as needful in a + commonwealth; but yet utterly to exclude the ploughman's son and + the poor man's son from the benefits of learning, as though they + were unworthy to have the gifts of the Holy Ghost bestowed upon + them as well as upon others, is as much to say, as that Almighty + God should not be at liberty to bestow his great gifts of grace + upon any person, nor nowhere else but as we and other men shall + appoint them to be employed, according to our fancy, and not + according to his most goodly will and pleasure, who giveth his + gifts both of learning, and other perfections in all sciences, + unto all kinds and states of people indifferently. Even so doth he + many times withdraw from them and their posterity again those + beneficial gifts, if they be not thankful. If we should shut up + into a strait corner the bountiful grace of the Holy Ghost, and + thereupon attempt to build our fancies, we should make as perfect + a work thereof as those that took upon them to build the Tower of + Babel; for God would so provide that the offspring of our + first-born children should peradventure become most unapt to + learn, and very dolts, as I myself have seen no small number of + them very dull and without all manner of capacity. And to say the + truth, I take it, that none of us all here, being gentlemen born + (as I think), but had our beginning that way from a low and base + parentage; and through the benefit of learning, and other civil + knowledge, for the most part all gentlemen ascend to their + estate.' Then it was again answered, that the most part of the + nobility came up by feats of arms and martial acts. 'As though,' + said the Archbishop, 'that the noble captain was always + unfurnished of good learning and knowledge to persuade and + dissuade his army rhetorically; who rather that way is brought + unto authority than else his manly looks. To conclude; the poor + man's son by pains-taking will for the most part be learned when + the gentleman's son will not take the pains to get it. And we are + taught by the Scriptures that Almighty God raiseth up from the + dunghill, and setteth him in high authority. And whensoever it + pleaseth him, of his divine providence, he deposeth princes unto a + right humble and poor estate. Wherefore, if the gentleman's son be + apt to learning, let him be admitted; if not apt, let the poor + man's child that is apt enter his room.' With words to the like + effect." + R. WHISTON, _Cathedral Trusts_, p. 12-14. + +The scandalous way in which the choristers and poor boys were done out +of their proportion of the endowments by the Cathedral clergy, is to be +seen in Mr Whiston's little book. + + + [Headnote: POOR MEN'S SONS HAVE HEADS AS WELL AS RICH ONES'.] + +6. _Endowed Grammar Schools._ These were mainly founded for citizens' +and townsmen's children. Winchester (founded 1373) was probably the only +one that did anything before 1450 for the education of our gentry. Eton +was not founded till 1440. The following list of endowed schools founded +before 1545, compiled for me by Mr Brock from Carlisle's _Concise +Description_, shows the dates of all known to him. + + BEFORE 1450 A.D. + + bef. 1162 Derby. Free School. + 1195 St Alban's. Free Grammar School. + 1198 St Edmund's, Bury. Fr. Sch. + 1328 Thetford. Gr. Sch. + ? 1327 Northallerton. Gr. Sch. + 1332 Exeter. Gr. Sch. + 1343 Exeter. High School. + bef. 1347 Melton Mowbray. Schools. + 1373 Winchester College. + 1384 Hereford. Gr. Sch. + 1385 Wotton-under-Edge. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1395 or 1340 Penrith. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1399-1413 (Hen. IV.) Oswestry. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1418 Sevenoaks. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1422 Higham Ferrers. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1422-61 (Hen. VI.) Ewelme. Gr. Sch. + 1440 Eton College. + 1447 London. Mercers' School, but founded earlier. + + SCHOOLS FOUNDED 1450--1545 A.D. + + 1461-83 (Edw. IV.) Chichester. The Prebendal School. + bef. 1477 Ipswich.[72] Gr. Sch. + 1484 Wainfleet. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1485-1509 (Hen. VII.) or before. Kibroorth, near Market + Harborough. Fr. Gr. Sch. + bef. 1486 Reading. Gr. Sch. + 1486 Kingston upon Hull. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1487 Stockport. Gr. Sch. + 1487 Chipping Campden. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1491 Sudbury. Fr. Gr. Sch. + bef. 1495 Lancaster. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1497 Wimborne Minster. Fr. Gr. Sch. + time of Hen. VII., 1485-1509 King's Lynn. Gr. Sch. + 1502-52 Macclesfield. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1503 Bridgenorth. Fr. Sch. + 1506 Brough _or_ Burgh _under_ Stainmore. Fr. Sch. + 1507 Enfield. Gr. Sch. + 1507 Farnworth, in Widnes, near Prescot. Fr. Gr. Sch. + ab. 1508 Cirencester. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1509 Guildford. Royal Gr. Sch. + t. Hen. VIII. 1509-47 Peterborough. Gr. Sch. + t. Hen. VIII. 1509-47 Basingstoke. Gr Sch. + t. Hen. VIII. 1509-47 Plymouth. Gr. Sch. + t. Hen. VIII. 1509-47 Warwick. College or Gr. Sch. + t. Hen. VIII. 1509-47 Earl's Colne, near Halsted. Fr. Gr. Sch. + t. Hen. VIII. 1509-47 Carlisle. Gr. Sch. + 1512 Southover and Lewes. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1513 Nottingham. Fr. Sch. + 1515 Wolverhampton. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1517 Aylesham. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1512-18 London.[73] St Paul's Sch. + 1520 Bruton or Brewton. Fr. Gr. Sch. + ab. 1520 Rolleston, nr. Burton-upon-Trent. Fr. Gr. Sch. + bef. 1521 Tenterden. Fr. Sch. + 1521 Milton Abbas, near Blandford. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1522 Taunton. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1522 Biddenden, near Cranbrook. Free Latin Gr. Sch. + bef. 1524-5 Manchester. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1524 Berkhampstead. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1526 Pocklington. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1526 Childrey, near Wantage. Fr. Sch. + bef. 1528 Cuckfield. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1528 Gloucester. Saint Mary de Crypt. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1528 Grantham. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1530 Stamford, or Stanford. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1530 Newark-upon-Trent. Fr. Gr. Sch. + bef. Reform. Norwich. Old Gr. Sch. + t. Ref. Loughborough. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1532 Horsham. Fr. Sch. + 1533 Bristol. City Fr. Gr. Sch. + ab. 1533 Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Royal Gr. Sch. + ab. 1535 Stoke, near Clare. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1541 Brecknock. Gr. Sch. + 1541 Ely. Fr. Sch. + 1541 Durham. Gr. Sch. + 1541-2 Worcester. The King's [t.i. Cathedral Grammar] or + College School. + 1542 Canterbury. The King's School. + 1542 Rochester. The King's Sch.[74] + 1542 Findon, properly Thingdon, near Wellingborough. Fr. Sch. + 1542 Northampton. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1543 Abergavenny. Fr. Gr. Sch. + 1544 Chester. [Cathedral] Gr., or King's School. + 1544 Sutton Coldfield. Gr. Sch. + bef. 1545 Gloucester. Cathedral [t.i. King's], or College School. + 1545 St Mary of Ottery. Gr. Sch. + bef. 1547 Wisbech. Gr. Sch. + bef. 1549 Wellington. Gr. Sch. + +About 1174 A.D., Fitzstephen speaks of the London schools and scholars +thus:--I use Pegge's translation, 1772, to which Mr Chappell +referred me,-- + + "The three principal churches in London[75] are privileged by + grant and ancient usage with schools, and they are all very + flourishing. Often indeed through the favour and countenance of + persons eminent in philosophy, more schools are permitted. On + festivals, at those churches where the Feast of the Patron Saint + is solemnized, the masters convene their scholars. The youth, on + that occasion, dispute, some in the demonstrative way, and some + logically. These produce their enthymemes, and those the more + perfect syllogisms. Some, the better to shew their parts, are + exercised in disputation, contending with one another, whilst + others are put upon establishing some truth by way of + illustration. Some sophists endeavour to apply, on feigned topics, + a vast heap and flow of words, others to impose upon you with + false conclusions. As to the orators, some with their rhetorical + harangues employ all the powers of persuasion, taking care to + observe the precepts of art, and to omit nothing opposite to the + subject. The boys of different schools wrangle with one another in + verse; contending about the principles of Grammar, or the rules of + the Perfect Tenses and Supines. Others there are, who in Epigrams, + or other compositions in numbers, use all that low ribaldry we + read of in the Ancients; attacking their school-masters, but + without mentioning names, with the old Fescennine licentiousness, + and discharging their scoffs and sarcasms against them; touching + the foibles of their school-fellows, or perhaps of greater + personages, with true Socratic wit, or biting them more keenly + with a Theonine tooth: The audience, fully disposed to laugh, + + 'With curling nose ingeminate the peals.'" + +Of the sports of the boys, Fitzstephen gives a long description. On +Shrove-Tuesday, each boy brought his fighting cock to his master, and +they had a cock-fight all morning in the school-room.[76] After dinner, +football in the fields of the suburbs, probably Smithfield. Every Sunday +in Lent they had a sham-fight, some on horseback, some on foot, the King +and his Court often looking on. At Easter they played at the +Water-Quintain, charging a target, which if they missed, souse they went +into the water. 'On holidays in summer the pastime of the youths is to +exercise themselves in archery, in running, leaping, wrestling, casting +of stones, and flinging to certain distances, and lastly with bucklers.' +At moonrise the maidens danced. In the winter holidays, the boys saw +boar-fights, hog-fights, bull and bear-baiting, and when ice came they +slid, and skated on the leg-bones of some animal, punting themselves +along with an iron-shod pole, and charging one another. A set of merry +scenes indeed. + + "In general, we are assured by the most learned man of the + thirteenth century, Roger Bacon, that there never had been so + great an appearance of learning, and so general an application to + study, in so many different faculties, as in his time, when + schools were erected in every city, town, burgh, and castle." + (Henry's Hist. of England, vol. iv. p. 472-3.) + +In the twenty-fifth year of Henry VI., 1447, four Grammar schools were +appointed to be opened in London[77] for the education of the City youth +(_Carlisle_). But from the above lists it will be seen that Grammar +Schools had not much to do with the education of our nobility and gentry +before 1450 A.D. + + + [Headnote: AN ETON BOY IN A.D. 1478.] + +Of Eton studies, the Paston Letters notice only Latin versifying, but +they show us a young man supposed to be nineteen, still at school, +having a smart pair of breeches for holy days, falling in love, eating +figs and raisins, proposing to come up to London for a day or two's +holiday or lark to his elder brother's, and having 8d. sent him in a +letter to buy a pair of slippers with. William Paston, a younger brother +of John's, when about nineteen years old, and studying at Eton, writes +on Nov. 7, 1478, to thank his brother for a noble in gold, and says, + + "my creanser (creditor) Master Thomas (Stevenson) heartily + recommendeth him to you, and he prayeth you to send him some money + for my commons, for he saith ye be twenty shillings in his debt, + for a month was to pay for when he had money last; also I beseech + you to send me a hose cloth, one for the holy days of some colour, + and another for working days (how coarse soever it be, it maketh + no matter), and a stomacher and two shirts, and a pair of + slippers: and if it like you that I may come with Alweder by + water"--would they take a pair-oar and pull down? (the figs and + raisins came up by a barge;)--"and sport me with you at London a + day or two this term-time, then ye may let all this be till the + time that I come, and then I will tell you when I shall be ready + to come from Eton by the grace of God, who have you in his + keeping." _Paston Letters_, modernised, vol. 2, p. 129. + +This is the first letter; the second one about the figs, raisins, and +love-making (dated 23 Feb. 1478-9) is given at vol. ii. p. 122-3. + +Tusser, who was seized as a Singing boy for the King's Chapel, lets us +know that he got well birched at Eton. + + "From Paul's I went · to Eton sent + To learn straightways · the Latin phrase + When fifty-three · stripes given to me + At once I had: + + For fault but small · or none at all + It come to pass · thus beat I was. + See, Udall,[78] see · the mercy of thee + To me poor lad!" + +I was rather surprised to find no mention of any Eton men in the first +vol. of Wood's _Athenæ Oxonienses_ (ed. Bliss) except two, who had first +taken degrees at Cambridge, Robert Aldrich and William Alley, the latter +admitted at Cambridge 1528 (Wood, p. 375, col. 2). Plenty of London men +are named in Wood, vol. 1. No doubt in early times the Eton men went to +their own foundation, King's (or other Colleges at) Cambridge, while the +Winchester men went to their foundation, New College, or elsewhere at +Oxford. In the first volume of Bliss's edition of Wood, the following +Winchester men are noticed: + + p. 30, col. 2, William Grocyn, educated in grammaticals in Wykeham's + school near Winchester. + + p. 78, col. 2, William Horman, made fellow of New Coll. in 1477. + Author of the _Vulgaria Puerorum_, &c. (See also Andrew + Borde, p. xxxiv, above, note.) + + p. 379, col. 2, John Boxall, Fellow of New Coll. 1542. + 402, col. 2, Thomas Hardyng " " " 1536. + 450, col. 2, Henry Cole " " " 1523. + 469, col. 1, Nicholas Saunders " " " 1548. + 678, col. 2, Richard Haydock " " " 1590. + + + [Headnote: POST-REFORMATION GRAMMAR SCHOOLS.] + +That the post-Reformation Grammar Schools did not at first educate as +many boys as the old monastic schools is well known. Strype says, + + "On the 15th of January, 1562, Thomas Williams, of the Inner + Temple, esq. being chosen speaker to the lower house, was + presented to the queen: and in his speech to her ... took notice + of the want of schools; that at least an hundred were wanting in + England which before this time had been, [being destroyed + (I suppose he meant) by the dissolution of monasteries and + religious houses, fraternities and colleges.] He would have had + England continually flourishing with ten thousand scholars, which + the schools in this nation formerly brought up. That from the want + of these good schoolmasters sprang up ignorance: and covetousness + got the livings by impropriations; which was a decay, he said, of + learning, and by it the tree of knowledge grew downward, not + upward; which grew greatly to the dishonour, both of God and the + commonwealth. He mentioned likewise the decay of the universities; + and how that great market-towns were without schools or preachers: + and that the poor vicar had but 20_l._ [or some such poor + allowance,] and the rest, being no small sum, was impropriated. + And so thereby, no preacher there; but the people, being trained + up and led in blindness for want of instruction, became obstinate: + and therefore advised that this should be seen to, and + impropriations redressed, notwithstanding the laws already made + [which favoured them].--Strype, _Annals of the Reformation_, vol. + i. p. 437. + +Of the Grammar Schools in his time (A.D. 1577) Harrison says: + + Besides these universities, also there are a great number of + Grammer Schooles throughout the realme, and those verie liberallie + endued for the better relief of pore scholers, so that there are + not manie corporate townes, now under the queene's dominion that + have not one Gramer Schole at the least, with a sufficient living + for a master and usher appointed to the same. + + There are in like manner divers collegiat churches, as Windsor, + Wincester, Eaton, Westminster (in which I was sometime an + unprofitable Grammarian under the reverend father, master Nowell, + now dean of Paules) and in those a great number of pore scholers, + dailie maintained by the liberality of the founders, with meat, + bookes, and apparell; from whence after they have been well + entered in the knowledge of the Latine and Greek tongs, and rules + of versifying (the triall whereof is made by certain apposers, + yearlie appointed to examine them), they are sent to certain + especiall houses in each universitie[79], where they are received + & trained up in the points of higher knowledge in their privat + halls till they be adjudged meet to show their faces in the + schooles, as I have said alreadie. + + + [Headnote: STUDY OF ENGLISH RECOMMENDED IN 1582-1612.] + +Greek was first taught at a public school in England by Lillye soon +after the year 1500. This was at St Paul's School in London, then newly +established by Dean Colet, and to which Erasmus alluded as the best of +its time in 1514, when he said that he had in three years taught a youth +more Latin than he could have acquired in any school in England, _ne +Liliana quidem excepta_, not even Lillye's excepted. (Warton, iii. 1.) +The first schoolmaster who stood up for the study of English was, +I believe, Richard Mulcaster, of King's College, Cambridge, and Christ +Church, Oxford. In 1561 he was appointed the first head-master of +Merchant-Taylors School in London, then just founded as a feeder or +pro-seminary for St John's College, Oxford (_Warton_, iii. 282). In his +Elementarie, 1582, he has a long passage on the study of English, the +whole of which I print here, at Mr Quick's desire, as it has slipt out +of people's minds, and Mulcaster deserves honour for it:-- + + "But bycause I take vpon me in this Elementarie, besides som + frindship to secretaries for the pen, and to correctors for the + print, to direct such peple as teach childern to read and write + English, and the _reading_ must nedes be such as the writing leads + vnto, thererfor, (_sic_) befor I medle with anie particular + precept, to direct the Reader, I will thoroughlie rip vp the hole + certaintie of our English writing, so far furth and with such + assurance, as probabilitie can make me, bycause it is a thing both + proper to my argument, and profitable to my cuntrie. For our + naturall tung being as beneficiall vnto vs for our nedefull + deliuerie, as anie other is to the peple which vse it: & hauing as + pretie, and as fair obseruations in it, as anie other hath: and + being as readie to yield to anie rule of Art, as anie other is: + why should I not take som pains to find out the right writing of + ours, as other cuntrimen haue don to find the like in theirs? & so + much the rather, bycause it is pretended, that the writing thereof + is meruellous vncertain, and scant to be recouered from extreme + confusion, without som change of as great extremitie? I mean + therefor so to deall in it, as I maie wipe awaie that opinio{n} of + either vncertaintie for co{n}fusion, or impossibilitie for + directio{n}, that both the naturall English maie haue wherein to + rest, & the desirous st[r]anger maie haue whereby to learn. For + the performa{n}ce whereof, and mine own better direction, I will + first examin those means, whereby other tungs of most sacred + antiquitie haue bene brought to Art and form of discipline for + their right writing, to the end that by following their waie, + I maie hit vpo{n} their right, and at the least by their president + deuise the like to theirs, where the vse of our tung, & the + propertie of our dialect will not yeild flat to theirs. That don, + I will set all the varietie of our now writing, & the vncertaine + force of all our letters, in as much certaintie, as anie writing + ca{n} be, by these sene{n} precepts,-- 1. _Generall rule_, which + concerneth the propertie and vse of ech letter: 2. _Proportion_ + which reduceth all words of one sou{n}d to the same writing: + 3. _Composition_, which teacheth how to write one word made of mo: + 4. _Deriuation_, which examineth the ofspring of euerie originall: + 5. _Distinction_ which bewraieth the difference of sound and force + in letters by som writen figure or accent: 6. _Enfranchisment_, + which directeth the right writing of all incorporat foren words: + 7. _Prerogatiue_, which declareth a reseruation, wherein common + vse will continew hir precèdence in our En[g]lish writing, as she + hath don euerie where else, both for the form of the letter, in + som places, which likes the pen better: and for the difference in + writing, where som particular caueat will chek a common rule. In + all these seuen I will so examin the particularities of our tung, + as either nothing shall seme strange at all, or if anie thing do + seme, yet it shall not seme so strange, but that either the self + same, or the verie like vnto it, or the more strange then it is, + shal appear to be in, those things, which ar more familiar vnto vs + for extraordinarie learning, then required of vs for our ordinarie + vse. And forasmuch as the eie will help manie to write right by a + sene president, which either cannot vnderstand, or cannot entend + to vnderstand the reason of a rule, therefor in the end of this + treatis for right writing, I purpos to set down a generall table + of most English words, by waie of president, to help such plane + peple, as cannot entend the vnderstanding of a rule, which + requireth both time and conceit in perceiuing, but can easilie run + to a generall table, which is readier to their hand. By the which + table I shall also confirm the right of my rules, that theie hold + thoroughout, & by multitude of exa{m}ples help som maim (_so_) in + precepts. Thus much for the right writing of our English tung, + which maie seme (_so_) for a preface to the principle of + _Reading_, as the matter of the one is the maker of the + other.--1582. Rich^d. Mulcaster. The First Part of the + Elementarie, pp. 53-4. + +Brinsley follows Mulcaster in exhorting to the study of English: + + "there seemes vnto mee, to bee a verie maine want in all our + Grammar schooles generally, or in the most of them; whereof I haue + heard som great learned men to complain; That there is no care had + in respect, to traine vp schollars so as they may be able to + expresse their minds purely and readily in our owne tongue, and to + increase in the practice of it, as well as in the Latine or + Greeke; whereas our chiefe indeuour should bee for it, and that + for these reasons. 1. Because that language which all sorts and + conditions of men amongst vs are to haue most vse of, both in + speech & writing, is our owne natiue tongue. 2. The purity and + elegancie of our owne language is to be esteemed a chiefe part of + the honour of our nation: which we all ought to aduance as much as + in vs lieth. As when Greece and Rome and other nations haue most + florished, their languages also haue beene most pure: and from + those times of Greece & Rome, wee fetch our chiefest patterns, for + the learning of their tongues. 3. Because of those which are for a + time trained vp in schooles, there are very fewe which proceede in + learning, in comparison of them that follow other callings. + + John Brinsley, _The Grammar Schoole_, p. 21, 22. + + His "Meanes to obtaine this benefit of increasing in our English tong, + as in the Latin," are + + 1. Daily vse of Lillies rules construed. + 2. Continuall practice of English Grammaticall translations. + 3. Translating and writing English, with some other Schoole exercises. + + _Ibid._, side-notes, p. 22, 23. + +On this question of English boys studying English, let it be remembered +that in this year of grace 1867, in all England there is just one public +school at which English is studied historically--the City of London +School--and that in this school it was begun only last year by the new +Head-Master, the Rev. Edwin A. Abbot, all honour to him. In every class +an English textbook is read, _Piers Plowman_ being that for the highest +class. This neglect of English as a subject of study is due no doubt to +tutors' and parents' ignorance. None of them know the language +historically; the former can't teach it, the latter don't care about it; +why should their boys learn it? Oh tutors and parents, there are such +things as asses in the world. + + + [Headnote: A GRAMMAR-SCHOOL BOY'S DAY IN A.D. 1612.] + +Of the school-life of a Grammar-school boy in 1612 we may get a notion +from Brinsley's p. 296, "chap. xxx. Of Schoole times, intermissions and +recreations," which is full of interest. '1. The Schoole-time should +beginne at sixe: all who write Latine to make their exercises which were +giuen ouernight, in that houre before seuen'.--To make boys punctual, +'so many of them as are there at sixe, to haue their places as they had +them by election[80] or the day before: all who come after six, euery +one to sit as he commeth, and so to continue that day, and vntill he +recouer his place againe by the election of the fourme or otherwise.... +If any cannot be brought by this, them to be noted in the blacke Bill by +a speciall marke, and feele the punishment thereof: and sometimes +present correction to be vsed for terrour.... Thus they are to continue +vntill nine [at work in class], signified by Monitours, Subdoctour or +otherwise. Then at nine ... to let them to haue a quarter of an houre at +least, or more, for intermission, eyther for breakefast ... or else for +the necessitie of euery one, or their honest recreation, or to prepare +their exercises against the Masters comming in. [2.] After, each of them +to be in his place in an instant, vpon the knocking of the dore or some +other sign ... so to continue vntill eleuen of the clocke, or somwhat +after, to counteruaile the time of the intermission at nine. + +(3.) To be againe all ready, and in their places at one, in an instant; +to continue vntill three, or halfe an houre after: then to haue another +quarter of an houre or more, as at nine for drinking and necessities; so +to continue till halfe an houre after fiue: thereby in that halfe houre +to counteruaile the time at three; then to end so as was shewed, with +reading a peece of a Chapter, and with singing two staues of a Psalme: +lastly with prayer to be vsed by the Master.' + +To the objectors to these intermissions at nine and three, who may +reproach the schoole, thinking that they do nothing but play, Brinsley +answers,-- '2. By this meanes also the Schollars may bee kept euer in +their places, and hard to their labours, without that running out to the +Campo (as the[y] tearme it) at school times, and the manifolde disorders +thereof; as watching and striuing for the clubbe,[81] and loytering then +in the fields; some hindred that they cannot go forth at all. (5.) it is +very requisite also, that they should have weekly one part of an +afternoone for recreation, as a reward of their diligence, obedience and +profiting; and that to be appointed at the Masters discretion, eyther +the Thursday, after the vsuall custom; or according to the best +opportunity of the place.... All recreations and sports of schollars, +would be meet for Gentlemen. Clownish sports, or perilous, or yet +playing for money, are no way to be admitted.' + +On the age at which boys went to school, Brinsley says, p. 9, + + "For the time of their entrance with vs, in our countrey schooles, + it is commonly about 7. or 8. yeares olde: six is very soone. If + any begin so early, they are rather sent to the schoole to keepe + them from troubling the house at home, and from danger, and shrewd + turnes, then for any great hope and desire their friends haue that + they should learne anything in effect." + + + [Headnote: THE GOOD OLD TIMES OF SMOKE AND FILTH.] + +To return from this digression on Education. Enough has been said to +show that the progress of Education, in our sense of the word, was +rather from below upwards, than from above downwards; and I conclude +that the young people to whom the _Babees Boke_, &c., were addressed, +were the children of our nobility, knights, and squires, and that the +state of their manners, as left by their home training, was such as to +need the inculcation on them of the precepts contained in the Poems. If +so, dirty, ill-mannered, awkward young gawks, must most of these +hopes-of-England have been, to modern notions. The directions for +personal cleanliness must have been much needed when one considers the +small stock of linen and clothes that men not rich must have had; and if +we may judge from a passage in Edward the Fourth's _Liber Niger_, even +the King himself did not use his footpan every Saturday night, and would +not have been the worse for an occasional tubbing:-- + + "This barbour shall have, every satyrday at nyght, _if_ it please + the Kinge to cleanse his head, legges, or feet, and for his + shaving, two loves, one picher wyne. And the ussher of chambre + ought to testyfye if this is necessaryly dispended or not." + +So far as appears from Edward the Fourth's _Liber Niger Domus_, soap was +used only for washing clothes. The yeoman lavender, or washerman, was to +take from the Great Spicery 'as muche whyte soape, greye, and blacke, as +can be thought resonable by proufe of the Countrollers,' and therewith +'tenderly to waysshe ... the stuffe for the Kinges propyr persone' (_H. +Ord._ p. 85); but whether that cleansing material ever touched His +Majesty's sacred person (except doubtless when and if the barber shaved +him), does not appear. The Ordinances are considerate as to sex, and +provide for "weomen lavendryes" for a Queen, and further that "these +officers oughte to bee sworne to keepe the chambre counsaylle." But it +is not for one of a nation that has not yet taken generally to tubbing +and baths, or left off shaving, to reproach his forefathers with want of +cleanliness, or adherence to customs that involve contradiction of the +teachings of physiologists, and the evident intent of Nature or the +Creator. Moreover, reflections on the good deeds done, and the high +thoughts thought, by men of old dirtier than some now, may prevent us +concluding that because other people now talk through their noses, and +have manners different from our own, they and their institutions must be +wholly abominable; that because others smell when heated, they ought to +be slaves; or that eating peas with a knife renders men unworthy of the +franchise. The temptation to value manners above morals, and +pleasantness above honesty, is one that all of us have to guard against. +And when we have held to a custom merely because it is old, have refused +to consider fairly the reasons for its change, and are inclined to +grumble when the change is carried out, we shall be none the worse for +thinking of the people, young and old, who, in the time of Harrison and +Shakspere, the "Forgotten Worthies"[82] and Raleigh, no doubt 'hated +those nasty new oak houses and chimnies,' and sighed for the good old +times: + + "And yet see the change, for when our houses were builded of + willow, then had we oken men; but now that our houses are come to + be made of oke, our men are not onlie become willow, but a great + manie through Persian delicacie crept in among vs, altogither of + straw, which is a sore alteration.... Now haue we manie chimnies, + and yet our tenderlings complaine of rheumes, catarhs and poses. + Then had we none but reredosses, and our heads did neuer ake.[83] + For as the smoke in those daies was supposed to be a sufficient + hardning for the timber of the house; so it was reputed a far + better medicine to keepe the goodman and his familie from the + quack or pose, wherewith as then verie few were oft acquainted." + _Harrison_, i. 212, col. 1, quoted by Ellis. + +If rich men and masters were dirty, poor men and servants must have been +dirtier still. William Langlande's description of Hawkyn's one +metaphorical dress in which he slept o' nightes as well as worked by +day, beslobbered (or by-_moled_, bemauled) by children, was true of the +real smock; flesh-moths must have been plentiful, and the sketch of +Coveitise, as regards many men, hardly an exaggeration: + + ... as a bonde-man of his bacon · his berd was bi-draveled, + With his hood on his heed · a lousy hat above, + And in a tawny tabard · of twelf wynter age + Al so torn and baudy · and ful of lys crepyng, + But if that a lous[84] couthe · han lopen the bettre, + She sholde noght han walked on that welthe · so was it thred-bare. + (_Vision_, Passus V. vol. 1, l. 2859-70, ed. Wright.) + +In the _Kinge and Miller_, Percy Folio MS., p. 236 (in vol. ii. of the +print), when the Miller proposes that the stranger should sleep with +their son, Richard the son says to the King, + + "Nay, first," q{uo}th Richard, "good fellowe, tell me true, + hast thou noe creep{er}s in thy gay hose? + art thou not troabled w{i}th the Scabbado?" + +The colour of washerwomen's legs was due partly to dirt, I suppose. The +princess or queen Clarionas, when escaping with the laundress as her +assistant, is obliged to have her white legs reduced to the customary +shade of grey: + + Right as she should stoupe a-douñ, + The quene was tukked wel on high; + The lauender p{er}ceiued wel therbigh + Hir white legges, and seid "ma dame, + Youre shin boones might doo vs blame; + Abide," she seid, "so mot I thee, + More slotered thei most be." + Asshes with the water she menged, + And her white legges al be-sprenged. + ab. 1440 A.D., _Syr Generides_, p. 218, ll. 7060-8. + + + [Headnote: NAKED SCULLIONS AND DIRTY STREETS.] + +If in Henry the Eighth's kitchen, scullions lay about naked, or tattered +and filthy, what would they do elsewhere? Here is the King's Ordinance +against them in 1526: + + "And for the better avoydyng of corruption and all uncleannesse + out of the Kings house, which doth ingender danger of infection, + and is very noisome and displeasant unto all the noblemen and + others repaireing unto the same; it is ordeyned by the Kings + Highnesse, that the three master cookes of the kitchen shall have + everie of them by way of reward yearly twenty marks, to the intent + they shall prouide and sufficiently furnish the said kitchens of + such scolyons as shall not goe _naked or in garments of such + vilenesse as they now doe, and have been acustomed to doe, nor lie + in the nights and dayes in the kitchens or ground by the + fireside;_ but that they of the said money may be found with + honest and whole course garments, without such uncleannesse as may + be the annoyance of those by whom they shall passe"... + +That our commonalty, at least, in Henry VIII.'s time did stink (as is +the nature of man to do) may be concluded from Wolsey's custom, when +going to Westminster Hall, of + + "holding in his hand a very fair orange, whereof the meat or + substance within was taken out, and filled up again with the part + of a sponge, wherein was vinegar, and other confections against + the pestilent airs; the which he most commonly smelt unto, passing + among the press, or else when he was pestered with many suitors." + (_Cavendish_, p. 43.) + +On the dirt in English houses and streets we may take the testimony of +a witness who liked England, and lived in it, and who was not likely to +misrepresent its condition,--Erasmus. In a letter to Francis, the +physician of Cardinal Wolsey, says Jortin, + + "Erasmus ascribes the plague (from which England was hardly ever + free) and the sweating-sickness, partly to the incommodious form + and bad exposition of the houses, to the filthiness of the + streets, and to the sluttishness within doors. The floors, says + he, are commonly of clay, strewed with rushes, under which lies + unmolested an ancient collection of beer, grease (?), fragments, + bones, spittle, excrements [t.i. urine] of dogs and cats [t.i. + men,] and every thing that is nasty, &c." (_Life of Erasmus_, i. + 69, ed. 1808, referred to in Ellis, i. 328, note.) + +The great scholar's own words are, + + Tum sola fere sunt argilla, tum scirpis palustribus, qui subinde + sic renovantur, ut fundamentum maneat aliquoties annos viginti, + sub se fovens sputa, vomitus, mictum canum et hominum, projectam + cervisiam, et piscium reliquias, aliasque sordes non nominandas. + Hinc mutato coelo vapor quidam exhalatur, mea sententia minime + salubris humano corpori. + +After speaking also _De salsamentis_ (rendered '_salt meat_, beef, +pork, &c.,' by Jortin, but which _Liber Cure Cocorum_ authorises us in +translating 'Sauces'[85]), _quibus vulgus mirum in modum delectatur_, he +says the English would be more healthy if their windows were made so as +to shut out noxious winds, and then continues, + + "Conferret huc, si vulgo parcior victus persuaderi posset, ac + salsamentorum moderatior usus. Tum si publica cura demandaretur + Ædilibus, ut viæ mundiores essent a coeno, mictuque: Curarentur et + ea quæ civitati vicina sint. _Jortin's Life of Erasmus_, ed. 1808, + iii. 44 (Ep. 432, C. 1815), No. VIII. Erasmus Rot. Francisco. + Cardinalis Eboracencis Medico, S. + +If it be objected that I have in the foregoing extracts shown the dark +side of the picture, and not the bright one, my answer is that the +bright one--of the riches and luxury in England--must be familiar to +all our members, students (as I assume) of our early books, that the +Treatises in this Volume sufficiently show this bright side, and that to +me, as foolometer of the Society, this dark side seemed to need showing. +But as _The Chronicle_ of May 11, 1867, in its review of Mr Fox Bourne's +_English Merchants_, seems to think otherwise, I quote its words, +p. 155, col. 2. + + "All the nations of the world, says Matthew of Westminster, were + kept warm by the wool of England, made into cloth by the men of + Flanders. And while we gave useful clothing to other countries, we + received festive garments from them in return. For most of our + information on these subjects we are indebted to Matthew Paris, + who tells us that when Alexander III. of Scotland was married to + Margaret, daughter of Henry III., one thousand English knights + appeared at the wedding in _cointises_ of silk, and the next day + each knight donned a new robe of another kind. This grand + entertainment was fatal to sixty oxen, and cost the then + Archbishop of York no less a sum than 4000 marks. Macpherson + remarks on this great display of silk as a proof of the wealth of + England under the Norman kings, a point which has not been + sufficiently elaborated. In 1242 the streets of London were + covered or shaded with silk, for the reception of Richard, the + King's brother, on his return from the Holy Land. Few Englishmen + are aware of the existence of such magnificence at that early + period; while every story-book of history gives us the reverse of + the picture, telling us of straw-covered floors, scarcity of body + linen, and the like. Long after this, in 1367, it is recorded, as + a special instance of splendour of costume, that 1000 citizens of + Genoa were clothed in silk; and this tale has been repeated from + age to age, while the similar display, at an earlier date, in + England, has passed unnoticed." + +For a notice of the several pieces in the present volume, I refer the +reader to the Preface to Russell's _Boke of Nurture_, which follows +here. + +It only remains for me to say that the freshness of my first interest +in the poems which I once hoped to re-produce in these Forewords, has +become dulled by circumstances and the length of time that the volume +has been in the press--it having been set aside (by my desire) for the +_Ayenbite_, &c.;--and that the intervention of other work has prevented +my making the collection as complete as I had desired it to be. It is, +however, the fullest verse one that has yet appeared on its subject, +and will serve as the beginning of the Society's store of this kind of +material.[86] If we can do all the English part of the work, and the +Master of the Rolls will commission one of his Editors to do the Latin +part, we shall then get a fairly complete picture of that Early English +Home which, with all its shortcomings, should be dear to every +Englishman now. + + 3, _St George's Square, N.W._, + + 5th _June_, 1867. + + + [Footnote 1: The first sentence of Aristotle's _Metaphysics_ is + 'All men by nature are actuated by the desire of knowledge.' Mr + Skeat's note on l. 78 of _Partenay_, p. 228.] + + [Footnote 2: Lawrens Andrewe. _The noble lyfe & natures of man, of + bestes_, &c. Johñes Desborrowe. Andewarpe.] + + [Footnote 3: The woodcuts are Messrs Virtue's, and have been used + in Mr Thomas Wright's _History of Domestic Manners and Customs_, + &c.] + + [Footnote 4: If any one thinks it a bore to read these Prefaces, + I can assure him it was a much greater bore to have to hunt up the + material for them, and set aside other pressing business for it. + But the Boke of Curtasye binding on editors does not allow them to + present to their readers a text with no coat and trowsers on. If + any Members should take offence at any expressions in this or any + future Preface of mine, as a few did at some words in the last I + wrote, I ask such Members to consider the first maxim in their + Boke of Curtasye, _Don't look a gift horse in the mouth_. Prefaces + are gift horses; and if mine buck or shy now and then, I ask their + riders to sit steady, and take it easy. On the present one at + least they'll be carried across some fresh country worth seeing.] + + [Footnote 5: scholars?] + + [Footnote 6: Sir H. Nicolas, in his Glossary to his _Privy Purse + Expenses of Henry VIII._, p. 327, col. 2, says, "No word has been + more commented upon than 'Henchmen' or Henxmen. Without entering + into the controversy, it may be sufficient to state, that in the + reign of Henry the Eighth it meant the pages of honour. They were + the sons of gentlemen, and in public processions always walked + near the monarch's horse: a correct idea may be formed of their + appearance from the representation of them in one of the pictures + in the meeting room of the Society of Antiquarians. It seems from + these entries (p. 79,[*] 125, 182, 209, 230, 265) that they lodged + in the house of Johnson, the master of the king's barge, and that + the rent of it was 40_s_. per annum. Observations on the word will + be found in Spelman's _Etymol._, Pegge's _Curialia_, from the + Liber Niger, Edw. IV., Lodge's _Illustrations_, vol. i. p. 359, + the _Northumberland Household Book_, Blount's _Glossary_." + + The _Promptorium_ has "Heyncemann (henchemanne) _Gerolocista, + duorum generum, (gerolocista)_," and Mr Way in his note says, "The + pages of distinguished personages were called henxmen, as Spelman + supposes, from Ger. _hengst_, a war-horse, or according to Bp. + Percy, from their place being at the side or _haunch_ of their + lord." See the rest of Mr Way's note. He is a most provokingly + careful editor. If ever you hit on a plum in your wanderings + through other books you are sure to find it afterwards in one of + Mr Way's notes when you bethink yourself of turning to the + Promptorium. + + In Lord Percy's Household (_North. H. Book_, p. 362) the Henchemen + are mentioned next to the Earl's own sons and their tutor (?) in + the list of "Persones that shall attende upon my Lorde at his + Borde Daily, ande have no more but his Revercion Except Brede and + Drynk." + + My Lordes Secounde Son to serve as Kerver. + + My Lordes Thurde Son as Sewer. + + A Gentillman that shall attende upon my Lord's Eldest Son in the + rewarde, and appoynted Bicause he shall allwayes be with my Lord's + Sonnes for seynge the Orderynge of them. + + My Lordes first _Hauneshman_ to serve as Cupberer to my Lorde. + + My Lords ij^de _Hanshman_ to serve as Cupberer to my Lady. + + See also p. 300, p. 254, The _Hansmen_ to be at the fyndynge of my + Lord, p. 47] + + [Footnote 6*: p. 79, It{e}m the same daye paied to Johnson the + mayster of the king{is} barge for the Rent of the house where + the henxe men lye xl s.] + + [[Footnote 6a: 'Your Bele Babees are very like the _Meninos_ of + the Court of Spain, & _Menins_ of that of France, young nobles + brought up with the young Princes.' H. Reeve.]] + + [Footnote 7: When writing this I had forgotten Warton's section on + the Revival of Learning in England before and at the Reformation, + _Hist. English Poetry_, v. iii. ed. 1840. It should be read by all + who take an interest in the subject. Mr Bruce also refers to + Kynaston's _Museum Minervæ_. P.S.--Mr Bullein and Mr Watts have + since referred me to Henry, who has in each volume of his _History + of England_ a regular account of learning in England, the Colleges + and Schools founded, and the learned men who flourished, in the + period of which each volume treats. Had I seen these earlier I + should not have got the following extracts together; but as they + are for the most part not in Henry, they will serve as a + supplement to him.] + + [Footnote 8: First of these is Mr Charles H. Pearson, then the + Rev. Prof. Brewer, and Mr William Chappell.] + + [Footnote 9: Mr Wm. Chappell gave me the reference.] + + [Footnote 10: In the Romance of Blonde of Oxford, Jean of + Dammartin is taken into the service of the Earl of Oxford as + _escuier_, esquire. He waits at table on knights, squires, valets, + boys and messengers. After table, the ladies keep him to talk + French with them.] + + [[Footnote 10a: This is not intended to confine the definition of + Music as taught at Oxford to its one division of _Harmonica_, to + the exclusion of the others, _Rythmica, Metrica_, &c. The + Arithmetic _said_ to have been studied there in the time of Edmund + the Confessor is defined in his Life (MS. about 1310 A.D.) in my + _E. E. Poems & Lives of Saints_, 1862, thus, + + Arsmetrike is a lore: þat of figours al is + & of drau[gh]tes as me draweþ in poudre: & in numbre iwis.]] + + [Footnote 11: It was in part a principle of Anglo-Saxon society at + the earliest period, and attaches itself to that other universal + principle of fosterage. A Teuton chieftain always gathered round + him a troop of young retainers in his hall who were voluntary + servants, and they were, in fact, almost the only servants he + would allow to touch his person. T. Wright.] + + [Footnote 12: Compare Skelton's account of Wolsey's treatment of + the Nobles, in _Why come ye not to Courte_ (quoted in Ellis's + _Letters_, v. ii. p. 3). + + --"Our barons be so bolde, + Into a mouse hole they wold + Runne away and creep + Like a mainy of sheep: + Dare not look out a dur + For drede of the maystife cur, + For drede of the boucher's dog + + "For and this curre do gnarl, + They must stande all afar + To holde up their hand at the bar. + For all their noble bloude, + He pluckes them by the hood + And shakes them by the eare, + And bryngs them in such feare; + He bayteth them lyke a beare, + Like an Ox or a Bul. + Their wittes, he sayth, are dul; + He sayth they have no brayne + Their estate to maintaine: + And make to bowe the knee + Before his Majestie."] + + [Footnote 13: Compare also the quotation from Piers Plowman's + Crede, under No. 5, p. xlv, and Palsgrave, 1530 A.D., 'I mase, + I stonysshe, _Je bestourne_. You mased the boye so sore with + beatyng that he coulde not speake a worde.' See a gross + instance of cruelty cited from Erasmus's Letters, by Staunton, in + his _Great Schools of England_, p. 179-80.] + + [Footnote 14: "And therfore do I the more lament that soch [hard] + wittes commonlie be either kepte from learning by fond fathers, or + _bet from learning by lewde scholemasters_," ed. Mayor, p. 19. But + Ascham reproves parents for paying their masters so badly: "it is + pitie, that commonlie more care is had, yea and that emonges verie + wise men, to finde out rather a cunnynge man for their horse than + a cunnyng man for their children. They say nay in worde, but they + do so in deede. For, to the one they will gladlie give a stipend + of 200. Crounes by yeare, and loth to offer to the other, 200. + shillinges. God, that sitteth in heauen, laugheth their choice to + skorne, and rewardeth their liberalitie as it should: for he + suffereth them to have tame and well ordered horse, but wilde and + unfortunate Children." _Ib._ p. 20] + + [Footnote 15-15: _Sanctæ memoriæ _Robertum_ Cognominatum + _Grodsted_ dudum _Lincolniendem_ Episcopum, Regi _Henrico_ quasi + admirando, cum interrogavit, ubi Noraturam didicit, quâ Filios + Nobilium Procerum Regni, quos secum habuit Domisellos, + instruxerat, cum non de nobili prosapia, sed de simplicibus + traxisset Originem, fertur intrepide respondisse, In Domo seu + Hospitio Majorum Regum quam sit Rex Angliæ; Quia Regum, _David, + Salomonis_, & aliorum, vivendi morem didicerat ex Intelligentia + scripturarum._] + + [Footnote 16: DOMICELLUS, Domnicellus, diminutivum a _Domnus_. + Gloss. antiquæ MSS.: _Heriles, Domini minores, quod possumus + aliter dicere Domnicelli_, Ugutio: _Domicelli et Domicellas + dicuntur, quando pulchri juvenes magnatum sunt sicut servientes._ + Sic porro primitus appellabant magnatum, atque adeo Regum filios. + Du Cange.] + + [Footnote 17: Mr Bruce sends me the More extracts.] + + [Footnote 18: How Wolsey broke off the _insurance_ is very well + told. Mistress Anne was "sent home again to her father for a + season; _whereat she smoked_"; but she "was revoked unto the + Court," and "after she knew the king's pleasure and the great love + that he bare her _in the bottom of his stomach_, then she began to + look very hault and stout, having all manner of jewels or rich + apparel that might be gotten with money" (p. 67).] + + [Footnote 19: Under the heading "Gentylmen of Houshold, viz. + Kervers, Sewars, Cupberers, and Gentillmen Waiters" in the _North. + Household Book_, p. 40, we find + + Item, Gentillmen in Housholde ix, Viz. ij Carvers for my Loords + Boorde, and a Servant bitwixt theym both, _except thai be at their + frendis fyndyng_, and than ather of theym to have a Servant. + --Two Sewars for my Lordis Boorde, and a Servant bitwixt theym, + _except they be at their Frendis fyndynge_, and than ather of + theym to have a Servant.--ij Cupberers for my Lorde and my Lady, + and a Servant allowed bitwixt theym, _except they be at their + Frendis fyndynge_, And than ather of theym to have a Servant + allowid. + + Under the next heading "My Lordis Hansmen at the fyndynge of my + Lorde, and Yonge Gentyllmen _at there Frendys fyndynge_," is + + Item, my Lordis Hansmen iij. Yonge Gentyllmen in Houshold _at + their Frendis fyndynge_ ij = v.] + + [Footnote 20: Grammar usually means Latin. T. Wright.] + + [Footnote 21: The exceptions must have been many and marked.] + + [Footnote 22: _Richardi Pacei, invictissimi Regis Angliæ primarii + Secretarii, eiusque apud Elvetios Oratoris, De Fructu qui ex + Doctrinæ percipitur, Liber._ + + Colophon. _Basileae apud Io. Frobenium, mense VIII. bri. + an._ M.D.XVII. + + Restat ut iam tibi explicem, quid me moueat ad libellum hoc titulo + co{n}scribendum _et_ publicandu{m}. Quu{m} duobus annis plus minus + iam præteritis, ex Romana urbe in patriam redijssem, inter-fui + cuida{m} conuiuio multis incognitus. Vbi quu{m} satis fuisset + potatum, unus, nescio quis, ex conuiuis, non imprudens, ut ex + uerbis uultuq{ue} conijcere licuit, coepit mentionem facere de + liberis suis bene institue{n}dis. Et primu{m} omniu{m}, bonum + præceptorem illis sibi quærendu{m}, & scholam omnino + frequentanda{m} censuit. Aderat forte unus ex his, quos nos + generosos uocamus, & qui semper cornu aliquod a tergo pende{n}s + gestant, acsi etiam inter prandendu{m} uenare{n}tur. Is audita + literaru{m} laude, percitus repe{n}tina ira, furibundus p{ro}rupit + in hæc uerba. Quid nugaris, inquit, amice? abeant in mala{m} rem + istæ stultæ literæ, omnes docti sunt me{n}dici, etia{m} Erasmus + ille doctissimus (ut audio) pauper est, & in quadam sua epistola + vocat +tên kataraton penian+ uxore{m} suam, id est, execrandam + paupertatem, & uehementer conqueritur se son posse illam humeris + suis usq{ue} in +bathukêtea ponton+, id est, p{ro}fundum mare + excutere. (Corpus dei iuro) uolo filius meus pendeat potius, + qua{m} literis studeat. Decet e{n}im generosoru{m} filios, apte + inflare cornu, perite uenari, accipitre{m} pulchre gestare & + educare. Studia uero literaru{m}, rusticorum filiis sunt + relinquenda. Hic ego cohibere me no{n} potui, quin aliq{ui}d + homini loquacissimo, in defensione{m} bonaru{m} literaru{m}, + respo{n}dere{m}. No{n} uideris, inqua{m}, mihi bone uir recte + sentire, na{m} si ueniret ad rege{m} aliq{ui}s uir exterus, quales + sunt principu{m} oratores, & ei dandu{m} esset responsum, filius + tuus sic ut tu uis, institutus, inflaret du{n}taxat cornu, & + rusticoru{m} filij docti, ad respondendu{m} nocarent{ur}, ac filio + tuo uenatori uel aucupi longe anteponerent{ur}, & sua erudita (usi + libertate, tibi in facie{m} dicere{n}t, Nos malumus docti esse, & + p{er} doctrina{m} no{n} imprudentes, q{uam} stulta gloriari + nobilitate. Tu{m} ille hincinde circu{m}spiciens, Quis est iste, + inquit, q{ui} hæc loquit{ur}? homine{m} non cognosco. Et quu{m} + diceret{ur} in aure{m} ei quisna{m} essem, nescio q{ui}d submissa + uoce sibimet susurra{n}s, & stulto usus auditore, illico arripuit + uini poculu{m}. Et quu{m} nihil haberet respo{n}dendu{m}, coepit + bibere, & in alia sermone{m} transferre. Et sic me liberauit, non + Apollo, ut Horatiu{m} a garrulo, sed Bacchus a uesani hominis + disputatione, qua{m} diutius longe duraturam ueheme{n}ter + timeba{m}. + + Professor Brewer gives me the reference.)] + + [Footnote 23: As to agricultural labourers and their children A.D. + 1388-1406, see below, p. xlvi.] + + [Footnote 24: Readers will find it advisable to verify for + themselves some of the statements in this Editor's notes, &c.] + + [[Footnote 24a: The regular Cathedral school would have existed at + St David's.]] + + [Footnote 25: The foregoing three extracts are sent me by a + friend.] + + [Footnote 26: From a fragment of the Computus Camerarii Abbat. + Hidens. in Archiv. Wulves. apud Winton. ut supr. (? Hist. Reg. + Angl. edit. Hearne, p. 74.)] + + [Footnote 27: Hist. and Antiq. of Glastonbury. Oxon. 1722, 8vo, + p. 98.] + + [Footnote 28: Reyner, Apostolat. Benedict. Tract. 1, sect. ii. + p. 224. Sanders de Schism. page 176.] + + [Footnote 29: _utriusque juris_, Canon and Civil.] + + [Footnote 30: _Lit. humaniores._ Latin is still called so in + Scotch, and French (I think), universities. J. W. Hales.] + + [[Footnote 30a: "There are no French universities, though we + find every now and then some humbug advertising himself in the + _Times_ as possessing a degree of the Paris University. The old + Universities belong to the time before the Deluge--that means + before the Revolution of 1789. The University of France is the + organized whole of the higher and middle institutions of learning, + in so far as they are directed by the State, not the clergy. It is + an institution more governmental, according to the genius of the + country, than our London University, to which, however, its + organization bears some resemblance. To speak of it in one breath + with Oxford or Aberdeen is to commit the ... error of confounding + two things, or placing them on the same line, because they have + the same name." --E. Oswald, in _The English Leader_, Aug. 10, + 1867.]] + + [Footnote 31: (Pace _de Fructu_, p. 27.) Exigit iam suu{m} musica + quoq{ue} doctrina locu{m}, a me præsertim, que{m} puer{um} inter + pueros illustravit. Na{m} Thomas Langton Vyntoniensis episcopus, + decessor huius qui nunc [1517 A.D.] uiuit, cui eram a manu + minister, quum notasset me longex supra ætatem (ut ipse nimis + fortasse amans mei iudicabat, & dictitabat) in musicis proficere, + Huius, inquit, pueri ingeniu{m} ad maiora natum est. & paucos post + dies in Italia{m} ad Patauinu{m} gymnasium, quod tu{n}c + flore{n}tissimu{m} erat, ad bonas literas discendas me misit, + annuasq{ue} impensas benigne suppeditauit, ut omnibus literatis + mirifice fauebat, & ætate sua alterum Mecenatem agebat, probe + memor (ut freque{n}ter dictitabat) sese doctrinæ causa ad + episcopalem dignitate{m} prouectum. Adeptus enim fuerat per summam + laudem, utriusq{ue} iuris (ut nu{n}c loquu{n}tur) insignia. Item + humaniores literas tanti æstimabat, ut domestica schola pueros & + iuuenes illis erudiendos curarit. Et summopere oblectabat{ur} + audire scholasticos dictata interdiu a præceptore, sibi nocta + reddere. In quo certamine qui præclare se gesserat, is aliqua re + personæ suæ acco{m}modata, donatus abibat, & humanissimis uerbis + laudatus. Habebet e{n}im semper in ore ille optimus Præsul, + uirtutem laudatam crescere.] + + [Footnote 32: Ascham praises most the practice of double + translation, from Latin into English, and then back from English + into Latin.--_Scholemaster_, p. 90, 178, ed. Giles.] + + [Footnote 33: Mr Wm. Chappell gives me the reference, and part of + the extract.] + + [Footnote 34: When did _breakfast_ get its name, and its first + notice as a regular meal? I do not remember having seen the name + in the early part of _Household Ordinances_, or any other work + earlier than the _Northumberland Household Book_.] + + [Footnote 35: On Musical Education, see the early pages of Mr + Chappell's _Popular Music_, and the note in Archæol., vol. xx, p. + 60-1, with its references. 'Music constituted a part of the + _quadrivium_, a branch of their system of education.'] + + [[Footnote 35a: "The first William de Valence married Joan de + Monchensi, sister-in-law to one Dionysia, and aunt to another." + _The Chronicle_, Sept. 21, 1867.]] + + [Footnote 36: Le treytyz ke moun sire Gauter de Bibelesworthe fist + à MA DAME DYONISIE DE MOUNCHENSY, pur aprise de langwage.] + + [Footnote 37: Later on, the proportions of poor and rich changed, + as may be inferred from the extract from Harrison below. In the + 'exact account of the whole number (2920) of Scholars and Students + in the University of Oxford taken anno 1612 in the Long Vacation, + the _Studentes_ of Christ Church are 100, the _Pauperes Scholares + et alii Servientes_ 41; at Magdalene the latter are 76; at New + College 18, to 70 _Socii_; at Brasenose (Æneasense Coll.) the + _Communarii_ are 145, and the _Pauperes Scholares_ 17; at Exeter, + the latter are 37, to 134 _Communarii_; at St John's, 20 to 43; at + Lincoln the _Communarii_ are 60, to 27 _Batellatores et Pauperes + Scholares_.' Collectanea Curiosa, v. i. p. 196-203.] + + [Footnote 38: Was this in return for the raised rents that Ascham + so bitterly complains of the new possessors of the monastic lands + screwing out of their tenants, and thereby ruining the yeomen? He + says to the Duke of Somerset on Nov. 21, 1547 (ed. Giles, i. p. + 140-1), + + Qui auctores sunt tantæ miseriæ?... Sunt illi qui hodie + passim, in Anglia, prædia monasteriorum gravissimis annuis + reditibus auxerunt. Hinc omnium rerum exauctum pretium; hi + homines expilant totam rempublicam. Villici et coloni universi + laborant, parcunt, corradunt, ut istis satisfaciant.... Hinc + tot familiæ dissipatæ, tot domus collapsæ.... Hinc, quod + omnium miserrimum est, nobile illud decus et robur Angliæ, + nomen, inquam, _Yomanorum Anglorum_, fractum et collisum est + ... NAM VITA, QUÆ NUNC VIVITUR A PLURIMIS, NON VITA, SED + MISERIA EST. + + When will these words cease to be true of our land? They should be + burnt into all our hearts.] + + [[Footnote 38a: One of the inquiries ordered by the Articles + issued by Archbishop Cranmer, in A.D. 1548, is, "Whether Parsons, + Vicars, Clerks, and other beneficed men, having yearly to dispend + an hundred pound, do not find, competently, one scholar in the + University of Cambridge or Oxford, or some grammar school; and for + as many hundred pounds as every of them may dispend, so many + scholars likewise to be found [supported] by them; and what be + their names that they so find." Toulmin Smith, _The Parish_, + p. 95. Compare also in Church-Wardens Accompts of St Margaret's, + Westminster (ed. Jn. Nichols, p. 41). + + 1631. + Item, to Richard Busby, a king's scholler of Westminster, towards + enabling him to proceed master of arts at Oxon, by consent of the + vestrie £6. 13. 4. + + 1628. + Item, to Richard Busby, by consent of the vestry, towards enabling + him to proceed bachelor of arts £5. 0. 0. + + Nichols, p. 38. See too p. 37.]] + + [Footnote 39: "He placed Æthelweard, his youngest son, who was + fond of learning, together with the sons of his nobility, and of + many persons of inferior rank, in schools which he had established + with great wisdom and foresight, and provided with able masters. + In these schools the youth were instructed in reading and writing + both the Saxon and Latin languages, and in other liberal arts, + before they arrived at sufficient strength of body for hunting, + and other manly exercises becoming their rank." Henry, _History of + England_, vol. ii. pp. 354-5 (quoted from Asser).] + + [Footnote 40: None were so. T. Wright.] + + [Footnote 41: Gervaise of Canterbury says, in his account of + Theobald in the Acts of the Archbishops, "quorum primus erat + magister Vacarius. Hic in Oxonefordiâ legem docuit." + + [['The truth is that, in his account of Oxford and its early days, + Mr Hallam quotes John of Salisbury, not as asserting that Vacarius + taught there, but as making "no mention of Oxford at all"; while + he gives for the statement about the law school no authority + whatever beyond his general reference throughout to Anthony Wood. + But the fact is as historical as a fact can well be, and the + authority for it is a passage in one of the best of the + contemporary authors, Gervaise of Canterbury. "Tunc leges et + causidici in Angliam primo vocati sunt," he says in his account + of Theobald in the Acts of the Archbishops, "quorum primus era{t} + magister Vacarius. Hic in Oxonefordiâ legem docuit."' E. A. F.]] ] + + [[Footnote 41a: Roger Bacon died, perhaps, 11 June, 1292, or in + 1294. _Book of Dates._]] + + [Footnote 42: This College is said to have been founded in the + year 872, by Alfred the Great. It was restored by William of + Durham, said to have been Archdeacon of Durham; but respecting + whom little authentic information has been preserved, except that + he was Rector of Wearmouth in that county, and that he died in + 1249, bequeathing a sum of money to provide a permanent endowment + for the maintenance of a certain number of "Masters." The first + purchase with this bequest was made in 1253, and the first + Statutes are dated 1280.-- _Oxford Univ. Calendar_, 1865, p. 167.] + + [Footnote 43: I refer to the modernized edition published by + Charles Knight in two volumes.] + + [Footnote 44: Other well-born men, in the _Ath. Cant._, then + connected with the University, or supposed to be, were, + + 1504 + Sir Roger Ormston, knight, died. Had been High Steward of the + University. + 1504 + Sir John Mordaunt, High Steward. + 1478 + George Fitzhugh, 4th son of Henry lord Fitzhugh, admitted B.A. + 1488 + Robert Leyburn, born of a knightly family, Fellow of + Pembroke-hall, and proctor. + 1457 + John Argentine, of an ancient and knightly family, was elected + from Eton to King's. + 1504 + Robert Fairfax, of an ancient family in Yorkshire, took the degree + of Mus. Doc. + 1496 + Christopher Baynbrigg, of a good family at Hilton, near Appleby, + educated at and Provost of Queen's, Oxford, incorporated of + Cambridge. + 1517 + Sir Wm. Fyndern, knight, died, and was a benefactor to Clare Hall, + in which it is supposed he had been educated. + 1481 + Robert Rede, of an ancient Northumbrian family, was sometime of + Buckingham College, and the Fellow of King's-hall (?), and was + autumn reader at Lincoln's Inn in 1481. + ab. 1460 + Marmaduke Constable, son of Sir Robert Constable, knight, believed + to have been educated at Cambridge. + " + So, Edward Stafford, heir of Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, + is also believed to have been educated at Cambridge, because his + father was a munificent patron of the University, constantly + maintaining, or assisting to maintain, scholars therein. + " + So, Thomas Howard, son of Sir John Howard, knight, and afterwards + Duke of Norfolk, who defeated the Scots at Flodden, is believed, + &c. + 1484 + John Skelton, the poet, probably of an ancient Cumberland family. + 1520? + Henry Howard, son of Lord Thomas Howard, ultimately Duke of + Norfolk. Nothing is known as to the place of his education. If it + were either of the English Universities, the presumption is in + favour of Cambridge. + + The only tradesman's son mentioned is, + 1504 + Sir Richard Empson, son of Peter Empson, a sieve-maker, + High-Steward.] + + [Footnote 45: Whitgift himself, born 1530, was educated at St. + Anthony's school, then sent back to his father in the country, and + sent up to Cambridge in 1548 or 1549.] + + [Footnote 46: No proof of this is given.] + + [Footnote 47: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, son and heir of Thomas + Duke of Norfolk, 'was for a time student in Cardinal Coll. as the + constant tradition has been among us.' p. 153, col. 1.] + + [Footnote 48: Andrew Borde, who writes himself _Andreas + Perforatus_, was born, as it seems, at Pevensey, commonly called + Pensey [now Pemsey], in Sussex, and not unlikely educated in + Wykeham's school near to Winchester, brought up at Oxford (as he + saith in his _Introduction to Knowledge_, cap. 35), p. 170, col. + 2, and note.] + + [Footnote 49: See Mat. Paris, p. 665, though he speaks there + chiefly of monks[*] beyond sea.] + + [Footnote 49*: As appears from Wood's _Fasti Oxon._ + + The following names of Oxford men educated at monkish or friars' + schools, or of their bodies, occur in the first volume of Wood's + _Athenæ Oxon._, ed. Bliss: + + p. 6, col. 2. + William Beeth, educated among the Dominicans or Black Friers + from his youth, and afterwards their provincial master or chief + governor. + p. 7, col. 2. + Richard Bardney, a Benedictine of Lincolnshire. + p. 11, col. 2. + John Sowle, a Carme of London. + p. 14, col. 1. + William Galeon, an Austin friar of Lynn Regis. + p. 18, col. 2. + Henry Bradshaw, one of the Benedictine monks of St Werberg's, + Chester. + p. 19, col. 1. + John Harley, of the order of the Preaching or Dominican, + commonly called Black, Friars + p. 54, col. 2. + Thomas Spenser, a Carthusian at Henton in Somersetshire; 'whence + for a time he receded to Oxford (as several of his order did) to + improve himself, or to pass a course, in theology.' + p. 94, col. 2. + John Kynton, a Minorite or Grey-friar + p. 101, col. 1. + John Rycks, " " + p. 107, col. 1. + John Forest, a Franciscan of Greenwich. + p. 189, col. 1. + John Griffen, a Cistercian. + p. 278, col. 2. + Cardinal Pole, educated among the Carthusians, and Carmelites or + 'White-fryers.' + p. 363, col. 2. + William Barlowe, an Austin of St Osith in Essex. + p. 630, col. 2. + Henry Walpoole and Richard Walpoole, Jesuits. + + The 5th Lord Percy, he of the _Household Book_, in the year 1520 + founded an annual stipend of 10 marcs for 3 years, for a + _Pedagogus sive Magister, docens ac legens Grammaticam et + Philosophiam canonicis et fratribus_ of the monastery of Alnwick + (Warton, ii. 492).] + + [Footnote 50: It was customary then at Oxford for the Religious to + have schools that bore the name of their respective orders; as the + Augustine, Benedictine, Carmelite, and Franciscan schools; and + there were schools also appropriated to the benefit of particular + Religious houses, as the Dorchester and Eynsham schools, &c. The + monks of Gloucester had Gloucester convent, and the novices of + Pershore an apartment in the same house. So likewise the young + monks of Canterbury, Westminster, Durham, St Albans, &c. Kennet's + Paroch. Antiq., p. 214. So also Leland saith, Itin. vol. vi. p. + 28, that at Stamford the names of Peterborough Hall, Semplingham, + and Vauldey yet remain, as places whither the Religious of those + houses sent their scholars to study. Tanner, Notitia Monastica, + Preface, p. xxvi. note _w_.] + + [Footnote 51: The abuse was of far earlier date than this. Compare + Mr Halliwell's quotation in his 'Merton Statutes,' from his + edition of 'the Poems of John Awdelay, the blind poet of Haghmon + Monastery in the 14th century,' + + Now [gh]if a pore mon set hys son to Oxford to scole, + Bothe the fader and the moder hyndryd they schal be; + And [gh]if ther falle a benefyse, hit schal be [gh]if a fole, + To a clerke of a kechyn, ore into the chaunceré . . + Clerkys that han cunyng, + . . thai mai get no vaunsyng + Without symony.] + + [Footnote 52: Compare Chaucer: 'wherfore, as seith Senek, ther is + nothing more covenable to a man of heigh estate than debonairté + and pité; and therfore thise flies than men clepen bees, whan thay + make here king, they chesen oon that hath no pricke wherwith he + may stynge.'--_Persones Tale_, Poet. Works, ed. Morris, iii. 301.] + + [Footnote 53: Ascham complains of the harm that rich men's sons + did in his time at Cambridge. Writing to Archbp. Cranmer in 1545, + he complains of two _gravissima impedimenta_ to their course of + study: (1.) that so few old men will stop up to encourage study by + their example; (2.) "quod illi fere omnes qui hue Cantabrigiam + confluunt, pueri sunt, divitumque filii, et hi etiam qui nunquam + inducunt animum suum, ut abundanti aliqua perfectaque eruditione + perpoliantur, sed ut ad alia reipublicæ munera obeunda levi aliqua + et inchoata cognitione paratiores efficiantur. Et hic singularis + quædam injuria bifariam academiæ intentata est; vel quia hoc modo + omnis expletæ absolutæque doctrinæ spes longe ante messem, in ipsa + quasi herbescenti viriditate, præciditur; vel quia omnis pauperum + inopumque expectatio, quorum ætates omnes in literarum studio + conteruntur, ab his fucis eorum sedes occupantibus, exclusa + illusaque præripitur. Ingenium, enim, doctrina, inopia judicium, + nil quicquam domi valent, ubi gratia, favor, magnatum literæ, et + aliæ persimiles extraordinariæ illegitimæque rationes vim foris + adferunt. Hinc quoque illud accedit incommodum, quod quidam + prudentes viri nimis ægre ferunt partem aliquam regiæ pecuniæ in + collegiorum socios inpartiri; quasi illi non maxime indigeant, aut + quasi ulla spes perfectæ eruditionis in ullis aliis residere + potest, quam in his, qui in perpetuo literarum studio perpetuum + vitæ suæ tabernaculum collocarunt." Ed. Giles, i. p. 69-70. See + also p. 121-2.] + + [Footnote 54: _Antea enim_ Cornelius Vitellius, _homo_ Italus + Corneli, _quod est maritimum_ Hetruriæ _Oppidum, natus nobili + Prosapia, vir optimus gratiosusque, omnium primus_ Oxonii _bonas + literas docuerat_. [Pol. Verg. _lib._ xxvi.]] + + [Footnote 55: _Ante annos ferme triginta, nihil tradebatur in + schola_ Cantabrigiensi, _præter_ Alexandri Parva Logicalia, _ut + vocant, & vetera illa_ Aristotelis _dictata, Scoticasque + Quæstiones. Progressu temporis accesserunt bonæ literæ; accessit + Matheseos Cognitio; accessit novus, aut certe novatus_, + Aristoteles; _accessit_ Græcarum _literarum peritia; accesserunt + Autores tam multi, quorum olim ne nomina quidem tenebantur, &c._ + [Erasmi _Epist._ Henrico Bovillo, _Dat._ Roffæ _Cal._ Sept. + 1516.]] + + [Footnote 56: Sir John Fortescue's description of the study of law + at Westminster and in the Inns of Chancery is in chapters 48-9 of + his _De laudibus legum Angliæ_.] + + [Footnote 57: + + Mores habent barbarus, Latinus et Græcus; + Si sacerdos, ut plebs est, cæcum ducit cæcus: + Se mares effeminant, et equa fit equus, + Expectes ab homine usque ad pecus. + + Et quia non metuunt animæ discrimen, + Principes in habitum verterunt hoc crimen, + Varium viro turpiter jungit novus hymen, + Exagitata procul non intrat foemina limen.] + + [Footnote 58: + + Pixus et ablutus tandem progressus in urbem, + Intrat in ecclesiam, vota precesque facit. + Inde scholas adiens, secum deliberat, utrum + Expediat potius illa vel ista schola. + Et quia subtiles sensu considerat Anglos, + Pluribus ex causis se sociavit iis. + Moribus egregii, verbo vultuque venusti, + Ingenio pollent, consilioque vigent. + Dona pluunt populis, et detestantur avaros, + Fercula multiplicant, et sine lege bibunt. + + A. Wood, _Antiq. Oxon._, p. 55, in Henry's Hist. of Eng., + vol. iii. p. 440-1.] + + [Footnote 59: That Colet used his travels abroad, A.D. 1493-7, for + a different purpose, see his life by Dr Knight, pp. 23-4.] + + [Footnote 60: Fuller, book vi. p. 297. Collier, vol. ii. p. 165. + Stillingfleet's Orig. Britan. p. 206. Bishop Lloyd of Church + Government, p. 160. This was provided for as early as A.D. 747, by + the seventh canon of council of Clovesho, as Wilkins's Councils, + vol. i. p. 95. See also the notes upon that canon, in Johnson's + Collection of canons, &c. In Tavistock abbey there was a Saxon + school, as Willis, i. 171. Tanner. (Charlemagne in his + Capitularies ordained that each Monastery should maintain a + School, where should be taught 'la grammaire, le calcule, et la + musique.' See Démogeot's _Histoire de la Littérature Française_, + p. 44, ed. Hachette. R. Whiston.) Henry says "these teachers of + the cathedral schools were called _The scholastics_ of the + diocess; and all the youth in it who were designed for the church, + were intitled to the benefit of their instructions.[*] Thus, for + example, William de Monte, who had been a professor at Paris, and + taught theology with so much reputation in the reign of Henry II., + at Lincoln, was the scholastic of that cathedral. By the + eighteenth canon of the third general council of Lateran, A.D. + 1179, it was decreed, That such scholastics should be settled in + all cathedrals, with sufficient revenues for their support; and + that they should have authority to superintend all the + schoolmasters of the diocess, and grant them licences, without + which none should presume to teach. The laborious authors of the + literary history of France have collected a very distinct account + of the scholastics who presided in the principal cathedral-schools + of that kingdom in the twelfth century, among whom we meet with + many of the most illustrious names for learning of that age.... + The sciences that were taught in these cathedral schools were such + as were most necessary to qualify their pupils for performing the + duties of the sacerdotal office, as Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic, + Theology, and Church-Music." --_Ibid._ p. 442.] + + [Footnote 60*: Du Cange, Gloss. voc. _Scholasticus_.] + + [Footnote 61: Fuller and Collier, as before; Bishop Burnet + (Reform, vol. i. p... ) saith so of Godstow. Archbishop Greenfield + ordered that young gentlewomen who came to the nunneries either + for piety or breeding, should wear white veils, to distinguish + them from the professed, who wore black ones, 11 Kal. Jul. anno + pontif. 6. M. Hutton. ex registr. ejus, p. 207. In the accounts of + the cellaress of Carhow, near Norwich, there is an account of what + was received "pro prehendationibus," or the board of young ladies + and their servants for education "rec. de domina Margeria Wederly + prehendinat, ibidem xi. septimanas xiii s. iv d. ... pro mensa + unius famulæ dictæ Margeriæ per iii. septimanas viii d. per + sept." &c. Tanner.] + + [Footnote 62: Morley's _English Writers_, vol. ii. Pt. I. p. 421.] + + [Footnote 63: Edited by Mr Halliwell in his 'Selection from the + Minor Poems of Dan John Lydgate.' Percy Society, 1840, quoted by + Prof. Morley.] + + [[Footnote 63a: 'Fitz-Stephen says on the parents of St Thomas, + "Neque foenerantibus neque officiose negotiantibus, sed de + redditibus suis honorifice viventibus."' E. A. F.]] + + [Footnote 64: Mr Skeat's readings. The _abbot_ and _abbots_ of Mr + Wright's text spoil the alliteration.] + + [Footnote 65: Compare the previous passages under heading 1, + p. vi.] + + [Footnote 66: May Mr Skeat bring the day when it will be done!] + + [Footnote 67: Later on, men's games were settled for them as well + as their trades. In A.D. 1541, the 33 Hen. VIII., cap. 9, § xvi., + says, + + "Be it also enacted by the authority aforesaid, That no manner + of Artificer or Craftsman of any Handicraft or Occupation, + Husbandman, Apprentice, Labourer, Servant at Husbandry, + Journeyman or Servant of Artificer, Mariners, Fishermen, + Watermen or any Serving man, shall from the said feast of the + Nativity of St John Baptist play at the Tables, Tennis, Dice, + Cards, Bowls, Clash, Coyting, Logating, or any other unlawful + Game out of Christmas, under the Pain of xx s. to be forfeit + for every Time; (2) and in Christmas to play at any of the + said Games in their Master's Houses, or in their Master's + Presence; (3) and also that no manner of persons shall at any + time play at any Bowl or Bowls in open places out of his + Garden or Orchard, upon the Pain for every Time so offending + to forfeit vi s. viiii d." (For _Logating_, &c., see + Strutt.)] + + [Footnote 68: Translated from the Latin copy in the British + Museum, MS. Harl. 1197, art. 15, folio 319 b.] + + [Footnote 69: Duodecim pauperes de sumptibus dictæ Ecclesiæ + _alendi_.] + + [Footnote 70: Duo _unus_ Pincernæ, et _unus subpincerna_, duo unus + cociquus, et unus subcoquus. Sic in MS] + + [Footnote 71: MS. No. 688 in Lambeth Library. MS. Harl. cod. 1594, + art. 38, in Brit. Mus.] + + [Footnote 72: + + Farewell, in Oxford my college cardynall! + Farewell, in _Ipsewich, my schole gramaticall!_ + Yet oons farewell! I say, I shall you never see! + Your somptious byldyng, what now avayllethe me? + + _Metrical Visions_ [Wolsey.] by George Cavendish, in his Life of + Wolsey, (ed. Singer, ii. 17). Wolsey's Letter of Directions about + his school should be consulted. It is printed.] + + [Footnote 73: Colet's Statutes for St Paul's School are given in + Howard Staunton's _Great Schools of England_, p. 179-85.] + + [Footnote 74: 'That there was a school at Rochester before Henry + VIII.'s time is proved by our Statutes, which speak of the _Schola + Grammaticalis_ as being _ruinosa & admodum deformis_.' R. + Whiston.] + + [Footnote 75: Pegge concludes these to have been St Paul's, Bow, + and Martin's le Grand.] + + [Footnote 76: The custom of boys bringing cocks to masters has + left a trace at Sedburgh, where the boys pay a sum every year on a + particular day (Shrove-Tuesday?) as "cock-penny." Quick.] + + [Footnote 77: On the London Schools, see also Sir George Buc's + short _cap._ 36, "Moore of other Schooles in London," in his + _Third Vniuersitie of England_ (t.i. London). He notices the old + schools of the monasteries, &c., 'in whose stead there be some few + founded lately by good men, as the Merchant Taylors, and Thomas + Sutton, founder of the great new Hospitall in the Charter house, + [who] hath translated the Tenis court to a Grammar Schoole ... for + 30 schollers, poore mens children.... There be also other Triuiall + Schooles for the bringing up of youth in good literature, _viz._, + in S. _Magnus_, in S. _Michaels_, in S. _Thomas_, and others.'] + + [Footnote 78: Udall became Master of Eton about 1534. He was sent + to prison for sodomy.] + + [Footnote 79: The perversion of these elections by bribery is + noticed by Harrison in the former extract from him on the + Universities.] + + [Footnote 80: See p. 273-4, 'all of a fourme to name who is the + best of their fourme, and who is the best next him'.] + + [Footnote 81: ? key of the Campo, see pp. 299 and 300, or a club, + the holder of which had a right to go out.] + + [Footnote 82: See Mr Froude's noble article in _The Westminster + Review_, No. 3, July, 1852 (lately republished by him in a + collection of Essays, &c.).] + + [Footnote 83: Their eyes must have smarted. The natives' houses in + India have (generally) no chimneys still, and Mr Moreshwar says + the smoke _does_ make your eyes water.] + + [Footnote 84: Mouffet is learned on the Louse. + + "In the first beginning whilest man was in his innocency, and free + from wickednesse, he was subject to no corruption and filth, but + when he was seduced by the wickednesse of that great and cunning + deceiver, and proudly affected to know as much as God knew, God + humbled him with divers diseases, and divers sorts of Worms, with + Lice, Hand-worms, Belly-worms, others call _Termites_, small Nits + and Acares ... a Lowse ... is a beastly Creature, and known better + in Innes and Armies then it is wellcome. The profit it bringeth, + _Achilles_ sheweth, _Iliad_ I. in these words: _I make no more of + him then I doe of a Lowse_; as we have an English Proverb of a + poor man, _He is not worth a Lowse_. The Lice that trouble men are + either tame or wilde ones, those the _English_ call _Lice_, and + these _Crab-lice_; the North _English_ call them _Pert-lice_, that + is, a petulant Lowse comprehending both kindes; it is a certain + sign of misery, and is sometimes the inevitable scourge of God." + Rowland's _Mouffet's Theater of Insects_, p. 1090, ed. 1658 + (published in Latin, 1634). By this date we had improved. Mouffet + says, "These filthy creatures ... are hated more than Dogs or + Vipers by our daintiest Dames," _ib._ p. 1093; and again, p. 1097, + "Cardan, that was a fancier of subtilties, writes that the + _Carthusians_ are never vexed with Wall-lice, and he gives the + cause, because they eat no flesh.... He should rather have + alledged their cleanliness, and the frequent washing of their beds + and blankets, to be the cause of it, which when the _French_, the + _Dutch_, and _Italians_ do less regard, they more breed this + plague. But the English that take great care to be cleanly and + decent, are seldom troubled with them." Also, on p. 1092, he says, + 'As for dressing the body: all _Ireland_ is noted for this, that + it swarms almost with Lice. But that this proceeds from the + beastliness of the people, and want of cleanly women to wash them + is manifest, because the English that are more careful to dress + themselves, changing and washing their shirts often, having + inhabited so long in _Ireland_, have escaped that plague.... + Remedies. The _Irish_ and _Iseland_ people (who are frequently + troubled with Lice, and such as will fly, as they say, in Summer) + anoint their shirts with Saffron, and to very good purpose, to + drive away the Lice, but after six moneths they wash their shirts + again, putting fresh Saffron into the Lye.' Rowland's Mouffet + (1634), _Theater of Insects_, p. 1092, ed. 1658.] + + [Footnote 85: Prof. Brewer says that Erasmus, rejecting the + Mediæval Latin and adopting the Classical, no doubt used + _salsamenta_ in its classical sense of salt-meat, and referred to + the great quantity of it used in England during the winter, when + no fresh meat was eaten, but only that which had been killed at + the annual autumn slaughtering, and then salted down. + Stall-fattening not being practised, the autumn was the time for + fat cattle. _Salsamentum_, however, is translated in White and + Riddle's Dictionary, "A. Fish-pickle, brine; B. Salted or pickled + fish (so usually in plural)."] + + [Footnote 86: If any member or reader can refer me to any other + verse or prose pieces of like kind, unprinted, or that deserve + reprinting, I shall be much obliged to him, and will try to put + them in type.] + + + Errata (noted by transcriber): + + _Capiendo pro_[26]...'" [_missing '_] + the case is too too evident [_duplication in original_] + sums it up.[59] [_footnote marker missing in text_] + a passage in Edward the Fourth's _Liber Niger_ [passaeg] + ab. 1460 ... Marmaduke Constable [460] + + In the section "Post-Reformation Cathedral Schools" the attribution of + quotes is sometimes obscure. The text layout has been kept as close + as possible to the original. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +PREFACE TO RUSSELL. + + +Though this _Boke of Nurture_ by John Russell is the most complete and +elaborate of its kind, I have never seen it mentioned by name in any of +the many books and essays on early manners and customs, food and dress, +that have issued from the press. My own introduction to it was due to a +chance turning over, for another purpose, of the leaves of the MS. +containing it. Mr Wheatley then told me of Ritson's reference to it in +his _Bibliographica Poetica_, p. 96; and when the text was all printed, +a reference in _The Glossary of Domestic Architecture_ (v. III. Pt. I. +p. 76, note, col. 2) sent me to MS. Sloane 1315[1]--in the Glossary +stated to have been written in 1452--which proved to be a different and +unnamed version of Russell. Then the Sloane Catalogue disclosed a third +MS., No. 2027[2], and the earliest of the three, differing rather less +than No. 1315 from Russell's text, but still anonymous. I have therefore +to thank for knowledge of the MSS. that special Providence which watches +over editors as well as children and drunkards, and have not on this +occasion to express gratitude to Ritson and Warton, to whom every lover +of Early English Manuscripts is under such deep obligations, and whose +guiding hands (however faltering) in Poetry have made us long so often +for the like in Prose. Would that one of our many Historians of English +Literature had but conceived the idea of cataloguing the materials for +his History before sitting down to write it! Would that a wise +Government would commission another Hardy to do for English Literature +what the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records is now doing for English +History-- give us a list of the MSS. and early printed books of it! What +time and trouble such a Catalogue would save! + +But to return to John Russell and his Boke. He describes himself at the +beginning and end of his treatise as Usher and Marshal to Humphrey, Duke +of Gloucester, delighting in his work in youth, quitting it only when +compelled by crooked age, and then anxious to train up worthy successors +in the art and mystery of managing a well-appointed household. A man +evidently who knew his work in every detail, and did it all with pride; +not boastful, though upholding his office against rebellious cooks[3], +putting them down with imperial dignity, "we may allow and disallow; our +office is the chief!" A simple-minded religious man too,--as the close +of his Treatise shows,--and one able to appreciate the master he served, +the "prynce fulle royalle," the learned and munificent Humphrey Duke of +Gloucester, the patron of Lydgate, Occleve, Capgrave, Withamstede, +Leonard Aretine, Petrus Candidus, Petrus de Monte, Tito Livio, Antoyne +de Beccara, &c. &c., the lover of Manuscripts, the first great donor to +the Oxford University Library which Bodley revived[4], "that prince +peerless," as Russell calls him, a man who, with all his faults, loved +books and authors, and shall be respected by us as he was by Lydgate. +But our business is with the Marshal, not the Master, and we will hear +what John Russell says of himself in his own verse, + + an vssher{e} y Am / ye may behold{e} / + to a prynce of high{e} degre, + þat enioyeth{e} to enforme & teche / + all{e} þo thatt wille thrive & thee, + + Of suche thyng{es} as her{e}-aft{ur} + shall{e} be shewed by my diligence + To them þat nought Can / w{i}t{h}-owt gret exsperience; + Therfor{e} yf any mañ þ{a}t y mete with{e}, + þat for fawt of necligence, + y wyll{e} hym enforme & teche, for hurtyng{e} of my Conscience. + + To teche vertew and co{n}nyng{e}, me thynketh hit charitable, + for moche youth{e} in co{n}nyng{e} / is bareñ & full{e} vnable. + + (l. 3-9.) + +At the end of his Boke he gives us a few more details about himself and +his work in life: + + Now good soñ, y haue shewed the / & brought þe in vre, + to know þe Curtesie of court / & these þow may take in cur{e}, + In pantry / botery / or celler{e} / + & in kervyng{e} a-for{e} a sovereyn{e} demewr{e}, + A sewer / or a m{er}shall{e}: in þes science / + y suppose ye byñ sewr{e}, + + Which in my dayes y lernyd with{e} a prynce full{e} royall{e}, + with who[-m] vscher{e} in chambur was y, & m{er}shalle also in hall{e}, + vnto who[-m] all{e} þese officer{es} for{e}seid / + þey eu{er} ente{n}de shall{e}, + Evir to fulfill{e} my co{m}maundement wheñ þat y to þem call{e}: + + For we may allow & dissalow / our{e} office is þe cheeff + In celler{e} & spicery / & the Cooke, be he looth{e} or leeff. + + (l. 1173-82.) + +Further on, at line 1211, he says, + + "Moor{e} of þis co{n}nyng{e} y Cast not me to contreve: + my tyme is not to tary, hit drawest fast to eve. + þis tretyse þat y haue entitled, if it ye entende to p{re}ve, + y assayed me self in youth{e} w{i}t{h}-outeñ any greve. + + while y was yong{e} y-nough{e} & lusty in dede, + y enioyed þese maters foreseid / & to lerne y toke good hede; + but croked age hath{e} co{m}pelled me / & leue court y must nede. + þerfor{e}, son{e}, assay thy self / & god shall{e} be þy spede." + +And again, at line 1227, + + "Now, good soñ, thy self, w{i}t{h} other þ{a}t shall{e} þe succede, + which{e} þus boke of nurtur{e} shall{e} note / lerne, & ou{er} rede, + pray for the sowle of Iohñ Russell{e}, þat god do hym mede, + Som tyme s{er}uaunde w{i}t{h} duke vmfrey, + duc[A] of Glowcet{ur} in dede. + + For þat prynce pereles prayeth{e} / & for suche other mo, + þe sowle of my wife / my fadur and modir also, + vn-to Mary modyr and mayd / she fende us from owr{e} foe, + and bryng{e} vs all{e} to blis wheñ we shall{e} hens goo. =AMEN=." + + [Text Note: + The _duc_ has a red stroke through it, probably to cut it out.] + +As to his Boke, besides what is quoted above, John Russell says, + + Go forth{e} lytell{e} boke, and lowly þow me co{m}mende + vnto all{e} yong{e} gentilmeñ / þ{a}t lust to lerne or entende, + and specially to þem þat han exsperience, + p{ra}yng{e} þe[m] to amend{e} + and correcte þat is amysse, þer{e} as y fawte or offende. + + And if so þat any be founde / as þrou[gh] myñ necligence, + Cast þe cawse oñ my copy / rude / & bar{e} of eloquence, + which{e} to d{ra}we out [I] haue do my besy diligence, + redily to reforme hit / by resoñ and bettur sentence. + + As for ryme or resoñ, þe for{e}wryter was not to blame, + For as he founde hit aforne hy[-m], so wrote he þe same, + and þaugh{e} he or y in our{e} mater{e} digres or degrade, + blame neithur of vs / For we neuyr{e} hit made; + + Symple as y had insight / somwhat þe ryme y correcte; + blame y cowde no mañ / y haue no persone suspecte. + Now, good god, graunt vs grace / our{e} sowles neu{er} to Infecte! + þañ may we regne in þi regiou{n} / et{er}nally w{i}t{h} thyne electe. + + (l. 1235-50.) + +If John Russell was the writer of the Epilogue quoted above, lines +1235-50, then it would seem that in this Treatise he only corrected and +touched up some earlier Book of Norture which he had used in his youth, +and which, if Sloane 2027 be not its original, may be still extant in +its primal state in Mr Arthur Davenport's MS., "How to serve a Lord," +_said_ to be of the fourteenth century[6], and now supposed to be stowed +away in a hayloft with the owner's other books, awaiting the rebuilding +and fitting of a fired house. I only hope this MS. may prove to be +Russell's original, as Mr Davenport has most kindly promised to let me +copy and print it for the Society. Meantime it is possible to consider +John Russell's Book of Norture as his own. For early poets and writers +of verse seem to have liked this fiction of attributing their books to +other people, and it is seldom that you find them acknowledging that +they have imagined their Poems on their own heads, as Hampole has it in +his _Pricke of Conscience_, p. 239, l. 8874 (ed. Morris, Philol. Soc.). +Even Mr Tennyson makes believe that Everard Hall wrote his _Morte d' +Arthur_, and some Leonard his _Golden Year_. On the other hand, the +existence of the two Sloane MSS. is more consistent with Russell's own +statement (if it is his own, and not his adapter's in the Harleian MS.) +that he did not write his Boke himself, but only touched up another +man's. Desiring to let every reader judge for himself on this point, +I shall try to print in a separate text[7], for convenience of +comparison, the Sloane MS. 1315, which differs most from Russell, and +which the Keeper of the MSS. at the British Museum considers rather +earlier (ab. 1440-50 A.D.) than the MS. of Russell (ab. 1460-70 A.D.), +while of the earliest of the three, Sloane MS. 2027 (ab. 1430-40 A.D.), +the nearer to Russell in phraseology, I shall give a collation of all +important variations. If any reader of the present text compares the +Sloanes with it, he will find the subject matter of all three alike, +except in these particulars: + + Sloane 1315. + --Sloane 2027. + + Omits lines 1-4 of Russell. + --Contains these lines. + + Inserts after l. 48 of R. a passage about behaviour which it nearly + repeats, where Russell puts it, at l. 276, _Symple Condicions_. + --Inserts and omits as Sl. 1315 does, but the wording is often + different. + + Omits Russell's stanza, l. 305-8, about 'these cuttid galauntes with + their codware.' + + Omits a stanza, l. 319-24, p. 21.2, b.). + --Contains this stanza (fol. 42, b.). + + Contracts R.'s chapter on Fumositees, p. 23-4. + --Contracts the Fumositees too (fol. 45 and back). + + Omits R.'s _Lenvoy_, under Fried Metes, p. 33-4. + --Has one verse of _Lenvoy_ altered (fol. 45 b.). + + Transfers R.'s chapters on _Sewes on Fische Dayes_ and _Sawcis for + Fishe_, l. 819-54, p. 55-9, to the end of his chapter on _Kervyng of + Fishe_, l. 649, p. 45. + --Transfers as Sl. 1315 does (see fol. 48). + + Gives different Soteltes (or Devices at the end of each course), and + omits Russell's description of his four of the Four Seasons, p. 51-4; + and does not alter the metre of the lines describing the Dinners as + he does, p. 50-5. + --Differs from R., nearly as Sl. 1315 does. + + Winds up at the end of the _Bathe or Stewe_, l. 1000, p. 69, R., + with two stanzas of peroration. As there is no _Explicit_, the MS. + may be incomplete, but the next page is blank. + --Has 3 winding-up stanzas, as if about to end as Sloane 1315 does, + but yet goes on (omitting the _Bathe Medicinable_) with the + _Vssher and Marshalle_, R. p. 69, and ends suddenly, at l. 1062, + p. 72, R., in the middle of the chapter. + +In occasional length of line, in words and rhymes, Sloane 1315 differs +far more from Russell than Sloane 2027, which has Russell's long lines +and rhymes throughout, so far as a hurried examination shows. + +But the variations of both these Sloane MSS. are to me more like those +from an original MS. of which our Harleian Russell is a copy, than of an +original which Russell altered. Why should the earliest Sloane 2027 +start with + + "An vsschere .y. am / as ye may se : to a prynce Of hygh{e} degre" + +if in its original the name of the prince was not stated at the end, as +Russell states it, to show that he was not gammoning his readers? Why +does Sloane 1315 omit lines in some of its stanzas, and words in some of +its lines, that the Harleian Russell enables us to fill up? Why does it +too make its writer refer to the pupil's lord and sovereign, if in its +original the author did not clench his teaching by asserting, as Russell +does, that he had served one? This Sloane 1315 may well have been copied +by a man like Wynkyn de Worde, who wished not to show the real writer of +the treatise. On the whole, I incline to believe that John Russell's +Book of Norture was written by him, and that either the Epilogue to it +was a fiction of his, or was written by the superintender of the +particular copy in the Harleian MS. 4011, Russell's own work terminating +with the _Amen!_ after line 1234. + +But whether we consider Russell's Boke another's, or as in the main his +own,--allowing that in parts he may have used previous pieces on the +subjects he treats of, as he has used _Stans Puer_ (or its original) in +his _Symple Condicions_, l. 277-304,--if we ask what the Boke contains, +the answer is, that it is a complete Manual for the Valet, Butler, +Footman, Carver, Taster, Dinner-arranger, Hippocras-maker, Usher and +Marshal of the Nobleman of the time when the work was written, the +middle of the fifteenth century.--For I take the date of the composition +of the work to be somewhat earlier than that of the MS. it is here +printed from, and suppose Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, "imprisoned and +murdered 1447," to have been still alive when his Marshal penned +it.--Reading it, we see "The Good Duke" rise and dress[8], go to Chapel +and meals, entertain at feasts in Hall, then undress and retire to rest; +we hear how his head was combed with an ivory comb, his stomacher +warmed, his petycote put on, his slippers brown as the waterleech got +ready, his privy-seat prepared, and his urinal kept in waiting; how his +bath was made, his table laid, his guests arranged, his viands carved, +and his salt smoothed[9]; we are told how nearly all the birds that fly, +the animals that walk the earth, the fish that swim in river and sea, +are food for the pot: we hear of dishes strange to us[10], beaver's +tail, osprey, brewe, venprides, whale, swordfish, seal, torrentyne, pety +perveis or perneis, and gravell of beef[11]. Bills of fare for flesh and +fish days are laid before us; admired Sotiltees or Devices are +described; and he who cares to do so may fancy for himself the Duke and +all his brilliant circle feasting in Hall, John Russell looking on, and +taking care that all goes right.[12] I am not going to try my hand at +the sketch, as I do not write for men in the depths of that deducated +Philistinism which lately made a literary man say to one of our members +on his printing a book of the 15th century, "Is it possible that you +care how those barbarians, our ancestors, lived?" If any one who takes +up this tract, will not read it through, the loss is his; those who do +work at it will gladly acknowledge their gain. That it is worthy of the +attention of all to whose ears tidings of Early England come with +welcome sound across the wide water of four hundred years, +I unhesitatingly assert. That it has interested me, let the time its +notes have taken on this, a fresh subject to me, testify. If any should +object to the extent of them[13], or to any words in them that may +offend his ear, let him excuse them for the sake of what he thinks +rightly present. There are still many subjects and words insufficiently +illustrated in the comments, and for the names _venprides_ (l. 820); +_sprotis_, (? sprats, as in Sloane 1315), and _torrentille_ (l. 548); +almond _iardyne_ (l. 744); ginger _colombyne_, _valadyne_, and +_maydelyne_ (l. 132-3); leche _dugard_, &c., I have not been able to +find meanings. Explanations and helps I shall gladly receive, in the +hope that they may appear in another volume of like kind for which I +trust soon to find more MSS. Of other MSS. of like kind I also ask for +notice. + +The reason for reprinting Wynkyn de Worde's _Boke of Keruynge_, which I +had not at first thought of, was because its identity of phrase and word +with many parts of Russell,--a thing which came on me with a curious +feeling of surprise as I turned over the leaves,--made it certain that +de Worde either abstracted in prose Russell's MS., chopping off his +lines' tails,--adding also bits here[14], leaving out others there,--or +else that both writers copied a common original. The most cursory +perusal will show this to be the case. It was not alone by happy chance +that when Russell had said + + O Fruture viant / Fruter sawge byñ good / + bett{ur} is Frut{ur} powche; + Appulle fruture / is good hoot / but þe cold ye not towche + + (l. 501-2) + +Wynkyn de Worde delivered himself of + + "Fruyter vaunte, fruyter say be good; better is fruyter pouche; + apple fruyters ben good good hote / and all colde fruters, touche + not," + +altering _not's_ place to save the rhyme; or that when Russell had said +of the Crane + + The Crane is a fowle / that strong{e} is w{i}t{h} to far{e}; + þe whyng{es} ye areyse / full{e} large evyñ thar{e}; + of hyr{e} trompe in þe brest / loke þ{a}t ye beware + +Wynkyn de Worde directed his Carver thus: "A crane, reyse the wynges +fyrst, & beware of the trumpe in his brest." Let any one compare the +second and third pages of Wynkyn de Worde's text with lines 48-137 of +Russell, and he will make up his mind that the old printer was either +one of the most barefaced plagiarists that ever lived, or that the same +original was before him and Russell too. May Mr Davenport's hayloft, or +some learned antiquarian, soon decide the alternative for us! The +question was too interesting a "Curiosity of Literature" not to be laid +before our Members, and therefore _The Boke of Keruynge_ was +reprinted--from the British Museum copy of the second edition of +1513--with added side-notes and stops, and the colophon as part of the +title. + +Then came the necessary comparison of Russell's Boke with the _Boke of +Curtasye_, edited by Mr Halliwell from the Sloane MS. 1986 for the Percy +Society. Contrasts had to be made with it, in parts, many times in a +page; the tract was out of print and probably in few Members' hands; it +needed a few corrections[15], and was worthy of a thousand times wider +circulation than it had had; therefore a new edition from the MS. was +added to this volume. Relying on Members reading it for themselves, +I have not in the notes indicated all the points of coincidence and +difference between this Boke and Russell's. It is of wider scope than +Russell's, takes in the duties of outdoor officers and servants as well +as indoor, and maybe those of a larger household; it has also a _fyrst +Boke_ on general manners, and a _Second Book_ on what to learn at +school, how to behave at church, &c., but it does not go into the great +detail as to Meals and Dress which is the special value of Russell's +Boke, nor is it associated with a writer who tells us something of +himself, or a noble who in all our English Middle Age has so bright a +name on which we can look back as "good Duke Humphrey." This personality +adds an interest to work that anonymity and its writings of equal value +can never have; so that we may be well content to let the _Curtasye_ be +used in illustration of the _Nurture_. The MS. of the _Curtasye_ is +about 1460 A.D., Mr Bond says. I have dated it wrongly on the +half-title. + +_The Booke of Demeanor_ was "such a little one" that I was tempted to +add it to mark the general introduction of handkerchiefs. Having printed +it, arose the question, 'Where did it come from?' No Weste's _Schoole of +Vertue_ could I find in catalogues, or by inquiring of the Duke of +Devonshire, Mr W. C. Hazlitt, at the Bodleian, &c. Seager's _Schoole of +Vertue_ was the only book that turned up, and this I accordingly +reprinted, as Weste's Booke of Demeanor seemed to be little more than an +abstract of the first four Chapters of Seager cut down and rewritten. We +must remember that books of this kind, which we look on as sources of +amusement, as more or less of a joke, were taken seriously by the +people they were written for. That _The Schoole of Vertue_, for +instance--whether Seager's or Weste's--was used as a regular school-book +for boys, let Io. Brinsley witness. In his _Grammar Schoole_ of 1612, +pp. 17, 18, he enumerates the "Bookes to bee first learned of +children":-- 1. their Abcie, and Primer. 2. The Psalms in metre, +'because children wil learne that booke with most readinesse and delight +through the running of the metre, as it is found by experience. 3. Then +the Testament.' 4. "If any require any other little booke meet to enter +children; _the Schoole of Vertue_ is one of the principall, and easiest +for the first enterers, being full of precepts of ciuilitie, and such as +children will soone learne and take a delight in, thorow the roundnesse +of the metre, as was sayde before of the singing Psalmes: And after it +_the Schoole of good manners_[16], called, _the new Schoole of Vertue_, +leading the childe as by the hand, in the way of all good manners." + +I make no apology for including reprints of these little-known books in +an Early English Text. _Qui s'excuse s'accuse_; and if these Tracts do +not justify to any reader their own appearance here, I believe the fault +is not theirs. + +A poem on minding what you say, which Mr Aldis Wright has kindly sent +me, some Maxims on Behaviour, &c., which all end in _-ly_, and Roger +Ascham's Advice to his brother-in-law on entering a nobleman's service, +follow, and then the Poems which suggested the _Forewords_ on Education +in Early England, and have been partly noticed in them, p. i-iv. I have +only to say of the first, _The Babees Boke_, that I have not had time to +search for its Latin original, or other copies of the text. Its +specialty is its attributing so high birth to the Bele Babees whom it +addresses, and its appeal to Lady Facetia to help its writer. Of the +short alphabetic poems that follow,--_The A B C of Aristotle_,--copies +occur elsewhere; and that in the Harleian Manuscript 1304, which has a +different introduction, I hope to print in the companion volume to this, +already alluded to. _Vrbanitatis_, I was glad to find, because of the +mention of _the booke of urbanitie_ in Edward the Fourth's Liber Niger +(p. ii. above), as we thus know what the Duke of Norfolk of "Flodden +Field" was taught in his youth as to his demeanings, how mannerly he +should eat and drink, and as to his communication and other forms of +court. He was not to spit or snite before his Lord the King, or wipe his +nose on the table-cloth. The next tracts, _The Lytylle Chyldrenes Lytil +Boke or Edyllys Be_[17] (a title made up from the text) and _The Young +Children's Book_, are differing versions of one set of maxims, and are +printed opposite one another for contrast sake. _The Lytil Boke_ was +printed from a later text, and with an interlinear French version, by +Wynkyn de Worde in '_Here begynneth a lytell treatyse for to lerne +Englisshe and Frensshe_.' This will be printed by Mr Wheatley in his +Collection of Early Treatises on Grammar for the Society, as the copy in +the Grenville Library in the Brit. Mus. is the only one known. Other +copies of this Lytil Boke are at Edinburgh, Cambridge, and Oxford. Of +two of these Mr David Laing and Mr Henry Bradshaw have kindly given me +collations, which are printed at the end of this Preface. Of the last +Poem, _Stans Puer ad Mensam_, attributed to Lydgate-- as nearly +everything in the first half of the 15th century was-- I have printed +two copies, with collations from a third, the Jesus (Cambridge) MS. +printed by Mr Halliwell in _Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, v. 1, p. 156-8, and +reprinted by Mr W. C. Hazlitt in his _Early Popular Poetry_, ii. 23-8. +Mr Hazlitt notices 3 other copies, in Harl. MS. 4011, fol. 1, &c.; +Lansdowne MS. 699; and Additional MS. 5467, which he collated for his +text. There must be plenty more about the country, as in Ashmole MS. 61, +fol. 16, back, in the Bodleian.[18] Of old printed editions Mr Hazlitt +notes one "from the press of Caxton, but the only copy known is +imperfect. It was printed two or three times by Wynkyn de Worde. Lowndes +mentions two, 1518, 4to, and 1524, 4to; and in the public library at +Cambridge there is said by Hartshorne (_Book Rarities_, 156) to be a +third without date. It is also appended to the various impressions of +the _Boke of Nurture_ by Hugh Rhodes." This _Boke_ has been reprinted +for the Early English Text Society, and its _Stans Puer_ is Rhodes's own +expansion of one of the shorter English versions of the original +Latin[19]. + +The woodcuts Messrs Virtue have allowed me to have copies of for a small +royalty, and they will help the reader to realize parts of the text +better than any verbal description. The cuts are not of course equal to +the beautiful early illuminations they are taken from, but they are near +enough for the present purpose. The dates of those from British Museum +MSS. are given on the authority of trustworthy officers of the +Manuscript Department. The dates of the non-Museum MSS. are copied from +Mr Wright's text. The line of description under the cuts is also from Mr +Wright's text, except in one instance where he had missed the fact of +the cut representing the Marriage Feast at Cana of Galilee, with its six +water-pots. + +The MS. of Russell is on thick folio paper, is written in a close--and +seemingly unprofessional--hand, fond of making elaborate capitals to the +initials of its titles, and thus occasionally squeezing up into a corner +the chief word of the title, because the _T_ of _The_ preceding has +required so much room.[20] The MS. has been read through by a corrector +with a red pen, pencil, or brush, who has underlined all the important +words, touched up the capitals, and evidently believed in the text. +Perhaps the corrector, if not writer, was Russell himself. I hope it +was, for the old man must have enjoyed emphasizing his precepts with +those red scores; but then he would hardly have allowed a space to +remain blank in line 204, and have left his Panter-pupil in doubt as to +whether he should lay his "white payne" on the left or right of his +knives. Every butler, drill-serjeant, and vestment-cleric, must feel the +thing to be impossible. The corrector was not John Russell. + +To all those gentlemen who have helped me in the explanations of words, +&c.,--Mr Gillett, Dr Günther, Mr Atkinson, Mr Skeat, Mr Cockayne, +Mr Gibbs, Mr Way, the Hon. G. P. Marsh--and to Mr E. Brock, the most +careful copier of the MS., my best thanks are due, and are hereby +tendered. Would that thanks of any of us now profiting by their labours +could reach the ears of that prince of Dictionary-makers, Cotgrave, of +Frater Galfridus, Palsgrave, Hexham, Philipps, and the rest of the +lexicographers who enable us to understand the records of the past! +Would too that an adequate expression of gratitude could reach the ears +of the lost Nicolas, and of Sir Frederic Madden, for their carefully +indexed Household Books,--to be contrasted with the unwieldy mass and +clueless mazes of the Antiquaries' _Household Ordinances_, the two +volumes of the Roxburghe _Howard Household Books_, and Percy's +_Northumberland Household Book[21]!_--They will be spared the pains of +the special place of torment reserved for editors who turn out their +books without glossary or index. May that be their sufficient reward! + + 3, _St George's Square_, N.W. + + 16 _Dec._, 1866. + + +HUMPHREY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER. + +Mr C. H. Pearson has referred me to a most curious treatise on the state +of Duke Humphrey's body and health in 1404 (that is, 1424, says Hearne), +by Dr Gilbert Kymer, his physician, part of which (chapters 3 and 19, +with other pieces) was printed by Hearne in the appendix to his _Liber +Niger_, v. ii. p. 550 (_ed. alt._), from a MS. then in Sir Hans Sloane's +Collection, and now _Sloane_ 4 in the British Museum. It begins at p. +127 or folio 63, and by way of giving the reader a notion of its +contents, I add here a copy of the first page of the MS. + + Incipit dietariu{m} de sanitatis custodia p{re}inclitissi{m}o + p{r}incipi ac metuendissimo d{omi}no, d{omi}no humfrido, duci + Gloucestrie, Alijsq{ue} p{re}claris titulis insignito, + Sc{r}iptu{m} & co{m}pilatu{m}, p{er} ven{er}abile{m} doctore{m}, + Magistru{m} Gilbertum Kymer, Medicinar{um} p{ro}fessorem, arciu{m} + ac ph{ilosoph}ie Mag{ist}r{u}m & in legib{us} bacallariu{m} + p{re}libati p{r}incipis phisicu{m}, Cui{us} dietarij[A] + c{ol}l{e}cc{i}o{n}em (?) dilucidancia & effectu{m} viginti sex + existu{n}t capit{u}la, q{u}or{um} {con}seque{n}t{er} hic ordo + ponit{ur} Rubricar{um}[B]. + + [Textnotes: + A: The letters are to me more like c[~l], or c{ol}l than anything + else, but I am not sure what they are. B: The MS. runs on + without breaks. + [Transcriber's Note: Marker [A] is printed at the end of + "dietarij", but must be intended for the following word.]] + + Cap{itulu}m 1^m est ep{isto}la de laude sanitat{is} + & vtilitate bone diete. + Cap{itulu}m 2^m est de illis in quib{us} consistit dieta. + Cap{itulu}m 3^m de toci{us} co[r]p{or}is & p{ar}ciu{m} disposi{ci}one. + Cap{itulu}m 4^m est de Ayer{e} eligendo & corrigendo. + Cap{itulu}m 5^m de q{ua}ntitate cibi & potus sumenda. + Cap{itulu}m 6^m de ordine sumendi cibu{m} & potu{m}. + Cap{itulu}m 7^m de temp{or}e sumendi cibu{m} & potu{m}. + Cap{itulu}m 8^m de q{ua}ntitate cibi & potus sumendoru{m}. + Cap{itulu}m 9^m de pane eligendo. + Cap{itulu}m 10^m de gen{er}ib{us} potagior{um} sumendis. + Cap{itulu}m 11^m de carnib{us} vtendis & vitandis. + Cap{itulu}m 12^m de ouis sumendis. + Cap{itulu}m 13^m de lacticinijs vtend{is}. + Cap{itulu}m 14^m de piscib{us} vtendis & vitand{is}. + Cap{itulu}m 15^m de fructib{us} sumendis. + Cap{itulu}m 16^m de co{n}dime{n}t{is} & sp{eci}ebus vtendis. + Cap{itulu}m 17^m de potu eligendo. + Cap{itulu}m 18^m de regimi{n}e replec{i}o{n}is & inanic{i}onis. + Cap{itulu}m 19^m de vsu coitus. + Cap{itulu}m 20^m de excercic{io} & q{u}iete. + Cap{itulu}m 21^m de sompni & vigilie regimi{n}e. + Cap{itulu}m 22^m de vsu acc{ide}nciu{m} anime. + Cap{itulu}m 23^m de bona {con}suetudi{n}e diete tenenda. + Cap{itulu}m 24^m de medic{in}is vicissim vtendis. + Cap{itulu}m 25^m de adu{er}sis nature infortunijs p{re}cauendis. + Cap{itulu}m 26^m de deo semp{er} colendo vt sanitate{m} melius + tueatur. + + ["Unpacked" text, omitting signs of abbreviations or ligatures:] + + Incipit dietarium de sanitatis custodia preinclitissimo principi + ac metuendissimo domino, domino humfrido, duci Gloucestrie, + Alijsque preclaris titulis insignito, Scriptum & compilatum, per + venerabilem doctorem, Magistrum Gilbertum Kymer, Medicinarum + professorem, arcium ac philosophie Magistrum & in legibus + bacallarium prelibati principis phisicum, Cuius dietarij + colleccionem (?) dilucidancia & effectum viginti sex existunt + capitula, quorum consequenter hic ordo ponitur Rubricarum. + +Sharon Turner (_Hist. of England_, v. 498, note 35) says euphemistically +of the part of this treatise printed by Hearne, that "it implies how +much the Duke had injured himself by the want of self-government. It +describes him in his 45th year, as having a rheumatic affection in his +chest, with a daily morning cough. It mentions that his nerves had +become debilitated by the vehemence of his laborious exercises, and from +an immoderate frequency of pleasurable indulgences. It advises him to +avoid north winds after a warm sun, sleep after dinner, exercise after +society, frequent bathings, strong wine, much fruit, the flesh of swine, +and the weakening gratification to which he was addicted. The last +(chapter), 'De Deo semper colendo, ut sanitatem melius tueatur,' is +worthy the recollection of us all." It is too late to print the MS. in +the present volume, but in a future one it certainly ought to appear. + +Of Duke Humphrey's character and proceedings after the Pope's bull had +declared his first marriage void, Sharon Turner further says: + +"Gloucester had found the rich dowry of Jacqueline wrenched from his +grasp, and, from so much opposition, placed beyond his attaining, and he +had become satiated with her person. One of her attendants, Eleanor +Cobham, had affected his variable fancy; and tho' her character had not +been spotless before, and she had surrendered her honour to his own +importunities, yet he suddenly married her, exciting again the wonder of +the world by his conduct, as in that proud day every nobleman felt that +he was acting incongruously with the blood he had sprung from. His first +wedlock was impolitic, and this unpopular; and both were hasty and +self-willed, and destructive of all reputation for that dignified +prudence, which his elevation to the regency of the most reflective and +enlightened nation in Europe demanded for its example and its welfare. +This injudicious conduct announced too much imperfection of intellect, +not to give every advantage to his political rival the bishop of +Winchester, his uncle, who was now struggling for the command of the +royal mind, and for the predominance in the English government. He and +the duke of Exeter were the illegitimate brothers of Henry the Fourth, +and had been first intrusted with the king's education. The internal +state of the country, as to its religious feelings and interest, +contributed to increase the differences which now arose between the +prelate and his nephew, who is described by a contemporary as sullying +his cultivated understanding and good qualities, by an ungoverned and +diseasing love of unbecoming pleasures. It is strange, that in so old a +world of the same continuing system always repeating the same lesson, +any one should be ignorant that the dissolute vices are the destroyers +of personal health, comfort, character, and permanent influence."[24] + +After narrating Duke Humphrey's death, Turner thus sums up his +character:-- + +"The duke of Gloucester, amid failings that have been before alluded to, +has acquired the pleasing epithet of The Good; and has been extolled for +his promotion of the learned or deserving clergy. Fond of literature, +and of literary conversation, he patronized men of talent and erudition. +One is called, in a public record, his poet and orator; and Lydgate +prefaces one of his voluminous works, with a panegyric upon him, written +during the king's absence on his French coronation, which presents to us +the qualities for which, while he was living, the poet found him +remarkable, and thought fit to commend him." + +These verses are in the Royal MS. 18 D 4, in the British Museum, and are +here printed from the MS., not from Turner:-- + + [Fol. 4.] + Eek in this lond--I dar afferme a thyng-- + Ther is a prince Ful myhty of puyssau{n}ce, + A kynges sone, vncle to the kynge + Henry the sexte which is now i{n} frau{n}ce, + And is lieftenant, & hath the gouernau{n}ce + Off our breteyne; thoruh was discrecion + He hath conserued in this regiou{n} + + Duryng his tyme off ful hih{e}[A] prudence + Pes and quiete, and sustened riht{e}.[A] + [Gh]it natwithstandyng his noble prouyde{n}ce + He is in deede prouyd a good knyht, + Eied as argus with reson and forsiht; + Off hih{e} lectrure I dar eek off hym telle, + And treuli deeme that he doth{e} excelle + + In vndirstondyng all othir of his age, + And hath gret Ioie with clerkis to co{m}mune; + And no man is mor expert off language. + Stable in studie alwei he doth contune, + Settyng a side alle chau{n}ges[B] of fortune; + And wher he loueth{e}, [gh]iff I schal nat tarie, + With{e}oute cause ful loth{e} he is to varie. + + Duc off Gloucestre men this prince calle; + And natwithstandyng his staat & dignyte, + His corage neuer doth appalle + To studie in bookis off antiquite; + Therin he hath{e} so gret felicite + Vertuousli hym silff to ocupie, + Off vicious slouth to haue the maistrie.[25] + + And with his prudence & wit his manheed + Trouthe to susteyne he fauour set a side; + And hooli chirche meyntenyng in dede, + That in this land no lollard dar abide. + As verrai support, vpholdere, & eek guyde, + Spareth non, but maketh{e} hym silff strong + To punysshe alle tho that do the chirch{e} wrong. + + Thus is he both manly & eek wise, + Chose of god to be his owne knyht{e}; + And off o thynge he hath a synguler[C] price, + That heretik dar non comen in his siht{e}. + In cristes feith{e} he stant so hol vpriht, + Off hooli chirche defence and [c]hampion + To chastise alle that do therto treson. + + And to do plesance to oure lord ih{es}u + He studieht[D] eu{er}e to haue intelligence. + Reedinge off bookis bringth{e} in vertu,-- + Vices excludyng, slouthe & necligence,-- + Maketh{e} a prince to haue experience + To know hym silff i{n} many sundry wise, + Wher he trespaseth, his errour to chastise. + + [Text Notes: + A: These _e_-s represent the strokes through the _h_-s. + B: MS. thau{n}ges. + C: The _l_ is rubbed. + D: So in MS.] + +After mentioning that the duke had considered the book of 'Boccasio, on +the Fall of Princes,' he adds, 'and he gave me commandment, that I +should, after my conning, this book translate him to do plesance.' MS. +18 D 4.--Sharon Turner's _History of England_, vol. vi. pp. 55--7. + + +P.S. When printing the 1513 edition of Wynkyn de Worde's _Boke of +Keruynge_, I was not aware of the existence of a copy of the earlier +edition in the Cambridge University Library. Seeing this copy afterwards +named in Mr Hazlitt's new catalogue, I asked a friend to compare the +present reprint with the first edition, and the result follows. + + +NOTE ON THE 1508 EDITION OF + +_The Boke of Keruynge_, + +By The Rev. Walter Skeat, M.A. + +The title-page of the older edition, of 1508, merely contains the words, +"¶ Here begynneth the boke of Keruynge;" and beneath them is--as in the +second edition of 1513--a picture of two ladies and two gentlemen at +dinner, with an attendant bringing a dish, two servants at a side table, +and a jester. The colophon tells us that it was "Enprynted by wynkyn de +worde at London in Flete strete at the sygne of the sonne. The yere of +our lorde M.CCCCC.VIII;" beneath which is Wynkyn de Worde's device, as +in the second edition. + +The two editions resemble each other very closely, running page for page +throughout, and every folio in the one begins at the same place as in +the other. Thus the word "moche" is divided into mo-che in both +editions, the "-che" beginning Fol. A. ii. b. Neither is altogether +free from misprints, but these are not very numerous nor of much +importance. It may be observed that marks of contraction are hardly ever +used in the older edition, the word "y^e" being written "the" at length, +and instead of "hãged" we find "hanged." On the whole, the first edition +would seem to be the more carefully printed, but the nature of the +variations between them will be best understood by an exact collation of +the first two folios (pp. 151-3 of the present edition), where the +readings of the first edition are denoted by the letter A. The only +variations are these:-- + + P. 151. + _lyft_ that swanne] _lyfte_ that swanne A (_a misprint_). + _frusshe_ that chekyn] _fruche_ that chekyn A. + thye all maner _of_ small byrdes] A _omits_ of. + _fynne_ that cheuen] _fyne_ that cheuen A. + _transsene_ that ele] _trassene_ that ele A. + Here _hendeth_, &c.] Here _endeth_, &c. A. + _Butler_] Butteler A. + + P. 152, + l. 5. _tre{n}choures_] trenchours A. + l. 12. _ha{n}ged_] hanged A. + l. 15. _cannelles_] canelles A. + l. 18, 19. _y^e_] the (_in both places_) A. + l. 20. _seasous_] seasons A. + l. 23. _after_] After A. + l. 27. _good_] goot A. + l. 30. _y^e_] the A. + l. 34. _modo{n}_] modon A. + l. 36. _sourayne_] souerayne A. + + P. 153. _ye_] the A (_several times_). + l. 5. _wyll_] wyl A. + l. 9. _rede_] reed A. _reboyle_] reboyle not A. + l. 12. _the_ reboyle] _they_ reboyle A. + l. 17. _lessynge_] lesynge A. + l. 20. _ca{m}polet_] campolet A. + l. 21. _tyer_] tyerre A. + l. 22. _ypocras_] Ipocras A (_and in the next line, and l. 26_). + l. 24. _gy{n}ger_] gynger A. + l. 27. _ren_] hange A. + l. 29. _your_] youre A. + _In l._ 33, A _has_ paradico, _as in the second edition._ + +It will be readily seen that these variations are chiefly in the +spelling, and of a trivial character. The only ones of any importance +are, on p. 151, _lyste_ (which is a misprint) for _lyft_, and _trassene_ +for _transsene_ (cp. Fr. _transon_, a truncheon, peece of, Cot.); on p. +152, _goot_ for _good_ is well worth notice (if any meaning can be +assigned to _goot_), as the direction to beware of _good_ strawberries +is not obvious; on p. 153, we should note _lesynge_ for _lessynge_, and +_hange_ for _ren_, the latter being an improvement, though _ren_ makes +sense, as basins hung by cords on a perch may, like curtains hung on a +rod, be said to _run_ on it. The word _ren_ was probably caught up from +the line above it in reprinting. + +The following corrections are also worth making, and are made on the +authority of the first edition:-- + + P. 155, + l. 10, _For_ treachour _read_ trenchour. + l. 23. _For_ so _read_ se. + l. 24. _For_ se' _read_ se. + P. 156, + l. 1. _ony_] on A. + l. 7. _For_ it _read_ is. + l. 15. _y^e so_] and soo A. + (_No doubt owing to confusion between & and_ y^e.) + l. 16. _your_] you A. + l. 29. _For_ bo _read_ be. + P. 157, + l. 20. _For_ wich _read_ with. + P. 158, + l. 3. _For_ fumosytces _read_ fumosytees. + l. 7. _For_ pygous _read_ pynyons (whence it appears that + the _pinion_-bones, not _pigeon's_-bones, are meant). + l. 25. The word "reyfe" is quite plain. + +P. 160, ll. 18, &c. There is some variation here; the first edition +has, after the word _souerayne_, the following:--"laye trenchours before +hym / yf he be a grete estate, lay fyue trenchours / & he be of a lower +degre, foure trenchours / & of an other degre, thre trenchours," &c. +This is better; the second edition is clearly wrong about _five_ +trenchers. This seems another error made in reprinting, the words +_lower degre_ being wrongly repeated. + + P. 161, + l. 6. It may be proper to note the first edition also has _broche_. + P. 165, + l. 8. _For_ for y^e _read_ for they. + P. 165, + l. 27. _the[y]_; _in_ A they _is printed in full._ + P. 166, + l. 18. _For_ raysyus _read_ raysyns. + P. 167, + l. 21. _For_ slytee _read_ slytte. + P. 169, + ll. 10, 18. _carpentes_] carpettes A. + l. 14. _shall_] shake A. + l. 23. _blanked_] blanket A. + +Nearly all the above corrections have already been made in the +side-notes. Only two of them are of any importance, viz. the +substitution of _pynyons_ on p. 158, and the variation of reading on +p. 160; in the latter case perhaps neither edition seems quite right, +though the first edition is quite intelligible. + +In our Cambridge edition (see p. 170, l. 5) this line about the pope is +carefully struck out, and the grim side-note put "_lower down_", with +tags to show to what estate he and the cardinal and bishops ought to be +degraded! + + + NOTE TO p. xxiv. l. 10, "OUR WOMEN," + AND THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF LANGUAGES, p. xxv-vi. + + [These pages can be found under the headnote + "NEGLECT OF EDUCATION BY MOTHERS".] + +The Ladies & Men of Queen Elizabeth's Court. + + "I might here (if I would, or had sufficient disposition of matter + conceiued of the same) make a large discourse of such honorable + ports, of such graue councellors, and noble personages, as giue + their dailie attendance vpon the quéenes maiestie there. I could + in like sort set foorth a singular commendation of the vertuous + beautie, or beautifull vertues of such ladies and gentlewomen as + wait vpon hir person, betweene whose amiable countenances and + costlinesse of attire, there séemeth to be such a dailie conflict + and contention, as that it is verie difficult for me to gesse, + whether of the twaine shall beare awaie the preheminence. This + further is not to be omitted, to the singular commendation of both + sorts and sexes of our courtiers here in England, [a] that there + are verie few of them, which haue not the vse and skill of sundrie + speaches, beside an excellent veine of writing before time not + regarded. Would to God the rest of their liues and conuersations + were correspondent to these gifts! for as our common courtiers + (for the most part) are the best lerned and indued with excellent + gifts, so are manie of them the worst men when they come abroad, + that anie man shall either heare or read of. Trulie it is a rare + thing with vs now, to heare of a courtier which hath but his owne + language. [b] And to saie how many gentlewomen and ladies there + are, that beside sound knowledge of the Gréeke and Latine toongs, + are thereto no lesse skilfull in the Spanish, Italian, and French, + or in some one of them, it resteth not in me: sith I am persuaded, + that as the noble men and gentlemen doo surmount in this behalfe, + so these come verie little or nothing at all behind them for their + parts; which industrie God continue, and accomplish that which + otherwise is wanting! + + [Sidenotes ([b] bracketed in original): + [a] English courtiers the best learned & the worst liuers. + [[b] Ladies learned in languages.]] + + "[a] Beside these things I could in like sort set downe the waies + and meanes, wherby our ancient ladies of the court doo shun and + auoid idlenesse, some of them exercising their fingers with the + needle, other in caul-worke, diuerse in spinning of silke, some in + continuall reading either of the holie scriptures, or histories of + our owne or forren nations about vs, and diuerse in writing + volumes of their owne, or translating of other mens into our + English and Latine toong, [b] whilest the yoongest sort in the + meane time applie their lutes, citharnes, prickesong, and all kind + of musike, which they vse onelie for recreation sake, when they + haue leisure, and are frée from attendance vpon the quéenes + maiestie, or such as they belong vnto. [c] How manie of the eldest + sort also are skilfull in surgerie and distillation of waters, + beside sundrie other artificiall practises perteining to the + ornature and commendations of their bodies, I might (if I listed + to deale further in this behalfe) easilie declare, but I passe + ouer such maner of dealing, least I should séeme to glauer, and + currie fauour with some of them. Neuerthelesse this I will + generallie saie of them all, that as [d] ech of them are cuning in + somthing wherby they kéepe themselues occupied in the court, so + there is in maner none of them, but when they be at home, can + helpe to supplie the ordinarie want of the kitchen with a number + of delicat dishes of their owne deuising, [e] wherein the + Portingall is their chéefe counsellor, as some of them are most + commonlie with the clearke of the kitchen, who vseth (by a tricke + taken vp of late) [f] to giue in a bréefe rehearsall of such and + so manie dishes as are to come in at euerie course throughout the + whole seruice in the dinner or supper while: which bill some doo + call a [g] memoriall, other a billet, but some a fillet, bicause + such are commonlie hanged on the file, and kept by the ladie or + gentlewoman vnto some other purpose. But whither am I digressed?" + --1577, W. HARRISON, in _Holinshed's Chronicles_, vol. I. p. 196, + ed. 1586. + + [Sidenotes (all bracketed in original): + [[a] Ancient ladies' employments.] + [[b] Young ladies' recreations.] + [[c] Old ladies' skill in surgery, &c.] + [[d] All are cunning [e] in cookery, helped by the Portuguese.] + [[f] Introduction of the _Carte_, [g] Memorial, Billet or Fillet.]] + + + [Footnote 1: This MS. contains a copy of "The Rewle of the Moone," + fol. 49-67, which I hope to edit for the Society.] + + [Footnote 2: The next treatise to Russell in this MS. is "The + booke off the gou{er}naunce off Kyngis and Pryncis," or _Liber + Aristotiles ad Alexandrum Magnum_, a book of Lydgate's that we + ought to print from the best MS. of it. At fol. 74 b. is a + heading,-- + + Here dyed this translatour and noble poette Lidgate and the yong + follower gan his prolog on this wys.] + + [Footnote 3: One can fancy that a cook like Wolsey's (described by + Cavendish, vol. i. p. 34), "a Master Cook who went daily in damask + satin, or velvet, with a chain of gold about his neck" (a mark of + nobility in earlier days), would be not _leef_ but _loth_ to obey + an usher and marshal.] + + [Footnote 4: Warton, ii. 264-8, ed. 1840. For further details + about the Duke see the Appendix to this Preface.] + + [Footnote 5: See one MS., "How to serve a Lord," ab. 1500 A.D., + quoted in the notes to the Camden Society's Italian Relation of + England, p. 97.] + + [Footnote 6: For the Early English Text Society.] + + [Footnote 7: I have put figures before the motions in the dress + and undress drills, for they reminded me so of "Manual and + Platoon: by numbers."] + + [Footnote 8: Mr Way says that the _planere_, l. 58, is an article + new to antiquarians.] + + [Footnote 9: Randle Holme's tortoise and snails, in No. 12 of his + Second Course, Bk. III., p. 60, col. 1, are stranger still. + "Tortoise need not seem strange to an alderman who eats turtle, + nor to a West Indian who eats terrapin. Nor should snails, at + least to the city of Paris, which devours myriads, nor of Ulm, + which breeds millions for the table. Tortoises are good; snails + excellent." Henry H. Gibbs.] + + [Footnote 10: "It is nought all good to the goost that the gut + asketh" we may well say with William who wrote _Piers Ploughmon_, + v. 1, p. 17, l. 533-4, after reading the lists of things eatable, + and dishes, in Russell's pages. The later feeds that Phylotheus + Physiologus exclaims against[*] are nothing to them: "What an + _Hodg-potch_ do most that have Abilities make in their Stomachs, + which must wonderfully oppress and distract Nature: For if you + should take _Flesh_ of various sorts, _Fish_ of as many, + _Cabbages_, _Parsnops_, _Potatoes_, _Mustard_, _Butter_, _Cheese_, + a _Pudden_ that contains more then ten several Ingredents, + _Tarts_, _Sweet-meats_, _Custards_, and add to these _Churries_, + _Plums_, _Currans_, _Apples_, _Capers_, _Olives_, _Anchovies_, + _Mangoes_, _Caveare_, _&c._, and jumble them altogether into one + _Mass_, what Eye would not loath, what Stomach not abhor such a + _Gallemaufrey?_ yet this is done every Day, and counted _Gallent + Entertainment_."] + + [Footnote 10*: Monthly Observations for the preserving of + Health, 1686, p. 20-1.] + + [Footnote 11: See descriptions of a dinner in Parker's Domestic + Architecture of the Middle Ages, iii. 74-87 (with a good cut of + the Cupboard, Dais, &c.), and in Wright's _Domestic Manners and + Customs_. Russell's description of the Franklin's dinner, l. + 795-818, should be noted for the sake of Chaucer's Franklin, and + we may also notice that Russell orders butter and fruits to be + served on an empty stomach before dinner, l. 77, as a whet to the + appetite. _Modus Cenandi_ serves potage first, and keeps the + fruits, with the spices and biscuits, for dessert.] + + [Footnote 12: The extracts from Bulleyn, Borde, Vaughan, and + Harington are in the nature of notes, but their length gave one + the excuse of printing them in bigger type as parts of a Text. In + the same way I should have treated the many extracts from Laurens + Andrewe, had I not wanted them intermixed with the other notes, + and been also afraid of swelling this book to an unwieldy size.] + + [Footnote 13: The Termes of a Kerver so common in MSS. are added, + p. 151, and the subsequent arrangement of the modes of carving the + birds under these Termes, p. 161-3. The Easter-Day feast (p. 162) + is also new, the bit why the heads of pheasants, partridges, &c., + are unwholesome--'for they ete in theyr degrees foule thynges, as + wormes, todes, and other suche,' p. 165-6--and several other + pieces.] + + [Footnote 14: _do the_, l. 115, is _clothe_ in the MS.; _grayne_, + l. 576 (see too ll. 589, 597,) is _grayue_, Scotch _greive_, A.S. + _gerefa_, a kind of bailiff; _resceyne_, ll. 547, 575, is + _resceyue_, receive; &c.] + + [Footnote 15: This is doubtless a different book from Hugh + Rhodes's _Booke of Nurture & Schoole of Good Manners_, p. 71, + below.] + + [Footnote 16: What this _Edyllys Be_ means, I have no idea, and + five or six other men I have asked are in the same condition. A.S. + _æþel_ is noble, _æþeling_, a prince, a noble; that may do for + _edyllys_. _Be_ may be for A B C, alphabet, elementary grammar of + behaviour.] + + [Footnote 17: P.S. Mr Hazlitt, iv. 366, notices two others in MS. + Ashmole 59, art. 57, and in Cotton MS. Calig. A II. fol. 13, the + latter of which and Ashmole 61, are, he says, of a different + translation.] + + [Footnote 18: See Hazlitt, iv. 366.] + + [Footnote 19: The MS. has no title. The one printed I have made up + from bits of the text.] + + [Footnote 20: Still one is truly thankful for the material in + these unindexed books.] + + [Footnote 21: Sharon Turner's _History of England_, vol. v. pp. + 496-8.] + + [Footnote 22: This is the stanza quoted by Dr Reinhold Pauli in + his _Bilder aus Alt-England_, c. xi. p. 349: + + "Herzog von Glocester nennen sie den Fürsten, + Der trotz des hohen Rangs und hoher Ehren + Im Herzen nährt ein dauerndes Gelüsten + Nach Allem, was die alten Bücher lehren; + So glücklich gross ist hierin sein Begehren, + Dass tugendsam er seine Zeit verbringt + Und trunkne Trägheit männiglich bezwingt." + + The reader should by all means consult this chapter, which is + headed "Herzog Humfrid von Glocester. Bruchstück eines + Fürstenlebens im fünfzehnten Jahrhunderte" (Humphrey Duke of + Gloucester. Sketch of the life of a prince in the fifteenth + century). There is an excellent English translation of this book, + published by Macmillan, and entitled "Pictures of Old England." + --W. W. Skeat.] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +COLLATIONS. + + + These are given as a warning to other editors either to collate in + foot-notes or not at all. The present plan takes up as much room + as printing a fresh text would, and gives needless trouble to + every one concerned. + +[Transcriber's Note: + +Each of these Collations will be repeated in or after the appropriate +selection.] + + +p. 260. _The A B C of Aristotle_, Harl. MS. 1706, fol. 94, collated +by Mr Brock, omits the prologue, and begins after l. 14 with, "Here +be-gynneth{e} Arystoles A B C. made be mayster Benett." + + A, _for_ argue not _read_ Angre the + B, _omit_ ne; _for_ not to large _read_ thou nat to brode + D, " " ; _for_ not _read_ thow nat + E, " " ; _for_ to eernesful _read_ ne curyons + F, _for_ fers, famuler, freendli, _read_ Ferde, familier, frenfull{e} + G, _omit_ to; _for_ & gelosie þou hate, _read_ Ne to galaunt never + H, _for_ in þine _read_ off + I, _for_ iettynge _read_ Iocunde; + _for_ iape not to _read_ Ioye thow nat + K, _omit_ to _and_ &; _for_ knaue _read_ knaves + L, _for_ for to leene _read_ ne to lovyng; + _for_ goodis _read_ woordys + M, _for_ medelus _read_ Mellous; + _for_ but as mesure wole it meeue + _read_ ne to besynesse vnleffull{e} + N, _for_ ne use no new iettis _read_ ne nought{e} to neffangle + O, _for_ ouerþwart _read_ ouertwarth{e}; + _for_ & ooþis þou hate _read_ Ne othez to haunte + Q, _for_ quarelose _read_ querelous; + _for_ weel [gh]oure souereyns _read_ men all{e} abowte + R, _omit the second_ to; _for_ not to rudeli _read_ thou nat but lyte + S, _for_ ne straungeli to stare _read_ Ne starte nat abowte + T, _for_ for temperaunce is best _read_ But temp{er}ate euer{e} + V, _for_ ne &c. _read_ ne violent Ne waste nat to moche + W, _for_ neiþer &c. _read_ Ne to wyse deme the + + ¶ _for_ is euere þe beste of _read_ ys best for vs + + _Add_ =X Y Z= x y wych{e} esed & p{er} se. + Tytell{e} Tytell{e} Tytell{e} thañ Esta Amen. + + +p. 265, _The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke_, with part of the Advocates +Library MS., fol. 84, back (collated by Mr David Laing). + + l. 1, _for_ childre[-n] _read_ childur + l. 2, _dele_ þat + l. 3 _dele_ For + l. 6, _for_ with mary, _read_ oure Lady + l. 7, _for_ ar[-n] _read_ byn + l. 9, _prefix_ Forst _to_ Loke + and _for_ wasshe _read_ wasshyd + l. 12, _for_ tylle _read_ to + l. 13, _prefix_ And _to_ Loke + l. 14, _is_, To he y^t reweleth y^e howse y^e bytt + l. 16, _put the_ that _between_ loke _and_ on + l. 17, _for_ without any faylys _read_ withowtte fayle + l. 18, _for_ hungery aylys _read_ empty ayle + l. 20, _for_ ete esely _read_ etett eysely + p. 267, + l. 25, _for_ mosselle _read_ morsselle + l. 26, _for_ in _read_ owt of + l. 30, _for_ Into thy _read_ nor in the + _for_ thy salte _read_ hit + l. 31, _for_ fayre on þi _read_ on a + l. 32, _for_ The byfore _read_ Byfore the + _and dele_ þyne + ll. 33-4, _are_ Pyke not y^i tethe wyth y^i knyfe + Whyles y^u etyst be y^i lyfe + +The poem in the Advocates' MS. has 108 lines, and fills 5 pages of the +MS. (Wynkyn de Worde's version ends with this, after l. 105, 'And in +his laste ende wyth the swete Ihesus. Amen. Here endeth the boke of +curtesye.') + + +p. 265. _The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke_ collated with the Cambridge +University MS., by Mr Henry Bradshaw. _Hem_ is always written for _him_ +in this MS., and so with other words. + + l. 2, _for_ wrytyne _read_ brekeyd + l. 6, _for_ Elizabeth _read_ cortesey + l. 7, _for_ closide _read_ clodyd + l. 10, _for_ on _read_ yn + l. 11, 12, _for_ þou _read_ ye + l. 14, _for_ hous the bydde _read_ hall þe beyt + l. 15, _for_ þe _read_ they + l. 16, _for_ on _read_ no + l. 17, _for_ any faylys _read_ fayle + l. 18, _for_ aylys _read_ heydyt + l. 19, _for_ Ete ... hastely _read_ yet ... hastey + l. 20, _prefix_ Bot _to_ Abyde + _for_ esely _read_ all yesley + p. 267, + l. 23, _for_ Kerue not thy brede _read_ Kot they bred not + l. 24, _is_ Ne to theke bat be-tweyn + l. 25, _for_ mosselle _read_ mossels; + _for_ begynnysse to _read_ dost + l. 26, _for_ in _read_ owt of + l. 27, _for_ on _read_ yn + ll. 28-30, _are_ Ne yn they met, feys, ne fleys. + Put not thy mete yn þey salt seleyr + l. 32, _is_ Be-fore the, that ys worschep + l. 33, _for_ ne _read_ nother + l. 34, _for_ If _read_ And + _for_ come _read_ comest + l. 35, _for_ And _read_ Seche + _put the_ is _before_ yn + l. 37, _for_ Ete ... by _read_ Kot ... yn + l. 38, _prefix_ And _to_ Fylle; _omit_ done + l. 40, _is_ Weyles thou hetys, bey they leyffe + l. 42, _for_ þow put _read_ take owt + l. 43, _for_ Ne _read_ Nether + l. 44, _is_ For no cortesey het ys not habell + l. 45, _for_ Elbowe ... fyst _read_ Elbowhes ... fystys + l. 46, _for_ whylis þat _read_ wheyle + l. 47, _is_ Bolk not as a bolle yn the crofte + l. 48, _for_ karle þat _read_ charle + _for_ cote _read_ cotte + l. 50, _for_ of hyt or þou art _read_ the or ye be + l. 51, _for_ sterke _read_ lowde + p. 269, + l. 52, _is_ all of curtesy loke ye carpe + l. 53, _for_ at _read_ all + _omit_ loke þou + l. 54, _for_ Loke þou rownde not _read_ And loke ye + l. 55, _omit_ thy + _for_ and _read_ ne + l. 56, _for_ doo _read_ make + l. 57, _for_ laughe not _read_ noþer laughe + l. 58, _for_ with moche speche _read_ thow meche speke + _for_ mayst _read_ may + l. 59, _for_ first ne _read_ ner + and _for the second_ ne _read_ not + l. 60, _for_ fayre and stylle _read_ stere het not + l. 61, _for_ thy _read_ the + l. 66, _omit_ a + l. 67, _for_ I rede of _read_ of j redde þe of + l. 68, _for_ neþer _read_ neuer + _omit_ yn þi _before_ drynk + l. 69, _for_ þat _read_ they + l. 73, _for_ þou see _read_ be saye + l. 76, _for_ þou _read_ yow + _for_ thow art _read_ yow ar + l. 77, _for_ forthe _read_ before yow + l. 78, _omit_ þow not + l. 79, _for_ ynto _read_ yn + p. 271, + l. 83, _for_ ende _read_ hendyng + l. 84, _for_ wasshen _read_ was + l. 85, _for_ worthy _read_ wortheyor + l. 86, _for_ to- _read_ be- + _omit_ & + _for_ þi prow _read_ gentyll cortesey + ll. 87, 88, 89, are omitted. + l. 90, _for_ nether _read_ not + _for_ ne _read_ ne with + l. 91, _omit_ þi + _for_ the hede _read_ they lorde + l. 92, _for_ hyghly _read_ mekeley + l. 93, _for_ togydre ynsame _read_ yn the same manere + p. 271, + l. 94, _for_ no blame _read_ the same + l. 95, _for_ therafter _read_ hereafter + l. 96, _after_ that _add_ he ys + _for_ was heere _read_ þere aftyr + l. 97, _omit_ And + _for_ dispiseth _read_ dispise + l. 99, _for_ Nether _read_ neuer + l. 100, _for_ Ner _read_ ne + l. 101, _after_ for _add_ sent + l. 102, _for_ Louyth this boke _read_ Loren this lesen + l. 103, _omit_ and + _for_ made _read_ wret + l. 106, is omitted. + + p. 273, + l. 107, _before_ vs _put_ hem and + l. 108, _for the first_ Amen _read_ Sey all + _for the_ Explicit &c. _read_ + Expleycyt the Boke of cortesey. + + + + +CORRIGENDA, ADDITIONAL NOTES, &c. + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +Where appropriate, changes listed have been incorporated into the +e-text; they are marked here in double brackets as [[corrected]]. +Conversely, notes and larger corrections have been added to the main +text in [[double brackets]], with added footnotes shown as [[6a]], +[[10a]]... The bracketed paragraph, following, is from the original +text.] + + +[A few corrections of letters and figures have been made in this +Reprint.] + +p. iv. l. 6. 'Your Bele Babees are very like the _Meninos_ of the Court +of Spain, & _Menins_ of that of France, young nobles brought up with the +young Princes.' H. Reeve. [[6a]] + +p. v. last line. This is not intended to confine the definition of Music +as taught at Oxford to its one division of _Harmonica_, to the exclusion +of the others, _Rythmica, Metrica_, &c. The Arithmetic _said_ to have +been studied there in the time of Edmund the Confessor is defined in his +Life (MS. about 1310 A.D.) in my _E. E. Poems & Lives of Saints_, 1862, +thus, + + Arsmetrike is a lore: þat of figours al is + & of drau[gh]tes as me draweþ in poudre: & in numbre iwis. [[10a]] + +p. xviii. l. 16. The regular Cathedral school would have existed at +St David's. [[24a]] + +p. xix., note 4. "There are no French universities, though we find +every now and then some humbug advertising himself in the _Times_ as +possessing a degree of the Paris University. The old Universities belong +to the time before the Deluge--that means before the Revolution of 1789. +The University of France is the organized whole of the higher and middle +institutions of learning, in so far as they are directed by the State, +not the clergy. It is an institution more governmental, according to the +genius of the country, than our London University, to which, however, +its organization bears some resemblance. To speak of it in one breath +with Oxford or Aberdeen is to commit the ... error of confounding two +things, or placing them on the same line, because they have the same +name." --E. Oswald, in _The English Leader_, Aug. 10, 1867. [[30a]] + +p. xxiv. l. 9, _for_ 1574 _read_ 1577. [[Corrected in reprint.]] + +p. xxv. l. 17, related apparently. "The first William de Valence married +Joan de Monchensi, sister-in-law to one Dionysia, and aunt to another." +_The Chronicle_, Sept. 21, 1867. [[35a]] + +p. xxvi. One of the inquiries ordered by the Articles issued by +Archbishop Cranmer, in A.D. 1548, is, "Whether Parsons, Vicars, Clerks, +and other beneficed men, having yearly to dispend an hundred pound, do +not find, competently, one scholar in the University of Cambridge or +Oxford, or some grammar school; and for as many hundred pounds as every +of them may dispend, so many scholars likewise to be found [supported] +by them; and what be their names that they so find." Toulmin Smith, _The +Parish_, p. 95. Compare also in Church-Wardens Accompts of St +Margaret's, Westminster (ed. Jn. Nichols, p. 41). + + 1631. + Item, to Richard Busby, a king's scholler of Westminster, towards + enabling him to proceed master of arts at Oxon, by consent of the + vestrie £6. 13. 4. + + 1628. + Item, to Richard Busby, by consent of the vestry, towards enabling + him to proceed bachelor of arts £5. 0. 0. + +Nichols, p. 38. See too p. 37. [[38a]] + +p. xxvii., last line. Roger Bacon died, perhaps, 11 June, 1292, or in +1294. _Book of Dates._ [[41a]] + +p. xxvii., _dele_ note 3 [[41]]. 'The truth is that, in his account of +Oxford and its early days, Mr Hallam quotes John of Salisbury, not as +asserting that Vacarius taught there, but as making "no mention of +Oxford at all"; while he gives for the statement about the law school no +authority whatever beyond his general reference throughout to Anthony +Wood. But the fact is as historical as a fact can well be, and the +authority for it is a passage in one of the best of the contemporary +authors, Gervaise of Canterbury. "Tunc leges et causidici in Angliam +primo vocati sunt," he says in his account of Theobald in the Acts of +the Archbishops, "quorum primus era{t} magister Vacarius. Hic in +Oxonefordiâ legem docuit."' E. A. F. + +p. xxxiii. note [[45]], l. 1, _for_ St Paul's _read_ St Anthony's +[[Corrected in reprint.]] + +p. xxxiv., _for_ sister _read_ brother [[Corrected in reprint. The word +"brother" appears twice on this page: "brother of Anne Bulleyn" and +"Jane Seymour's brother".]] + +p. xlv. l. 2, _for_ poor _read_ independent. 'Fitz-Stephen says on the +parents of St Thomas, "Neque foenerantibus neque officiose negotiantibus, +sed de redditibus suis honorifice viventibus."' E. A. F. [[Corrected; +Footnote 63a]] + +p. liii. Thetford. See also p. xli. [[Author's intention unclear. List +on page liii shows Thetford grammar school, founded 1328. Page xli text +has "between 1091 and 1119 ... schools at Thetford".]] + +p. lxxix. last line. A Postscript of nine fresh pieces has been since +added, on and after p. 349, with 'The Boris hede furst' at p. 264*. +[[Section rewritten for reprint.]] + + +p. 6, l. 77, _for the note on_ plommys, damsons, _see_ p. 91, _note on +l. 177_. [[Note corrected from "177" to "77" in reprint; note +moved in e-text.]] + +p. 7, l. 2 of notes, _for_ Houeshold _read_ Household [[Corrected in +reprint.]] + +p. 27, l. 418, Areyse. Compare, "and the Geaunte pulled and drough, but +he myght hym not _a-race_ from the sadell." _Merlin_, Pt. II. p. 346 +(E. E. T. Soc. 1866). [[Added to footnote 80.]] + +p. 35, note 3 (to l. 521), _for_ end of this volume _read_ p. 145 +[[Corrected in reprint.]] + +p. 36, l. 536. _Pepper_. "The third thing is Pepper, a sauce for +vplandish folkes: for they mingle Pepper with Beanes and Peason. +Likewise of toasted bread with Ale or Wine, and with Pepper, they make a +blacke sauce, as if it were pap, that is called _pepper_, and that they +cast vpon theyr meat, flesh and fish." _Reg. San. Salerni_, p. 67. +[[127a]] + +p. 58, l. 851; p. 168, l. 13, 14. Green sauce. There is a herb of an +acid taste, the common name for which ... is _green-sauce_ ... not a +dozen miles from Stratford-on-Avon. _Notes & Queries_, June 14, 1851, +vol. iii. p. 474. "of Persley leaues stamped withe veriuyce, or white +wine, is made a _greene sauce_ to eate with roasted meat ... Sauce for +Mutton, Veale and Kid, is _greene sauce_, made in Summer with Vineger or +Verjuyce, with a few spices, and without Garlicke. Otherwise with +Parsley, white Ginger, and tosted bread with Vineger. In Winter, the +same sawces are made with many spices, and little quantity of Garlicke, +and of the best Wine, and with a little Verjuyce, or with Mustard." +_Reg. San. Salerni_, p. 67-8. [[Added to note 237.]] + +p. 62, l. 909, ? _perhaps a comma should go after _hed_, and _'his cloak +or cape'_ as a side-note. But see _cappe, p. 65, l. 964. [[242a]] + +p. 66, l. 969. Dogs. The nuisance that the number of Dogs must have been +may be judged of by the following payments in the Church-Wardens' +Accounts of St Margaret's, Westminster, in _Nichols_, p. 34-5. + + 1625 Item paid to the dog-killer for killing of dogs 0. 9. 8. + 1625 Item paid to the dog-killer more for killing + 14 dozen and 10 dogs in time of visitacion 1. 9. 8. + 1625 Item paid to the dog-killer for killing of + 24 dozen of dogs 1. 8. + +See the old French satire on the Lady and her Dogs, in _Rel. Ant._ i. +155. [[250a]] + +p. 67, last line of note, _for_ Hoss _read_ Hog's [[Corrected in +reprint]] + +p. 71, side-note 12, _for_ King's _read_ chief [[Corrected in reprint]] + +p. 84, note to l. 51. Chipping or paring bread. "_Non comedas crustam, +colorem quia gignit adustam_ ... the Authour in this Text warneth vs, to +beware of crusts eating, because they ingender a-dust cholor, or +melancholly humours, by reason that they bee burned and dry. And +therefore great estates the which be [_orig._ the] chollerick of nature, +cause the crustes aboue and beneath to be chipped away; wherfore the +pith or crumme should be chosen, the which is of a greater nourishment +then the crust." _Regimen Sanitatis Salerni_, ed. 1634, p. 71. Fr. +_chapplis_, bread-chippings. Cotgrave. [[Added to note.]] + +p. 85, note to l. 98, _Trencher_, should be to l. 52. [[Note corrected +to "52" in reprint; note moved in e-text.]] + +p. 91, last note, on l. 177, should be on l. 77. [[See above under +"p. 6".]] + +p. 92, l. 6, _goddes good_. This, and _barme_, and _bargood_ +(= beer-good) are only equivalents for 'yeast.' Goddes-good was so +called 'because it cometh of _the_ grete grace of God': see the +following extract, sent me by Mr Gillett, from the Book of the Corporate +Assembly of Norwich, 8 Edw. IV.: + + "The Maior of this Cite com{m}aundeth on the Kynges bihalve, y^t + alle man{er} of Brewers y^t shall brewe to sale w^tynne this + Cite, kepe y^e assise accordyn to y^e Statute, & upon peyne + ordeyned. And wheras berme, otherwise clepid goddis good, + w^toute tyme of mynde hath frely be goven or delyv{er}ed for + brede, whete, malte, egges, or other honest rewarde, to y^e valewe + only of a ferthyng at y^e uttermost, & noon warned, bicause it + cometh of y^e grete grace of God, Certeyn p{er}sons of this Cite, + callyng themselves com{m}on Brewers, for their singler lucre & + avayll have nowe newely bigonne to take money for their seid + goddis good, for y^e leest parte thereof, be it never so litle and + insufficient to s{er}ve the payer therefore, an halfpeny or a + peny, & ferthermore exaltyng y^e p{ri}ce of y^e seid Goddis good + at their p{ro}p{e}r will, ageyns the olde & laudable custome of + alle Englande, & sp{eci}ally of this Cite, to grete hurte & + slaunder of y^e same Cite. Wherefore it is ordeyned & provided, + That no man{er} of brewer of this Cite shall from this time foorth + take of eny p{er}son for lyvering, gevyng, or grauntyng of y^e s^d + goddis good, in money nor other rewarde, above y^e valewe of a + ferthyng. He shall, for no malice feyned ne sought, colour, warne, + ne restregne y^e s^d goddis good to eny p{er}sone y^t will + honestly & lefully aske it, & paye therefore y^e valewe of a + ferthyng, &c." [[Added as second footnote to note on l. 178.]] + + +p. 161, l. 4. Flawnes. 'Pro Caseo ad _flauns_ qualibet die . panis j' +(allowance of). _Register of Worcester Priory_, fol. 121 _a._ ed. Hale, +1865. [[Added to editor's Note on this word.]] + +p. 296, col. 1, Clof. Can it be "cloth"? [[Added to Index. The entry is +in col. 2, not col. 1; the word occurs on p. 192.]] + +p. 181, l. 144, Croscrist. _La Croix de par Dieu._ The +Christs-crosse-row; or, the hornebooke wherein a child learnes it. +Cotgrave. The alphabet was called the _Christ-cross-row_, some say +because a cross was prefixed to the alphabet in the old primers; but as +probably from a superstitious custom of writing the alphabet in the form +of a cross, by way of charm. This was even solemnly practised by the +bishop in the consecration of a church. See Picart's Religious +Ceremonies, vol. i. p. 131. _Nares_. [[8a.]] + +p. 185, l. 267, _for_ be, falle, _read_ be-falle (it befalls, becomes) +[[Corrected]] + +p. 189, l. 393, side-note, _Hall,_ should be _Hall._ Fires in Hall +lasted to _Cena Domini_, the Thursday before Easter: see l. 398. +Squires' allowances of lights ended on Feb. 2, I suppose. These lights, +or _candle_ of l. 839, would be only part of the allowances. The rest +would continue all the year. See _Household Ordinances & North. Hous. +Book_. Dr Rock says that the _holyn_ or holly and _erbere grene_ refer +to the change on Easter Sunday described in the _Liber Festivalis_:-- +"In die pasch[-e]. Good friends ye shall know well that this day is called +in many places God's Sunday. Know well that it is the manner in every +place of worship at this day _to do the fire out of the hall;_ and the +black winter brands, and all thing that is foul with smoke shall be done +away, and there the fire was, shall be gaily arrayed with fair flowers, +and strewed with green rushes all about, showing a great ensample to all +Christian people, like as they make clean their houses to the sight of +the people, in the same wise ye should cleanse your souls, doing away +the foul brenning (burning) sin of lechery; put all these away, and cast +out all thy smoke, dusts; and strew in your souls flowers of faith and +charity, and thus make your souls able to receive your Lord God at the +Feast of Easter." --Rock's _Church of the Future_, v. iii. pt. 2, +p. 250. "The holly, being an evergreen, would be more fit for the +purpose, and makes less litter, than the boughs of deciduous trees. +I know some old folks in Herefordshire who yet follow the custom, and +keep the grate filled with flowers and foliage till late in the autumn." +--D. R. On Shere-Thursday, or _Cena Domini_, Dr Rock quotes from the +_Liber Festivalis_--"First if a man asked why Sherethursday is called +so, ye may say that in Holy Church it is called 'Cena Domini,' our +Lord's Supper Day; for that day he supped with his disciples openly.... +It is also in English called Sherethursday; for in old fathers' days the +people would that day sheer their heads and clip their beards, and poll +their heads, and so make them honest against Easter-day." --Rock, _ib._, +p. 235. [[Corrected; 15a. The Sidenote belongs to the Latin line +between 394, 395.]] + +p. 192, l. 462-4, _cut out_ . _after_ hete; _put_ ; _after_ sett, _and_ +, _after_ let; l. 468-9, _for_ sett, In syce, _read_ sett In syce; +l. 470, ? some omission after this line. [[Corrected; 28a.]] + +p. 200, l. 677, side-note, steel spoon _is more likely_ spoon handle +[[Corrected]] + +p. 215, l. 14. _The _T_ of _T the_ is used as a paragraph mark in +the MS._ + +p. 274, l. 143-4, ? sense, reading corrupt. [[Corrected; 63a.]] + +p. 275, Lowndes calls the original of _Stans Puer ad Mensam_ the _Carmen +Juvenile_ of Sulpitius. [[Corrected; 63b.]] + + +p. 312, col. 2, Holyn. Bosworth gives A.S. _holen_, a rush; Wright's +Vocab., _holin_, Fr. _hous_; and that Cotgrave glosses 'The Hollie, +Holme, or Huluer tree.' _Ancren Riwle_, 418 note *, and _Rel. Ant._, ii. +280, have it too. See Stratmann's Dict. + +p. 317, col. 2, _The extract for_ Lopster _should have been under_ +creuis _or_ crao. + +p. 318, col. 1, Lorely may be _lorel-ly_, like a lorel, a loose, +worthless fellow, a rascal. + +p. 339, col. 1, Syles _is_ strains. SILE, _v._, to strain, to purify +milk through a straining dish; Su.-Got. _sila_, colare.--SILE, s., +a fine sieve or milk strainer; Su.-Got. _sil_, colum. Brockett. See +quotations in Halliwell's Gloss., and Stratmann, who gives Swed. _sîla_, +colare. + +On the general subject of diet in olden time consult "Regimen Sanitatis +Salernitanum, with an Introduction by Sir Alex. Croke, Oxford, 1830." +H. B. Wheatley. On manners, consult _Liber Metricus Faceti Morosi_. +J. E. Hodgkin. + + +-> Ten fresh pieces relating more or less to the subjects of this volume +having come under my notice since the Index was printed and the volume +supposed to be finished, I have taken the opportunity of the delay in +its issue--caused by want of funds--to add nine of the new pieces as a +Postscript, and the tenth at p. 264*. An 11th piece, _Caxton's Book of +Curtesye_, in three versions, too important to be poked into a +postscript, will form No. 3 of the Early English Text Society's Extra +Series, the first Text for 1868. + + +POSTSCRIPT, 1894. + +[18 Oct. 1894. Much has been done for the history of Education since I +put the foregoing notes together: see Arthur Leach's articles in the +_Contemp. Review_, Sept. 1892, Nov. 1894; _Fortnightly Review_, Nov. +1892; _Westminster Gazette_, 26 July, 1894; and _National Observer_, +Sept. 1, 1894. Also Herbert Quick's books, J. Bass Mullinger's, Maria +Hackett's (1814, 1816, &c.), and Foster Watson's forthcoming _Writers on +Education in England_, 1500--1660.[1] See too Foss's _Lives of the +Judges_; Jn. Smith's _Lives of the Berkeleys_; the _Life of William of +Wykeham_; Lupton's _Life of Colet_; articles in Thomassin's +_Ecclesiastica Disciplina, Vetus et Nova_; Dr. P. Alford's _Abbots of +Tavistock_, p. 119-120; R. N. Worth's Calendar of the _Tavistock Parish +Records_ (1588-9), p. 37, 39, &c.; _Dugdale_, i. 82, ii. 142, iii. 10, +iv. 404-5; Leland, _Collectanea_, vol. i, pt. 2, p. 302; Ellis, _Orig. +Let._, 3rd Series, i. 333, ii. 243; Marston's _Scourge of Villanie_ +(1599), Works, ed. 1856, iii. 306; Cavendish's _Life of Wolsey_, +Kelmscott Press, 1893, p. 24; John of Salisbury, Epist. XIX, ed. Giles; +_Churchwardens' Accounts_, Somerset Record Soc. (1890), p. xix; +_Glastonbury Abbey Accounts_, p. 249; _Engl. Hist. Rev._, Jan. 1891, p. +24; _Songs & Carols_, Warton Club, 1855, p. 10; Dr. Woodford's Report on +National Education in Scotland, 1868; _Macmillan's Mag._, July 1870 +(Scotch at Oxford); Essays on Grammar Schools, by members of the Free +Kirk in Scotland; Stevenson's _Nottingham Boro' Records_, iv. 272, 299, +302; Dr. Buelbring's Introduction to Defoe's _Compleat English +Gentleman_; Bradshaw on the _A B C_ as a School-book, Cambr. Antiq. +Soc., vol. iii.; &c., &c. + +Much of my Forewords above, appeard in two numbers of the _Quarterly +Journal of Education_, no. 2, Aug. 1867, vol. i, p. 48-56, and no. 3, +Nov. 1867, p. 97-100.--F. J. F.] + +The friend to whom this book was dedicated, C. H. Pearson, died, alas, +this year (1894) after his return from Melbourne, where he had organised +free education thro' the whole State, and done much other good work. + + [Footnote 1: Department of Education, Washington, U.S.A.] + + + Errata (noted by transcriber): + + Collations: + _The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke_ ... (Wynkyn de Worde ...) + [_final parenthesis missing_] + l. 59, _for_ first ne _read_ ner [first] + + + Corrigenda: + p. 36, l. 536. [l. 356] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This second table of contents is as originally printed. Note that +Andrewe on Fish is a separate text, although listed in the Contents +as part of the linenotes to the Boke of Nurture. + +To aid in text searching, the Headnotes from the Boke of Nurture are +interlaced with the table of contents. Each note will also appear in +the text at approximately its original location. + +Large boldface initials are marked with a double ++ before the letter. +Further details about the transcription are at the beginning of the full +e-text.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +The + +BOKE OF NURTURE + +Folowyng Englondis gise + +by me + +JOHN RUSSELL, + + Sum Tyme Seruande With Duke Vmfrey Of Glowcetur, + A Prynce Fulle Royalle, With Whom Vschere In + Chambur Was Y, And Mershalle Also + In Halle. + + + _Edited from the Harleian MS. 4011 in the British Museum_ + + by + + FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, + + M.A., Trin. Hall. Camb.; Member of Council of the Philological + and Early English Text Societies; Lover of Old Books. + + + + + CONTENTS. + [Line numbers added by transcriber] + Page Line + + PROLOGUE 1 1 + INTRODUCTION. MEETING OF MASTER AND PUPIL 2-3 13 + [Headnote: IOHN RUSSELL MEETS WITH HIS PUPIL.] + + THE PANTER OR BUTLER. HIS DUTIES 3-9 41 + (And Herein of Broaching Wine, of Fruits and Cheese, + and of the Care of Wines in Wood) + [Headnote: THE DUTIES OF THE PANTER OR BUTLER.] + [Headnote: OF FRUITS BEFORE DINNER AND AFTER SUPPER.] + [Headnote: THE TREATMENT OF WINES WHEN FERMENTING.] + NAMES OF SWEET WINES 9 117 + HOW TO MAKE YPOCRAS 9-12 121 + [Headnote: HOW TO MAKE YPOCRAS.] + THE BOTERY 12-13 177 + [Headnote: THE BOTERY.] + HOW TO LAY THE TABLE-CLOTH, ETC. 13-14 185 + [Headnote: HOW TO LAY THE CLOTH AND WRAP UP BREAD.] + HOW TO WRAP UP BREAD STATELY 14-16 209 + HOW TO MAKE THE SURNAPE 16-17 237 + [Headnote: HOW TO LAY THE SURNAPE AND TABLE.] + HOW TO MANAGE AT TABLE 17-18 257 + + SYMPLE CONDICIONS, 18-21 277 + (Or Rules for Good Behaviour for Every Servant) + [Headnote: SYMPLE CONDICIONS: HOW TO BEHAVE.] + THE CONNYNGE OF KERVYNGE 21-3 313 + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE, AND TO LAY TRENCHERS.] + FUMOSITEES 23-4 349 + [Headnote: FUMOSITEES.] + KERUYNG OF FLESH 24-30 377 + [Headnote: KERUYNG OF FLESH.] + BAKE METES (How to Carve) 30-2 477 + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE LARGE ROAST BIRDS, + SWAN, CAPON, &C.] + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE THE CRANE, FAWN, VENISON, &C.] + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE LARGE AND SMALL BIRDS.] + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE DOWCETES AND PAYNE PUFF.] + FRIED METES; WITH L'ENVOY 33-4 501 + POTAGES 34-5 517 + [Headnote: POTAGES.] + DIUERCE SAWCES 35-7 529 + [Headnote: THE SAUCES FOR DIFFERENT DISHES.] + KERVYNG OF FISCH{E} 37-45 546 + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE HERRINGS AND SALT FISH.] + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE PLAICE AND OTHER FISH.] + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE CRABS AND CRAYFISH.] + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE WHELKS AND LAMPREYS.] + + OFFICE OF A SEWER 46-7 658 + (Or Arranger of the Dishes on the Table, etc.) + [Headnote: THE SEWER'S OR ARRANGER'S DUTIES.] + A DYNERE OF FLESCH{E}: + THE FURST COURSE 48 686 + [Headnote: FIRST COURSE OF A FLESH DINNER.] + THE SECOND COURSE 49 693 + THE iij^D COURSE 49-50 705 + [Headnote: 3RD COURSE OF A FLESH DINNER.] + A DINERE OF FISCH{E}: + THE FURST COURSE 50-1 719 + [Headnote: 1ST COURSE OF A FISH DINNER.] + THE SECOND COURSE 51 731 + THE THRID COURSE 52 744 + [Headnote: 3RD AND 4TH COURSES OF A FISH DINNER.] + THE .iiij. COURSE OF FRUTE, WITH FOUR SOTELTEES 52-3 757 + THE SUPERSCRIPCIOUN OF THE SUTILTEES + ABOUE SPECIFIED 53-4 787 + A FEST FOR A FRANKLEN 54-5 795 + [Headnote: A FEST FOR A FRANKLEN.] + SEWES ON FISH{E} DAYES 55-6 819 + SAWCE FOR FISCH{E} 56-9 831 + [Headnote: SAUCE FOR FISH.] + + THE OFFICE OFF A CHAMBURLAYNE 59-64 863 + (How to Dress Your Lord, Prepare his Pew in Church, + Strip his Bed, Prepare his Privy, etc.) + [Headnote: THE OFFICE OFF A CHAMBURLAYNE.] + THE WARDEROBES 64-6 939 + (How to Put Your Lord to Bed, + and Prepare his Bedroom, etc.) + [Headnote: THE CHAMBERLAIN IN THE WARDEROBES.] + [Headnote: TO PUT A LORD TO BED.] + A BATHE OR STEWE SO CALLED 66-7 975 + (How to Prepare One for Your Lord) + [Headnote: TO MAKE A BATH.] + THE MAKYNG OF A BATH{E} MEDICINABLE 67-9 991 + [Headnote: THE MAKYNG OF A BATHE MEDICINABLE.] + THE OFFICE OF VSSHER & MARSHALL{E} 69-78 001 + (With the Order of Precedency of All Ranks) + [Headnote: USHER AND MARSHAL: THE ORDER OF + PRECEDENCE OF PERSONS.] + [Headnote: USHER & MARSHAL: WHAT PEOPLE RANK + AND DINE TOGETHER.] + [Headnote: USHER AND MARSHAL: OF BLOOD ROYAL + AND PROPERTY.] + [Headnote: THE DIFFERENCES OF MEN EQUAL IN RANK.] + + THE SUMMARY 78-82 173 + [Headnote: THE DUTIES OF THE USHER AND MARSHAL.] + [Headnote: THE USHER AND MARSHAL IS THE + CHIEF OFFICER.] + L'ENVOY 82-3 235 + (The Author Asks the Prayers of his Readers, + and He or the Copier Commends this Book to Them) + [Headnote: IOHN RUSSELLS REQUEST TO THE READER.] + + NOTES 84-123 + (With Bits from Lawrens Andrewe, on Fish, &c.) + + ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS. + WILYAM BULLEYN ON BOXYNG AND NECKEWEEDE 124-7 + ANDREW BORDE ON SLEEP, RISING, AND DRESS 128-32 + WILLIAM VAUGHAN'S 15 DIRECTIONS TO PRESERVE HEALTH 133-7 + SIR JN. HARINGTON's DYET FOR EVERY DAY 138-9 + SIR JN. HARINGTON ON RISING, DIET, AND GOING TO BED 140-3 + + + + +John Russells + +Boke of Nurture. + +[_Harl. MS. 4011, Fol. 171._] + + + [Sidenote: In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, God + keep me! I am an Usher to a Prince, and delight in teaching the + inexperienced.] + + ++In nomine patris, god kepe me / et filij for charite, + Et spiritus sancti, wher{e} that y goo by lond or els by see! + an vssher{e} y Am / ye may behold{e} / + to a prynce of high{e} degre, + þat enioyeth{e} to enforme & teche / + all{e} þo thatt will{e} thrive & thee[1], 4 + + Of suche thyng{es} as her{e}-aft{ur} shall{e} be shewed + by my diligence + To them þat nought Can / w{i}t{h}-owt gret exsperience; + Therfor{e} yf any mañ þ{a}t y mete with{e}, + þat[2] for fawt of necligence, + y wyll{e} hym enforme & teche, + for hurtyng{e} of my Conscience. 8 + + [Sidenote: It is charitable to teach ignorant youths. If any such + won't learn, give them a toy.] + + To teche vertew and co{n}nyng{e}, me thynketh{e} hit charitable, + for moche youth{e} in co{n}nyng{e} / is bareñ & full{e} vnable; + þer-for{e} he þ{a}t no good cañ / ne to nooñ will{e} be agreable. + he shall{e} neu{er} y-thryve / + þ{er}for{e} take to hym a babull{e}. 12 + + + [Headnote: IOHN RUSSELL MEETS WITH HIS PUPIL.] + + [Sidenote: One May I went to a forest, and by the Forester's leave + walked in the woodland,] + + ++As y rose owt of my bed, in a mery sesou{n} of may, + to sporte me in a forest / + wher{e} sightes wer{e} fresch{e} & gay, + y met w{i}t{h} þe forst{er} / y prayed hym to say me not nay, + þat y mygh[t] walke in to his lawnde[3] where þe deer{e} lay. 16 + + [Sidenote: where I saw three herds of deer in the sunshine.] + + as y wandered weldsomly[4] / in-to þe lawnd þat was so grene, + þer lay iij. herdis of deer{e} / a semely syght for to sene; + y behild oñ my right hand / þe soñ þat shoñ so shene; + y saw wher{e} walked / a semely yong{e} mañ, + þat sklendur was & leene; 20 + + [Sidenote: A young man with a bow was going to stalk them, but I + asked him to walk with me, and inquired whom he served.] + + his bowe he toke in hand toward þe deer{e} to stalke; + y prayed hym his shote to leue / & softely w{i}t{h} me to walke. + þis yong{e} mañ was glad / & louyd w{i}t{h} me to talke, + he prayed þat he my[gh]t with{e} me goo / + in to som herne[5] or halke[6]; 24 + + [Sidenote: 'No one but myself, and I wish I was out of this + world.'] + + þis yong{e} mañ frayned[7] / w{i}t{h} hoom þ{a}t he wo{n}ned þañ, + "So god me socour{e}," he said / "Sir, y serue myself / + & els nooñ oþ{er} mañ." + "is þy gou{er}naunce good?" y said, / "soñ, say me [gh]iff þow cañ." + "y wold y wer{e} owt of þis world" / seid he / + "y ne rou[gh]t how sone whañ." 28 + + [Sidenote: 'Good son, despair is sin; tell me what the matter is. + When the pain is greatest the cure is nearest!'] + + "Sey nought so, good soñ, bewar{e} / + me thynketh{e} þow menyst amysse; + for god forbedith{e} wanhope, for þat a horrible synne ys, + þerfor{e} Soñ, opeñ thyñ hert / + for p{er}aveñtur{e} y cowd the lis[8]; + "wheñ bale is hext / þañ bote is next" / + good sone, lerne well{e} þis." 32 + + [Sidenote: 'Sir, I've tried everywhere for a master; but because I + know nothing, no one will take me.'] + + "In certeyñ, sir / y haue y-sought / + Ferr{e} & ner{e} many a wilsom way + to gete mete[9] a mastir; & for y cowd nou[gh]t / + eu{er}y mañ seid me nay, + y cowd no good, ne nooñ y shewd{e} / + wher{e} eu{er} y ede day by day + but wantouñ & nyce, recheles & lewd{e} / + as Iangelyng{e} as a Iay." 36 + + [Sidenote: 'Will you learn if I'll teach you? What do you want + to be?'] + + ++"Now, son, [gh]iff y the teche, + wiltow any thyng{e} ler{e}? [Fol. 171b.] + wiltow be a s{er}uaunde, plow[gh]mañ, or a laborer{e}, + Courtyour or a clark / Marchaund / + or masou{n}, or an artificer{e}, + Chamburlayn, or buttiller{e} / panter{e} or karver{e}?" 40 + + [Sidenote: 'A Butler, Sir, Panter, Chamberlain, and Carver. Teach + me the duties of these.'] + + ++"The office of buttiler, sir, trewly / + panter{e} or chamburlayne, + The connyng{e} of a kerver{e}, specially / + of þat y wold lerne fayne + all{e} þese co{n}nyng{es} to haue / y say yow in certayñ, + y shuld pray for your{e} sowle nevyr to come in payne." 44 + + + [Headnote: THE DUTIES OF THE PANTER OR BUTLER.] + + [Sidenote: 'I will, if you'll love God and be true to your + master.'] + + ++"Son, y shall{e} teche þe with{e} ryght a good will{e}, + So þat þow loue god & drede / for þat is ryght and skyll{e}, + and to þy mastir be trew / + his good{es} þat þow not spill{e}, + but hym loue & drede / + and hys co{m}maundement[gh] dew / fulfylle. 48 + + [Sidenote: A Panter or Butler must have three knives: 1 to chop + loaves, 1 to pare them, 1 to smooth the trenchers.] + + The furst yer{e}, my soñ, þow shall{e} be panter{e} + or buttilar{e}, + þow must haue iij. knyffes kene / + in pantry, y sey the, eu{er}mar{e}: + Oñ knyfe þe loves to choppe, another{e} them for to pare, + the iij. sharpe & kene to smothe + þe trenchurs and squar{e}.[10] 52 + + [Sidenote: Give your Sovereign new bread, others one-day-old + bread; for the house, three-day bread; for trenchers four-day + bread;] + + alwey thy sou{er}aynes bred thow choppe, + & þat it be newe & able; + se all{e} oþ{er} bred a day old or þ{o}u choppe to þe table; + all{e} howsold bred iij. dayes old / so it is p{ro}fitable; + and trencher bred iiij. dayes is co{n}venyent & agreable. 56 + + [Sidenote: Have your salt white, and your salt-planer of ivory, + two inches broad, three long.] + + loke þy salte be sutill{e}, whyte, fayre and drye, + and þy planer{e} for thy salte / shall{e} be made of yverye / + þe brede þ{er}of ynches two / þen þe length, ynche told thrye; + and þy salt seller{e} lydde / towche not thy salt bye. 60 + + [Sidenote: Have your table linen sweet and clean, your knives + bright, spoons well washed, two wine-augers some box taps, a + broaching gimlet, a pipe and bung.] + + Good soñ, loke þat þy napery be soote / & also feyr{e} & clene, + bordcloth{e}, towell{e} & napkyñ, foldyñ all{e} bydene. + bryght y-pullished your{e} table knyve, semely in sy[gh]t to sene; + and þy spones fayr{e} y-wasch{e} / ye wote well{e} what y meene. 64 + looke þow haue tarrers[11] two / a mor{e} & lasse for wyne; + wyne canels[12] accordyng{e} to þe tarrers, of box fetice & fyne; + also a gymlet sharpe / to broche & perce / + sone to turne & twyne, + w{i}t{h} fawcet[13] & tampyne[14] redy / + to stoppe whe{n} ye se tyme. 68 + + [Sidenote: To broach a pipe, pierce it with an auger or gimlet, + four fingers- breadth over the lower rim, so that the dregs may + not rise.] + + So wheñ þow settyst a pipe abroche / + good [sone,] do aft{ur} my lor{e}: + iiij fyngur ou{er} / + þe ner{e} chyne[15] þow may percer or bor{e}; + with tarrer{e} or gymlet perce ye vpward þe pipe ashor{e},[16] + and so shall{e} ye not cawse þe lies vp to ryse, + y warne yow eu{er} mor{e}. 72 + + [Headnote: OF FRUITS BEFORE DINNER AND AFTER SUPPER.] + + [Sidenote: Serve Fruit according to the season, figs, dates, + quince-marmalade, ginger, &c.] + + Good sone, all{e} man{er} frute / + þat longeth{e} for sesoñ of þe yer{e}, + Fygg{es} / reysons / almand{es}, dat{es} / + butt{ur}, chese[17] / nottus, apples, & per{e}, + Compost{es}[18] & confit{es}, char{e} de quync{es} / + white & grene gynger{e}; + and ffor aft{ur} questyons, or þy lord sytte / + of hym þow know & enquer{e}. 76 + + [Sidenote: Before dinner, plums and grapes after, pears, nuts, and + hard cheese. After supper, roast apples, &c.] + + Serve fastyng{e} / plommys / damsons / cheries / + and grapis to plese; [Fol. 172.] + aft{ur} mete / peer{es}, nottys / + strawberies, w[-y]neberies,[19] and hardchese, + also blawnderell{es},[20] pepyns / careawey in comfyte / + Compost{es}[21] ar like to þese. + aftur sopper, rosted apples, per{es}, + blaunche powd{er},[22] yo{ur} stomak for to ese. 80 + + [Sidenote: In the evening don't take cream, strawberries, or + junket, unless you eat hard cheese with them.] + + [Footnote *: 'at eve' has a red mark through as if to cut it out] + + Bewar at eve[*] / of crayme of cowe & also of the goote, + þau[gh] it be late, + of Strawberies & hurtilberyes / + w{i}t{h} the cold Ioncate,[23] + For þese may marr{e} many a mañ changyng{e} his astate, + but [gh]iff he haue aft{u}r, hard chese / + wafurs, w{i}t{h} wyne ypocrate.[24] 84 + + [Sidenote: Hard cheese keeps your bowels open.] + + hard chese hath{e} þis condiciou{n} in his operaciou{n}: + Furst he will{e} a stomak kepe in the botom opeñ,[25] + the helth{e} of eu{er}y creatur{e} ys in his condiciou{n}; + yf he diete hy[-m] thus dayly / he is a good co{n}clusiou{n}. 88 + + [Sidenote: Butter is wholesome in youth and old age, + anti-poisonous, and aperient.] + + buttir is an holsom mete / furst and eke last,[26] + For he will{e} a stomak kepe / & helpe poyson a-wey to cast, + also he norisheth{e} a mañ to be laske / + and evy humer{us} to wast, + and w{i}t{h} white bred / he will{e} kepe þy mouthe in tast. 92 + + [Sidenote: Milk, Junket, Posset, &c., are binding. Eat hard cheese + after them.] + + Milke, crayme, and crudd{es}, and eke the Ioncate,[27] + þey close a ma{n}nes stomak / and so doth{e} þe possate; + þerfor{e} ete hard chese aftir, yef ye sowpe late, + and drynk romney modou{n},[28] for feere of chekmate.[29] 96 + + [Sidenote: Beware of green meat; it weakens your belly.] + + bewar{e} of saladis, grene metis, & of frut{es} rawe + for þey make many a mañ haue a feble mawe. + Þ{er}for{e}, of suche fresch lust{es} set not an hawe, + For suche wantou{n} appetit{es} ar not worth a strawe. 100 + + [Sidenote: For food that sets your teeth on edge, eat almonds and + cheese, but not more than half an ounce.] + + all{e} man{er} met{is} þat þy teth{e} oñ egge doth sette, + take almond{es} þ{er}for{e}; & hard chese + loke þ{o}u not for-gette. + hit will{e} voide hit awey / + but looke to moche þ{er}of not þ{o}u ete; + for þe wight of half an vnce w{i}t{h}-owt rompney is gret. 104 + + [Sidenote: If drinks have given you indigestion, eat a raw apple. + Moderation is best sometimes, at others abstinence.] + + [Gh]iff dyu{er}se drynk{es} of their{e} fumosite haue þe dissesid, + Ete an appull{e} rawe, & his fumosite will{e} be cesed; + mesur{e} is a mery meene / whañ god is not displesed; + abstyne{n}s is to prayse what body & sowle ar plesed. 108 + + [Headnote: THE TREATMENT OF WINES WHEN FERMENTING.] + + [Sidenote: Look every night that your wines don't ferment or leak + [the _t_ of the MS. has a _k_ over it.] Always carry a gimlet, + adze, and linen cloths; and wash the heads of the pipes with cold + water.] + + Take good hede to þe wynes / Red, white / & swete, + looke eu{er}y ny[gh]t w{i}t{h} a Candell{e} + þ{a}t þey not reboyle / nor lete; + eu{er}y ny[gh]t w{i}t{h} cold wat{ur} wash{e} þe pipes hede, + & hit not forgete, + & all{e}-wey haue a gy{m}let, & a dise,[30] + w{i}t{h} lynneñ clowt{es} small{e} or grete. 112 + + [Sidenote: If the wine boil over, put to it the lees of red wine, + and that will cure it. Romney will bring round sick sweet wine.] + + [Gh]iff þe wyne reboyle / þow shall{e} know by hys syngyng{e}; + þ{er}for{e} a pipe of colour{e} de rose[31] / + þ{o}u kepe þ{a}t was spend in drynkyng{e} + the reboyle to Rakke to þe lies of þe rose / + þ{a}t shall{e} be his amendyng{e}. [Fol. 172b.] + [Gh]iff swete wyne be seeke or pallid / + put in a Rompney for lesyng{e}.[32] 116 + + +++Swete Wynes.[33] + + [Sidenote: _The names of Sweet Wines._] + + ++The namys of swete wynes y wold þ{a}t ye them knewe: + Vernage, vernagell{e}, wyne Cute, pyment, Raspise, + Muscadell{e} of grew, + Rompney of modoñ, Bastard, Tyre, O[gh]ey, Torrentyne of Ebrew. + Greke, Malevesyñ, Caprik, & Clarey whañ it is newe. 120 + + + [Headnote: HOW TO MAKE YPOCRAS.] + +++Ypocras. + + [Sidenote: _Recipe for making Ypocras._ Take spices thus, + Cinnamon, &c., long Pepper] + + ++Good soñ, to make ypocras, hit wer{e} gret lernyng{e}, + and for to take þe spice þ{er}to aft{ur} þe p{ro}porcionyng{e}, + + [Sidenote: +for lord{es}[34] [MS].+] + + [Sidenote: +fo[r] co{m}mynte+] + + Gynger, Synamome / Graynis, Sugur / + Turnesole, þ{a}t is good colouryng{e}; + For co{m}myñ peple / Gynger, Canell{e} / long{e} pepur / + hony aft{ur} claryfiyng{e}. 124 + + [Sidenote: Have three basins and three straining-bags to them; + hang 'em on a perch.] + + look ye haue of pewt{ur} basons ooñ, two, & thre, + For to kepe in you{re} powdurs / + also þe lico{ur} þ{er}in to renne wheñ þ{a}t nede be; + to iij. basou{n}s ye must haue iij bagges renners / + so clepe ham we, + & hang{e} þe[-m] oñ a p{er}che, & looke þat Sur{e} they be. 128 + + [Sidenote: Let your ginger be well pared, hard, not worm-eaten, + (Colombyne is better than Valadyne or Maydelyne);] + + Se þat your{e} gynger be well{e} y-pared / + or hit to powd{er} ye bete, + and þ{a}t hit be hard / w{i}t{h}-owt worme / + bytyng{e}, & good hete; + For good gyng{er} colombyne / is best to drynke and ete; + Gyng{er} valadyne & maydelyñ ar not so holsom in mete. 132 + + [Sidenote: your sticks of Cinnamon thin, hot and sweet; Canel is + not so good. Cinnamon is hot and dry, Cardamons are hot and + moist.] + + looke þat yo{ur} stikk{es} of synamome be thyñ, + bretill{e}, & fayr{e} in colewr{e}, + and in your{e} mowth{e}, Fresch{e}, hoot, & swete / + þat is best & sure, + For canell{e} is not so good in þis crafte & cur{e}. + Synamome is hoot & dry in h{i}s worchyng{e} + while he will{e} dur{e}. 136 + + [Sidenote: Take sugar or sugar candy, red wine,] + + Graynes of p{ar}adise,[35] hoote & moyst þey be: + Sugre of .iij. cute[36] / white / + hoot & moyst in his p{ro}purte; + Sugr{e} Candy is best of all{e}, as y telle the, + and red wyne is whote & drye to tast, fele, & see, 140 + + [Sidenote: graines, ginger, pepper, cinnamon, spice, and + turnesole, and put each powder in a bladder by itself.] + + Graynes[35] / gyng{er}, long{e} pepur, & sugr{e} / + hoot & moyst in worchyng{e};[37] + Synamome / Canelle[38] / red wyne / + hoot & drye in þeir{e} doyng{e}; + Turnesole[39] is good & holsom for red wyne colowryng{e}: + all{e} þese ingredyent{es}, þey ar for ypocras makyng{e}. 144 + + [Sidenote: Hang your straining-bags so that they mayn't + touch,--first bag a gallon, others a pottle.] + + Good soñ, your{e} powdurs so made, + vche by þam self in bledd{ur} laid, + hang{e} sur{e} your{e} p{er}che & bagges + þ{a}t þey from yow not brayd, + & þat no bagge touche oþ{er} / do as y haue yow said{e}; + þe furst bag a galou{n} / all{e} oþ{er} of a potell{e}, + vchoñ by oþ{er} teied. 148 + + [Sidenote: Put the powders in two or three gallons of red wine; + then into the runner, the second bag,] + + Furst put in a basou{n} a galou{n} + ij. or iij. wyne so red; [Fol. 173.] + þeñ put in your{e} powdurs, yf ye will{e} be sped, + and aftyr in-to þe renner{e} so lett hym be fed, + þañ in-to þe second bagge so wold it be ledde. 152 + + [Sidenote: (tasting and trying it now and then), and the third + vessel.] + + loke þ{o}u take a pece in þyne hand eu{er}mor{e} among{e}, + and assay it in þy mouth{e} if hit be any thyng{e} strong{e}, + and if þow fele it welle boþe w{i}t{h} mouth{e} & tong{e}, + þañ put it in þe iij. vessell{e} / & tary not to long{e}. 156 + + [Sidenote: If it's not right, add cinnamon, ginger, or sugar, as + wanted.] + + And þañ [gh]iff þ{o}u feele it be not made p{ar}fete, + þat it cast to moche gyng{er}, with synamome alay þ{a}t hete; + and if hit haue synamome to moche, + w{i}t{h} gyng{er} of iij. cute; + þañ if to moche sigur{e} þ{er} be / + by discressiou{n} ye may wete. 160 + + [Sidenote: If it's not right, add cinnamon, ginger, or sugar, as + wanted. Mind you keep tasting it. Strain it through bags of fine + cloth,] + + Thus, son, shaltow make p{ar}fite ypocras, as y the say; + but w{i}t{h} þy mowth{e} to prove hit, / + be þow tastyng{e} all{e}-way; + let hit renne in iiij. or vj bagg{es}[40]; + gete þem, if þow may, + of bultell{e} cloth{e}[41], if þy bagg{es} be þe fyner{e} + w{i}t{h}-owteñ nay. 164 + + [Sidenote: hooped at the mouth, the first holding a gallon, the + others a pottle,] + + Good soñ loke þy bagg{es} be hoopid at þe mothe a-bove, + þe surer{e} mayst þow put in þy wyne vn-to þy behoue, + þe furst bag of a galou{n} / + all{e} oþ{er} of a potell{e} to prove; + hang{e} þy bagg{es} sur{e} by þe hoopis; do so for my loue; 168 + + [Sidenote: and each with a basin under it. The Ypocras is made. + Use the dregs in the kitchen.] + + And vndur eu{er}y bagge, good soñ, a basou{n} cler{e} & bryght; + and now is þe ypocras made / for to plese many a wight. + þe draff of þe spicery / is good for Sewes in kychyn di[gh]t; + and [gh]iff þow cast hit awey, þow dost þy mastir no ri[gh]t. 172 + + + [Sidenote: Put the Ypocras in a tight clean vessel, and serve it + with wafers.] + + ++Now, good son, þyne ypocras is made p{ar}fite & well{e}; + y wold þan ye put it in staunche & a clene vessell{e}, + and þe mouth{e} þ{er}-off y-stopped eu{er} more wisely & fell{e}, + and s{er}ue hit forth w{i}t{h} wafurs boþe in chambur & Cell{e}. 176 + + + [Headnote: THE BOTERY.] + + [Sidenote: _The Buttery._] + +++The botery. + + [Sidenote: Keep all cups, &c., clean. Don't serve ale till it's + five days old.] + + ++Thy cuppes / þy pott{es}, þ{o}u se be clene + boþe w{i}t{h}-in & owt; + [T]hyne ale .v. dayes old er þow s{er}ue it abowt, + for ale þat is newe is wastable w{i}t{h}-owteñ dowt: + And looke þat all{e} þyng{e} be pure & clene þat ye go abowt. 180 + + [Sidenote: Be civil and obliging, and give no one stale drink.] + + Be fayr{e} of answer{e} / redy to s{er}ue / + and also gentell{e} of cher{e}, + and þañ meñ will{e} sey + 'þer{e} goth{e} a gentill{e} officer{e}.' + be war{e} þat ye geue no p{er}sone palled[42] drynke, + for feer{e} + hit my[gh]t bryng{e} many a man in dissese / + duryng{e} many a [gh]er{e}. 184 + + + [Headnote: HOW TO LAY THE CLOTH AND WRAP UP BREAD.] + + [Sidenote: _To lay the cloth_, &c. Wipe the table. Put a cloth + on it (a cowche); you take one end, your mate the other;] + + ++Son, hit is tyme of þe day / + þe table wold be layde. [Fol. 173b.] + Furst wipe þe table w{i}t{h} a cloth{e} + or þ{a}t hit be splayd, + þañ lay a cloth{e} oñ þe table / + a cowche[43] it is called & said: + take þy felow ooñ ende þ{er}of / + & þ{o}u þat other{e} that brayde, 188 + + [Sidenote: lay the fold of the second cloth(?) on the outer edge + of the table, that of the third cloth(?) on the inner.] + + Thañ draw streight þy cloth{e}, & ley þe bou[gh]t[44] + oñ þe vtt{ur} egge of þe table, + take þe vpper part / & let hyt hang{e} evyñ able: + þanñ take þe .iij. cloth{e}, & ley the bou[gh]t + oñ þe Inner side plesable, + and ley estate w{i}t{h} the vpper part, + þe brede of half fote is greable. 192 + + [Sidenote: Cover your cupboard with a diaper towel, put one round + your neck, one side on your left arm with your sovereign's + napkin;] + + Cover þy cuppeborde of thy ewery w{i}t{h} + the towell{e} of diapery; + take a towell{e} abowt thy nekke / for þat is curtesy, + lay þ{a}t ooñ side of þe towaile oñ þy lift arme manerly, + an oñ þe same arme ley þy sou{er}aignes napkyñ honestly; 196 + + [Sidenote: on that, eight loaves to eat, and three or four + trencher loaves: in your left the salt-cellar. In your right hand, + spoons and knives.] + + þañ lay oñ þat arme viij. louys bred / + w{i}t{h} iij. or iiij. trencher{e} lovis; + Take þat oo ende of þy towaile / + in þy lift hand, as þe man{er} is, + and þe salt Seller{e} in þe same hand, looke þ{a}t ye do this; + þat oþ{er} ende of þe towaile / + in ri[gh]t hand w{i}t{h} spones & knyffes y-wis; 200 + + [Sidenote: Put the Salt on the right of your lord; on its left, + a trencher or two; on their left, a knife, then white rolls,] + + Set your{e} salt oñ þe right side / + wher{e} sitt{es} your{e} soverayne, + oñ þe lyfft Side of your{e} salt / + sett your{e} trencher oon & twayne, + oñ þe lifft side of yo{ur} tr{e}nchour{e} lay + your{e} knyffe syng{u}l{e}r & playñ; + + [Textnote: [* a space in the MS.]] + + and oñ þe ....[*] side of your{e} knyff{es} / + ooñ by oñ þe white payne; 204 + + [Sidenote: and beside them a spoon folded in a napkin. Cover + all up. At the other end set a Salt and two trenchers.] + + your{e} spone vppoñ a napkyñ fayr{e} / [gh]et foldeñ wold he be, + besides þe bred it wold be laid, soñ, y telle the: + Cover your spone / napkyñ, trencher, & knyff, + þ{a}t no mañ hem se. + at þe oþ{er} ende of þe table / + a salt w{i}t{h} ij. trenchers sett ye. 208 + + + [Sidenote: _How to wrap up your lord's bread in a stately way._ + Cut your loaves all equal.] + + [Textnote: [** ? MS.]] + + +S+{ir},[**] [gh]eff þow wilt wrappe þy sou{er}aynes bred stately, + Thow must square & p{ro}porciou{n} þy bred clene & evenly, + and þat no loof ne bunne be mor{e} þañ oþ{er} p{ro}porcionly, + and so shaltow make þy wrappe for þy mast{er} man{er}ly; 212 + + [Sidenote: Take a towel two and a half yards long by the ends, + fold up a handful from each end,] + + þañ take a towaile of Raynes,[45] of ij. yard{es} + and half wold it be, + take þy towaile by the end{es} dowble / + and fair{e} oñ a table lay ye, + þañ take þe end of þ{a}t bought / + an handfull{e} in hande, now her{e} ye me: + wrap ye hard þat handfull{e} or mor{e} it is þe styffer, + y telle þe 216 + + [Sidenote: and in the middle of the folds lay eight loaves or + buns, bottom to bottom;] + + Þañ ley betwene þe endes so wrapped, in myddes of þat towell{e}, + viij loves or bonnes, botom to boto[-m], + forsothe it will{e} do well{e}, + and wheñ þe looff{es} ar betweñ, + þañ wrappe hit wisely & fell{e}; + and for your{e} enformaciou{n} + mor{e} playnly y will{e} yow tell{e}, 220 + + [Sidenote: put a wrapper on the top, twist the ends of the towel + together, smooth your wrapper,] + + ley it oñ þe vpper part of þe bred, + y telle yow honestly; [Fol. 174.] + take boþe endis of þe towell{e}, & draw þem straytly, + and wrythe an handfull{e} of þe towell{e} + next þe bred myghtily, + and se þat thy wrapper{e} be made strayt & evyñ styffely. 224 + + [Sidenote: and quickly open the end of it before your lord.] + + wheñ he is so y-graithed,[46] as ri[gh]t befor{e} y haue saide, + þeñ shall{e} ye opeñ hym thus / & do hit at a brayd, + opeñ þe last end of þy wrapper{e} befor{e} þi sou{er}ayne laid, + and your{e} bred sett in man{er} & forme: + þeñ it is honestly arayd. 228 + + + [Sidenote: After your lord's lay the other tables. Deck your + cupboard with plate, your washing-table with basins, &c.] + + ++Soñ, wheñ þy sou{er}eignes table is drest in þus array, + kou{er} all{e} oþ{er} bord{es} w{i}t{h} Salt{es}; + trenchers & cuppes þ{er}oñ ye lay; + þan emp{er}iall{e} þy Cuppeborde / + w{i}t{h} Silu{er} & gild full{e} gay, + þy Ewry borde w{i}t{h} basons & lauo{ur}, + wat{ur} hoot & cold, eche oþ{er} to alay. 232 + + [Sidenote: Have plenty of napkins, &c., and your pots clean.] + + loke p{a}t ye haue napkyns, spones, & cuppis eu{er} y-nowe + to your sou{er}aynes table, your{e} honeste for to allowe, + also þat pott{es} for wyne & ale be as clene as þey mowe; + be eu{er}more war{e} of flies & mot{es}, + y telle þe, for þy prowe. 236 + + + [Headnote: HOW TO LAY THE SURNAPE AND TABLE.] + + [Sidenote: Make the _Surnape_ with a cloth under a double napkin.] + + ++The surnape[47] ye shull{e} make w{i}t{h} lowly curtesye + with a cloth{e} vndir a dowble of ri[gh]t feir{e} napry; + take thy towailes end{es} next yow w{i}t{h}-out vilanye, + and þe ende of þe cloth{e} oñ þe vttur side + of þe towell{e} bye; 240 + + [Sidenote: Fold the two ends of your towel, and one of the cloth, + a foot over, and lay it smooth for your lord to wash with.] + + Thus all{e} iij. end{es} hold ye at onis, as ye well{e} may; + now fold ye all{e} ther{e} at oonys + þ{a}t a pli[gh]t passe not a fote brede all{e} way, + þañ lay hyt fayr{e} & evyñ þer{e} as ye cañ hit lay; + þus aft{ur} mete, [gh]iff yowr{e} mastir will{e} wasch{e}, + þat he may. 244 + + [Sidenote: The marshal must slip it along the table, and pull it + smooth.] + + at þe ri[gh]t ende of þe table ye must it owt gyde, + þe marchall{e} must hit convey along{e} þe table to glide; + So of all{e} iij clothes vppeward þe ri[gh]t half þat tide, + and þat it be draw strayt & evyñ boþe in length{e} & side. 248 + + [Sidenote: Then raise the upper part of the towel, and lay it + even, so that the Sewer (arranger of dishes) may make a state.] + + Then must ye draw & reyse / þe vpper p{ar}te of þe towell{e}, + Ley it w{i}t{h}-out ruffelyng{e} strei[gh]t + to þat oþ{er} side, y þe telle; + þañ at eu{er}y end þ{er}of convay half a yarde or an elle, + þat þe sewer{e} may make[A] a state / + & plese h{i}s mastir well{e}. 252 + + [Text note A: _make_ is repeated in the MS.] + + [Sidenote: When your lord has washed, take up the Surnape with + your two arms, and carry it back to the Ewery.] + + whan þe state hath wasch{e}, þe surnap drawne playne, + þeñ must ye ber{e} forþe þe surnape befor{e} your{e} souerayne, + and so must ye take it vppe with{e} your{e} armes twayne, + and to þe Ewery bere hit your{e} silf agayne. 256 + + [Sidenote: Carry a towel round your neck. Uncover your bread; see + that all diners have knife, spoon, and napkin.] + + a-bowt your{e} nekke a towell{e} ye ber{e}, + so to s{er}ue your{e} lorde, + þañ to hym make curtesie, for so it will{e} accorde. + vnkeu{er} your{e} brede, & by þe salt + sette hit euyñ oñ þe borde; + looke þer{e} be knyfe & spone / + & napkyñ w{i}t{h}-outy[{n}] any worde. 260 + + [Sidenote: Bow when you leave your lord. Take eight loaves from + the bread-cloth, and put four at each end.] + + Eu{er} whañ ye dep{ar}te from your{e} sou{er}aigne, + looke ye bowe yo{ur} knees; [Fol. 174b.] + to þe port-payne[48] forth{e} ye passe, + & þer{e} viij. loues ye leese: + Set at eiþur end of þe table .iiij. loofes at a mese, + þañ looke þat ye haue napkyñ & + spone eu{er}y p{er}sone to plese. 264 + + [Sidenote: Lay for as many persons as the Sewer has set potages + for, and have plenty of bread and drink.] + + wayte well{e} to þe Sewer{e} how many potag{es} keuered he; + keu{er} ye so many p{er}sonis for your{e} honeste. + þañ serve forth{e} your{e} table / + vche p{er}sone to his degre, + and þat þ{er} lak no bred / trenchour{e}, ale, & wyne / + eu{er}mor{e} ye se. 268 + + [Sidenote: Be lively and soft-spoken, clean and well dressed. + Don't spit or put your fingers into cups.] + + be glad of cher{e} / Curteise of kne / & soft of speche, + Fayr{e} hand{es}, clene nayles / honest arrayed, y the teche; + Coughe[*] not, ner spitte, nor to lowd ye reche, + ne put your{e} fyngurs in the cuppe / + moot{es} for to seche. 272 + + [Footnote *: Mark over _h_.] + + [Sidenote: Stop all blaming and backbiting, and prevent + complaints.] + + yet to all{e} þe lord{es} haue ye a sight / + for groggy{n}g{e} & atwytyng{e}[49] + of fellows þat be at þe mete, for þeir{e} bakbytyng{e}; + Se þey be s{er}ued of bred, ale, & wyne, + for complaynyng{e}, + and so shall{e} ye haue of all{e} meñ / + good loue & praysyng{e}. 276 + + + [Headnote: SYMPLE CONDICIONS: HOW TO BEHAVE.] + + [Sidenote: _General Directions for Behaviour._] + +++Symple condicions. + + [Sidenote: Don't claw your back as if after a flea; or your head, + as if after a louse.] + + ++Symple Co{n}dicyons of a p{er}sone þ{a}t is not taught, + y will{e} ye eschew, for eu{er}mor{e} þey be nowght. + your{e} hed ne bak ye claw / a fleigh as þaugh{e} ye sought, + ne your{e} heer{e} ye stryke, ne pyke / + to prall{e}[50] for a flesch{e} mought.[51] 280 + + [Sidenote: See that your eyes are not blinking and watery. Don't + pick your nose, or let it drop, or blow it too loud,] + + Glowtyng{e}[52] ne twynkelyng{e} w{i}t{h} your{e} y[gh]e / + ne to heuy of cher{e}, + watery / wynkyng{e} / ne droppyng{e} / + but of sight cler{e}. + pike not your{e} nose / ne þat hit be droppyng{e} + w{i}t{h} no peerlis cler{e}, + Snyff nor snityng{e}[53] hyt to lowd / + lest your{e} sou{er}ayne hit her{e}. 284 + + [Sidenote: or twist your neck. Don't claw your cods, rub your + hands,] + + wrye not your{e} nek a doyle[54] as hit wer{e} a dawe; + put not your{e} hand{es} in your{e} hoseñ + your{e} codwar{e}[55] fer to clawe, + nor pikyng{e}, nor trifelyng{e} / + ne shrukkyng{e} as þau[gh] ye wold sawe; + yo{ur} hond{es} frote ne rub / + brydelynge w{i}t{h} brest vppoñ yo{ur} crawe; 288 + + [Sidenote: pick your ears, retch, or spit too far. Don't tell + lies,] + + w{i}t{h} your{e} eris pike not / ner be ye slow of heryng{e}; + areche / ne spitt to ferr{e} / ne haue lowd laughyng{e}; + Speke not lowd / be war of mowyng{e}[56] & scornyng{e}; + be no lier w{i}t{h} your{e} mouth{e} / + ne lykorous, ne dryvelyng{e}. 292 + + [Sidenote: or squirt with your mouth, gape, pout, or put your + tongue in a dish to pick dust out.] + + w{i}t{h} your{e} mouthe ye vse nowþ{er} to squyrt, nor spowt; + be not gapyng{e} nor ganyng{e}, ne w{i}t{h} þy mouth to powt + lik not w{i}t{h} þy tong{e} in a disch, a mote to haue owt. + Be not rasche ne recheles, it is not worth a clowt. 296 + + [Sidenote: Don't cough, hiccup, or belch, straddle your legs, or + scrub your body.] + + w{i}t{h} your{e} brest / sigh{e}, nor cowgh{e} / + nor brethe, your{e} sou{er}ayne befor{e}; [Fol. 175.] + be yoxing{e},[57] ne bolkyng{e} / + ne gronyng{e}, neu{er} þe more; + w{i}t{h} your{e} feet trampelyng{e}, + ne settyng{e} your{e} leggis a shor{e}[58]; + w{i}t{h} your{e} body be not shrubbyng{e}[59]; + Iettyng{e}[60] is no loor{e}. 300 + + [Sidenote: Don't pick your teeth, cast stinking breath on your + lord, fire your stern guns, or expose your codware before your + master.] + + Good soñ, þy teth{e} be not pikyng{e}, grisyng{e},[61] + ne gnastynge[62]; + ne stynkyng{e} of breth{e} oñ your{e} sou{er}ayne castyng{e}; + w{i}t{h} puffyng{e} ne blowyng{e}, + nowþ{er} full{e} ne fastyng{e}; + and all{e} wey be war{e} of þy hyndur part + from gu{n}nes blastyng{e}. 304 + + These Cuttid[63] galaunt{es} with their{e} codwar{e}; + þat is añ vngoodly gise;-- + Other tacches[64] as towchyng{e} / + y spar{e} not to mysp{ra}ue aft{ur} myne avise,-- + wheñ he shall{e} s{er}ue his mastir, + befor{e} hy[-m] oñ þe table hit lyes; + Eu{er}y sou{er}eyne of sadnes[65] + all{e} suche sort shall{e} dispise. 308 + + [Sidenote: Many other improprieties a good servant will avoid.'] + + Many moo condicions a mañ myght fynde / + þañ now ar named her{e}, + þ{er}for{e} Eu{er}y honest s{er}uand / + avoyd all{e} thoo, & worshipp{e} lat hym leer{e}. + Panter, yomañ of þe Celler{e}, butler{e}, & Ewer{e}, + y will{e} þat ye obeye to þe marshall{e}, + Sewer{e}, & kerver{e}.[66]' 312 + + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE, AND TO LAY TRENCHERS.] + + [Sidenote: 'Sir, pray teach me how to carve, handle a knife, and + cut up birds, fish, and flesh.'] + + "++Good syr, y yow pray þe connyng{e}[A] + of kervyng{e} ye will{e} me teche, + and þe fayr{e} handlyng{e} of a knyfe, y yow beseche, + and all{e} wey wher{e} y shall{e} all{e} man{er} fowles / + breke, vnlace, or seche,[67] + and w{i}t{h} Fysch{e} or flesch{e}, + how shall{e} y demene me w{i}t{h} eche." 316 + + [Text note: MS. comynge.] + + + [Sidenote: 'Hold your knife tight, with two fingers and a thumb,] + + ++"Soñ, thy knyfe must be bryght, fayr{e}, & clene, + and þyne hand{es} fair{e} wasch{e}, it wold þe well{e} be sene. + hold alwey thy knyfe sur{e}, þy self not to tene, + and passe not ij. fyngurs & a thombe oñ thy knyfe so kene; 320 + + [Sidenote: in your midpalm. Do your carving, lay your bread, and + take off trenchers, with two fingers and thumb.] + + In mydde wey of thyne hande set the ende of þe haft Sur{e}, + Vnlasyng{e} & mynsyng{e} .ij. fyngur{s} w{i}t{h} þe thombe / + þ{a}t may ye endur{e}. + kervyng{e} / of bred leiyng{e} / voydyng{e} / + of cromes & trenchewr{e}, + w{i}t{h} ij. fyngurs and a thombe / loke ye haue þe Cure. 324 + + [Sidenote: Never touch others' food with your right hand, but only + with the left.] + + Sett neu{er} oñ fysch{e} nor flesch{e} / beest / + nor fowle, trewly, + Moor{e} þañ ij. fyngurs and a thombe, for þat is curtesie. + Touche neu{er} w{i}t{h} your{e} right hande + no man{er} mete surely, + but w{i}t{h} your lyft hande / as y seid afor{e}, + for þ{a}t is goodlye. 328 + + [Sidenote: Don't dirty your table or wipe your knives on it.] + + All{e}-wey w{i}t{h} your{e} lift hand + hold yo{ur} loof w{i}t{h} myght, [Fol. 175b.] + and hold your{e} knyfe Sur{e}, as y haue geue yow sight. + enbrewe[68] not your{e} table / for þañ ye do not ryght, + ne þ{er}-vppoñ ye wipe your{e} knyff{es}, + but oñ your{e} napkyñ plight. 332 + + [Sidenote: Take a loaf of trenchers, and with the edge of your + knife raise a trencher, and lay it before your lord;] + + Furst take a loofe of trenchurs in þy lifft hande, + þañ take þy table knyfe,[69] as y haue seid afor{e} hande; + w{i}t{h} the egge of þe knyfe + your{e} trencher{e} vp be ye reysande + as nyghe þe poynt as ye may, + to-for{e} your{e} lord hit leyande; 336 + + [Sidenote: lay four trenchers four-square, and another on the top. + Take a loaf of light bread,] + + right so .iiij. trenchers ooñ by a-nothur + .iiij. squar{e} ye sett, + and vppoñ þo trenchurs .iiij. a trenchur + sengle w{i}t{h}-out lett; + þañ take your{e} loof of light payne / as y haue said [gh]ett, + and w{i}t{h} the egge of þe knyfe nygh{e} your hand ye kett. 340 + + [Sidenote: pare the edges, cut the upper crust for your lord,] + + Furst par{e} þe quarters of the looff round all{e} a-bowt, + þañ kutt þe vpper crust / + for your{e} sou{er}ayne, & to hym alowt. + Suffer{e} your{e} parell{e}[70] to stond still{e} + to þe botom / & so ny[gh]e y-spend owt, + so ley hym of þe cromes[A] a quarter of þe looff + Saunc[gh] dowt; 344 + + [Text note: MS. _may be_ coomes.] + + [Sidenote: and don't touch it after it's trimmed. Keep your table + clean.] + + Touche neu{er} þe loof aft{ur} he is so tamed, + put it, [on] a plater{e} or þe almes disch þ{er}-for{e} named. + Make clene your{e} bord eu{er}, þañ shall{e} ye not be blamed, + þañ may þe sewer{e} his lord s{er}ue / + & neyth{ur} of yow be gramed[71] 348 + + + [Headnote: FUMOSITEES.] + + [Sidenote: _Indigestibilities._] + +Fumositees. + + [Sidenote: You must know what meat is indigestible, and what + sauces are wholesome.] + + ++Of all{e} man{er} met{es} ye must thus know & fele + þe fumositees of fysch, flesch{e}, + & fowles dyu{er}s & feele, + And all{e} man{er} of Sawc{es} for fisch{e} + & flesch{e} to p{re}serue yo{ur} lord in heele; + to yow it behouyth to knew all{e} þese eu{er}y deele." 352 + + ++"Syr, hertyly y pray yow for to telle me Certenle + of how many met{es} þat ar fumose in þeir{e} degre." + + [Sidenote: These things are indigestible:] + + ++"In certeyñ, my soñ, þat sone shall{e} y shew the + by letturs dyu{er}s told{e} by thries thre, 356 + + [Sidenote: Fat and Fried, Raw and Resty, Salt and Sour,] + + +F, R,+ and +S+ / in dyu{er}se tyme and tyde + +F+ is þe furst / þat is, ++Fatt, ++Farsed, & ++Fried; + +R+, ++raw / ++resty, and ++rechy, ar combero{us} vndefied; + +S+ / ++salt / ++sowre / and ++sowse[72] / + all{e} suche þow set a-side, 360 + + [Sidenote: also sinews, skin, hair, feathers, crops, heads, + pinions, &c., legs, outsides of thighs, skins;] + + w{i}t{h} other of the same sort, and lo thus ar thay, + Senowis, skynnes / heer{e} / Cropyns[73] / + yong{e} fedurs for certeñ y say, + heedis / py{n}nyns, boonis / all{e} þese pyke away, + Suffir neu{er} þy sou{er}ayne / to fele þem, y the pray / 364 + + [Sidenote: these destroy your lord's rest.'] + + All{e} man{er} leggis also, bothe of fowle and beestis, + the vttur side of the thygh{e} or legge + of all{e} fowlis in feest{is}, + the fumosite of all{e} man{er} skynnes + y p{ro}mytt þe{e} by heestis, + all{e} þese may benym[74] þy sou{er}ayne / + from many nyght{is} rest{is}." 368 + + + [Headnote: KERUYNG OF FLESH.] + + [Sidenote: 'Thanks, father, I'll put your teaching into practice, + and pray for you.] + + ++"Now fayr{e} befall{e} yow fadur / & well{e} must ye cheve,[75] + For these poyntes by practik y hope full{e} well{e} to p{re}ve, + and yet shall{e} y p{ra}y for yow / dayly while þat y leue / + bothe for body and sowle / þat god yow gyde from greve; 372 + + [Sidenote: But please tell me how to carve fish and flesh.'] + + Prayng{e} yow to take it, fadur / for no displesur{e}, + yf y durst desir{e} mor{e} / and þat y myght{e} be sur{e} + to know þe kervyng{e} of fisch{e} & flesch{e} / + aftur cock{es} cur{e}: + y hed leu{er} þe sight of that / + thañ A Scarlet hur{e}."[76] 376 + + + [Sidenote: _Carving of Meat._] + +Kervyng of flesh: + + [Sidenote: Cut _brawn_ on the dish, and lift slices off with your + knife;] + + ++"Son, take þy knyfe as y taught þe while er{e}, + kut bravne in þe disch{e} ri[gh]t as hit lieth{e} ther{e}, + and to þy sou{er}eynes trenchour{e} / w{i}t{h} þe knyfe / + ye h{i}t ber{e}: + pare þe fatt þ{er}-from / be war{e} of hide & heer{e}. 380 + + [Sidenote: serve it with mustard. Venison with furmity.] + + Thañ whan ye haue it so y-leid / oñ þy lord{es} trenchour{e}, + looke ye haue good mustarde þ{er}-to and good licour{e}; + Fatt venesou{n} w{i}t{h} frumenty / hit is a gay plesewr{e} + your{e} sou{er}ayne to s{er}ue with in sesou{n} + to his honowr{e}: 384 + + [Sidenote: Touch _Venison_ only with your knife, pare it, cross it + with 12 scores,] + + Towche not þe venisou{n} w{i}t{h} no bare hand + but with{e} þy knyfe; þis wise shall{e} ye be doand{e}, + with{e} þe fore part of þe knyfe looke ye be hit parand, + xij. draught{es} w{i}t{h} þe egge + of þe knyfe þe venison crossand{e}. 388 + + [Sidenote: cut a piece out, and put it in the furmity soup.] + + Thañ whañ ye þat venesou{n} so haue chekkid hit, [Fol. 176b.] + with þe fore p{ar}te of your{e} knyfe / + þ{a}t ye hit owt kytt, + In þe frume{n}ty potage honestly ye co{n}vey hit, + in þe same forme w{i}t{h} pesyñ & bakeñ + whañ sesou{n} þ{er}-to doth{e} sitt. 392 + + [Sidenote: Touch with your left hand, pare it clean, put away the + sinews, &c.] + + With{e} your{e} lift hand touche beeff / Chyne[77] / + motou{n}, as is a-for{e} said, + & pare hit clene or þ{a}t ye kerve / + or hit to yo{ur} lord be layd; + and as it is showed afor{e} / bewar{e} of vpbrayd{e}; + all{e} fumosite, salt / senow / + Raw / a-side be hit convayd{e}. 396 + + [Sidenote: _Partridges_, &c.: take up by the pinion, and mince + them small in the sirrup.] + + In siripp{e} / p{ar}trich{e} / stokdove / + & chekyns, in s{er}uyng{e}, + w{i}t{h} yo{ur} lifft hand take þem + by þe pynoñ of þe whyng{e}, + & þat same w{i}t{h} þe fore p{ar}te + of þe knyfe be ye vp reryng{e}, + Mynse hem small{e} in þe sirupp{e}: + of fumosite algate be ye feeryng{e}. 400 + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE LARGE ROAST BIRDS, SWAN, CAPON, &C.] + + [Sidenote: Larger roast birds, as the _Osprey_, &c., raise up [? + cut off] the legs, then the wings,] + + Good soñ, of all{e} fowles rosted y tell{e} yow as y Cañ, + Every goos / teele / Mallard / Ospray / & also swanne, + reyse vp þo leggis of all{e} þese furst, y sey the thañ, + afft{ur} þat, þe whyng{es} large & rownd / + þañ dar{e} blame þe no man; 404 + + [Sidenote: lay the body in the middle, with the wings and legs + round it, in the same dish.] + + Lay the body in mydd{es} of þe disch{e} / + or in a-nod{ur} charger{e}, + of vche of þese w{i}t{h} whyng{es} in mydd{es}, + þe legg{es} so aftir ther{e}. + of all{e} þese in .vj. lees[78] / + if þat ye[A] will{e}, ye may vppe arer{e}, + & ley þe[-m] betwene þe legg{es}, + & þe whyng{es} in þe same plater{e}. 408 + + [Text note: _MS. may be_ yo.] + + [Sidenote: _Capons:_ take off the wings and legs; pour on ale or + wine, mince them into the flavoured sauce.] + + Capoñ, & hen of hawt grees[79], þus wold þey be dight:-- + Furst, vn-lace þe whynges, þe legg{es} þan in sight, + Cast ale or wyne oñ þe[-m], as þ{er}-to belo{n}geth of ryght, + & mynse þe[-m] þañ in to þe sawce w{i}t{h} powdurs kene of myght. 412 + + [Sidenote: Give your lord the left wing, and if he want it, the + right one too.] + + Take capou{n} or heñ so enlased, & devide; + take þe lift whynge; in þe sawce mynce hit eueñ beside, + and yf your{e} sou{er}ayne ete sau{er}ly / + & haue þ{er}to appetide, + þañ mynce þat oþur whyng{e} þ{er}-to + to satisfye hy[-m] þ{a}t tyde. 416 + + [Sidenote: _Pheasants_, &c.: take off the wings, put them in the + dish, then the legs.] + + Feysaunt, p{ar}trich{e}, plou{er}, & lapewynk, y yow say, + areyse[80] þe whyng{es} furst / do as y yow pray; + In þe disch{e} forth{e}-with{e}, boþe þat ye ham lay, + þañ aftur þat / þe leggus / w{i}t{h}out lengur delay. 420 + + [Sidenote: _Woodcocks_, Heronshaws, Brew, &c. break the pinions, + neck, and beak.] + + wodcok / Betowr{e}[81] / Egret[82] / Snyte[83] / and Curlew, + heyrou{n}sew[84] / resteratiff þey ar / + & so is the brewe;[85] + þese .vij. fowles / must be vnlaced, y tell{e} yow trew, + breke þe pynons / nek, & beek, þus ye must þem shew. 424 + + [Sidenote: Cut off the legs, then the wings, lay the body between + them.] + + Thus ye must þem vnlace / & in thus manere: [Fol. 177.] + areyse þe leggis / suffir{e} þeir{e} feete still{e} + to be oñ ther{e}, + þañ þe whyng{es} in þe disch{e} / ye may not þem forber{e}, + þe body þañ in þe middes laid / like as y yow leer{e}. 428 + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE THE CRANE, FAWN, VENISON, &C.] + + [Sidenote: _Crane_: take off the wings, but not the trompe in his + breast.] + + The Crane is a fowle / þat strong{e} is w{i}t{h} to far{e}; + þe whyng{es} ye areyse / full{e} large evyñ thar{e}; + of hyr{e} trompe[86] in þe brest / loke þ{a}t ye bewar{e}. + towche not hir trompe / eu{er}mor{e} þat ye spar{e}. 432 + + [Sidenote: _Peacocks_, &c.: carve like you do the Crane, keeping + their feet on.] + + Pecok / Stork / Bustarde / & Shovellewr{e}, + ye must vnlace þem in þe plite[87] / of þe crane prest & pur{e}, + so þ{a}t vche of þe[-m] haue þeyre feete aft{ur} my cur{e}, + and eu{er} of a sharpe knyff wayte þat ye be sur{e}. 436 + + [Sidenote: _Quails_, larks, pigeons: give your lord the legs + first.] + + Of quayle / sparow / larke / & litell{e} / m{er}tinet, + pygeou{n} / swalow / thrusch{e} / osull{e} / ye not forgete, + þe legges to ley to yo{ur} sou{er}eyne ye ne lett, + and afturward þe whyngus if his lust be to ete. 440 + + [Sidenote: _Fawn_: serve the kidney first, then a rib. Pick the + fyxfax out of the neck.] + + Off Foweñ / kid / lambe, / þe kydney furst it lay, + Þañ lifft vp the shuldur, do as y yow say, + [Gh]iff he will{e} þ{er}of ete / a rybbe to hy[-m] convay; + but in þe nek þe fyxfax[88] þat þow do away. 444 + venesou{n} rost / in þe disch{e} if your{e} sou{er}ayne hit chese, + + [Sidenote: _Pig_: 1. shoulder, 2. rib. _Rabbit_: lay him on his + back; pare off his skin;] + + þe shuldir of a pigge furst / + þañ a rybbe, yf hit will{e} hym plese; + þe cony, ley hym oñ þe bak in þe disch, if he haue grece, + while ye par awey þe skyñ oñ vche side / + & þañ breke hy[-m] or y[e] sece 448 + + [Sidenote: break his haunch bone, cut him down each side of the + back, lay him on his belly, separate the sides from the chine, put + them together again,] + + betwene þe hyndur legg{is} breke þe canell{e} booñ,[89] + þañ w{i}t{h} your{e} knyfe areyse + þe sides along{e} þe chyne Alone; + so lay yo{ur} cony wombelong{e} vche side to þe chyne / + by craft as y co{n}ne, + betwene þe bulke, chyne, þe sid{es} + to-gedur{e} lat þem be dooñ; 452 + + [Sidenote: cutting out the nape of the neck; give your lord the + sides.] + + The .ij. sides dep{ar}te from þe chyne, þus is my loor{e}, + þen ley bulke, chyne, & sides, to-gedir{e} / + as þey wer{e} yor{e}. + Furst kit owte þe nape in þe nek / þe shuldurs befor{e}; + w{i}t{h} þe sides serve your{e} sou{er}anyne / + hit state to restor{e}. 456 + + [Sidenote: Sucking rabbits: cut in two, then the hind part in two; + pare the skin off, serve the daintiest bit from the side.] + + Rabett{es} sowkers,[90] þe furþ{er} p{ar}te + from þe hyndur, ye devide; + þañ þe hyndur part at tweyñ ye kut þat tyde, + par{e} þe skyñ away / & let it not þer{e} abide, + þañ s{er}ue your{e} sou{er}ayne of þe same / + þe deynteist of þe side. 460 + + [Sidenote: Such is the way of carving gross meats.] + + ++The man{er} & forme of kervyng{e} of met{es} + þat byñ groos, [Fol. 177b.] + afftur my symplenes y haue shewed, as y suppose: + yet, good soñ, amonge oþ{er} estat{es} eu{er} as þow goose, + as ye se / and by vse of your{e} self / ye may gete yow loos. 464 + + [Sidenote: Cut each piece into four slices (?) for your master to + dip in his sauce.] + + But furþ{er}mor{e} enforme yow y must in metis kervyng{e}; + Mynse ye must iiij lees[91] / to ooñ morsell{e} hangyng{e}, + þat your{e} mastir may take w{i}t{h} + .ij. fyngurs in his sawce dippyng{e}, + and so no napkyñ / brest, ne borcloth{e}[92], + in any wise enbrowyng{e}. 468 + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE LARGE AND SMALL BIRDS.] + + [Sidenote: Of large birds' wings, put only three bits at once in + the sauce.] + + Of gret fowle / in to þe sawce mynse þe whyng{e} this wise; + pas not .iij. morcell{es} in þe sawc{e} at onis, as y yow avise; + To your{e} sou{er}ayne þe gret fowles legge ley, as is þe gise, + and þus mowe ye neu{er} mysse of all{e} co{n}nyng{e} s{er}uise. 472 + + [Sidenote: Of small birds' wings, scrape the flesh to the end of + the bone, and put it on your lord's trencher.] + + Of all{e} man{er} smale brydd{is}, + þe whyng{is} oñ þe trencher leying{e}, + w{i}t{h} þe poynt of your{e} knyfe / + þe flesch{e} to þe booñ end ye bryng{e}, + and so co{n}veye hit oñ þe trencher{e}, + þ{a}t wise yo{ur} sou{er}ayne plesyng{e}, + and w{i}t{h} fair{e} salt & trenchour{e} / + hy[-m] also oft renewyng{e}. 476 + + + [Sidenote: _How to carve Baked Meats._] + +Bake metes.[93] + + [Sidenote: Open hot ones at the top of the crust, cold ones in the + middle.] + + Almaner{e} bakemet{es} þat byñ good and hoot, + Opeñ hem aboue þe brym of þe coffyñ[94] cote, + and all{e} þat byñ cold / & lusteth your{e} sou{er}eyñ to note, + alwey in þe mydway opeñ hem ye mote. 480 + + [Sidenote: Take Teal, &c., out of their pie, and mince their + wings,] + + Of capoñ, chikeñ, or teele, in coffyñ bake, + Owt of þe pye furst þat ye hem take, + In a dische besyde / þat ye þe whyngus slake, + thynk[95] y-mynsed in to þe same + w{i}t{h} yo{ur} knyfe ye slake, 484 + + [Sidenote: stir the gravy in; your lord may eat it with a spoon.] + + And ster{e} well{e} þe stuff þ{er}-in + w{i}t{h} þe poynt of yo{ur} knyfe; + Mynse ye thynne þe whyng{is}, be it in to veele or byffe; + w{i}t{h} a spone lightely to ete + yo{ur} sou{er}ayne may be leeff, + So w{i}t{h} suche diet as is holsom + he may length{e} his life. 488 + + + [Sidenote: Cut Venison, &c., in the pasty. Custard: cut in squares + with a knife.] + + ++Venesou{n} bake, of boor or othur venur{e}, [Fol. 178.] + Kut it in þe pastey, & ley hit oñ his trenchur{e}. + Pygeoñ bake, þe legg{is} leid to your{e} lord sur{e}, + Custard,[96] chekkid buche,[97] + squar{e} w{i}t{h} þe knyfe; þ{us} is þe cur{e} 492 + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE DOWCETES AND PAYNE PUFF.] + + [Sidenote: Dowcets: pare away the sides; serve in a sawcer.] + + Þañ þe sou{er}ayne, w{i}t{h} his spone + whañ he lusteth{e} to ete. + of dowcet{es},[98] par{e} awey the sid{es} + to þe boto[-m], & þ{a}t ye lete, + In a sawcer{e} afor{e} your{e} sou{er}ayne + semely ye hit sett + whañ hy[-m] liketh{e} to atast: looke ye not forgete. 496 + + [Sidenote: Payne-puff: pare the bottom, cut off the top. Fried + things are indigestible.] + + Payne Puff,[99] par{e} þe botom ny[gh]e þe stuff, take hede, + Kut of þe toppe of a payne puff, do thus as y rede; + + [Textnote: (? p{ar}neys)] + + Also pety p{er}ueys[100] be fayr{e} and clene / + so god be your{e} spede. + off Fryed met{es}[101] be war{e}, for þey ar Fumose in dede. 500 + + +Fried metes. + + [Sidenote: Poached-egg (?) fritters are best. Tansey is good hot. + Don't eat Leessez.] + + ++O Frutur{e} viant[102] / Frutur sawge,[102] byñ good / + bett{ur} is Frut{ur} powche;[102] + Appull{e} frutur{e}[103] / is good hoot / + but þe cold ye not towche. + Tansey[104] is good hoot / els cast it not in your{e} clowche. + all{e} man{er} of leesse[gh][105] / ye may forber{e} / + herber{e} in yow none sowche. 504 + +_Len-voy_ + + [Sidenote: Cooks are always inventing new dishes that tempt people + and endanger their lives:] + + { Cook{es} w{i}t{h} þeir{e} newe co{n}ceyt{es}, + choppyng{e} / stampyng{e}, & gryndyng{e}, + { Many new curies / all{e} day + þey ar co{n}tryvyng{e} & Fyndyng{e} + { þ{a}t p{ro}voketh{e} þe peple to p{er}ell{es} of passage / + þrou[gh] peyne soor{e} pyndyng{e}, + { & þrou[gh] nice excesse of suche receyt{es} / + of þe life to make a endyng{e}. 508 + + [Sidenote: Syrups Comedies, Jellies, that stop the bowels.] + + { Some w{i}t{h} Sireppis[106] / Sawces / + Sewes,[107] and soppes,[108] + { Comedies / Cawdell{es}[109] cast in Cawdrons / + ponnes, or pottes, + { leesses / Ielies[110] / Fruturs / fried mete þat stoppes + { and distempereth{e} all{e} þe body, bothe bak, + bely, & roppes:[111] 512 + + [Sidenote: Some dishes are prepared with unclarified honey. + Cow-heels and Calves' feet are sometimes mixed with unsugared + leches and Jellies.] + + { Some man{er} cury of Cooke{s} crafft Sotelly y haue espied, + { how þeir{e} dischmet{es} ar dressid w{i}t{h} hony not claryfied. + { Cow heelis / and Calves fete / ar der{e} y-bou[gh]t some tide + { To medill{e} among{e} leeches[112] & Ielies / + whañ sug{er} shall{e} syt a-side. 516 + + + [Headnote: POTAGES.] + +Potages.[113] + + [Sidenote: Furmity with venison, mortrewes,] + + ++Wortus w{i}t{h} an henne / Cony / + beef, or els añ haar{e}, [Fol. 178b.] + Frumenty[114] w{i}t{h} venesou{n} / + pesyñ w{i}t{h} bakoñ, long{e} wort{es} not spar{e}; + Gr{ow}ell{e} of force[115] / Gravell{e} of beeff[116] / + or motou{n}, haue ye no car{e}; + Gely, mortrows[117] / creyme of almond{es}, + þe mylke[118] {þer}-of is good fare. 520 + + [Sidenote: jussell, &c., are good. Other out-of-the-way soups set + aside.] + + Iussell{e}[119], tartlett[120], cabag{es}[121], + & nombles[122] of vennur{e},[A] + all{e} þese potages ar good and sur{e} + of oþ{er} sewes & potages þ{a}t ar not made by natur{e}, + all{e} Suche siropis sett a side your{e} heer{e} to endur{e}. 524 + + [Text note: The long _r_ and curl for _e_ in the MS. look like + f, as if for vennuf.] + + [Sidenote: Such is a flesh feast in the English way.] + + ++Now, soñ, y haue yow shewid somewhat of myne avise, + þe service of a flesch{e} feest folowyng{e} englondis gise; + Forgete ye not my loor{e} / but looke ye ber{e} good y[gh]es + vppoñ oþur co{n}nyng{e} kervers: now haue y told yow twise. 528 + + + [Headnote: THE SAUCES FOR DIFFERENT DISHES.] + + [Sidenote: Sauces.] + +Diuerce Sawces.[123] + + [Sidenote: Sauces provoke a fine appetite.] + + ++Also to know your{e} sawces for flesch{e} conveniently, + hit p{ro}vokith{e} a fyne apetide if sawce your{e} mete be bie; + to the lust of your{e} lord looke þ{a}t ye haue þer redy + suche sawce as hym liketh{e} / to make hym glad & mery. 532 + + [Sidenote: Have ready Mustard for brawn, &c., Verjuice for veal, + &c., Chawdon for cygnet and swan, Garlic, &c., for beef and + goose,] + + Mustard[124] is meete for brawne / + beef, or powdred[125] motou{n}; + verdius[126] to boyled capou{n} / veel / chikeñ /or bakoñ; + And to signet / & swañ, co{n}venyent is þe chawdoñ[127]; + Roost beeff / & goos / w{i}t{h} garlek, vinegr{e}, + or pepur,[[127a]] in co{n}clusiou{n}. 536 + + [Sidenote: Ginger for fawn, &c., Mustard and sugar for pheasant, + &c., Gamelyn for heronsew, &c., Sugar and Salt for brew, &c.,] + + Gyng{er} sawce[128] to lambe, to kyd / pigge, or fawñ / + in fere; + to feysand, p{ar}trich{e}, or cony / + Mustard w{i}t{h} þe sugur{e}; + Sawce gamelyñ[129] to heyroñ-sewe / egret / crane / & plover{e}; + also / brewe[130] / Curlew / sugre & salt / + w{i}t{h} water{e} of þe ryver{e}; 540 + + [Sidenote: Gamelyn for bustard, &c., Salt and Cinnamon for + woodcock, thrushes, &c., and quails, &c.] + + Also for bustard / betowr{e} / & shoveler{e},[131] + gamelyñ[132] is in sesou{n}; + Wodcok / lapewynk / M{er}tenet / larke, & venysou{n}, + Sparows / thrusches / all{e} þese .vij. + w{i}t{h} salt & synamome: + Quayles, sparowes, & snytes, whañ þeir{e} sesou{n} com,[133] 544 + Thus to p{ro}voke a{n} appetide + þe Sawce hath{e} is op{er}aciou{n}. + + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE HERRINGS AND SALT FISH.] + + [Sidenote: _How to carve Fish._] + +Kervyng of fische.[134] + + [Sidenote: With pea soup or furmity serve a Beaver's tail, salt + Porpoise, &c.] + + ++Now, good soñ, of kervyng{e} of fysch{e} + y wot y must þe leer{e}: + To pesoñ[135] or frumeñty take þe tayle of þe bever{e},[136] + or [gh]iff ye haue salt purpose[137] / [gh]ele[138] / + torrentill{e}[139], deynteith{us} fulle der{e}, 548 + ye must do aftur{e} þe forme of frumenty, as y said while er{e}. + + [Sidenote: Split up Herrings, take out the roe and bones, eat with + mustard.] + + Bakeñ heryng{e}, dressid & di[gh]t w{i}t{h} white sugur{e}; + þe white heryng{e} by þe bak a brode ye splat hy[-m] sur{e}, + bothe rough{e} & boon{us} / voyded / + þeñ may your{e} lorde endur{e} 552 + to ete merily w{i}t{h} mustard þ{a}t tyme to his plesur{e}. + + [Sidenote: Take the skin off salt fish, Salmon, Ling, &c., and let + the sauce be mustard,] + + Of all{e} man{er} salt fisch{e}, looke ye par{e} awey the felle, + Salt samou{n} / Congur[140], grone[141] fisch{e} / + boþe lyng{e}[142] & myllewelle[143], + & oñ your{e} sou{er}aynes trenche{ur} ley hit, as y yow telle. 556 + þe sawce þ{er}-to, good mustard, alway accordeth{e} well{e}. + + [Sidenote: but for Mackarel, &c., butter of Claynes or Hackney + (?)] + + Saltfysch{e}, stokfisch{e}[144] / m{er}lyng{e}[145] / + makerell{e}, butt{ur} ye may + w{i}t{h} swete butt{ur} of Claynos[146] or els of hakenay, + þe boon{us}, skynnes / & fynnes, furst y-fette a-way, 560 + þeñ sett your{e} dische þer{e} + as your{e} sou{er}ey{n} may tast & assay. + + [Sidenote: Of Pike, the belly is best, with plenty of sauce.] + + Pike[147], to your{e} sou{er}eyñ y wold þat it be layd, + þe wombe is best, as y haue herd it said{e}, + Fysch{e} & skyñ to-gedir be hit convaied 564 + w{i}t{h} pike sawce y-noughe þ{er}-to / + & h{i}t shall{e} not be denayd. + + [Sidenote: Salt Lampreys, cut in seven gobbets, pick out the + backbones, serve with onions and galentine.] + + The salt lamprey, gobeñ hit a slout[148] + .vij. pec{is} y assigne; + þañ pike owt þe boon{us} ny[gh]e þe bak spyne, + and ley hit oñ {your} lord{es} trencher{e} + wheþ{er} he sowpe or dyne, 568 + & þat ye haue ssoddyñ ynons[149] + to meddill{e} w{i}t{h} galantyne.[150] + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE PLAICE AND OTHER FISH.] + + [Sidenote: Plaice: cut off the fins, cross it with a knife, sauce + with wine, &c.] + + Off playce,[151] looke ye put a-way þe wat{ur} clene, + afft{ur} þat þe fynnes also, þat þey be not sene; + Crosse hym þeñ w{i}t{h} yo{ur} knyffe þat is so kene; 572 + wyne or ale / powd{er} þ{er}-to, + your{e} sou{er}ayñ well{e} to queme. + + [Sidenote: Gurnard, Chub, Roach, Dace, Cod, &c., split up and + spread on the dish.] + + Gurnard / roche[152] / breme / chevyñ / base / + melet / in her kervyng{e}, + Perche / rooche[153] / darce[154] / Makerell{e}, & whityng{e}, + Codde / haddok / by þe bak / + splat þe[-m] in þe disch{e} liyng{e}, 576 + pike owt þe boon{us}, clense þe refett[155] in þe bely bydyng{e}; + + [Sidenote: Soles, Carp, &c., take off as served.] + + Soolus[156] / Carpe / Breme de mer{e},[157] & trowt, [Fol. 179b.] + þey must be takyñ of as þey in þe disch{e} lowt, + bely & bak / by gobyñ[158] þe booñ to pike owt, 580 + so serve ye lord{es} trencher{e}, looke ye well{e} abowt. + + [Sidenote: Whale, porpoise, congur, turbot, Halybut, &c., cut in + the dish,] + + Whale / Swerdfysch{e} / purpose / dorray[159] / rosted wele, + Bret[160] / samoñ / Congur[161] / sturgeou{n} / turbut, & [gh]ele, + þornebak / thurle polle / hound fysch[162] / + halybut, to hy{m} þ{a}t hath{e} heele, 584 + all{e} þese / cut in þe disch{e} + as your{e} lord eteth{e} at meele. + + [Sidenote: and also Tench in jelly. On roast Lamprons cast + vinegar, &c., and bone them.] + + Tenche[163] in Iely or in Sawce[164] / + loke þe{re} ye kut hit so, + and oñ your{e} lord{es} trencher{e} se þ{a}t it be do. + Elis & lampurnes[165] rosted / wher{e} þ{a}t eue{r} ye go, 588 + Cast vinegr{e} & powd{er} þ{er}oñ / + furst fette þe bon{us} þe[-m] fro. + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE CRABS AND CRAYFISH.] + + [Sidenote: Crabs are hard to carve: break every claw, put all the + meat in the body-shell,] + + Crabbe is a slutt / to kerve / & a wrawd[166] wight; + breke eu{er}y Clawe / a sond{ur} / for þ{a}t is his ryght: + In þe brode shell{e} putt your{e} stuff / + but furst haue a sight 592 + þat it be clene from skyñ / & senow / or ye begyñ to dight. + + [Sidenote: and then season it with _vinegar or verjuice_ and + powder. (?)] + + And what[167] ye haue piked / þe stuff owt of eu{er}y shell{e} + w{i}t{h} þe poynt of your{e} knyff, loke ye temp{er} hit well{e}, + put vinegr{e} / þ{er}to, verdjus, or aysell{e},[168] 596 + Cast þ{er}-oñ powdur, the bettur it will{e} smell{e}. + + [Sidenote: Heat it, and give it to your lord. Put the claws, + broken, in a dish.] + + Send þe Crabbe to þe kychyñ / þer{e} for to hete, + agayñ hit facch{e} to þy sou{er}ayne sittyng{e} at mete; + breke þe clawes of þe crabbe / þe small{e} & þe grete, 600 + In a disch þe[-m] ye lay / if hit like yo{ur} sou{er}ayne to ete. + + [Sidenote: The sea Crayfish: cut it asunder, slit the belly of the + back part, take out the fish,] + + Crevise[169] / þus wise ye must them dight: + Dep{ar}te the crevise a-sondir{e} euyñ to your{e} sight, + Slytt þe bely of the hyndur part / & so do ye right, 604 + and all{e} hoole take owt þe fisch{e}, + like as y yow behight. + + [Sidenote: clean out the _gowt_ in the middle of the sea + Crayfish's back; pick it out, tear it off the fish,] + + Par{e} awey þe red skyñ for dyu{er}s cawse & dowt, + and make clene þe place also / þat ye call{e} his gowt,[170] + hit lies in þe mydd{es} of þe bak / looke ye pike it owt; 608 + areise hit by þe þyknes of a grote / þe fisch{e} rownd abowt. + + [Sidenote: and put vinegar to it; break the claws and set them on + the table.] + + put it in a disch{e} lees{e} by lees[171] / + & þat ye not forgete + to put vinegr{e} to þe same / so it towche not þe mete; + breke þe gret clawes your{e} self / ye nede no cooke to trete, 612 + Set þe[-m] oñ þe table / ye may / w{i}t{h}-owt any man{er} heete. + + [Sidenote: Treat the back like the crab, stopping both ends with + bread.] + + The bak of þe Crevise, þus he must be sted: + array hy[-m] as ye doth{e} / þe crabbe, if þat any be had, + and boþe end{es} of þe shell{e} / + Stoppe them fast w{i}t{h} bred, 616 + & s{er}ue / your{e} sou{er}eyñ þ{er} w{i}t{h} / + as he liketh{e} to be fedd. + + [Sidenote: The fresh-water Crayfish: serve with vinegar and + powder.] + + Of Crevis dewe dou[gh][172] Cut his bely a-way, [Fol. 180.] + þe fisch{e} in A disch{e} clenly þat ye lay + w{i}t{h} vineg{er} & powdur þ{er} vppoñ, þus is vsed ay, 620 + þañ your{e} sou{er}ayne / whañ hym semeth{e}, sadly he may assay. + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE WHELKS AND LAMPREYS.] + + [Sidenote: Salt Sturgeon: slit its joll, or head, thin. Whelk: cut + off its head and tail, throw away its operculum, mantle, &c.,] + + The Iolle[173] of þe salt sturgeou{n} / thyñ / + take hede ye slytt, + & rownd about þe disch{e} dresse ye musteñ hit. + Þe whelke[174] / looke þat þe hed / and tayle awey be kytt, 624 + his pyntill[175] & gutt / almond & mantill{e},[176] + awey þ{er} fro ye pitt; + + [Sidenote: cut it in two, and put it on the sturgeon, adding + vinegar.] + + Theñ kut ye þe whelk asond{ur}, eveñ pec{is} two, + and ley þe pecis þ{er}of / vppoñ your{e} sturgeou{n} so, + rownd all abowt þe disch / while þ{a}t hit will{e} go; 628 + put vinegr{e} þ{er}-vppoñ / þe bett{ur} þañ will{e} hit do. + + [Sidenote: Carve Baked Lampreys thus: take off the piecrust, put + thin slices of bread on a Dish,] + + Fresch{e} lamprey bake[177] / þus it must be dight: + Opeñ þe pastey lid, þ{er}-in to haue a sight, + Take þeñ white bred þyñ y-kut & li[gh]t, 632 + lay hit in a charger{e} / disch{e}, or plater, ryght; + + [Sidenote: pour galentyne over the bread, add cinnamon and red + wine.] + + w{i}t{h} a spone þeñ take owt þe gentill{e} galantyne,[178] + In þe disch{e}, oñ þe bred / ley hit, le{m}mañ myne, + þeñ take powd{ur} of Synamome, + & te{m}p{er} hit w{i}t{h} red wyne: 636 + þe same wold plese a por{e} mañ / y suppose, well{e} & fyne. + + [Sidenote: Mince the lampreys, lay them on the sauce, &c., on a + hot plate, serve up to your lord.] + + Mynse ye þe gobyns as thyñ as a grote, + þañ lay þe[-m] vppoñ your{e} galantyne stondyng{e} + oñ a chaffir{e} hoote: + þus must ye di[gh]t a lamprey owt of his coffyñ cote, 640 + and so may your{e} sou{er}ayne ete merily be noote. + + [Sidenote: White herrings fresh; the roe must be white and tender + serve with salt and wine.] + + White heryng{e} in a disch{e}, if hit be seaward & fressh{e}, + yo{ur} sou{er}eyñ to ete in seesou{n} of yer{e} / + þ{er}-aft{ur} he will{e} Asch{e}. + looke he be white by þe booñ / þe rough{e} white & nesch{e}; 644 + w{i}t{h} salt & wyne s{er}ue ye hy[-m] þe same / + boldly, & not to bassh{e}. + + [Sidenote: Shrimps picked, lay them round a sawcer, and serve with + vinegar."] + + Shrympes well{e} pyked / þe scales awey ye cast, + Round abowt a sawcer / ley ye þem in hast; + þe vinegr{e} in þe same sawcer, þ{a}t your{e} lord may attast, 648 + þañ w{i}t{h} þe said fisch{e} / he may fede hy[-m] / + & of þem make no wast." + + + [Sidenote: "Thanks, father, I know about Carving now,] + + ++"Now, fadir, feir{e} falle ye / & crist yow haue in cure, + For of þe nurtur{e} of kervyng{e} + y suppose þat y be sur{e}, [Fol. 180b.] + but yet a-nod{ur} office þ{er} is / saue y dar not endure 652 + to frayne yow any further / for feer{e} of displesur{e}: + + [Sidenote: but I hardly dare ask you about a Sewer's duties, how + he is to serve."] + + For to be a sewer{e} y wold y hed þe co{n}nyng{e}, + þañ durst y do my devoir{e} / + w{i}t{h} any worshipfull{e} to be wo{n}nyng{e}; + señ þat y know þe course / & þe craft of kervyng{e}, 656 + y wold se þe si[gh]t of a Sewer{e}[179] / what wey he / + sheweth{e} in s{er}uyng{e}." + + + [Headnote: THE SEWER'S OR ARRANGER'S DUTIES.] + + [Sidenote: _The Duties of a Sewer._] + +Office of a sewer.[180] + + [Sidenote: "Son, since you wish to learn, I will gladly teach + you.] + + ++"Now sen yt is so, my son / þat science ye wold fayñ lere, + drede yow no þyng{e} daungeresnes; + þ{us}[A] y shall{e} do my dever{e} + to enforme yow feithfully w{i}t{h} ryght gladsom cher{e}, 660 + & yf ye woll{e} lysteñ my lor{e} / somewhat ye shall{e} her{e}: + + [Text note: Inserted in a seemingly later hand.] + + [Sidenote: Let the Sewer, as soon as the Master begins to say + grace, hie to the kitchen.] + + Take hede whañ þe worshipfull{e} hed / þat is of any place + hath wasch{e} afor{e} mete / and bigy{n}neth{e} to sey þe grace, + Vn-to þe kechyñ þañ looke ye take your{e} trace, 664 + Entendyng & at your{e} co{m}maundyng{e} + þe s{er}uaund{es} of þe place; + + [Sidenote: I. Ask the Panter for fruits (as butter, grapes, &c.),] + + Furst speke w{i}t{h} þe panter{e} / or officer{e} of þe spicery + For frutes a-fore mete to ete þem fastyng{e}ly, + as butt{ur} / plommes / damesyns, grapes, and chery, 668 + Suche in sesons of þe yer{e} / ar served / to make meñ mery, + + [Sidenote: if they are to be served. II. Ask the cook and + Surveyor what dishes are prepared.] + + Serche and enquere of þe[-m] / + yf such{e} s{er}uyse shall{e} be þat day; + þan co{m}myñ w{i}t{h} þe cooke / + and looke what he will{e} say; + þe surveyour{e} & he / þe certeynte tell{e} yow will{e} þay, 672 + what met{es} // & how many disches / þey dyd for{e} puruay. + + [Sidenote: III. Let the Cook serve up the dishes, the Surveyor + deliver them] + + And whañ þe surveour{e}[181] & þe Cooke / + w{i}t{h} yow done accorde, + þen shall{e} þe cook dresse all{e} þyng{e} + to þe surveyng{e} borde, + þe surveour{e} sadly / & soburly / + w{i}t{h}-owteñ any discorde 676 + Delyu{er} forth{e} his disches, ye to co{n}vey þe[-m] to þe lorde; + + [Sidenote: and you, the Sewer, have skilful officers to prevent + any dish being stolen.] + + And wheñ ye bith{e} at þe borde / + of s{er}uyce and surveyng{e}, [Fol. 181.] + se þat ye haue officers boþe courtly and co{n}nyng{e}, + For drede of a disch{e} of your{e} course stelyng{e}[181], 680 + whych{e} myght cawse a vileny ligtly + in your{e} s{er}uice sewyng{e}. + + [Sidenote: IV. Have proper servants, Marshals, &c., to bring the + dishes from the kitchen. V. You set them on the table yourself.] + + And se þ{a}t ye haue s{er}uytours semely / + þe disches for to ber{e}, + M{ar}chall{es}, Squyers / & s{er}geaunt{es} of armes[182], + if þ{a}t þey be ther{e}, + þat your{e} lord{es} mete may be brought + w{i}t{h}out dowt or der{e}; 684 + to sett it surely oñ þe borde / your{e} self nede not feer{e}. + + + [Headnote: FIRST COURSE OF A FLESH DINNER.] + + [Sidenote: _A Meat Dinner._] + +A dynere of flesche.[183] + + [Sidenote: _First Course._] + +The Furst Course. + + [Sidenote: 1. Mustard and brawn. 2. Potage. 3. Stewed Pheasant and + Swan, &c. 4. Baked Venison.] + + ++Furst set forth{e} mustard / & brawne / + of boor{e},[184] þe wild swyne, + Suche potage / as þe cooke hath{e} made / + of yerbis / spice / & wyne, + Beeff, motoñ[185] / Stewed feysaund / + Swañ[186] w{i}t{h} the Chawdwyñ,[187] 688 + Capou{n}, pigge / vensou{n} bake, leche lombard[188] / + frutur{e} viaunt[189] fyne; + ++A Sotelte+ + + [Sidenote: 5. A Device of Gabriel greeting Mary.] + + { And þan a Sotelte: + { Maydoñ mary þat holy virgyne, + { And Gabriell{e} gretyng{e} hur / w{i}t{h} an Ave. 692 + + + [Sidenote: _Second Course._] + +The Second Course. + + [Sidenote: 1. Blanc Mange (of Meat). 2. Roast Venison, &c. + 3. Peacocks, heronsew,] + + T{w}o potag{es}, blanger manger{e},[190] & Also Iely[191]: + For a standard / vensou{n} rost / kyd, favne, or cony, + bustard, stork / crane / pecok in hakill{e} ryally,[192] + heiron-sew or / betowr{e}, w{i}t{h}-s{er}ue wit{h} bred, + yf þat drynk be by; 696 + + [Sidenote: egrets, sucking rabbits, larks, bream, &c. 4. Dowcets, + amber Leche, poached fritters.] + + Partrich{e}, wodcok / plover{e} / egret / + Rabett{es} sowker{e}[193]; + Gret briddes / larkes / gentill{e} breme de mer{e}, + dowcett{es},[194] payne puff, w{i}t{h} leche / + Ioly[195] Amber{e}, + Fretour{e} powche / a sotelte folowyng{e} in fer{e}, 700 + + [Sidenote: 5. A Device of an Angel appearing to three Shepherds on + a hill.] + + þe course for to fullfylle, + An angell{e} goodly kañ apper{e}, + and syngyng{e} w{i}t{h} a mery cher{e}, + Vn-to .iij. shep{er}d{es} vppoñ añ hill{e}. 704 + + + [Headnote: 3RD COURSE OF A FLESH DINNER.] + + [Sidenote: _Third Course._] + +The iij^d Course. + + [Sidenote: 1. Almond cream. 2. Curlews, Snipes, &c. 3. Fresh-water + crayfish, &c. 4. Baked Quinces, Sage fritters, &c.] + + "Creme of almond{es}, & mameny, þe iij. course in coost, + Curlew / brew / snyt{es} / quayles / sp{ar}ows / + m{er}tenett{es} rost, + P{er}che in gely / Crevise dewe dou[gh] / + pety p{er}ueis[196] w{i}t{h} þe moost, + Quynces bake / leche dugard / Frutur{e} sage / + y speke of cost, 708 + + [Sidenote: 5. Devices: The Mother of Christ, presented by the + Kings of Cologne.] + + and soteltees full{e} soleyñ: + þat lady þ{a}t conseuyd by the holygost + hy[-m] þ{a}t distroyed þe fend{es} boost, + presentid plesauntly by þe kyng{es} of coleyñ. 712 + + [Sidenote: _Dessert._ White apples, caraways, wafers and Ypocras.] + + Afft{ur} þis, delicat{is} mo. + Blaunderell{e}, or pepyns, w{i}t{h} carawey in confite, + Waffurs to ete / ypocras to drynk w{i}t{h} delite. + + [Sidenote: _Clear the Table._] + + now þis fest is fynysched / voyd þe table quyte 716 + Go we to þe fysch{e} fest while we haue respite, + & þañ w{i}t{h} godd{es} g{ra}ce þe fest will{e} be do. + + + [Headnote: 1ST COURSE OF A FISH DINNER.] + + [Sidenote: _A Fish Dinner._] + +A Dinere of Fische.[197] + + [Sidenote: _First Course._] + +The Furst Course. + + [Sidenote: 1. Minnows, &c. 2. Porpoise and peas. 3. Fresh + Millwell. 4. Roast Pike.] + + "Musclade or[198] menows // w{i}t{h} þe Samou{n} bellows[199]// + eles, lampurns in fer{e}; + Pesoñ w{i}t{h} þe purpose // ar good potage, as y suppose // 720 + as falleth{e} for tyme of þe yer{e}: + Bakeñ herynge// Sugr{e} þ{er}oñ strewyng{e} // [Fol. 182.] + grene myllewell{e}, deynteth{e} & not der{e}; + pike[200] / lamprey / or Soolis + // purpose rosted oñ coles[201] // 724 + g{ur}nard / lamp{ur}nes bake / a leche, & a fritur{e}; + + [Sidenote: 5. A Divice: A young man piping on a cloud, and called + _Sanguineus_, or Spring.] + + a semely sotelte folowyng{e} evyñ þer{e}. + A galaunt yong{e} mañ, a wanton wight, + pypyng{e} & syngyng{e} / lovyng{e} & lyght, 728 + Standyng{e} oñ a clowd, Sang{ui}neus he hight, + þe begy{n}nyng{e} of þe sesoñ þ{a}t cleped is ver." + + + [Sidenote: _Second Course._] + +The second course. + + [Sidenote: 1. Dates and Jelly, 2. Doree in Syrup, 3. Turbot, &c. + 4. Eels, Fritters,] + + "Dat{es} in confyte // Iely red and white // + þis is good dewyng{e}[202]; 732 + Cong{ur}, somoñ, dorray // In siripp{e} if þey lay // + w{i}t{h} oþ{er} disches in sewyng{e}. + Brett / turbut[203] / or halybut // Carpe, base / + mylet, or trowt // + Cheveñ,[204] breme / renewyng{e}; 736 + [Gh]ole / Eles, lampurnes / rost // a leche, a frytur{e}, + y make now bost // + + [Sidenote: 5. A Device: A Man of War, red and angry called + _Estas_, or Summer.] + + þe seco{n}d / sotelte sewynge. + A mañ of warr{e} semyng{e} he was, + A rough{e}, a red, angry syr{e}, 740 + An hasty mañ standyng{e} in fyr{e}, + As hoot as som{er} by his attyre; + his name was þ{er}oñ, & cleped Estas. + + + [Headnote: 3RD AND 4TH COURSES OF A FISH DINNER.] + + [Sidenote: _Third Course._] + +The thrid course. + + [Sidenote: 1. Almond Cream, &c., 2. Sturgeon, Whelks, Minnows, + 3. Shrimps, &c., 4. Fritters.] + + Creme of almond[205] Iardyne // & mameny[206] // good & fyne // 744 + Potage for þe .iij^d s{er}uyse. + Fresch sturgeñ / breme de mer{e} // P{er}che in Iely / + oryent & cler{e} // + whelk{es}, menuse; þ{us} we devise: + Shrympis / Fresch heryng{e} bryled + // pety p{er}ueis may not be exiled, 748 + leche frytur{e},[207] a tansey gyse // + + [Sidenote: 5. A Device: A Man with a Sickle, tired, called + Harvest.] + + The sotelte / a mañ w{i}t{h} sikell{e} in his hand{e}, + In a ryver{e} of watur stand{e} / + wrapped in wed{es} in a werysom wyse, + hauyng{e} no deynteith{e} to daunce: 752 + þe thrid age of mañ by liklynes; + hervist we clepe hy[-m], full{e} of werynes + [gh]et þer folowyth{e} mo þat we must dres, + regard{es} riche þ{a}t ar full{e} of plesaunce. 756 + + + [Sidenote: _Fourth Course._] + +The .iiij. course of frute. + + [Sidenote: Hot apples, Ginger, Wafers, Ypocras.] + + Whot appuls & peres w{i}t{h} sugr{e} Candy, [Fol. 182b.] + With{e} Gyng{re} columbyne, mynsed man{er}ly, + Wafurs w{i}t{h} ypocras. + Now þis fest is fynysched / for to make glad cher{e}: 760 + and þaugh{e} so be þat þe vse & maner{e} + not afor{e} tyme be seyñ has, + + [Sidenote: The last Device, _Yemps_ or Winter, with grey locks, + sitting on a stone.] + + Neu{er}thelese aft{ur} my symple affeccioñ + y must conclude w{i}t{h} þe fourth co{m}pleccioñ, 764 + 'yemps' þe cold terme of þe yer{e}, + Wyntur / w{i}t{h} his lokkys grey / febill{e} & old, + Syttyng{e} vppoñ þe stone / bothe hard & cold, + Nigard in hert & hevy of cher{e}. 768 + + + [Sidenote: These Devices represent the Ages of Man: _Sanguineus_, + the 1st age, of pleasure.] + + ++The furst Sotelte, as y said, 'Sang{ui}ne{us}' hight + [T]he furst age of mañ / Iocond & light, + þe sp{ri}ngyng{e} tyme clepe 'ver.' + + [Sidenote: _Colericus_, the 2nd, of quarrelling.] + + ¶ The second course / 'colericus' by callyng{e}, 772 + Full{e} of Fyghtyng{e} / blasfemyng{e}, & brallyng{e}, + Fallyng{e} at veryaunce w{i}t{h} felow & fere. + + [Sidenote: _Autumpnus_ the 3rd, of melancholy.] + + ¶ The thrid sotelte, y declar{e} as y kan, + 'Autu{m}pnus,' þat is þe .iij^d age of mañ, 776 + With a flewisch{e}[208] countenaunce. + + [Sidenote: _Winter_, the 4th, of aches and troubles.] + + ¶ The iiij^th countenaunce[209], as y seid before, + is wyntur w{i}t{h} his lokk{es} hoor{e}, + þe last age of mañ full{e} of grevaunce. 780 + + [Sidenote: These Devices give great pleasure, when shown in a + house.] + + ++These iiij. soteltees devised in towse,[210] + wher þey byñ shewed in an howse, + hith{e} doth{e} gret plesaunce + w{i}t{h} oþ{er} sightes of gret Nowelte 784 + þañ hañ be shewed in Riall{e} feest{es} of solempnyte, + A notable cost þe ordynaunce. + + + [Sidenote: _Inscriptions for the Devices._] + +The superscripcioun of þe sutiltees aboue specified, here folowethe ++Versus+ + + [Sidenote: _Spring._] + ++Sanguine{us}.+ + + [Sidenote: Loving, laughing, singing, benign.] + + Largus, amans, hillaris, ridens, rubei q{ue} coloris, + Cantans, carnos{us}, sat{is} audax, atque benignus. 788 + + [Sidenote: _Summer._] + + +¶ Estas+ + + +Colericus.+ [Fol. 183.] + + [Sidenote: Prickly, angry, crafty, lean.] + + Hirsutus, Fallax / irascens / p{ro}digus, sat{is} audax, + Astutus, gracilis / Siccus / crocei q{ue} coloris. + + [Sidenote: _Autumn._] + + +¶ Autumpnus+ + + +Fleumaticus.+ + + [Sidenote: Sleepy, dull, sluggish, fat, white-faced.] + + Hic sompnolentus / piger, in sputamine multus, + Ebes hinc sensus / pinguis, facie color albus. 792 + + [Sidenote: _Winter._] + + +¶ yemps+ + + +Malencolicus.+ + + [Sidenote: Envious, sad, timid, yellow-coloured.] + + Invidus et tristis / Cupidus / dextre que tenac{is}, + Non expers fraudis, timidus, lutei q{ue} coloris. + + + [Headnote: A FEST FOR A FRANKLEN.] + + [Sidenote: _A Franklin's Feast._] + ++A fest for a franklen.+ + + [Sidenote: Brawn, bacon and pease,] + + ++"A Frankleñ may make a feste Imp{ro}berabill{e}, + brawne w{i}t{h} mustard is con{c}ordable, 796 + bakoñ s{er}ued w{i}t{h} pesoñ, + + [Sidenote: beef and boiled chickens,] + + beef or motoñ stewed s{er}uysable, + Boyled Chykoñ or capoñ agreable, + convenyent for þe sesoñ; 800 + + [Sidenote: roast goose, capon, and custade.] + + Rosted goose & pygge full{e} profitable, + Capoñ / Bakemete, or Custade Costable, + wheñ eggis & crayme be gesoñ. + + [Sidenote: _Second Course._ Mortrewes,] + + Þerfor{e} stuffe of household is behoveable, 804 + Mortrowes or Iussell{e}[211] ar delectable + for þe second course by resoñ. + + [Sidenote: veal, rabbit, chicken, dowcettes,] + + Thañ veel, lambe, kyd, or cony, + Chykoñ or pigeoñ rosted tendurly, 808 + bakemet{es} or dowcett{es}[212] w{i}t{h} all{e}. + + [Sidenote: fritters, or leche,] + + þeñ followyng{e}, frytowrs & a leche lovely; + Suche s{er}uyse in sesou{n} is full{e} semely + To s{er}ue w{i}t{h} bothe chambur & hall{e}. 812 + + [Sidenote: spiced pears, bread and cheese,] + + Theñ appuls & peris w{i}t{h} spices delicately + Aft{ur} þe terme of þe yer{e} full{e} deynteithly, + w{i}t{h} bred and chese to call{e}. + + [Sidenote: spiced cakes, bragot and mead.] + + Spised cak{es} and wafurs worthily 816 + with{e} bragot[213] & meth{e},[214] þus meñ may meryly + plese well{e} bothe gret & small{e}." + + + [Sidenote: _Dinners on Fish-days._] + +Sewes on fishe dayes. [Fol. 183b.] + + [Sidenote: Gudgeons, minnows, venprides (?) musclade (?) of + almonds, oysters dressed,] + + ++"Flowndurs / gogeons, muskels,[215] menuce in sewe, + Eles, lampurnes, venprid{es} / quyk & newe, 820 + Musclade in wortes / musclade[216] of almondes + for stat{es} full{e} dewe, + Oysturs in Ceuy[217] / oysturs in grauey,[218] + your helth{e} to renewe, + + [Sidenote: porpoise or seal, pike cullis, jelly, dates, quinces, + pears,] + + The baly of þe fresch{e} samoñ / els purpose, or seele[219], + Colice[220] of pike, shrympus[221] / + or p{er}che, ye know full{e} wele; 824 + P{ar}tye gely / Creme of almond{es}[222] / + dat{es} in confite / to rekeu{er} heele, + Quinces & peris / Ciryppe w{i}t{h} p{ar}cely rot{es} / + ri[gh]t so bygyñ yo{ur} mele. + + [Sidenote: houndfish, rice, mameny. If you don't like these + potages, taste them only.] + + Mortrowis of houndfisch{e}[223] / & Rice standyng{e}[224] white, + Mameny,[225] mylke of almond{es}, Rice rennyng{e} liquyte,-- 828 + þese potages ar holsom for þem þat hañ delite + þ{er}of to ete / & if not so / þeñ taste he but a lite." + + + [Headnote: SAUCE FOR FISH.] + + [Sidenote: _Fish Sauces._] + +Sawce for fishe.[226] + + [Sidenote: Mustard for salt herring, conger, mackerel, &c.] + + ++"Yowr{e} sawces to make y shall{e} geue yow lerynge: + Mustard is[A] / is metest w{i}t{h} all{e} man{er} + salt heryng{e}, 832 + Salt fysch{e}, salt Congur, samou{n}, w{i}t{h} sparlyng{e},[227] + Salt ele, salt makerell{e}, & also with{e} m{er}lyng{e}.[228] + + [Text note: ? _is_ repeated by mistake.] + + [Sidenote: Vinegar for salt porpoise, swordfish, &c. Sour wine for + whale, with powder.] + + ++Vynegur is good to salt purpose & torrentyne,[229] + Salt sturgeoñ, salt swyrd-fysch{e} savery & fyne. 836 + Salt Thurlepolle, salt whale,[230] is good w{i}t{h} egr{e} wyne, + with{e} powdur put þ{er}-oñ shall{e} cawse ooñ well{e} to dyne. + + [Sidenote: Wine for plaice. Galantine for lamprey. Verjuice for + mullet. Cinnamon for base, carp, and chub.] + + Playce w{i}t{h} wyne; & pike with{e} his reffett; + þe galantyne[231] for þe lamprey / wher{e} þey may be gete; 840 + verdius[232] to roche / darce / breme / soles / & molett; + Baase, flow[{n}]durs / Carpe / Cheveñ / + Synamome ye þ{er}-to sett. + + [Sidenote: Garlic, verjuice, and pepper, for houndfish, stockfish, + &c.] + + Garlek / or mustard, v{er}geus þ{er}to, + pep{ur} þe {po}wderyng{e}-- + For þornebak / houndfysch{e} / & also fresch{e} heryng{e}, 844 + hake[233], stokfysh{e}[234], haddok[235] / + cod[236] / & whytyng{e}-- + ar moost metist for thes met{es}, as techith{e} vs þe wrytynge. + + [Sidenote: Vinegar, cinnamon, and ginger, for fresh-water + crayfish, fresh porpoise, sturgeon, &c.] + + Vinegr{e} / powdur with{e} synamome / and gynger{e}, [Fol. 184.] + to rost Eles / lampurnes / Creve[gh] dew dou[gh], + and breme de mer{e}, 848 + For Gurnard / for roche / & fresch{e} purpose, if hit appe{re}, + Fresch{e} sturgeoñ / shrympes / p{er}che / + molett / y wold it wer{e} her{e}. + + + [Sidenote: Green Sauce for green fish (fresh ling): Mustard is + best for every dish.] + + ++Grene sawce[237] is good w{i}t{h} grene fisch[238], + y her{e} say; + botte lyng{e} / brett[239] & fresch{e} turbut / + gete it who so may. 852 + yet make moche of mustard, & put it not away, + For w{i}t{h} euery disch{e} he is dewest / + who so lust to assay. + + [Sidenote: Other sauces are served at grand feasts, but the above + will please familiar guests."] + + Other sawces to sovereyns ar s{er}ued in som solempne festis, + but these will plese them full{e} well{e} / + þ{a}t ar but hoomly gestis. 856 + Now have y shewyd yow, my soñ, somewhat of dyu{er}se Iestis + þat ar reme{m}bred in lord{es} courte / + þer{e} as all rialte restis." + + + [Sidenote: "Fair fall you, father! You have taught me lovesomely; + but please tell me, too, the duties of a Chamberlain."] + + ++"Now fayre falle yow fadir / in fayth{e} y am full fayñ, + For louesomly ye han lered me þe nurtur þat ye han sayñ; 860 + pleseth{e} it you to certifye me with ooñ worde or twayñ + þe Curtesy to co{n}ceue conveniently for eu{er}y chamburlayñ." + + + [Headnote: THE OFFICE OFF A CHAMBURLAYNE.] + + [Sidenote: _The Chamberlain's Duties._] + +The office off a chamburlayne.[240] + + [Sidenote: He must be diligent, neatly dressed, clean-washed, + careful of fire and candle,] + + ++"The Curtesy of a chamburlayñ is in office to be diligent, + Clenli clad, his cloþis not all to-rent; 864 + handis & face wascheñ fayr{e}, his hed well kempt; + & war eu{er} of fyr{e} and candill{e} þat he be not neccligent. + + [Sidenote: attentive to his master, light of ear, looking out for + things that will please.] + + To your{e} mastir looke ye geue diligent attendaunce; + be curteyse, glad of cher{e}, & light of er{e} + in eu{er}y semblaunce, 868 + eu{er} waytyng{e} to þat thyng{e} þat may do hym plesaunce: + to these p{ro}purtees if ye will apply, + it may yow well{e} avaunce. + + [Sidenote: The Chamberlain must prepare for his lord a clean + shirt, under and upper coat and doublet, breeches, socks, and + slippers as brown as a water-leech.] + + Se that your{e} sou{er}ayne haue clene shurt & breche, + a petycote,[241] a dublett, a long{e} coote, + if he wer{e} suche, 872 + his hosyñ well brusshed, his sokk{es} not to seche, + his shoñ or slyppers as browne as is þe wat{ur}leche. + + [Sidenote: In the morning, must have clean linen ready, warmed + by a clear fire.] + + In þe morow tyde, agaynst your{e} sou{er}ayne doth ryse, + wayte hys lynnyñ þat hit be clene; + þeñ warme h{i}t in þ{i}s wise, 876 + by a cler{e} fyr{e} w{i}t{h}owt smoke / + if it be cold or frese, + and so may ye your{e} sou{er}ayñ plese at þe best asise. + + [Sidenote: When his lord rises, he gets ready the foot-sheet; puts + a cushioned chair before the fire, a cushion for the feet,] + + Agayne he riseth vp, make redy your{e} fote shete + in þ{i}s man{er} made greithe / & þat ye not forgete 880 + furst a chayer{e} a-for{e} þe fyr{e} / or som oþ{er} honest sete + With{e} a cosshyñ þ{er} vppoñ / + & a noþ{ur} for the feete [Fol. 184b.] + + [Sidenote: and over all spreads the foot-sheet: has a comb and + kerchief ready,] + + aboue þe coschyñ & chayer{e} þe said shete ou{er} sprad + So þat it keu{er} þe fote coschyñ and chayer{e}, + ri[gh]t as y bad; 884 + Also combe & kercheff / looke þer{e} bothe be had + your{e} sou{er}eyñ hed to kymbe or he be graytly clad: + + + [Sidenote: and then asks his lord to come to the fire and dress + while he waits by.] + + ++Than pray your{e} sou{er}eyñ w{i}t{h} wordus mansuetely + to com to a good fyr{e} and aray hym ther by, 888 + and ther{e} to sytt or stand / to his p{er}sone plesauntly, + and ye eu{er} redy to awayte w{i}t{h} maners metely. + + [Sidenote: 1. Give your master his under coat, 2. His doublet, + 3. Stomacher well warmed, 4. Vampeys and socks,] + + Furst hold to hym a petycote aboue your{e} brest and barme, + his dublet þañ aftur to put in boþe hys arme, 892 + his stomacher{e} well{e} y-chaffed to kepe hym fro harme, + his vampeys[242] and sokkes, þañ all day he may go warme; + + [Sidenote: 5. Draw on his socks, breeches, and shoes, 6. Pull up + his breeches, 7. Tie 'em up,] + + Theñ drawe oñ his sokkis / & hosyñ by the fur{e}, + his shoñ laced or bokelid, draw the[-m] oñ sur{e}; 896 + Strike his hosyñ vppewarde his legge ye endur{e}, + þeñ trusse ye them vp strayte / to his plesur{e}, + + [Sidenote: 8. Lace his doublet, 9. Put a kerchief round his neck, + 10. Comb his head with an ivory comb, 11. Give him warm water to + wash with,] + + Then lace his dublett eu{er}y hoole so by & bye; + oñ his shuldur about his nek a kercheff þer{e} must lye, 900 + and curteisly þañ ye kymbe his hed w{i}t{h} combe of yvery, + and watur warme his hand{es} to wasche, & face also clenly. + + + [Sidenote: 12. Kneel down and ask him what gown he'll wear: + 13. Get the gown, 14. Hold it out to him;] + + ++Than knele a dowñ oñ your{e} kne / + & þ{us} to your{e} sou{er}ayñ ye say + "Syr, what Robe or govñ pleseth it yow to wer{e} to day?" 904 + Suche as he axeth for{e} / loke ye plese hym to pay, + þañ hold it to hy[-m] a brode, his body þ{er}-in to array; + + [Sidenote: 15. Get his girdle, 16. His Robe (see l. 957). 17. His + hood or hat.] + + his gurdell{e}, if he wer{e}, be it strayt or lewse; + Set his garment goodly / aftur as ye know þe vse; 908 + take hy[-m] hode or hatt / for his hed[[242a]] cloke or cappe de huse; + So shall{e} ye plese hy[-m] prestly, no nede to make excuse + + [Sidenote: 18. Before he goes brush him carefully.] + + Wheþ{ur} hit be feyr{e} or foule, or mysty all{e} with{e} reyñ. + Or your{e} mastir depart his place, afor{e} þ{a}t þis be seyñ, 912 + to brusch{e} besily about hy[-m]; loke all be pur and playñ + wheþur he wer{e} sateñ / sendell, vellewet, scarlet, or greyñ. + + [Sidenote: Before your lord goes to church, see that his pew is + made ready, cushion, curtain, &c.] + + Prynce or p{re}late if hit be, or any oþ{er} potestate, + or he entur in to þe church{e}, be it erly or late, 916 + p{er}ceue all þyng{e} for his pewe þ{a}t it be made p{re}p{ar}ate, + boþe cosshyñ / carpet / & curteyñ / + bed{es} & boke, forgete not that. + + + [Sidenote: Return to his bedroom, throw off the clothes, beat the + featherbed, see that the fustian and sheets are clean.] + + ++Thañ to your{e} sou{er}eynes chambur walke ye in hast; + all þe cloþes of þe bed, them aside ye cast; 920 + þe Fethurbed ye bete / w{i}t{h}out hurt, so no feddurs ye wast, + Fustiañ[243] and shetis clene by sight and sans ye tast. + + [Sidenote: Cover the bed with a coverlet, spread out the bench + covers and cushions, set up the headsheet and pillow, remove the + urinal and basin,] + + Kover w{i}t{h} a keu{er}lyte clenly / þat bed so man{er}ly made; + þe bankers & quosshyns, in þe chambur se þe[-m] feir{e} y-sprad, 924 + boþe hedshete & pillow also, þat þe[y] be saaff vp stad, + the vrnell{e} & basoñ also that they awey be had. + + [Sidenote: lay carpets round the bed, and with others dress the + windows and cupboard, have a fire laid.] + + Se the carpett{is} about þe bed + be forth spred & laid, [Fol. 185.] + wyndowes & cuppeborde w{i}t{h} carpett{is} & cosshyns splayd; 928 + Se þer be a good fyr{e} in þe chambur conveyed, + w{i}t{h} wood & fuell{e} redy þe fuyr{e} to bete & aide. + + + [Sidenote: Keep the Privy sweet and clean, cover the boards with + green cloth, so that no wood shows at the hole; put a cushion + there,] + + ++Se þe privehouse for esement[244] be fayr{e}, soote, & clene, + & þat þe bord{es} þ{er} vppoñ / + be keu{er}ed with{e} clothe feyr{e} & grene, 932 + & þe hool{e} / hym self, looke þer no borde be sene, + þ{er}oñ a feir{e} quoschyñ / þe ordour{e} no mañ to tene + + [Sidenote: and have some blanket, cotton, or linen to wipe on; + have a basin, jug, and towel, ready for your lord to wash when he + leaves the privy.] + + looke þ{er} be blanket / cotyñ / + or lynyñ to wipe þe neþ{ur} ende[245]; + and eu{er} wheñ he clepith{e}, wayte redy & entende, 936 + basou{n} and ewer{e}, & oñ yo{ur} shuldur a towell{e}, + my frende[246]; + In þis wise worship shall{e} ye wyñ / + wher{e} þ{a}t eu{er} ye wende + + + [Headnote: THE CHAMBERLAIN IN THE WARDEROBES.] + +The warderober.[247] + + [Sidenote: In the Wardrobe take care to keep the clothes well,] + + ++In þe warderobe ye must muche entende besily + the robes to kepe well / & also to brusche þe[-m] clenly; 940 + w{i}t{h} the ende of a soft brusch{e} ye brusch{e} þem clenly, + and yet ou{er} moche bruschyng{e} wereth{e} cloth lyghtly. + + [Sidenote: and brush 'em with a soft brush at least once a week, + for fear of moths. Look after your Drapery and Skinnery.] + + lett neu{er} wollyñ cloth ne furr{e} passe a seuenyght + to be vnbrossheñ & shakyñ / tend þ{er}to aright, 944 + for mought{es} be redy eu{er} in þem to gendur & ali[gh]t; + þerfore to drapery / & skynn{er}y eu{er} haue ye a sight. + + [Sidenote: If your lord will take a nap after his meal, have ready + kerchief, comb, pillow and headsheet] + + your{e} souerayñ aftir mete / his stomak to digest + yef he will{e} take a slepe / hym self þer{e} for to rest, 948 + looke bothe kercheff & combe / þat ye haue þer{e} prest, + bothe pillow & hedshete / for hy[-m] þe[y] must be drest; + + [Sidenote: (don't let him sleep too long), water and towel.] + + yet be ye nott ferr{e} hym fro, take tent what y say, + For moche slepe is not medcynable in myddis of þe day. 952 + wayte þat ye haue watur to wasch{e} / & towell{e} all{e} way + aftur slepe and sege / honeste will not hit denay. + + + [Headnote: TO PUT A LORD TO BED.] + + [Sidenote: When he goes to bed, 1. Spread out the footsheet, + 2. Take off your lord's Robe and put it away.] + + ++Whañ your{e} sou{er}ayne hath{e} supped / + & to chamb{ur} takith{e} his gate, + þañ sprede forth{e} your{e} fote shete / + like as y lered yow late; 956 + thañ his gowne ye gadir of, or garment of his estate, + by his licence / & ley hit vpp in suche place as ye best wate. + + [Sidenote: 3. Put a cloak on his back, 4. Set him on his + footsheet, 5. Pull off his shoes, socks, and breeches, 6. Throw + the breeches over your arm,] + + vppoñ his bak a ma{n}tell ye ley / his body to kepe from cold, + Set hy[-m] oñ his fote shete[248] / made redy as y yow told; 960 + his shoñ, sokkis, & hosyñ / to draw of be ye bolde; + þe hosyñ oñ your{e} shuldyr cast / + oñ vppoñ yo{ur} arme ye hold; [Fol. 185b.] + + [Sidenote: 7. Comb his head, 8. Put on his kerchief and nightcap, + 9. Have the bed, and headsheet, &c., ready,] + + your{e} sou{er}eynes hed ye kembe / but furst ye knele to ground; + þe kercheff and cappe oñ his hed / hit wolde be warmely wounde; 964 + his bed / y-spred / þe shete for þe hed / + þe pelow prest þ{a}t stounde, + þat wheñ your{e} sou{er}eyñ to bed shall go / + to slepe þer{e} saaf & sounde, + + [Sidenote: 10. Draw the curtains, 11. Set the night-light, + 12. Drive out dogs and cats, 13. Bow to your lord,] + + The curteyns let draw þe[-m] þe bed round about; + se his morter[249] w{i}t{h} wax or p{er}cher{e}[250] + þat it go not owt; 968 + dryve out dogge[[250a]] and catte, or els geue þe[-m] a clovt; + Of your{e} sou{er}ayne take no leue[251]; / + but low to hy[-m] alowt. + + [Sidenote: 14. Keep the night-stool and urinal ready for whenever + he calls, and take it back when done with.] + + looke þat ye haue þe basoñ for ch{a}mbur & also þe vrnall{e} + redy at all{e} howres wheñ he will{e} clepe or call{e}: 972 + his nede p{er}formed, þe same receue agayñ ye shall{e}, + & þus may ye haue a thank / + & reward wheñ þ{a}t eu{er} hit fall{e}. + + + [Headnote: TO MAKE A BATH.] + + [Sidenote: _How to prepare a Bath._] + +A bathe or stewe so called. + + [Sidenote: Hang round the roof, sheets full of sweet herbs, have + five or six sponges to sit or lean on,] + + [Gh]eff your{e} sou{er}ayne will{e} to þe bath{e}, + his body to wasch{e} clene, + hang shetis round about þe rooff; do thus as y meene; 976 + eu{er}y shete full of flowres & herbis soote & grene, + and looke ye haue sponges .v. or vj. p{er}oñ to sytte or lene: + + [Sidenote: and one great sponge to sit on with a sheet over and a + sponge under his feet. Mind the door's shut.] + + looke þ{er} be a gret sponge, þ{er}-oñ + your{e} sou{er}ayne to sytt; + þ{er}oñ a shete, & so he may bathe hy[-m] þer{e} a fytte; 980 + vndir his feete also a sponge, [gh]iff þ{er} be any to putt; + and alwey be sur{e} of þe dur, & se þat he be shutt. + + [Sidenote: With a basinful of hot herbs, wash him with a soft + sponge, throw rose-water on him; let him go to bed.] + + A basyñ full in your{e} hand of herbis hote & fresch{e}, + & with a soft sponge in hand, his body þ{a}t ye wasch{e}; 984 + Rynse hy[-m] with rose watur warme & feir{e} vppoñ hym flasch{e}, + þeñ lett hy[-m] go to bed / but looke it be soote & nesch{e}; + + [Sidenote: Put his socks and slippers on, stand him on his + footsheet, wipe him dry, take him to bed to cure his troubles.] + + but furst sett oñ his sokkis, his slyppers oñ his feete, + þat he may go feyr{e} to þe fyr{e}, + þer{e} to take his fote shete, 988 + þañ with{e} a clene cloth{e} / to wype awey all wete; + thañ bryng{e} hy[-m] to his bed, his bales ther{e} to bete." + + + [Headnote: THE MAKYNG OF A BATHE MEDICINABLE.] + + [Sidenote: _To make a Medicinal Bath._] + +The makyng of a bathe medicinable.[252] + + [Sidenote: Boil together hollyhock centaury, herb-benet, + scabious,] + + ++"Holy hokke / & yardehok[253] / p{er}itory[254] / + and þe brown fenell{e},[255] [Fol. 186.] + walle wort[256] / herbe Iohñ[257] / Sentory[258] / + rybbewort[259] / & camamell{e}, 992 + + hey hove[260] / heyriff[261] / herbe benet[262] / + bresewort[263] / & smallache,[264] + broke lempk[265] / Scabiose[266] / Bilgres[267] / + wildflax / is good for ache; + + [Sidenote: withy leaves; throw them hot into a vessel, set your + lord on it; let him bear it as hot as he can, and whatever disease + he has will certainly be cured, as men say.] + + wethy leves / grene otes / boyled in fer{e} fulle soft, + Cast þe[-m] hote in to a vessell{e} / + & sett your{e} soverayñ alloft, 996 + + and suffir{e} þat hete a while as hoot as he may a-bide; + se þ{a}t place be cou{er}ed well{e} ou{er} / + & close oñ eu{er}y side; + + and what dissese ye be vexed w{i}t{h}, grevaunce ouþ{er} peyñ, + þis medicyne shall{e} make yow hoole surely, as meñ seyñ." 1000 + + + [Headnote: USHER AND MARSHAL: THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF PERSONS.] + + [Sidenote: _The Duties of an Usher and Marshal._] + +The office of ussher & marshalle.[268] + +[A]my lorde, my master, of lilleshull{e} abbot[A] + + [Text note: This line is in a later hand.] + + [Sidenote: He must know the rank and precedence of all people.] + + ++"The office of a co{n}nyng{e} vscher{e} or marshall{e} + w{i}t{h}-owt fable + must know all{e} estat{es} of the church goodly & greable, + and þe excellent estate of a kyng{e} + w{i}t{h} his blode honorable: 1004 + hit is a notable nurtur{e} / + co{n}nyng{e}, curyouse, and commendable. + + + [Sidenote: I. 1. The Pope. 2. Emperor. 3. King. 4. Cardinal. + 5. Prince. 6. Archbishop. 7. Royal Duke.] + + [Sidenote: II. Bishop, &c.] + ++Thestate of a+ + + +The pope+ hath no peere; + { Emperowr{e} is nex hym eu{er}y wher{e}; + { Kyng{e} corespondent; þus nurtur{e} shall{e} yow lere. + { high{e} Cardynell{e}, þe dignyte doth{e} requer{e}; 1008 + { Kyngis soñe, prynce ye hym Call{e}; + { Archebischopp{e} is to hym p{er}egall{e}. + { Duke of þe blod{e} royall{e}, + { bishopp{e} / Marques / & erle / coequall{e}. 1012 + + [Sidenote: III. 1. Viscount. 2. Mitred abbot. 3. Three Chief + Justices. 4. Mayor of London.] + + [Sidenote: IV. (The Knight's rank.) 1. Cathedral Prior, Knight + Bachelor. 2. Dean, Archdeacon. 3. Master of the Rolls. 4. Puisné + Judge. 5. Clerk of the Crown. 6. Mayor of Calais. 7. Doctor of + Divinity. 8. Prothonotary. 9. Pope's Legate.] + + { ++Vycount / legate / baroune / suffrigañ / + abbot w{i}t{h} myt{ur} feyr{e}, + { barovñ of þescheker{e} / iij. þe cheff Iustice[gh] / + of londoñ þe meyr{e}; + { Pryour{e} Cathedrall{e}, myt{ur} abbot w{i}t{h}out / + a knyght bachiller{e} + { P{ri}oure / deane / archedekoñ / a knyght / + þe body Esquyer{e}, 1016 + + { Mastir of the rolles / ri[gh]t þus rykeñ y, + { Vndir Iustice may sitte hym by: + { Clerke of the crowne / & thescheker{e} Co{n}venyently + { Meyr{e} of Calice ye may p{re}ferr{e} plesauntly. 1020 + { Provynciall{e}, & doctur diuyne, [Fol. 186b.] + { P{ro}thonot{ur}, ap{er}tli to-gedur þey may dyne. + + [Sidenote: V. (The Squire's rank.) 1. Doctor of Laws. 2. Ex-Mayor + of London. 3. Serjeant of Law. 4. Masters of Chancery. + 5. Preacher. 6. Masters of Arts. 7. Other Religious. 8. Parsons + and Vicars. 9. Parish Priests. 10. City Bailiffs. 11. Serjeant at + Arms. 12. Heralds (the chief Herald has first place), + 13. Merchants, 14. Gentlemen, 15. Gentlewomen may all eat with + squires.] + + { ++Þe popes legate or collectour{e}, to-ged{ur} ye assigne, + { Doctur of bothe lawes, beyng{e} in science digne. 1024 + + { ++Hym þat hath byñ meyr{e} / & a londyner{e}, + { Sargeaunt of lawe / he may w{i}t{h} hym comper{e}; + { The mastirs of the Chauncery w{i}t{h} comford & cher{e}, + { Þe worshipfull{e} p{re}chour{e} of p{ar}dou{n} + in þ{a}t place to apper{e}. 1028 + + The clerk{es} of connyng{e} that hañ takeñ degre, + And all{e} othur ordurs of chastite chosyñ, & also of pou{er}te, + all{e} p{ar}sons & vicaries þat ar of dignyte, + parisch{e} prest{es} kepynge cur{e}, vn-to þem loke ye se. 1032 + For þe baliff{es} of a Cite purvey ye must a space, + A yemañ of þe crowne / Sargeaunt of armes w{i}t{h} mace, + A herrowd of Armes as gret a dygnyte has, + Specially kyng{e} harrawd / + must haue þe p{ri}ncipall{e} place; 1036 + + Worshipfull{e} m{er}chaund{es} and riche artyficeris, + Gentilmeñ well{e} nurtured & of good maneris, + W{i}t{h} gentilwo{m}men / and namely lord{es} nurrieris, + all{e} these may sit at a table of good squyeris. 1040 + + + [Headnote: USHER & MARSHAL: WHAT PEOPLE RANK AND DINE TOGETHER.] + + [Sidenote: I have now told you the rank of every class, and now + I'll tell you how they may be grouped at table.] + + ++Lo, soñ, y haue shewid the aft{ur} my symple wytte + euery state aftir þeir{e} degre, + to þy knowleche y shall{e} co{m}mytte, + and how þey shall{e} be s{er}ued, y shall{e} shew the [gh]ett, + in what place aft{ur} þeir{e} dignyte how þey owght to sytte: 1044 + + [Sidenote: I. Pope, King, Prince, Archbishop and Duke.] + ++Thestate of a+ + + { Pope, Emp{er}owr{e} / kyng{e} or cardynall{e}, + { Prynce w{i}t{h} goldyñ rodde Royall{e}, + { Archebischopp{e} / vsyñg to wer{e} þe palle, + { Duke / all{e} þese of dygnyte ow[gh]t not kepe þe hall{e}. 1048 + + [Sidenote: II. Bishop, Marquis, Viscount, Earl. III. The Mayor of + London, Baron, Mitred Abbot, three Chief Justices, Speaker,] + + Bisshoppes, M{er}ques, vicount, Erle goodly, + May sytte at .ij. messe[gh] yf þey be lovyng{e}ly. + þe meyr{e} of londoñ, & a baroñ, an abbot myterly, + the iij. chef Iustice[gh], þe speker{e} of þe p{ar}lement, + p{ro}purly 1052 + + [Sidenote: may sit together, two or three at a mess.] + + all{e} these Estat{es} ar gret and honorable, + þey may sitte in Chambur or hall{e} at a table, + .ij. or els iij. at a messe / [gh]eff þey be greable: + þus may ye in your{e} office to eu{er}y mañ be plesable. 1056 + + [Sidenote: IV. The other ranks (three or four to a mess) equal to + a Knight, unmitred Abbot, Dean, Master of the Rolls,] + + Of all{e} oþ{er} estat{es} to a messe / + iij. or iiij. þus may ye sur{e}, + And of all{e} estatis þat ar egall{e} w{i}t{h} a knyght / + digne & demur{e}, + Off abbot & p{ri}our{e} saunc[gh] myt{ur}, + of co{n}vent þey hañ cur{e}; + Deane / Archedecoñ, mast{ur} of þe rolles, + aft{ur} your{e} plesur{e}, 1060 + + [Sidenote: under Judges, Doctor of Divinity, Prothonotary, Mayor + of Calais.] + + Alle the vndirIustice[gh] and barou{n}es + of þe kyng{es} Eschekier{e}, [Fol. 187.] + a p{ro}vinciall{e} / a doctour{e} devine / + or boþe lawes, þus yow ler{e}, + A p{ro}thonot{ur} ap{ert}li, or þe popis collectour{e}, + if he be ther{e}, + Also þe meyr{e} of þe stapull{e} / + In like purpose þ{er} may apper{e}. 1064 + + [Sidenote: V. Other ranks equal to a Squire, four to a mess. + Serjeants of Law, ex-Mayor of London, Masters of Chancery,] + + Of all{e} oþ{ur} estat{es} to a messe ye may sette + four{e} / & four{e}, + as suche p{er}sones as ar p{er}egall{e} + to a squyer{e} of honour{e}: + Sargeaund{es} of lawe / + & hy[-m] þat hath byñ meyr{e} of londoñ aforne, + and þe mastyrs of þe chauncery, þey may not be forborne. 1068 + + [Sidenote: Preachers and Parsons, Apprentices of Law, Merchants + and Franklins.] + + All{e} p{re}chers / residencers / and p{er}sones þat ar greable, + Apprentise of lawe In courtis pletable, + Marchaund{es} & Frankloñ[gh], worshipfull{e} & honorable, + þey may be set semely at a squyers table. 1072 + + [Sidenote: Each estate or rank shall sit at meat by itself, not + seeing another.] + + These worthy[A] Estat{es} a-foreseid / high of renowne, + Vche Estate syngulerly in hall{e} shall{e} sit a-downe, + that none of hem se othur{e} / + at mete tyme in feld nor in towne, + but vche of þe[-m] self in Chambur or in pavilowne. 1076 + + [Text note: royall{e} _is written over_ worthy.] + + + [Sidenote: The Bishop of Canterbury shall be served apart from the + Archbishop of York, and the Metropolitan alone.] + + ++Yeff þe bischopp{e} of þe p{ro}vynce of Caunturbury + be in þe p{re}sence of the archebischopp{e} + of yorke reu{er}ently, + þeir{e} s{er}uice shall{e} be kou{er}ed / + vche bisshopp{e} syngulerly, + and in þe p{re}sence of þe metropolytan{e} + none oþ{er} sicurly. 1080 + + [Sidenote: The Bishop of York must not eat before the Primate of + England.] + + yeff bischopps of yorke p{ro}vynce be fortune be syttyng{e} + In þe p{re}sence of þe p{ri}mate of Englond þañ beyng{e}, + þey must be cou{er}ed in all{e} þeyr{e} s{er}uyng{e}, + and not in p{re}sence of þe bischopp{e} + of yorke þer{e} apperyng{e}. 1084 + + + [Headnote: USHER AND MARSHAL: OF BLOOD ROYAL AND PROPERTY.] + + [Sidenote: Sometimes a Marshal is puzzled by Lords of royal blood + being poor, and others not royal being rich;] + + ++Now, soñ, y p{er}ceue þat for dyu{er}se cawses / + as well{e} as for ignorau{n}ce, + a m{er}chall{e} is put oft tymes in gret comberaunce + For som lord{es} þat ar of blod royall{e} / + & litell{e} of lyvelode p{er} chaunce, + and some of gret lyvelode / & no blode royall{e} to avaunce; 1088 + + [Sidenote: also by a Lady of royal blood marrying a knight, and + _vice versâ_. The Lady of royal blood shall keep her rank; the + Lady of low blood shall take her husband's rank.] + + And som knyght is weddid / to a lady of royall{e} blode, + and a poor{e} lady to blod ryall{e}, manfull{e} & myghty of mode: + þe lady of blod royall{e} shall{e} kepe þe state / + þat she afor{e} in stode, + the lady of low blode & degre / + kepe her lordis estate, y make h{i}t good. 1092 + + [Sidenote: Property is not so worthy as royal blood, so the latter + prevails over the former, for royal blood may become King.] + + The substau{n}ce of lyvelode is not so digne / + as is blode royall{e}, + Þ{er}for{e} blode royall{e} opteyneth þe sou{er}eynte + in chambur & in hall{e}, + For blode royall{e} somtyme ti[gh]t to be kyng{e} in pall{e}; + of þe which{e} mater{e} y meve no more: + let god gou{er}ne all{e}! 1096 + + + [Sidenote: The parents of a Pope or Cardinal must not presume to + equality with their son,] + + ++There as pope or cardynall{e} in þeir{e} estate beyng{e}, + þat hañ fadur & mod{ur} by their{e} dayes lyvyng{e}, + þeir{e} fadur or modir ne may in any wise be p{re}sumyng{e} + to be egall{e} w{i}t{h} their{e} soñ standyng{e} ne sittyng{e}: 1100 + + [Sidenote: and must not want to sit by him, but in a separate + room.] + + Therfor{e} fadir ne moder / þey owe not to desire + to sytte or stond by þeyr{e} son / + his state will{e} h{i}t not requir{e}, + but by þem self / a chambur assigned for them sur{e}, + Vn-to whom vche office ought gladly [Fol. 187b.] + to do plesur{e}. 1104 + + [Sidenote: A Marshal must look to the rank of every estate,] + + To the birth{e} of vche estate a m{er}shall{e} must se, + and þeñ next of his lyne / for þeyr{e} dignyte; + þen folowyng{e}, to officers affter{e} þeir{e} degre, + As chaunceler{e}, Steward / Chamburleyñ / tresorer{e} if he be: 1108 + + [Sidenote: and do honour to _foreign visitors_ and residents.] + + Mor{e} ou{er} take hede he must / to aliene / + co{m}mers straungeres, + and to straungers of þis land, resi[d]ent dwelleres, + and exalte þem to honour{e} / if þe be of honest maneres; + þeñ all{e} oþ{er} aft{ur} þeir{e} degre / like as cace requeres. 1112 + + [Sidenote: A well-trained Marshal should think beforehand where to + place strangers at the table.] + + In a man{er}able m{er}shall{e} þe co{n}nyng{e} + is moost co{m}mendable + to haue a for{e} sight to straungers, to sett þem at þe table; + For if þey haue gentill{e} cher{e} / & gydyng{e} man{er}able, + þe m{er}shall{e} doth his sou{er}eyñ honour{e} / + & he þe mor{e} lawdable. 1116 + + + [Sidenote: If the King sends any messenger to your Lord receive + him one degree higher than his rank.] + + ¶ [Gh]eff þow be a m{er}shall{e} to any lord of þis land, + yff þe kyng{e} send to þy sou{er}eyñ eny his s{er}uand by sand, + + +Yeff he be a+ +receve hym as a+ + { knyght { barouñ honorand + { Squyer{e} { knyght w{i}t{h} hand + { yomañ of þe crowñ { Squyer{e} + { grome { yemañ in maner{e} + { page { grome goodly in fer{e} + { Childe { grome gentill{e} lerner{e}. + + [Sidenote: The King's groom may dine with a Knight or Marshal,] + + ¶ hit rebuketh not a knyght / + þe knyg{es} grome to sytte at his table, 1125 + no mor{e} hit doth{e} a m{er}shall{e} of maners plesable; + and so fro[-m] þe hiest degre / to be lowest honorable, + if þe m{er}shall{e} haue a sight þ{er}to, he is co{m}mendable. 1128 + + [Headnote: THE DIFFERENCES OF MEN EQUAL IN RANK.] + + [Sidenote: A Marshal must also understand the rank of County and + Borough officers,] + + ¶ Wisdom woll{e} a m{er}shall{e} + man{er}abely þ{a}t he vndirstand + all{e} þe worshipfull{e} officers of the comunialte of þis land, + of Shires / Citees / borowes; like as þey ar ruland, + þey must be sett aft{ur} þeir{e} astate dewe + in degre as þey stand. 1132 + + [Sidenote: and that a Knight of blood and property is above a poor + Knight,] + + ¶ hit belongeth{e} to a m{er}shall{e} to haue a for{e} sight + of all{e} estatis of þis land in eu{er}y place pight, + For þestate of a knyght of blode, lyvelode, & myght, [Fol. 188.] + is not p{er}egall{e} to a symple & a poouere knyght. 1136 + + [Sidenote: the Mayor of London above the Mayor of Queenborough,] + + ¶ Also þe meyr{e} of londoñ, notable of dignyte, + and of queneborow[269] þe meir{e}, no þyng{e} like in degre, + at one messe þey owght in no wise to sitt ne be; + hit no þyng{e} besemeth{e} / + þ{er}for{e} to suche semble ye se / 1140 + + [Sidenote: the Abbot of Westminster above the poor Abbot of + Tintern,] + + ¶ Also þe abbote of Westmynster{e}, þe hiest of þ{is} lande / + The abbot of tynterne[270] þe poorest, + y vndirstande, [Fol. 188a.] + þey ar boþe abbot{es} of name, & not lyke of fame to fande; + [gh]et Tynterne w{i}t{h} Westmynster + shall{e} nowþ{er} sitte ne stande. 1144 + + [Sidenote: the Prior of Canterbury above the Prior of Dudley,] + + ¶ Also þe Pryour{e} of Caunturbury,[271] + a cheff churche of dignyte, + And þe priour{e} of Dudley,[272] no þyng{e} so digne as he:-- + [gh]et may not þe priour{e} of dudley, symple of degre, + Sitte w{i}t{h} þe priour{e} of Caunturbury: + þ{er} is why, a dyu{er}site. 1148 + + [Sidenote: the Prior who is Prelate of a Cathedral Church above + any Abbot or Prior of his diocese,] + + ¶ And reme{m}br{e} eu{er}mor{e} / añ rule þ{er} is generall{e}: + A p{ri}our{e} þat is a p{re}late of any churche Cathedrall{e}, + above abbot or priour{e} + w{i}t{h}-in the diocise sitte he shall{e}, + In churche / in chapell{e} / in chambur / & in hall{e}. 1152 + + [Sidenote: a Doctor of 12 years' standing above one of 9 (though + the latter be the richer),] + + ¶ Right so reu{er}end docturs, degre of xij. yer{e}, + þem ye must assigne + to sitte aboue hym / þat co{m}mensed hath but .ix. + and þaugh{e} þe yonger may larger spend gold red & fyne, + [gh]et shall{e} þe eldur sitte aboue / + wheþ{ur} he drynke or dyne. 1156 + + [Sidenote: the old Aldermen above the young ones, and 1. the + Master of a craft, 2. the ex-warden.] + + ¶ like wise the aldremen, [gh]ef þey be eny wher{e}, + þe yonger{e} shall{e} sitte or stande + benethe þe elder ri[gh]t þer{e}; + and of eu{er}y crafft þe mastir aftur rule & maner{e}, + and þeñ þe eldest of þem, þ{a}t wardeñ was þe for{e} yer{e}. 1160 + + [Sidenote: Before every feast, then, think what people are coming, + and settle what their order of precedence is to be.] + + ¶ Soche poyntes, w{i}t{h} many oþ{er}, + belongeth{e} to a m{er}shall; + þerfor{e} whensoeu{er} your{e} sovereyñ a feest make shall, + demeene what estates shall{e} sitte in the hall, + þañ resoñ w{i}t{h} your{e} self lest your{e} lord yow call{e}; 1164 + + [Sidenote: If in doubt, ask your lord or the chief officer,] + + ¶ Thus may ye devise your{e} marshallyng{e}, + like as y yow ler{e}, + þe honour{e} and worshipp{e} + of your{e} sou{er}eyñ eu{er}y wher{e}; + And [gh]eff ye haue eny dowt / eu{er} looke þ{a}t ye enquer{e}, + Resorte eu{er} to your{e} souereyn{e} / + or to þe cheff officer{e}; 1168 + + [Sidenote: and then you'll do wrong to no one, but set all + according to their birth and dignity.] + + ¶ Thus shall{e} ye to any state / do wronge ne pr{e}iudice, + to sette eu{er}y p{er}sone accordyng{e} w{i}t{h}-owteñ mys, + as aftur þe birthe / livelode / dignite / + a-fore y taught yow this, + all{e} degrees of high{e} officer{e}, & worthy as he is. 1172 + + + [Headnote: THE DUTIES OF THE USHER AND MARSHAL.] + + [Sidenote: Now I have told you of Court Manners, how to manage in + Pantry, Buttery, Carving, and as Sewer, and Marshal,] + + ¶ ++Now good soñ, y hau{e} shewed the / & brought þe in vre, + to know þe Curtesie of court / & these þow may take in cur{e}, + In pantry / botery / or celler{e} / + & in kervyng{e} a-for{e} a sovereyn{e} demewr{e}, + A sewer / or a m{er}shall{e}: in þes science / + y suppose ye byñ sewr{e}, 1176 + + [Sidenote: as I learnt with a Royal Prince whose Usher and Marshal + I was. All other officers have to obey me.] + + ¶ Which in my dayes y lernyd with{e} a prynce full{e} royall{e}, + with who[-m] vscher{e} in chambur was y, + & m{er}shall{e} also in hall{e}, + vnto who[-m] all{e} þese officer{es} for{e}seid / + þey eu{er} ente{n}d{e} shall{e}, + Evir to fulfill{e} my co{m}maundement wheñ þat y to þem call{e}: 1180 + + [Headnote: THE USHER AND MARSHAL IS THE CHIEF OFFICER.] + + [Sidenote: Our office is the chief, whether the Cook likes it or + not.] + + For we may allow & dissalow / our{e} office is þe cheeff + In celler{e} & spicery / & the Cooke, + be he looth{e} or leeff.[273] + + + [Sidenote: All these offices may be filled by one man, but a + Prince's dignity requires each office to have its officer, and a + servant under him,] + + ¶ ++Thus þe diligences of dyu{er}se office[gh] + y haue shewed to þe allone, [Fol. 188b.] + the which science may be shewed & dooñ + by a syng{e}l{er}[274] p{er}sone; 1184 + but þe dignyte of a prince req{ui}reth{e} + vche office must haue ooñ + to be rewler{e} in his rome / a s{er}uand hy[-m] waytyng{e} oñ. + + [Sidenote: (all knowing their duties perfectly) to wait on their + Lord and please his guests.] + + ¶ Moor{e}-ou{er} h{i}t requireth{e} + eu{er}ich of þem in office to haue p{er}fite science, + For dowt and drede doyng{e} his souereyñ displicence, 1188 + hym to attende, and his gest{is} to plese + in place wher{e} þey ar p{re}sence, + that his souereyñ þrough{e} his s{er}uice + may make grete co{n}gaudence. + + [Sidenote: Don't fear to serve a prince; take good heed to your + duties, watch, and you need not fear.] + + ¶ For a prynce to s{er}ue, ne dowt he not / + and god be his spede! + Furþ{er} þañ his office / & þ{er}-to let hy[-m] take good hede, 1192 + and his warde wayte wisely // + & eu{er}mor{e} þ{er}-in haue drede; + Þus doyng{e} his dewte dewly, to dowte he shall{e} not nede. + + + [Sidenote: _Tasting_ is done only for those of royal blood, as a + Pope, King, Duke, and Earl: not below.] + + ¶ ++Tastyng{e} and credence[275] + longeth{e} to blode & birth royall{e},[276] + As pope / emp{er}our{e} / E{m}p{er}atrice, and Cardynall{e}, 1196 + kyng{e} / queene / prynce / Archebischoppe in palle, + Duke / Erle and no mo / þat y to remembraunce / calle. + + [Sidenote: Tasting is done for fear of poison; therefore keep your + room secure, and close your safe, for fear of tricks.] + + ¶ ++Credence is vsed, & tastyng{e}, for drede of poysenyng{e}, + To all{e} officers y-sworne / and grete oth{e} by chargyng{e}; 1200 + þ{er}for{e} vche mañ in office kepe his rome sewr{e}, closyng{e} + Cloos howse / chest / & gardevyañ[277], + for drede of congettyng{e}. + + [Sidenote: A Prince's Steward and Chamberlain have the oversight + of all offices and of tasting,] + + ¶ ++Steward and Chamburlayñ of a p{r}ince of royalte, + þey haue / knowleche of homages, s{er}uice, and fewte; 1204 + so þey haue ou{er}sight of eu{er}y office / + aft{ur} þeir{e} degre, + by wrytyng{e} þe knowleche / & þe Credence to ou{er}se; + + [Sidenote: and they must tell the Marshal, Sewer, and Carver how + to do it.] + + ¶ Therfore in makyng{e} of his credence, it is to drede, y sey, + To m{er}shall{e} / sew{e}r{e}[278] and kerver{e} + þey must allowte allwey, 1208 + to teche hy[-m] of his office / þe credence hym to prey: + þus shall{e} he not stond in makyng{e} + of his credence in no fray. + + [Sidenote: I don't propose to write more on this matter. I tried + this treatise myself,] + + ¶ ++Moor{e} of þis co{n}nyng{e} y Cast not me to contreve: + my tyme is not to tary, hit drawest fast to eve. 1212 + þis tretyse þat y haue entitled, if it ye entende to p{re}ve, + y assayed me self in youth{e} w{i}t{h}-outeñ any greve. + + [Sidenote: in my youth, and enjoyed these matters, but now age + compels me to leave the court; so try yourself."] + + while y was yong{e} y-nough{e} & lusty in dede, + y enioyed þese maters foreseid / & to lerne y toke good hede; 1216 + but croked age hath{e} co{m}pelled me / + & leue court y must nede. + þerfor{e}, son{e}, assay thy self / & god shall{e} be þy spede." + + + [Sidenote: "Blessing on you, Father, for this your teaching of me! + Now I shall dare to serve where before I was afraid.] + + ++"Now feir{e} falle yow, fadur / & blessid mote ye be, + For þis comenyng{e} / & þe co{n}nyng{e} / + þat y[e] haue her{e} shewed me! 1220 + now dar y do s{er}uice diligent / to dyu{er}s of dignyte, + wher{e} for scantnes of conny{n}g{e} y durst no mañ y-se. + + [Sidenote: I will try, and shall learn by practice. May God reward + you for teaching me!"] + + So p{er}fitely seth{e} y hit p{er}ceue / + my parte y woll{e} p{re}ue and assay; / [Fol. 189.] + boþe by practike and ex{er}cise / yet som good lerne y may: 1224 + and for your{e} gentill{e} lernyng{e} / y am bound eu{er} to pray + that our{e} lorde rewarde you in blis that lasteth aye." + + + [Headnote: IOHN RUSSELLS REQUEST TO THE READER.] + + [Sidenote: "Good son, and all readers of this _Boke of Nurture_, + pray for the soul of me, John Russell, (servant of Humphrey, Duke + of Gloucester;)] + + ++"Now good soñ, thy self w{i}t{h} other + þ{a}t shall{e} þe succede, + which{e} þus boke of nurtur{e} shall{e} note / + lerne, & ou{er} rede, + pray for the sowle of Iohñ Russell{e}, þat god do hym mede, + Som tyme s{er}uaunde w{i}t{h} duke vmfrey, + duc[A] of Glowcet{ur} in dede. + + [Text note: The _duc_ has a red stroke through it, probably to + cut it out.] + + [Sidenote: also for the Duke, my wife, father, and mother, that we + may all go to bliss when we die."] + + For þat prynce pereles prayeth{e} / & for suche other mo, + þe sowle of my wife / my fadur and modir also, 1232 + vn-to Mary modyr and mayd / she fende us from owr{e} foe, + and bryng{e} vs all{e} to blis wheñ we shall{e} hens goo. + +AMEN+." + + + [Sidenote: Little book, commend me to all learners, and to the + experienced, whom I pray to correct its faults.] + + Go forth{e} lytell{e} boke, and lowly þow me co{m}mende + vnto all{e} yong{e} gentilmeñ / þ{a}t lust to lerne or entende, 1236 + and specially to þem þat han exsperience, + p{ra}yng{e} þe[m] to amend{e} + and correcte þat is amysse, þer{e} as y fawte or offende. + + [Sidenote: Any such, put to my copying, which I have done as I + best could.] + + ¶ And if so þat any be founde / as þrou[gh] myñ necligence, + Cast þe cawse oñ my copy / rude / & bar{e} of eloquence, 1240 + which{e} to drawe out [I] haue do my besy diligence, + redily to reforme hit / by resoñ and bettur sentence. + + [Sidenote: The transcriber is not to blame; he copied what was + before him, and neither of us wrote it,] + + ¶ As for ryme or resoñ, þe for{e}wryter was not to blame, + For as he founde hit aforne hy[-m], so wrote he þe same, 1244 + and þaugh{e} he or y in our{e} mater{e} digres or degrade, + blame neithur of vs / For we neuyr{e} hit made; + + [Sidenote: I only corrected the rhyme. God! grant us grace to rule + in Heaven with Thine elect!] + + ¶ Symple as y had insight / somwhat þe ryme y correcte; + blame y cowde no mañ / y haue no p{er}sone suspecte. 1248 + Now, good god, graunt vs grace / + our{e} sowles neu{er} to Infecte! + þañ may we regne in þi regiou{n} / + et{er}nally w{i}t{h} thyne electe. + + +[Some word or words in large black letter have been cut off at the +bottom of the page.] + + + [Footnote 1: do, get on.] + + [Footnote 2: ? þat = nought can.] + + [Footnote 3: The Lawnd in woodes. _Saltus nemorum._ Baret, 1580. + _Saltus_, a launde. Glossary in _Rel. Ant._, v. 1, p. 7, col. 1. + _Saltus_, a forest-pasture, woodland-pasture, woodland; a forest.] + + [Footnote 4: at will. A.S. _wilsum_, free willed.] + + [Footnote 5: A.S. _hirne_, corner. Dan. _hiörne_.] + + [Footnote 6: Halke or hyrne. _Angulus_, _latibulum_; A.S. hylca, + _sinus_ Promptorium Parvulorum and note.] + + [Footnote 7: AS. _fregnan_, to ask; Goth., _fraihnan_; Germ., + _fragen._] + + [Footnote 8: AS. _lis_ remissio, lenitas; Dan. _lise_, Sw. _lisa_, + relief.] + + [Footnote 9: _for_ me to] + + [Footnote 10: In Sir John Fastolfe's _Bottre_, 1455, are "ij. + kerving knyves, iij. kneyves in a schethe, the haftys of every + (ivory) withe naylys gilt ... j. trencher-knyfe." _Domestic + Arch._, v. 3, p. 157-8. _Hec mensacula_, a dressyng-knyfe, p. 256; + trencher-knyves, _mensaculos_. Jn. de Garlande, Wright's Vocab. + p. 123.] + + [Footnote 11: An Augre, or wimble, wherewith holes are bored. + Terebra & terebrum. _Vng tarriere._ Baret's Alvearie, 1580.] + + [Footnote 12: A Cannell or gutter. _Canalis._ Baret. _Tuyau_, + a pipe, quill, cane, reed, canell. Cotgrave. _Canelle_, the faucet + [l. 68] or quill of a wine vessel; also, the cocke, or spout of a + conduit. Cot.] + + [Footnote 13: A Faucet, or tappe, a flute, a whistle, a pipe as + well to conueigh water, as an instrument of Musicke. _Fistula_ ... + _Tábulus._ Baret.] + + [Footnote 14: _Tampon_, a bung or stopple. Cot. Tampyon for a + gon--_tampon._ Palsg.] + + [Footnote 15: The projecting rim of a cask. Queen Elizabeth's + 'yeoman drawer hath for his fees, all the lees of wine within + fowre fingers of the _chine_, &c.' _H. Ord._ p. 295, (referred to + by Halliwell).] + + [Footnote 16. _Ashore_, aslant, see note to l. 299.] + + [_Labeled in text as "l. 71" and printed between notes 13, 14. + The "note to l. 299" is Footnote 58._] + + [Footnote 17: ? This may be _butter-cheese_, milk- or + cream-cheese, as contrasted with the 'hard chese' l. 84-5; but + butter is treated of separately, l. 89.] + + [Footnote 18: Fruit preserves of some kind; not the stew of + chickens, herbs, honey, ginger, &c., for which a recipe is given + on p. 18 of _Liber Cure Cocorum._ Cotgrave has _Composte_: f. + A condiment or composition; a wet sucket (wherein sweet wine was + vsed in stead of sugar), also, a pickled or winter Sallet of + hearbes, fruits, or flowers, condited in vinegar, salt, sugar, or + sweet wine, and so keeping all the yeare long; any hearbes, fruit, + or flowers in pickle; also pickle it selfe. Fr. _compote_, stewed + fruit. The Recipe for _Compost_ in the Forme of Cury, Recipe 100 + (C), p. 49-50, is "Take rote of p{er}sel. pasternak of raseñs. + scrape hem and waische he{m} clene. take rap{is} & caboch{is} + ypared and icorne. take an erthen pa{n}ne w{i}t{h} clene wat{er}, + & set it on the fire. cast all þise þ{er}inne. whan þey buth + boiled, cast þ{er}to peer{is}, & p{ar}boile hem wel. take þise + thyng{is} up, & lat it kele on a fair cloth, do þ{er}to salt whan + it is colde in a vessel; take vineg{ur}, & powdo{ur}, & safrou{n}, + & do þ{er}to, & lat alle þise þing{is} lye þ{er}in al ny[gh]t oþ{er} + al day, take wyne greke and hony clarified togidur, lumbarde + mustard, & raisou{n}s corance al hool. & grynde powdo{ur} of + canel, powdo{ur} douce, & aneys hole. & fenell seed. take alle + þise þing{is}, & cast togyd{ur} i{n} a pot of erthe. and take + þ{er}of whan þ{o}u wilt, & s{er}ue forth."] + + [Footnote 19: ? not A.S. _wínberie_, a wine-berry, a grape, but + our _Whinberry_. But 'Wineberries, currants', Craven Gloss.; Sw. + _vin-bär_, a currant. On _hard cheese_, see note to l. 86.] + + [Footnote 20: _Blandureau_, m. The white apple, called (in some + part of England) a Blaundrell. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 21: See note to l. 75.] + + [Footnote 22: _Pouldre blanche_. A powder compounded of Ginger, + Cinnamon, and Nutmegs; much in use among Cookes. Cotgrave. Is + there any authority for the statement in _Domestic Architecture_, + v. 1, p. 132; that sugar 'was sometimes called _blanch powdre_'? + P.S.--Probably the recollection of what Pegge says in the Preface + to the _Forme of Cury_, "There is mention of _blanch-powder or + white sugar_," 132 [p. 63]. They, however, were not the same, for + see No. 193, p. xxvi-xxvii. On turning to the Recipe 132, of + "Peer{is} in confyt," p. 62-3, we find "whan þei [the pears] buth + ysode, take he{m} up, make a syrup of wyne greke. oþ{er} v{er}nage + w{i}t{h} blau{n}che powd{ur}, oþ{er} white sug{ur}, and powdo{ur} + gyng{ur}, & do the per{is} þ{er}in." It is needless to say that if + a modern recipe said take "sugar or honey," sugar could not be + said "to be sometimes called" honey. See Dawson Turner in Howard + Household Books.] + + [Footnote 23: _Ioncade_: f. A certaine spoone-meat made of creame, + Rose-water and Sugar. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 24: See the recipe to make it, lines 121-76; and in + _Forme of Cury_, p. 161.] + + [Footnote 25: Muffett held a very different opinion. 'Old and dry + cheese hurteth dangerously: for it stayeth siege [stools], + stoppeth the Liver, engendereth choler, melancholy, and the stone, + lieth long in the stomack undigested, procureth thirst, maketh a + stinking breath and a scurvy skin: Whereupon Galen and Isaac have + well noted, That as we may feed liberally of ruin cheese, and more + liberally of fresh Cheese, so we are not to taste any further of + old and hard Cheese, then to close up the mouth of our stomacks + after meat,' p. 131.] + + [Footnote 26: In youth and old age. Muffett says, p. 129-30, + 'according to the old Proverb, _Butter is Gold in the morning, + Silver at noon, and lead at night._ It is also best for children + whilst they are growing, and for old men when they are declining; + but very unwholesom betwixt those two ages, because through the + heat of young stomacks, it is forthwith converted into choler + [bile]. The Dutchmen have a by-Verse amongst them to this effect, + + _Eat Butter first, and eat it last,_ + _And live till a hundred years be past'_] + + [Footnote 27: See note to l. 82.] + + [Footnote 28: See 'Rompney of Modoñ,' among the sweet wines, + l. 119.] + + [Footnote 29: _Eschec & mat._ Checke-mate at Chests; and + (metaphorically) a remedilesse disaster, miserie, or misfortune. + Cot.] + + [Footnote 30: _? ascia_, a dyse, Vocab. in _Reliq. Ant._ v. 1, + p. 8, col. 1; _ascia_, 1. an axe; (2. a mattock, a hoe; 3. an + instrument for mixing mortar). _Diessel_, ofte _Diechsel_, + A Carpenter-axe, or a Chip-axe. Hexham.] + + [Footnote 31: ? The name of the lees of some red wine. Phillips + has _Rosa Solis_, a kind of Herb; also a pleasant Liquor made of + Brandy, Sugar, Cinnamon, and other Ingredients agreeable to the + Taste, and comfortable to the Heart. (So called, as being at first + prepared wholly of the juice of the plant ros-solis (sun-dew) or + drosera. Dict. of Arts and Sciences, 1767.)] + + [Footnote 32: See note, l. 31.] + + [Footnote 33: See note on these wines at the end of the poem.] + + [Footnote 34: In the Recipe for Jussel of Flessh (Household Ord., + p. 462), one way of preparing the dish is 'for a Lorde,' another + way 'for Commons.' Other like passages also occur.] + + [Footnote 35: Graines. _Cardamomum, Graine de paradis._ Baret. + 'Graines of Paradise; or, the spice which we call, Graines.' + Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 36: _Cuite_, a seething, baking. Cot.] + + [Footnote 37: _Spices._ Of those for the Percy Household, 1512, + the yearly cost was £25 19s. 7d., for _Piper_, Rasyns of Corens, + Prones, _Gynger_, Mace, Clovvez, Sugour, _Cinamom_, Allmonds, + Daytts, Nuttmuggs, _Granes_, _Tornesole_, Saunders, _Powder of + Annes_, Rice, Coumfetts, _Galyngga_, _Longe Piper_, _Blaynshe + Powder_, and Safferon, p. 19, 20. Household Book, ed. Bp. Percy.] + + [Footnote 38: Canel, spyce. _Cinamomum, amomum._ Promt. Parv. + _Canelle_, our moderne Cannell or Cinnamom. Cot. (Named from its + tube stalk?)] + + [Footnote 39: _Tourne-soleil._ Tornesole, Heliotropium. Cotgrave. + Take bleue _turnesole_, and dip hit in wyne, that the wyne may + catch the colour thereof, and colour the potage therwith. _H. + Ord._, p. 465.... and take red _turnesole_ steped wel in wyne, and + colour the potage with that wine, _ibid._ 'And then with a little + _Turnsole_ make it of a high murrey [mulberry] colour.' Markham's + Houswife, p. 70.] + + [Footnote 40: Manche: f. A sleeue; also a long narrow bag (such as + Hypocras is made in). Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 41: boulting or straining cloth. 'ij bulteclothes.' + Status Domus de Fynchall, A.D. 1360. _Dom. Arch._ v. 1, p. 136, + note _f_.] + + [Footnote 42: Stale, dead. Pallyd, as drynke (palled, as ale). + _Emortuus._ P. Parv. See extract from A. Borde in notes at end.] + + [Footnote 43: See _Dict. de L'Academie_, p. 422, col. 2, ed. 1835. + '_Couche_ se dit aussi de Toute substance qui est étendue, + appliquée sur une autre, de manière à la couvrir. _Revêtir un mur + d'une_ couche _de plâtre, de mortier, &c._'] + + [Footnote 44: Fr. _repli_: m. A fould, plait, or _bought_. + Cotgrave. cf. _Bow_, bend.] + + [Footnote 45: Fine cloth, originally made at Rennes, in Bretagne.] + + [Footnote 46: A.S. _ger[-æ]dian_, to make ready, arrange, prepare.] + + [Footnote 47: See the mode of laying the Surnape in Henry VII.'s + time described in _H. Ord._, p. 119, at the end of this Poem.] + + [Footnote 48: "A _Portpayne_ for the said Pantre, an elne longe + and a yerd brode." The _Percy_, or Northumberland Household Book, + 1512, (ed. 1827), p. 16, under _Lynnon Clothe_. 'A _porte paine_, + to beare breade fro the Pantree to the table with, _lintheum + panarium_.' Withals.] + + [Footnote 49: A.S. _ætwítan_, twit; _oðwítan_, blame.] + + [Footnote 50: 'prowl, proll, to seek for prey, from Fr. _proie_ by + the addition of a formative _l_, as kneel from knee.' Wedgwood.] + + [Footnote 51: Louse is in English in 1530 'Louse, a beest--_pov._ + Palsgrave. And see the note, p. 19, _Book of Quinte Essence_.] + + [Footnote 52: To look sullen (?). _Glowting_ round her rock, to + fish she falls. _Chapman_, in Todd's Johnson. Horrour and + _glouting_ admiration. _Milton._ _Glouting_ with sullen spight. + _Garth._] + + [Footnote 53: Snytyn a nese or a candyl. _Emungo, mungo._ Prompt. + Parv. _Emungo_, to make cleane the nose. _Emunctio_, snuffyng or + wypynge of the nose. Cooper. _Snuyt uw neus_, Blow your nose. + Sewel, 1740; but _snuyven, ofte snuffen_, To Snuffe out the Snot + or Filth out of ones Nose. Hexham, 1660. A learned friend, who in + his bachelor days investigated some of the curiosities of London + Life, informs me that the modern Cockney term is _sling_. In the + dress-circle of the Bower Saloon, Stangate, admission 3d., he saw + stuck up, four years ago, the notice, "_Gentlemen_ are requested + not to _sling_," and being philologically disposed, he asked the + attendant the meaning of the word.] + + [Footnote 54: askew. _Doyle_, squint. Gloucestershire. Halliwell.] + + [Footnote 55: Codde, of mannys pryuyte (preuy membris). _Piga, + mentula._ Promptorium Parvulorum.] + + [Footnote 56: Mowe or skorne, _Vangia vel valgia_. Catholicon, in + P. P.] + + [Footnote 57: [Gh]yxyñ _Singulcio_. [Gh]yxynge _singultus_. P. P. To + yexe, sobbe, or haue the hicket. _Singultio._ Baret. To yexe or + sobbe, _Hicken_, To Hick, or to have the Hick-hock. Hexham.] + + [Footnote 58: ? shorewise, as shores. 'Schore, undur settynge of a + þynge þat wolde falle.' P. Parv. Du. _Schooren_, To Under-prop. + _Aller eschays_, To shale, stradle, goe crooked, or wide betweene + the feet, or legs. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 59: Dutch _Schrobben_, To Rubb, to Scrape, to Scratch. + Hexham.] + + [Footnote 60: Iettyn _verno_. P. Parv. Mr Way quotes from + Palsgrave, "I _iette_, I make a countenaunce with my legges, _ie + me iamboye_," &c.; and from Cotgrave, "_Iamboyer_, to _iet_, or + wantonly to go in and out with the legs," &c.] + + [Footnote 61: grinding.] + + [Footnote 62: gnastyn (gnachyn) _Fremo, strideo_. Catholicon. + Gnastyng of the tethe--_stridevr, grincement_. Palsg. Du. + _gnisteren_, To Gnash, or Creake with the teeth. Hexham.] + + [Footnote 63: Short coats and tight trousers were a great offence + to old writers accustomed to long nightgown clothes. Compare + Chaucer's complaint in the Canterbury Tales, The Parsones Tale, + _De Superbiâ_, p. 193, col. 2, ed. Wright. "Upon that other syde, + to speke of the horrible disordinat scantnes of clothing, as ben + these cuttid sloppis or anslets, that thurgh her schortnes ne + covereth not the schamful membre of man, to wickid entent. Alas! + som men of hem schewen the schap and the boce of the horrible + swollen membres, that semeth like to the maladies of hirnia, in + the wrapping of here hose, and eek the buttokes of hem, that faren + as it were the hinder part of a sche ape in the fulle of the + moone." The continuation of the passage is very curious. "Youre + schort gownys thriftlesse" are also noted in the song in Harl. MS. + 372. See Weste, _Booke of Demeanour_, l. 141, below.] + + [Footnote 64: Fr. _tache_, spot, staine, blemish, reproach. C.] + + [Footnote 65: sobriety, gravity.] + + [Footnote 66: Edward IV. had 'Bannerettes IIII, or Bacheler + Knights, to be kervers and cupberers in this courte.' _H. Ord._, + p. 32.] + + [Footnote 67: See the _Termes of a Keruer_ in Wynkyn de Worde's + _Boke of Keruynge_ below.] + + [Footnote 68: to embrew. _Ferrum tingere sanguine._ Baret.] + + [Footnote 69: The table-knife, 'Mensal knyfe, or borde knyfe, + _Mensalis_,' P. Parv., was, I suppose, a lighter knife than the + trencher-knife used for cutting trenchers off very stale coarse + loaves.] + + [Footnote 70: ? Fr. _pareil_, A match or fellow. C.] + + [Footnote 71: A.S. _gramian_, to anger.] + + [Footnote 72: Sowce mete, _Succidium_. P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 73: ? Crop or crawe, or cropon of a beste (croupe or + cropon), _Clunis_. P. Parv. Crops are emptied before birds are + cooked.] + + [Footnote 74: A.S. _beniman_, take away, deprive.] + + [Footnote 75: Fr. _achever_, To atchieue; to end, finish. Cot.] + + [Footnote 76: Hwyr, cappe (hure H.), _Tena_. A.S. _hufe_, a tiara, + ornament. Promptorium Parv.] + + [Footnote 77: Chyne, of bestys bakke. _Spina._ P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 78: slices, strips.] + + [Footnote 79: '_De haute graisse_, Full, plumpe, goodlie, fat, + well-fed, in good liking.' Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 80: Fr. _arracher_. To root vp ... pull away by + violence. Cotgrave. [[Compare, "and the Geaunte pulled and drough, + but he myght hym not _a-race_ from the sadell." _Merlin_, Pt. II. + p. 346 (E. E. T. Soc. 1866).]] ] + + [Footnote 81: The Bittern or Bittour, _Ardea Stellaris_.] + + [Footnote 82: _Egrette_, as _Aigrette_; A foule that resembles a + Heron. _Aigrette_ (A foule verie like a Heron, but white); + a criell Heron, or dwarfe Heron. Cot. _Ardea alba_, A crielle or + dwarfe heron. Cooper.] + + [Footnote 83: Snype, or snyte, byrde, _Ibex._ P. P. A snipe or + snite: a bird lesse than a woodcocke. _Gallinago minor_, + &c. Baret.] + + [Footnote 84: A small Heron or kind of Heron; Shakspere's editors' + _handsaw_. The spelling _heronshaw_ misled Cotgrave, &c.; he has + _Haironniere_. A herons neast, or ayrie; a _herne_-shaw or shaw of + wood, wherein herons breed. 'An Hearne. _Ardea._ A hearnsew, + _Ardeola_.' Baret, 1580. 'Fr. _heronceau_, a young heron, gives E. + _heronshaw_,' Wedgwood. I cannot find _heronceau_, only + _heronneau_. 'A yong _herensew_ is lyghter of dygestyon than a + crane. A. Borde. _Regyment_, fol. F i, ed. 1567. 'In actual + application a _heronshaw_, _hernshaw_ or _hernsew_, is simply a + Common Heron (Ardea Vulgaris) with no distinction as to age, &c.' + Atkinson.] + + [Footnote 85: The Brewe is mentioned three times, and each time in + connection with the Curlew. I believe it to be the Whimbrel + (_Numenius Phæopus_) or Half Curlew. I have a recollection (or + what seems like it) of having seen the name with a French form + like Whimbreau. [Pennant's British Zoology, ii. 347, gives _Le + petit Courly, ou le Courlieu_, as the French synonym of the + Whimbrel.] Morris (Orpen) says the numbers of the Whimbrel are + lessening from their being sought as food. Atkinson.] + + [Footnote 86: "The singular structure of the windpipe and its + convolutions lodged between the two plates of bone forming the + sides of the keel of the sternum of this bird (the Crane) have + long been known. The trachea or windpipe, quitting the neck of the + bird, passes downwards and backwards between the branches of the + merry-thought towards the inferior edge of the keel, which is + hollowed out to receive it. Into this groove the trachea passes, + ... and after making three turns passes again forwards and upwards + and ultimately backwards to be attached to the two lobes of the + lungs." Yarrell, _Brit. Birds_ ii. 441. Atkinson.] + + [Footnote 87: Way, manner. Plyte or state (plight, P.). _Status._ + P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 88: A sort of gristle, the tendon of the neck. Germ. + _flachse_, Brockett. And see Wheatley's Dict. of Reduplicated + Words.] + + [Footnote 89: The 'canelle boon' between the hind legs must be the + pelvis, or pelvic arch, or else the _ilium_ or haunch-bone: and in + cutting up the rabbit many good carvers customarily disjoint the + haunch-bones before helping any one to the rump. Atkinson.] + + [Footnote 90: Rabet, yonge conye, _Cunicellus_. P. Parv. 'The + Conie beareth her _Rabettes_ xxx dayes, and then kindeleth, and + then she must be bucked againe, for els she will eate vp hir + _Rabets_. 1575. Geo. Turbervile, The Booke of Venerie, p. 178, ch. + 63.' --H. H. Gibbs.] + + [Footnote 91: slices, or rather strips.] + + [Footnote 92: board-cloth, table-cloth.] + + [Footnote 93: Part IV. of _Liber Cure Cocorum_, p. 38-42, is 'of + bakun mete.' On Dishes and Courses generally, see _Randle Holme_, + Bk. III. Chap. III. p. 77-86.] + + [Footnote 94: rere a _cofyn_ of flowre so fre. _L. C. C._, p. 38, + l. 8. The crust of a raised pie.] + + [Footnote 95: _for_ thin; _see line_ 486.] + + [Footnote 96: ? A dish of batter somewhat like our Yorkshire + Pudding; not the _Crustade_ or pie of chickens, pigeons, and small + birds of the _Household Ordinances_, p. 442, and Crustate of + flesshe of _Liber Cure_, p. 40.] + + [Footnote 97: ? _buche de bois._ A logge, backe stocke, or great + billet. Cot. I suppose the _buche_ to refer to the manner of + _checkering_ the custard, buche-wise, and not to be a dish. + Venison is 'chekkid,' l. 388-9. This rendering is confirmed by + _The Boke of Keruynge's_ "Custarde, cheke them inch square" (in + Keruynge of Flesshe). Another possible rendering of _buche_ as a + dish of batter or the like, seems probable from the 'Bouce Jane, + a dish in Ancient Cookery' (Wright's Prov^l. Dict^y.), but the + recipe for it in Household Ordinances, p. 431, shows that it was a + stew, which could not be checkered or squared. It consisted of + milk boiled with chopped herbs, half-roasted chickens or capons + cut into pieces, 'pynes and raysynges of corance,' all boiled + together. In _Household Ordinances_, p. 162-4, _Bouche_, or + _Bouche of court_, is used for allowance. The 'Knights and others + of the King's Councell,' &c., had each 'for their _Bouch_ in the + morning one chet loafe, one manchet, one gallon of ale; for + afternoone, one manchett, one gallon of ale; for after supper, one + manchett, &c.'] + + [Footnote 98: See the recipe, end of this volume. In Sir John + Howard's Household Books is an entry in 1467, 'for viij boshelles + of flour for _dowsetes_ vj s. viij d.' p. 396, ed. 1841. See note + 5 to l. 699, below.] + + [Footnote 99: The last recipe in _The Forme of Cury_, p. 89, is + one for Payn Puff, but as it refers to the preceding receipt, that + is given first here. + + THE PETY P{ER}UAU{N}T.[*] XX IX.XV.[= 195] + + Take male Marow. hole parade, and kerue it rawe; powd{our} of + Gyng{ur}, yolk{is} of Ayren{e}, dat{is} mynced, raisoñs of + corañce, salt a lytel, & loke þ{a}t þ{o}u make þy past with [gh]olkes + of Ayren, & þat no wat{er} come þ{er}to; and fo{ur}me þy coffyn, + and make up þy past. + + PAYN PUFF XX IX.XVI[= 196] + + Eodem m{odo} fait payn puff, but make it more tendre þ^e past, and + loke þ^e past be rou{n}de of þ^e payn puf as a coffyn & a pye. + + Randle Holme treats of Puffe, Puffs, and Pains, p. 84, col. 1, 2, + but does not mention _Payn Puff_. 'Payn puffe, and pety-pettys, + and cuspis and doucettis,' are mentioned among the last dishes of + a service on Flessh-Day (_H. Ord._, p. 450), but no recipe for + either is given in the book.] + + [Footnote 99*: Glossed _Petypanel, a Marchpayne._ Leland, + Coll. vi. p. 6. Pegge.] + + [Footnote 100: In lines 707, 748, the _pety perueys_ come between + the fish and pasties. I cannot identify them as fish. I suppose + they were pies, perhaps _The Pety Peruaunt_ of note 2 above; or + better still, the fish-pies, _Petipetes_ (or _pety-pettys_ of the + last note), which Randle Holme says 'are Pies made of Carps and + Eels, first roasted, and then minced, and with Spices made up in + Pies.'] + + [Footnote 101: De cibi elecc{i}one: (Sloane MS. 1986, fol. 59 b, + and elsewhere,) "Frixa nocent, elixa fouent, assata cohercent."] + + [Footnote 102: Meat, sage, & poached, fritters?] + + [Footnote 103: Recipe in _L. Cure_, p. 39.] + + [Footnote 104: There is a recipe 'for a Tansy Cake' in _Lib. C._, + p. 50. Cogan says of _Tansie_,-- "it auoideth fleume.... Also it + killeth worms, and purgeth the matter whereof they be engendred. + Wherefore it is much vsed among vs in England, about Easter, with + fried Egs, not without good cause, to purge away the fleume + engendred of fish in Lent season, whereof worms are soone bred in + them that be thereto disposed." Tansey, says Bailey (_Dict. + Domesticum_) is recommended for the dissipating of wind in the + stomach and belly. He gives the recipe for 'A Tansy' made of + spinage, milk, cream, eggs, grated bread and nutmeg, heated till + it's as thick as a hasty pudding, and then baked.] + + [Footnote 105: Slices or strips of meat, &c., in sauce. See note + to l. 516, p. 34.] + + [Footnote 106: Recipe 'For Sirup,' _Liber Cure_, p. 43, and 'Syrip + for a Capon or Faysant,' _H. Ord._ p. 440.] + + [Footnote 107: potages, soups.] + + [Footnote 108: Soppes in Fenell, Slitte Soppes, _H. Ord._ p. 445.] + + [Footnote 109: Recipe for a Cawdel, _L. C. C._ p. 51.] + + [Footnote 110: Recipes for Gele in Chekyns or of Hennes, and Gele + of Flesshe, _H. Ord._ p. 437.] + + [Footnote 111: A.S. _roppas_, the bowels.] + + [Footnote 112: "leeche" is a slice or strip, _H. Ord._ p. 472 + (440), p. 456 (399)--'cut hit on _leches_ as hit were pescoddes,' + p. 439,--and also a stew or dish in which strips of pork, &c., are + cooked. See Leche Lumbarde, _H. Ord._ p. 438-9. Fr. _lesche_, + a long slice or shiue of bread, &c. Cot. _Hic lesca Ae_, scywe + (shive or slice), Wright's Vocab. p. 198: _hec lesca_, a schyfe, + p. 241. See also Mr Way's long note 1, Prompt. Parv., p. 292, and + the recipes for 64 different "Leche vyaundys" in MS. Harl. 279, + that he refers to.] + + [Footnote 113: For Potages see Part I. of _Liber Cure Cocorum_, + p. 7-27.] + + [Footnote 114: Recipe for Potage de Frumenty in _H. Ord._ p. 425, + and for Furmente in _Liber Cure_, p. 7, _H. Ord._ p. 462.] + + [Footnote 115: Recipe 'For gruel of fors,' _Lib. C._ p. 47, and + _H. Ord._ p. 425.] + + [Footnote 116: ? minced or powdered beef: Fr. _gravelle_, small + grauell or sand. Cot. 'Powdred motoun,' l. 533, means sprinkled, + salted.] + + [Footnote 117: Recipes for 'Mortrewes de Chare,' _Lib. C._ p. 9; + 'of fysshe,' p. 19; blanched, p. 13; and _H. Ord._ pp. 438, 454, + 470.] + + [Footnote 118: Butter of Almonde mylke, _Lib. C._ p. 15; _H. Ord._ + p. 447.] + + [Footnote 119: See the recipe, p. 145.] + + [Footnote 120: Recipe for _Tartlotes_ in _Lib. C. C._ p. 41.] + + [Footnote 121: Recipe for _Cabaches_ in _H. Ord._ p. 426, and + _caboches_, p. 454, both the vegetable. There is a fish _caboche_ + in the 15th cent. Nominale in Wright's Vocab. _Hic caput, A^e_, + Caboche, p. 189, col. 1, the bullhead, or miller's thumb, called + in French _chabot_.] + + [Footnote 122: See two recipes for Nombuls in _Liber Cure_, p. 10, + and for 'Nombuls of a Dere,' in _H. Ord._ p. 427.] + + [Footnote 123: For Sauces (_Salsamenta_) see Part II. of _Liber + Cure_, p. 27-34.] + + [Footnote 124: Recipe 'for lumbardus Mustard' in _Liber Cure_, + p. 30.] + + [Footnote 125: Fleshe _poudred_ or salted. _Caro salsa, vel + salita_. Withals.] + + [Footnote 126: The juice of unripe grapes. See _Maison Rustique_, + p. 620.] + + [Footnote 127: Chaudwyn, l. 688 below. See a recipe for "Chaudern + for Swannes" in _Household Ordinances_, p. 441; and for "þandon + (MS. chaudon [*]) for wylde digges, swannus and piggus," in _Liber + Cure_, p. 9, and "Sawce for swannus," _Ibid._ p. 29. It was made + of chopped liver and entrails boiled with blood, bread, wine, + vinegar, pepper, cloves, and ginger.] + + [Footnote 127*: Sloane 1986, p. 48, or fol. 27 b. It is not safe + to differ from Mr Morris, but on comparing the C of 'Chaudoñ for + swann{is},' col. 1, with that of 'Caudell{e} of almonde,' at the + top of the second col., I have no doubt that the letter is _C_. + So on fol. 31 b. the C of Chaudon is more like the C of Charlet + opposite than the T of Take under it. The _C_ of Caudel dalmo{n} + on fol. 34 b., and that of _Cultellis_, fol. 24, l. 5, are of + the same shape.] + + [[Footnote 127a: _Pepper_. "The third thing is Pepper, a sauce for + vplandish folkes: for they mingle Pepper with Beanes and Peason. + Likewise of toasted bread with Ale or Wine, and with Pepper, they + make a blacke sauce, as if it were pap, that is called _pepper_, + and that they cast vpon theyr meat, flesh and fish." _Reg. San. + Salerni_, p. 67.]] + + [Footnote 128: See the recipe "To make Gynger Sause" in _H. Ord._ + p. 441, and "For sawce gynger," _L. C. C._ p. 52.] + + [Footnote 129: No doubt the "sawce fyne þat men calles camelyne" + of _Liber Cure_, p. 30, 'raysons of corouns,' nuts, bread crusts, + cloves, ginger, cinnamon, powdered together and mixed with + vinegar. "Camelin, sauce cameline, A certaine daintie Italian + sauce." Cot.] + + [Footnote 130: A bird mentioned in _Archæologia_, xiii. 341. Hall. + See note, l. 422.] + + [Footnote 131: Shovelars feed most commonly upon the Sea-coast + upon cockles and Shell-fish: being taken home, and dieted with new + garbage and good meat, they are nothing inferior to fatted Galls. + _Muffett_, p. 109. _Hic populus_, a schevelard (the _anas + clypeata_ of naturalists). Wright's Voc., p. 253.] + + [Footnote 132: See note 6 to line 539, above.] + + [Footnote 133: Is not this line superfluous? After 135 stanzas of + 4 lines each, we here come to one of 5 lines. I suspect l. 544 is + simply de trop. W. W. Skeat.] + + [Footnote 134: For the fish in the Poem mentioned by Yarrell, and + for references to him, see the list at the end of this _Boke of + Nurture_.] + + [Footnote 135: Recipes for "Grene Pesen" are in _H. Ord._ + p. 426-7, p. 470; and Porre of Pesen, &c. p. 444.] + + [Footnote 136: Topsell in his _Fourfooted Beasts_, ed. Rowland, + 1658, p. 36, says of Beavers, "There hath been taken of them whose + tails have weighed four pound weight, and they are accounted a + very delicate dish, for being dressed they eat like Barbles: they + are used by the Lotharingians and Savoyans [says Bellonius] for + meat allowed to be eaten on fish-dayes, although the body that + beareth them be flesh and unclean for food. The manner of their + dressing is, first roasting, and afterward seething in an open + pot, that so the evill vapour may go away, and some in pottage + made with Saffron; other with Ginger, and many with Brine; it is + certain that the tail and forefeet taste very sweet, from whence + came the Proverbe, _That sweet is that fish, which is not fish at + all_."] + + [Footnote 137: See the recipe for "Furmente with Purpeys," _H. + Ord._ p. 442.] + + [Footnote 138: I suppose this to be Seal. If it is Eel, see + recipes for "Eles in Surre, Browet, Gravê, Brasyle," in _H. Ord._ + p. 467-8.] + + [Footnote 139: Wynkyn de Worde has 'a salte purpos or sele + turrentyne.' If this is right, torrentille must apply to [gh]ele, and + be a species of seal: if not, it must be allied to the Trout or + Torrentyne, l. 835.] + + [Footnote 140: Congur in Pyole, _H. Ord._ p. 469. 'I must needs + agree with Diocles, who being asked, _whether were the better + fish, a Pike or a Conger_: That (said he) sodden, and this broild; + shewing us thereby, that all flaggy, slimy and moist fish (as + Eeles, Congers, Lampreys, Oisters, Cockles, Mustles, and + Scallopes) are best broild, rosted or bakt; but all other fish of + a firm substance and drier constitution is rather to be sodden.' + _Muffett_, p. 145.] + + [Footnote 141: So MS., but _grone_ may mean _green_, see l. 851 + and note to it. If not, ? for Fr. _gronan_, a gurnard. The Scotch + _crowner_ is a species of gurnard.] + + [Footnote 142: Lynge, fysshe, _Colin_, Palsgrave; but _Colin_, + a Sea-cob, or Gull. Cotgrave. See Promptorium, p. 296.] + + [Footnote 143: Fr. _Merlus ou Merluz_, A Mellwell, or Keeling, + a kind of small Cod whereof Stockfish is made. Cotgrave. And see + Prompt. Parv. p. 348, note 4. "Cod-fish is a great Sea-whiting, + called also a Keeling or Melwel." Bennett's Muffett on Food, + p. 148.] + + [Footnote 144: Cogan says of stockfish, "Concerning which fish I + will say no more than Erasmus hath written in his _Colloquio_. + _There is a kind of fishe_, which _is called in English_ + Stockfish: _it nourisheth no more than a stock_. Yet I haue eaten + of a pie made onely with Stockefishe, whiche hath been verie good, + but the goodnesse was not so much in the fishe as in the cookerie, + which may make that sauorie, which of it selfe is vnsavourie ... + it is sayd a good Cooke can make you good meate of a whetstone.... + Therfore a good Cooke is a good iewell, and to be much made of." + "Stockfish whilst it is unbeaten is called Buckhorne, because it + is so tough; when it is beaten upon the stock, it is termed + stockfish." _Muffett._ Lord Percy (A.D. 1512) was to have "cxl + Stok fisch for the expensys of my house for an hole Yere, after + ij.d. obol. the pece," p. 7, and "Dccccxlij Salt fisch ... after + iiij the pece," besides 9 barrels of white and 10 cades of red + herring, 5 cades of Sprats (_sprootis_), 400 score salt salmon, 3 + firkins of salt sturgeon and 5 cags of salt eels.] + + [Footnote 145: Fr. _Merlan_, a Whiting, a Merling. Cot. 'The best + Whitings are taken in Tweede, called _Merlings_, of like shape and + vertue with ours, but far bigger.' _Muffett_, p. 174.] + + [Footnote 146: MS. may be Cleynes. ? what place can it be; + Clayness, Claynose? Claybury is near Woodford in Essex.] + + [Footnote 147: A recipe for Pykes in Brasey is in _H. Ord._ + p. 451. The head of a Carp, the _tail_ of a Pike, and the Belly of + a Bream are most esteemed for their tenderness, shortness, and + well rellishing. _Muffett_, p. 177.] + + [Footnote 148: Cut it in gobets or lumps a-slope. "Aslet or + _a-slowte_ (asloppe, a slope), _Oblique_." P. Parv. But _slout_ + may be _slot_, bolt of a door, and so _aslout_ = in long strips.] + + [Footnote 149: Onions make a man stink and wink. Berthelson, 1754. + 'The Onion, though it be the Countrey mans meat, is better to vse + than to tast: for he that eateth euerie day tender Onions with + Honey to his breakfast, shall liue the more healthfull, so that + they be not too new.' _Maison Rustique_, p. 178, ed. 1616.] + + [Footnote 150: Recipes for this sauce are in _Liber C._ p. 30, and + _H. Ord._ p. 441: powdered crusts, galingale, ginger, and salt, + steeped in vinegar and strained. See note to l. 634 below.] + + [Footnote 151: See "Plays in Cene," that is, Ceue, chives, small + onions somewhat like eschalots. _H. Ord._ p. 452. See note 5, + l. 822. [Footnote 222 in this e-text.]] + + [Footnote 152: Of all sea-fish Rochets and Gurnards are to be + preferred; for their flesh is firm, and their substance purest of + all other. Next unto them Plaise and Soles are to be numbered, + being eaten in time; for if either of them be once stale, there is + no flesh more carrion-like, nor more troublesome to the belly of + man. Mouffet, p. 164.] + + [Footnote 153: Roches or Loches in Egurdouce, _H. Ord._ p. 469.] + + [Footnote 154: _Or_ dacce.] + + [Footnote 155: _Rivet_, roe of a fish. Halliwell. Dan. _ravn, + rogn_ (rowne of Pr. Parv.) under which Molbech refers to AS. + _hræfe_ (raven, Bosworth) as meaning roe or spawn. G. P. Marsh. + But see _refeccyon_, P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 156: See "Soles in Cyne," that is, Cyue, _H. Ord._ + p. 452.] + + [Footnote 157: Black Sea Bream, or Old Wife. _Cantharus griseus_. + Atkinson. "Abramides Marinæ. Breams of the Sea be a white and + solid substance, good juice, most easie digestion, and good + nourishment." _Muffett_, p. 148.] + + [Footnote 158: gobbets, pieces, see l. 638.] + + [Footnote 159: Fr. _Dorée_: f. The Doree, or Saint Peters fish; + also (though not so properly) the Goldfish or Goldenie. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 160: _Brett_, § xxi. He beareth Azure a _Birt_ (or + _Burt_ or _Berte_) proper by the name of _Brit_.... It is by the + Germans termed a _Brett-fish_ or _Brett-cock_. Randle Holme.] + + [Footnote 161: Rec. for Congur in Sause, _H. Ord._ p. 401; in + Pyole, p. 469.] + + [Footnote 162: This must be Randle Holme's "_Dog fish_ or _Sea Dog + Fish_." It is by the Dutch termed a _Flackhund_, and a + _Hundfisch_: the Skin is hard and redish, beset with hard and + sharp scales; sharp and rough and black, the Belly is more white + and softer. Bk II. Ch. XIV. No. lv, p. 343-4. For names of Fish + the whole chapter should be consulted, p. 321-345.] + + [Footnote 163: 'His flesh is stopping, slimy, viscous, & very + unwholesome; and (as Alexander Benedictus writeth) of a most + unclean and damnable nourishment ... they engender palsies, stop + the lungs, putrifie in the stomach, and bring a man that much eats + them to infinite diseases ... they are worst being fried, _best + being kept in gelly_, made strong of wine and spices.' _Muffett_, + p. 189.] + + [Footnote 164: Recipes for Tenches in grave, _L. C. C._ p. 25; in + Cylk (wine, &c.), _H. Ord._ p. 470; in Bresyle (boiled with + spices, &c.), p. 468.] + + [Footnote 165: Lamprons in Galentyn, _H. Ord._ p. 449. "Lampreys + and Lamprons differ in bigness only and in goodness; they are both + a very sweet and nourishing meat.... The little ones called + Lamprons are best broild, but the great ones called Lampreys are + best baked." _Muffett_, p. 181-3. See l. 630-40 of this poem.] + + [Footnote 166: Wraw, froward, ongoodly. _Perversus ... + exasperans._ Pr. Parv.] + + [Footnote 167: for _whan_, when.] + + [Footnote 168: A kind of vinegar; A.S. _eisile_, vinegar; given to + Christ on the Cross.] + + [Footnote 169: _Escrevisse:_ f. A Creuice, or Crayfish [see + l. 618]; (By some Authors, but not so properly, the Crab-fish is + also tearmed so.) _Escrevisse de mer._ A Lobster; or, (more + properly) a Sea-Creuice. Cotgrave. A _Crevice_, or a _Crefish_, or + as some write it, a _Crevis Fish_, are in all respects the same in + form, and are a Species of the Lobster, but of a lesser size, and + the head is set more into the body of the _Crevice_ than in the + _Lobster_. Some call this a Ganwell. R. Holme, p. 338, col. 1, + § xxx.] + + [Footnote 170: No doubt the intestinal tract, running along the + middle of the body and tail. Dr Günther. Of Crevisses and Shrimps, + Muffett says, p. 177, they "give also a kind of exercise for such + as be weak: for head and brest must first be divided from their + bodies; then each of them must be dis scaled, and clean picked + with much pidling; then the long gut lying along the back of the + Crevisse is to be voided."] + + [Footnote 171: slice by slice.] + + [Footnote 172: The fresh-water crayfish is beautiful eating, Dr + Günther says.] + + [Footnote 173: Iolle of a fysshe, _teste_. Palsgrave. Ioll, as of + salmon, &c., _caput_. Gouldm. in Promptorium, p. 264.] + + [Footnote 174: For to make a potage of welkes, _Liber Cure_, + p. 17. "Perwinkles or Whelks, are nothing but sea-snails, feeding + upon the finest mud of the shore and the best weeds." _Muffett_, + p. 164.] + + [Footnote 175: _Pintle_ generally means the penis; but Dr Günther + says the whelk has no visible organs of generation, though it has + a projecting tube by which it takes in water, and the function of + this might have been misunderstood. Dr G. could suggest nothing + for _almond_, but on looking at the drawing of the male Whelk + (_Buccinum undatum_) creeping, in the Penny Cyclopædia, v. 9, + p. 454, col. 2 (art. Entomostomata), it is quite clear that the + _almond_ must mean the animal's horny, oval _operculum_ on its + hinder part. 'Most spiral shells have an _operculum_, or lid, with + which to close the aperture when they withdraw for shelter. It is + developed on a particular lobe at the posterior part of the foot, + and consists of horny layers sometimes hardened with shelly + matter.' _Woodward's Mollusca_, p. 47.] + + [Footnote 176: That part of the integument of mollusca which + contains the viscera and secretes the shell, is termed the + _mantle_. Woodward.] + + [Footnote 177: Recipe "For lamprays baken," in _Liber Cure_, + p. 38.] + + [Footnote 178: A sauce made of crumbs, galingale, ginger, salt, + and vinegar. See the Recipe in _Liber Cure_, p. 30.] + + [Footnote 179: See the duties and allowances of "A Sewar for the + Kynge," Edw. IV., in _Household Ordinances_, pp. 36-7; Henry VII., + p. 118. King Edmund risked his life for his assewer, p. 36.] + + [Footnote 180: The word Sewer in the MS. is written small, the + flourishes of the big initial O having taken up so much room. The + name of the office of _sewer_ is derived from the Old French + _esculier_, or the _scutellarius_, i.e. the person who had to + arrange the dishes, in the same way as the _scutellery_ (scullery) + was by rights the place where the dishes were kept. _Domestic + Architecture_, v. 3, p. 80 _n._] + + [Footnote 181: See the duties and allowances of "A Surveyour for + the Kyng" (Edw. IV.) in _Household Ord._ p. 37. Among other things + he is to see 'that no thing be purloyned,' (cf. line 680 below), + and the fourty Squyers of Household who help serve the King's + table from 'the surveying bourde' are to see that 'of every messe + that cummyth from the dressing bourde ... thereof be nothing + withdrawe by the squires.' _ib._ p. 45.] + + [Footnote 182: Squyers of Houshold xl ... xx squires attendaunt + uppon the Kings (Edw. IV.) person in ryding ... and to help serve + his table from the surveying bourde. _H. Ord._ p. 45. Sergeauntes + of Armes IIII., whereof ii alway to be attending uppon the Kings + person and chambre.... In like wise at the conveyaunce of his + meate at every course from the surveying bourde, p. 47.] + + [Footnote 183: Compare the less gorgeous feeds specified on pp. + 54-5 of _Liber Cure_, and pp. 449-50 of _Household Ordinances_. + Also with this and the following 'Dinere of Fische' should be + compared "the Diett for the King's Majesty and the Queen's Grace" + on a Flesh Day and a Fish Day, A.D. 1526, contained in _Household + Ordinances_, p. 174-6. Though Harry the Eighth was king, he was + allowed only two courses on each day, as against the Duke of + Gloucester's three given here. The daily cost for King and Queen + was £4. 3s. 4d.; yearly, £1520. 13s. 4d. See also in Markham's + Houswife, pp. 98-101, the ordering of 'extraordinary great Feasts + of Princes' as well as those 'for much more humble men.'] + + [Footnote 184: See Recipes for Bor in Counfett, Boor in Brasey, + Bore in Egurdouce, in _H. Ord._ p. 435.] + + [Footnote 185: _Chair de mouton manger de glouton:_ Pro. Flesh of + a Mutton is food for a glutton; (or was held so in old times, when + Beefe and Bacon were your onely dainties.) Cot.] + + [Footnote 186: The rule for the succession of dishes is stated in + _Liber Cure_, p. 55, as whole-footed birds first, and of these the + greatest, as swan, goose, and drake, to precede. Afterwards come + baked meats and other dainties.] + + [Footnote 187: See note to l. 535 above.] + + [Footnote 188: See the Recipe for Leche Lumbard in _Household + Ordinances_, p. 438. Pork, eggs, pepper, cloves, currants, dates, + sugar, powdered together, boiled in a bladder, cut into strips, + and served with hot rich sauce.] + + [Footnote 189: Meat fritter ?, mentioned in l. 501.] + + [Footnote 190: See "Blaumanger to Potage" p. 430 of _Household + Ordinances_; Blawmangere, p. 455; Blonc Manger, _L. C. C._ p. 9, + and Blanc Maungere of fysshe, p. 19.] + + [Footnote 191: "Gele in Chekyns or of Hennes," and "Gelle of + Flesshe," _H. Ord._ p. 437.] + + [Footnote 192: See the recipe "At a Feeste Roiall, Pecockes shall + be dight on this Manere," _H. Ord._ p. 439; but there he is to be + served "forthe with the last cours." The _hackle_ refers, + I suppose, to his being sown in his skin when cold after + roasting.] + + [Footnote 193: The fat of _Rabet-suckers_, and little Birds, and + small Chickens, is not discommendable, because it is soon and + lightly overcome of an indifferent stomack. _Muffett_, p. 110.] + + [Footnote 194: Recipe at end of this volume. Dowcet mete, or swete + cake mete (bake mete, P.) _Dulceum, ductileus._ P. Parv. Dousette, + a lytell flawne, _dariolle_. Palsgrave. Fr. _flannet_; m. A doucet + or little custard. Cot. See note 1 to l. 494 above.] + + [Footnote 195: May be _Iely_, amber jelly, instead of a beautiful + amber leche.] + + [Footnote 196: See the note to line 499.] + + [Footnote 197: Compare "For a servise on fysshe day," _Liber + Cure_, p. 54, and _Household Ordinances_, p. 449.] + + [Footnote 198: _For_ of. See 'Sewes on Fische Dayes,' l. 821.] + + [Footnote 199: ? for _bellies_: see 'the baly of þe fresch + samoun,' l. 823 in Sewes on Fische Dayes; or it may be for the + _sounds_ or breathing apparatus.] + + [Footnote 200: Pykes in Brasey, _H. Ord._ p. 451.] + + [Footnote 201: Purpesses, Tursons, or sea-hogs, are of the nature + of swine, never good till they be fat ... it is an unsavoury meat + ... yet many Ladies and Gentlemen love it exceedingly, bak'd like + venison. _Mouffet_, p. 165.] + + [Footnote 202: ? due-ing, that is, service; not moistening.] + + [Footnote 203: _Rhombi._ Turbuts ... some call the Sea-Pheasant + ... whilst they be young ... they are called Butts. They are best + being sodden. _Muffett_, p. 173. "Pegeons, _buttes_, and elis," + are paid for as _hakys_ (hawks) _mete_, on x Sept. 6 R. H(enry + VII) in the Howard Household Books, 1481-90, p. 508.] + + [Footnote 204: Gulls, Guffs, Pulches, _Chevins_, and + Millers-thombs are a kind of jolt-headed Gudgins, very sweet, + tender, and wholesome. Muffett, p. 180. Randle Holme says, 'A + _Chevyn_ or a _Pollarde_; it is in Latin called _Capitus_, from + its great head; the Germans _Schwall_, or _Alet_; and _Myn_ or + _Mouen_; a _Schupfish_, from whence we title it a _Chub fish_.' + ch. xiv. § xxvii.] + + [Footnote 205: "Creme of Almond Mylk." _H. Ord._ p. 447.] + + [Footnote 206: See the recipe, end of this volume.] + + [Footnote 207: Compare "leche fryes made of frit and friture," _H. + Ord._ p. 449; Servise on Fisshe Day, last line.] + + [Footnote 208: Melancholy, full of phlegm: see the superscription + l. 792 below. 'Flew, complecyon, (fleume of compleccyon, K. flewe, + P.) _Flegma_,' Catholicon in P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 209: Mistake for _Sotelte_.] + + [Footnote 210: The first letter of this word is neither a clear + _t_ nor _c_, though more like _t_ than _c_. It was first written + _Couse_ (as if for _cou_[r]_se_, succession, which makes good + sense) or _touse_, and then a _w_ was put over the _u_. If the + word is _towse_, the only others I can find like it are tow, 'towe + of hempe or flax,' Promptorium; '_heruper_, to discheuell, + _towse_, or disorder the haire.' Cot.] + + [Footnote 211: See Recipe at end of volume.] + + [Footnote 212: See Recipe at end of volume.] + + [Footnote 213: See a recipe for making it of ale, honey, and + spices, in [Cogan's] Haven of Health, chap. 239, p. 268, in Nares. + Phillips leaves out the ale.] + + [Footnote 214: Mead, a pleasant Drink made of Honey and Water. + Phillips.] + + [Footnote 215: A recipe for Musculs in Sewe and Cadel of Musculs + to Potage, at p. 445 _H. Ord._ Others 'For mustul (? muscul or + _Mustela_, the eel-powt, Fr. _Mustelle_, the Powte or Eeele-powte) + pie,' and 'For porray of mustuls,' in _Liber Cure_, p. 46-7.] + + [Footnote 216: ? a preparation of Muscles, as _Applade_ Ryal + (Harl. MS. 279, Recipe Cxxxv.) of Apples, _Quinade_, Rec. Cxv of + Quinces, _Pynade_ (fol. 27 b.) of Pynotis (a kind of nut); or is + it _Meselade_ or _Meslade_, fol. 33, an omelette--'to euery good + meslade take a þowsand eyroun or mo.' _Herbelade_ (fol. 42 b.) is + a liquor of boiled lard and herbs, mixed with dates, currants, and + 'Pynez,' strained, sugared, coloured, whipped, & put into 'fayre + round cofyns.'] + + [Footnote 217: _Eschalotte_: f. A Cive or Chiue. _Escurs_, The + little sallade hearb called, Ciues, or Chiues. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 218: For to make potage of oysturs, _Liber Cure_, p. 17. + Oysturs in brewette, p. 53.] + + [Footnote 219: Seales flesh is counted as hard of digestion, as it + is gross of substance, especially being old; wherefore I leave it + to Mariners and Sailers, for whose stomacks it is fittest, and who + know the best way how to prepare it. _Muffett_, p. 167.] + + [Footnote 220: Cullis (in Cookery) a strained Liquor made of any + sort of dress'd Meat, or other things pounded in a Mortar, and + pass'd thro' a Hair-sieve: These Cullises are usually pour'd upon + Messes, and into hot Pies, a little before they are serv'd up to + Table. Phillips. See also the recipe for making a coleise of a + cocke or capon, from the _Haven of Health_, in Nares. Fr. + _Coulis_: m. A cullis, or broth of boiled meat strained; fit for a + sicke, or weake bodie. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 221: Shrimps are of two sorts, the one crookbacked, the + other straitbacked: the first sort is called of Frenchmen + _Caramots de la santé_, healthful shrimps; because they recover + sick and consumed persons; of all other they are most nimble, + witty, and skipping, and of best juice. _Muffett_, p. 167. In + cooking them, he directs them to be "unscaled, to vent the + windiness which is in them, being sodden with their scales; + whereof lust and disposition to venery might arise," p. 168.] + + [Footnote 222: See the recipe for "Creme of Almonde Mylk," + _Household Ordinances_, p. 447.] + + [Footnote 223: "Mortrewes of Fysshe," _H. Ord._ p. 469; "Mortrews + of fysshe," _L. C. C._ p. 19.] + + [Footnote 224: See "Rys Lumbarde," _H. Ord._ p. 438, l. 3, 'and if + thow wilt have hit stondynge, take rawe [gh]olkes of egges,' &c.] + + [Footnote 225: See the Recipe at the end of this volume.] + + [Footnote 226: 'Let no fish be sodden or eaten without salt, + pepper, wine, onions or hot spices; for all fish (compared with + flesh) is cold and moist, of little nourishment, engendring + watrish and thin blood.' _Muffett_, p. 146, with a curious + continuation. _Hoc Sinapium, An^ce._ mustarde. + + Salgia, sirpillum, piper, alia, sal, petrocillum, + Ex hiis sit salsa, non est sentencia falsa. + 15th cent. Pict. Vocab. in Wright's Voc. p. 267, col. 1.] + + [Footnote 227: Spurlings are but broad Sprats, taken chiefly upon + our Northern coast; which being drest and pickled as Anchovaes be + in Provence, rather surpass them than come behind them in taste + and goodness.... As for Red Sprats and Spurlings, I vouchsafe them + not the name of any wholesome nourishment, or rather of no + nourishment at all; commending them for nothing, but that they are + bawdes to enforce appetite, and serve well the poor mans turn to + quench hunger. _Muffett_, p. 169.] + + [Footnote 228: A Whiting, a Merling, Fr. _Merlan_. '_Merling_: + A _Stock-fish_, or _Marling_, else _Merling_; in Latine _Marlanus_ + and _Marlangus_.' R. Holme, p. 333, col. 1.] + + [Footnote 229: After searching all the Dictionaries and Glossaries + I could get hold of in the Museum for this _Torrentyne_, which was + the plague of my life for six weeks, I had recourse to Dr Günther. + He searched Rondelet and Belon in vain for the word, and then + suggested ALDROVANDI as the last resource. In the _De Piscibus_, + Lib. V., I accordingly found (where he treats of _Trout_), + "Scoppa, gra{m}maticus Italus, _Torentinam_ nominat, rectius + _Torrentinam_ vocaturus, à torrentibus nimirum: in his n[ominatim] + & riuis montanis abundat." (ed. 1644, cum indice copiosissimo.)] + + [Footnote 230: _Whales_ flesh is the hardest of all other, and + unusuall to be eaten of our Countrymen, no not when they are very + young and tenderest; yet the livers of Whales, Sturgeons, and + Dolphins smell like violets, taste most pleasantly being salted, + and give competent nourishment, as Cardan writeth. _Muffett_, + p. 173, ed. Bennet, 1655.] + + [Footnote 231: See the recipe in _Liber Cure Cocorum_, p. 30; and + Felettes in Galentyne, _H. Ord._ p. 433.] + + [Footnote 232: Veriuse, or sause made of grapes not full ripe, + _Ompharium_. Withals.] + + [Footnote 233: Hakes be of the same nature [as Haddocks], + resembling a Cod in taste, but a Ling in likeness. _Muffett_, + p. 153.] + + [Footnote 234: 'Stocke fysshe, they [the French] have none,' says + Palsgrave.] + + [Footnote 235: Haddocks are little Cods, of light substance, + crumbling flesh, and good nourishment in the Sommer time, + especially whilst Venison is in season. _Muffett_, p. 153.] + + [Footnote 236: Keling. R. Holme, xxiv, p. 334, col. 1, has "He + beareth Cules a _Cod Fish_ argent. by the name of _Codling_. Of + others termed a _Stockfish_, or an _Haberdine_: In the North part + of this Kingdome it is called a _Keling_, In the Southerne parts a + _Cod_, and in the Westerne parts a _Welwell_."] + + [Footnote 237: See the Recipes for 'Pur verde sawce,' _Liber + Cure_, p. 27, and 'Vert Sause' (herbs, bread-crumbs, vinegar, + pepper, ginger, &c.), _H. Ord._ p. 441. Grene Sause, condimentum + harbaceum. Withals. [[There is a herb of an acid taste, the common + name for which ... is _green-sauce_ ... not a dozen miles from + Stratford-on-Avon. _Notes & Queries_, June 14, 1851, vol. iii. p. + 474. "of Persley leaues stamped withe veriuyce, or white wine, is + made a _greene sauce_ to eate with roasted meat ... Sauce for + Mutton, Veale and Kid, is _greene sauce_, made in Summer with + Vineger or Verjuyce, with a few spices, and without Garlicke. + Otherwise with Parsley, white Ginger, and tosted bread with + Vineger. In Winter, the same sawces are made with many spices, and + little quantity of Garlicke, and of the best Wine, and with a + little Verjuyce, or with Mustard." _Reg. San. Salerni_, p. + 67-8.]] ] + + [Footnote 238: Ling perhaps looks for great extolling, being + counted the beefe of the Sea, and standing every fish day (as a + cold supporter) at my Lord Maiors table; yet it is nothing but a + long Cod: whereof the greater sised is called Organe Ling, and the + other Codling, because it is no longer then a Cod, and yet hath + the taste of Ling: _whilst it is new it is called_ GREEN-FISH; + when it is salted it is called Ling, perhaps of lying, because the + longer it lyeth ... the better it is, waxing in the end as yellow + as the gold noble, at which time they are worth a noble a piece. + _Muffett_, p. 154-5.] + + [Footnote 239: A brit or turbret, _rhombus_. Withals, 1556. Bret, + Brut, or Burt, a Fish of the Turbot-kind. Phillips.] + + [Footnote 240: These duties of the Chamberlain, and those of him + in the Wardrobe which follow, should be compared with the chapter + _De Officio Garcionum_ of "The Boke of Curtasye" ll. 435-520 + below. See also the duties and allowances of 'A Chamberlayn for + the King.' _H. Ord._ p. 31-2. He has only to see that the men + under him do the work mentioned in these pages. See office of + Warderobe of Bedds, _H. O._ p. 40; Gromes of Chambyr, x, Pages of + Chambre, IIII, _H. O._, p. 41, &c. The arraying and unarraying of + Henry VII. were done by the Esquires of the Body, _H. Ord._ + p. 118, two of whom lay outside his room.] + + [Footnote 241: A short or small coat worn under the long + over-coat. _Petycote, tunicula_, P. P., and '.j. _petticote_ of + lynen clothe withought slyves,' there cited from Sir J. Fastolfe's + Wardrobe, 1459. Archæol. xxi. 253. _subucula, le, est etiam genus + intimæ vestis_, a peticote. Withals.] + + [Footnote 242: Vamps or _Vampays_, an odd kind of short Hose or + Stockings that cover'd the Feet, and came up only to the Ancle, + just above the Shooe; the Breeches reaching down to the Calf of + the Leg. Whence to graft a new Footing on old Stockings is still + call'd _Vamping_. Phillips. Fairholt does not give the word. The + Vampeys went outside the sock, I presume, as no mention is made of + them with the socks and slippers after the bath, l. 987; but + Strutt, and Fairholt after him, have engraved a drawing which + shows that the Saxons wore the sock over the stocking, both being + within the shoe. 'Vampey of a hose--_auant pied_. Vauntpe of a + hose--_uantpie_.' Palsgrave. A.D. 1467, 'fore _vaunpynge_ of a + payre for the said Lew vj.d.' p. 396, _Manners & Household + Expenses_, 1841.] + + [Footnote 242a: ? _perhaps a comma should go after _hed_, and + _'his cloak or cape'_ as a side-note. But see _cappe_, p. 65, + l. 964._] + + [Footnote 243: Henry VII. had a fustian and sheet under his + feather bed, over the bed a sheet, then 'the over fustian above,' + and then 'a pane of ermines' like an eider-down quilt. 'A head + sheete of raynes' and another of ermines were over the pillows. + After the ceremony of making the bed, all the esquires, ushers, + and others present, had bread, ale, and wine, outside the chamber, + 'and soe to drinke altogether.' _H. Ord._ p. 122.] + + [Footnote 244: A siege house, _sedes excrementorum_. A draught or + priuie, _latrina_. Withals.] + + [Footnote 245: An arse wispe, _penicillum_, -li, vel _anitergium_. + Withals. From a passage in William of Malmesbury's autograph _De + Gestis Pontificum Anglorum_ it would seem that water was the + earlier cleanser.] + + [Footnote 246: In the MS. this line was omitted by the copier, and + inserted in red under the next line by the corrector, who has + underscored all the chief words of the text in red, besides + touching up the capital and other letters.] + + [Footnote 247: See the 'Warderober,' p. 37, and the 'office of + Warderobe of Robes,' in _H. Ord._ p. 39.] + + [Footnote 248: + + þo lord{e} schalle shyft hys gown{e} at ny[gh]t, + Syttand on foteshete tyl he be dy[gh]t. + _The Boke of Curtasye_, l. 487-8.] + + [Footnote 249: Morter ... a kind of Lamp or Wax-taper. _Mortarium_ + (in old Latin records) a Mortar, Taper, or Light set in Churches, + to burn over the Graves or Shrines of the Dead. Phillips.] + + [Footnote 250: Perchers, the Paris-Candles formerly us'd in + England; also the bigger sort of Candles, especially of Wax, which + were commonly set upon the Altars. Phil.] + + [[Footnote 250a: The nuisance that the number of Dogs must have + been may be judged of by the following payments in the + Church-Wardens' Accounts of St Margaret's, Westminster, in + _Nichols_, p. 34-5. + + 1625 Item paid to the dog-killer for killing of dogs 0. 9. 8. + 1625 Item paid to the dog-killer more for killing + 14 dozen and 10 dogs in time of visitacion 1. 9. 8. + 1625 Item paid to the dog-killer for killing of + 24 dozen of dogs 1. 8. + + See the old French satire on the Lady and her Dogs, in _Rel. Ant._ + i. 155.]] + + [Footnote 251: The Boke of Curtasye (l. 519-20) lets the (chief) + usher who puts the lord to bed, go his way, and says + + [Gh]omo{n} vssher be-fore þe dore + In vtter chamb{ur} lies on þe flor{e}.] + + [Transcriber's Note: + Footnote 252 contains supplementary notes for some items in this + stanza, lines 991-994. Note that there is no independent Footnote + 260 ("hey hove"), and that "bilgres" was not marked. Numbers in + parentheses are the note numbers as originally printed.] + + [Footnote 252: See note at end. Mr Gillett, of the Vicarage, + Runham, Filby, Norwich, sends me these notes on the herbs for this + Bathe Medicinable: --253 (2): "YARDEHOK = Mallow, some species. + They are all more or less mucilaginous and emollient. If Yarde = + _Virga_; then it is Marshmallow, or Malva Sylvestris; if yarde = + erde, earth; then the rotundifolia. --254 (3): PARITORY is + Pellitory of the wall, _parietaria_. Wall pellitory abounds in + nitrate of potass. There are two other pellitories: 'P. of + Spain'--this is _Pyrethrum_, which the Spanish corrupted into + _pelitre_, and we corrupted _pelitre_ into pellitory. The other, + bastard-pellitory, is _Achillea Ptarmica_. --255 (4): BROWN + FENNELLE = probably _Peucedanum officinale_, Hog's fennel, + a dangerous plant; certainly not _Anethum Graveolens_, which is + always dill, dyle, dile, &c. --259 (8): RYBBEWORT, _Plantago + lanceolata_, mucilaginous. --260 (9): HEYHOVE = _Glechoma + hederacea_, bitter and aromatic, abounding in a principle like + camphor. --261 (10): HEYRIFF = harif = _Galium Aparine_, and + allied species. They were formerly considered good for scorbutic + diseases, when applied externally. Lately, in France, they have + been administered internally against epilepsy. --263 (12): + BRESEWORT; if = brisewort or bruisewort, it would be _Sambucus + Ebulus_, but this seems most unlikely. --265 [_unlabeled, 1 on + next page_] BROKELEMPK = brooklime. _Veronica Beccabunga_, + formerly considered as an anti-scorbutic applied externally. It is + very inert. If a person fed on it, it might do some good, i.e. + about a quarter of the good that the same quantity of water-cress + would do. --267 [_unlabeled_] BILGRES, probably = henbane, + _hyoscysmus niger_. Compare Dutch [Du. _Bilsen_, Hexham,] and + German _Bilse_. _Bil_ = byle = boil, modern. It was formerly + applied externally, with marsh-mallow and other mucilaginous and + emollient plants, to ulcers, boils, &c. It might do great good if + the tumours were unbroken, but is awfully dangerous. So is + _Peucedanum officinale_. My Latin names are those of Smith: + _English Flora_. Babington has re-named them, and Bentham again + altered them. I like my mumpsimus better than their sumpsimus."] + + [Footnote 253: 'The common Mallowe, or the tawle wilde Mallow, and + the common Hockes' of Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 581, _Malua + sylvestris_, as distinguished from the _Malua sativa_, or "_Rosa + vltramarina_, that is to say, the Beyondesea Rose, in Frenche, + _Maulue de iardin_ or _cultiuée_ ... in English, Holyhockes, and + great tame Mallow, or great Mallowes of the Garden." The "Dwarffe + Mallowe ... is called _Malua syluestris pumila_."] + + [Footnote 254: Peritory, _parietaria_, _vrseolaris_, _vel + astericum_. Withals.] + + [Footnote 255: ? The sweet Fennel, _Anethum Graveolens_, formerly + much used in medicine (Thomson). The gigantic fennel is (_Ferula_) + _Assafoetida_.] + + [Footnote 256: _Sambucus ebulus_, Danewort. See Mr Gillett's note + for Book of Quintessence in Hampole's Treatises. Fr. _hieble_, + Wallwort, dwarfe Elderne, Danewort. Cotgr.] + + [Footnote 257: Erbe Iõn', or Seynt Ionys worte. _Perforata, fuga + demonum_, _ypericon_. P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 258: Centaury.] + + [Footnote 259: Ribwort, _arnoglossa_. Ribwoort or ribgrasse, + _plantago_. Withals. _Plantain petit_. Ribwort, Ribwort Plantaine, + Dogs-rib, Lambes-tongue. Cotgrave. _Plantago lanceolata_, AS. + _ribbe_.] + + [Footnote 260: _No separate note: see Footnote 252, above._] + + [Footnote 261: Haylife, an herbe. Palsgr. _Galium aparine_, A.S. + _hegerifan corn_, grains of hedgerife (hayreve, or hayreff), are + among the herbs prescribed in _Leechdoms_, v. 2, p. 345, for "a + salve against the elfin race & nocturnal [goblin] visitors, & for + the woman with whom the devil hath carnal commerce."] + + [Footnote 262: _Herba Benedicta_. Avens.] + + [Footnote 263: _Herbe a foulon_. Fullers hearbe, Sopewort, + Mocke-gillouers, Bruisewort. Cotgrave. "AS. 1. _brysewyrt_, + pimpernel, _anagallis_. _Anagallis_, brisewort." Gl. Rawlinson, + c. 506, Gl. Harl. 3388. Leechdoms, vol. 1, p. 374. 2. _Bellis + perennis_, MS. Laud. 553, fol. 9. Plainly for Hembriswyrt, daisy, + AS. _dæges eage_. "Consolida minor. Daysie is an herbe þat sum men + callet hembrisworte oþer bonewort." Gl. Douce, 290. Cockayne. + _Leechdoms_, v. 2, Glossary.] + + [Footnote 264: _Persil de marais_. Smallage; or, wild water + Parseley. Cot.] + + [Footnote 265: Brokelyme _fabaria_. Withals. _Veronica Becabunga_, + Water-Speedwell. _Hleomoce_, _Hleomoc_, brooklime (where lime is + the Saxon name (_Hleomoc_) in decay), _Veronica beccabunga_, with + _V. anagallis_ ... "It waxeth in brooks" ... Both sorts _Lemmike_, + Dansk. They were the greater and the less "brokelemke," Gl. + Bodley, 536. "Fabaria domestica _lemeke_." Gl. Rawl. c. 607.... + Islandic _Lemiki_. Cockayne. Gloss. to _Leechdoms_, v. 2. It is + prescribed, with the two centauries, for suppressed menses, and + with _pulegium_, to bring a dead child away, &c. _Ib._ p. 331.] + + [Footnote 266: Scabiosa, the Herb _Scabious_, so call'd from its + Virtue in curing the Itch; it is also good for Impostumes, Coughs, + Pleurisy, Quinsey, &c. Phillips.] + + [Footnote 267: _See footnote 258, above._] + + [Footnote 268: See the duties and allowances of 'The Gentylmen + Usshers of Chaumbre .IIII. of Edw. IV.', in _H. Ord._ p. 37; and + the duties of Henry VIII's Knight Marshal, _ib._ p. 150.] + + [Footnote 269: Queenborough, an ancient, but poor town of Kent, in + the Isle of Sheppey, situated at the mouth of the river Medway. + The chief employment of the inhabitants is oyster-dredging. + _Walker's Gazetteer, by Kershaw_, 1801.] + + [Footnote 270: The Annual Receipts of the Monastery "de Tinterna + in M{ar}chia Wallie," are stated in the _Valor Eccl._ vol. iv. + p. 370-1, and the result is + £ s. d. + S{u}m{m}a to{ta}lis clar{e} + val{oris} dec' predict' cclviij v x ob' + Decima inde xxv xvj vj ob'q' + + Those of the Monasteriu{m} Sancti Petri Westm. are given at v. 1, + p. 410-24, and their net amount stated to be £4470 0 2d. + + [Transcriber's Note: + Roman numerals shown as ^x were printed as superscripts + (iij^c = CCC).] + £ s. d. + Et reman{ent} clare M^lM^lM^liiij^clxx -- ij q' + Decima inde iij^cxlvij -- -- q'] + + [Footnote 271: The clear revenue of the Deanery of Canterbury + (Decan' Cantuar') is returned in Valor Eccl. v. 1, p. 27-32, + at £163 0 21d. + £ s. d. + Rem' clxiij -- xxi + Decima p{ar}s inde xvj vj ij + + while that of Prioratus de Dudley is only + + £ s. d. + S{u}m{m}a de claro xxxiiij -- xvj + Decima p{ar}s inde iij viij j ob'q' + + _Valor Ecclesiasticus_, v. 3, p. 104-5.] + + [Footnote 272: Dudley, a town of Worcestershire, insulated in + Staffordshire, containing about 2000 families, most of whom are + employed in the manufacture of nails and other iron wares. + _Walker_, 1801.] + + [Footnote 273: Two lines are wanting here to make up the stanza. + They must have been left out when the copier turned his page, and + began again.] + + [Footnote 274: The word in the MS. is _syngle_ or _synglr_ with a + line through the _l_. It may be for {syng}u{ler}, _singulus_, _i._ + _unus per se_, sunderly, vocab. in _Rel. Ant._ v. 1, p. 9, + col. 1.] + + [Footnote 275: _Credence as creance_ ... a taste or essay taken of + another man's meat. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 276: Compare _The Boke of Curtasye_, l. 495-8, + + No mete for mo{n} schall{e} sayed be + Bot for kynge or prynce or duke so fre; + For heiers of paraunce also y-wys + Mete shall{e} be seyed.] + + [Footnote 277: _Gardmanger_ (Fr.) a Storehouse for meat. Blount, + ed. 1681, _Garde-viant_, a Wallet for a Soldier to put his + Victuals in. Phillipps, ed. 1701.] + + [Footnote 278: The Boke of Curtasye makes the Sewer alone assay or + taste 'alle the mete' (line 763-76), and the Butler the drink + (line 786).] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +[Transcriber's Note: + +Numbering of linenotes does not always correspond exactly to a word's +place in the main text. References that are off by only a line or two +have not been corrected.] + + +l. 11-12. John Russell lets off his won't-learns very easily. Willyam +Bulleyn had a different treatment for them. See the extract from him on +"Boxyng & Neckweede" after these _Notes_. + +l. 49. See the interesting "Lord Fairfax's Orders for the Servants of +his Houshold" [after the Civil Wars], in Bishop Percy's notes to the +Northumberland Household Book, p. 421-4, ed. 1827. + +l. 51. Chip. 'other .ij. pages ... them oweth to chippe bredde, but not +too nye the crumme.' _H. Ord._ p. 71-2. The "Chippings of +Trencher-Brede" in Lord Percy's household were used "for the fedyinge of +my lords houndis." _Percy H. Book_, p. 353. [["_Non comedas crustam, +colorem quia gignit adustam_ ... the Authour in this Text warneth vs, to +beware of crusts eating, because they ingender a-dust cholor, or +melancholly humours, by reason that they bee burned and dry. And +therefore great estates the which be [_orig._ the] chollerick of nature, +cause the crustes aboue and beneath to be chipped away; wherfore the +pith or crumme should be chosen, the which is of a greater nourishment +then the crust." _Regimen Sanitatis Salerni_, ed. 1634, p. 71. Fr. +_chapplis_, bread-chippings. Cotgrave.]] + +l. 52. _Trencher._ The College servant 'Scrape Trencher,' R. Holme, Bk. +III., Chap. iv., p. 099 [199], notes the change of material from bread +to wood. [[Note renamed and moved from l. 94; see Corrigenda]] + +l. 56. _Trencher bread._ ITEM that the _Trencher Brede_ be maid of the +Meale as it cummyth frome the Milne. _Percy Household Book_, p. 58. + +l. 66. Cannell, a Spout, a tap, a cocke in a conduit. _Epistomium. Vne +canelle, vn robinet._ Baret. + +l. 68. Faucet. Also he [the yeoman of the Butler of Ale] asketh +allowaunce for tubbys, treyes, and _faucettes_, occupied all the yeare +before. _H. Ord._ p. 77. + +l. 74. _Figs._ A. Borde, _Introduction_, assigns the gathering of figs +to "the Mores whych do dwel in Barbary," ... "and christen men do by +them, & they wil be diligent and wyl do al maner of seruice, but they be +set most comonli to vile things; they be called slaues, thei do gader +grapes and _fygges_, and with some of the _fygges_ they wyl wip ther +tayle, & put them in the frayle." Figs he mentions under Judæa. "Iury is +called y^e lande of Iude, it is a noble countre of ryches, plenty of +wine & corne ... _Figges_ and Raysions, & all other frutes." In his +_Regyment_, fol. M. iii., Borde says of 'Fygges ... They doth stere a +man to veneryous actes, for they doth auge and increase the seede of +generacion. And also they doth prouoke a man to sweate: wherfore they +doth ingendre lyce.' + +ll. 74-95. _Chese._ 'there is iiij. sortes of Chese, which is to say, +grene Chese, softe chese, harde chese, or spermyse. Grene chese is not +called grene by y^e reason of colour, but for y^e newnes of it, for the +whay is not half pressed out of it, and in operacion it is colde and +moyste. Softe chese not to new nor to olde, is best, for in operacion it +is hote and moyste. Harde chese is hote and drye, and euyll to dygest. +Spermyse is a Chese the whiche is made with curdes and with the Iuce of +herbes.... Yet besydes these .iiij natures of chese, there is a chese +called a Irweue [rewene, ed. 1567] chese, the whiche, if it be well +ordered, doth passe all other cheses, none excesse taken.' A. Borde, +_Reg._ fol. I. i. See note on l. 85. + +l. 77. In his chapter _Of Prunes and Damysens_, Andrew Borde says, Syxe +or seuen Damysens eaten before dyner, be good to prouoke a ma{n}nes +appetyde; they doth mollyfie the bely, and be abstersyue, the skynne and +the stones must be ablated and cast away, and not vsed. _Regyment_, N. +i. b. [[Note renamed and moved from l. 177; see Corrigenda]] + +l. 78, 83. The Bill-berry or _Windberry_, R. Holme, Bk. II., p. 52, col. +1; p. 79, col. 1; three Wharl Berries or Bill-Berries ... They are +termed Whortle Berries or _Wind Berries_, p. 81, col. 2. § xxviii. See +the prose Burlesques, _Reliq. Antiq._, v. 1, p. 82. Why hopes thu nott +for sothe that ther stode wonus a coke on Seynt Pale stepull toppe, and +drewe up the strapuls of his brech. How preves thu that? Be all the +.iiij. doctors of _Wynbere hylles_, that is to saye, Vertas, Gadatryme, +Trumpas, and Dadyltrymsert. + +l. 79. _Fruits._ These officers make provysyons in seasons of the yere +accordynge for fruytes to be had of the Kinges gardynes withoute prises; +as cherryes, peares, apples, nuttes greete and smalle, for somer season; +and lenten, wardens, quinces and other; and also of presentes gevyn to +the Kinge; they be pourveyours of _blaundrelles_, pepyns, and of all +other fruytes. _H. Ord._ p. 82. + +l. 80. Mr Dawson Turner's argument that the "ad album pulverem" of the +Leicester Roll, A.D. 1265, was white sugar pounded (Pref. to Household +Expenses, ed. 1841, p. li., proves only that the _xiiij lib. Zucari_ +there mentioned, were not bought for making _White powder_ only. + +ll. 81-93. _Crayme._ 'Rawe crayme undecocted, eaten with strawberyes, or +hurttes, is a rurall mannes ba{n}ket. I haue knowe{n} such bankettes +hath put me{n} i{n} ieobardy of theyr lyues.' A. Borde, _Regyment_, fol. +I. ij. + +l. 82, l. 93. Junket. The auncient manner of grateful suitors, who, +hauing prevailed, were woont to present the Judges, or the Reporters, of +their causes, with Comfets or other _Jonkets_. Cotgrave, w. _espice_. + +l. 85. Cheese. Whan stone pottes be broken, what is better to glew them +againe or make them fast, nothing like the Symunt made of Cheese; know +therfore it will quickly build a stone in a drie body, which is ful of +choler adust. And here in Englande be diuers kindes of Cheeses, as Suff. +Essex, Banburie .&c. according to their places & feeding of their +cattel, time of y^e yere, layre of their Kine, clenlinesse of their +Dayres, quantitie of their Butter; for the more Butter, the worse +Cheese. _Bullein_, fol. lxxxv. + +l. 89. _Butter._ A. Borde, _Introduction_, makes the _Flemynge_ say, + + Buttermouth Flemyng, men doth me call. + Butter is good meate, it doth relent the gall. + + [[Note on l. 52 originally printed here: see Corrigenda.]] + +l. 94. _Posset_ is hot Milk poured on Ale or Sack, having Sugar, grated +Bisket, Eggs, with other ingredients boiled in it, which goes all to a +Curd. R. Holme. + +l. 94. _Poset_ ale is made with hote mylke and colde ale; it is a +temperate drynke. A. Borde, _Reg. G._ iij. + +l. 105. Hot wines & sweet or confectioned with spices, or very strong +Ale or Beere, is not good at meales, for thereby the meat is rather +corrupted then digested, and they make _hot and stinking vapours_ to +ascend vp to the braines. Sir Jn. Harrington. _Pres. of Health_, 1624, +p. 23. + +l. 109. Reboyle. 'If any wynes be corrupted, _reboyled_, or unwholsome +for mannys body, then by the comtroller it to be shewed at the counting +bourde, so that by assent all suche pypes or vesselles defectife be +dampned and cast uppon the losses of the seyd chiefe Butler.' _H. Ord._ +p. 73. + +l. 109. Lete, leek. 'Purveyours of Wyne ... to ride and oversee the +places there as the Kinges wynes be lodged, that it be saufely kept from +peril of _leeking_ and breaking of vessels, or lacke of hoopinge or +other couperage, and all other crafte for the rackinge, coynynge, +rebatinge, and other salvations of wynes, &c.' _H. Ord._ p. 74. + + +SWETE WYNES, p. 8, l. 118-20.[*] + + [Footnote *: See _Maison Rustique_ or The Country Farme, p. 630-1, + as to the qualities of Sweet Wines.] + +[alpha]. Generally: + +Halliwell gives under _Piment_ the following list of wines from MS. +Rawlinson. C. 86. + + _Malmasyes_, _Tires_, and _Rumneys_, + With _Caperikis_, Campletes[**], and _Osueys_, + _Vernuge_, _Cute_, and _Raspays_ also, + Whippet and Pyngmedo, that that ben lawyers therto; + And I will have also wyne de Ryne, + With new maid _Clarye_, that is good and fyne, + _Muscadell_, _Terantyne_, and _Bastard_, + With _Ypocras_ and _Pyment_ comyng afterwarde. + MS. Rawl. C. 86. + + [Footnote **: See _Campolet_ in "The Boke of Keruyng."] + +And under _Malvesyne_ this: + + Ye shall have Spayneche wyne and Gascoyne, + _Rose coloure_, whyt, _claret_, rampyon, + _Tyre_, _capryck_, and _malvesyne_, + Sak, _raspyce_, alycaunt, _rumney_, + _Greke_, _ipocrase_, new made _clary_, + Suche as ye never had. + Interlude of the Four Elements (no date). + +Of the wine drunk in England in Elizabeth's time, Harrison (Holinshed's +Chron. v. 1, p. 167, col. 2, ed. 1586) says, "As all estates doo exceed +herin, I meane for strangenesse and number of costlie dishes, so these +forget not to vse the like excesse in wine, in so much as there is no +kind to be had (neither anie where more store of all sorts than in +England, although we have none growing with us, but yearlie to the +proportion of 20,000 or 30,000 tun and vpwards, notwithstanding the +dailie restreincts of the same brought over vnto vs) wherof at great +meetings there is not some store to be had. Neither do I meane this of +small wines onlie, as _Claret_, White, Red, French, &c., which amount to +about fiftie-six sorts, according to the number of regions from whence +they come: but also of the thirtie kinds of Italian, Grecian, Spanish, +Canarian, &c., whereof _Vernage_, _Cate_, _pument_, _Raspis_, +_Muscadell_, _Romnie_, _Bastard_, _Tire_, _Oseie_, _Caprike_, _Clareie_, +and _Malmesie_, are not least of all accompted of, bicause of their +strength and valure. For as I haue said in meat, so the stronger the +wine is, the more it is desired, by means wherof in old time, the best +was called _Theologicum_, because it was had from the cleargie and +religious men, vnto whose houses manie of the laitie would often send +for bottels filled with the same, being sure that they would neither +drinke nor be serued of the worst, or such as was anie waies mingled or +brued by the vintener: naie the merchant would haue thought that his +soul{e} should haue gone streight-waie to the diuell, if he should haue +serued them with other than the best." + +On Wine, see also Royal Rolls, B.M. 14 B. xix. + +[beta]. Specially: The following extracts are from Henderson's _History +of Ancient and Modern Wines_, 1824, except where otherwise stated:-- + +1. _Vernage_ was a red wine, of a bright colour, and a sweetish and +somewhat rough flavour, which was grown in Tuscany and other parts of +Italy, and derived its name from the thick-skinned grape, _vernaccia_ +(corresponding with the _vinaciola_ of the ancients), that was used in +the preparation of it (See Bacci. Nat. Vinor. Hist., p. 20, 62). It is +highly praised by Redi.[*] + + [Footnote *: Vernage was made in the Genoese territory. The best + was grown at San Gemignano, and in Bacci's time was in great + request at Rome. The wine known as Vernaccia in Tuscany was always + of a white or golden colour. _Henderson_, p. 396.] + +2. _Vernagelle_ is not mentioned by Henderson. The name shows it to have +been a variety of Vernage. + +3. l. 118. _Cute._ "As for the _cuit_ named in Latin Sapa, it commeth +neere to the nature of wine, and in truth nothing els it is, but Must or +new wine boiled til one third part and no more do remain; & this _cuit_, +if it be made of white Must is counted the better." _Holland's Plinies +Nat. Hist._, p. 157. "(of the dried grape or raisin which they call +Astaphis).... The sweet _cuit_ which is made thereof hath a speciall +power and virtue against the Hæmorrhois alone, of all other serpents," +p. 148. "Of new pressed wine is made the wine called _Cute_, in Latin, +_Sapa_; and it is by boiling the new pressed wine so long, as till that +there remaine but one of three parts. Of new pressed wine is also made +another _Cute_, called of the Latines _Defrutum_, and this is by boiling +of the new wine onely so long, as till the halfe part be consumed, and +the rest become of the thicknesse of honey." _Maison Rustique_, p. 622. +'Cute. A.S. _Cæren_, L. _carenum_, wine boiled down one-third, and +sweetened.' Cockayne, Gloss. to Leechdoms. + +4. _Pyment._ In order to cover the harshness and acidity common to the +greater part of the wines of this period, and to give them an agreeable +flavour, it was not unusual to mix honey and spices with them. Thus +compounded they passed under the generic name of _piments_,[**] probably +because they were originally prepared by the _pigmentarii_ or +apothecaries; and they were used much in the same manner as the +_liqueurs_ of modern times. _Hend._ p. 283. + + [Footnote **: See the recipe for making Piment in Halliwell's + Dictionary, s.v.] + +The varieties of Piment most frequently mentioned are the + +_Hippocras & Clarry._ The former was made with either white or red wine, +in which different aromatic ingredients were infused; and took its name +from the particular sort of bag, termed Hippocrates's Sleeve, through +which it was strained.... _Clarry_, on the other hand, which (with wine +of _Osey_) we have seen noticed in the Act 5 Richard II. (St. 1, c. 4, +_vin doulce, ou clarre_), was a claret or mixed wine, mingled with +honey, and seasoned in much the same way, as may be inferred from an +order of the 36th of Henry III. respecting the delivery of two casks of +white wine and one of red, to make _Clarry_ and other liquors for the +king's table at York (duo dolia albi vini et garhiofilacum et unum +dolium rubri vini ad _claretum_ faciend{um}). _Henderson_, p. 284. +_Hippocras_, vinum Aromaticum. Withals. "Artificiall stuffe, as +_ypocras_ & wormewood wine." _Harrison, Descr. Brit._, p. 167, col. 2, +ed. 1586. + +_Raspice._ "Vin Rapé," says Henderson, p. 286, note _y_, "a rough +sweetish red wine, so called from its being made with unbruised grapes, +which, having been freed from the stalks, are afterwards fermented along +with them and a portion of other wine."[*] Ducange has _Raspice._ +RASPATICIUM, Ex racemis vinum, cujus præparationem tradit J. Wecker. +Antidot. special. lib. 2, § 6, page 518 et 519. Paratur autem illud ex +_raspatiis_ et vinaceis, una cum uvis musto immissis. _Raspatia_ itaque +sunt, quæ Varroni et Columellæ _scopi, scopiones_, si bene legitur; unde +nostrum _Raste. Ducange_, ed. 1845. _Raspecia_ ...Sed ex relato longiori +contextu palam est, _Raspeciam_ nihil aliud esse quam vinum mixtis +acinis aliisve modis renovatum, nostris vulgo _Râpé_; hujuscemodi enim +vinum alterationi minus obnoxium est, ut hic dicitur de _Raspecia_. Vide +mox _Raspetum_, Vinum _recentatum_, Gallis _Raspé_. Charta Henrici Ducis +Brabantiæ pro Communia Bruxellensi ann. 1229: _Qui vinum supra uvas +habuerit, quod _Raspetum_ vocatur, in tavernis ipsum vendere non +potest._ Vide _Recentatum_. Ducange, ed. 1845. + + [Footnote *: Besides this meaning of _rapé_ (same as _raspé_), + Cotgrave gives first "A verie small wine comming of water cast + uppon the mother of grapes which have been pressed!"] + +The highly-praised _Raspatum_ of Baccius, p. 30-2, of which, after +quoting what Pliny says of secondary wines, he declares, "id primùm +animaduerti volumus à nostra posteritate, quod Lora Latinorum, qua{m} +deuterium cum Græcis, et secundarium Vinum dixit Plinius, +deuteria+, +seu +potimon+ Dioscorides, quodque +trugon+ vocauit Galenus, cum Aquatis +quibus hodie vtimur in tota Italia, & cum nouo genere, quod à +delectabili in gustu asperitate, _Rasputum_ vocat; similem omnes hæ +Voces habent significantiam factitii .s. ex aqua Vini. p. 30. Quod uini +genus in Italia, ubi alterius uini copia non sit, parari simpliciter +consuevit colore splendido rubentis purpuræ, sapore austero, ac +dulcacido primis mensibus mox tamen exolescente, p. 31-2, &c." +_Raspice_ was also a name for Raspberries. Item, geuene to my lady +Kingstone s{er}u{au}nte bringing Strawberes and _Respeces_ to my +lad{ys} grace xij d. _Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary_, p. 31; +and in his Glossary to this book Sir F. Madden says, 'In a closet for +Ladies 12mo. London, 1654, is a receipt "To preserve _Raspices_," and +they are elsewhere called "_Raspisberries_." See "Delights for Ladies," +12mo. 1654.' + +6. _Muscadelle of Grew: Bastard: Greke: Malvesyn._ "The wines which +Greece, Languedoc, and Sapine doe send vs, or rather, which the +delicacie and voluptuousnesse of our French throats cause to be fetched +from beyond the Sea, such as are Sacks, _Muscadels_ of Frontignan, +_Malmesies_, _Bastards_ (which seeme to me to be so called, because they +are oftentimes adulterated and falsified with honey, as we see wine +Hydromell to be prepared) and Corsick wines, so much vsed of the +Romanes, are very pernicious unto vs, if we vse them as our common +drinke. Notwithstanding, we proue them very singular good in cold +diseases ... but chiefly and principally Malmesey." Stevens and +Liebault's _Maison Rustique_, or The Countrey Farme, by R. Surflet, +reviewed by Gerv. Markham, 1616. _Muscadell_, vinum apianum. Withals. +Mulsum, _wine and honie sodden together, swiete wine, basterde or +Muscadell_. Withals. William Vaughan says, "Of Muscadell, Malmesie, and +browne Bastard. These kindes of wines are onely for maried folkes, +because they strengthen the back." _Naturall and Artificial Directions +for Health_, 1602, p. 9. + +Andrewe Borde, of Physicke, Doctor, in his Regyment or Dyetary of helth +made in Mou{n}tpylior, says, "Also these hote wynes, as Malmesey, wyne +corse, wyne greke, Romanyke, Romney, Secke, Alygaune, Basterde, Tyre, +Osaye, Muscadell, Caprycke, Tynt, Roberdany, with other hote wynes, be +not good to drynke with meate, but after mete and with Oysters, with +Saledes, with fruyte, a draughte or two may be suffered ... Olde men may +drynke, as I sayde, hygh wynes at theyr pleasure. Furthermore all swete +wynes, and grose wynes, doth make a man fatte." + +7. _Rompney._ Henderson, p. 288, says, "Another of the above-mentioned +wines (in _the Squire of Low Degree_) designated by the name of the +grape, was the Romenay, otherwise Romenay, Rumney, Romaine, or Romagnia. +That it could not be the produce of the Ecclesiastical State, as the two +last corruptions of the word would seem to imply, may be safely averred; +for at no period, since the decline of the empire, has the Roman soil +furnished any wines for exportation; and even Bacci, with all his +partiality, is obliged to found his eulogy of them on their ancient +fame, and to confess that, in his time, they had fallen into disrepute." +He argues also against the notion that this wine came from Romana in +Aragon, and concludes that it was probably a Greek wine, as Bacci (_Nat. +Vin. Hist._ p. 333) tells us that the wine from the Ioinan Islands and +adjoining continent was called in Italian _Romania_,--from the Saracen +_Rum-ili_. Now this is all very well, but how about the name of _Rompney +of Modene_ or Modena, just outside the Western boundary of the +Romagna,--not Meudon, in France, "amongst all the wines which we use at +Paris, as concerning the red, the best are those of Coussy, Seure, +Vaunes, and _Meudon_." Maison Rustique, p. 642.--Who will hold to John +Russell, and still consider _Romney_ an Italian wine? _Rumney_, vinum +resinatum. Withals. + +8. _Bastard._ Henderson argues against the above-quoted (No. 6) +supposition of Charles Etienne's (which is supported by Cotgrave's _Vin +miellé_, honied wine, _bastard_, Metheglin, sweet wine), and adopts +Venner's account (_Via Recta ad Vitam Longam_), that "Bastard is in +virtue somewhat like to muskadell, and may also in stead thereof be +used; it is in goodness so much inferiour to muskadell, as the same is +to malmsey." It took its name, Henderson thinks, from the grape of which +it was made, probably a bastard species of muscadine. "One of the +varieties of vines now cultivated in the Alto Douro, and also in +Madeira, is called _bastardo_, and the must which it yields is of a +sweetish quality." Of the Bastard wine there were two sorts,--white and +brown (brown and white bastard, _Measure for Measure_, Act iii. sc. 2), +both of them, according to Markham's report, "fat and strong; the tawny +or brown kind being the sweetest." In _The Libelle of Englysch Polycye_, +A.D. 1436 (Wright's _Political Songs_, v. 2, p. 160), 'wyne bastarde' is +put among the commodyetees of Spayne. + +9. _Tire_, if not of Syrian growth, was probably a Calabrian or Sicilian +wine, manufactured from the species of grape called _tirio_. _Tyre_, +vinum Tyrense, ex Tyro insula. Withals. + +10. _Ozey._ Though this is placed among the "commodities of Portugal" +in some verses inserted in the first volume of Hackluyt's Voyages, +p. 188--Her land hath wine, _osey_, waxe, and grain,--yet, says +Henderson, "a passage in Valois' Description of France, p. 12, seems to +prove, beyond dispute, that _oseye_ was an Alsatian wine; _Auxois_ or +_Osay_ being, in old times, the name constantly used for Alsace. If +this conjecture is well-founded, we may presume that _oseye_ was a +luscious-sweet, or straw-wine, similar to that which is still made in +that province. That it was a rich, high-flavoured liquor is sufficiently +shown by a receipt for imitating it, which may be seen in Markham +(_English Housewife_, 1683, p, 115), and we learn from Bacci p. 350) +that the wines which Alsace then furnished in great profusion to England +as well as different parts of the continent, were of that description. +In the 'Bataille des Vins' we find the 'Vin d'_Aussai_' associated with +the growths of the Moselle." _Osey_ is one 'Of the commoditees of +Portingalle,' _Libelle_, p. 163. + +11. _Torrentyne of Ebrew._ Is this from Tarentum, Tarragon, or Toledo? +Whence in Ebrew land did our forefathers import wine? Mr G. Grove says, +"I should at first say that Torrentyne referred to the wine from some +wady (Vulgate, _torrens_) in which peculiarly rich grapes grew, like the +wady of Eschcol or of Sorek; but I don't remember any special valley +being thus distinguished as '_The_ Torrent' above all others, and the +vineyards are usually on hill-sides, not in vallies." + +12. _Greke Malevesyñ._ "The best dessert wines were made from the +Malvasia grape; and Candia, where it was chiefly cultivated, for a long +time retained the monopoly," says Henderson. He quotes Martin Leake to +explain the name. Monemvasia is a small fortified town in the bay of +Epidaurus Limera. "It was anciently a promontory called Minoa, but is +now an island connected with the coast of Laconia by a bridge. The name +of _Monemvasia_, derived from the circumstances of its position (+monê +embasia+, single entrance), was corrupted by the Italians to _Malvasia_; +and the place being celebrated for the fine wines produced in the +neighbourhood, _Malvasia_ changed to _Malvoisie_ in French, and +_Malmsey_ in English came to be applied to many of the rich wines of the +Archipelago, Greece, and other countries." (_Researches in Greece_, +p. 197.) _Maulmsey_, vinum creticum, vel creteum. Withals. + +13. _Caprik_ may have been a wine from the island of Capri, or Cyprus. + +14. _Clarey._ See above under _Pyment_, and the elaborate recipe for +making it, in Household Ordinances, p. 473, under the heading "Medicina +optima et experta pro Stomacho et pro Capite in Antiquo hominem." +_Claret Wine_, vinum sanguineum subrubrum, vel rubellum. Withals. "The +seconde wine is pure _Claret_, of a cleare Iacent, or Yelow choler; this +wine doth greatly norish and warme the body, and it is an holsome wine +with meate." _Bullein_, fol. xj. + +l. 122. _Spice_; l. 171. _Spicery._ Of "The commoditees and nyoetees of +Venicyans and Florentynes," the author of the Libelle says, p. 171, + + The grete galees of Venees and Florence + Be wel ladene wyth thynges of complacence, + Alle _spicerye and of grocers ware_, + _Wyth swete wynes_, alle maners of cheffare, + Apes, and japes, and marmusettes taylede, + Nifles, trifles, that litelle have availede, + And thynges wyth which they fetely blere oure eye, + Wyth thynges not enduryng that we bye. + +l. 123. _Turnsole._ Newton's Herbal, plate 49, gives Yellow Turnsole +G(erarde), the Colouring Turnsole P(arkinson). + +l. 123. _Tornesole. Achillea tormentosa_, A.S. _Solwherf_. 'This wort +hath with it some wonderful divine qualities, that is, that its blossoms +turn themselves according to the course of the sun, so that the blossoms +when the sun is setting close themselves, and again when he upgoeth, +they open and spread themselves.' _Leechdoms_, ed. Cockayne, v. 1, +p. 155. + +l. 123, 141. _Granes_ are probably what are now called "Granes of +Paradise," small pungent seeds brought from the East Indies, much +resembling Cardamum seeds in appearance, but in properties approaching +nearer to Pepper. See Lewis's _Materia Medica_, p. 298; in _North. H. +Book_. + +l. 131-2. I cannot identify these three sorts of Ginger, though Gerarde +says: "Ginger groweth in Spaine, Barbary, in the Canary Islands, and the +Azores," p. 6. Only two sorts of Ginger are mentioned in Parkinson's +Herbal, p. 1613. 'Ginger grows in China, and is cultivated there.' +Strother's Harman, 1727, v. 1, p. 101. + +l. 141. Peper. "Pepir blake" is one of the commoditees of the Januays +(or Genoese). _Libelle_, p. 172. + + [[Note on l. 77 originally printed here: see Corrigenda.]] + +l. 178. _Ale._ See the praise of the unparalleled liquor called Ale, +Metheglin, &c., in Iohn Taylor's _Drink and Welcome_, 1637. In his +_Regiment_, A. Borde says, "Ale is made of malte and water; and they the +whiche do put any other thynge to ale than is rehersed, except yest, +barme, or goddes good,[*] [**] doth sophysticall there ale. Ale for an +Englysshe man is a naturall drynke. Ale muste haue these properties, it +must be fresshe and cleare, it muste not be ropy, nor smoky, nor it +muste haue no werte nor tayle. Ale shulde not be dronke under .v. dayes +olde. Newe Ale is vnholsome for all men. And sowre ale, and dead ale, +and ale the whiche doth stande a tylte, is good for no man. Barly malte +maketh better Ale than Oten malte or any other corne doth: it doth +ingendre grose humours: but it maketh a man stronge. + + [Footnote *: Halliwell says it means _yeast_. It cannot do so + here.] + + [Footnote **: This, and _barme_, and _bargood_ (= beer-good) are + only equivalents for 'yeast.' Goddes-good was so called 'because + it cometh of _the_ grete grace of God': see the following extract, + sent me by Mr Gillett, from the Book of the Corporate Assembly of + Norwich, 8 Edw. IV.: + + "The Maior of this Cite com{m}aundeth on the Kynges bihalve, y^t + alle man{er} of Brewers y^t shall brewe to sale w^tynne this + Cite, kepe y^e assise accordyn to y^e Statute, & upon peyne + ordeyned. And wheras berme, otherwise clepid goddis good, + w^toute tyme of mynde hath frely be goven or delyv{er}ed for + brede, whete, malte, egges, or other honest rewarde, to y^e + valewe only of a ferthyng at y^e uttermost, & noon warned, + bicause it cometh of y^e grete grace of God, Certeyn p{er}sons + of this Cite, callyng themselves com{m}on Brewers, for their + singler lucre & avayll have nowe newely bigonne to take money + for their seid goddis good, for y^e leest parte thereof, be it + never so litle and insufficient to s{er}ve the payer therefore, + an halfpeny or a peny, & ferthermore exaltyng y^e p{ri}ce of y^e + seid Goddis good at their p{ro}p{e}r will, ageyns the olde & + laudable custome of alle Englande, & sp{eci}ally of this Cite, + to grete hurte & slaunder of y^e same Cite. Wherefore it is + ordeyned & provided, That no man{er} of brewer of this Cite + shall from this time foorth take of eny p{er}son for lyvering, + gevyng, or grauntyng of y^e s^d goddis good, in money nor other + rewarde, above y^e valewe of a ferthyng. He shall, for no malice + feyned ne sought, colour, warne, ne restregne y^e s^d goddis + good to eny p{er}sone y^t will honestly & lefully aske it, & + paye therefore y^e valewe of a ferthyng, &c."] + +Beere is made of malte, of hoppes, and water. It is a naturall drynke +for a doche man. And nowe of late dayes [1557 ?] it is moche vsed in +England to the detryment of many Englysshe men; specyally it kylleth +them the whiche be troubled with the Colycke and the stone, and the +strayne coylyon; for the drynke is a cold drynke. Yet it doth make a man +fatte, and doth inflate the belly, as it doth appere by the doche mennes +faces and belyes." A. Borde, _Regyment_, fol. G. ii. + +l. 194. Neck-towel. The _neck-towelles_ of the pantrey, ewerye, +confectionarye, comters, hangers, liggers, and all that is the Kinges +stuffe. _H. Ord._ p. 85. + +l. 201. _Salts._ Other two groomes in this office [of Panetry] to help +serve the hall, or other lordes, in absence of the yoman, and to cutte +trenchours, to make _saltes_, &c. _H. Ord._, p. 71. + +l. 213. Raynes. Towelles of _raygnes_, towelles of worke, and of playne +clothe. _H. Ord._, pp. 72, 84. + +l. 237. _The Surnape._ In the Articles ordained by King Henry VII. for +the Regulation of his Household, 31 Dec., 1494, are the following +directions, p. 119. + +As for the Sewer and Usher, and laying of the Surnape. + +The sewer shall lay the surnape on the board-end whereas the bread and +salte standeth, and lay forth the end of the same surnape and towell; +then the usher should fasten his rodd in the foresaid surnape and +towell, and soe drawing it downe the board, doeing his reverence afore +the Kinge till it passe the board-end a good way, and there the sewer +kneeling at the end of the board, and the usher at the other, stretching +the said surnape and towell, and soe the usher to laie upp the end of +the towell well on the boarde, and rise goeing before the Kinge, doeing +his reverence to the King on the same side the surnape bee gone uppon, +and on that side make an estate with his rodd; and then goeing before +the Kinge doeing his reverence, and soe make another estate on the other +side of the King, and soe goeing to the boards end againe, kneele downe +to amend the towell, that there bee noe wrinkles save the estates; and +then the usher doeing his due reverence to the King; goeing right before +the Kinge with his rodd, the side of the same towell there as the bason +shall stand; and doeing his reverence to the Kinge, to goe to the boards +end againe; and when the King hath washed, to bee ready with his rodd to +putt upp the surnape and meete the sewer against the Kinge, and then the +sewer to take it upp. (The French name was _Serre-nape_.) + +l. 253. _State._ Divers Lords and _Astates_, p. 155; divers _astates_ +and gentils, p. 160. _Wardrobe Accounts of King Edward IV_. + +l. 262. The Pauntry Towells, _Purpaynes_, Coverpaynes, Chipping-knyffs. +Percy or Northumberland Hd. Book, p. 387. + +l. 277. _Symple Condicions._ Compare these modern directions to a +serving man: "While waiting at dinner, never be picking your nose, or +scratching your head, or any other part of your body; neither blow your +nose in the room; if you have a cold, and cannot help doing it, do it on +the outside of the door; but do not sound your nose like a trumpet, that +all the house may hear when you blow it; still it is better to blow your +nose when it requires, than to be picking it and snuffing up the +_mucus_, which is a filthy trick. Do not yawn or gape, or even sneeze, +if you can avoid it; and as to hawking and spitting, the name of such a +thing is enough to forbid it, without a command. When you are standing +behind a person, to be ready to change the plates, &c., do not put your +hands on the back of the chair, as it is very improper; though I have +seen some not only do so, but even beat a kind of tune upon it with +their fingers. Instead of this, stand upright with your hands hanging +down or before you, but not folded. Let your demeanour be such as +becomes the situation which you are in. Be well dressed, and have light +shoes that make no noise, your face and hands well washed, your +finger-nails cut short and kept quite clean underneath; have a +nail-brush for that purpose, as it is a disgusting thing to see black +dirt under the nails. Let the lapels of your coat be buttoned, as they +will only be flying in your way." 1825. T. Cosnett. Footman's Directory, +p. 97-8. Lord A. Percy's Waiters were changed every quarter. See the +lists of them in the _Percy Household Book_, p. 53-4. + +l. 280. Lice. See Thomas Phaire's Regiment of Life, The boke of +Chyldren, H. h. 5; and A. Borde's Introduction, of the Irishe man, + + Pediculus other whyle do byte me by the backe, + Wherfore dyvers times I make theyr bones cracke. + +And of the people of Lytle Briten, + + Although I iag my hosen & my garment round abowt, + Yet it is a vantage to pick _pendiculus_ owt. + + [Transcriber's Note: + Line note "67/991", originally printed here, has been renamed + "l. 991" and moved to the appropriate location.] + +l. 300. Jet. + + Rogue why Winkest thou, + Jenny why _Jettest_ thou. + +are among R. Holme's Names of Slates, Bk. III. ch. v. p. 265, col. 1. + +l. 328. Forks were not introduced into England till Coryat's time. See +his _Crudities_ p. 90-1, 4to. London, 1611, on the strange use of the +Fork in Italy. "I observ'd a custom in all those Italian Cities and +Townes through the which I passed, that is not used in any other country +that I saw in my travels, neither do I thinke that any other nation of +Christendome doth use it, but only Italy. The Italian and also most +Strangers that are comorant in Italy, doe always at their meals use a +_Little Forke_ when they cut their meat." Percy's notes, p. 417-18, +North. H. Book. + +l. 348-9. Fumositees. But to wash the feete in a decoction of Baye +leaues, Rosemary, & Fenel, I greatly disalow not: for it turneth away +from the head vapours & _fumes_ dimming and ouercasting the mynde. Now +the better to represse _fumes_ and propulse vapours fro{m} the Brain, it +shalbe excelle{n}t good after Supper to chaw w{i}t{h} the teeth (the +mouth being shut) a few graynes of Coriander first stieped in veneiger +wherin Maiora{m} hath bin decocted, & the{n} thinly crusted or couered +ouer w{i}t{h} Sugar. It is scarrce credible what a special co{m}moditye +this bri{n}geth to y^e memory. No lesse vertuous & soueraign is the +co{n}fection of Conserue of Quinces. Quinces called _Diacidonion_, if a +prety quantity thereof be likewise taken after meate. For it disperseth +_fumes_, & suffreth not vapours to strike vpwarde, T. Newton, _Lemnie's +Touchstone_, ed. 1581, fol. 126. See note on l. 105 here. + +l. 358. _Forced_ or _Farced_, a Forced Leg of Mutton, is to stuff or +fill it (or any Fowl) with a minced Meat of Beef, Veal, &c., with Herbs +and Spices. _Farcing_ is stuffing of any kind of Meats with Herbs or the +like; some write it _Forsing_ and Farsing. To _Farce_ is to stuff +anything. R. Holme. + +l. 378. Brawn. In his chapter on Pygge, Brawne, Bacon, Andrew Borde says +of bacon as follows: "Bacon is good for Carters, and plowe men, the +which be euer labouryng in the earth or dunge; but & yf they haue the +stone, and vse to eate it, they shall synge 'wo be to the pye!' +Wherefore I do say that coloppes and egges is as holsome for them as a +talowe candell is good for a horse mouth, or a peece of powdred Beefe is +good for a blere eyed mare. Yet sensuall appetyde must haue a swynge at +all these thynges, notwithstandynge." _Regyment_, fol. K. iii. b. + +l. 382 & l. 515. _Venison._ I extract part of Andrewe Borde's chapter on +this in his _Regyment_, fol. K. 4, b. + + ¶ Of wylde Beastes fleshe. + +¶ I haue gone rounde about Chrystendome, and ouerthwarte Chrystendome, +and a thousande or two and moore myles out of Chrystendome, Yet there is +not so moche pleasure for Harte and Hynde, Bucke and Doe, and for +Roo-Bucke and Doe, as is in Englande lande: and although the flesshe be +dispraysed in physicke, _I praye God to sende me parte of flesshe to +eate, physicke notwithstanding_ ... all physicions (phyon suchons, +_orig._) sayth that Venson ... doth ingendre colorycke humours; and of +trueth it doth so: Wherefore let them take the skynne, and let me haue +the flesshe. I am sure it is a Lordes dysshe, and I am sure it is good +for an Englysheman, for it doth anymate hym to be as he is: whiche is +stronge and hardy. But I do aduertyse euery ma{n}, for all my wordes, +not to kyll and so to eate of it, excepte it be lawfully, for it is a +meate for great men. And great men do not set so moche by the meate, as +they doth by the pastyme of kyllynge of it. + +l. 393. _Chine_, the Back-bone of any Beast or Fish. R. Holme. + +l. 397. Stock Dove, _Columba oenas_, Yarrell ii. 293. + +Doues haue this propertie by themselues, to bill one another and kisse +before they tread. Holland's Plinie, v. 1, p. 300. + +l. 401. Osprey or Fishing Hawk (the Mullet Hawk of Christchurch Bay), +_Pandion Haliæëtus_, Y. i. 30. + +l. 401, 482. Teal, _Anas crecca_, Y. iii. 282. + +l. 402. Mallard or Wild Duck, _Anas boschas_, Y. iii. 265. + +l. 421, 542. _Betowre._ Bittern, the Common, _Botaurus stellaris_, Y. +ii. 571. In the spring, and during the breeding season, the Bittern +makes a loud booming or bellowing noise, whence, probably, the generic +term _Botaurus_ was selected for it; but when roused at other times, the +bird makes a sharp, harsh cry on rising, not unlike that of a Wild +Goose. _Yarrell_, ii. 573. The Bittern was formerly in some estimation +as an article of food for the table; the flesh is said to resemble that +of the Leveret in colour and taste, with some of the flavour of wild +fowl. Sir Thomas Browne says that young Bitterns were considered a +better dish than young Herons ... ii. 574. 'Hearon, Byttour, Shouelar. +Being yong and fat, be lightlier digested then the Crane, & y^e Bittour +sooner then the Hearon.' Sir T. Eliot, _Castell of Health_, fol. 31. + +l. 422. Heron. Holland (Plinie, p. 301) gives--1. A Criell or dwarfe +Heron; 2. Bittern; 3. Carion Heron, for Pliny's--1. _Leucon_; 2. +_Asterias_; 3. _Pellon_. + +l. 437. _Martins_ are given in the Bill of Fare of Archbp. Nevill's +Feast, A.D. 1466, 3rd Course. R. Holme, p. 78. + +l. 449. Cannell Bone. 'Susclavier. Vpon the _kannell bone_; whence Veine +susclaviere. The second maine ascendant branch of the hollow veine.' +Cot. + +l. 457. Compare _Rabbet Ronners_ 1 doz., 2 s., temp. Hen. VIII., a^o 33. +_H. Ord._ p. 223. + +l. 492. _Custard_, open Pies, or without lids, filled with Eggs and +Milk; called also Egg-Pie. R. Holme. + +See the Recipes for 'Crustade Ryal,' 'Crustade' (with Chikonys y-smete +or smal birdys), and 'Crustade gentyle' (with ground pork or veal), fol. +43, Harl. MS. 279. The Recipe for Crustade Ryal is, "Take and pike out +þe marow of bonys as hool as þou may. þen take þe bonys an seþe hem in +Watere or þat þe broþe be fat y-now. þen take Almaundys & wayssche hem +clene & bray hem, & temp{er} hem vppe w{i}t{h} þe fat broþe; þan wyl þe +mylke be broun. þen take pouder Canelle, Gyngere, & Suger, & caste +þer-on. þen take Roysonys of coraunce & lay in þe cofynne, & taylid +Datys & kyt a-long. þen take Eyroun a fewe y-straynid, & swenge among þe +Milke þe [gh]olke. þen take the botmon of þe cofynne þer þe Marow schal +stonde, & steke þ{er} gret an long gobettys þ{er}on vppe ry[gh]t. & lat +bake a whyle. þen pore in comade þer-on halful, & lat bake, & whan yt +a-rysith, it is ynow, þen serue forth." + +Sir F. Madden in his note on _Frees_ pasties, in his Privy Purse +Expenses of the Princess Mary, p. 131, col. 1, says, "The different +species of Confectionary then in vogue are enumerated by Taylor the +Water Poet, in his Tract intitled 'The Great Eater, or part of the +admirable teeth and stomack's exploits of Nicholas Wood,' &c., published +about 1610. 'Let any thing come in the shape of fodder or eating-stuffe, +it is wellcome, whether it be Sawsedge, or _Custard_, or Eg-pye, or +Cheese-cake, or Flawne, or Foole, or Froyze,[*] or Tanzy, or Pancake, or +Fritter, or Flap iacke,[**] or Posset, or Galleymawfrey, Mackeroone, +Kickshaw, or Tantablin!'" + + [Footnote *: Froize, or pancake, _Fritilla_, Frittur, rigulet. + Baret. _Omlet of Eggs_ is Eggs beaten together with Minced suet, + and so fried in a Pan, about the quantity of an Egg together, on + one side, not to be turned, and served with a sauce of Vinegar and + Sugar. An _Omlet_ or _Froise_. R. Holme.] + + [Footnote **: Flapjack is "a fried cake made of butter, apples, + &c." Jennings. It is not a pancake here, evidently. "Untill at + last by the skill of the cooke, it is transform'd into the forme + of a _flapjack_, which in our translation is cald a _pancake_." + Taylor's Jack-a-lent, i. p. 115, in Nares.] + +l. 500, 706, 730. Pety Perueis. _Perueis_ should be _Perneis_, as the +Sloane MS. 1985 shows. Alter text accordingly. Under the head of _bake +Metis or Vyaunde Furne[gh]_, in Harl. MS. 279, fol. 40 b, we have No. +xiiij _Pety Pernollys_. Take fayre Floure Cofyns. þen take [gh]olkys of +Eyroun & trye hem fro þe whyte. & lat þe [gh]olkys be al hole & no[gh]t +to-broke. & ley .iij. or .iiij. [gh]olkys in a cofyn. and þan take marow +of bonys, to or .iij. gobettys, & cowche in þe cofynn. þen take pouder +Gyngere, Sugre, Roysonys of corau{n}ce, & caste a-boue, & þan kyuere þin +cofyn w{i}t{h} þe same past. & bake hem & frye hem in fayre grece & +s{erve} f{orth}. + +xx _Pety Peruaaunt_. Take fayre Flowre, Sugre, Safroun, an Salt. & make +þ{er}offe fayre past & fayre cofyng{is}. þan take fayre y-tryid [gh]olkys +Raw & Sugre an pouder Gyngere, & Raysonys of Coraunce, & myncyd Datys, +but not to small. þan caste al þis on a fayre bolle, & melle al +to-gederys, & put in þin cofyn, & lat bake oþer Frye in Freyssche grece. +Harl. MS. 279. + +l. 501, 701. _Powche_. I suppose this to be poached-egg fritters; but it +may be the other _powche_; 'Take the Powche and the Lyno{ur} [? liver] +of haddok, codlyng, and hake.' Forme of Cury, p. 47. Recipe 94. + +l. 501. _Fritters_ are small Pancakes, having slices of Apples in the +Batter. R. Holme. Frutters, Fruter Napkin, and Fruter Crispin, were +dishes at Archbp. Nevill's Feast, 7 Edw. IV. 1467-8 A.D. + +l. 503. _Tansy Cake_ is made of grated Bread, Eggs, Cream, Nutmeg, +Ginger, mixt together and Fried in a Pan with Butter, with green Wheat +and Tansy stamped. R. Holme. 'To prevent being Bug-bitten. Put a sprig +or two of _tansey_ at the bed head, or as near the pillow as the smell +may be agreeable.' T. Cosnett's Footman's Directory, p. 292. + +l. 504, 511, &c. _Leach_, a kind of Jelly made of Cream, Ising-glass, +Sugar, and Almonds, with other compounds (the later meaning, 1787). R. +Holme. + +l. 517-18. _Potages._ All maner of liquyde thynges, as Potage, sewe and +all other brothes doth replete a man that eteth them with ventosyte. +_Potage is not so moche vsed in all Chrystendome as it is vsed in +Englande._ Potage is made of the licour in the whiche flesshe is sod in, +with puttynge to, chopped herbes, and Otmell and salte. A. Borde, _Reg._ +fol. H. ii. + +l. 517, 731. _Jelly_, a kind of oily or fat liquor drawn from Calves or +Neats feet boiled. R. Holme. + +l. 519. _Grewel_ is a kind of Broth made only of Water, Grotes brused +and Currans; some add Mace, sweet Herbs, Butter and Eggs and Sugar: some +call it Pottage Gruel. R. Holme. + +l. 521. _Cabages._ 'Tis scarce a hundred years since we first had +cabbages out of Holland; Sir Anthony Ashley, of Wiburg St Giles, in +Dorsetshire, being, as I am told, the first who planted them in England. +Jn. Evelyn, Acetaria, § 11. They were introduced into Scotland by the +soldiers of Cromwell's army. 1854. Notes and Queries, May 6, p. 424, +col. 1. + +l. 533. _Powdered_ is contrasted with _fresh_ in Household Ordinances: +'In beef daily or moton, fresh, or elles all _poudred_ is more availe, +5d.' _H. Ord._ p. 46. In Muffett (p. 173) it means pickled, 'As +Porpesses must be baked while they are new, so Tunny is never good till +it have been long _pouldred_ with salt, vinegar, coriander, and hot +spices.' In p. 154 it may be either salt or pickled; 'Horne-beaks are +ever lean (as some think) because they are ever fighting; yet are they +good and tender, whether they be eaten fresh or _poudred_.' _Powdered_, +says Nicolas, meant sprinkled over, and "powdered beef" i.e. beef +sprinkled with salt, is still in use. _Privy Purse expenses of Elizabeth +of Yorke, &c._, p. 254, col. 1. See note to l. 378, 689, here. + +l. 535-688. _Chaudoun._ MS. Harl. 1735, fol. 18, gives this Recipe. '¶ +Chaudo{n} sauz of swannes. ¶ Tak y^e issu of y^e swannes, & wasch{e} hem +wel, skoure y^e guttys w{i}t{h} salt, sethz al to-gidre. Tak of y^e +fleysch{e}; hewe it smal, & y^e guttys w{i}t{h} alle. Tak bred, +gynger{e} & galingale, Canel, grynd it & tempre it vp w{i}t{h} bred; +colo{u}r it w{i}t{h} blood or{e} w{i}t{h} bre{n}t bred, seson it vp +w{i}t{h} a lytyl vinegre; welle it al to-gyder{e}.' And see the +Chaudou{n} potage of Pygys, fol. 19, or p. 37. + +l. 540. Crane, the Common, _Crus cinerea_, Y. ii. 530. + +l. 540. Egret, or Great White Heron, _Ardea alba_ Y. ii. 549. +(Buff-coloured, Buff-backed, and Little Egret, are the varieties.) + +l. 540. Hernshaw or Common Heron, _Ardea cinerea_. Y. ii. 537 (nine +other varieties). + +l. 541. Plover, the Great (Norfolk Plover and Stone Curlew), _Ædicnemus +crepitans_, Y. ii. 465 (10 other varieties). + +l. 541. Curlew the Common, _Numenius arquata_, Y. ii. 610 (there are +other varieties). + +l. 542. Bustard, the Great, _Otis tarda_, Y. ii. 428; the Little (rare +here) ii. 452. + +l. 542. Shoveler (blue-winged, or Broad-Bill), _Anas clypeata_, Y. iii. +247. Snipe, the Common, _Scolopax gallinago_, Y. iii. 38 (11 other +sorts). + +l. 543. Woodcock, _Scolopax rusticola_, Y. iii. 1. + +l. 543. Lapwing or Peewit, _Vanellus cristatus_, ii. 515. + +l. 543. The Martin, or House Martin, _Hirundo urbica_, Y. ii. 255; the +Sand or Bank Martin, _Hirundo riparia_, ii. 261. + +l. 544. Quail, the Common, _Coturnix vulgaris_, Y. ii. 413. + +l. 546. On Fish wholesome or not, see Bullein, fol. lxxxiij., and on +Meats, fol. 82. + +l. 548. Torrentille: Mr Skeat suggests '? Torrent-eel.' Though the +spelling of Randle Holme's A _Sandile_ or a _Sandeele_ (Bk. II., +p. 333), and Aldrovandi's (p. 252 h.) "De _Sandilz_ Anglorum" may help +this, yet, as Dr Günther says, eels have nothing to do with torrents. +_Torrentille_ may be the Italian _Tarentella_: see note on Torrentyne, +l. 835 below. + +l. 555. _Ling._ There shall be stryken of every Saltfische called a Lyng +Fische vj Stroks after iij Strooks in a Side. _Percy Household Book_, +p. 135. + +l. 558. _Stockfish._ Vocatur autem 'Stockfisch' à trunco, cui hic piscis +aridus tundendus imponitur. ariditate enim ita riget, ut nisi +præmaceratus aqua, aut prætunsus, coqui non possit. _Gesner_, p. 219. +'_Ie te frotteray à double carillon._ I will beat thee like a +_stockfish_, I will swinge thee while I may stand ouer thee.' Cotgrave. +'The tenne chapitule' of 'The Libelle of Englysch Polycye' is headed 'Of +the coundius _stokfysshe_ of Yselonde,' &c., &c., and begins + + Of Yseland to wryte is lytille nede, + Save of _stockfische_. + +A. Borde, in his Introduction to Knowledge, under Islond, says, + + And I was borne in Islond, as brute as a beest; + Whan I ete candels ends I am at a feest; + Talow and raw _stockefysh_ I do loue to ete, + In my countrey it is right good meate. + +... In stede of bread they do eate _stocfyshe_, and they wyll eate rawe +fyshe & fleshe; they be beastly creatures, vnmannered and vntaughte. The +people be good fyshers; muche of theyr fishe they do barter with English +men for mele, lases, a{n}d shoes & other pelfery. (See also under +Denmarke.) + +l. 559. _Mackerel._ See Muffett's comment on them, and the English and +French ways of cooking them, p. 157. + +l. 569. Onions. Walnuts be hurtfull to the Memory, and so are _Onyons_, +because they annoy the Eyes with dazeling dimnesse through a hoate +vapour. T. Newton, _Touchstone_, ed. 1581, fol. 125 b. + +l. 572. A _Rochet_ or _Rotbart_ is a red kind of _Gurnard_, and is so +called in the South parts of England; and in the East parts it is called +a _Curre_, and a _Golden polle_. R. Holme. + +l. 575. A _Dace_ or a Blawling, or a Gresling, or a Zienfische, or +Weyfisch; by all which the Germans call it, which in Latin is named +_Leucorinus_. And the French _Vengeron_, which is English'd to me a +_Dace_, or _Dace-fish_. R. Holme. + +l. 577. _Refett._ "I thought it clear that _refett_ was roe, and I do +not yet give it up. But see P. P., _Refeccyon_, where the editor gives +'_refet of_ fisshe K., _refet or_ fishe H., _reuet_ P.,' from other +manuscripts, and cites in a note Roquefort from Fr. _reffait_ (refait) +as meaning a fish, the _rouget_, &c., &c. The authority of Roquefort is +not much, and he gives no citation. If, however, in K. H. and P. these +forms are used instead of the spelling _refeccyon_, and defined +_refectio, refectura_, it rather embarrasses the matter. Halliwell cites +no authority for _rivet_, roe." G. P. Marsh. See note to l. 839 here, +p. 108. + +l. 580. _Gobbin_, or _Gobbet_, or _Gubbins_: Meat cut in large peeces, +as large as an Egg. R. Holme. + +l. 584. A _Thornbacke_, soe called from the Sharp Crooked Pricks set on +Studs, all down the middle of the Back. R. Holme. + +l. 584. _Hound Fysch._ A Sow-Hound-Fish ... So it is called from its +resemblance of a _Dog_, and its fatness like to a _Swine_: though most +term it a _Dog-Fish_. It hath a small Head, great Eyes; wide Mouth, +rough, sharp and thick skinned. R. Holme. + +l. 584, l. 830. _Thorlepolle._ Aldrovandi, describing the _Balæna vera +Rondel[etii]_ says: Hec belua Anglis, (vt dixi) Hore vocatur, & alio +nomine Horlepoole & VVirlepoole etiam, ni fallor, earu{m} nimiru{m} +omnium significatione, quòd impetuo suo & flatu vorticosas in mari +tanquam palude procellas excitet. Oleum ex ea colligi aiunt. p. 677. See +Holland's Plinie on the Whales and Whirlepooles called Balænæ, which +take up in length as much as foure acres or arpens of land, v. 1, +p. 235, &c. + +Thornback, _Raja_. Thornback, which Charles Chester merily and not +unfitly calleth Neptune's beard, was extolled by Antiphanes in Athenæus +history for a dainty fish; indeed it is of a pleasant taste, but of a +stronger smell than Skate, over-moist to nourish much, but not so much +as to hinder lust, which it mightily encreaseth. Muffett, p. 172. + +l. 596. _Verjuice_ is the juice of Crabs or sour Apples. R. Holme. + +l. 622. _Jole of Sturgion or Salmon_ is the two quarters of them, the +head parts being at them. R. Holme. + +l. 630. _Lamprey pie._ In the Hengrave Household Accounts is this entry +"for presenting a _lamprey pye_ vj d." "It{e}m. the xiiij day of January +[1503] to a servant of the Pryour of Lanthony in reward for brynging of +two bakyn laumpreys to the Quene v s. Nicolas's Elizabeth of York, +p. 89, and Glossary." + +Under 'How several sorts of Fish are named, according to their Age or +Growth,' p. 324-5, R. Holme gives + +An _Eel_, first a Fauser, then a Grigg, or Snigg, then a Scaffling, then +a little Eel; when it is large, then an _Eel_, and when very large, +a _Conger_. + +A _Pike_, first a Hurling pick, then a Pickerel, then a _Pike_, then a +_Luce_ or _Lucie_. + +A Smelt or _Sparling_, first a Sprat, then a small Sparling, then a +_Sparling_. + +A Codd, first a Whiting, then a Codling, then a Codd. + +A _Lamprey_, first a Lampron Grigg, then a Lampret, then a Lamprell, +then a _Lamprey_. + +A _Lampron_, first a Barle, than a Barling, then a Lamprell, and then a +_Lamprey_ or _Lampron_. + +A _Crevice_, first a Spron Frey, then a Shrimp, then a Sprawn, and when +it is large, then called a _Crevice_. + +The curious Burlesques, pp. 81-2, 85-6, vol. 1 of _Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, +contain a great many names of fish. + +l. 631. _Pasty_ is paste rouled broad, and the Meat being laid in Order +on it, it is turned over, and made up on three sides, with garnishes +about. R. Holme. + +l. 634, note. [Footnote 178 in this e-text] _Galingale._ Harman (ed. +Strother, 1727) notices three varieties, _Cyperus rotundus_, round +Galingal; _Galanga major_, Galingal; _Galanga minor_, lesser Galingal. + +Gallinga, Lat. Galanga, says Bp Percy, is the root of a grassy-leaved +plant brought from the East Indies, of an aromatic smell and hot biting +bitterish Taste, anciently used among other Spices, but now almost laid +aside. Lewis, _Mat. Med._ p. 286. See Mr Way's note 4 in Pr. Parv. +p. 185. + +'_Galendyne_ is a sauce for any kind of roast Fowl, made of Grated +Bread, beaten Cinnamon and Ginger, Sugar, Claret-wine, and Vinegar, made +as thick as Grewell.' Randle Holme, Bk. III., chap. III., p. 82, col. 2. +See also Recipes in Markham's Houswife, the second p. 70, and the first +p. 77. + +l. 657. A sewer, _appositor ciborum. Appono_, to sette vpon the table. +Withals. + +l. 686. See Randle Holme's 'relation of the Feast made by George Nevill, +Arch-Bishop of York, at the time of his Consecration, or Installation, +7. Edw. IV. 1467-8,' and his other Bills of Fare, p. 77-81, Book III. +Chap. III. + +l. 686. _Mustard_ is a kind of sharp biting sauce, made of a small seed +bruised and mixed with Vinegar. R. Holme. + +l. 686. _Dynere._ Compare the King's dinner in _The Squyr of Lowe +Degree_. + +The Squyer + + He toke a white yeard in his hande, + Before the kynge than gane he stande, + And sone he sat hym on his knee, + And serued the kynge ryght royally + With deynty meates that were dere, + With Partryche, Pecocke, and Plouere, + With byrdes in bread ybake, + The Tele, the Ducke, and the Drake, + The Cocke, the Corlewe, and the Crane, + With Fesauntes fayre, theyr ware no wane, + Both Storkes and Snytes ther were also, + And venyson freshe of Bucke and Do, + And other deyntés many one, + For to set afore the kynge anone. + l. 312-27, _E. Popular Poetry_, v. 2, p. 36. + +Several of the names of the dishes in Russell are used burlesquely in +the Feest of the Turnament of Tottenham, _E. Pop. P._, v. 3, pp. 94-6, +"saduls sewys, mashefatts in mortrewys, mylstones in mawmary, iordans in +iussall, chese-crustis in charlett," &c. + +l. 688, _Swan._ "Cap. xxviij. The Swan{n}e is veri a fayr birde, +w{i}t{h} whyte feders / & it hath a blacke skinne & flesshe / the +mariner seeth hy{m} gladly / for whan he is mery, the mariner is without +sorowe or dau{n}ger; & all his strengthe is in his wy{n}ges / and he is +coleryke of complexio{n} / & whan they will engender, than they stryke +wyth theyr nebbys toged{er}, and cast theyr neckes ouer eche other as yf +thei wolden brace eche other; so come they togeder, but the male doth +hurt {the} female; & as sone as he beknoweth that he hathe hurte her, +tha{n} he departeth frome her co{m}pani in all the haste possible / and +she pursueth after for to reuenge it / but {the} anger is sone past, & +she wassheth her with her bylle in the water / and clenseth herselfe +agayne." --L. Andrewe, _Noble Lyfe._ Pt. II. sign. m. 1. + +l. 688, _Feysaund._ "Cap. xlvi. Fascian{us} is a wyld cocke or a +fesa{n}t cocke that byde in the forestes, & it is a fayre byrde with +goodly feders. but he hath no co{m}mbe as other cockes haue / and they +be alway alone except whane they wylle be by the henne. and they that +will take this bird / and in many places the byrders doth thus, they +pay{n}te the figure of this fayre byrde in a cloth, & holdeth it before +hym / & whan this birde seeth so fayr a figure of hym selfe / he goeth +nother forward nor bacwarde / but he standeth still, staringe vpon his +figure / & sodenly commeth another, and casteth a nette ouer his hede, +and taketh hym. Thys byrde morneth sore in fowle weder, & hideth hym +from the rayne vnder {the} busshes. Towarde {the} morninge and towardes +night, than com{m}eth he out of the busshe, and is ofte{n}times so +taken, & he putteth his hede in the grou{n}d, & he weneth that all his +boddy is hyden / and his flessh is very light and good to disiest." --L. +Andrewe, _Noble Lyfe._ Pt. II. (m. 4.) + +l. 689. _Vensoun bake_, or Venison Pasty. Of the Hart and Hinde, Topsel +says, "The flesh is tender, especially if the beast were libbed before +his horns grew: yet is not the juice of that flesh very wholesome, and +therefore _Galen_ adviseth men to abstain as much from Harts flesh as +from Asses, for it engendereth melancholy; yet it is better in Summer +then in Winter. _Simeon Sethi_, speaking of the hot Countries, +forbiddeth to eat them in Summer, because then they eat Serpents, and so +are venemous; which falleth not out in colder Nations, and therefore +assigneth them rather to be eaten in Winter time, because the concoctive +powers are more stronger through plenty of inward heat; but withal +admonisheth, that no man use to eat much of them, for it will breed +Palsies and trembling in mans body, begetting grosse humors, which stop +the Milt and Liver: and _Auicen_ proveth, that by eating thereof men +incur the quartane Ague; wherefore it is good to powder them with salt +before the dressing, and then seasoned with Peper and other things, +known to every ordinary Cook and woman, they make of them Pasties in +most Nations," p. 103, ed. 1658. + +l. 694. _Blanchmanger_, a made dish of Cream, Eggs, and Sugar, put into +an open puff paste bottom, with a loose cover. _Blamanger_, is a Capon +roast or boile, minced small, planched (sic) Almonds beaten to paste, +Cream, Eggs, Grated Bread, Sugar and Spices boiled to a pap. R. Holme. + +l. 694. _Po = tage_ is strong Broth of Meat, with Herbs and Spices +Boiled. _Pottage_ is the Broth of Flesh or Fowl, with Herbs and Oatmeal +boiled therein. R. Holme. + +l. 694, _Vensoun_; and l. 696, _Heironsew_. + + But many men byn nowe so lekerous + That they can not leve by store of howse, + As brawne, bakyn, or powderd beef; + Such lyvelod now ys no man leef, + But venyson, wyldfowle or heronsewes, + So newfanggell be these men of her thewes; + Moche medlyd wyne all day men drynke; + j haue wyste wyldfowle sum tyme stynke. + +_Piers of Fullham_, ll. 171-8, p. 8, v. 2, of _Early Popular Poetry_, +ed. Hazlitt, 1866. + +l. 695, _Bustard._ "Cap. xv. The Bistarda is a birde as great as an +egle, of {th}e maner of an egle, and of suche colour, saue in {th}e +winges & in the tayle it hath some white feders; he hath a crooked byll, +& longe talants. and it is slowe of flight / & wha{n} he is on the +grownde, than must he ryse .iij. or iiij. tymes or he can come to any +fulle flight. he taketh his mete on the erth; for .v. or .vi. of them +togeder be so bold that they festen on a shepe & tere hy{m} a-sonder / & +so ete the flesshe of him / & this birde dothe ete also of dede bestes & +stinkyn caryon, and it eteth also grasse & grene erbes / & it layth his +eggis vpon the grou{n}de, & bredeth the{m} out the while that {th}e +corne groweth on the felde." --L. Andrewe, _Noble Lyfe_, L ij back. + +l. 695, _Crane._ "Cap. lix. The Crane is a great byrde / and whan they +flye, they be a greate many of them to-gyder in ordre, and a-monge +the{m} they chose a kynge the whiche they obey / whan the crane sleepth, +than standeth he vpon one fote w{i}t{h} his hede vnder his winges / & +ther is one {tha}t kepeth the wache w{i}t{h} his hede vpryght to-wardes +{th}e ayre / & wha{n} they ete, tha{n} the kynge kepeth the wache fore +them, and than the cranes ete w{i}t{h}out sorowe. Aristotiles sayth +{tha}t aboue Egipt in farre lo{n}des come the cranes in the wi{n}ter / +and there the fight w{i}t{h} the pygmeis as before is shewed in {th}e +.c. & .xvi. chapter.[*] + + [Footnote *: Pigmeis be men & women, & but one cubite longe, + dwellinge in {th}e mountaynes of ynde | they be full growen at + their third yere, & at their seue{n} yere they be olde | & they + gader them in may a grete co{m}pany togeder, & arme them in theyr + best maner | and tha{n} go they to the water syde, & where-so-euer + they fynde any cranes nestis they breake all the egges, & kyll all + the yonges {tha}t they fynde | and this they do because {th}e + cranes do them many displeasures, & fight with them oftentymes, & + do the{m} great scathe | but these folke couer their houses + w{i}t{h} the cranes feders & egshels. fol. h. ij. back.] + + + The Operacion. + +Rasi. The flesshe of him is grosse, & not good to disiest / & it maketh +mela{n}colious blode. ¶ The crane that is kille in somer shalbe hanged +vp one daye / and in winter season .ij. dayes or it be eten, and than it +is the more disiestious." --L. Andrewe, _Noble Lyfe._ Pt. II. (n. iij.) + +l. 695, _peacock._ "Paon revestu. A Peacocke flayed, parboyled, larded, +and stucke thicke with Cloues; then roasted, with his feet wrapped vp to +keepe them from scorching; then couered againe with his owne skinne as +soone as he is cold, and so vnderpropped that, as aliue, hee seemes to +stand on his legs: In this equipage a gallant, and daintie seruice." +--1611, _Cotgrave._ + +l. 695, _Peacock._ "Pauo / the pecocke is a very fayre byrde / and it +hath a longe necke, and hath on his hede feders lyke a lytell crowne / +he hathe a longe tayle the whyche he setteth on hye very rycheli, but +whan he loketh on hys lothly fete, he lateth his tayle sinke. Be nyght, +whan the Pecocke can nat see hymselfe, tha{n} he cryeth ernefully, and +thynketh that he hath lost hys beautye / and with his crye he feareth +all serpentes / in suche maners {tha}t they dare nat abyde in those +places whereas they here hym crye / and whan the pecocke cly{m}meth hye, +that is a token of rayne ... also the pecocke is envious & wylle nat +knowe his yonges tyll that they haue {th}e crowne of feders vpon theyr +hede, and that they begynne to lyken hym.... The flesshe of hy{m} will +nat lightely rote nor stynke / and it is euyll flesshe to disiest, for +it can nat lightely be rosted or soden ynough." --L. Andrewe, _Noble +Lyfe_ (o. iv.), Cap. xci. + +l. 696, _Heironsew._ Ardea is a byrde that fetcheth his mete in y^e +water, & yet he byldeth vpo{n} the hyest trees that he can. This birde +defendeth his yonges from y^e goshawke, castinge his dou{n}ge vpon him / +& tha{n} the fedders of the goshawke rote of y^e dounge of ardea as far +as it touchet[h]. _Nob. Lyfe_, L. ij. + +l. 696, _Partrich._ "Cap. xcvi. Perdix is a byrde very wylye, & the +cockes feght oftentymes for the he{n}nes. and these byrdes flye of no +heght / and they put theyr hedes in the erthe, & they thinke {tha}t they +tha{n} be well hyde{n}, for wha{n} she seeth nobody she thinketh {tha}t +nobody seeth here. & she bredeth out other p{ar}triches egges / for +wha{n} she hath lost her eges, tha{n} she steleth other egges & bredeth +the{m} / & wha{n} they be hatched {tha}t they can go on the grou{n}de / +than this da{m}me setteth the{m} out of {th}e nest / but whan they be +a-brode, & here the wyse of theyr owne da{m}mes, inco{n}tinent they leue +theyr da{m}me {tha}t brought the{m} up, & go to their owne natural +da{m}me / & tha{n} she {tha}t brought the{m} vp hath lost her labour. +The Operacion. The flesshe of a p{ar}triche is most holsomest of all +wylde fowles, {the}brest & vppermoste parte of {th}e bodie is the +swetest, & hathe the best sauoure / but {th}e hinder parte is nat so +swete." L. Andrewe, _Noble Lyfe_, sign. p. i. & back. + +l. 698, _Lark._ Alauda: the larke is a lytel birde, & w{i}t{h} euery man +well beknowen through his songe / in {th}e somer {the}i begy{n}neth to +singe in the dawning of {th}e day, geuynge knowlege to the people of +{th}e cominge of the daye; and in fayre weder he reioyseth sore / but +wha{n} it is rayne weder, than it singeth selden / he singeth nat +sittinge on the grownde nouther / but whan he assendith vpwarde, he +syngeth mereli / & in the descending it falleth to the grownde lyke a +stone. The Operacion. The larkes flesshe hardeneth the beli, and the +brothe of hym that he was soden in, slaketh the beli. L. Andrewe, _Noble +Lyfe_, sign. L. iv. back, and L. i. + +l. 706, _Snyte_ or Snipe. "Cap. lxxxiiij. Nepa is a byrde w{i}t{h} a +longe byll / & he putteth his byll in {th}e erthe for to seke the worms +in the grou{n}de / and they put their bylles in {th}e erthe sometyme so +depe {tha}t they can nat gete it vp agayne / & tha{n} they scratche +theyr billes out agayn w{i}t{h} theyr fete. This birde resteth betimes +at nyght / and they be erly abrode on the morninge / & they haue swete +flesshe to be eaten." L. Andrewe, _Noble Lyfe._ + +l. 706, _Sparow._ "Passer / The Sparowe is a lytell byrde / and wha{n} +{th}e cucko fyndeth the sparowes nest / tha{n} he suppeth vp {th}e +egges, & layeth newe egges hym self therin agayne / & the sparowe +bredeth vp these yo{n}ge cuckoes tyl they can flee; tha{n} a great many +of olde sparowes geder to-geder to thente{n}t {tha}t thei sholde holde +vp the yo{n}ge sparowes that can nat flee / & theyr mete is wormes of +{th}e erthe.... All sparowes flesshe is euyl / and their egges also. +The flessh is very hote, and moueth to the operacion of lechery." +L. Andrewe, _Noble Lyfe_ (o. iv.), Cap. xci. + +l. 713. _Comfits_ are round, long or square pellets of Sugar made by the +Art of a Confectioner. R. Holme. + +l. 737, _Eles._ Trevisa in his _Higden_ says of Britain 'þe lond ys +noble, copious, & ryche of noble welles, & of noble ryvers wiþ plente of +fysch. þar ys gret plente of smal fysch & of _eeles_, so þat cherles in +som place feedeþ sowes wiþ fysch.' _Morris's Specimens_, p. 334. + + Comyth ther not al day owt of hollond and flaundre + Off fatte _eles_ full many a showte, + And good chepe, who that wayteth the tyddys abowte? + + _Piers of Fullham_, ll. 71-3, _Early Pop. Poetry_, v. 2, p. 4 + (and see ll. 7-10). + +l. 747, 812. _Minoes_, so called either for their littleness, or (as Dr. +Cajus imagined) because their fins be of so lively a red, as if they +were died with the true Cinnabre-lake called _Minium_: They are less +than Loches, feeding upon nothing, but licking one another ... they are +a most delicate and light meat ... either fried or sodden. _Muffett_, +p. 183. + +l. 758. _Towse._ Can this be a form of _dough_? G. P. Marsh. + +l. 782. Sotiltees were made of sugar and wax. Lel. Coll. VI. p. 31. +Pegge. + +l. 788-795, _Sanguineus, Colericus, Fleumaticus, Malencolicus._ Men were +divided into these four classes, according to their humours. Laurens +Andrewe says, in his _Noble Lyfe_, "And the bodij of man is made of many +diuers sortes of ly{m}mes / as senewes / vaynes / fatte / flesshe & +skynne. And also of the foure moistours / as sanguyne / flematyke / +coleryke & melancoly." (fol. a iv. back) col. 2. In his Chapter "Howe +that man co{m}meth into the house of dethe," he has drawings of these +four types of man, on either side of King Death & the skeleton under +him. Men die, he says in thre ways. 1. by one of the four elements of +which they are made, overcoming the others; 2. by _humidum radicale_ or +'naturall moystour' forsaking them; 3. by wounds; "& these thre maners +of dethes be co{n}tained in the four co{m}plexcions of man / as in the +sa{n}guyne / colerike / flematike / & mela{n}coly. The sanguyne wareth +ofte{n}tymes so olde through gode gouernau{n}ce / that he must occopy +spectacles, & liue longe or hu{m}midu{m} radicale departe frome him / +but than he dyeth. The colerike co{m}meth oftentymes to[*] dethe be +accide{n}tall maner through his hastines, for he is of nature hote & +drye. The flematike co{m}meth often to dethe thorough great excesse of +mete & drinke, or other great labours doinge / for his nature is colde +and moyste, & can not well disiest. And mela{n}coly is heuy / full of +care & heuynes / whereof he engendereth moche euyll blode that causeth +great sekenes, which bringeth him vnto dethe. Thus go we al vnto the +howse of dethe / the one thrugh ensuynge of his co{m}plexion / the other +through the ordenances of almyghty god. The thirde through the planetis +& signes of the firmame{n}t." fol. a vi. + + [Footnote *: _orig._ do.] + +l. 799, _Beef._ Laurens Andrewe, _Noble Lyfe_, sign. C. i., Pt. i. says, +"Of the oxce, ca. xiiij. The oxce is a co{m}panable beste, & amonge his +co{m}pani he is very meke / & alwaye he seketh his felowe that was wont +to go in the plowghe wyth hym / and whan he fyndeth nat his felow, than +cryeth he wyth a lowde voyce, makyng gret mone / as it were one {tha}t +wolde make a mourninge co{m}playnt. A bull lyueth .xv. yere, and a oxce +.xx. yere. ¶ Isaac sayth that an oxce flessh is the dryest flesshe +amonge all other / & his blode is nat holsome to be eten, for it wyll +nat lightly disieste. & therfore it fedeth sore, & it maketh euyll +hu{m}oures, & bredeth mela{n}coly / & they melancolicus that eat moche +suche metes be like to suffer many diseases, as to gete an harde mylte / +the febris quartayn / the dropcy / mangnies, lepry, &c." + +l. 799, _Mutton._ Wether mutton was rightly held the best. See "The +operacion" below. "¶ Of the Ramme or weddr. Ca. iij. Ysydorus sayth that +the ra{m}me or wedder is the lodysman of other shepe / and he is the +male or man of the oye, and is stronger than the other shepe / & he is +also called a wedder because of a worme that he hath in his hede / & +whan that begi{n}neth for to stirre, than wyll he tucke and feght / and +he fereth naturally the thonder, as other shepe dothe. For whan a shepe +is with frute, hering the thonder, she casteth her frute, and bryngeth +it dede to the worlde. and the wedder in the tyme that he bespryngeth +the oye, than is it in the tyme of loue amonge the shepe / and the +Ra{m}me or wedder wyl feght boldly for theyr wyues one with another.... + + + The Operacion. + +¶ The flesshe of a yo{n}ge wether that is gelded is moch better than any +other motton / for it is nat so moyste as other motton, and it is hoter, +and whan it disgesteth well it maketh gode blode / but the flessh of an +oled ra{m}me wyll nat lightely disgest, & that is very euyll." L. +Andrewe, _Noble Lyfe_, Pt. I. sign. b. i. back. + +l. 800, _Chykon._ On the cocke & hen L. Andrewe discourses as follows: +"the Cocke is a noble byrde with a combe on his hed & vnder his iawes / +he croweth in {th}e night heuely & light in {th}e morni{n}ge / & is fare +herd w{i}t{h} the wi{n}de. The lyon is afrayd of the cocke / & specially +of the whyte / the crowyng of the cocke is swete & profitable; he +wakeneth {th}e sleper / he conforteth the sorowful / & reioyseth the +wakers in tokenynge {tha}t the night is passed.... The flesshe of the +coscke is groser tha{n} the flesshe of the he{n}ne or capon. Nota / the +olde cockes flesshe is tenderer than the yonge. The capons flesshe is +mightiest of all fowles & maketh gode blode. Auicea{n}na. The cokerels +flesshe {tha}t neuer crewe is bett{er} than {th}e olde cockes flesshe: +the stones be gode for the{m} that haue to light a disiestyon / the +brothe of hym is gode for the payn in {th}e mawe {tha}t co{m}meth of +wynde." _Noble Lyfe_, n. i. back. Of the hen, L. Andrewe says: "the +he{n}ne is {th}e wyfe of the cocke / & ye shall lay odde egges vnder her +for to hatche / ... The flesshe of the yonge he{n}ne or she haue layde / +is better than of the olde he{n}ne / also the grese of the cheken is +moche hoter than of the he{n}ne." _Noble Lyfe_, n. i. back. + +l. 802, _Goose._ "The tame gese ... be heuy in fleinge, gredi at their +mete, & diligent to theyr rest / & they crye the houres of y^e night, & +therwith they fere y^e theues. In the hillis of alpis be gese as great, +nere ha{n}de, as an ostriche: they be so heuy of body that they cannat +flee, & so me take them with the hande.... The gose flessh is very grose +of nature in disiestion." _Noble Lyfe_, L. i. back. Part ii. cap. 10. + +l. 803, _Capon._ "Gallinacius / the capon is a gelded cocke / & because +{tha}t he is gelded he waxeth the soner fatte / & though he go with the +hennes, he dothe nat defende them / nor he croweth nat." L. Andrewe, +_Noble Lyfe_, fol. n. ij. + +l. 804, _Eggis._ "the new lyde egges be better than the olde / the henne +egges be better tha{n} ani other egges, whan thei be fresshe, & +specialli whan thei be rere, tha{n} they make gode blode / but the egges +that be harde rosted be of {th}e grose metis. + + + The Operacion. + +All maners of egges waken a man to the worke of lecherie, & specialli +sparowes egges. Auice{n}na: The ducke egges & suche like make grose +humoures. The best of the egges is the yolke, & that causeth sperma / +the white of the egge enclineth to be cole. whan an he{n}ne shall brede, +take hede of those egges that be blont on bothe endes, & thei shal be +he{n}ne chekens / & those that be longe & sharpe on bothe endes shall be +cocke chekens." L. Andrewe. _Noble Lyfe_ (o iij. back). + +l. 808, _Lamb._ Laurens Andrewe, Pt. i. says. ¶ Of the La{m}me. Cap. +p{ri}mo. In the begi{n}nynge we haue the La{m}me, because he is the +moste mekest beste leuinge, for it offe{n}deth nobody / and all that he +hathe on him is gode / y^e flesshe for to eate, the skynne to make +parcheme{n}t or ledder / the donge for to do{n}ge the felde / the clawes +& hornes be medicinable / he dredeth the wolfe sore / & he knoweth his +da{m}me best be her bleting, though she be amonge many shepe. + + + The Operacion. + +The Lam{m}e that soucketh his dam{m}e hath his flesshe very slymie, & +nat lowable / and it will nat be disgested, principally of them that +haue cold stomakes. la{m}mes of a yere olde be better & lighter to +disgest / & they make gode blode / and specyally they be gode for theym +that be hote & drye of complexcyon & dwell in a hote & drye lande / +la{m}mes flesshe is very gode for one that is hole & lusti, but for +theim {tha}t be seke it is very euyll: though it lightely disgest and +descende out of the man / yet it is euyll for other partes of the body, +for it maketh slimy humours. sign. b. i. + +l. 808, _Cony._ "The coney is a lytel beste dwellynge in an hole of the +erthe / & thore as he vseth he encreaseth very moche, and therfore he is +profitable for man, for he casteth oftentymes in the yere ... Ysaac +sayth. That conys flesshe hath properli {th}e vertue to strengen {th}e +mawe and to dissolue the bely / and it casseth moche vryne." _The Noble +Lyfe_, sign. e. i. + +l. 811. _Mead_ or _Meath_, a drink made of Ginger, Sugar, Honey and +Spring water boiled together. R. Holme. + +_Metheglin_, a drink made of all sorts of wholesome Herbs boiled and +strained with Honey and Water, and set to work with Bearm, as Ale or +Beer. _R. Holme._ Dan. _miod._ + +l. 811. _Braggot._ This drinke is of a most hot nature, as being +compos'd of Spices, and if it once scale the sconce, and enter within +the circumclusion of the _Perricranion_, it doth much accelerate nature, +by whose forcible atraction and operation, the drinker (by way of +distribution) is easily enabled to afford blowcs to his brother. In +Taylor. _Drink & Welcome_, 1637, A 3, back. + +l. 812. Mussels (_Mityli_, _Chamæ_) were never in credit, but amongst +the poorer sort, till lately the lilly-white Mussel was found out about +Romers-wall, as we sail betwixt Flushing and Bergen-up-Zon, where indeed +in the heat of Sommer they are commonly and much eaten without any +offence to the head, liver, or stomach: yea my self (whom once twenty +Mussels had almost poisoned at Cambridg, and who have seen sharp, +filthy, and cruel diseases follow the eating of English Mussels) did +fill my self with those Mussels of the Low Country, being never a whit +distempered with my bold adventure. _Muffett_, p. 159. + +l. 824, _Samon._ + + Also sumtyme where samons vsen for to haunte, + Lampreys, luces, or pykkes plesaunte, + wenyth the fyscher suche fysche to fynde. + _Piers of Fullham_, ll. 11-13. + +l. 835, 4 [Footnote 235 in this e-text] _Torrentyne._ The passage before +that quoted from Aldrovandi, de Piscibus, p. 585, in the note, is, +"Trutta, siue ut Platina scribit Truta, siue Trotta Italicu{m} nome{n} +est, à Gallis, quibus Troutte vel potius Truette, vel ab Anglis quib{us} +à Trute, vel Trovvt appella{n}t, acceptum. Rhæti qui Italica lingua +corrupta vtuntur, Criues vocant, teste Gesnero." The special fish from +the Tarentine gulf is the "Tarentella, Piscis genus. Tract. MS. de Pisc. +cap. 26 ex Cod. reg. 6838. C.: _Magnus thunnus, is scilicet qui a +nostris_ Ton _vocatur ... dicitur Italis Tarentella, a_ Tarentino, _unde +advehitur, sinu_." Ducange, ed. 1846. + +l. 845. _Hake. Merlucius_ (or _Gadus_) _vulgaris_ Y. ii. 258, 'the +Seapike ... It is a coarse fish, not admitted to the tables of the +wealthy; but large quantities are anuually preserved both by salting and +drying, part of which is exported to Spain.' 'Fish, samon, _hake_, +herynge' are some of the commoditees of Irelonde mentioned in the +_Libelle_ (A.D. 1436), p. 186. + +l. 839, _reffett._ In the following extract _refete_ has the +_Promptorium_ meaning: + + eteth of the [full grown] fysche, and be not so lykerous, + Let the yong leve that woll be so plenteous; + ffor though the bottomles belyes be not ffyllyd with such _refete_, + Yet the saver of sauze may make yt good mete. + _Piers of Fullham_, ll. 80-3, _E. Pop. P._, v. 2, p 5. + +l. 842. _breme._ + + ... y schall none pondes with pykes store, + _Breme_, perche, ne with tenche none the more.--_Ibid._ ll. 51-2. + +l. 843, _flowndurs._ + + But now men on deyntees so hem delyte, + To fede hem vpon the fysches lyte, + As _flowndres_, perches, and such pykyng ware; + Thes can no man gladly now-a-day spare + To suffyr them wex vnto resonable age.--_Ibid._ ll. 74-8. + +l. 867. _Hose._ For eight pair of _hosen_ of cloth of divers colours, at +xiij s. iiij d. the pair; and for four pair "of sokks of fustian" at iij +d. the pair (p. 118) ... for making and lyning of vj pair of _hosen_ of +puke lyned with cloth of the goodes of the saide Richard, for lynyng of +every pair iij s. iiij d. xx s. Wardrobe Accounts of Edw. IV. (ed. +Nicolas) p. 120. + +l. 879. Combing the head was specially enjoined by the doctors. See +A. Borde, Vaughan, &c., below. + +l. 915. _Fustian._ March, 1503, 'for v yerdes _fustyan_ for a cote at +vij d. the yerd ij s. xj d.' Nicolas's Elizabeth of York, p. 105. See +A. Borde, below. 'Coleyne threde, _fustiane_, and canvase' are among the +'commodites ... fro Pruse ibroughte into Flaundres,' according to the +_Libelle_, p. 171, + + But tha Flemmyngis amonge these thinges dere + In comen lowen beste bacon and bere: + Thus arn thy hogges, and drynkye wele staunt; + Fare wele Flemynge, hay, horys, hay, avaunt. + (See _n._ p. 131, below.) + +A. Borde, in his _Introduction_, makes one of the Januayes (Genoese) +say, + + I make good treacle, and also _fustian_, + With such thynges I crauft with many a pore man. + +l. 941-5. See the extracts from Andrew Borde, W. Vaughan, &c., below. + +l. 945. The Motte bredethe amonge clothes tyll that they have byten it a +sonder / & it is a maniable worm, and yet it hydeth him in y^e clothe +that it can scantly be sene / & it bredethe gladly in clothes that haue +ben i{n} an euyll ayre, or in a rayn or myst, and so layde vp without +hanging in the sonne or other swete ayre after. + + + The Operacyon. + +The erbes that be bitter & well smelli{n}ge is good to be layde amo{n}ge +suche clothes / as the baye leuis, cypres wode. _The Noble Lyfe_ (i. 3.) +Pt. i. Cap. c.xlij. sign. i. 3. + +l. 969. _Catte._ The mouse hounter or catte is an onclene beste, & a +poyson ennemy to all myse / and whan she hath goten [one], she playeth +therwith / but yet she eteth it / & y^e catte hath lo{n}ge here on her +mouthe / and whan her heres be gone, than hathe she no boldnes / and she +is gladli in a warme place / and she licketh her forefete & wassheth +therwith her face. Laurens Andrewe, _The Noble Lyfe_ (g. iv.), Part I. +cap. c.i. + +l. 970, _dogge._ Here is the first part of Laurens Andrewe's Chapter. + + Of the dogge. ca. xxiiij. + +The dogge is an onclenly beste / {tha}t eteth so moche that he vomyteth +it out & eteth vp agayne / it is lightly angry, and byteth gladly +strau{n}ge dogges / he barketh moche / he kn[oweth] his name well / he +is hered [all over his b]ody, he loueth his mast[er, and is eselye] +lerned to many games / & be night he kepeth the house. There be many +hou{n}des {tha}t for the loue of theyr maister they wyll ro{n}ne in +their owne dethe / & whan the dogge is seke / he seketh grasse or other +erbes / & that he eteth, and heleth himselfe so / and there be many +maner of dogges or hou{n}des to hawke & hunt, as grayhou{n}des / braches +/ spanyellis, or suche other, to hunt hert and hynde / & other bestes of +chace & venery, &c. and suche be named ge{n}tyll hou{n}des. The bitche +hath mylke .v. or vij. dayes or she litter her whelpes / and that milke +is thicker tha{n} any other mylke excepte swynes mylke or hares mylke. +fol. c. iv. + +l. 970, _Catte._ L. Andrewe says + + "Of the Catte. ca. xxv. + +The catte is a beste {tha}t seeth sharpe, and she byteth sore / and +scratcheth right perylously / & is principall ennemye to rattis & myce / +& her colour is of nature graye / and the cause {tha}t they be other +wyse colowred, that co{m}methe through chaunge of mete, as it is well +marked by the house catte, for they be selden colored lyke the wylde +catte. & their flesshe is bothe nesshe & soffte." _Noble Lyfe_, Part II. +c. iv. + +l. 983. Bathe. 'Bathing is harmful to them [who are splenitie] chiefly +after meat, and copulation (following) on surfeit ... Let him also bathe +himself in sweet water. Without, he is to be leeched and smeared with +oil of roses, and with onlayings (or poultices made of) wine and grapes, +and often must an onlay be wrought of butter, and of new wax, and of +hyssop and of oil; mingle with goose grease or lard of swine, and with +frankincense and mint; and when he bathes let him smear himself with +oil; mingle (it) with saffron.' _Leechdoms_, v. 2, p. 245. + +l. 987. _Scabiosa_, so named of old tyme, because it is giuen in drinke +inwardly, or ointmentes outwardly, to heale scabbes, sores, corrupcion +in the stomacke, yea, and is most frend emong all other herbes in the +tyme of the Pestilence, to drinke the water with Mithridatum a mornynges +... the flowers is like a Blewe or white thrummed hatte, the stalk +rough, the vpper leaues ragged, and the leaues next the grose rootes be +plainer. Under whom often tymes, Frogges will shadowe theim selues, from +the heate of the daie: hoppyng and plaiyng vnder these leaues, whiche to +them is a pleasaunt Tente or pauillion, saieth Aristophanes, whiche maie +a plade (= made a play), wherein Frogges made pastime. _Bullein's +Bulwarke_, 1562, or, _The booke of Simples_, fol. xvj. b. + + [Transcriber's Note: + The following note was originally labeled "67/991" (page 67, line + 991) and was printed between the notes for l. 280 and l. 300.] + +l. 991. Rosemary is not mentioned among the herbs for the bath; though a +poem in praise of the herb says: + + Moche of this herbe to seeth thu take + In water, and a bathe thow make; + Hyt schal the make ly[gh]t and joly, + And also lykyng and [gh]owuly. + + _MS. of C. W. Loscombe, Esq., in Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, i. 196. + +l. 995. _Bilgres._ Can this be _bugloss_? I find this, as here, in +juxtaposition with _scabiose_, in Bullein's _Bulwarke of Defence_, Book +of Simples, fol xvj. b. G. P. Marsh. + +l. 1004. For Selden's Chapter on Precedence, see his _Titles of Honour_, +ch. xi. Rouge Dragon (Mr G. Adams) tells me that the order of precedence +has varied from time to time, and that the one now in force differs in +many points from Russell's. + +l. 1040. _Nurrieris._ I find no such name in Selden's chap. ix., Of +Women. Does the word mean 'foster-mothers or fathers,' from the Latin +"Nutricarii, Matricularii, quibus enutriendi ac educandi infantes +projectos cura incumbebat: _Nourissiers._ Vita S. Goaris cap. 10: +_Hæcque consuetudo erat, ut quando aliquis homo de ipsis infantibus +projectis misericordia vellet curam habere, ab illis, quos_ Nutricarios +_vocant, matriculariis S. Petri compararet, et illi Episcopo ipsum +infantem præsentare deberent, et postea Episcopi auctoritas eumdem +hominem de illo_ Nutricario _confirmabat_. _Id clarius explicatur a +Wandelberto in Vita ejusdem Sancti_, cap. 20." Ducange, ed. 1845. + + * * * * * + * * * * + +The following list of Names of Fish, from Yarrell, may be found +convenient for reference. + +_Names of Fish from Yarrell's History of British Fish, 1841, 2nd ed._ + + + English Names Latin Names. Yar., vol., page + + Basse _Perca labrax_ i 8 + Bleak _Luciscus_, or i 419 + _Cyprinus alburnus_ + Bream or Carp-Bream _Abramis_, or _Cyprinus brama_ i 382 + " the common Sea- _Pagellus centrodontus_ i 123 + Brill, or Pearl, Kite, _Rhombus vulgaris_, or + BRETT, Bonnet-Fleuk _Pleuronectes rhombus_ ii 231 + Butt, Flook, or Flounder _Pleuronectes flesus_, or ii 303 + _Platessa flesus_ + Common Cod, or Keeling _Morrhua vulgaris_, or ii 221 + _Gadus morrhua_ (Jenyns) + Green Cod _Merlangus virens_ (Cuvier) ii 256 + _Gadus virens_ (Linnæus) + Conger _Conger vulgaris_, or ii 402 + _Muræna conger_ + Dace, Dare, or Dait _Leuciscus vulgaris_, or i 404 + _Cyprinus leuciscus_ + Dog Fish (the common), _Spinax acanthias_, or ii 524 + The Picked Dog-Fish, _Squalus acanthias_ + or Bone Dog (Sussex), + Hoe (Orkney) + Small Spotted Dog Fish _Scyllium canicula_, or ii 487 + or Morgay (Scotl.), _Squalus canicula_ + Robin Huss (Sussex + Coast) + Large Spotted Dog Fish, _Scyllium stellaris_ ii 493 + or Bounce (Scotl. & + Devon) + Black-mouthed Dog-Fish, _Scyllium melanostomum_ ii 495 + or Eyed Dog-Fish + (Cornwall) + The Smooth Hound or _Squalus mustelus_, ii 512 + Shate-toothed Shark, or _Mustelus lævis_ + Ray-mouthed Dog + (Cornwall) + Dory, or Dorée _Zeus faber_ i 183 + Sharp-nosed Eel _Anguilla acutirostris_, ii 381 + or _vulgaris_ + Broad-nosed Eel _Anguilla latirostris_ ii 396 + Flounder, or Flook _Platessa flesus_ ii 303 + (Merret). Mayock, + Fluke (Edinb.), Butt. + Grayling _Thymallus vulgaris_, ii 136 + or _Salmo thymallus_ + Gudgeon _Gobio fluviatilis_, i 371 + or _Cyprinus gobio_ + Red Gurnard _Trigla cuculus_, or i 38-63 + _lineata_ + Haddock _Morrhua æglefinus_, ii 233 + or _Gadus æglefinus_ + Hake _Merlucius vulgaris_, ii 253 + or _Gadus merlucius_ + Herring _Clupea harengus_ ii 183 + Holibut _Hippoglossus vulgaris_, ii 321 + or _Pleuronectes hippoglossus_ + Hornfish, GARFISH, _Belone vulgaris_, or i 442 + Sea-pike, Long Nose, &c. _Esox belone_ + Keeling. See Common Cod ii 221 + Lampern, or River _Petromyzon fluviatilis_ ii 604 + Lamprey[*] + Lamprey _Petromyzon marinus_ ii 598 + Ling _Lota molva_ (Cuvier), ii 264 + or _Gadus molva_ (Linnæus) + Luce, or PIKE _Esox lucius_ i 434 + Lump-fish ii 365 + Mackarel _Scomber scombrus_, i 137 + or _vulgaris_ + Merling, or Whiting _Merlangus vulgaris_ (Cuvier), ii 244 + or _Gadus merlangus_ (Linnæus) + Minnow _Leuciscus_, i 423 + or _Cyprinus phoxinus_ + Mullet, grey, or Common _Mugil capito_, or _cephalus_ i 234 + Muræna _Muræna Helena_ ii 406 + Perch _Perca fluviatilis_ i 1 + Pike _Esox lucius_ i 434 + Plaice _Platessa vulgaris_ ii 297 + Roach _Cyprinus rutilis_ i 399 + Salmon _Salmo Salar_ ii 1 + Smelt. _Spirling_ and _Salmo Sperlanus_, or ii 75 & 129 + _Sparling_ in _Osmerus Sperlanus_ + Scotland + Sturgeon, the Common _Acipenser Sturio_ ii 475 + " the Broad-nosed _Acipenser latirostris_ ii 479 + Swordfish _Xiphias gladius_ i 164 + Tench _Tinca vulgaris_, or i 375 + _Cyprinus tinca_ + Thornback _Raia clavata_ ii 583 + Trout, Common _Salmo fario_ ii 85 + Turbot, or Rawn Fleuk _Rhombus maximus_, or ii 324 + and Bannock Fluck _Pleuronectes maximus_ + (Scotl.) + Vendace or Vendis _Coregonus Willughbii_, or ii 146 + (? Venprides, l. 820, _Coregonus Marænula_ + Russell) (Jenyns) + Whiting, or Merling _Merlangus vulgaris_ (Cuvier) ii 244 + _Gadus merlangus_ (Linnæus) + + [Footnote *: The Lamperns have been taken in the Thames at + Teddington this autumn (1866) in extraordinary quantities.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Errata (noted by transcriber): + + Main text: + + l. 1061 Alle the vndirIustice[gh] [_text unchanged_] + l. 1166 þe honour{e} and worshipp{e} + [_extra blank space at beginning of line_] + + Footnotes: + + 114: ... _H. Ord._ p. 462. [_"p." missing_] + 162: ... _Sea Dog / Fish [_close quote missing_] + 236: ... Cules a _Cod Fish_ argent [_text unchanged_] + 263: ... AS. _dæges eage_. [doeges eage] + 265: ... _Hleomoce_ ['_Hleomoce_] + 268: ... of Edw. IV.' [_close quote missing_] + + Linenotes: + + ll. 109ff. (Notes on wines): + 5. _Raspice._ [_"5." added by transcriber_] + ... mox tamen exolescente, p. 31-2, &c." [_close quote missing_] + 8. _Bastard._ ... sweetish quality." [_close quote missing_] + l. 548: ... see note on Torrentyne, l. 835 below [_l. 828_] + l. 577: ... See note to l. 839 here, p. 108. + [_l. 840_] + l. 799: ... The oxce is ["The oxce] + l. 915: (See _n._ p. 131, below.) + [_Andrew Borde, "Sleep, Rising and Dress", footnote 5_] + + Table of fish names: + + Venprides l. 820 [821] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +Andrewe on Fish, listed in the Contents as part of the linenotes to the +Boke of Nurture, is a separate text. + +Boldface initials are marked with a double ++ before the letter. +Further details about the transcription are at the beginning of the +Preface.] + + + Extracts about Fish from "The noble lyfe & natures of man, + Of bestes / serpentys / fowles & fisshes y^t be moste knowen." + +A very rare black-letter book, without date, and hitherto undescribed, +except perhaps incorrectly by Ames (vol. 1, p. 412, and vol. 3, +p. 1531), has been lent to me by Mr Algernon Swinburne. Its title is +given above: "The noble lyfe and natures of man" is in large red +letters, and the rest in smaller black ones, all surrounded by woodcuts +of the wonderful animals, mermaids, serpents, birds, quadrupeds with +men's and women's heads, a stork with its neck tied in a knot, and other +beasts "y^t be most knowen." The illustrations to each chapter are +wonderfully quaint. The author of it says in his Prologus "In the name +of ower sauiour criste Iesu, maker & redemour of al ma{n}kynd / +I Lawre{n}s A{n}drewe of {th}e towne of Calis haue translated for +Joh{an}nes doesborrowe, booke prenter in the cite of Andwarpe, this +p{re}sent volume deuyded in thre partes, which were neuer before in no +maternall langage prentyd tyl now /" As it is doubtful whether another +copy of the book is known, I extract from the Third Part of this +incomplete one such notices of the fish mentioned by Russell or Wynkyn +de Worde, as it contains, with a few others for curiosity's sake:-- + +here after followeth of the natures of the fisshes of the See whiche be +right profitable to be vndersta{n}de / Wherof I wyll wryte be {th}e +helpe and grace of almighty god, to whose laude & prayse this mater +ensueth. + + +CAP. PRIMO. + + [Sidenote: _Abremon_, ? not _Bream_ (see Cap. xiii; p. 115 here)] + +A Bremon[*] is a fruteful fisshe that hathe moche sede / but it is nat +through mouynge of the he / but only of the owne proper nature / and +than she rubbeth her belly upon the grou{n}de or sande / and is sharpe +in handelinge / & salt of sauour / and this fisshe saueth her yonges in +her bely whan it is tempestius weder / & when the weder is ouerpast, +than she vomyteth them out agayne. + + [Footnote *: +abramis+, a fish found in the sea and the Nile, + perhaps the _bream_, Opp. Hal. i. 244. Liddell & Scott.] + + +Cap. ij. + + [Sidenote: _Eel_ (Russell, l. 719). Is of no sex; is best + roasted.] + +++Anguilla / the Ele is lyke a serpe{n}t of fascyon, & may leue eight +yere, & without water vi. dayes whan the wind is in the northe / in the +wint{er} they wyll haue moche water, & that clere / amo{n}ge them is +nouther male nor female / for they become fisshes of {th}e slyme of +other fisshes / they must be flayne / they suffer a longe dethe / they +be best rosted, but it is longe or they be ynouge / the droppi{n}ge of +it is gode for paines in the eares. + + +Cap. iij. + + [Sidenote: _Herring_ (Russell, l. 722). Is delicious when fresh, + (Russell, l. 748) or salted. Dies when it feels the air.] + +++Alec, the heringe, is a Fisshe of the see / & very many be taken +betweene bretayn & germaia / & also i{n} denmarke aboute a place named +schonen / And he is best from thebegi{n}nynge of August to december / +and when he is fresshe take{n} / he is a very delicious to be eten. And +also wha{n} he hath ben salted he is a specyall fode vnto man / He can +nat leue w{i}t{h}out wat{er}, for as sone as he feleth the ayre he is +dede / & they be taken in gret hepis togeder / & specially where they se +light, there wyll they be, than so they be taken with nettis / which +commeth be the diuyne Prouydens of almighty God. + + +Cap. v. + + [Sidenote: _Whale?_ (Russell, l. 582). Shipmen cast anchor on him, + and make a fire on him. He swims away, and drowns them.] + ++A+ Spidochelo{n} / as Phisiolog{us} saith, it is a mo{n}strous thinge +in the see, it is a gret whale fisshe, & hath an ouer-growe{n} rowgh +ski{n}ne / & he is moste parte w{i}t{h} his bake on hye aboue the water +in such maner that some shypmen {tha}t see him, wene that it is a lytell +ylande / & whan they come be it, they cast their ankers upo{n} him / & +go out of theyr shippes & make a fyre upon hym to dresse theyr metys / +and as sone as he feleth the hete of the fyre / tha{n}ne he swy{m}meth +fro the place, & drowneth them, & draweth the shippe to the grounde / +And his proper nature is, whan he hath yonges, {tha}t he openeth his +mouthe wyde open / & out of it fleeth a swete ayre / to {the} which the +fisshes resorte, and tha{n} he eteth them. + + + [Sidenote: _Goldenpoll?_] + +++Aauratais a fysshe in the see {tha}t hathe a hede shinynge lyke golde. + + +Cap. xi. + + [Sidenote: _Ahuna._ When the Ahuna is in danger, he puts his head + in his belly, and eats a bit of himself.] + +++Ahuna is a mo{n}ster of the see very glorisshe, as Albert{us} saith / +what it eteth it tourneth to greas in his body / it hathe no mawe but a +bely / & that he filleth so full that he speweth it out agayne / & that +can he do so lyghtely / for hehath no necke / whan he is in peryl of +dethe be other fisshes / than he onfacyoneth himselfe as rou{n}de as a +bowle, w{i}t{h}drawynge his hede into his bely / wha{n} he hathe then +hounger / He dothe ete a parte of himselfe rather than {th}e other +fisshes sholde ete him hole and all. + + +Cap. xiii. + + [Sidenote: _Borbotha._] + +++Borbotha be fisshes very slepery, somewhat lyke an ele / haui{n}ge +wyde mouthes & great hedes / it is a swete mete / and whan it is xij. +yere olde, than it waxeth bigge of body. + + [Sidenote: _Butt_, or _Flounder_ (Russell, l. 735, and note 2).] + +Nota / Botte that is a flounder of the fresshe water / & they swi{m}me +on the flatte of their body, & they haue finnes rou{n}de about theyr +body & w{i}t{h} a sothern wynde they waxe fatte / + + [Sidenote: _Bream_ (Russell, l. 745, 578).] + +& they have rede spottis. Bre{n}na is a breme, & it is a fisshe of the +riuer / & whan he seeth the pyke that wyll take hym / than he sinketh to +the botom of {th}e wat{er} & maketh it so trobelous that the pyke can +nat se hym. + + +Cap. xiiii. + + [Sidenote: _Balena._ (The woodcut is a big Merman. See note, + p. 123, here. ? Whale. Russell, l. 582.) Are seen most in winter; + breed in summer. In rough weather Balena puts her young in her + mouth.] + +++Balena is a great beste in the see, and bloweth moche water from him, +as if it were a clowde / the shippes be in great dau{n}ger of him +somtyme / & they be sene moste towardes winter / for in the somer they +be hidden in swete brod places of the wat{er} where it casteth her +yo{n}ges, & suffereth so grete payne {tha}t tha{n} he fleteth aboue the +water as one desiringe helpe / his mouth is in the face, & therefore he +casteth the more water / she bringeth her yonges forthe lyke other +bestis on erthe, & it slepeth / in te{m}pestius weder she hydeth her +yo{n}ges in her mouthe / and wha{n} it is past she voydeth them out +agayne / & they growe x. yere. + + +Cap. xvi. + + [Sidenote: _Crevice_ (Sea and Fresh Water Crayfish). (Russell, + l. 602, l. 618.) How they engender, and hybernate. How the + Crayfish manages to eat Oysters.] + +++Cancer the creuyce is a Fishe of {th}e see that is closed in a harde +shelle, hauyng many fete and clawes / and euer it crepeth bacward / & +the he hathe two py{n}nes on his bely, & {th}e she hathe none / whan he +wyll engender, he cli{m}meth on her bake, and she turneth her syde +towardes him, & so they fulfyll their workes. In maye they chaunge their +cotes, & in wi{n}ter they hyde the{m} fiue monethes duringe / wha{n} the +creues hath dro{n}ken milke it may leue lo{n}ge w{i}t{h}out wat{er}. +when he is olde, he hathe ij. stones in his hed with rede spottes that +haue great vertue / for if they be layde in drynke / they withdryue the +payne frome the herte. thecreuyce eteth the Oysters, & geteth the{m} be +policye / for whan the oyster gapeth, he throweth lytell stones in him, +and so geteth his fishe out, for it bydeth than open. + + + The Operacion. + + [Sidenote: Fresh-Water Crayfish is hard to digest.] + +¶ The Asshes of hym is gode to make white tethe / & to kepe the motes +out of the clothes / it w{i}t{h}dryueth byles, & heleth mangynes. The +creuyce of the fresshe water geueth gret fode, but it is an heuy mete to +disieste. + + +Cap. xviij. + + [Sidenote: Caucius.] + +++Cauci{us} is a fisshe that will nat be taken w{i}t{h} no hokes / but + + [Sidenote: Capitaius.] + +eteth of {th}e bayte & goth his way quyte. Capitai{us} is a lytel fisshe +w{i}t{h} a great hede / a wyde rou{n}de mouthe / & + + [Sidenote: _Carp._ Is difficult to net.] + +it hydeth him vnder the stones. Nota. Carpera is a carpe, & it is a +fysshe that hathe great scales / and the female hathe a great rowghe, & +she can bringe forthe no yonges tyll she haue receyued mylke of her make +/ & that she receyueth at the mouth / and it is yll for to take / for +whan it perceyueth that it shalbe taken w{i}t{h} the net, tha{n} it +thrusteth the hede into the mudde of the water / and than the nette +slyppeth ouer him whiche waye soeuer it come; & some holde them fast be +the grounde, grasse / or erbis, & so saue themselfe. + + +Cap. xix. + + [Sidenote: _Whale._ Likes Harmony. Gets harpooned, rubs the + harpoon into himself, and slays himself.] + +++Cetus is the greatest whale fisshe of all / his mouthe is so wyde that +he bloweth vp the water as yf it were a clowde / wherw{i}t{h} he +drowneth many shippes / but whan the maryners spye where he is / than +thei acco{m}pany them a gret many of shyppes togeder about him with +diuers i{n}strume{n}tis of musike, & they play with grete armonye / & +the fische is very gladde of this armonye / & co{m}meth fletynge a-boue +the watere to here the melody, & than they haue amonge them an +instrument of yron, {th}e whiche they feste{n} in-to the harde ski{n}ne, +& the weght of it synketh downwarde in to {th}e fat & grese / & sodenly +w{i}t{h} that al {th}e instrumentes of musike be styll, and {th}e +shyppes departe frome thens, & anone he sinketh to the grownde / & he +feleth {tha}t the salt watere smarteth in {th}e wou{n}de, tha{n} he +turneth his bely vpwaerd and rubbeth his wownde agay{n}st {th}e +grou{n}d, & the more he rubbeth, the depere it entreth / & he rubbeth so +longe {tha}t he sleeth hymself / and whan he is dede, than co{m}meth he +vp agayne and sheweth him selfe dede / as he dyd before quicke / and +than the shippes gader them togeder agayne, and take, & so lede hym to +lo{n}de, & do theyr profyte with hym. + + +Cap. xxij. + + [Sidenote: Conche, or _Muscle_.] + +++Conche be abydynge in {th}e harde shellis: as {th}e mone growth or +waneth, so be the conches or muscles fulle or nat full, but smale / & +there be many sortes of conches or musclys / but {th}e best be they that +haue the perles in. + + +Cap. xxiij. + + [Sidenote: Sea-snails.] + +++Coochele / is a snayle dwelli{n}ge in the water & also on the lo{n}de +/ they go out of theyr howses / & they thruste out .ij. longe hornes +wherwith they fele wether they go / for they se nat where they crepe. + + +Cap. xxiiij. + + [Sidenote: _Conger._] + +++The Conger is a se fisshe facioned like an ele / but they be moche +greter in qua{n}tyte / & whan it bloweth sore, than + + [Sidenote: Polippus.] + +waxe they fatte. ¶ Polippus is also a stronge fisshe {tha}t onwarse he +wyl pull a man out of a shyp. yet {th}e conger is so stronge that he +wyll tere polippu{m} asonder w{i}t{h} his teth, & in winter {th}e conger +layth in {th}e depe cauernes or holes of the water. & he is nat taken +but in somer. ¶ Esculapius sayth. + + [Sidenote: Corets.] + +Coretz is a fisshe that hydeth hym in the depe of {th}e water whan it +rayneth / for yf he receiued any rayne, he sholde waxe blynde, and dye +of it. ¶ Iorath sayth. The fisshes that be + + [Sidenote: _Sea-crevice._] + +named se craues / wha{n}ne they haue yo{n}ges / they make suche noise +{tha}t through theyr noyse they be fou{n}de and taken. + + +Cap. xxvij. + + [Sidenote: Dolphin or Mermaid.] + +++Delphin{us} is a mo{n}ster of the see, & it hath no voyce, but it +singheth lyke a man / and towarde a tempest it playeth vpon the water. +Some say whan they be taken that they wepe. The delphin hath none cares +for to here / nor no nose for to smelle / yet it smelleth very well & +sharpe. And it slepeth vpon the water very hartely, that thei be hard +ronke a farre of / and thei leue C.xl. yere. & they here gladly +play{n}ge on instrumentes, as lutes / harpes / tabours / and pypes. They +loue their yonges very well, and they fede them lo{n}ge with the mylke +of their pappes / & they haue many yonges, & amonge the{m} all be .ij. +olde ones, that yf it fortuned one of {th}e yonges to dye, tha{n} these +olde ones wyll burye them depe in the gorwnd [_sic_] of the see / +because othere fisshes sholde nat ete thys dede delphyn; so well they +loue theyr yonges. There was ones a kinge {tha}t had take{n} a delphin / +whyche he caused to be bounde w{i}t{h} chaynes fast at a hauen where as +the shippes come in at / & there was alway the pyteoust wepynge / and +lamentynge, that the kinge coude nat for pyte / but let hym go agayne. + + +Cap. xxxi. + + [Sidenote: Echeola, a Muscle.] + +++Echeola is a muskle / in whose fysshe is a precious stone / +& be night they flete to the water syde / and there they receyue the +heuenly dewe, where throughe there groweth in the{m} a costly margaret +or orient perle / & they flete a great many togeder / & he {tha}t +knoweth {th}e water best / gothe before & ledeth the other / & whan he +is taken, all the other scater a brode, and geteth them away. + + +Cap. xxxvi. + + [Sidenote: Echinus.] + +++Echyn{us} is a lytell fysshe of half a fote longe / & hath sharpe +prykcles vnder his bely in stede of fete. + + +Cap. xxxvii. + + [Sidenote: Esox.] + +++Ezox is a very grete fisshe in that water danowe be the londe of +hu{n}garye / he is of suche bygnes that a carte with .iiij. horses can +nat cary hym awaye / and he hath nat many bones, but his hede is full / +and he hath swete fisshe lyke a porke, and whan this fysshe is taken, +tha{n}ne geue hym mylke to drynke, and ye may carye hym many a myle, and +kepe hym longe quicke. + + +xxxviii. + + [Sidenote: Phocas. Kills his wife and gets another.] + +++Focas is a see bulle, & is very stro{n}ge & dangerous / and he +feghteth euer with his wyf tyll she be dede / and whan he hath kylled +her, than he casteth her out of his place, & seketh another, and leueth +with her very well tyl he dye / or tyll his wyfe ouercome him and kylle +hy{m} / he bydeth alway in one place / he and his yonges leue be suche +as they can + + [Sidenote: Halata. Takes her young out of her womb to look at + 'em.] + +gete. ¶ Halata is a beste that dothe on-naturall dedys / for wha{n} she +feleth her yo{n}ges quycke, or stere in her body / tha{n} she draweth +the{m} out & loketh vpon the{m} / yf she se they be to yo{n}ge, tha{n} +she putteth the{m} in agayne, & lateth them grow tyll they be bygger. + + +Cap. xl. + + [Sidenote: Sword-Fish.] + +++Gladi{us} is a fisshe so named because he is mouthed after the +fascyo{n} of a sworde poynt / and ther-fore often tymes he perseth {th}e +shyppes thorough, & so causeth them to + + [Sidenote: Gastarios.] + +be drowned. Aristotiles. Gastarios is a fisshe lyke the scorpion / and +is but lytell greter than a spyder / & it styngeth many fisshes w{i}t{h} +her poyson so that they ca{n} nat endure nowhere / and he styngeth the +dolphin on the hede {tha}t + + [Sidenote: Glaucus.] + +it entreth in-to {th}e brayne. ¶ Isidorus. Glaucus is a whyte fissh that +is but selden sene except in darke rayne weder / and is nat in season +but in the howndes dayes. + + +Cap. xli. + + [Sidenote: _Gudgeon._] + +++Gobio is a smale longe fissh with a rou{n}de body / full of scales and +litell blacke spottys / and some saye they leue of drou{n}de caryo{n} / +& the fisshers say contrarye, {tha}t they leue in clere watere in sandye +graueil / and it is a holsom + + [Sidenote: Gravus.] + +mete. ¶ Grauus is a fisshe that hath an iye aboue on hys hede, and +therw{i}t{h} he loketh vp, and saueth hym from the{m} that wyll eat hym. + + +liii. + + [Sidenote: _Pike:_ eats venomous beasts; is begotten by a West + Wind.] + +++Lucius is a pike / a fisshe of {th}e riuer w{i}t{h} a wyde mouthe & +sharpe teth: whan {th}e perche spieth him / he turneth his tayle +towardes him / & than {th}e pike dare nat byte him because of his +finnes, or he can nat swalowe him because he is so sharpe / he eteth +venimo{us} bestes, as todes, frogges, & suche like; yet it is sayde +{tha}t he is very holsom for seke peple. He eteth fisshes almost as +moche as himselfe / wha{n} they be to bigge, tha{n} he byteth the{m} in +ij. peces, & swaloweth the one halfe first, & tha{n} the other / he is +engendered w{i}t{h} a westerne wynde. + + +Cap. lvii. + + [Sidenote: Sea-Mouse Musculus is the cock of Balena.] + +++Mus marin{us}, the see mouse, gothe out of the water, & there she +laith her egges in a hole of the erthe, & couereth the eges, & goth +her way & bydeth frome them xxx. dayes, and than commeth agayne and +oncouereth them, & than there be yo{n}ges, and them she ledeth into +{th}e water, & they be first al blynde. Muscul{us} is a fisshe {tha}t +layth harde shellis, and of it the great monster balena receyueth her +nature, & it is + + [Sidenote: Sea-weazle.] + +named to be the cocke of balena. Mustela is the see wesyll / she +casteth her yonges lyke other bestes / & whan she hath cast them, yf +she perceiue that they shall be fou{n}de, she swaloweth them agayne +into her body, and than seketh a place wher as they may be surer +without dau{n}ger / & than she speweth them out agayne. + + +Cap. lix. + + [Sidenote: _Lamprey._ Must be boiled in wine.] + +++Murena is a lo{n}ge fisshe w{i}t{h} a weke skinne lyke a serpent / +& it conceyueth of the serpe{n}t vipera / it liueth longest in the +tayle, for wha{n} that is cut of, it dyeth inco{n}tinent / it must be +soden in gode wyne w{i}t{h} herbes & spices, or ellis it is very +dau{n}gero{us} to be eten, for it hath many venymous humours, and it is +euyll to disieste. + + +Cap. lxi. + + [Sidenote: Mulus: has 2 beards.] + +++Mulus is a see fysshe {tha}t is smale of body / & is only a mete for +gentils: & there be many maners of these / but the best be those {tha}t +haue ij. berdes vnd{er} the mouthe / & whan it is fayre weder, than they +waxe fatte / whan he is dede than he is of many colours. + + +Cap. lxiiij. + + [Sidenote: Nereids.] + +++Nereydes be monsters of {th}e see, all rowghe of body / & whan any of +them dyeth, tha{n} the other wepe. of this is spoke{n} in balena, the +.xiiij. chapter. + + [Sidenote: Orchun. Is Balene's deadly enemy.] + +¶ ++Orchu{n} is a monster of {th}e se / whose lykenes can nat lightely +be shewed / & he is mortal e{n}nemye to {th}e balene, & tereth asonder +the bely of the balene / & the balene is so boystous {tha}t he can nat +turne hym to defende him, and {tha}t costeth him his lyfe / for as sone +as he feleth hi{m} selfe wou{n}ded, than he si{n}keth doune to the botom +of the water agayne / & the Orchu{n} throweth at him w{i}t{h} stones / & +thus balena endith his lyfe. + + +Cap. lxvi. + + [Sidenote: Pearl-Oyster.] + +++Ostreñ is an oyster that openeth his shell to receyue {th}e dewe & +swete ayre. In {th}e oyster groweth naturall orient perles that +oftentymes laye on the see stronde, & be but lytell regarded, as +Isidorus saith. + + +Cap. lxvij. + + [Sidenote: Pagrus.] + +++Pagrus is a fisshe that hath so harde tethe {tha}t he byteth {th}e +oyster shelles in peces, & eteth out the fisshe of the{m}. + + [Sidenote: Sea-Peacock.] + +Nota. Pauus maris is the Pecocke of the Se, & is lyke the pecocke of the +londe, bothe his backe, necke, & hede / & the + + [Sidenote: Percus.] + +nether body is fisshe Nota. Percus is of diuers colours, & swift in +ro{n}nynge in {th}e water, & hathe sharpe finnes, & is a + + [Sidenote: Pecten: winks.] + +holsome mete for seke people. Pecten is a fisshe that is in sandy +grou{n}de, & wha{n} he is meued or stered, he wynketh. + + +Cap. lxx. + + [Sidenote: Pinna. How he catches small fishes.] + +++Pinna is a fisshe {tha}t layeth alwaye in the mudde, and hathe alway a +lodisma{n}, & some name it a lytel hoge, & it hathe a rou{n}de body, & +it is in a shell lyke a muscle; it layth in the mone as it were dede, +gapyng open / and than the smale fisshes come into his shel, weni{n}g of +him to take their repaste / but whan he feleth {tha}t his shell is +almoste ful / than he closeth his mouthe, & taketh them & eteth them / +& parteth + + [Sidenote: _Plaice._] + +them amo{n}ge his felowes. The playce is well knowen fisshe, for he is +brode & blake on the one syde, and whyte on the other. + + +Cap. lxvij. + + [Sidenote: Polippus.] + +++Polippus hath gret strength in his fete / what he therin cacheth, he +holdeth it fast / he spri{n}geth somtyme vp to the shippes syde, & +snacheth a ma{n} w{i}t{h} him to the grou{n}de of the see, & there eteth +him / & that {tha}t he leueth, he casteth it out of his denne agayn / +they be moche in the se about Venis / & he is taken in barellis where +hartys hornes be layd in / for he is gladly be those hornes. + + +Cap. lxxvij. + + [Sidenote: Rumbus.] + +++Rumbus is a great fisshe stronge & bolde / but he is very slow in +swi{m}mi{n}ge, therfor can he gete his mete but soberly w{i}t{h} +swi{m}myng / therfor he layth him down in the grou{n}de or mudde, & +hideth him there / and all the fisshes that he can ouercome / co{m}mynge +forby him, he taketh and eteth them. + + +Cap. lxxviij. + + [Sidenote: Rubus.] + +++Rubus is a fisshe of the grekes se & of the sees of ytaly / +they be rou{n}de lyke a ringe, & haue many rede spottes / +& is full of sharpe finnes & pinnis / he is slow in swi{m}mynge because +he is so brode / he gothe be the grou{n}de, & wayteth there his praye / +& suche fisshes as he can gete he burieth in + + [Sidenote: Ryache.] + +the sandes, & it is a very swete fisshe. Ryache be fisshes that be +rou{n}de / somtyme they be in length & brede two cubites / & it hath a +long tayle / theron be sharpe pinnes / & it is slowe in swi{m}mynge. + + +Cap. lxxix. + + [Sidenote: _Salmon._] + +++Salmo is a fysshe engendred in the swete water, & he waxeth longe & +gret / & also he is heuy / & his colour nor sauour is nat gode tyll he +haue ben in the salt wat{er} & proued it / thus draweth the samon to +the water agaynst {th}e streme; he neuer seaseth tyll he haue ben i{n} +the se and returned agayn to + + [Textnote: [A ? fleshe.]] + +his olde home, as Phisiologua saith / his fisshe[A] is rede, & he may +nat liue in a swet sta{n}dinge water / he must be in a fresshe riuer +that he may playe up and dou{n}e at his plesure. + + [Sidenote: Salpa. _Stockfish?_] + +++Salpa is a fowle fisshe and lytell set by / for it will neuer be +ynough for no maner of dressinge tyll it haue ben beten with grete +hamers & staues. + + +Cap. lxxij. + + [Sidenote: Serra. Cuts through ships with his fins.] + +++Serra is a fysshe with great tethe, and on his backe he hathe sharpe +fynnes lyke the combe of a cocke / and iagged lyke a sawe wherew{i}t{h} +thys monstrous fisshe cutteth a ship thorough, & whan he seeth a shippe +co{m}mynge, than he setteth vp his fi{n}nes & thi{n}keth to sayl with +the shippe as fast as it / but whan he seeth that he can nat co{n}tinue +/ tha{n} he latteth his finnes fall agayn & destroieth the shippe with + + [Sidenote: Scylla.] + +the people, and tha{n} eteth the dede bodyes. Nota. Scilla is a monster +in the see betwene Italye & Sicill / it is great ennemye vnto ma{n}. It +is faced & handed lyke a gentylwoman / but it hath a wyde mouthe & +ferfull tethe / & it is belied like a beste, & tayled lyke a dolphin / +it hereth gladly singinge. It is in the wat{er} so stronge that it can +nat be ouercome / but on {th}e lond it is but weke. + + +Cap. lxxxiij. + + [Sidenote: Siren. Siren is like an eagle below, sings sweet songs + to mariners, and tears them to pieces.] + +++Syrene, the mermayde is a dedely beste that bringeth a man gladly to +dethe / frome the nauyll vp she is lyke a woman w{i}t{h} a dredfull face +/ a long slymye here, a grete body, & is lyke the egle i{n} the nether +parte / haui{n}ge fete and tale{n}tis to tear asonder suche as she +geteth / her tayl is sealed like a fisshe / and she singeth a maner of +swete song, and therwith deceyueth many a gode mariner / for wha{n} they +here it, they fall on slepe co{m}monly / & than she co{m}meth, and +draweth them out of the shippe, and tereth them asonder / they bere +their yo{n}ges in their armes, & geue them souke of their papis whiche +be very grete, ha{n}ginge at their brestis / but {th}e wyse maryners +stoppe their eares whan they se her / for whan she playth on the +wat{er}, all they be in fear, & than they cast out an empty to{n}ne to +let her play w{i}t{h} it tyll they be past her / this is specifyed of +the{m} {tha}t haue sene it. Ther be also in + + [Sidenote: +Sirens, serpents.+] + +some places of arabye, serp{n}tis named sirenes, that ronne faster than +an horse, & haue wynges to flye. + + +[Cap. lxxxv.] + + [Sidenote: Solaris.] + +++Solaris is a fishe so named because it is gladly be the londes syde in +the so{n}ne / he hathe a great hede, a wyde mouth, & a blake skine, & +slipper as an ele / it waxeth gret, & is gode + + [Sidenote: _Sole._] + +to be eten. Solea is the sole, that is a swete fisshe and holsom for +seke people. + + +Cap. lxxxvi. + + [Sidenote: Solopendria.] + +++Solope{n}dria is a fisshe / whan he hathe swalowed i{n} an angle, than +he spueth out al his guttes till he be quyt of + + [Sidenote: Sea-Scorpion.] + +the hoke / and than he gadereth i{n} all his guttes agayne. The[A] +Scorpion of the see is so named because wha{n} he is taken in any mannys +handes he pricketh him w{i}t{h} his stinge of his tayle. Plini{us} saith +that the dede creuyce that layeth on the drye sonde be the see syde, +beco{m}meth scorpyons. + + [Text note: [A _orig._ Tge]] + + +Cap. lxxxix. + + [Sidenote: _Sturgeon._ Eats no food, has no mouth, grows fat on + east wind. Has no bones in his body.] + +++Sturio / the sturgio{n} is a gret fisshe in the ro{n}ninge waters / +and he taketh no fode i{n} his body, but lyueth of {th}e styl and swete +ayres therfore he hathe a small bely / w{i}t{h} a hede and no mouthe, +but vnder his throte he hathe a hole {tha}t he closeth whan he wyll / he +openeth it whan it is fayre weder / & with an east wynde he waxeth fat / +and whan that the north winde bloweth, than falleth he to the grou{n}de +/ it is a fisshe of ix. fote longe whan he is ful growen / he hath whyte +swete flesshe & yolow fatte / & he hathe no bone in all his body but +only in his hede. + + +Cap. xcij. + + [Sidenote: _Tench._] + +++Tecna is a tenche of the fresshe water, and is fedde in the mudde lyke +{th}e ele / & is moche lyke of colours: it is a + + [Sidenote: Tintinalus.] + +swete fisshe, but it is euyll to disiest. ¶ Tintinalus is a fayre mery +fisshe, & is swete of sauour, & well smellinge lyke the + + [Sidenote: Torpedo.] + +tyme, where of it bereth the name. ¶ ++Torpido is a fisshe. but who-so +handeleth hym shalbe lame & defe of ly{m}mes / that he shall fele no +thyng / & it hathe a maner of Squitana {tha}t is spoke{n} of in {th}e +lxxxiiii. chapter[1], and his nature. + + +Cap. xciij. + + [Sidenote: _Trout._] + + [Textnotes: + [A _for_ Trutta] + [B ? flesshe]] + +... ¶ ++Trncka[A] / the trowte is a fisshe of the ryuer, & hathe scales, +& vpo{n} his body spottys of yelow and blodye coloure. & his fisshe[B] +is rede frome {th}e monthe of July to the monthe of Noue{m}ber / and is +moche sweter than {th}e fresshe samo{n}; and all the other part of the +yere his fisshe[B] is whyte. + + +Cap. xcv. + + [Sidenote: Testudo.] + +++Testudo is a fysshe in a shelle / & is in {th}e se of Inde / & his +shelle is very great & like a muskle / & be nyght they go out for theyr +mete / & whan they haue eten theyr bely full / tha{n} they slepe +swy{m}mi{n}g vpon the wat{er}. tha{n} ther come iij. fisshers botes / of +{th}e wiche .iij. twayn take one of these muskles. Solinus sayth. {tha}t +this muskle hathe his vppermest shell so brode that it may couere a +howse / where many folke may hyde them vnder / And it gothe out the +wat{er} vpon the londe / & there it layth an hondred egges as grete as +gose eggis / and couer the{m} w{ith} erth / & oftentymes be night it +gothe to the eggys & layeth vpo{n} the{m} w{i}t{h} her brest, & than +become they yo{n}ges. + + +[This copy of Admiral Swinburne's _Andrewe_ ends with the next column of +this page, sign. v. i. back, with an illustration not headed, but which +is that to Cap. xcvij.] + + [Footnote 1: Squatin{us} is a fisshe in {th}e se, of fiue cubites + longe: his tayle is a fote brode, & he hideth him in the slimy + mudde of {th}e se, & marreth al other fisshes that come nigh him: + it hath so sharpe a ski{n}ne that in som places they shaue wode + with it, & bone also / on his ski{n}ne is blacke short here. The + nature hathe made him so harde that he can nat almoste be persed + with nouther yron nor stele.] + + + [Note to _Balena_, p. 115. þar [in þe se of Brytain] buþ ofte + ytake dolphyns & se-calves, & _balenes_, (gret fysch, as hyt were + of whaales kinde) & dyvers manere schyl-fysch, among þe whoche + schyl-fysch buþ moskles þat habbeþ wiþynne ham margey perles of al + manere colour of hu[gh], of rody & red, of purpre & of blu[gh], & + specialych & moost of whyte. Trevisa's Higden, in Morris's + _Specimens_, p. 334. For 'the cocke of Balena' see Musculus, + p. 119, above; and for its 'mortal ennemye,' Orchun, p. 120.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Erratum: + + Cap. xl. [xv] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +Contents of this Section [added by transcriber] + + Wilyam Bulleyn on Boxyng and Neckeweede 124 + Andrew Borde on Sleep, Rising, and Dress 128 + William Vaughan's Fifteen Directions to preserve Health 133 + The Dyet for every Day + (from Sir John Harington's Schoole of Salerne) 138 + On Rising, Diet, and Going to Bed (from the same) 140 + Recipes (for Fritters, Jussell, and Mawmeny) 145 + Recipes (for Hares and Conies in Civeye, and for Doucettes) 146 + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Wilyam Bulleyn on + + Boxyng & Neckeweede. + + (From _The Booke of Compoundes_, fol. lxviii.) + + +_Sicknes._ + +Will boxyng doe any pleasure? + +_Health._ + +Yea forsothe, verie moche: As example, if you haue any [a]sausie +loughte, or loitryng lubber within your house, that is either to busy of +his hand or tongue: and can do nothing but plaie one of the partes of +the .24. orders of knaues. [b]There is no pretier medicen for this, nor +soner prepared, then boxyng is: iii. or .iiii. tymes well set on, a span +long on bothe the chekes. And although perhaps this will not alter his +lubberly condicio{n}s, yet I assure you, it wil for a time chau{n}ge his +knauishe complexio{n}, and helpe him of the grene sicknes: and euery man +maie practise this, as occasion shall serue hym in his familie, to +reforme them. _Bulleins Bulwarke of Defence_, 1562. + + [Sidenote: [a] For saucy louts, [b] the best cure is Boxing.] + + +(From _The booke of Simples_, fol. xxvii. back.) + + +_Marcellus._ + +There is an herbe whiche light fellowes merily will call [a] +Gallowgrasse, Neckeweede, or the Tristrams knot, or Saynt Audres lace, +or a bastarde brothers badge, with a difference on the left side, +&c. you know my meaning. + +_Hillarius._ + +What, you speake of Hempe? mary, you t{e}rme it with manie pretie names. +I neuer heard the like termes giuen to any simple, as you giue to this; +you cal it neckwede. A, well, I pray you, woulde you know the propertie +of this [b] Neckeweede in this kinde? beinge chaunged into such a lace, +this is his vertue. Syr, if there be any yonkers troubled with idelnesse +and loytryng, hauyng neither learnyng, nor willyng handes to labour: or +that haue studied Phisicke so longe that [c] he or they can giue his +Masters purse a Purgacion, or his Chist, shoppe, and Countinghouse, +a strong vomit; yea, if he bee a very cunning practicioner in false +accomptes, he may so suddenly and rashely minister, that he may smite +his Father, his Maister, or his friende &c. into a sudden incurable +consumption, that he or they shall neuer recouer it againe, but be +vtterly vndone, and cast either into miserable pouertie, prisonment, +bankeroute &c. If this come to passe, then the [1: Fol. xxviii.] best +rewarde for this practicioner, is this Neckeweede: [d] if there be any +swashbuckler, common theefe, ruffen, or murtherer past grace, y^e nexte +remedie is this Lace or Corde. For them which neuer loued concored, +peace nor honestie, this wil ende all the mischief; this is a purger, +not of Melancholy, but a finall banisher of [e] all them that be not fit +to liue in a common wealth, no more then Foxes amonge sheepe, or +Thistles amonge good Corne, hurters of trew people. This Hempe, I say, +passeth the new Diat, bothe in force and antiquitee. [f] If yonge +wantons, whose parentes haue left them fayre houses, goods and landes, +whiche be visciously, idle, vnlearnedly, yea or rather beastly brought +vp: [g] after the death of their saied parentes, their fruites wil +spryng foorth which they haue learned in their wicked youthe: then +bankets and brothels will approche, [h] the Harlots will be at hande, +with dilightes and intisementes, the Baude will doe hir diligence, +robbyng not onlie the pursses, but also the hartes of suche yongemen, +whiche when they be trapped, can neuer skape, one amonge an hundredth, +vntill Hempe breaketh the bande amonge these loytring louers. [i] The +Dice whiche be bothe smalle and light, in respecte vnto the Coluering, +or double Cannon shotte or Bollet, yet with small force and noyse can +mine, break downe, and destroy, and caste away their one Maisters +houses, faire feldes, pleasaunt Woddes, and al their money, yea frendes +and al together, this can the Dice do. And moreouer, [k] can make of +worshipfull borne Gentilmen, miserable beggars, or theefes, yet for the +time "a-loft syrs, hoyghe childe and tourne thee, what should youth do +els: [l] I-wisse, not liue like slaues or pesantes, but all golden, +glorious, may with dame Venus, my hartes delight" say they. "What a +sweete heauen is this: Haue at all, kockes woundes, bloud and nayles, +caste the house out at the window, and let the Diuell pay the Malte man: +a Dogge hath but a day, a good mariage will recouer all together:" or +els with a Barnards blowe, [m] lurkyng in some lane, wodde, or hill top, +to get that with falshead in an hower, whiche with trueth, labour, & +paine, hath bene gathered for perhappes .xx. yeares, to the vtter +vndoyng of some honest familie. Here thou seest, gentle Marcellus, +a miserable Tragedie of a wicked shamelesse life. I nede not bring forth +the example of the Prodigall childe. Luke .xvi. Chapter, whiche at +length came to grace: It is, I feare me, in vaine to talke of him, [n] +whose ende was good; but a greate nomber of these flee from grace, and +come to endes moste vngracious, finished only life by this [o] Hempe. +Although sometime the innocente man dieth that way, through periurie for +their one propper gooddes, as Naboth died for his owne Vineyarde, +miserable in the eies of the worlde, but precious in the sight of God. +This is one seruice whiche Hempe doeth. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] The names of Hemp. + [b] Neckweed (a halter) [c] is good for thievish apprentices, + [d] for swashbucklers past grace, [e] and all scamps. + [f] Also for young spendthrifts [g] who after their parents' death + [h] waste their all with harlots [i] and in gambling [k] which + makes men beggars, or thieves. + [l] A life of reckless debauchery [m] and robbery [n] ends with + [o] Hemp.] + +[a] Also this worthy noble herbe Hempe, called _Cannabis_ in Latten, can +not bee wanted in a common wealth, [b] no Shippe can sayle without +Hempe, y^e sayle clothes, the shroudes, staies, tacles, yarde lines, +warps & Cables can not be made. [c] No Plowe, or Carte can be without +ropes [1: Fol. xxviii.b.] halters, trace &c. [d] The Fisher and Fouler +muste haue Hempe, to make their nettes. [e] And no Archer can wante his +bowe string: and the Malt man for his sackes. With it the belle is rong, +to seruice in the Church, with many mo thynges profitable whiche are +commonly knowen of euery man, be made of Hempe. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] The use of Hemp [b] to the Sailor, [c] Plowman, [d] Fisher and + [e] Archer.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Andrew Borde on + + Sleep, Rising, and Dress. + + [From his +Regyment+, ? 1557.] + + +[Fol. E.i.] Whole men of what age or complexion so euer they be of, +shulde take theyr naturall rest and slepe in the nyght: and to eschewe +merydyall sleep. But and nede shall compell a man to slepe [a] after his +meate: let hym make a pause, and than let hym stande & lene and [b] +slepe agaynst a cupborde, or els let hym sytte upryght in a chayre and +slepe. Slepynge after a full stomacke doth ingendre dyuers infyrmyties, +it doth hurte the splene, it relaxeth the synewes, it doth ingendre the +dropses and the gowte, and doth make a man looke euyll colored. [Fol. +E.i.b.] Beware of veneryous actes before the fyrste slepe, and specyally +beware of suche thynges after dyner or after a full stomacke, for it +doth ingendre the crampe and the gowte and other displeasures. [c] To +bedwarde be you mery, or haue mery company ahoute you, so that to +bedwarde no angre, nor heuynes, sorowe, nor pensyfulnes, do trouble or +dysquyet you. [d] To bedwarde, and also in the mornynge, vse to haue a +fyre in your chambre, to wast and consume the euyl vapowres within the +chambre, for the breath of man may putryfye the ayre within the +cha{m}bre: I do advertyse you not to stande nor to sytte by the fyre, +[e] but stande or syt a good way of from the fyre, takynge the flauour +of it, for fyre doth aryfie and doth drye vp a mannes blode, and doth +make sterke the synewes and ioyntes of man. [f] In the nyght let the +wyndowes of your howse, specyallye of your cha{m}bre, be closed. Whan +you [Fol. E.ii.] be in your bedde,[1] [f] lye a lytle whyle on your +lefte syde, and slepe on your ryght syde. And whan you do wake of your +fyrste slepe, make water yf you feel your bladder charged, & than slepe +on the lefte side; and looke as ofte as you do wake, so oft turne your +selfe in the bedde from one syde to theother. [g] To slepe grouellynge +vpon the stomacke and bely is not good, oneles the stomacke be slowe and +tarde of dygestion; but better it is to laye your hande, or your +bedfelowes hande, ouer your stomacke, than to lye grouellynge. [h] To +slepe on the backe vpryght[2] is vtterly to be abhorred[1]: whan that +you do slepe, let not your necke, nother your sholders, nother your +ha{n}ds, nor feete, nor no other place of your bodye, lye bare +vndiscouered. Slepe not with an emptye stomacke, nor slepe not after +that you haue eaten meate one howre or two after. In your bed lye with +your head somwhat hyghe, leaste that the [* Fol. E. ii.b.] meate whiche +is in your stomacke, thorowe eructuacions or some other cause, ascende +to the oryfe (_sic_) of the stomacke. [i] Letyour nyght cap be of +scarlet: and this I do aduertyse you, to cause to be made a good thycke +quylte of cotton, or els of [k] pure flockes or of cleane wolle, and let +the couerynge of it be of whyte fustyan, and laye it on the fetherbed +that you do lye on; and in your bed lye not to hote nor to colde, but in +a temporaunce. Olde auncyent Doctors of physicke sayth .viii. howres of +slepe in so{m}mer, and ix. in wynter, is suffycent for any man: but I do +thynke that slepe oughte to be taken as the complexion of man is. [l] +Whan you doryse in the mornynge, ryse with myrth and remembre God. Let +your hosen be brusshed within & without, and flauer the insyde of them +agaynst the fyre; vse lynnen sockes, [m] or lynnen hosen nexte your +legges: whan you be out of your bedde, [n] stretche forth your [Fol. +E. iii.] legges & armes, & your body; cough, and spytte, and than [o] go +to your stoole to make your egestyon, and exonerate youre selfe at all +tymes, that nature wolde expell. For yf you do make any restryction in +kepynge your egestyon or your vryne, or ventosyte, it maye put you to +dyspleasure in breadynge dyuers infyrmyties.After you haue euacuated +your bodye, & [p] trussed your poyntes,[3] kayme your heade oft, and so +do dyuers tymes in the day. [q] And wasshe your ha{n}des & wrestes, your +face, & eyes, and your teeth, with colde water; and after y^t you be +apparayled, [r] walke in your gardyn or parke, a thousande pase or two. +And than great and noble men doth vse to here masse, & other men that +can not do so, but muste applye theyr busynes, doth [s] serue god +w{i}t{h} some prayers, surrendrynge thankes to hym for hys manyfolde +goodnes, with askynge mercye for theyr offences. And before you go to +your refecti[Fol. E. iii.b.]on, moderatly exercise your body with some +labour, or [t] playeng at the tennys, or castyng a bowle, or paysyng +weyghtes or plo{m}mettes of leede in your handes, or some other thyng, +to open your poores, & to augment naturall heate. [v] At dyner and +supper[4] vse not to drynke sundry drynkes, and eate not of dyuers +meates: but [x] feede of .ii. or .iii. dysshes at the moste. After that +you haue dyned and supte, laboure not by and by after, but make a pause, +syttynge or standynge vpryght the space of an howre or more with some +pastyme: drynke not moch after dyner. [y] At your supper, vse lyght +meates of dygestyon, and refrayne from grose meates; go not to bed with +a full nor an emptye stomacke. And after your supper make a pause or you +go to bed; and go to bed, as I sayde, with myrth. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] After Dinner, sleep standing [b] against a cupboard. + [c] Before bedtime be merry. + [d] Have a fire in your bedroom, [e] but stand a good way off it. + [f] Shut your windows. + [f] Lie first on your left side. + [g] To sleep groveling on the belly, is bad; [h] on the back + upright, is worse. + [i] Wear a scarlet nightcap. + [k] Have a flock bed over your featherbed. + [l] On rising, remember God, brush your breeches, put on [m] your + hose, [n] stretch, [o] go to stool. + [p] Truss your points, comb your head, [q] wash your hands and + face, [r] take a stroll, [s] pray to God. + [t] Play at tennis, or wield weights. + [v] At meals, [x] eat only of 2 or 3 dishes; [y] let supper-dishes + be light.] + +Furthermore as concernynge your apparell. In wynter, next your shert vse +you to [a] weare a petycote of scarlet: your dowb[Fol. E.iv.]let vse +at plesure: But I do aduertyse you to [b] lyne your Iacket vnder this +fasshyon or maner. Bye you fyne skynnes of whyte lambe & blacke lambe. +And let your skyn{n}er cut both y^e sortes of the skynnes in smale peces +triangle wyse, lyke halfe a quarell of a glasse wyndowe. And than sewe +togyther a [* MS. _a a_] whyte pece and a blacke, lyke a whole quarell +of a glasse wyndowe: and so sewe vp togyther quarell wyse as moche as +wyll lyne your Iacket: this furre, for holsommes, is praysed aboue +sables, or any other fur. Your exteryall aparel vse accordyng to your +honour. In som{m}er vse to were a scarlet petycote made of stamell or +lynse wolse. In wynter and so{m}mer kepe not your bed to hote, nor bynde +it to strayte; [c] kepe euer your necke warme. In somer kepe your necke +and face from the sonne; vse to [d] wear gloues made of goote skyn, +perfumed with Amber degrece. And beware in sta{n}dyng or lyeng on +the [Fol. E.iv.b.] grounde in the reflection of the son{n}e, but be +mouable. If thou shalt com{m}on or talke w{i}t{h} any man: [e] stande +not styll in one place yf it be vpon y^e bare grou{n}de, or grasse, or +stones: but be mouable in suche places. Stande nor syt vpon no stone or +stones: Stande nor syt longe barehed vnder a vawte of stone. Also beware +that you do not lye in olde cha{m}bres which be not occupyed, [f] +specyally suche chambres as myse and rattes and snayles resorteth vnto: +lye not in suche chambres, the whiche be depreued cleane from the sonne +and open ayre; nor lye in no lowe Chambre, excepte it be boorded. Beware +that you [g] take no colde on your feete and legges. And of all weather +beware that you do not ryde nor go in great and Impytous wyndes. (_A +Compe{n}dyous Regyment or a Dyetary of helth, made in Mou{n}tpylior: +Compyled by Andrewe Boorde, of Physicke Doctor._ (Colophon.) Imprinted +by me Robert Wyer: Dwellynge at the sygne of seynt Johñ Euangelyst, in +S. Martyns Parysshe, besyde Charynge Crosse.) + + [Sidenotes: + [a] Wear a scarlet petycote. + [b] Line a jacket with white and black lambskin sewn diamond-wise. + [c] Keep your neck warm. + [d] Wear goatskin gloves. + [e] Don't stand long on grass or stones. + [f] Don't sleep in ratty rooms. + [g] Don't take cold in your feet.] + + +[Footnote 1-1: Compare what Bulleyn says: --slepe. The night is the best +time: the daie is euill: to slepe in the fielde is perilous. But vpon, +or in the bedde, liyng firste vpon the right side, untill you make +water: then vpon the lefte side, is good. [a]But to lye vpon the backe, +with a gaping mouth, is daungerous: and many thereby are made starke ded +in their slepe: through apoplexia, and obstruccion of the sinewes, of +the places vitalle, animall, and nutrimentalle. _Bullein's Bulwarke, The +booke of the vse of sicke men and medicenes_, fol. lxx. See also Sir +John Harrington's directions from Ronsovius: "They that are in health, +must first sleepe on the right side, because the meate may come to the +liuer, which is to the stomack as a fire vnder the pot, and thereby is +digested. To them which haue but weake digestion, it is good to sleepe +prostrate on their bellies, or to [b] haue their bare hands on their +stomackes: and to lye vpright on the backe, is to bee vtterly abhorred." +p. 19. + + [Sidenotes to Footnote: + [a] How to lie in bed. + [b] Who should put their hands on their stomachs.]] + +[Footnote 2: This wenche lay _upright_, and faste slepte. Chaucer. _The +Reeves Tale_, l. 4192, ed. Wright.] + +[Footnote 3: [a] Fricacion is one of the euacuacions, yea, or +clensynges of mankinde, as all the learned affirmeth: that mankinde +should rise in the mornyng, and haue his apparell warme, stretchyng +foorthe his handes and legges. Preparyng the bodie to the stoole, and +then [b] begin with a fine Combe, to kembe the heere vp and down: then +with a course warme clothe, to chafe or rubbe the hedde, necke, breast, +armeholes, bellie, thighes, &c., and this is good to open the pores. +1562 _Bullein's Bulwarke_, The booke of the vse of sicke men and +medicenes, fol. lxvij. See Vaughan below, No. 2, p. 133. + + [Sidenotes to Footnote: + [a] Of Frication [b] and combing the head.]] + +[Footnote 4: Drunkards, bench-wislers, that will quaffe untill thei are +starcke staring madde like Marche Hares: Fleming-like Sinckars; +brainlesse like infernall Furies. Drinkyng, braulyng, tossyng of the +pitcher, staryng, pissyng[*], and sauyng your reuerence, beastly spuyng +vntill midnight. Therefore let men take hede of dronke{n}nes to bedward, +for feare of sodain death: although the Flemishe[**] nacion vse this +horrible custome in their vnnaturall watching all the night. _Bullein_, +fol. lxix-lxx, see also fol. xj.] + + [Footnote 4*: Compare A. Borde of the "base Doche man," in his + _Introduction_.] + + [Footnote 4**: + I am a Flemyng, what for all that + Although I wyll be dronken other whyles as a rat. + A. Borde, _Introduction_.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + William Vaughan's + + Fifteen Directions to preserve Health. + + (From his _Naturall & Artificial Directions for health_, + 1602, p. 57-63.) + + +Declare vnto mee a dayly dyet, whereby I may liue in health, and not +trouble my selfe in Physicke. + +(1) I will: first of all in the morning when you are about to rise vp, +stretch your self strongly: for thereby the animall heate is somewhat +forced into the outward partes, the memorie is quickned, and the bodie +strengthened. + +(2) Secondarily, rub and chafe your body with the palmes of your hands, +or with a course linnen cloth; the breast, back, and belly, gently: but +the armes, thighes, and legges roughly, till they seem ruddy and warme. + +(3) Euacuate your selfe. + +(4) Put on your apparell: which in the summer time must be for the most +part silke, or buffe, made of buckes skinne, for it resisteth venime and +contagious ayres: in winter your vpper garment must be of cotton or +friezeadow. + +(5) When you have apparelled your selfe hansomely, combe your head +softly and easily with an Iuorie combe: for nothing recreateth the +memorie more. + + [Sidenotes: + 1. Stretch yourself. 2. Rub yourself. 3. Go to stool. 4. Put on + your clothes. 5. Comb your head.] + +(6) Picke and rub your teeth: and because I would not haue you to bestow +much cost in making dentrifices for them; [a] I will aduertise you by +foure rules of importance how to keepe your teeth white and vncorruyt +(_sic_), and also to haue a sweete breath. First, wash well your mouth +when you haue eaten your meat: secondly, sleepe with your mouth somewhat +open. Thirdly, spit out in the morning that which is gathered together +that night in the throate: then take a linnen cloth, and rub your teeth +well within and without, to take away the fumositie of the meat and the +yellownesse of the teeth. For it is that which putrifieth them and +infecteth the breath. But least peraduenture your teeth become loose and +filthy, I will shew you [b] a water farre better then pouders, which +shall fasten them, scoure the month, make sound the gums, and cause the +flesh to growe againe, if it were fallen away. Take halfe a glasse-full +of vineger, and as much of the water of the mastick tree (if it may +easily be gotten) of rosemarie, myrrhe, mastick, bole Armoniake, Dragons +herbe, roche allome, of each of them an ounce; of fine cinnamon halfe an +ounce, and of fountaine water three glassefulles; mingle all well +together and let it boile with a small fire, adding to it halfe a pound +of honie, and taking away the scumme of it; then put in a little +bengwine, and when it hath sodden a quarter of an houre, take it from +the fire, and keepe it in a cleane bottle, and wash your teeth +therewithall as well before meate as after; if you hould some of it in +your mouth a little while, it doth much good to the head, and sweetneth +the breath. I take this water to be [c] better worth then a thousand of +their dentifrices. + + [Sidenotes: + 6. Clean your teeth. + [a] (How to keep the teeth sound and the breath sweet. [b] Use + Vaughan's Water made after this recipe. [c] It's better than + 1000 Dentrifices.)] + +(7) Wash your face, eyes, eares and hands, with fountaine water. I have +knowne diuers students which vsed to bathe their eyes onely in well +water twise a day, whereby they preserued their eyesight free from all +passions and bloudsheds, and sharpened their memories maruaylously. You +may sometimes bathe your eyes in rosewater, fennell water, or eyebright +water, if you please; but I know for certaintie, that you neede them not +as long as you vse good fountaine water. Moreouer, least you by old age +or some other meanes doe waxe dimme of sight, I will declare vnto you, +[a] the best and safest remedie which I knowe, and this it is: Take of +the distilled waters of verueine, bettonie, and fennell one ounce and a +halfe, then take one ounce of white wine, one drachme of Tutia (if you +may easilie come by it) two drachmes of sugarcandy, one drachme of Aloes +Epatick, two drachmes of womans milke, and one scruple of Camphire: beat +those into pouder, which are to be beaten, and infuse them together for +foure and twenty houres space, and then straine them, and so vse it when +you list. + + [Sidenotes: + 7. Wash. [a] The best remedy for dim sight.] + +(8) When you haue finished these, say your morning prayers, and desire +God to blesse you, to preserue you from all daungers, and to direct you +in all your actions. For the feare of God (as it is written) is the +beginning of wisedome: and without his protection whatsoeuer you take in +hand, shall fall to ruine. Therefore see that you be mindfull of him, +and remember that to that intent you were borne, to weet, to set foorth +his glorie and most holy name. + +(9) Goe about your businesse circumspectly, and endeauour to banish all +cares and cogitations, which are the onely baits of wickednesse. [a] +Defraud no man of his right: for what measure you giue vnto your +neighbour, that measure shall you receiue. And finally, imprint this +saying deepely in your mind: A man is but a steward of his owne goods; +wherof God one day will demaund an account. + + [Sidenotes: + 8. Say your Prayers. 9. Set to work. [a] Be honest.] + +(10) Eate three meales a day vntill you come to the age of fourtie +yeares: as, your breakefast, dinner, and supper; yet, that betweene +breakefast and dinner there be the space of foure houres, and betwixt +dinner and supper seauen houres: the breakfast must be lesse then +dinner, and the dinner somewhat lesse then supper. + + [Sidenote: + 10. Eat only three meals a day.] + +[a] In the beginning of meales, eate such meates as will make the belly +soluble, and let grosse meats be the last. Content your selfe with one +kind of meate, for diuersities hurt the body, by reason that meats are +not all of one qualitie: Some are easily digested, others againe are +heauy, and will lie a long time vpon the stomack: also, the eating of +sundrie sorts of meat require often [b] pottes of drinke, which hinder +concoction; like as we see often putting of water into the meat-potte to +hinder it from seething. Our stomack is our bodies kitchin, which being +distempered, how can we liue in temperate order: drinke not aboue foure +times, and that moderately, at each meale: least the belly-God hale you +at length captiue into his prison house of gurmandise, where you shall +be afflicted with as many diseases as you haue deuoured dishes of sundry +sorts. [c] The cups whereof you drinke, should be of siluer, or siluer +and gilt. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] Eat light food before heavy. [b] Drink hinders digestion. + [c] Use silver cups.] + +(11) Labour not either your mind or body presently after meales: rather +sit a while and discourse of some pleasant matters: when you haue ended +your confabulations, wash your face and mouth with cold waters, then go +to your chamber, and make cleane your teeth with your tooth-picker, +which should be either of iuorie, silver, or gold. Watch not too long +after supper, but depart within two hours to bed. But if necessitie +compell you to watch longer then ordinary, then be sure to augment your +sleepe the next morning; that you may recompence nature, which otherwise +through your watching would not a little be impaired. + + [Sidenote: + 11. Don't work directly after meals, but talk, wash, and clean + your teeth.] + +(12) Put of your clothes in winter by the fire side: and cause your bed +to bee heated with a warming panne: vnless your pretence bee to harden +your members, and to apply your selfe vnto militarie discipline. This +outward heating doth wonderfully comfort the inward heat, it helpeth +concoction, and consumeth moisture. + + [Sidenote: + 12. Undress by the fire in winter.] + +(13) Remember before you rest, to chew down two or three drachmes of +mastick: for it will preserue your body from bad humours. + +(14) Pray feruently to God, before you sleepe, to inspire you with his +grace, to defend you from all perils and subtelties of wicked fiends, +and to prosper you in all your affaires: and then lay aside your cares +and businesse, as well publicke as priuate: for that night, in so doing, +you shall slepe more quietly. Make water at least once, and cast it out: +but in the morning [a] make water in an vrinal: that by looking on it, +you may ghesse some what of the state of your body. Sleep first on your +right side with your mouth open, and [b] let your night cappe haue a +hole in the top, through which the vapour may goe out. + +(15) In the morning remember your affayres, and if you be troubled with +rheumes, as soone as you haue risen, vse diatrion piperion, or eate +white pepper now and then, and you shall be holpen. + + + FINIS. + + [Sidenotes: + 13. Before bed, chew Mastic, and 14. Pray to God. [a] Look at your + water in a Urinal. [b] Have a hole in your nightcap. 15. Against + rheums, eat white pepper.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The Dyet for every Day. + + (FROM + + Sir John Harington's 'Schoole of Salerne,' + 2nd part. + The Preservation of Health, or a Dyet for the Healthfull Man, + 1624, p. 358.) + + +. . first I will begin with the dyet for every day. + +In the beginning when you arise from the bed, [a] extend forth all your +members, for by this meanes the _animal_ spirits are drawne to the +outward members, the [* Page 36.] braine is made subtill, & the body +strengthened. Then [b] rub the whole body somewhat with the palmes, the +brest, back and belly gently, but the armes and legs with the hands, +either with warm linnen: [c] next, the head is to be scrubbed fro{m} the +forepart to the hinderpart very lightly. After you are risen, I will +that you [d] defend with all care and diligence your head, necke, and +feet, from all cold in the morning; for there is no doubt, but in the +morning and euening the cold doth offend more, then it doth about noone +tide, by reason of the weaknes of the Sun-beames. [e] Put on your +clothes neat and cleane: in the Summer season, first wash with cleane +pure water, before described; [f] but in the Winter season sit somewhat +by the fire, not made with turfe or stinking coale, but with oake or +other wood that burneth cleare, for our bodies are somewhat affected +with our clothes, and as strength is increased by the vse of meat and +drinke, and our life defended and preserued; and so our garments doe +conserue the heat of our hodies, and doe driue away colds: so that as +diet and apparel may seeme alike, so in either of them a like diligence +is to be preferred. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] Stretch your limbs, [b] rub your body [c] and head; [d] protect + yourself from cold; [e] dress, washing in Summer, [f] warming + yourself in Winter.] + +[a] In the Summer-time I chiefly commend garments [Page 37.] of +Harts-skinnes, and Calues-skins, for the Hart is a creature of long +life, and resisteth poyson and Serpents; therefore I my selfe vse +garments of the like sort for the winter season, also neuerthelesse +lined with good linnen. Next I doe iudge it not to bee much amisse to +vse garments of Silke or Bombace, or of purple: also of Martyn or [b] +Wolfe-skinnes, or made of Fox skinnes, I suppose to be good for the +winter; notwithstanding in the time of Pestilence, apparell of Silke and +skinnes is condemned, because it doth easily admit and receiue the +contagious ayre, and doth retain it long. After the body is well +clothed, [c] kembe your head wel with an Iuory comb, from the forehead +to the backe-part, drawing the comb some forty times at the least; then +[d] wash all the instruments of the sences, as the eies, the ears, the +nostrils, the mouth, the tongue, the teeth, and all the face with cold +water; and the eyes are not only to be washed, but being open plainly, +immerg'd: and [e] the gumme and foulnes of the eie-lids that do there +stick, to remoue; somtimes also to besprinkle the water with Rose-water +or Fenel-water, also [f] rubb the neck well with [* Page 38.] a linnen +napking somewhat course, for these things doe confirme the whole body; +it maketh the mind more cheerefull, and conserueth the sight. In this +place it pleaseth me to adioyne some Dentifrices or clensers of teeth, +waters not only to make the teeth white, but also to conserue them, with +some medicines also to conserue the sight..... + + [Sidenotes: + [a] In Summer wear deer's and calves' skins, [b] in Winter, wolf + and fox skins. [c] Comb your head 40 times, [d] wash your face, + [e] clean your eyelids, [f] rub your neck well.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + On Rising, Diet, and Going to Bed. + + (FROM + + Sir John Harington's 'Schoole of Salerne,' + 2nd part. + + The Preservation of Health, or a Dyet for the Healthfull Man, + 1624, p. 358.) + + +Also to prosecute our former purpose, [a] when you arise in the morning, +to auoyd all superfluities, as well by vrine as by the belly, which doe +at the least euery day. Auoid also from the nostrils and the lungs all +filthy matter, as wel by clensing, as by spittle, and [b] clense the +face, head, and whole body; & loue you to be cleane and wel apparelled, +for from our cradles let vs abhor vncleannes, which neither nature or +reason can endure. Whe{n} you haue done these things, remember to [c] +powre foorth your prayers vnto God with a cleare voice, that the day may +be happy and prosperous vnto you, that God may direct your actions to +the glory of his name, the profit of your country, & the conseruation of +your bodies. Then [d] walke ye gently, and [e] what excrements soeuer do +slip down to the inferiour parts, being excited by [* Page 42.] naturall +heate, the excretion thereof shall the better succeed. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] On rising, empty your bladder and belly, nose and lungs. + [b] Cleanse your whole body. + [c] Say your Prayers. + [d] Walk gently, [e] go to stool.] + +As for your businesses, whether they be publike or priuate, let them be +done with a certaine honesty; then afterwards let your hunting iourneyes +bee performed; [a] apply your selues to studie and serious businesse the +houres of the fore-noone, and so likewise in the after-noone, till twoor +three houres before supper: [b] alwaies in your hands vse eyther Corall +or yellow Amber, or a Chalcedonium, or a sweet Pommander, or some like +precious stone to be worne [c] in a ring vpon the little finger of the +left hand: haue in your rings eyther a Smaragd, a Saphire, or a +Draconites, which you shall beare for an ornament: for in stones, as +also in hearbes, there is great efficacie and vertue, but they are not +altogether perceived by vs: [d] hold sometime in your mouth eyther a +Hyacinth, or a Crystall, or a Granat, or pure Gold, or Siluer, or else +sometimes pure Sugar-candy. For _Aristotle_ doth affirme, and so doth +Albertus Magnus, that a Smaragd worne about the necke, is good against +the Falling-sicknes: for [e] surely the vertue of an hearbe is great, +but much more the vertue of a precious [* Page 43.] stone, which is +very likely that they are endued with occult and hidden vertues. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] Work in the forenoon. [b] Always wear a precious stone + [c] in a ring; [d] hold a crystal in your mouth; [e] for the + virtue of precious stones is great.] + +[a] Feede onely twice a day, when yee are at mans age: neuerthelesse to +those that are subiect to choller, it is lawfull to feede often: beginne +alwayes your dinner and supper with the more liquid meates, sometimes +with drinkes. [b] In the time betweene dinner and supper, abstain +altogether from cups, vnlesse necessitie or custome doe require the +same: notwithstanding the same custome being so vitious, must be by +little and little changed. + +[c] I would not that you should obserue a certaine houre, either for +dinners or suppers, as I haue sufficiently told you before, lest that +daily custome should be altered into nature: and after this intermission +of this custome of nature, hurt may follow; for custome doth imitate +nature, and that which is accustomable, the very same thing is now +become naturall. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] Eat only twice a day. [b] Don't drink between dinner and + supper. [c] Don't have one fixed hour for your meals.] + +Take your meate in the hotte time of Summer in cold places, but +[a] in the Winter let there bee a bright fire, and take it in hotte +places, your parlors or Chambers being first purged and ayred with +suffumigations, which I would not haue you to [* Page 44.] enter before +the suffumigation bee plainely extinct, lest you draw the fume by reason +of the odour. + +And seeing one and the same order of diet doth not promiscuously agree +with all men, take your meate in order, as is before said, and [b] +sometimes also intermit the vse of meats for a whole day together, +because through hunger, the faults of the stomacke which haue beene +taken eyther by much drinking or surfetting, or by any other meanes, may +be depelled and remoued. + +By this meanes also your bodies shall be better accustomed to endure and +suffer hunger and fasting, eyther in iourneyes or wars. [c] Let your +suppers bee more larger then your dinners, vnlesse nightly diseases or +some distilations doe afflict you. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] In Winter eat in hot well-aired places. [b] Fast for a day + now and then. [c] Eat more at supper than dinner.] + +[a] After meat taken, neither labour in body nor mind must be vsed, and +wash the face and mouth with cold water, clense the teeth either with +Iuory, or a Harts horne, or some picker of pure siluer or gold. + +After your banquets, [b] passe an houre or two in pleasant talkes, or +walke yee very gently and soberly, [c] neither vse much watchings long +in the night, but the space of two howres goe to your bed; but if honest +[* Page 45.] businesse doe require you to watch, then sleepe afterwards +so much the longer, that your sleepe may well recompence your former +watchings. [d] Before that you go to your bed, [e] gently smooth down +your head, armes, and shoulders, the back and all the body, with a +gentle and soft rubbing, vnlesse you meane to do it in the morning to +mooue distribution, whose time is best to be done in the morning. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] After meals, wash your face, and clean your teeth, [b] chat + and walk soberly. [c] Don't sit up late. [d] Before bed, [e] rub + your body gently.] + +[a] In the Winter, sitting by the fire, put off your garments, and dry +your feet by the fire, neuerthelesse auoyd the heat and the smoke, +because it is very hurtfull both to the lungs, and the eyes. + +In the Winter time, [b] warme well your garments at the fire, and warm +the linings of the same, for it helpeth concoction, and remoueth all +humidity and moysture. But my father did not allow of this custome, +warning men of strength, and those that are borne for the Common-wealth, +not to accustom themselves to such kind of softnesse, which doe weaken +our bodies. Also [c] when you put off your garments to go to bed, then +put away all your cogitations, & lay them aside, whether they be publike +or priuate, for when all your [* Page 46.] members be free from all +cares, you shall then sleep the quieter, concoction and the other +naturall actions shall best be performed. + +But [d] in the morning when you rise againe, resume to your selues your +former dayes thoughts and cares; for this precept my Father had often in +his mouth, therfore I deliuer it vnto you as the more worthy of your +obseruation. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] Undress by a fire in Winter, [b] and warm your garments well. + [c] Put off your cares with your clothes, [d] and take them up + again in the morning.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Recipes. + + [_From Harleian MS._ 5401, _ab._ 1480-1500 A.D.] + + + FRUTURS. (page 194 or fol. 69 b.) + +R{ecipe} [1] þe cromys of whyte brede, & swete apyls, & [gh]okk{is} of +egg{is}, & bray þa{m} wele, & temp{er} it w{i}t{h} wyne, & make it to +sethe; & when it is thyk, do þ{er}-to gode spyces, gyng{er} & gali{n}gay +& canyll & clows, & s{erve} it forth{e}. (See also _Liber Cure Cocorum_, +p. 39-40.) + + + FRUTURS OF FYGIS. (p. 197 or fol. 98.) + +R{ecipe} & make bature of flour{e}, ale, pep{er} & saferon, w{i}t{h} +oþ{er} spices; þan cast þa{m}[2] in to a frying pann w{i}t{h} bat{ur}, & +ole, & bake þa{m} & s{erve}. (See another recipe in _Household +Ordinances_, p. 450, under the head "Turtelettys of Fruture.") + + + IUSSELL. (p. 198 or fol. 98 b.) + +R{ecipe} brede gratyd, & egg{is}; & swyng þa{m} to-gyder{e}, & do +þ{er}to sawge, & saferon, & salt; þan take gode broth{e}, & cast it +þ{er}-to, & bole it enforesayd, & do þ{er}-to as to charlete &c. (See +also _Liber Cure Cocorum_, p. 11; Jussel of Flesh, _Household +Ordinances_, p. 462; Jussel enforsed, p. 463; Jussel of Fysshe, p. 469.) + + + MAWMENY. (p. 201 or fol. 100.) + +R{ecipe} brawne of Capons or of he{n}nys, & dry þa{m} wele, & towse +þa{m} small{e}; þan take thyk mylk of almonds, & put þe saide brawñ +þ{er}-to, & styr it wele ou{er} þe fyre, & seson it w{i}t{h} sug{er}, & +powd{er} of Canell{e}, w{i}t{h} mase, quibibs, & anneys in co{n}fete, & +s{erve} it forth{e}. (See also the recipe "For to make momene" in _Liber +Cure Cocorum_, p. 26; for "Mawmene for xl. Mees" in _Household +Ordinances_, p. 455; and "Mawmene to Potage," p. 430.) + + + FRETOURE. (_Harl. MS._ 276.) + + +Vyaunde leche. L.iiii.+ + ++Fretoure+ Take whete Floure, Ale, [Gh]est, Safroun, & Salt, & bete alle +to-gederys as þikke as þ{o}u schuldyst make oþ{er} bature in fleyssche +tyme, & þan take fayre Applys, & kut hem in maner of Fretourys, & wete +hem in þe bature vp on downe, & frye hem in fayre Oyle, & caste hem in a +dyssche, & caste Sugr{e} þer-on, & serue forth. [The recipe for "Tansye" +is No. l.vi.] + + + + + Recipes. + + [_From Harl. MS._ 279, _ab._ 1430-40 A.D. + _A pretty MS. that ought to be printed._] + + + +Potage dyuers .lxiij.+ (fol. 15 a.) + ++Harys in cyueye.+ Take Harys, & Fle hem, & make hem clene, an hacke hem +in gobettys, & sethe hem in Watere & Salt a lytylle; þan take Pepyr, an +Safroun, an Brede, y-grounde y-fere, & temper it wyth Ale. þan take +Oynonys & Percely y-mynced smal to-gederys, & sethe hem be hem self, & +afterward take & do þer-to a porcyon of vynegre, & dresse in. (See also +the recipe for "Harus in Cyue" in _Liber Cure Cocorum_, p. 21, & that +for "Conyngus in cyue" p. 20. _Chive_ is a kind of small onion.) + + + +.lxxiii.+ (fol. 16 a.) + ++Conyngys in cyveye.+ Take Conyngys, an fle hem & seþe hem, & make lyke +þou woldyst make a sewe, saue alle to-choppe hem, & caste Safroun & lyer +þer-to, & Wyne. (See also "Conyngus in cyue" in _L. C. C._, p. 20; and +"Conynges in Cyue" in _Household Ordinances_, p. 434.) + + + +xv.+ (fol. 39 b.) + ++Doucettes.+ Take Creme a gode cupfulle, & put it on a straynoure, þanne +take [gh]olkys of Eyroun, & put þer-to, & a lytel mylke; þen strayne it +þrow a straynoure in-to a bolle; þen take Sugre y-now, & put þer-to, or +ellys hony for defaute [fol. 40.] of Sugre; þan coloure it w{i}t{h} +Safroun; þan take þin cofyns, & put it in þe ovynne lere, & lat hem ben +hardyd; þan take a dyssshe y-fastenyd on þe pelys ende, & pore þin +comade in-to þe dyssche, & fro þe dyssche in-to þe cofyns; & whan þey +don a-ryse Wel, teke hem out, & serue hem forth. + + + +xxxvij.+ (fol. 43 b.) + ++Doucettes.+ Take Porke & hakke it smal, & Eyroun y-mellyd to-gederys, & +a lytel Milke, & melle hem to-gederys w{i}t{h} Hony & Pepir, & bake hem +in a cofyn, & serue forth. + + + +xxxviij.+ + ++Doucettes a-forcyd.+ Take Almaunde Milke & [gh]olkys of Eyroun y-mellid +to-gederys, Safroun, Salt, & Hony: dry þin cofyn, & ley þin Maribonys +þer-on, & s{erue} f{orth}. + + + [Footnote 1: The þ is always y in Harl. 5401.] + + [Footnote 2: that is, the figs.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber): + + Andrewe: + ++Aaurata is a fysshe in the see + [_text unchanged: each paragraph in original has large display + capital followed by capital second letter of word_] + Cap. lxvij. + [_text unchanged: error for lxxij?_] + Cap. lxxix. ... as Phisiologua saith + [_text unchanged: error for 'Phisiologus'?_] + + Vaughan, Fifteen Directions: + one drachme of Tutia [_Tntia_] + + Harington, On Rising, Diet, and Going to Bed: + till twoor three houres / before supper [_spacing unchanged_] + + Recipes: + þan take a dyssshe y-fastenyd [_text unchanged_] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +The Boke of Keruynge. + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +Sidenotes, generally marked with lower-case letters [a] [b], are grouped +after each section. Those that began with numbers in the original text +are marked with bracketed numerals [1] [2]. There are no numbered +footnotes in this selection. Textnotes have been marked with capital +letters and grouped at the end, after the editor's Notes. Headnotes are +interlaced with the table of contents; they will also appear in their +original locations in the text. + +Apart from notes and their references, all bracketed text is in the +original.] + + + The + + Boke of Keruynge, + + [that is to say, + + The boke of Seruyce & Keruynge and Sewynge + & all Maner of Offyce in his kynde + vnto a Prynce or ony other Estate, + & all the Feestes in the yere.] + + Enprynted by Wynkyn de Worde at London in + Flete Strete at the sygne of the Sonne. The + yere of our Lorde God. M.CCCC.xiij. + + [and now reprinted, 1867.] + + +CONTENTS. + +(_From the Headings in the Text, &c._) + + PAGE + Termes of a Keruer 151 + Butler and Panter (Yoman of the Seller and Ewery) 152 + [Headnote: THE BUTLER AND PANTER'S DUTIES.] + The Names of Wynes 153 + For to make Ypocras 153 + [Headnote: FOR TO MAKE YPOCRAS, AND LAYE THE CLOTH.] + To laye the Clothe 154 + [Headnote: HOW TO WAIT AT TABLE.] + To wrappe your Soueraynes Brede stately 155 + Of the Surnape 155 + Sewynge of Flesshe, & Seruyce (Succession of Dishes) 156 + [Headnote: SEWYNGE OF FLESSHE.] + The Keruynge of Flesshe, & Seruyce (How to carve) 157 + [Headnote: KERUYNGE OF FLESSHE.] + Sauces for all maner of Fowles 159 + [Headnote: SAUCES FOR FOWLES.] + Feestes and Seruyce from Eester vnto Whytsondaye 160 + [Headnote: FEESTES AND SERUYCE.] + Keruyng of all maner of Fowles 161 + [Headnote: KERUYNG OF ALL MANER OF FOWLES.] + Of the First & Second Courses, & the Sauces for them 163 + Feestes and Seruyce from the feest of + Saynt Iohn the Baptist vnto Myghelmasse 164 + [Headnote: THE SERVICE FROM MIDSUMMER TO CHRISTMAS.] + Feestes and Seruyce from the feest of Saynt Myghell + vnto the feest of Chrystynmasse 164 + Of the skin & wholesomeness of certain Birds 165 + Sewynge of Fysshe 166 + [Headnote: SEWYNGE OF FYSSHE.] + Keruynge of Fysshe 166 + [Headnote: KERUYNGE OF FYSSHE.] + Sauces for all maner of Fysshe 168 + [Headnote: SAUCES FOR FYSSHE.] + The Chaumberlayne 168 + [Headnote: THE CHAUMBERLAYNE.] + Of the Marshall and the Vssher 170 + [Headnote: OF THE MARSHALL AND THE VSSHER.] + Notes 173 + + + [Fol. A 1.] The Boke of Keruynge. + + +[Fol. A 1b.] ¶ Here begynneth the boke of keruynge and sewynge / and +all the feestes in the yere, for the seruyce of a prynce or ony other +estate, as ye shall fy{n}de eche offyce, the seruyce accordynge, in the +boke folowynge. + + [Sidenote: + _The Book of Carving and Arranging; and the Dishes for all the + Feasts in the year._] + + +¶ Termes of a Keruer. + + ++Breke that dere + [a] lesche y^t brawne + rere that goose + lyft that swanne + sauce that capon + [b] spoyle that henne + frusshe that chekyn + [c] vnbrace that malarde + vnlace that cony + dysmembre that heron + dysplaye that crane + dysfygure that pecocke + vnioynt that bytture + [d] vntache that curlewe + alaye that fesande + wynge that partryche + wynge that quayle + mynce that plouer + thye that pegyon + [e] border that pasty + thye that wodcocke + [f] thye all maner of small byrdes + tymbre that fyre + + tyere that egge + chyne that samon + strynge that lampraye + [g] splatte that pyke + sauce that playce + sauce that tenche + splaye that breme + syde that haddocke + tuske that barbell + culpon that troute + [h] fynne that cheuen + transsene that ele + traunche that sturgyon + vndertraunche y^t purpos + tayme that crabbe + [i] barbe that lopster + + ¶ Here hendeth the goodly termes. + + [Sidenotes: + Terms of a Carver: + [a] Slice brawn, [b] spoil a hen, [c] unbrace a mallard, + [d] untache a curlew, [e] border a pasty, [f] thigh small birds, + [g] splat a pike, [h] fin a chub, [i] barb a lobster] + + + [Headnote: THE BUTLER AND PANTER'S DUTIES.] + + ¶ Here begynneth + Butler and Panter. + +[a] ++Thou shalte be Butler and Panter all the fyrst yere / and ye muste +haue thre pantry knyues / one knyfe to square tre{n}choure loues / an +other to be a [Fol. A ii.] chyppere / the thyrde shall be sharpe to make +smothe tre{n}choures / than chyppe your soueraynes brede hote, and all +other brede let it be a daye olde / housholde brede thre dayes olde / +[b] trenchour brede foure dayes olde / than loke your salte by whyte and +drye / the planer made of Iuory, two inches brode & thre inches longe / +& loke that youre salte seller lydde touche not the salte / tha{n} loke +your table clothes, towelles, and napkyns, be fayre folden in a cheste +or ha{n}ged vpon a perche / than loke your table knyues be fayre +pullysshed, & your spones clene / [c] than loke ye haue two tarryours, a +more & a lesse, & wyne cannelles of boxe made accordynge / a sharpe +gymlot & faucettes. And whan ye sette a pype on broche, do thus / set it +foure fynger brede aboue y^e nether chyme vpwardes aslaunte / and than +shall y^e lyes neuer a-ryse. [d] Also loke ye haue in all seasons[A] +butter, chese, apples, peres, nottes, plommes, grapes, dates, fygges & +raysyns, compost, grene gynger and chardequynce. Serue fastynge butter, +plommes, damesons, cheryes, and grapes, after mete, peres, nottes, +strawberyes, hurtelberyes, & hard chese. Also brandrels or pepyns with +carawey in confetes. After souper, rost apples & peres, with blaunche +poudre, & harde chese / [e] be ware of cowe creme, & of good +strawberyes, hurtelberyes, Iouncat, for these wyll make your souerayne +seke but he ete harde chese / [f] harde chese hath these operacyo{n}s / +it wyll kepe y^e stomacke open / butt{er} is holsome fyrst & last, for +it wyll do awaye all poyso{ns} / [g] mylke, creme, & Iouncat, they wyll +close the mawe, & so dooth a posset / therfore ete harde chese, & drynke +romney modo{n} / beware of grene sallettes & rawe fruytes, for they wyll +make your sourayne seke / therfore set no mo-[Fol. A ii.b.]che [h] by +suche metes as wyll set your tethe on edge; therfore ete an almonde & +harde chese / but ete non moche chese without romney modon. Also yf +dyuers dry{n}kes, yf theyr fumosytees haue dyspleased your souerayne, +[i] let hy{m} ete a rawe apple, and y^e fumosytees wyll cease: mesure is +a mery mene & it be well vsed / abstyne{n}ce is to be praysed wha{n} god +therwith is pleased. [k] Also take good hede of your wynes euery nyght +with a candell, bothe rede wyne and swete wyne, & loke they reboyle nor +leke not / & wasshe y^e pype hedes euery nyght w{i}t{h} colde water / & +loke ye haue a chynchynge yron, addes, and lynen clothes, yf nede be / +[l] & yf the[y] reboyle, ye shall knowe by the hyssynge / therfore kepe +an empty pype with y^e lyes of coloured rose, & drawe the reboyled wyne +to y^e lyes, & it shal helpe it. Also yf your swete wyne pale, drawe it +in to a romney vessell for lessynge. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] The Butler has 3 knives: 1. a squarer, 2. a chipper, + 3. a smoother. [b] Trencher-bread must be 4 days old; the + Salt-Planer of ivory; table cloths kept in a chest, or hung on a + perch. [c] To broach a Pipe, have 2 augers, funnels, and tubes, + and pierce the Pipe 4 inches from the bottom. [d] Always have + ready fruits and hard cheese. [e] Beware of cow cream. [f] Hard + cheese is aperient, and keeps off poison. [g] Milk and Junket + close the Maw. [h] For food that sets your teeth on edge, eat an + almond and hard cheese. [i] A raw apple will cure indigestion. + [k] See every night that your wines don't boil over or leak. + [l] You'll know their fermenting by their hissing.] + + +¶ Here foloweth the names of wynes. + +¶ Reed wyne / whyte wyne / clared wyne / osey / capryke / ca{m}polet / +renysshe wyne / maluesey / bastarde / tyer, romney / muscadell / clarrey +/ raspys / vernage / vernage wyne cut / pymente and ypocras. + + [Sidenotes: + _Names of Wines_ + Campolet, Rhenish, &c] + + + [Headnote: FOR TO MAKE YPOCRAS, AND LAYE THE CLOTH.] + + [Headnote: HOW TO WAIT AT TABLE.] + +For to make ypocras. + +¶ [a] Take gy{n}ger / peper / graynes / canell / synamon / suger and +tornsole / than loke ye haue fyue or syxe bagges for your ypocras to +renne in, & a perche that your renners may ren on / than muste ye haue +.vi. peautre basyns to stande vnder your bagges / than loke your spyce +be redy / & your gynger well pared or it be beten [Fol. A iii.] to +poudre / [b] than loke your stalkes of synamon be well coloured; & swete +canell is not so gentyll in operacyon; synamon is hote and drye / +graynes of paradico[B] be{n} hote and moyste / gynger / graynes / longe +peper / and suger, ben hote and moyst / synamo{n} / canell, & rede wyne, +ben hote and drye / tornsole is holsome / for reed wyne colourynge. Now +knowe ye the proporcyons of your ypocras / [c] than bete your poudres +eche by themselfe, & put them in bladders, & hange your bagges sure, +that no bage touche other / but let eche basyn touche other; let the +fyrste basyn be of a galon, and eche of the other of a potell / than put +in your basyn a galo{n} of reed wyne, put thereto your poudres, and +styre them well / than put them in to the fyrste bagge, and let it renne +/ than put them in to the seconde bagge / than take a pece in your +hande, and assaye yf it be stronge of gynger / and alaye it with synamon +/ and it be stro[{n}]ge of synamon / alaye it with suger / and loke ye +lette it renne thrughe syxe renners / & your ypocras shall be the fyner +/ than put your ypocras in to a close vessell, and [d] kepe the receyte +/ for it wyll serue for sewes / than serue your souerayne with wafers +and ypocras. [e] Also loke your composte be fayre and clene / and your +ale fyue dayes olde or men drynke it / tha{n} kepe your hous of offyce +clene, & be curtoys of answere to eche persone, and loke ye gyue no +persone noo dowled drynke / for it wyll breke y^e scabbe. [f] And whan +ye laye the clothe, wype y^e borde clene with a cloute / than [g] laye a +cloth, a couche, it is called, take your felawe that one ende, & holde +you that other ende, than drawe the clothe straught, the bought on y^e +vtter edge / take the vtter parte, & hange it euen / than take the +thyrde clothe, and lay y^e bought on the inner [Fol. A iii.b.] edge / +and laye estat with the vpper parte halfe a fote brode / than [h] couer +thy cupborde and thyn ewery with the towell of dyaper / than take thy +towell about thy necke, and laye that one syde of y^e towell vpon thy +lefte arme / and there-on laye your soueraynes napkyn / and laye on thyn +arme seuen loues of brede, with thre or foure trenchour loues, with the +ende of y^e towell in the lefte hande, as the maner is / than [i] take +thy salte seller in thy lefte hande, and take the ende of y^e towell in +your ryght hande to bere in spones and knyues / than [k] set your salt +on the ryght syde where your souerayne shall sytte, and on y^e lefte +syde the salte set your trenchours / than [l] laye your knyues, & set +your brede, one lofe by an other / your spones, and your napkyns fayre +folden besyde your brede / than couer your brede and trenchoures, spones +and knyues / & at euery ende of y^e table set a salte seller with two +treachour [C] loues / [m] and yf ye wyll wrappe your soueraynes brede +stately, ye muste [n] square and proporcyon your brede, and se that no +lofe be more than an other / and than shall ye make your wrapper +man[er]ly / than take a towell of reynes of two yerdes and an halfe, and +take the towell by y^e endes double, and laye it on the table / than +take the ende of y^e bought a handfull in your hande, and wrappe it +harde, and laye the ende so wrapped bytwene two towelles; vpon that ende +so wrapped, lay your brede, botom to botom, syxe or seuen loues / than +set your brede manerly in fourme / and whan your soueraynes table is +thus arayed, [o] couer all other bordes with salte, trenchoures, & +cuppes. [p] Also so[D] thyn ewery be arayed with basyns & ewers, & water +hote & colde / and se' ye haue napkyns, cuppes, & spones / & se your +pottes for wyne [Fol. A 4.] and ale be made clene, and [q] to y^e +surnape make ye curtesy with a clothe vnder a fayre double napry / +tha{n} take þe towelles ende nexte you / & the vtter ende of the clothe +on the vtter syde of the table, & holde these thre endes atones, & folde +them atones, that a plyte passe not a fote brode / than laye it euen +there it sholde lye. [r] And after mete wasshe with that that is at y^e +ryghte ende of the table / ye muste guyde it out, and the marshall must +conuey it / and loke on eche clothe the ryght syde be outwarde, & drawe +it streyght / than must ye reyse the vpper parte of y^e towell, & laye +it w{i}t{h}-out ony gronynge / and at euery ende of y^e towell [s] ye +must conuey halfe a yerde that y^e sewer may make estate reuerently, and +let it be. [t] And whan your souerayne hath wasshen, drawe y^e surnape +euen / than bere the surnape to the myddes of the borde & take it vp +before your souerayne, & bere it in to y^e ewery agayne. [v] And whan +your souerayne it[E] set, loke your towell be aboute your necke / than +make your souerayne curtesy / than vncouer your brede & set it by the +salte & laye your napkyn, knyfe, & spone, afore hym / than knele on your +knee tyll the purpayne passe eyght loues / & loke ye set at y^e endes of +y^e table foure loues at a messe / and se that euery persone haue napkyn +and spone / [x] & wayte well to y^e sewer how many dysshes be couered; +y^e so many cuppes couer ye / than serue ye forth the table manerly y^t +euery man may speke your curtesy. + + [Sidenotes: + _To make Ypocras._ + [a] Take spices; put 6 bags on a perch, 6 pewter basins under, + ginger and cinnamon. [b] (Of the qualities of spices.) [c] Pound + each spice separately, put 'em in bladders, and hang 'em in your + bags, add a gallon of red wine to 'em, stir it well, run it + through two bags, taste it, pass it through 6 runners, and put it + in a close vessel. [d] Keep the dregs for cooking. [e] Have your + Compost clean, and your ale 5 days old, but not dead. + [f] _To lay the Cloth._ + [g] Put on a _couch_, then a second cloth, the fold on the outer + edge; a third, the fold on the inner edge. [h] Cover your + cupboard, put a towel round your neck, one side lying on your left + arm; on that, 7 loaves of eating bread and 4 trencher loaves. [i] + In your left hand a saltcellar, in your right the towel. [k] Set + the saltcellar on your lord's right, and trenchers on the left of + it. [l] Lay knives, bread, spoons, napkins, and cover 'em up. + [m] _To wrap your Lord's bread stately._ + [n] Square the loaves; take a Reynes towel 2½ yards long by the + ends; put it on the table, pinch up a handful of one end, and lay + it between 2 towels, and on it lay your 6 or 7 loaves bottom to + bottom. [o] Put salt, cups, &c., on the other tables. [p] See that + your _Ewery_ is properly supplied, and your ale-pots kept clean. + [q] _To arrange the Surnape._ + Put a cloth under a double towel, hold 3 ends together, fold them + in a foot-broad pleat, and lay it smooth. [r] After washing, the + Marshal must carry the surnape out. [s] Leave out half a yard to + make estate. [t] When your lord has washed, remove the Surnape. + [v] When he is seated, salute him, uncover your bread, kneel on + your knee till 8 loaves are served out (?) [x] Provide as many + cups as dishes.] + + + [Headnote: SEWYNGE OF FLESSHE.] + + ¶ Here endeth of the Butler and Panter, yoman of the seller and ewery. + And here foloweth sewynge of flesshe. + +[Fol. A 4b.] ++The [a] sewer muste sewe, & from the borde conuey all +maner of potages, metes, & sauces / & euery daye comon with the coke, +and vndersta{n}de & wyte how many dysshes shall be, and speke with the +panter and offycers of y^e spycery for fruytes that shall be ete{n} +fastynge. Than goo to the borde of sewynge, and se ye haue offycers redy +to conuey, & seruauntes for to bere, your dysshes. Also yf marshall, +squyers, and seruauntes of armes, bo[F] there, tha{n} serue forth your +souerayne withouten blame. + + [Sidenote: + _ewynge of_] + + + ¶ Seruyce. + +¶ [1] Fyrste sette ye forthe mustarde and brawne, potage, befe, motton +stewed. [2] Fesande / swanne / capon / pygge, venyson bake / custarde / +and leche lombarde. [3] Fruyter vaunte, with a subtylte, two potages, +blau{n}che ma{n}ger, and gelly. [4] For standarde, venyson roste, kydde, +fawne & cony / bustarde, storke, crane, pecocke with his tayle, +hero{n}sewe, bytture, woodcocke, partryche, plouer, rabettes, grete +byrdes, larkes / [5] doucettes, paynpuffe, whyte leche, ambre / gelly, +creme of almondes, curlewe, brewe, snytes, quayle, sparowes, martynet, +perche i{n} gelly / petyperuys[G], quy{n}ces bake / leche dewgarde, +fruyter fayge, blandrelles or pepyns with carawaye in co{n}fettes, +wafers and ypocras, they be a-greable. [b] Now this feest is done, voyde +ye the table. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] The _Sewer_ or arranger of dishes must ascertain what dishes + and fruits are prepared daily for dinner; and he must have people + ready to carry up the dishes. + _The Succession of Dishes._ + 1. Brawn, &c. 2. Pheasant, &c. 3. Meat Fritters, &c 4. For a + standard, a peacock with his tail. 5. Doucettes, Paynpuff, Brew, + Snipe, Petyperuys and Fayge, Caraways, &c. + [b] Clear the table] + + + [Headnote: KERUYNGE OF FLESSHE.] + + ¶ Here endeth the sewynge of flesshe. + And begynneth the keruynge of flesshe. + +++The keruer must knowe the keruynge and the fayre ha{n}dlynge of a +knyfe, and how ye shall seche al maner of fowle / your knyfe muste be +fayre and [Fol. A 5.] [a] your ha{n}des muste be clene; & passe not two +fyngers & a thombe vpon your knyfe. In y^e myddes of your ha{n}de set +the halfe sure, vnlassynge y^e mynsy{n}ge wich[H] two fy{n}gers & a +thombe; keruynge of brede, layenge, & voydynge of crommes, with two +fyngers and a thombe / loke ye haue y^e cure / set neuer on fysshe / +flesshe / beest / ne fowle, more than two fyngers and a thombe / than +take your lofe in your lefte hande, & holde your knyfe surely; enbrewe +not the table clothe / but [b] wype vpon your napkyn / than take your +trenchouer lofe in your lefte ha{n}de, and with the edge of your table +knyfe take vp your trenchours as nye the poynt as ye may / [c] tha{n} +laye foure trenchours to your soferayne, one by an other / and laye +theron other foure trenchours or elles twayne / than take a lofe in your +lyfte hande, & pare y^e lofe rou{n}de aboute / tha{n} cut the ouer +cruste to your souerayne, and cut the nether cruste, & voyde the +parynge, & touche the lofe no more after it is so serued / than clense +the table that the sewer may serue youre souerayne. [d] Also ye muste +knowe the fumosytces[I] of fysshe, flesshe, and foules, & all maner of +sauces accordynge to theyr appetytes / these ben the fumosytes / salte, +soure, resty, fatte, fryed, senewes, skynnes, hony, croupes, yonge +feders, heddes, pygous[K] bones, all maner of legges of bestees & fowles +the vtter syde; for these ben fumosytees; laye them neuer to your +souerayne. + + [Sidenotes: + _Keruynge of Flesshe._ + [a] Your hands must be clean; only two fingers and a thumb should + be put on your knife, or on fish, flesh, or fowl. [b] Wipe your + knife on your napkin. [c] Lay 4 trenchers for your lord, with 2 or + 4 on them and the upper crust of a fine loaf. [d] Give heed to + what is indigestible, as resty, fat things, feathers, heads, legs, + &c.] + + + ¶ Seruyce. + +¶ [a] Take your knyfe in your ha{n}de, and cut brawne in y^e dysshe as +it lyeth, & laye it on your soueraynes trenchour, & se there be +mustarde. [b] Venyson with fourme{n}ty is good for your souerayne: +touche not the venyson with your ha{n}de, but with your knyfe cut it +.xii. draugh[Fol. A 5b.]tes with the edge of your knyfe, and cut it out +in to y^e fourmenty / doo in the same wyse with pesen & bacon, befe +chyne and motto{n} / pare the befe, cut the motto{n} / & laye to your +souerayne / beware of fumosytees / salte, senewe, fatte, resty & rawe. +In syrupe, [c] fesande, partryche, stockdoue, & chekyns / in the lefte +ha{n}de take them by the pynyo{n}, & with the foreparte of your knyfe +lyfte vp your wy{n}ges / than mynce it in to the syrupe / beware of +sky{n}ne rawe & senowe. [d] Goos, tele, malarde, & swa{n}ne, reyse +[L] the legges, than the wynges / laye the body in y^e myddes or in a +nother plater / the wynges in the myddes & the legges; after laye the +brawne bytwene the legges / & the wynges in the plater. [e] Capo{n} or +henne of grece, lyfte the legges, tha{n} the wynges, & caste on wyne or +ale, than mynce the wynge & giue your souerayne. Fesande, partryche, +[f] plouer or lapwynge, reyse y^e wynges, & after the legges. woodcocke, +[g] bytture, egryt, snyte, curlewe & heronsewe, vnlace them, breke of +the pynyons, necke & becke / tha{n} reyse the legges, & let the fete be +on styll, than the wynges. [h] A crane, reyse the wynges fyrst, & beware +of the trumpe in his brest. Pecocke, storke, bustarde & [i] shouyllarde, +vnlace them as a crane, and let y^e fete be on styll. [k] Quayle, +sparow, larke, martynet, pegyon, swalowe, & thrusshe, y^e legges fyrst, +tha{n} y^e wynges. [l] Fawne, kyde, and lambe, laye the kydney to your +souerayne, tha{n} lyfe vp the sholder & gyue your souerayne a rybbe. +[m] Venyson roste, cut it in the dysshe, & laye it to your souerayne. +[n] A cony, lay hy{m} on the backe, cut away the ventes bytwene the +hy{n}der legges, breke the canell bone, than reyse the sydes, than lay +the cony on y^e wombe, on eche syde the chyne y^e two sydes departed +from the chy{n}e, tha{n} laye the bulke, chyne, & sydes, in y^e dysshe. +[Fol. A 6.] [o] Also ye must my{n}ce foure lesses to one morcell of +mete, that your soverayne may take it in the sauce. [p] All bake metes +that ben hote, open them a-boue the coffyn; & all that ben colde, ope{n} +theym in the mydwaye. [q] Custarde, cheke them inche square that your +souerayne may ete therof. [r] Doucettes, pare awaye the sydes & the +bottom: beware of fumosytes. [s] Fruyter vaunte, fruyter say, be good; +bett{er} is fruyter pouche; apple fruyters ben good hote / and all colde +fruters, touche not. Ta{n}sey is good / hote wortes, or gruell of befe +or of motto{n} is good. [t] Gelly, mortrus, creme almondes, blau{n}che +manger, Iussell, and charlet, cabage, and nombles of a dere, ben good / +& all other potage beware of. + + [Sidenotes: + _Keruynge of Flesshe._ + [a] How to carve Brawn, [b] Venison, (cut it in 12 bits and slice + it into the furmity,) [c] Pheasant, Stockdoves, (mince the wings + into the syrup,) [d] Goose, Teal, &c., (take off the legs and + wings,) [e] Capon, (mince the wing with wine or ale,) [f] Plover, + Lapwing, [g] Bittern, Egret. [h] How to carve a Crane, (mind the + trump in his breast,) [i] Shoveler, [k] Quail, Martins, Swallow, + [l] Fawn, Kid, [m] Roast Venison, [n] Cony, (lay him on his belly + with his two cut-off sides, on each side of him.) + [o] Cut 4 strips to each bit of meat, for your lord to pick it up + by. [p] Open hot Meat-Pies at the top; cold in the middle. [q] Cut + Custards in inch blocks. [r] Doucettes, pare off sides and bottom. + [s] Fritters hot are good, cold bad. Tansey is good. [t] Jelly, + Blanche Manger, Charlet, &c., are good, and no other potages.] + + + + [Headnote: SAUCES FOR FOWLES.] + + ¶ Here endeth y^e keruynge of flesshe. + And begy{n}neth sauces for all maner of fowles. + +[a] ++Mustarde is good with brawne, befe, chyne, bacon, & motton. +[b] Vergius is good to boyled chekyns and capon / swanne with cawdrons / +[c] rybbes of befe with garlycke, mustarde, peper, vergyus; [d] gynger +sauce to la{m}be, pygge, & fawne / mustarde & suger to fesande, +partryche, and conye / sauce gamelyne to hero{n}sewe, egryt, plouer, & +crane / to brewe, curlewe, [e] salte, suger, & water of tame / to +bustarde, shouyllarde, & bytture, sauce gamelyne: [f] woodcocke, +lapwynge, larke, quayle, mertynet, venyson, and snyte, with whyte salte +/ sparowes & throstelles with salte & synamo{n} / thus with all metes, +sauce shall haue the operacyons. + +¶ Here endeth the sauces for all maner of fowles and metes. + + [Sidenotes: + _Sauces for all maner of Fowles._ + [a] Mustard for beef; [b] Verjuice for boiled chickens; Cawdrons + for swans; [c] Garlick, &c., for beef. [d] Ginger for lamb; + Gamelyne for heronsewe, &c.; [e] Salt, Sugar and Water of Tame for + brew, &c. [f] White salt for lapwings, &c. Cinnamon and salt for + thrushes &c.] + + + [Headnote: FEESTES AND SERUYCE.] + + [Fol. A 6b.] ¶ Here begynneth the feestes and seruyce from Eester + vnto whytsondaye. + +++On Eester daye & so forthe to Pe{n}tycost, after y^e seruy{n}ge of the +table there shall be set brede, tre{n}chours, and spones, after the +estymacyo{n} of them that shall syt there; and thus ye shall serue your +souerayne; [a] laye [six or eight[L*]] tre{n}chours / & yf he be of a +lower degre [or] estate, laye fyue trenchours / & yf he be of lower +degre, foure trenchours / & of an other degre, thre trenchours / +[b] than cut brede for your souerayne after ye knowe his condycyons, +wheder it be cutte in y^e myddes or pared, or elles for to be cut in +small peces. Also ye must vndersta{n}de how y^e mete shall be serued +before youre souerayne, & namely [c] on Eester daye after the +gouernaunce & seruyce of y^e countree where ye were borne. [d] Fyrste on +that daye he shall serue a calfe soden and blessyd / and than sode{n} +egges with grene sauce, and set them before the most pryncypall estate / +and that lorde by cause of his hyghe estate shall departe them all +aboute hym / than serue potage, as wortes, Iowtes, or browes, with befe, +motto{n}, or vele / & capo{n}s that ben coloured with saffron, and bake +metes. [e] And the seconde course, Iussell with mamony, and rosted, +endoured / & pegyons with bake metes, as tartes, chewettes, & flawnes, & +other, after the dysposycyon of the cokes. [f] And at soupertyme dyuers +sauces of motto{n} or vele in broche[M], after the ordynaunce of the +stewarde / and than chekyns with bacon, vele, roste pegyons or lambe, & +kydde roste with y^e heed & the portenaunce on lambe & pygges fete, with +vinegre & percely theron, & a ta{n}sye fryed, & other bake metes / ye +shall vndersta{n}de this maner of seruyce [Fol. B i.] dureth to +Pentecoste, saue fysshe dayes. Also take hede how ye shall araye these +thynges before your souerayne / [g] fyrst ye shall se there be grene +sauces of sorell or of vynes, that is holde a sauce for the fyrst course +/ and ye shall begyn to reyse the capon. + + [Sidenotes: + _The Dinner Courses from Easter to Whitsunday._ + From Easter to Pentecost, set bread, trenchers and spoons: [a] 6 + or 8 trenchers for a great lord, 3 for one of low degree. [b] Then + cut bread for eating. [c] For Easter-day Feast: [d] First Course: + A Calf, boiled and blessed; boiled Eggs and green sauce; Potage, + with beef, saffron-stained Capons. [e] Second Course: Mameny, + Pigeons, Chewets, Flawnes. [f] Supper: Chickens, Veal, roast Kid, + Pigs'-Feet, a Tansey fried. [g] Green Sauces of sorrel or vines, + for the first course.] + + + [Headnote: KERUYNG OF ALL MANER OF FOWLES.] + + ¶ Here endeth the feest of Eester tyll Pentecoste. + And here begynneth keruyng of all maner of fowles. + + ¶ Sauce that capon. + +¶ Take vp a capon, & lyfte vp the ryght legge and the ryght wynge, & so +araye forth & laye hym in the plater as he sholde flee, & serve your +souerayne / & knowe well that capons or chekyns ben arayed after one +sauce; the chekyn shall be sauced with grene sauce or vergyus. + + ¶ Lyfte that swanne. + +¶ Take and dyghte hym as a goose, but let hym haue a largyour brawne, & +loke ye haue chawdron. + + ¶ Alaye that fesande. + +¶ Take a fesande, and reyse his legges & his wynges as it were an henne, +& no sauce but onely salte. + + ¶ wynge that partryche. + +¶ Take a partryche, and reyse his legges and his wynges as a henne / & +ye mynce hym, sauce hym with wyn, poudre of gynger, & salte / that set +it vpon a chaufyng-dysshe of coles to warme & serue it. + + ¶ wynge that quayle. + +¶ Take a quayle, and reyse his legges and his wynges as an henne, and no +sauce but salte. + + Dysplaye that crane. + +¶ Take a crane, and vnfolde his legges, and cut of his wynges by the +Ioyntes: than take vp hys wynges and his legges, and sauce hym with +poudres of gynger, mustarde, vynegre, and salte. + + [Fol. B i.b.] Dysmembre that heron. + +¶ Take an heron, and reyse his legges and his wynges as a crane, and +sauce hym with vynegre, mustarde, poudre of gynger, and salte. + + Vnioint that bytture. + +¶ Take a bytture, and reyse his legges & his wynges as an heron, & no +sauce but salte. + + Breke that egryt. + +¶ Take an egryt, and reyse his legges and his wynges as an heron, and no +sauce but salte. + + Vntache that curlewe. + +¶ Take a curlewe, and reyse his legges and his wynges as an henne, and +no sauce but salte. + + ¶ Vntache that brewe. + +¶ Take a brewe, and reyse his legges and his wynges in the same maner, +and no sauce but onely salte, & serue your souerayne. + + Vnlace that cony. + +¶ Take a cony, and laye hym on the backe, & cut awaye the ventes / than +reyse the wynges and the sydes, and laye bulke, chyne, and the sydes +togyder; sauce, vynegre and poudre of gynger. + + Breke that sarcell. + +¶ Take a sarcell or a teele, and reyse his wynges & his legges, and no +sauce but salte onely. + + Mynce that plouer. + +¶ Take a plouer, and reyse his legges and his wynges as an henne, and no +sauce but onely salt. + + A snyte. + +¶ Take a snyte, and reyse his wynges, his legges, and his sholdres, as a +plouer; and no sauce but salte. + + [Fol. B ij.] ¶ Thye that woodcocke. + +Take a woodcocke, & reyse his legges and his wynges as an henne; this +done, dyght the brayne. And here begynneth the feest from Pentecost vnto +mydsomer. + + [Sidenotes: + _Keruyng of all maner of Fowles._ + _How to carve a Capon._ Sauce: green sauce or verjuice. + _Swan._ Chawdron is the sauce for him. + _Pheasant._ No sauce but Salt. + _Partridge._ Sauce for Partridges. + _How to carve a Quail._ Sauce: salt. + _Crane._ Sauce: ginger, mustard, vinegar, and salt. + _Heron._ Sauce as before. + _Rittern._ Salt, the sauce. + _Egret._ Salt, the sauce. + _Curlew._ Salt, as sauce. + _Brew._ Salt, as sauce. + _Cony (or Rabbit.)_ Sauce: vinegar and ginger. + _Sarcel or Teal._ + _Plover._ + _Snipe._ + _Woodcock._] + + +[a] ++In the seconde course for the metes before sayd ye shall take for +your sauces, wyne, ale, vynegre, and poudres, after the mete be; & +gynger & canell from Pentecost to the feest of saynt Iohn baptyst. +[b] The fyrst course shall be befe, motton soden with capons, or rosted +/ [c] & yf the capons be soden, araye hym in the maner aforesayd. And +whan he is rosted, thou must caste on salte, with wyne or with ale / +tha{n} take the capon by the legges, & caste on the sauce, & breke hym +out, & laye hym in a dysshe as he sholde flee. Fyrst ye shall cut the +ryght legge and the ryght sholdre, & bytwene the foure membres laye the +brawne of the capon, with the croupe in the ende bytwene the legges, as +it were possyble for to be Ioyned agayne togyder / & other bake metes +after: [d] And in the seconde course, potage shall be, Iussell, charlet, +or mortrus, with yonge geese, vele, porke, pygyons or chekyns rosted, +with payne puffe / fruyters, and other bake metes after the ordynau{n}ce +of the coke. [e] Also the goose ought to be cut membre to membre, +begynnynge at the ryght legge, and so forth vnder the ryght wynge, & not +vpon the Ioynte aboue / [f] & it ought for to be eten with grene +garlyke, or with sorell, or tender vynes, or vergyus in somer season, +after the pleasure of your souerayne. Also ye shall vnderstande that all +maner of fowle that hath hole fete sholde be reysed vnder the wynge, and +not aboue. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] Sauces for the Second Course. [b] First Course: Beef and + Capons. [c] How to sauce and carve a Roast capon: lay him out as + if ready to fly. [d] Second Course: Potage, Charlet, young Geese, + Payne Puff, &c. [e] How to carve a Goose. [f] Goose must be eaten + with green garlic or verjuice.] + + + [Headnote: THE SERVICE FROM MIDSUMMER TO CHRISTMAS.] + + ¶ Here endeth the feest from Pentecost to mydsomer. + And here begynneth from the feest of saynt Iohn the baptist + vnto Myghelmasse. + +[a] ++In the fyrst course, potage, wortes, gruell, & fourmenty, with +venyson, and mortrus and pestelles of porke with grene sauce. Rosted +capon, swanne with chawdron. [b] In the seconde course, potage after the +ordynaunce of the cokes, with rosted motton, vele, porke, chekyns or +endoured pygyons, heron-sewes, fruyters or other bake metes / [c] & take +hede to the fesande: he shall be arayed in the maner of a capon / but it +shall be done drye, without ony moysture, and he shall be eten with +salte and pouder of gynger. And the heronsewe shall be arayed in the +same maner without ony moysture, & he shulde be eten with salte and +poudre. [d] Also ye shall vnderstande that all maner of fowles hauynge +open clawes as a capon, shall be tyred and arayed as a capon and suche +other. + + [Sidenotes: + _Dinner Courses from the Nativity[*] of St John the Baptist_, + (June 24,) _to Michaelmas._ + [a] First Course: soups, vegetables, legs of Pork, &c. [b] Second + Course: roast Mutton, glazed Pigeons, Fritters, &c. [c] Serve a + Pheasant dry, with salt and ginger: a Heronsewe with salt and + powder (blanche?) [d] Treat open-clawed birds like capons.] + + [Footnote *: The feast of St John's Beheading is on Aug. 29.] + + +¶ From the feest of saynt Myghell vnto the feest of Chrystynmasse. + +[a] ++In the fyrst course, potage, befe, motton, bacon, or +pestelles of porke, or with goose, capon, mallarde, swanne, or fesande, +as it is before sayd, with tartes, or bake metes, or chynes of porke. +[b] In the second course, potage, mortrus, or conyes, or sewe / than +roste flesshe, motton, porke, vele, pullettes, chekyns, pygyons, teeles, +wegyons, mallardes, partryche, woodcoke, plouer, bytture, curlewe, +heronsewe / venyson roost, grete byrdes, snytes, feldefayres, thrusshes, +fruyters, chewettes, befe with sauce gelopere, roost with sauce pegyll, +& other ba[Fol. B iii.]ke metes as is aforesayde. And yf ye kerue afore +your lorde or your lady ony soden flesshe, [c] kerue awaye the sky{n}ne +aboue / tha{n} kerue resonably of y^e flesshe to your lorde or lady, and +[d] specyally for ladyes, for y^e[N] wyll soone be angry, for theyr +thoughtes ben soone changed / and some lordes wyll be sone pleased, & +some wyll not / as they be of co{m}pleccyo{n}. [e] The goos & swanne may +be cut as ye do other fowles y^t haue hole fete, or elles as your lorde +or your lady wyll aske it. Also a swa{n}ne w{i}t{h} chawdron, capo{n}, +or fesande, ought for to be arayed as it is aforesayd / but the skynne +must be had awaye / & whan they be{n} kerued before your lorde or your +lady / for generally [f] the skynne of all maner clove{n} foted fowles +is vnholsome / & the skynne of all maner hole foted fowles be{n} holsome +for to be eten. Also wete ye well that all maner hole foted fowles that +haue theyr lyuy{n}g vpon the water, theyr skynnes ben holsome & clene, +for by y^e clenes of the water / & fysshe, is theyr lyuynge. And yf that +they ete ony stynkynge thynge, it is made so clene with y^e water that +all the corrupcyon is clene gone away frome it. [g] And the sky{n}ne of +capo{n}, henne, or chekyn, ben not so clene, for the[y] ete foule +thynges in the strete / & therfore the skynnes be{n} not so holsome / +for it is not theyr kynde to entre in to y^e ryuer to make theyr mete +voyde of y^e fylth. [h] Mallarde, goose, or swanne, they ete vpon the +londe foule mete / but a-no{n}, after theyr ky{n}de, they go to the +ryuer, & theyr they clense them of theyr foule stynke. A fesande as it +is aforesayd / but y^e sky{n}ne is not holsome / [i] than take y^e +heddes of all felde byrdes and wood byrdes, as fesande, pecocke, +partryche, woodcocke, and curlewe, for they ete in theyr degrees foule +thynges, as wormes, todes, and other suche. + + [Sidenotes: + _Dinner Courses from Michaelmas to Christmas._ + [a] First Course: legs of Pork, &c. [b] Second Course: Widgeon, + Fieldfares, Chewets, Beef, with sauces Gelopere and Pegyll. [c] + Cut the skin off boiled meats. [d] Carve carefully for Ladies; + they soon get angry [e] Carve Goose and Swan like other birds. [f] + The skin of cloven-footed birds is unwholsome; of whole-footed + birds wholesome, because the water washes all corruption out of + 'em. [g] Chicken's skin is not so pure, because their nature is + not to enter into the river. [h] River birds cleanse their foul + stink in the river. [i] Take off the heads of all field birds, for + they eat worms, toads, and the like.] + + + [Headnote: SEWYNGE OF FYSSHE.] + + ¶ Here endeth the feestes and the keruynge of flesshe, + And here begynneth the sewynge of fysshe. + + ¶ The fyrst course. + +++To go to sewynge of fysshe: musculade, menewes in sewe of porpas or of +samon, bacon hery{n}ge w{i}t{h} suger, grene fysshe, pyke, lampraye, +salens, porpas rosted, bake gurnade, and lampraye bake. + + ¶ The seconde course. + +¶ Gelly whyte and rede, dates in confetes, congre, samon, dorrey, +brytte, turbot, halybut / for standarde, base, troute, molette, cheuene, +sele, eles & lamprayes roost, tenche in gelly. + + ¶ The thyrde course. + +¶ Fresshe sturgyon, breme, perche in gelly, a Ioll of samon, sturgyon, +and welkes; apples & peres rosted with suger candy. Fygges of malyke, & +raysyns, [O] dates capte w{i}t{h} mynced gynger / wafers and ypocras, +they ben agreable / this feest is done, voyde ye the table. + + [Sidenotes: + _Sewynge of Fysshe._ + _First Course:_ + _Musculade._ Salens, &c., baked Gurnet. + _Second Course:_ + Jelly, dates, &c. For a standard, Mullet, Chub, Seal, &c. + _Third Course:_ + Bream, Perch, Whelks; and pears in sugar candy. Figs, dates capped + with minced ginger, &c. + All over! Clear the table.] + + + [Headnote: KERUYNGE OF FYSSHE.] + + [Fol. B iii.b.] ¶ Here endeth sewynge of fysshe. + And here foloweth keruynge of fysshe. + + +[a] ++The keruer of fysshe must se to pessene & fourmentye the tayle +and y^e lyuer: ye must loke [b] yf there be a salte purpos, or sele +turrentyne, & do after y^e fourme of venyson / baken herynge, laye it +hole vpon your soueraynes trenchour / whyte hery{n}ge in a disshe, open +it by y^e backe, pyke out the bones & the rowe, & se there be mustarde. +Of salte fysshe, grene fysshe, salt samon & congre, pare away y^e skyn / +salte fysshe, stocke fysshe, marlynge, makrell, and hake, with butter: +take awaye the bones & the skynnes. A pyke, laye y^e wombe vpon his +trenchour w{i}t{h} pyke sauce ynoughe. A salte [Fol. B 4.] lampraye, +gobone it flatte in .vii. or .viii. peces, & lay it to your souerayne. +A playce, put out the water / than crosse hym with your knyfe, caste on +salte & wyne or ale. [c] Gornarde, rochet, breme, cheuene, base, molet, +roche, perche, sole, makrell & whytynge, haddocke and codlynge, reyse +them by the backe, & pyke out the bones, & clense the refet in y^e bely. +[d] Carpe, breme, sole, & troute, backe & belly togyder. Samon, congre, +sturgyon, turbot, thorpole, thornebacke, hou{n}de-fysshe, & halybut, cut +them in the dysshe as y^e porpas aboute / tenche in his sauce, cut it / +eles & lamprayes roost, pull of the skynne, pyke out y^e bones, put +therto vyneger & poudre. [e] A crabbe, breke hym a-sonder in to a +dysshe, make y^e shelle clene, & put in the stuffe agayne, tempre it +with vynegre & pouder, than couer it with brede, and sende it to the +kytchyn to hete / than set it to your souerayne, and breke the grete +clawes, and laye them in a disshe. [f] A creues, dyght hym thus: departe +hym a-sonder, & slytee[P] the belly, and take out y^e fysshe; pare away +the reed skynne, and mynce it thynne; put vynegre in the dysshe, and set +in on y^e table w{i}t{h}out hete. A Iol of sturgyon, cut it in thynne +morselles, & lay it rou{n}de aboute the dysshe. Fresshe lampraye bake: +open y^e pasty / than take whyte brede, and cut it thynne, & lay it in a +dysshe, & [g] with a spone take out galentyne, & lay it vpon the brede +with reed wyne & poudre of synamon / than cut a gobone of the lampraye, +& mynce the gobone thynne, and laye it in the galentyne; than set it +vpo{n} the fyre to hete. [h] Fresshe herynge with salte & wyne / +shrympes wel pyked, flou{n}dres, gogyons, menewes & musceles, eles and +lamprayes: [i] sprottes is good in sewe / musculade in wortes / oystres +i{n} ceuy, oysters in grauy, menewes in porpas, samo{n} & seele, gelly +[Fol. B 4b.] whyte and reede, creme of almo{n}des, [k] dates in +comfetes, peres and quynces in syrupe, with percely rotes; mortrus of +houndes fysshe, ryse standynge. + + [Sidenotes: + _Carving and Dressing of Fish_ + [a] Put tails and livers in the pea broth and furmity. [b] How to + carve Seal Turrentyne, baked Herring, white Herring, Green Fish, + Merling, Hake, Pike, salt Lamprey, Plaice. [c] Gurnard, Bream, + Roach, Whiting, Codling. [d] Carp, Trout, Conger, Thornback, + Halibut, Tench, and Crab. [e] How to dress and serve up a Crab. + [f] How to dress and carve a Crayfish, a Joll of Sturgeon, a fresh + Lamprey, pasty. [g] (sauce, Galentyne with red wine and powdered + cinnamon.) [h] Fresh Herring, &c. [i] Sprats, Musculade in worts, + Oysters. [k] Dates, pears, Mortrewes of Dogfish.] + + + [Headnote: SAUCES FOR FYSSHE.] + + ¶ Here endeth the keruynge of fysshe. + And here begy{n}neth sauces for all maner of fysshe. + +[a] ++Mustarde is good for salte herynge / salte fysshe, salte congre, +samo{n}, sparlynge, salt ele & lynge: [b] vynegre is good with salte +porpas, turrentyne salte / sturgyo{n} salte, threpole, & salt wale / +[c] lampray with galentyne / vergyus to roche, dace, breme, molet, base, +flounders, sole, crabbe, and [d] cheuene, with poudre of synamo{n}; to +thornebacke, herynge, houndefysshe, haddocke, whytynge, & codde, +vynegre, poudre of synamon, & gynger; [e] grene sauce is good with grene +fysshe & halybut, cottell, & fresshe turbot / put not your grene sauce +awaye, for it is good with mustarde. + + ¶ Here endeth for all maner of sauces for fyssche accordynge to + theyr appetyte. + + [Sidenotes: + _Sauces for Fish._ + [a] Mustard for Salmon, &c.; [b] Vinegar for salt Whale, &c.; + [c] Galentyne for Lamprey; Verjuice for Roach, &c.; [d] Cinnamon + for Chub, &c.; [e] Green Sauce for Halibut, &c.] + + + [Headnote: THE CHAUMBERLAYNE.] + +¶ The chaumberlayne. + +++The caumberlayne muste be dylyge{n}t & clenly in his offyce, with his +heed kembed, & so to his souerayne that he be not recheles, & se that he +haue a clene sherte, breche, petycote, and doublet / tha{n} brusshe his +hosen within & without, & se his shone & slyppers be made clene / [a] & +at morne whan your souerayne wyll aryse, warme his sherte by the fyre / +& se ye haue a fote shete made in this maner. Fyrst set a chayre by the +fyre with a cuysshen, an other vnder his fete / tha{n} sprede a shete +ouer the chayre, and se there be redy a kerchefe [Fol. B 5.] and a combe +/ than [b] warme his petycote, his doublet, and his stomachere / [c] & +than put on his hosen & his shone or slyppers, than stryke vp his hosen +manerly, & tye them vp, than lace his doublet hole by hole, & laye the +clothe aboute his necke & kembe his hede / than loke ye haue a basyn, & +an ewer with warme water, and a towell, and wasshe his handes / than +knele vpon your knee, & aske your souerayne what robe he wyll were, & +brynge him such as your souerayne co{m}mau{n}deth, & put it vpon hym; +than doo his gyrdell aboute hym, & take your leue manerly, & [d] go to +the chyrche or chapell to your soueraynes closet, & laye carpentes & +cuysshens, & lay downe his boke of prayers / than drawe the curtynes, +and take your leue goodly, & go to youre soueraynes chambre, & cast all +the clothes of his bedde, & bete the feder bedde & the bolster / but +loke ye waste no feders; than shall the blankettes, & se the shetes be +fayre & swete, or elles loke ye haue clene shetes / than [e] make vp his +bedde manerly, than lay the hed shetes & the pyllowes / than take vp the +towel & the basyn, & laye carpentes aboute the bedde, or wyndowes & +cupbordes layde with carpettes and cuysshyns. Also loke there be a good +fyre brennynge bryght / & [f] se the hous of hesement be swete & clene, +& the preuy borde couered with a grene clothe and a cuysshyn / tha{n} se +there be blanked, donne, or cotton, for your souerrayne / & [g] loke ye +haue basyn, & euer with water, & a towell for your souerayne / than take +of his gowne, & brynge him a mantell to kepe hym fro colde / than brynge +hym to the fyre, & take of his shone & his hosen; than take a fayre +kercher of reynes / & [h] kembe his heed, & put on his kercher and his +bonet / than sprede downe his bedde, laye the heed shete and the +pyllowes / & whan your souerayne is to bedde [Fol. B 5b.] drawe the +curtynes / than se there be morter or waxe or perchoures be redy / than +dryue out dogge or catte, & loke there be basyn and vrynall set nere +your souerayne / than take your leue manerly that your souerayne may +take his rest meryly. + + ¶ Here endeth of the chaumberlayne. + + [Sidenotes: + _The Duties of a Chamberlain._ + He must be cleanly, and comb his hair; see to his Lord's clothes, + and brush his hose; [a] in the morning warm his shirt, and prepare + his footsheet; [b] warm his petycote, &c.; [c] put on his shoes, + tie up his hose, comb his head, wash his hands, put on the robe he + orders. [d] Make ready his Closet in the Church or Chapel, then + come home to his Bed-chamber, take off the bed-clothes. [e] Make + his lord's bed again with clean sheets, and lay hangings round the + bed, and windows, &c. [f] Keep the privy clean, and the board + covered with green cloth, and provide down or cotton for wiping. + [g] When he goes to bed, let him wash; put him on a mantle, take + off his shoes, &c. [h] Comb his head, put on his night-cap, draw + the curtains round him, drive out the dogs and cats, set the + urinal near, and then take leave.] + + + [Headnote: OF THE MARSHALL AND THE VSSHER.] + + ¶ Here foloweth of the Marshall and the vssher. + + +++The Marshall and the vssher muste knowe all the estates of the +chyrche, and the hyghe estate of a kynge, with the blode royall. + +¶ The estate of a Pope hath no pere. + +¶ The estate of an Emperour is nexte. + +¶ The estate of a kynge. + +¶ The estate of a cardynall. + +¶ The estate of a kynges sone, a prynce. + +¶ The estate of an archebysshop. + +¶ The estate of a duke + +¶ The estate of a bysshop + +¶ The estate of a marques + +¶ The estate of an erle + +¶ The estate of a vycount + +¶ The estate of a baron. + +¶ The estate of an abbot with a myter + +¶ The estate of the thre chefe Iuges & the Mayre of London. + +¶ The estate of an abbot without a myter + +¶ The estate of a knyght bacheler + +¶ The estate of a pryour, dene, archedeken, or knyght + +[Fol. B 6.] + +¶ The estate of the mayster of the rolles. + +¶ The estate of other Iustices & barons of the cheker + +¶ The estate of the mayre of Calays. + +¶ The estate of a prouyncyall, a doctour dyvyne, + +¶ The estate of a prothonat: he is aboue the popes collectour, and a +doctour of bothe the lawes. + +¶ The estate of him that hath ben mayre of London and seruaunt of the +lawe. + +¶ [a] The estate of a mayster of the chauncery, and other worshypfull +prechours of pardon, and clerkes that ben gradewable / & all other +ordres of chastyte, persones & preestes, worshypfull marchauntes & +gentylmen, all this may syt at the squyers table. + +¶ [b] An archebysshop and a duke may not kepe the hall, but eche estate +by them selfe in chaumbre or in pauylyon, that neyther se other. + +¶ [c] Bysshoppes, Marques, Erles, & Vycou{n}tes, all these may syt two +at a messe. + +¶ [d] A baron, & the mayre of London, & thre chefe Iuges, and the speker +of the parlyament, & an abbot with a myter, all these may svt two or +thre at a messe + +¶ [e] And all other estates may syt thre or foure at a messe + +¶ [f] Also the Marshall muste vnderstande and knowe the blode royall, +for some lorde is of blode royall & of small lyuelode. And some knyght +is wedded to a lady of royal blode; she shal kepe the estate that she +was before. And a lady of lower degree shal kepe the estate of her +lordes blode / & therfore the royall blode shall haue the reuere{n}ce, +as I haue shewed you here before. + +¶ Also a marshall muste take hede of the byrthe, and nexte of the lyne, +of the blode royall. + +¶ [g] Also he must take hede of the kynges offycers, of the Chaunceler, +Stewarde, Chamberlayne, Tresourer, and Controller. + +¶ Also the marshall must take heed vnto straungers, & put them to +worshyp & reuerence; for and they haue good chere it is your soueraynes +honour. + +¶ Also a Marshall muste take hede yf the kynge sende to your souerayne +ony message; and yf he send a knyght, receyue hym as a baron; and yf he +sende a squyre, receyue hym as a knyght / and yf he sende you a yoman, +receyue hym as a squyer / and yf he sende you a grome, receyue hym as a +yoman. + +¶ Also it is noo rebuke to a knyght to sette a grome of the kynge at his +table. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Marshal and Usher._ + He must know the orders of precedence of all ranks. + A Cardinal before a Prince. + The Mayor of London ranks with the 3 Chief Justices. + The Knight's equals. + The ex-Mayor of London. + [a] The Esquire's equals. [b] Who must dine alone, [c] who 2 + together, [d] who 2 or 3, [e] who 3 or 4. [f] The Marshall must + know who are of royal blood, for that has the reverence. [g] He + must take heed of the King's officers, do honour to strangers, and + receive a Messenger from the King as if one degree higher than he + is, for a King's groom may sit at a Knight's table.] + + +¶ Here endeth the boke of seruyce, & keruynge, and sewynge, and all +maner of offyce in his kynde vnto a prynce or ony other estate, & all +the feestes in the yere. Enprynted by wynkyn de worde at London in Flete +strete at the sygne of the sonne. The yere of our lorde god +M.CCCCC.xiij. + + [+Wynkyn .de. worde's+ device here.] + + [Sidenotes: + Here ends this Book printed by Wynkyn de Worde. A.D. 1513.] + + + + +NOTES. + + +Wynkyn de Worde introduces some dishes, sauces, fish, and one wine, not +mentioned by Russell. + +The new _Dishes_ are-- + +_Fayge_ (p. 157, l. 10). This may be for _Sage_, the herb, or a variety +of Fritter, like _Fruyter vaunte_ (p. 157, l. 2; p. 159, l. 24), +_fruyter say_ (p. 159, l. 24), or a dish that I cannot find, or a way of +spelling figs. + +_Fruyter say_, p. 159, l. 24. If _say_ is not for _Sage_, then it may be +a fish, contrasted with the _vaunte_, which I suppose to mean 'meat.' +_Sey_ is a Scotch name for the Coalfish, _Merlangus Carbonarius_. +Yarrell, ii. 251. + +_Charlet_ (p. 159, l. 28). The recipe in 'Household Ordinances,' p. 463, +is, Take swete cowe mylk and put into a panne, and cast in therto [gh]olkes +of eyren and the white also, and sothen porke brayed, and sage; and let +hit boyle tyl hit crudde, and colour it with saffron, and dresse hit up, +and serve hit forthe." Another recipe for Charlet Enforsed follows, and +there are others for Charlet and Charlet icoloured, in Liber Cure, +p. 11. + +_Jowtes_, p. 160, last line. These are broths of beef or fish boiled +with chopped boiled herbs and bread, _H. Ord._ p. 461. Others are made +'with swete almond mylke,' _ib._ See 'Joutus de Almonde,' p. 15, _Liber +Cure_. For 'Joutes' p. 47; 'for oþer ioutes,' p. 48. + +_Browes_, p. 160, last line. This is doubtless the Brus of Household +Ordinances, p. 427, and the _bruys_ of Liber Cure, p. 19, l. 3, brewis, +or broth. Brus was made of chopped pig's-inwards, leeks, onions, bread, +blood, vinegar. For 'Brewewes in Somere' see _H. Ord._ p. 453. + +_Chewettes_, p. 161, l. 4, were small pies of chopped-up livers of pigs, +hens, and capons, fried in grease, mixed with hard eggs and ginger, and +then fried or baked. _Household Ordinances_, p. 442, and _Liber Cure_, +p. 41. The Chewets for fish days were similar pies of chopped turbot, +haddock, and cod, ground dates, raisins, prunes, powder and salt, fried +in oil, and boiled in sugar and wine. _L. Cure_, p. 41. Markham's Recipe +for 'A Chewet Pye' is at p. 80-1 of his _English Houswife_. _Chewit_, or +small Pie; minced or otherwise. R. Holme. See also two recipes in MS. +Harl. 279, fol. 38. + +_Flaunes_ (p. 161, l. 4) were Cheesecakes, made of ground cheese beaten +up with eggs and sugar, coloured with saffron, and baked in 'cofyns' or +crusts. 'A Flaune of Almayne' or 'Crustade' was a more elaborate +preparation of dried or fresh raisins and pears or apples pounded, with +cream, eggs, bread, spices, and butter, strained and baked in 'a faire +coffyn or two.' _H. Ord._ p. 452. [['Pro Caseo ad _flauns_ qualibet die +. panis j' (allowance of). _Register of Worcester Priory_, fol. 121 _a._ +ed. Hale, 1865.]] + +Of new _Sauces_, Wynkyn de Worde names _Gelopere_ & _Pegyll_ (p. 165, +l. 4). Gelopere I cannot find, and can only suggest that its _p_ may be +for _f_, and that "cloves of gelofer," the clove-gillyflower, may have +been the basis of it. These cloves were stuck in ox tongues, see "Lange +de beof," _Liber Cure_, p. 26. Muffett also recommends Gilly-flour +Vinegar as the best sauce for sturgeon in summer, p. 172; and Vinegar of +Clove-Gilliflowers is mentioned by Culpepper, p. 97, Physical Directory, +1649. + +_Pegylle_ I take to be the _Pykulle_ of Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 31, made +thus; + + 'Take droppyng of capone rostyd wele + With wyne and mustarde, as have Þou cele [bliss], + With onyons smalle schrad, and sothun in grece, + Meng alle in fere, and forthe hit messe.' + +The new _Wine_ is _Campolet_, p. 153. Henderson does not mention it; +Halliwell has '_Campletes_. A kind of wine, mentioned in a curious list +in MS. Rawl. C. 86.' [See the list in the Notes to Russell, above, +p. 86.] I suppose it to be the wine from '_Campole_. The name of a +certaine white grape, which hath very white kernels.' Cotgrave. + +Of new _Fish_ W. de Worde names the _Salens_ (p. 166, l. 8), _Cottell_ +and _Tench_ (p. 167). Torrentyne he makes _sele turrentyne_ (p. 166, +l. 8 from bottom) seemingly, but has _turrentyne salte_ as a fish +salted, at p. 168, l. 7. + +_Cottell_, p. 168, l. 14, the cuttlefish. Of these, _Sepiæ vel +Lolligines calamariæ_, Muffet says, they are called also 'sleewes' for +their shape, and 'scribes' for their incky humour wherewith they are +replenished, and are commended by Galen for great nourishers; their +skins be as smooth as any womans, but their flesh is brawny as any +ploughmans; therefore I fear me Galen rather commended them upon +hear-say then upon any just cause or true experience. + +For the _Salens_ I can only suggest thunny. Aldrovandi, _de Piscibus_, +treating of the synonyms of the Salmon, p. 482, says, "Græcam salmonis +nomenclaturam non inuenio, neq{ue} est quod id miretur curiosus lector, +cum in Oceano tantu{m} flumi{n}ibusq{ue} in eum se exonerantibus +reperiatur, ad quæ veteres Græci nunquam penetr{a}runt. Qui voluerit, +_Salangem_ appellare poterit. +Salanx+ enim boni, id est, delicati +piscis nomen legitur apud Hesychium, nec præterea qui sit, explicatur: +aut a migrandi natura +katanadromos+, vel +dromas+ fluviatilis dicatur, +nam Aristoteles in mari dromades vocat Thunnos aliosq{ue} gregales, qui +aliunde in Pontum excurrunt, et vix vno loco conquiescunt; aut nomen +fingatur a saltu, & +almôn+ dicitur. Non placet tamen, salmonis nomen a +saltu deduci, aut etiam á sale, licet saliendi natura ei optimè quadret +saleq{ue} aut muria inueturaria etiam soleat. Non enim latine sed a +Germanis Belgisuè Rheni accolis, aut Gallis Aquitanicis accepta vox +est." See also p. 318, 'Scardula, et Iucohia ex Pigis, et Plota, +Sale{n}a.' _Gesner, de Piscibus_, p. 273. Can _salens_ be the Greek +'+sôlên+, a shell-fish, perhaps like the razor-fish. Epich. +p. 22.'--Liddell and Scott--? I presume not. '_Solen._ The flesh is +sweet; they may be eaten fryed or boiled.' 1661, R. Lovell, _Hist. of +Animals_, p. 240. '_Solen_: A genus of bivalve mollusks, having a long +slender shell; razor-fish.' Webster's Dict. + +_Sele turrentyne_, p. 166, l. 8 from bottom. Seemingly a variety of +seal, or of eel or sole if _sele_ is a misprint. But I cannot suggest +any fish for it. + +_Rochets_, p. 167, l. 5. _Rubelliones._ _Rochets_ (or rather Rougets, +because they are so red) differ from Gurnards and Curs, in that they are +redder by a great deal, and also lesser; they are of the like flesh and +goodness, yet better fryed with onions, butter, and vinegar, then +sodden. Muffett, p. 166. + + + [Footnote L*: See above, in the Keruynge of Flesshe, p. 157, + lines 5 and 4 from the bottom. ["laye foure trenchours to your + soferayne, one by an other / and laye theron other foure trenchours + or elles twayne"]] + + [Textnotes: + A _Orig._ seasous + B _sic_: o _for_ e + C _sic_: a _for_ n + D _for_ se, _see_. + E _for_ is + F _for_ be + G ? u _for_ n + H _for_ with + I _sic_: c _for_ e + K _sic_: u _for_ n + L The top of the _s_ is broken off, making the letter look like + an _l_ rubbed at the top. + M ? brothe + N _for_ they + O _Orig._ raysyus + P _sic_] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The + + Boke of Curtasye. + + FROM THE SLOANE MS. 1986 IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AB. 1460 A.D. + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +In this selection, sidenotes are identified by verse lines. They are +grouped by text headers (generally in Latin), as shown in the Table +of Contents.] + + + CONTENTS. + + PAGE + Here begynneth{e} þe FYRST BOKE of CURTASYE 177 + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE AT TABLE.] + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE AT MEALS.] + THE SECOND BOOK 181 + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE AT CHURCH, TO PARENTS, ETC.] + [Headnote: THE RULE OF GOOD MANNERS.] + THE THIRD BOOK: + De officiarijs in curijs d{omi}no{rum} 187 + De Ianitor{e} 188 + [Headnote: OF THE PORTER, AND MARSHAL OF THE HALL.] + De Marescallo aule 188 + P{er} q{uan}tu{m} te{m}p{us} armig{er}i h{ab}eb{un}t + lib{er}ata{m} {et} ignis ardeb{i}t i{n} a{ul}a 189 + De pinc{er}nario, panetario, + {et} cocis sibi s{er}uie{n}tib{us} 190 + [Headnote: OF THE BUTLER AND PANTER.] + De offic{i}o pinc{er}narij 190 + De hostiario {et} suis s{er}uientib{us} 190 + De Offic{i}o garc{i}onu{m} 191 + [Headnote: OF THE GROOMS AND USHER OF THE CHAMBER.] + De seneschallo 194 + [Headnote: OF THE STEWARD.] + De cont{ra}rotulatore 195 + De sup{er}uisore 195 + De Clerico coquine 195 + De cancellario 195 + [Headnote: OF THE CHANCELLOR AND TREASURER.] + De thesaurizario 196 + De receptore firmar{um} 197 + De Auenario 197 + De pistore 198 + [Headnote: OF THE BAKER AND HUNTSMAN.] + De venatore {et} suis canib{us} 198 + De aquario 199 + Qui d{eb}ent manus lauar{e} + {et} i{n} q{u}or{um} domib{us} 199 + De panetario 200 + [Headnote: OF THE PANTER, THE LORD'S KNIVES, ETC.] + De Cultellis d{omi}ni 200 + De Elemosinario 201 + [Headnote: OF THE ALMONER AND DISH-SERVER.] + De ferculario 202 + De candelario 204 + [Headnote: OF THE CARVER, SURNAPE-LAYERS, AND CHANDLER.] + + + The boke of Curtasye. + + + ++Here begynneth{e} þe fyrst boke of curtasye. + + ++Qwo so wylle of curtasy ler{e}, [Fol. 12.] + In this boke he may hit her{e}! + Yf thow be gentylmon, [gh]omo{n}, or knaue, + The nedis nurture for to haue. 4 + Wheñ thou comes to a lordis [gh]ate, + The porter þ{o}u shall{e} fynde ther-ate; + Take hym thow shalt þy wepyn tho, + And aske hym leue in to go 8 + + ¶ To speke w{i}t{h} lorde, lady, squyer, or grome. + Ther-to the nedys to take the tome[1]; + For yf he be of logh{e} degre, + Than hym falles to come to the; 12 + + ¶ Yf he be gentylmo{n} of kyñ, + The porter wille lede the to hym. + When thow come tho halle dor to, + Do of thy hode, thy gloues also; 16 + + ¶ Yf þo halle be at the furst mete, + This lessou{n} loke thow no[gh]t for-[gh]ete: + Þe stuard, countroller, and tresurer{e}, + Sittand at de deshe, þ{o}u haylse in fere. 20 + + ¶ W{i}t{h}iñ þe hall{e} sett on ayther side, + Sitten other ge{n}tylme{n} as fall{es} þ{a}t tyde; + Enclyne þe fayre to hom also, + First to the ry[gh]ht honde þ{o}u shall{e} go, 24 + + ¶ Sitthen to þo left honde þy neghe þ{o}u cast; + To hom þ{o}u bogh{e} w{i}t{h}outen wrast[2]; + Take hede to [gh]omo{n} on þy ryght honde, + And sithen byfor{e} the screne þ{o}u stonde 28 + + ¶ In myddys þe halle opon þe flore, + Whille marshall{e} or vssher come fro þe dore, + And bydde the sitte, or to borde the lede. + Be stabull{e} of chere for menske[3], y rede; 32 + + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE AT TABLE.] + + ¶ Yf he þe sette at gentilmo{n}nes borde, + Loke þ{o}u be hynde[4] and lytull{e} of worde. + Pare þy brede and kerue in two, + Tho ou{er} crust þo nether fro; 36 + + ¶ In fowre þ{o}u kutt þo ou{er} dole, + Sett hom to-gedur as h{i}t where hole; + Sithen kutt þo nether crust in thre, + And t{ur}ne h{i}t dowñ, lerne þis at me. 40 + + ¶ And lay thy trencho{ur} þe be-fore, + And sitt vp-ry[gh]ht for any sore. + Spare brede or wyne, drynke or ale, + To thy messe of kochyñ be sett in sale; 44 + + ¶ Lest men sayne þ{o}u art hong{ur} beteñ, + Or ellis a gloten þ{a}t all{e} me{n} wyteñ, + Loke þy naylys ben clene in blythe, + Lest þy felagh{e} lothe ther-wyth. 48 + + ¶ Byt not on thy brede and lay h{i}t dou{n},-- + That is no curteyse to vse in towñ;-- + But breke as mych{e} as þ{o}u wyll{e} ete, + The remelant to pore þ{o}u shall{e} lete. 52 + + ¶ In peese þ{o}u ete, and eu{er} eschewe + To flyte[5] at borde; þ{a}t may þe rewe. + Yf þ{o}u make mawes[6] on any wyse, + A velany þ{o}u kacches or eu{er} þ{o}u rise. 56 + + ¶ Let neu{er} þy cheke be Made to grete [Fol. 13.] + W{i}t{h} morsell{e} of brede þ{a}t þ{o}u shall{e} ete; + An apys mow men sayne he makes, + Þ{a}t brede and flesshe in hys cheke bakes. 60 + + ¶ Yf any mañ speke þ{a}t tyme to the, + And þ{o}u schall{e} onsware, h{i}t will{e} not be + But waloande, and a-byde þ{o}u most; + Þ{a}t is a schame for alle the host. 64 + + ¶ On bothe halfe þy mouthe, yf þ{a}t þ{o}u ete, + Mony a skorne shall{e} þ{o}u gete. + Þ{o}u shall{e} not lau[gh]he ne speke no þyng{e} + Whille þi mouthe be full{e} of mete or drynke; 68 + + ¶ Ne suppe not w{i}t{h} grete sowndyng{e} + Noþer potage ne oþer þyng{e}. + Let not þi spone stond in þy dysche, + Wheþ{er} þ{o}u be s{er}ued w{i}t{h} fleshe or fische; 72 + + ¶ Ne lay hit not on thy dishe syde, + But clense h{i}t honestly w{i}t{h}-outen pride. + Loke no browyng{e} on þy fyng{ur} þore + Defoule þe clothe þe be-fore. [p. 27, bot.] 76 + + ¶ In þi dysche yf þ{o}u wete þy brede, + Loke þ{er}-of þat no[gh]t be lede + To cast agayne þy dysche in-to; + Þ{o}u art vn-hynde yf þ{o}u do so. 80 + + ¶ Drye þy mouthe ay wele {and} fynde + When þ{o}u schall{e} drynke oþ{er} ale or wyne. + Ne calle þ{o}u no[gh]t a dysche a-[gh]ayne, + Þ{a}t ys take fro þe borde in playne; 84 + + ¶ [Gh]if þ{o}u sp[i]tt ou{er} the borde, or ell{es} opoñ, + Þ{o}u schall{e} be holden an vncurtayse mon; + Yf þy nowñ dogge þ{o}u scrape or clawe, + Þ{a}t is holden a vyse emong men knawe. 88 + + ¶ Yf þy nose þ{o}u clense, as may be-falle, + Loke þy honde þ{o}u clense, as wyth{e}-alle, + Priuely w{i}t{h} skyrt do hit away, + Oþ{er} ellis thurgh{e} thi tepet þ{a}t is so gay. 92 + + ¶ Clense not thi tethe at mete sittande, + W{i}t{h} knyfe ne stre, styk ne wande. + While þ{o}u holdes mete i{n} mouthe, be war + To drynke, þ{a}t is an-honest[7] char, 96 + + ¶ And also fysike for-bedes hit, + And sais þ{o}u may be choket at þ{a}t byt; + Yf hit go þy wrang throte into, + And stoppe þy wynde, þ{o}u art fordo. 100 + + ¶ Ne telle þ{o}u neu{er} at borde no tale + To harme or shame þy felawe i{n} sale; + For if he then w{i}t{h}holde his methe[8], + Eftsons he wyll{e} forcast þi dethe. 104 + + ¶ Where-ser{e} þ{o}u sitt at mete in borde, + Avoide þe cat at on bar{e} worde + For yf þ{o}u stroke cat oþ{er} dogge, + Þ{o}u art lyke an ape tey[gh]ed w{i}t{h} a clogge. 108 + + ¶ Also {es}chewe, w{i}t{h}-outen stryfe, + To foule þe borde clothe w{i}t{h} þi knyfe; + Ne blow not on þy drynke ne mete, + Neþ{er} for colde, neþer for hete; 112 + + ¶ W{i}t{h} mete ne bere þy knyfe to mowthe, + Wheþ{er} þ{o}u be sett be strong or couthe; + Ne w{i}t{h} þo borde clothe þi tethe þ{o}u wype, [Fol. 14.] + Ne þy nyen þ{a}t rennen rede, as may betyde. 116 + + ¶ Yf þ{o}u sitt by a ry[gh]ht good mañ, + Þis lessoñ loke þou þenke apoñ: + Vndur his the[gh]ghe þy kne not pit, + Þ{o}u ar full{e} lewed yf þ{o}u dose hit. 120 + + ¶ Ne bacwarde sittande gyf no[gh]t þy cupe, + Noþ{er} to drynke, noþ{er} to suppe; + Bidde þi frende take cuppe and drynke, + Þ{a}t is holden an-honest thyng. 124 + + ¶ Lene not on elbowe at þy mete, + Noþ{er} for colde ne for hete; + Dip not þi thombe þy drynke i{n}to, + Þ{o}u art vncurtayse yf þ{o}u hit do; 128 + + ¶ In salt saler yf þ{a}t þ{o}u pit + Oþ{er} fisshe or flesshe þ{a}t me{n} may wyt, + Þ{a}t is a vyce, as me{n} me telles, + And gret wonder h{i}t most be elles. 132 + + ¶ After mete when þ{o}u shalt wasshe, + Spitt not in basyn, ne wat{er} þ{o}u dasshe; + Ne spit not lorely, for no kyn mede, + Be-fore no mo{n} of god for drede. 136 + + ¶ Who so eu{er} despise þis lessoun ry[gh]t, + At borde to sitt he hase no my[gh]t. + Here endys now our{e} fyrst talkyng, + Crist graunt vs alle his der{e} blessyng! 140 + + ¶ Her{e} endith{e} þe [first] boke of curtasye. + + [Sidenotes: + [2] In this book you may learn Courtesy. Every one needs it. + [5] On reaching a Lord's gate, give the Porter your weapon, and + ask leave to go in. [11] If the master is of low degree, he will + come to you: [13] if of high, the Porter will take you to him. + [15] At the Hall-door, take off your hood and gloves, greet the + Steward, &c., at the dais, [22] bow to the Gentlemen on each side + of the hall [24] both right and left; [27] notice the yeomen, then + stand before the screen till the Marshal or Usher leads you to the + table. [33] Be sedate and courteous if you are set with the + gentlemen. [35] Cut your loaf in two, the top from the bottom; cut + the top crust in 4, and the bottom in 3. [37] cut the top crust in + 4, and the bottom in 3. [41] Put your trencher before you, and + [43] don't eat or drink till your Mess is brought from the + kitchen, [45] lest you be thought starved or a glutton. [47] Have + your nails clean. [49] Don't bite your bread, but break it. + [53] Don't quarrel at table, or make grimaces. [57] Don't cram + your cheeks out with food like an ape, [61] for if any one should + speak to you, you can't answer, but must wait. [65] Don't eat on + both sides of your mouth. [67] Don't laugh with your mouth full, + [69] or sup up your potage noisily. [71] Don't leave your spoon in + the dish or on its side, but clean your spoon. [75] Let no dirt + off your fingers soil the cloth. [77] Don't put into the dish + bread that you have once bitten. [81] Dry your mouth before you + drink. [83] Don't call for a dish once removed, [85] or spit on + the table: that's rude. [87] Don't scratch your dog. [89] If you + blow your nose, clean your hand; wipe it with your skirt or put it + through your tippet. [93] Don't pick your teeth at meals, or drink + with food in your mouth, [97] as you may get choked, or killed, by + its stopping your wind. [101] Tell no tale to harm or shame your + companions. [106] Don't stroke the cat or dog. [109] Don't dirty + the table cloth with your knife. [111] Don't blow on your food, or + put your knife in your mouth, or wipe your teeth or eyes with the + table cloth. [117] If you sit by a good man, don't put your knee + under his thigh. [121] Don't hand your cup to any one with your + back towards him. [125] Don't lean on your elbow, [127] or dip + your thumb into your drink, [129] or your food into the salt + cellar: That is a vice. [133] Don't spit in the basin you wash in + or loosely (?) before a man of God.] + + + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE AT CHURCH, TO PARENTS, ETC.] + + THE SECOND BOOK. + + Yf that þ{o}u be a [gh]ong enfaunt, + And thenke þo scoles for to haunt, + This lessou{n} schall{e} þy maist{ur} þe merke, + Croscrist[[8a]] þe spede in all{e} þi werke; 144 + Sytthen þy _pater n{oste}r_ he wille þe teche, + As cristes owne postles con preche; + Aft{ur} þy Aue mar{ia} and þi crede, + Þat shall{e} þe saue at dome of drede; 148 + + ¶ Theñ aft{ur} to blesse þe w{i}t{h} þe t{r}inité, + In no{m}i{n}e p{at}ris teche he wille þe; + Þen w{i}t{h} marke, mathew, luke, {and} Ion, + W{i}t{h} þe þ{er} cruc{is} and the hegh name; 152 + + ¶ To schryue þe in gen{er}al þ{o}u schall{e} lere + Þy Confiteor and misereat{ur} in fer{e}. + To seche þe kyngdam of god, my chylde, + Þ{er}to y rede þ{o}u be not wylde. 156 + + ¶ Ther-for{e} worschip god, bothe olde {and} [gh]ong, + To be in body and soule yliche strong{e}. + When þ{o}u comes to þo chirche dore, + Take þe haly wat{er} stondand on flor{e}; 160 + + ¶ Rede or synge or byd p{ra}yeris + To crist, for all{e} þy crysten ferys; + Be curtayse to god, and knele dou{n} + On bothe knees w{i}t{h} grete deuociou{n}. 164 + + ¶ To mo{n} þ{o}u shall{e} knele opon þe toñ, + Þe toþ{er} to þy self þ{o}u halde aloñ. + When þ{o}u ministers at þe hegh{e} aut{er}e, + W{i}t{h} bothe hondes þ{o}u s{er}ue þ{o} p{re}st in fere, 168 + Þe ton to stabull{e} þe toþ{er} + Lest þ{o}u fayle, my dere broþ{er}. + + ¶ Anoþ{er} curtayse y wylle þe teche, + Thy fadur And modur, w{i}t{h} mylde speche, [Fol. 15.] 172 + In worschip and s{er}ue w{i}t{h} all{e} þy my[gh]t, + Þ{a}t þou dwelle þe lengur in erthely ly[gh]t. + + ¶ To anoþ{er} ma{n} do no mor{e} amys + Then þ{o}u woldys be doñ of hym {and} hys; 176 + So crist þ{o}u pleses, {and} get{es} þe loue + Of meñ {and} god þ{a}t sytt{is} aboue. + + ¶ Be not to meke, but i{n} mene þe holde, + For ellis a fole þ{o}u wyll{e} be tolde. 180 + He þ{a}t to ry[gh]twysnes wylle enclyne, + As holy wry[gh]t says vs wele and fyne, + His sede schall{e} neu{er} go seche hor brede, + Ne suffur of mo{n} no shames dede. 184 + + ¶ To for-gyf þ{o}u shall{e} þe hast; + To veniaunce loke þ{o}u come on last; + Draw þe to pese w{i}t{h} all{e} þy strengþe; + Fro stryf and bate draw þe on lengþe. 188 + + ¶ Yf mo{n} aske þe good for goddys sake, + And þe wont thyng{e} wher-of to take, + Gyf hym bon{er} wordys on fayre maner{e}, + W{i}t{h} glad semblaunt[A] {and} pure good cher. 192 + + [Textnote A: MS. semblamt] + + ¶ Also of s{er}uice þ{o}u shall{e} be fre + To eu{er}y mo{n} in hys degré. + Þ{o}u schall{e} neu{er} lose for to be kynde; + That on for[gh]et{is}, anoþ{er} hase in mynde. 196 + + ¶ Yf Any ma{n} haue part w{i}t{h} þe i{n} gyft, + W{i}t{h} hym þ{o}u make an euen skyft; + Let hit not henge in honde for glose, + Þ{o}u art vncurtayse yf þ{o}u hyt dose. 200 + + ¶ To saynt{is} yf þ{o}u þy gate hase hy[gh]t, + Thou schall{e} fulfylle h{i}t w{i}t{h} all{e} þy my[gh]t, + Lest god þe stryk w{i}t{h} grete veniaunce, + And pyt þe in-to sore penaunce. 204 + + ¶ Leue not all{e} me{n} that speke þe fayre, + Wheþ{er} þ{a}t h{i}t ben comyns, burges, or mayr{e}; + In swete wordis þe nedder was closet, + Disseyuaunt euer and mysloset; 208 + Þ{er}-fore þ{o}u art of adams blode, + W{i}t{h} wordis be ware, but þ{o}u be wode: + A schort worde is comynly sothe + Þ{a}t fyrst slydes fro mo{n}nes tothe. 212 + + ¶ Loke ly[gh]er neu{er} þ{a}t þ{o}u be-come, + Kepe þys worde for all{e} and somme. + Law[gh]e not to of[t] for no solace, + For no kyn myrth{e} þ{a}t any ma{n} mase; 216 + Who lawes all{e} þ{a}t me{n} may se, + A schrew or a fole hym semes to be. + + ¶ Thre enmys in þys worlde þ{er} ar{e} + Þ{a}t coueyteñ alle me{n} to for-fare,-- 220 + The deuel, þe flesshe, þe worlde also, + That wyrkyn mankynde ful mykyl wo: + Yf þ{o}u may strye þes þre enmys, + Þ{o}u may be secur of heueñ blys. 224 + + [Headnote: THE RULE OF GOOD MANNERS.] + + ¶ Also, my chylde, a-gaynes þy lorde + Loke þ{o}u stryfe w{i}t{h} no kyn w{o}rde, + Ne waiour non w{i}t{h} hym þ{o}u lay, + Ne at þe dyces w{i}t{h} hym to play. 228 + + ¶ Hym that þ{o}u knawes of grett{er} state, + Be not hys felaw in rest ne bate. [Fol. 16.] + [Gh]if þ{o}u be stad in strange contré, + Enserche no fyr þen fall{es} to the, 232 + Ne take no more to do on honde + Þen þ{o}u may hafe menske of all{e} i{n} londe. + + ¶ [Gh]if þ{o}u se any mon fal by strete, + Lawegh{e} not þer-at in drye ne wete, + But helpe hym vp w{i}t{h} all{e} þy my[gh]t, + As seynt Ambrose þe teches ry[gh]t; + Þ{o}u that stondys so sure on sete, + War{e} lest þy hede falle to þy fete. 240 + + ¶ My chylde, yf þ{o}u stonde at þo masse, + At vndur stondis bothe more and lasse, + Yf þo prest rede not at þy wylle, + Rep{re}ue hym no[gh]t, but holde þe stylle. 244 + + ¶ To any wy[gh]t þy counsell{e} yf þ{o}u schewe, + Be war þ{a}t he be not a schrewe, + Lest he disclaundyr þe w{i}t{h} tong + Amonge alle me{n}, bothe olde {and} [gh]ong. 248 + + ¶ Bekenyng, fynguryng, no{n} þ{o}u vse, + And pryué rownyng loke þ{o}u refuse. + Yf þ{o}u mete kny[gh]t, [gh]omo{n}, or knaue, + Haylys hym a-non, "syre, god [gh]ou saue." 252 + Yf he speke fyrst opon þe þor{e}, + Onsware hym gladly w{i}t{h}-oute{n} mor{e}. + + ¶ Go not forth{e} as a dombe freke, + Syn god hase laft the tonge to speke; 256 + Lest meñ sey be sibbe or couthe,[9] + "[Gh]ond is a mo{n} w{i}t{h}-outen mouthe." + + ¶ Speke neu{er} vnhonestly of woma{n} kynde, + Ne let hit neu{er} renne in þy mynde; 260 + Þe boke hym call{es} a chorle of chere, + That vylany spekes be weme{n} sere: + For all{e} we ben of wymme{n} borñ, + And oure fadurs vs be-forne; 264 + Þ{er}for{e} hit is a vnhonest thyng + To speke of hem in any hethyng.[10] + + ¶ Also a wyfe be-falle of ry[gh]t + To worschyp hyr husbonde bothe day {and} ny[gh]t, 268 + To his byddyng be obediente, + And hym to s{er}ue w{i}t{h}-outen offence. + + ¶ Yf two brether be at debate, + Loke noþ{er} þ{o}u forþ{er} in hor hate, 272 + But helpe to staunche hom of malice; + Þen þ{o}u art frende to bothe I-wys. + + ¶ [Gh]if þ{o}u go w{i}t{h} a-noþ{er} at þo gate, + And [gh]e be bothe of on astate, 276 + Be curtasye and let hym haue þe way, + That is no vylanye, as me{n} me say; + And he be come{n} of gret kynraden, + Go no be-fore þawgh þ{o}u be beden; 280 + And yf þ{a}t he þy mayst{ur} be, + Go not be-fore, for curtasé, + Noþ{er} in fylde, wode, noþ{er} launde, + Ne euen hym w{i}t{h}, but he c{om}maunde. 284 + + ¶ Yf þ{o}u schalle on pilg{ri}mage go, + Be not þe thryd felaw for wele ne wo; + Thre oxen in plowgh may neu{er} wel drawe, [Fol. 17.] + Noþ{er} be craft, ry[gh]t, ne lawe. 288 + + ¶ [Gh]if þ{o}u be p{ro}fert to drynk of cup, + Drynke not al of, ne no way sup; + Drynk menskely and gyf agayne, + Þ{a}t is a curtasye, to speke in playne. 292 + + ¶ In bedde yf þou falle herberet to be, + W{i}t{h} felawe, maystur, or her degré, + Þ{o}u schalt enquer{e} be curtasye + In what p{ar}[t] of þe bedde he wylle lye; 296 + Be honest and lye þ{o}u fer hym fro, + Þ{o}u art not wyse but þ{o}u do so. + + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE.] + + ¶ W{i}t{h} woso men, boþe fer and negh, + The falle to go, loke þ{o}u be slegh 300 + To aske his nome, and qweche he be, + Whidur he will{e}: kepe welle þes thre. + + ¶ W{i}t{h} freres on pilg{ri}mage yf þ{a}t þ{o}u go, + Þ{a}t þei will{e} [gh]yme,[11] wilne þ{o}u also; 304 + Als on ny[gh]t þ{o}u take þy rest, + And byde þe day as tru ma{n}nes gest. + + ¶ In no kyn house þ{a}t rede mon is, + Ne womo{n} of þo same colour y-wys, 308 + Take neu{er} þy Innes for no kyn nede, + For þose be folke þ{a}t ar to drede. + + ¶ Yf any thurgh sturnes þe oppose, + Onswere hym mekely {and} make hym glose: 312 + But glosand wordys þ{a}t falsed is, + Forsake, and alle that is omys. + + ¶ Also yf þ{o}u haue a lorde, + And stondes by-for{e} hym at þe borde, 316 + While þ{a}t þ{o}u speke, kepe well{e} þy honde, + Thy fete also in pece let stonde, + + ¶ His curtasé nede he most breke,-- + Stirraunt fyngurs toos whe{n} he shall{e} speke. 320 + Be stabull{e} of cher{e} and sumwhat ly[gh]t, + Ne ou{er} alle wayue þ{o}u not thy sy[gh]t; + + ¶ Gase not on walles w{i}t{h} þy neghe[12], + Fyr ne negh, logh ne hegh{e}; 324 + Let not þe post be-cum þy staf, + Lest þ{o}u be callet a dotet daf; + Ne delf þ{o}u neu{er} nose thyrle + W{i}t{h} thombe ne fyngur, as [gh]ong gyrle; 328 + + ¶ Rob not þy arme ne no[gh]t hit claw, + Ne bogh not dou{n} þy hede to law; + Whil any man spekes w{i}t{h} grete besenes, + Herken his wordis w{i}t{h}-oute{n} distresse. 332 + + ¶ By strete or way yf þ{o}u schalle go, + Fro þes two þynges þ{o}u kepe þe fro, + Noþ{er} to harme chylde ne best, + W{i}t{h} castyng, turnyng west ne est; 336 + Ne chaunge þ{o}u not in face coloure, + For lyghtnes of worde in halle ne bour{e}; + Yf þy vysage chaunge for no[gh]t, + Men say 'þe trespas þ{o}u hase wro[gh]ght.' 340 + + ¶ By-for{e} þy lorde, ne mawes þ{o}u make + [Gh]if þ{o}u wyll{e} curtasie w{i}t{h} þe take. + W{i}t{h} hondes vnwasshen take neu{er} þy mete; + Fro alle þes vices loke þ{o}u þe kepe. 344 + + ¶ Loke þ{o}u sytt--{and} make no stryf-- [Fol. 18.] + Wher{e} þo est[B] co{m}mau{n}dys, or ellis þo wyf. + Eschewe þe he[gh]est place w{i}t{h} wyn,[13] + But þ{o}u be beden to sitt þ{er}-in. 348 + Of curtasie her{e} endis þe secu{n}de fyt, + To heuen crist mot our{e} saules flyt! + + [Text note B: Read _ost_] + + [Sidenotes: + [141] If you go to school you shall learn: 1. Cross of Christ, 2. + Pater Noster, 3. Hail Mary and the Creed, 4. In the name of the + Trinity, 5. of the Apostles, 6. the Confession. [155] Seek the + kingdom of God, and worship Him. [159] At church, take holy water; + pray for all Christian companions; kneel to God on both knees, to + man only on one. [167] At the Altar, serve the priest with both + hands. [171] Speak gently to your father and mother, and honour + them. [175] Do to others as you would they should do to + you. [179] Don't be foolishly meek. [181] The seed of the + righteous shall never beg or be shamed. [185] Be ready forgive, + and fond of peace. [189] If you cannot give an asker goods, give + him good words. [193] Be willing to help every one. [197] Give + your partner his fair share. [201] Go on the pilgrimages (?) you + vow to saints, lest God take vengeance on you. [205] Don't believe + all who speak fair: the Serpent spoke fair words (to Eve). + [210] Be cautious with your words, except when angry. [213] Don't + lie, but keep your word. [215] Don't laugh too often, or you'll be + called a shrew or a fool. [219] Man's 3 enemies are: the Devil, + the Flesh, and the World. [223] Destroy these, and be sure of + heaven. [225] Don't strive with your lord, or bet or play with + him. [231] In a strange place don't be too inquisitive or fussy. + [235] If a man falls, don't laugh, but help him up: [240] your own + head may fall to your feet. [241] At the Mass, if the priest + doesn't please you, don't blame him. [245] Don't tell your secrets + to a shrew. [249] Don't beckon, point, or whisper. [251] When you + meet a man, greet him, or answer him cheerily if he greets you: + don't be dumb, lest men say you have no mouth. [259] Never speak + improperly of women, for we and our fathers were all born of + women. [267] A wife should honour and obey her husband, and serve + him. [271] Try to reconcile brothers if they quarrel. [275] At a + gate, let your equal precede you; go behind your superior and your + master unless he bids you go beside him. [285] On a pilgrimage + don't be third man: 3 oxen can't draw a plough. [289] Don't drink + all that's in a cup offered you; take a little. [293] If you sleep + with any man, ask what part of the bed he likes, and lie far from + him. [299] If you journey with any man, find out his name, who he + is, where he is going. [303] With friars on a pilgrimage, do as + they do. [307] Don't put up at a red (haired and faced) man or + woman's house. [312] Answer opponents meekly, but don't tell lies. + [315] Before your lord at table, keep your hands, feet, and + fingers still. [322] Don't stare about, or at the wall, or lean + against the post. [327] Don't pick your nose, scratch your arm, or + stoop your head. [331] Listen when you're spoken to. [335] Never + harm child or beast with evil eye (?) [337] Don't blush when + you're chaffed, or you'll be accused of mischief. [341] Don't make + faces. [342] Wash before eating. [345] Sit where the host tells + you; avoid the highest place unless you're told to take it.] + + + [Headnote: OF THE PORTER, AND MARSHAL OF THE HALL.] + + THE THIRD BOOK. + + ¶ De officiarijs in curijs d{omi}nor{um}. + + ++Now speke we wylle of officiers + Of court, and als of her mestiers. 352 + Foure me{n} þ{er} beñ þ{a}t [gh]erdis schall{e} bere, + Port{er}, marshall{e}, stuarde, vsshere; + The port{er} schall{e} haue þe lengest wande, + The marshall{e} a schort{er} schall{e} haue i{n} hande; 356 + The vssher of chamb{ur} smallest schall{e} haue, + The stuarde in honde schall{e} haue a stafe, + A fyngur gret, two whart{er}s long, + To reule þe meñ of court ymong. 360 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Officers in Lords' Courts._ + [353] Four bear rods; three wands: 1. Porter, the longest, + 2. Marshal, 3. Usher, the shortest, 4. Steward, a staff, a finger + thick, half a yard long.] + + + ¶ De Ianitor{e}.[14] + + ¶ The port{er} falle to kepe þo [gh]ate, + Þe stokkes w{i}t{h} hym erly {and} late; + [Gh]if any mañ hase in court mys-gayne, + To port{er} warde he schall{e} be tane, 364 + Þ{er} to a-byde þe lordes wyll{e}, + What he wille deme by ry[gh]twys skyll{e}. + For wessell{e} clothes, þ{a}t no[gh]t be solde, + Þe po[r]ter hase þ{a}t warde in holde. 368 + Of strang{er}s also þ{a}t comen to court, + Þo porter schall{e} warne s{er} at a worde. + Lyu{er}ay he hase of mete and drynke, + And sett{is} w{i}t{h} hym who so hym thynke. 372 + When so eu{er} þo lorde remewe schall{e} + To castell{e} til oþ{er} as h{i}t may falle, + For cariage þe port{er} hors schall{e} hyre, + Foure pens a pece w{i}t{h}-in þo schyr{e}; 376 + Be statut he schall{e} take þ{a}t on þe day. + Þ{a}t is þe kyng{is} crye in faye. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Porter._ + [361] He keeps the Gate and Stocks, takes charge of misdoers + till judged, also of clothes, and warns strangers. [371] He is + found in meat and drink. [373] On his lord's removing, he hires + horses at 4d. a piece, the statute price.] + + + ¶ De Marescallo aule.[15] + + [Text note: [C MS. spekle.]] + + ¶ Now of marschall{e} of hall{e} wyll{e} I spelle,[C] + And what falle to hys offyce now wyll{e} y telle; 380 + In absence of stuarde he shall{e} arest + Who so eu{er} is rebell{e} in court or fest; + [Gh]omo{n}-vsshere, and grome also, + Vndur hym ar þes two: 384 + Þo grome for fuell{e} þ{a}t schall{e} brenne + In hall{e}, chambur, to kechyn, as I þe kenne, + He shall{e} delyu{er} hit ilke a dele, + In hall{e} make fyre at yche a mele 388 + Borde, trestuls, and formes also, + Þe cupborde in his warde schall{e} go, + Þe dosurs cortines to henge i{n} halle. + Þes offices nede do he schall{e}; 392 + Bryng in fyre on alhalawgh day, + To condulmas euen, I dar well{e} say. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Marshal of the Hall_ + [381] He shall arrest rebels, when the steward is away. + Yeoman-Usher and Groom are under him. [385] The Groom gets fuel + for the fire, and makes one in all for every meal; looks after + tables, trestles, forms, the cup-board, and hangings of the Hall. + [393] Fires last from Allsaints' Day to Candlemas Eve, (Nov. 1 + to Feb. 2.) [395] and thus long, Squires receive their daily + candle? (see l. 839.) [403] The Marshal shall seat men in the + Hall.] + + + ¶ P{er} q{uan}tu{m} te{m}p{us} armig{er}i h{ab}eb{un}t lib{er}ata{m} + {et} ignis ardeb{i}t i{n} a{ul}a. + + [Sidenote: + _How long Squires shall have allowances, and Fire shall burn + in the Hall[[15a]]._] + + So longe squier{s} lyu{er}és shall{e} hafe,[16] + Of grome of halle, or ellis his knafe; 396 + But fyre shall{e} brenne in hall{e} at mete, + To _Cena d{omi}ni_ þ{a}t me{n} base ete; + Þ{er} brow[gh]t schall{e} be a holyn kene, [Fol. 19.] + Þ{a}t sett schall{e} be in erber grene, 400 + And þ{a}t schall{e} be to alhalawgh day, + And of be skyfted, as y þe say. + In hall{e} marshalle all{e} men schall{e} sett + After here degré, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} lett.[17] 404 + + + [Headnote: OF THE BUTLER AND PANTER.] + + ¶ De pinc{er}nario, panetario, {et} cocis sibi s{er}uie{n}tib{us}. + + ¶ The botelar, pantrer, and cokes also, + To hym ar s{er}uaunt{is} w{i}t{h}-oute{n} mo; + Þ{er}-fore on his [gh]erde skor{e} shall{e} he[19] + Alle messys in halle þ{a}t s{er}uet be, 408 + Co{m}maunde to sett bothe brede {and} ale + To all{e} men þ{a}t seruet ben i{n} sale; + + ¶ To gentilme{n} w{i}t{h} wyne I-bake, + Ellis fayles þo seruice, y vnder-take; 412 + Iche messe at vj^d breue shall{e} he + At the countyng house w{i}t{h} oþ{er} mené; + Yf þo koke wolde say þ{a}t were more, + Þ{a}t is þo cause þ{a}t he hase hit in skore. 416 + Þe panter[18] also yf he wolde stryfe, + For rewarde þ{a}t sett schall{e} be be-lyue. + Wheñ brede faylys at borde aboute, + The marshall{e} gares sett w{i}t{h}-oute{n} doute 420 + More brede, þ{a}t calde is a rewarde, + So shall{e} h{i}t be preuet be-fore stuarde. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Butler, Panter, and Cooks serving him._ + [405] They are the Marshal's servants. [406] He shall score up + all messes served, and order bread and ale for men, but wine for + gentlemen. [413] Each mess shall be reckoned at 6d. [415] and be + scored up to prevent the cook's cheating. [419] If bread runs + short, the Marshal orders more, 'a reward.'] + + + ¶ De offic{i}o pinc{er}narij.[19] + + ¶ Botler shall{e} sett for yche a messe + A pot, a lofe, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} distresse; 424 + Botler, pantrer, felawes ar ay, + Reken hom to-gedur full{e} wel y may. + The marshall{e} shall{e} herber all{e} men in fere, + That ben of court of any mestere; 428 + Saue þe lordys chamb{ur}, þo wadrop to, + Þo vssher of chamb{ur} schall{e} tent þo two. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Butler's duties._ + [423] He shall put a pot and loaf to each mess. [425] He is the + panter's mate. [427] The Marshal shall see to men's lodging. + [429] The Lord's Chamber and Wardrobe are under the Usher of + the Chamber.] + + + ¶ De hostiario {et} suis s{er}uientib{us}.[20] + + ¶ Speke I wylle A lytull{e} qwyle + Of vssher of chambur, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} gyle. 432 + Þ{er} is gentylme{n}, [gh]omo{n}-vssher also, + Two gromes at þo lest, A page þ{er}-to. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Usher and Grooms of the Chamber._ + [432] 1. Usher, 2. Yeoman-usher, 3. Two grooms and a Page.] + + + [Headnote: OF THE GROOMS AND USHER OF THE CHAMBER.] + + ¶ De Offic{i}o garc{i}onu{m}.[21] + + ¶ Gromes palett{is} shyn fyle {and} make liter{e},[22] + ix fote on lengthe w{i}t{h}-out diswer{e}; 436 + vij fote y-wys hit shall{e} be brode, + Wele wat{er}ed, I-wrythen, be craft y-trode, + Wyspes drawen out at fete {and} syde, + Wele wrethyn and t{ur}nyd a-[gh]ayne þ{a}t tyde; 440 + On legh vnsonken hit shall{e} be made, + To þo gurdylstode hegh on lengthe {and} brade. + For lordys two beddys schall{e} be made, + Bothe vtter and inner, so god me glade, 444 + Þ{a}t henget shall{e} be w{i}t{h} hole sylo{ur},[23] + W{i}t{h} crochett{is}[24] and loupys sett on lyour;[25] + + ¶ Þo valance on fylour[26] shall{e} henge w{i}t{h} wy{n}, + iij curteyns stre[gh]t drawen w{i}t{h}-inne, 448 + Þ{a}t reche schall{e} euen to grounde a-boute, + Noþ{er} mor{e}, noþ{er} lesse, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} doute; + He strykes hom vp w{i}t{h} forket wande, + And lappes vp fast a-boute þe lyft hande; 452 + Þo knop vp turnes, and closes on ry[gh]t, + + ¶ As bolde by nek þ{a}t henges full{e} ly[gh]t. [Fol. 20.] + Þo count{ur}pynt he lays on beddys fete, + Qwysshenes on sydes shyn lye full{e} mete. 456 + Tapet{is}[27] of spayne on flor{e} by syde, + Þ{a}t sprad shyn be for pompe and pryde; + Þo chambur sydes ry[gh]t to þo dor{e}, + He henges w{i}t{h} tapet{is} þ{a}t ben full{e} stor{e}; 460 + And fuel to chymné hym fall{e} to gete, + And screnes in clof to y-saue þo hete + Fro þo lorde at mete when he is sett; + Borde, trestuls, and fourmes, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} let, 464 + + ¶ Alle thes þynges kepe schall{e} he, + And wat{er} in chafer for laydyes fre; + iij p{er}chers of wax þen shall{e} he fet, + A-boue þo chymné þ{a}t be sett 468 + In syce[28]; ichoñ from oþ{er} shall{e} be + Þe lenghthe of oþ{er} þ{a}t me{n} may se,[[28a]] + To brenne, to voide, þ{a}t dronkyn is, + Oþ{er} ellis I wote he dose Amys. 472 + Þo vssher alle-way shall{e} sitt at dor{e} + At mete, and walke schall{e} on þe flor{e}, + To se þat all{e} be s{er}uet on ry[gh]t, + Þat is his office be day {and} ny[gh]t, 476 + And byd set borde when tyme schall{e} be, + And take hom vp when tyme ses he. + + ¶ The wardrop[29] he herbers and eke of chamb{ur} + Ladyes w{i}t{h} bedys of corall{e} and lamb{ur}, 480 + Þo vsshere schall{e} bydde þo wardroper{e} + Make redy for all{e} ny[gh]t be-for{e} þe fere; + Þen bryng{is} he forthe ny[gh]t gou{n} also, + And spredys a tapet and qwysshens two, 484 + He layes hom þen opon a fourme, + And foteshete þ{er}-on {and} hit returne. + + ¶ Þo lorde schall{e} skyft hys gowñ at ny[gh]t, + Syttand on foteshete tyl he be dy[gh]t. 488 + Þen vssher gose to þo botré, + "Haue in for all{e} ny[gh]t, syr," says he; + Fyrst to þe chaundeler he schall{e} go, + To take a tortes ly[gh]t hym fro; 492 + + ¶ Bothe wyne and ale he tase indede, + Þo botler says, w{i}t{h}-outen drede, + No mete for mo{n} schall{e} sayed[30] be, + Bot for kynge or prynce or duke so fre; 496 + For heiers of paraunce also y-wys, + Mete shall{e} be sayed, now thenkys on this. + Þen to pantré he hy[gh]es be-lyue, + + ¶ "Syrs, haue in w{i}t{h}-oute{n} stryffe;" 500 + Manchet and chet[31] bred he shalle take, + Þo panter{e} assayes þat h{i}t be bake; + A mort{er} of wax [gh]et will{e} he bryng, + Fro chamb{ur}, syr, w{i}t{h}-out lesyng; 504 + Þ{a}t alle ny[gh]t brennes in bassyn cler{e}, + To saue þo chamb{ur} on ny[gh]t for fyre. + + ¶ Þen [gh]omo{n} of chambur shynne voyde w{i}t{h} ryme, + The torches han holden wele þ{a}t tyme; 508 + Tho chamb{ur} dore stekes þo vssher thenne, + W{i}t{h} p{re}ket and tortes þ{a}t conne brenne; + Fro cupborde he brynges both{e} brede {and} wyne, + And fyrst assayes hit wele a[nd] fyne. 512 + But fyrst þe lorde shall{e} vasshe I-wys, + Fro þo fyr hous when he come{n} is; [Fol. 21.] + Þen kneles þe vssher {and} gyfes hym drynke, + Brynges hym in bed wher{e} he shall{e} wynke; 516 + In strong styd on palet he lay, + At home tase lefe {and} gose his way; + [Gh]omo{n} vssher be-for{e} þe dore, + In vttur chamb{ur} lies on þe flore. 520 + + [Sidenotes: + _The Duties of the Grooms of the Chamber._ + [435] They shall make palets of litter 9 ft. long, 7 broad, + watered, twisted, trodden, with wisps at foot and side, twisted + and turned back; from the floor-level to the waist. [443] For + lords, 2 beds, outer and inner, hung with hangings, hooks and eyes + set on the binding; the valance hanging on a rod (?), four + curtains reaching to the ground; these he takes up with a forked + rod. [455] The counterpane is laid at the foot, cushions on the + sides, tapestry on the floor and sides of the room. [461] The + Groom gets fuel, and screens. [463] The Groom keeps the table, + trestles, and forms for dinner; and water in a heater. [467] He + puts 3 wax-lights over the chimney, all in different syces. + [473] _The Usher of the Chamber_ walks about and sees that all is + served right, [477] orders the table to be set and removed, takes + charge of the Wardrobe and Bedchamber, bids the _Wardroper_ get + all ready before the fire, nightgown, carpet, 2 cushions, a form + with a footsheet over it; on which the lord changes his gown. + [489] The Usher orders what's wanted from the Buttery: a link from + the Chandler, and ale and wine. [495] (No meat shall be assayed + except for King, Prince, Duke or Heirs-apparent.) [498] From the + Pantry the Usher takes fine and coarse bread, and a wax-light that + burns all night in a basin. [507] (The Yeoman-Usher removes the + torches.) [509] The Usher puts lights on the Bedroom door, brings + bread and wine, (the lord washing first,) offers the drink + kneeling; puts his lord to bed, and then goes home himself. The + Yeoman-Usher sleeps at the Lord's door.] + + + [Headnote: OF THE STEWARD.] + + ¶ De seneschallo.[32] + + ¶ Now speke I wyll{e} of þo stuarde als, + + [Text note: [D MS. _and_]] + + Few ar trew, but fele ar[D] fals. + Þo clerke of kechyn, countrollo{ur}, + Stuarde, coke, and surueyour, 524 + Assente{n} in counsell{e}, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} skorne, + How þo lorde schall{e} fare at mete þo morne. + Yf any deyntethe in countré be, + Þo stuarde schewes h{i}t to þo lorde so fre, 528 + And gares by hyt for any cost, + Hit wer{e} grete syn and hit wer{e} lost. + Byfore þe cours þo stuarde comes þen, + Þe seruer h{i}t next of alle kyn me{n} 532 + Mays way and stondes by syde, + Tyl all{e} be s{er}ued at þ{a}t tyde. + At countyng stuarde schall{e} ben, + Tylle all{e} be breuet of wax so grene, 536 + Wrytten in-to bokes, w{i}t{h}-out let, + Þ{a}t be-fore in tabuls hase ben sett, + Tyl countes also þ{er}-on ben cast, + And somet vp holy at þo last. 540 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Steward._ + [522] Few are true, but many false. He, the clerk, cook and + surveyor consult over their Lord's dinner. [527] Any dainty that + can be had, the Steward buys. [531] Before dishes are put on, the + Steward enters first, then the Server. [535] The Steward shall + post into books all accounts written on tablets, and add them up.] + + + ¶ De cont{ra}rotulatore.[33] + + ¶ The Countrollo{ur} shall{e} wryte to hym, + Taunt resceu, no more I myn; + And taunt dispendu þ{a}t same day, + Vncountabull{e} he is, as y [gh]ou say. 544 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Controller._ + [541] He puts down the receipt and consumption of every day.] + + + ¶ De sup{er}uisore.[34] + + ¶ Surueour and stuarde also, + Thes thre folke and no mo, + For no[gh]t resayue{n} bot eu{er} sene + Þ{a}t noþyng fayle {and} alle be whene; 548 + Þ{a}t þo clerke of kechyn schulde not mys, + Þ{er}-fore þo countrollo{ur}, as hafe I blys, + Wrytes vp þo somme as eu{er}y day, + And helpes to count, as I [gh]ou say. 552 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Surveyor._ + [546] He, the steward, and controller, receive nothing, but see + that all goes straight. [550] The Controller checks daily the + Clerk of the kitchen's account.] + + + ¶ De Clerico coquine.[35] + + ¶ The clerke of þe cochyñ shall{e} all{e} þyng breue, + Of men of court, bothe lothe and leue, + Of achat_is and_ dispenses þen wrytes he, + And wages for gromes and [gh]eme{n} fre; 556 + At dresso{ur} also he shalle stonde, + And fett forthe mete dresset w{i}t{h} honde; + Þe spicery and store w{i}t{h} hym shall{e} dwelle, + And mony thynges als, as I no[gh]t telle, 560 + For clethyng of officers alle i{n} fere, + Saue þe lorde hym self and ladys dere. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Clerk of the Kitchen._ + [553] He shall keep account of all purchases, and payments, and + wages, shall preside at the Dresser, and keep the spices, stores, + &c., [561] and the clothes of the officers.] + + + [Headnote: OF THE CHANCELLOR AND TREASURER.] + + ¶ De cancellario.[36] + + ¶ The chaunceler answer{es} for hor clothyng, + For [gh]ome{n}, faukeners, {and} hor horsyng, 564 + For his wardrop and wages also; + And asseles patenti{s} mony {and} mo; [Fol. 22.] + Yf þo lorde gyf o[gh]t to t{er}me of lyf, + The chaunceler h{i}t seles w{i}t{h}-oute{n} stryf; 568 + + [Text note: [E MS. þ{er}]] + + _Tan come nos plerra_ me{n} seyne, + þ{at}[E] is _q{ua}n{do} nob{is} placet_, + Þ{a}t is, whille vs lykes hym no[gh]t omys; + Ou{er}-se hys londes þ{a}t all{e} be ry[gh]t: + On of þo grete he is of my[gh]t. 572 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Chancellor._ + [563] He looks after the servants' clothes, and horses, seals + patents, and grants of land, &c., for life, or during the lord's + pleasure. [571] He oversees the land too, and is a great man.] + + + ¶ De thesaurizario.[37] + + ¶ Now speke y wylle of tresurer{e}, + Husbonde and houswyf he is in fer{e}; + Of þe resayu{er} he shall{e} resayue, + All{e} þ{a}t is gedurt of baylé and grayue,[38] 576 + Of þe lordes courtes and forfet{is} als, + Wheþ{er} þay ben ry[gh]t or þay ben fals. + To þo clerke of cochen he payes moné + For vetayle to bye opon þo countré: 580 + The clerke to kat{er} and pult{er} is, + To baker and butler bothe y-wys + Gyffys seluer to bye in all{e} thyng + Þ{a}t longes to here office, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} lesyng. 584 + Þe tresurer schall{e} gyfe alkyn wage, + To squyer, [gh]omo{n}, grome, or page. + Þo resayuer and þo tresurer, + Þo clerke of cochyn and chaunceler, 588 + Grayuis, and baylys, and parker, + Schone come to acountes eu{er}y [gh]ere + By-fore þo audito{ur} of þo lorde onone, + Þ{a}t schulde be trew as any stone; 592 + Yf he dose hom no ry[gh]t lele, + To A baron of chekker þay mu{n} h{i}t pele. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Treasurer._ + [574] He takes from the Receiver what is collected from bailiff + and grieve, courts and forfeits. [579] He gives the Kitchen clerk + money to buy provisions with, and the clerk gives some to the + baker and butler. [585] The Treasurer pays all wages. [587] He, + the Receiver, Chancellor, Grieves, &c., [590] account once a year + to the Auditor, from whom they can appeal to a Baron of the + Exchequer.] + + + ¶ De receptore firmar{um}. + + ¶ Of þe resayuer speke wyll{e} I, + Þ{a}t fermys[39] resayuys wytt{ur}ly 596 + Of grayuys, and hom aquetons makes, + Sex pons þ{er}-fore to feys he takes, + And pays feys to parkers als I-wys, + + [Text note: [F _Or_ loned.]] + + Þ{er}-of at acountes he loued[F] is, 600 + And ou{er}-seys castels, man{er}s a-boute, + Þ{a}t no[gh]t falle w{i}t{h}-in ne w{i}t{h}-oute. + Now let we þes officers be, + And telle we wylle of smaller mené. 604 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Receiver of Rents._ + [597]: He gives receipts, and gets a fee of 6d. [599] He pays fees + to park-keepers, and looks after castles and manor-houses.] + + + ¶ De Auenario.[40] + + ¶ Þe Aueyn{er} schall{e} ordeyn p{ro}uande[41] good won, + For þo lordys horsis eu{er}ychon; + Þay schyn haue two cast[42] of hay, + A pek of p{ro}uande on a day; 608 + Eu{er}y horse schall{e} so muche haue, + At racke and mang{er} þ{a}t standes w{i}t{h} staue. + A mayst{ur} of horsys a squyer[43] þ{er} is, + Aueyn{er} and fero{ur} vnd{ur} hym I-wys; 612 + Þose [gh]ome{n} þ{a}t olde sadels schyn haue, + Þ{a}t schyn be last for kny[gh]t and knaue, + For yche a hors þ{a}t ferrour{e}[44] schall{e} scho, + An halpeny on day he takes hym to; 616 + Vnd{ur} ben gromes and pages mony one, + Þat ben at wage eu{er}ychone; + Som at two pons on a day, [Fol. 23.] + and som at iij ob., I [gh]ou say; 620 + Mony of hem fote-me{n} þer ben, + Þ{a}t renne{n} by þe brydels of ladys shene. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Avener._ + [605] He shall give the horses in the stable two armsful of hay + and a peck of oats, daily. [611]: A Squire is Master of the Horse; + under him are Avener and Farrier, (the Farrier has a halfpenny a + day for every horse he shoes,) and grooms and pages hired at 2d. + a day, or 3 halfpence, and footmen who run by ladies' bridles.] + + + [Headnote: OF THE BAKER AND HUNTSMAN.] + + ¶ De pistore.[45] + + ¶ Of þo baker now speke y wylle, + And wat longes his office vntylle; 624 + Of a lunden buschell{e} he shall{e} bake + xx louys, I vndur-take; + + [Text note: [G _Read_ broun, brown.]] + + Manchet and chet to make brom[G] bred hard, + For chaundeler and grehoundes {and} hu{n}tes reward. 628 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Baker._ + [625] Out of a London bushel he shall bake 20 loaves, fine and + coarse.] + + + ¶ De venatore {et} suis canib{us}. + + ¶ A halpeny þo hunte takes on þe day + For eu{er}y hounde, þo soth{e} to say: + Þo vewt{er}, two cast of brede he tase, + Two lesshe of grehoundes yf þ{a}t he hase; 632 + To yche a bone, þat is to telle, + If I to [gh]ou þe sothe shall{e} spelle; + By-syde hys vantage þ{a}t may be-fall{e}, + Of skynnes and oþ{er} thynges w{i}t{h}-all{e}, 636 + Þat hunt{er}es con tell{e} bett{er} þa{n} I, + Þ{er}-fore I leue h{i}t wytt[{ur}]ly. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Huntsman and his Hounds._ + [629] He gets a halfpenny a day for every hound. [631] The + Feuterer 2 lots of bread if he has 2 leash of Greyhounds, and a + bone for each, besides perquisites of skins, &c.] + + + ¶ De aquario.[46] + + ¶ And speke I wyll{e} of oþ{er} myster{e} + Þ{a}t falles to court, as [gh]e mu{n} her{e}; 640 + An euwer{e} in hall{e} þere nedys to be, + And chandelew schall{e} haue and all{e} naper{e}; + He schall{e} gef wat{er} to gentilme{n}, + And als in all{e} [gh]ome{n}. 644 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Ewerer or Water-bringer._ + [641] He has all the candles and cloths and gives water to every + one.] + + + ¶ Qui d{eb}ent manus lauar{e} {et} i{n} q{u}or{um} domib{us}. + + ¶ In kynges court and dukes also, + Þ{er} [gh]ome{n} schynne wasshe and no mo;-- + In duke Ionys house a [gh]oma{n} þ{er} was, + For his rewarde p{ra}yde suche a g{ra}ce; 648 + Þe duke gete graunt þ{er}-of in londe, + Of þe kyng his fader, I vndudurstonde.--(_so_) + Wosoeuer gefes wat{er} in lordys chaunber, + In p{re}sens of lorde or leuedé dere, 652 + He schall{e} knele downe opoñ his kne, + Ellys he for[gh]etes his curtasé; + Þis euwer schall{e} hele his lordes borde, + W{i}t{h} dowbull{e} napere at on bar{e} worde: 656 + The seluage to þo lordes syde w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, + And douñ schall{e} heng þ{a}t oþ{er} may wynne; + Þo ou{er} nape schall{e} dowbull{e} be layde, + To þo vttur syde þe seluage brade; 660 + Þo ou{er} seluage he schall{e} replye,[47] + As towell{e} h{i}t were fayrest in hye; + Browers[48] he schall{e} cast þ{er}-opon, + Þ{a}t þe lorde schull{e} clense his fyngers [on], 664 + Þe leuedy and whoseuer syttes w{i}t{h}-inne, + All{e} browers schynne haue bothe mor{e} {and} myñ. + + [Sidenotes: + _Who may wash his hands, and where._ + [651] The bringer of Water shall kneel down. [655] The Ewerer + shall cover the lord's table with a double cloth, the lower with + the selvage to the lord's side; the upper cloth shall be laid + double, the upper selvage turned back as if for a towel. [664] He + shall put on cleaners for every one.] + + + [Headnote: OF THE PANTER, THE LORD'S KNIVES, ETC.] + + ¶ De panetario. + + ¶ Þenne comes þe pantere w{i}t{h} loues thre, + Þat squar{e} are coruyn of trencho{ur} fre, 668 + To sett w{i}t{h}-inne {and} oon w{i}t{h}-oute, + And saller y-cou{er}yd and sett in route; + W{i}t{h} þo ouemast lofe h{i}t shall{e} be sett, [Fol. 24.] + W{i}t{h}-oute forthe square, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} lett; 672 + Two keruyng knyfes w{i}t{h}-oute one, + Þe thrydde to þo lorde, and als a spone. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Panter._ + [667] He carries 3 loaves cut square for trenchers, and the + covered Saltcellar, 2 Carving-knives, and sets the 3rd, and a + spoon to his lord.] + + + ¶ De Cultellis d{omi}ni. + + ¶ Of þo two þo haftes schynne outwarde be, + Of þe thrydd þe hafte inwarde lays he, 676 + Þe spony stele þ{er} by schall{e} be layde; + Moo loues of trenchirres at a brayde + He settes, {and} seruys euyr in fer{e} + To duches his wyne þ{a}t is so der{e}. 680 + Two loues of trenchors {and} salt þo, + He settes be-fore his son also; + A lofe of trencho{ur}s and salt on last, + At bordes ende he settes in hast. 684 + Þen brede he brynges, in towell{e} wrythyñ, + Thre lofys of þo wyte schall{e} be geuyñ; + A chet lofe to þo elmys dyshe, + Weþ{er} he seruyd be w{i}t{h} flesshe or fysche; 688 + At aþ{er} ende he castes a cope, + Layde dowñ on borde, þe endys plyed vp. + That he assayes knelande on kne, + Þo keru{er} hym parys a schyu{er} so fre; 692 + And touches þo louys y{n} quer{e} a-boute, + Þo pantere hit etys w{i}t{h}-oute dowte; + Þo euwer{e} thurgh towell{e} syles[49] clene + His wat{er} into þo bassynges shene; 696 + Þo ou{er} bassyn þ{er}-on schall{e} close, + A towell{e} þ{er}-on, as I suppose, + Þ{a}t folden schall{e} be w{i}t{h} full{e} grete lore, + Two quart{er}s on lenketh{e} and su{m}dele mor{e}; 700 + A qwyte cuppe of tre þ{er}-by shall{e} be, + Þ{er}-w{i}t{h} þ{o} wat{er} assay schall{e} he; + Quelmes[50] h{i}t agayn by-for{e} all{e} me{n}; + Þo keru{er} þe bassynges tase vp þenne; 704 + Annaunciande sq{u}ier, or ellis a kny[gh]t, + Þo towell{e} dowñ tase by full{e} good ry[gh]t; + Þo cuppe he tase in honde also, + Þo keru{er} powres wat[er] þe cuppe into; 708 + The kny[gh]t to þo keru{er} haldes anon, + He says h{i}t ar he m{o}r{e} schall{e} doñ; + Þo cuppe þen voyde is in þo flette,[51] + Þe euwer h{i}t takes w{i}t{h}-oute{n} lette. 712 + The towell{e} two kny[gh]ht{is} schyn halde i{n} fer{e}, + Be-fore þe lordes sleues, þat ben so der{e}; + The ou{er} bassyn þay halde neu{er} þe queder, + Quyll{e} þo keru{er} powre wat{er} in-to þe ned{ur}. 716 + For a pype þ{er} is insyde so clene, + Þ{a}t wat{er} deuoydes, of selu{er} schene; + Þen settes he þe nethyr, I vnd[u]rstonde, + In þe ou{er}, and voydes w{i}t{h} bothe is honde; 720 + And brynges to þe euwer þ{er} he come fro; + To þo lordys bordes a[gh]ayn con go; + And layes iiij trencho{ur}s þo lorde be-fore, + Þe fyft aboue by good lore; 724 + By hym self thre schall{e} he dresse, + To cut opon þe lordes messe; [Fol. 25.] + Smale towell{e} a-boute his necke shall{e} bene, + To clens his knyfys þ{a}t ben so kene. 728 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Lord's Knive, (_Bread, and Washing.)_ + [675] The hafts of 2 are laid outwards, that of the 3rd inwards, + and the spoon handle by it. [678] More trencher loaves are set, + and wine served to the Duchess. [681] 2 Trencher-loaves, and salt, + to the lord's son; and 1 loaf and saltcellar set at the end of + the table. [685] Then 3 loaves of white bread are brought, and + 1 coarse loaf is put in the Alms-dish. [691] To assay bread, the + Panter kneels, the Carver cuts him a slice, and he eats it. + [695] The Ewerer strains water into his basins, on the upper one + of which is a towel folded dodgily. [701] Then the water is + assayed in a cup of white wood. [704] The Carver takes up the + basins; a knight takes down the towel, and wipes the cup, into + which the Carver pours water; the knight hands it to him; he + assays it, and empties the cup. [713] Two knights hold the towel + before the lord's sleeves, and hold the upper basin while the + Carver pours water into the lower; then he puts the lower into + the upper, and empties both, takes them to the Ewerer, returns + to the lord's table, lays 4 trenchers for him, with 1 above. + [725] The Carver takes 3 to cut the lord's messes on, and has a + cloth round his neck to wipe his knives on.] + + + [Headnote: OF THE ALMONER AND DISH-SERVER.] + + ¶ De Elemosinario.[52] + + ¶ The aumener{e} by þis hathe sayde g{ra}ce, + And þo almes dysshe hase sett in place; + Þ{er}-in þe keru{er} a lofe schall{e} sette, + To s{er}ue god fyrst w{i}t{h}-oute{n} lette; 732 + Þese oþ{er} lofes he parys a-boute, + Lays h{i}t myd dysshe w{i}t{h}-oute{n} doute. + Þe small{e} lofe he cutt{is} eue{n} i{n} twynne, + Þo ou{er} dole in two lays to hym. 736 + The aumener{e} a rod schall{e} haue in honde, + As office for almes, y vndurstonde. + Alle þe broken met he kepys y wate, + To dele to por{e} me{n} at þe [gh]ate. 740 + And drynke þ{a}t leues s{er}ued in halle; + Of ryche {and} pore bothe grete {and} small{e}. + He is sworne to ou{er}-se þe s{er}uis wele, + And dele hit to þe pore eu{er}y dele; 744 + Selu{er} he deles rydand by way; + And his almys dysshe, as I [gh]ou say, + To þe porest ma{n} þ{a}t he can fynde, + Oþ{er} ellys I wot he is vnkynde. 748 + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Almoner._ + [729]: He says grace, sets down the Alms-dish, and the Carver + puts the first loaf in it. [733] The other loaves he pares round, + cuts one in two, and gives the upper half in halves to him. + [737] The Almoner has a staff in his hand. [739] He keeps the + broken food and wine left, for poor men at the gate, and is sworn + to give it all to them. [745] He distributes silver as he rides.] + + + ¶ De ferculario. + + ¶ This wyle þo squyer to kechyn shall{e} go, + And brynges a bof for assay þo; + Þo Coke assayes þe mete vngry[gh]t, + Þo sewer he takes and kou{er}s on ry[gh]t; 752 + Wo so eu{er} he takes þ{a}t mete to bere, + Schall{e} not so hardy þo cou{er}tour{e} rer{e}, + For colde ne hote, I warne [gh]ou all{e}, + For suspecyoñ of tresou{n} as may befalle. 756 + Yf þo sylu{er} dyssh{e} wyll{e} algate brenne, + A sotelté I wylle þe kenne, + Take þe bredde coruyn {and} lay by-twene, + And kepe þe well{e} h{i}t be not sene; 760 + + ¶ I teche hit for no curtayse, + But for þyn ese. + When þe sewer comys vnto þe borde, + Alle þe mete he sayes at on bare worde, 764 + Þe potage fyrst w{i}t{h} brede y-coruyn, + Cou{er}ys hom agayn lest þey ben storuyn; + W{i}t{h} fyssh{e} or flessh yf [they] be s{er}ued, + A morsell{e} þ{er}-of shalle he be keruyd; 768 + And touche þe messe ou{er} all{e} aboute, + Þo sewer h{i}t et{is} w{i}t{h}-oute{n} doute. + W{i}t{h} baken mete yf he s{er}uyd be þo, + Þo lydes vp-rered or he fyr go, 772 + Þe past or pye he sayes w{i}t{h}-inne, + Dippes bredde in graué no mor{e} ne mynne; + [Gh]if þe baken mete be colde, as may byfall{e}, + A gobet of þo self he sayes w{i}t{h}-all{e}. 776 + But þ{o}u þ{a}t berys mete in hande, + Yf þo sewer stonde, loke þ{o}u stande; + Yf he knele, knele þ{o}u so longe for o[gh]t, + + ¶ Tylle mete be sayde þ{a}t þ{o}u hase broght. [Fol. 26.] 780 + As oft at hegh borde yf brede be nede, + The butler two louys takys indede; + Þat on settes down, þ{a}t oþer agayn + He barys to cupborde in towell{e} playn. 784 + As oft as þe keru{er} fettys drynke, + Þe butler assayes h{i}t how good hy{m} thynke; + In þe lordys cupp þ{a}t leuys vndrynken, + Into þe almesdisshe h{i}t schall{e} be sonken. 788 + The keru{er} anon w{i}t{h}-oute{n} thou[gh]t, + + [Headnote: OF THE CARVER, SURNAPE-LAYERS, AND CHANDLER.] + + Vnkou{er}s þe cup þ{a}t he hase brou[gh]t; + Into þe cou{er}tour{e} wyn he powr{e}s owt, + Or in-to a spare pece, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} doute; 792 + Assayes, an gefes þo lorde to drynke, + Or settes h{i}t doun as hym goode thynke. + Þo keru{er}[53] schall{e} kerue þo lordes mete, + Of what kyn pece þ{a}t he wyll{e} ete; 796 + And on hys trenchour he hit layes, + On þys maner w{i}t{h}-out displayes; + In almesdysshe he layes yche dele, + Þ{a}t he is w{i}t{h} serued at þo mele; 800 + But he sende h{i}t to ony stronger{e}, + A pese þ{a}t is hym leue and dere, + And send hys potage also, + Þ{a}t schall{e} not to þe almes go. 804 + Of keru{er} more, yf I shulde telle, + Anoþ{er} fytt þenne most I spelle, + Ther-fore I let h{i}t her{e} ou{er} passe, + To make oure talkyng su{m}medelasse. 808 + When þe lorde hase eten, þo sewer schall{e} bryng + Þo surnape on his schulder bryng, + A narew towell{e}, a brode be-syde, + And of hys hondes he lettes h{i}t slyde; 812 + Þe vssher ledes þ{a}t on hed ry[gh]t, + Þo aumener þo oþ{er} away shall{e} dy[gh]t. + When þe vssher comys to þe borde ende, + Þo narow towell{e} he strecches vnkende; 816 + Be-for{e} þo lorde and þe lady so dere, + Dowbell{e} he playes þo towell{e} þere; + Whenne þay haue wasshen and g{ra}ce is sayde, + Away he takes at a brayde; 820 + Awoydes þo borde in-to þo flore, + Tase away þo trest{is} þ{a}t ben so store. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Sewer (or setter-on of Dishes)._ + [751] The Cook assays the meat before it's dished. [752] The + Sewer puts the cover on it, and the cover must never be raised + for fear of treason. [757] (A Dodge: If the silver dish burns you, + put bits of bread under it.) [763] The Sewer assays all the food: + potage with a piece of bread; fish or flesh, he eats a piece; + baked meats hot, he lifts up the crust, and dips bread in the + gravy; baked meats cold, he eats a bit. [777] The meat-bearer + stands or kneels as the Sewer does. [782] When bread is wanted, + the Butler puts one loaf on the table, the other on the cupboard. + [785] The Butler assays all the wine. [787] What is left in the + lord's cup goes to the Alms-dish. [790 The Carver fills the empty + cup, assays it, and gives it the lord or puts it down. [795] He + carves the lord's meat, and lays it on his trencher, putting a + piece of every thing in the Alms-dish, except any favourite piece + or potage sent to a stranger. [805] (To say more about the Carver + would require another section, so I pass it over.) [809] After + dinner the Sewer brings the Surnape, a broad towel and a narrow, + and slides it down. [813] The Usher takes one end of the broad + one, the Almoner the other, and when it is laid, he folds the + narrow towel double before his lord and lady. [819] After grace + removes them, lays the table on the floor, and takes away the + trestles.] + + + ¶ De candelario.[54] + + ¶ Now speke I wylle a lytull{e} whyle + Of þo chandeler, w{i}t{h}-oute{n} gyle, 824 + Þ{a}t torches[55] {and} tortes[56] {and} preketes[57] con make, + P{er}chours,[58] smale condel, I vnder-take; + Of wax þese candels all{e} þat brenne{n}, + And morter of wax þ{a}t I wele kenne; 828 + Þo snof of hom dose a-way + W{i}t{h} close sesours, as I [gh]ow say; + Þe sesours ben schort {and} rownde y-close, + W{i}t{h} plate of irne vp-on bose. 832 + In chamb{ur} no ly[gh]t þ{er} shall{e} be brent, + Bot of wax þ{er}-to, yf [gh]e take tent; + In hall{e} at soper schall{e} caldels ({so}) brenne [Fol. 27.] + Of parys, þ{er}-in þ{a}t all{e} me{n} kenne; 836 + Iche messe a candell{e} fro alhalawgh{e} day + To candelmesse, as I [gh]ou say; + Of candel liu{er}ay squiyers schall{e} haue, + So long, if hit is mon will{e} kraue. 840 + Of brede and ale also þo boteler + Schall{e} make lyu{er}é thurgh-out þe [gh]ere + To squyers, and also wyn to kny[gh]t, + Or ellys he dose not his office ry[gh]t. 844 + Her{e} endys the thryd speche. + Of all{e} oure synnes cryst be oure leche, + And bryng vs to his vonyng place! + Ame{n}, sayes [gh]e, for hys grete grace! 848 + + ¶ Amen, par charite. + + [Sidenotes: + _Of the Chandler._ + [825] He can make all kinds of candles, little and big, and + mortars of wax. [829] He snuffs them with short scissors. [833] In + bed-chambers wax lights only shall be burnt; in hall, Candles of + Paris, each mess having one from Nov. 1 to Feb. 2 (see l. 393), + and squires one too. [841] The Butler shall give Squires their + daily bread and ale all the year, and Knights their wine. + [846] May Christ bring us to His dwelling-place. Amen!] + + + [Footnote 1: Toom or rymthe. _Spacium, tempus, oportunitas._ + P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 2: AS. _wræsten_, to writhe, twist.] + + [Footnote 3: grace, civility; from AS. _mennise_, human; cp. our + double sense of _humanity_. H. Coleridge.] + + [Footnote 4: courteous.] + + [Footnote 5: AS. _flytan_, dispute, quarrel.] + + [Footnote 6: Mowe, or skorne. _Vangia, vel valgia, cachinna._ + Promptorium.] + + [Footnote 7: _an_ privative, unhonest.] + + [Footnote 8: AS. _mod_, mood, passion, violence.] + + [[Footnote 8a: Croscrist. _La Croix de par Dieu._ The + Christs-crosse-row; or, the hornebooke wherein a child learnes it. + Cotgrave. The alphabet was called the _Christ-cross-row_, some say + because a cross was prefixed to the alphabet in the old primers; + but as probably from a superstitious custom of writing the + alphabet in the form of a cross, by way of charm. This was even + solemnly practised by the bishop in the consecration of a church. + See Picart's Religious Ceremonies, vol. i. p. 131. _Nares_.]] + + [Footnote 9: to relation or friend.] + + [Footnote 10: contempt, scorn, O.N. _heðung._ H. Coleridge.] + + [Footnote 11: AS. _gýman_, attend, regard, observe, keep.] + + [Footnote 12: thine eye] + + [Footnote 13: AS. _win_, contention, labour, war; _win_, _wyn_, + joy, pleasure.] + + [Footnote 14: See the duties of Prince Edward's Porters, A.D. + 1474, in _Household Ordinances_, p. *30, and of Henry VIII.'s + Porters, _ibid._ p. 239.] + + [Footnote 15: Though Edward IV. had Marshals (_Household + Ordinances_, p. 84, &c.), one of whom made the Surnape when the + King was in the Hall (p. 32), or Estate in the Surnape (p. 38), + yet there is no separate heading or allowance for them in the + _Liber Niger_. Two yeomen Ushers are mentioned in p. 38, but the + two yeomen Ewars, their two Grooms and Page, p. 84, perform + (nearly) the duties given above to the Usher and his Grooms.] + + [[Footnote 15a: Fires in Hall lasted to _Cena Domini_, the + Thursday before Easter: see l. 398. Squires' allowances of lights + ended on Feb. 2, I suppose. These lights, or _candle_ of l. 839, + would be only part of the allowances. The rest would continue all + the year. See _Household Ordinances & North. Hous. Book_. Dr Rock + says that the _holyn_ or holly and _erbere grene_ refer to the + change on Easter Sunday described in the _Liber Festivalis_:-- "In + die pasch[-e]. Good friends ye shall know well that this day is + called in many places God's Sunday. Know well that it is the + manner in every place of worship at this day _to do the fire out + of the hall;_ and the black winter brands, and all thing that is + foul with smoke shall be done away, and there the fire was, shall + be gaily arrayed with fair flowers, and strewed with green rushes + all about, showing a great ensample to all Christian people, like + as they make clean their houses to the sight of the people, in the + same wise ye should cleanse your souls, doing away the foul + brenning (burning) sin of lechery; put all these away, and cast + out all thy smoke, dusts; and strew in your souls flowers of faith + and charity, and thus make your souls able to receive your Lord + God at the Feast of Easter." --Rock's _Church of the Future_, v. + iii. pt. 2, p. 250. "The holly, being an evergreen, would be more + fit for the purpose, and makes less litter, than the boughs of + deciduous trees. I know some old folks in Herefordshire who yet + follow the custom, and keep the grate filled with flowers and + foliage till late in the autumn." --D. R. On Shere-Thursday, or + _Cena Domini_, Dr Rock quotes from the _Liber Festivalis_--"First + if a man asked why Sherethursday is called so, ye may say that in + Holy Church it is called 'Cena Domini,' our Lord's Supper Day; for + that day he supped with his disciples openly.... It is also in + English called Sherethursday; for in old fathers' days the people + would that day sheer their heads and clip their beards, and poll + their heads, and so make them honest against Easter-day." --Rock, + _ib._, p. 235.]] + + [Footnote 16: Edward IV.'s Esquiers for the Body, IIII, had 'for + wynter lyverey from All Hallowentide (Nov. 1) tyll Estyr, one + percher wax, one candell wax, ij candells Paris, one tallwood and + dim{idium}, and wages in the countyng-house.' _H. Ord._ p. 36. So + the Bannerettes, IIII, or Bacheler Knights (p. 32), who are + kervers and cupberers, take 'for wynter season, from + Allhallowentyde till Estyr, one tortays, one percher, ii candelles + wax, ii candelles Paris, ii talwood, ii faggotts,' and rushes, + litter, all the year; which the Esquiers have too. The Percy + household allowance of Wax was cciiij score vij lb. dimid. of Wax + for th' expensys of my House for oone hole Yere. Viz. Sysez, + _Pryketts_, Quarions, and _Torches_ after ix d. the lb. by + estimacion; p. 12.] + + [Footnote 17: The Liber Niger of Edw. IV. assigns this duty to one + of the Gentylmen Usshers. _H. Ord._ p. 37.] + + [Footnote 18: See the Office of Panetry, _H. Ord._ p. 70.] + + [Footnote 19: See the Office of Butler of Englond, _H. Ord._ + p. 73.] + + [Footnote 20: See Gentylmen Usshers of Chaumbre, IIII, _H. Ord._ + p. 37. 'This name ussher is a worde of Frenshe,' p. 38.] + + [Footnote 21: Compare _H. Ord._ p. 39. 'Yeomen of Chambre, IIII, + to make beddes, to bere or hold torches, to sette bourdes, to + apparayle all chaumbres, and suche other servyce as the + chaumberlayn, or usshers of chambre command or assigne.' Liber + Niger Edw. IV. See also _H. Ord._ p. 40, Office of Warderobe of + Beddes, p. 41, Gromes of Chambyr, X; and the elaborate directions + for making Henry VII.'s bed, _H. Ord._ p. 121-2.] + + [Footnote 22: _Hoc stramentum_, lyttere, (the straw with which the + bed was formerly made) p. 260, col. 2, Wright's Vocabularies.] + + [Footnote 23: Sylure, of valle, or a nother thynge (sylure of a + walle), _Celatura_, _Celamen_, Catholicon, in P. Parv. Fr. _Ciel_, + Heauen, pl. _Ciels_, a canopie for, and, the Testerne and Valances + of a Bed. Cotgrave. A tester over the beadde, _canopus_. Withals.] + + [Footnote 24: _Crochet_, a small hooke.] + + [Footnote 25: Lyowre, to bynde wythe precyows clothys. + _Ligatorium._ P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 26: Fylowre, of barbours crafte, _Acutecula_, + _filarium_. P. Parv. See note 3, p. 160.] + + [Footnote 27: Tapet, a clothe, _tappis_. Palsgrave, 1530. _Tapis_, + Tapistrie, hangings, &c., of Arras. Cotgrave, 1611. _Tapis_, + carpet, a green square-plot. Miege, 1684. The hangynges of a house + or chambre, in plurali, _aulæa ... Circundo cubiculum aulæis_, to + hange the chambre. The carpettes, _tapetes_. Withals.] + + [Footnote 28: And he (a Grome of Chambyr) setteth nyghtly, after + the seasons of the yere, torchys, tortays, candylles of wax, + mortars; and he setteth up the _sises_ in the King's chambre, + _H. Ord._ p. 41, 'these torches, five, seven, or nine; and as many + _sises_ sett upp as there bee torches,' _ib._ p. 114; and dayly + iiii other of these gromes, called wayters, to make fyres, to sett + up tressyls and bourdes, with yomen of chambre, and to help dresse + the beddes of sylke and arras. _H. Ord._ p. 41.] + + [[Footnote 28a: ? some omission after this line.]] + + [Footnote 29: Wardroppe, or closet--_garderobe_. Palsgrave.] + + [Footnote 30: See the duties of Edward IV.'s Sewar, _H. Ord._ + p. 36.] + + [Footnote 31: Manchet was the fine bread; chet, the coarse. Fr. + _pain rouffet_, Cheat, or boulted bread; houshold bread made of + Wheat and Rie mingled. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 32: See the 'Styward of Housholde,' _H. Ord._ p. 55-6: + 'He is head officer.'] + + [Footnote 33: See the 'Countroller of this houshold royall,' + _H. Ord._ p. 58-9.] + + [Footnote 34: See the duties and allowances of A Surveyour for the + Kyng, in _Household Ordinances_, p. 37.] + + [Footnote 35: See the 'chyef clerke of kychyn,' t. Edw. IV., + _H. Ord._ p. 70; and Henry VIII.'s Clerke of the Kitchen, A.D. + 1539, _ib._ p. 235.] + + [Footnote 36: The duties of the Chauncellor of Englond are not + stated in Edw. IV.'s Liber Niger, _H. Ord._ p. 29; but one of the + two Clerkys of Grene-Clothe was accustomed to 'delyver the + clothinge of housholde,' p. 61.] + + [Footnote 37: See the 'Thesaurere of Housholde' in Edw. IV.'s + Liber Niger, _H. Ord._ p. 56-8: 'the grete charge of polycy and + husbandry of all this houshold growyth and stondyth moste part by + hys sad and dylygent pourveyaunce and conduytes.'] + + [Footnote 38: AS. _gerefa_, reeve, steward, bailiff.] + + [Footnote 39: Rents, in kind or money; AS. _feorme_, food, goods.] + + [Footnote 40: The Avener of Edw. IV. is mentioned in _H. Ord._ + p. 69. See the Charge of Henry VIII.'s Stable, A.D. 1526, _ib._ + p. 206-7.] + + [Footnote 41: Prouender or menglid corne--fovrraige ... + _provende_. Palsgrave.] + + [Footnote 42: See 'two _cast_ of brede,' l. 631. 'One caste of + brede' for the Steward's yeoman, _H. Ord._ p. 56, &c.] + + [Footnote 43: Mayster of the horses--_escvier de escvirie_. + Palsg.] + + [Footnote 44: See Rogers's _Agriculture and Prices in England_, + v. 1, p. 280-1. The latest prices he gives for shoeing are in 1400; + "Alton Barnes, Shoeing 5 horses, a year, 6s. 8d. Takley, Shoeing 2 + cart horses [a year] 1s. 8d." A.D. 1466, 'fore shoyinge ij.d.' + _Manners and Household Expenses_ (ed. Dawson Turner), 1841, + p. 380. (Sir Jn. Howard, Knt., 1462-9.) The Percy allowance in + 1512 was "ij s viiij d. every Hors Shoynge for the hole Yere by + estimacion, Viz. a Hors to be shodd oons in iij moneths withowt + they jornay." p. 24. A horse's daily allowance was 'a Peck of + Oats, or 4d. in B{re}ade after iiij Loiffes, 4d. for Provaunder, + from 29th Septr. 8 Hen. VIII. to 3rd May following,' p. 266.] + + [Footnote 45: See Edw. IV.'s Office of Bakehouse, _H. Ord._ + p. 68-70. 'The sergeaunt of thys office to make continually of + every busshell, halfe chiete halfe rounde, besydes the flowre for + the Kinges mouthe, xxvii loves, every one weying, after one daye + olde, xxiii ounces of troye weyghtes.' p. 69.] + + [Footnote 46: In Edward the Fourth's Court, 'Knyghts of Household, + XII, bachelers sufficiant, and most valient men of that ordre of + every countrey' had 'to serve the King of his bason.' _H. Ord_. + p. 33.] + + [Footnote 47: _Replier_, To redouble, to bow, fould, or plait into + many doublings. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 48: Napkins? O. Fr. _brueroi_ is _bruyère_, heath.] + + [Footnote 49: ? Du. _zijgen_ (_door een zifte ofte Stramijn_), to + runne (through a Sift or a Strainer.). _een Suyle_ a Pale or a + Water-pale. Hexham.] + + [Footnote 50: covers. 'Ovyr quelmyd or ouer hyllyde. _Obvolutus._' + P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 51: A.S. _flett_, room, hall.] + + [Footnote 52: See The Almonry of Henry VIII. A.D. 1526, _H. Ord._ + p. 154, and p. 144; A.D. 1539, _H. Ord._ p. 239.] + + [Footnote 53: Edward IV. had 'Bannerettes, IIII, or Bacheler + Knights, to be kervers and cupberers in his Courte.' 'The kerver + at the boarde, after the King is passed it, may chese for hymself + one dyshe or two, that plentie is among.... Theis kervers and + cupberers ... them nedeth to be well spede in taking of degree in + _the schole of urbanytie_.' _H. Ord._ p. 32-3.] + + [Footnote 54: See the 'Office of Chaundlerye,' _H. Ord._ p. 82-3. + Paris candles, torches, morters, tortayes, sizes, and smalle + lightes, are mentioned there.] + + [Footnote 55: Torche. _Cereus._ P. Parv.] + + [Footnote 56: ? same as _tortayes_, p. 192, note 2 [[28]]; + p. 204, _n._ [[54]] ] + + [Footnote 57: Pryket, of a candylstykke, or other lyke. _Stiga_, + P. Parv. Candlesticks (says Mr Way) in ancient times were not + fashioned with nozzles, but with long spikes or _prykets_.... + (See wood cut at the end of this book.) In the Memoriale of Henry, + prior of Canterbury, A.D. 1285, the term _prikett_ denotes, not + the candlestick, but the candle, formed with a corresponding + cavity at one end, whereby it was securely fixed upon the spike. + p. 413, n. 1. Henry VIII.'s allowance 'unto our right dere and + welbilovede the Lady Lucy,' July 16, 1533, included 'at our + Chaundrye barr, in Wynter, every night oon _preket_ and foure + syses of Waxe, with eight Candells white lights, and oon Torche.' + _Orig. Letters_, ed. Ellis, Series I., vol. ii. p. 31.] + + [Footnote 58: See note 1, p. 189. [[16]] ] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + + +NOTES TO THE BOOK OF CURTASYE. + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This section originally appeared near the end of the volume, immediately +before the General Index.] + + +p. 188, l. 377-8, _Statut._ The only Statute about horse-hire that I can +find, is 20 Ric. II. cap. 5, A.D. 1396-7, given below. I suppose the +_Foure pens_ of l. 376 of the _Boke of Curtasye_ was the price fixed +by "the kyngis crye" or Proclamation, l. 378, or by the sheriff or +magistrates in accordance with it as the "due Agreement to the party" +required by the Statute. + +"_Item._ Forasmuch as the Commons have made Complaint, that many great +Mischiefs Extortions & Oppressions be done by divers people of evil +Condition, which of their own Authority take & cause to be taken royally +Horses and other Things, and Beasts out of their Wains Carts and Houses, +saying & devising that they be to ride on hasty Messages & Business, +where of Truth they be in no wise privy of any Business or Message, but +only in Deceit & Subtilty, by such Colour and Device to take Horses, and +the said Horses hastily to ride & evil entreat, having no Manner of +Conscience or Compassion in this Behalf, so that the said Horses become +all spoiled and foundered, paying no manner of Thing nor penny for the +same, nor giving them any manner of sustenance; and also that some such +manner of people, changing & altering their Names, do take and ride such +Horses, and carry them far from thence to another Place, so that they +to whom they belong, can never after by any mean see, have again, +nor know their said Horses where they be, to the great Mischief Loss +Impoverishment & Hindrance of the King's poor People, their Husbandry, +and of their Living: Our Lord the King willing, for the Quietness and +Ease of his People, to provide Remedy thereof, will & hath ordained, +That none from henceforth shall take any such Horse or Beast in Such +Manner, against the Consent of them to whom they be; and if any that do, +and have no sufficient Warrant nor Authority of the King, he shall be +taken and imprisoned till he hath made due Agreement to the Party." + +That this seizing of horses for the pretended use of the king was no +fancied grievance, even in much later times, is testified by Roger +Ascham's letter to Lord Chancellor Wriothesley (? in 1546 A.D.) +complaining of an audacious seizure of the horse of the invalid Master +of Peterhouse, Cambridge, on the plea that it was to carry the king's +fish, whereas the seizer's own servant was the nag's real burden: +"tentatum est per hominem apud nos valde turbulentum, nomine Maxwellum." +_Ascham's Works_, ed. Giles, v. 1, p. 99. In vols. ix., x., and xi. of +Rymer, I find no Proclamation or Edict about horse-hire. In 1413 Henry +V.'s _Herbergeator_ is to provide Henry le Scrop, knight, with all that +he wants "Proviso semper quòd idem Henricus pro hujusmodi Foenis, Equis, +Carectis, Cariagiis, & aliis necessariis, per se, seu Homines & +Servientes suos prædictos, ibidem capiendis, fideliter solvat & +satisfaciat, ut est justum." _Rymer_, ix. 13. + +The general rule shown by the documents in Rymer is that reasonable +payments be made. + + _De Equis pro Cariagio Gunnorum Regis capiendis._ + +A.D. 1413 (1 Sept.), An. 1. Hen. V. Pat. 1, Hen. V. p. 3, m. 19. Rex, +Dilectis sibi, _Johanni Sprong_, Armigero, & _Johanni Louth_ Clerico, +Salutem. + +Sciatis quod Assignavimus vos, conjunctim & divisim, ad tot Equos, +Boves, Plaustra, & Carectas, quot pro Cariagio certorum Gunnorum +nostrorum, ac aliarum Rerum pro eisdem Gunnis necessarium, a Villa +Bristolliæ usque Civitatem nostram Londoniæ, indiguerint, tàm infra +Libertates, quàm extea (Feodo Ecclesiæ dumtaxat excepto) pro Denariis +nostris, in hac parte rationabiliter solvendis Capiendum & Providendum. +_Rymer_, ix. p. 49. + +So in 1417 the order to have six wings plucked from the wing of every +goose (except those commonly called _Brodoges_--? brood geese--) to make +arrows for our archers, says that the feathers are _rationabiliter +solvendis_. See also p. 653. + +p. 188, l. 358. _The stuarde_ and his _stafe_. Cp. Cavendish's Life of +Wolsey (ed. Singer, i. 34), "he had in his hall, daily, three especial +tables furnished with three principal officers; that is to say, a +Steward, which was always a dean or a priest; a Treasurer, a knight; +and a Comptroller, an esquire; _which bare always within his house their +white staves._ + +"Then had he a cofferer, three marshals, two yeomen ushers, two grooms, +and an almoner. He had in the hall-kitchen two clerks of his kitchen, +a clerk comptroller, a surveyor of the dresser, a clerk of his spicery." +See the rest of Wolsey's household officers, p. 34-9. + +p. 190, l. 409. _Ale._ See in _Notes on the Months_, p. 418, the Song +"Bryng us in good ale," copied from the MS. song-book of an Ipswich +Minstrel of the 15th century, read by Mr Thomas Wright before the +British Archæological Association, August, 1864, and afterwards +published in _The Gentleman's Magazine_. P.S.--The song was first +printed complete in Mr Wright's edition of _Songs & Carols_ for the +Percy Society, 1847, p. 63. He gives Ritson's incomplete copy from Harl. +MS. 541, at p. 102. + + Bryng us in good ale, and bryng us in good ale; + For owr blyssyd lady sak, bryng us in good ale. + + Bryng us in no browne bred, fore that is made of brane, + Nor bryng us in no whyt bred, for therin is no game; + But bryng us in good ale. + + Bryng us in no befe, for there is many bonys; + But bryng us in good ale, for that goth downe at onys, + And bryng us in good ale. + + Bryng us in no bacon, for that is passing fate; + But bryng us in good ale, and gyfe us i-nought of that, + And bryng us in good ale. + + Bryng us in no mutton, for that is often lene, + Nor bryng us in no trypes, for thei be syldom clene; + But bryng us in good ale. + + Bryng us in no eggys, for ther ar many schelles; + But bryng us in good ale, and gyfe us no[th]yng ellys, + And bryng us in good ale. + + Bryng vs in no butter, for therin ar many herys + Nor bryng us in no pygges flesch, for that will make us borys; + But bryng us in good ale. + + Bryng us in no podynges, for therin is al Godes-good; + Nor bryng us in no venesen, for that is not for owr blood; + But bryng us in good ale. + + Bryng us in no capons flesch, for that is ofte der; + Nor bryng us in no dokes flesche, for thei slober in the mer; + But bryng us in good ale. + +See also the other ale song at p. 81 of the same volume, with the burden + + Doll thi ale, doll; doll thi ale, doll; + Ale mak many a mane to have a doty poll. + +p. 191, l. 435, _Gromes._ "the said four groomes, or two of them at the +least, shall repaire and be in the King's privy chamber, at the farthest +between six and seven of the clock in the morning, or sooner, as they +shall have knowledge that the King's highnesse intendeth to be up early +in the morning; which groomes so comen to the said chamber, shall not +onely avoyde the pallets, but also make ready the fire, dresse and straw +the chamber, purgeing and makeing cleane of the same of all manner of +filthynesse, in such manner and wise as the King's highnesse, at his +upriseing and comeing thereunto, may finde the said chamber pure, +cleane, whollsome, and meete, without any displeasant aire or thing, +as the health, commodity, and pleasure of his most noble person doth +require." _Household Ordinances_, p. 155, cap. 56, A.D. 1526. + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber): + +de Worde, _Boke of Keruynge_ + + M.CCCC.xiij. [_text unchanged: end of selection has "CCCCC"_] + [Sidenote: _ewynge of_] + [_text shown as printed: probably "Sewynge of Flesshe" + with printing defect_] + [Sidenote: _Keruynge of Flesshe._] + [_editor's spelling; the same sidenote is used in the "Seruyce" + section, following_] + [Sidenote: _Rittern._ Salt, the sauce.] + [_text unchanged: error for "Bittern"?_] + [Sidenote: Carp, Trout, Conger, Thornback] + [_comma after "Carp" added_] + The Marshall and the vssher muste knowe ... + [_in the list following, line-final punctuation is as in the + original_] + all these may svt two or thre + [_text unchanged: printing error for "syt"?_] + +Salanx+ [+Salachx+] + _Sele turrentyne_, p. 166, l. 8 [l, 8] + +_Boke of Curtesye_ + + l. 201 + [Sidenote: Go on the pilgrimages (?) ....] + [_"pilgrim / ages" at line break with room for hyphen_] + [_question mark in original_] + l. 267 Also a wyfe be-falle of ry[gh]t + [_corrected by editor from "be, falle"_] + l. 394-5 (unnumbered header between lines) Sidenote + Fire shall burn in the Hall. + [_corrected by editor from final comma; Corrigenda gives line + reference as 393_] + ll. 462-64 ... hete ... sett; ... let, + [_Line-ending punctuation changed by editor from_ + ... hete. ... sett, ... let;] + ll. 468-69 ... sett / In syce; + [_Punctuation changed by editor from_ + ... set, / In syce] + l. 676 + [Sidenote: ... and the spoon handle by it.] + [_"spoon handle" changed by editor from "steel spoon"_] + [Footnote 15: ... p. *30] + [_asterisked number in original_] + [Footnote 27: ... P. Parv. See note 3, p. 160.] + [_reference is to P. Parv., not to present book_] + [Footnote 34: See the 'Countroller of this houshold royall,' ...] + ["Countroller...] + [Footnote 55: ... _H. Ord._ p. 32-3.] + [_final period (full stop) missing_] + [Footnote 58: ...] + [Footnote 60: ...] + [_footnote numbers in double brackets added by transcriber_] + +_Boke of Curtesye_: notes + + the order to have six wings plucked from the wing of every goose + [_text unchanged: error for "six feathers"?_] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + The Booke of + Demeanor + + and + + the Allowance and + Disallowance + + of + + certaine Misdemeanors + + in + + Companie, + + + [From the reprint by Bensley & Sons (in 1817) of + "The Booke of Demeanor from Small Poems entitled + _The Schoole of Vertue_ by Richard Weste," 1619, 12mo.] + + + + +To the Reader. + + R Ightly conceiue me, and obserue me well, + I Doe what heere is done for Childrens good, + C Hrist in his Gospell (as S. Marke doth tell) + H Ath not forbidden Children, nor withstood + A Ny that should but aske the ready way, + R Egarding Children, not to say them nay. + D Irecting all that came, how faith should be, + + W Hat they should crave of Gods high Majestie, + E Ven Salvation, through their faithful Prayer, + S Ending their contemplations into the ayre, + T O his high throne, whose love so guide us all + E Ven to the end we neuer cease to call. + + + [N.B.--The stops and sidenotes are those of the original, + but that has no Headlines.] + + + + + The Booke of + + Demeanor. + + + [Sidenote: Serving at the table.] + + Stand straight vpright, and both thy feet + together closely standing, + Be sure on't, ever let thine eye + be still at thy commanding. 4 + + Observe that nothing wanting be + which should be on the bord. + + [Sidenote: Silence] + + Vnlesse a question moved be, + be carefull: not a word. 8 + + [Sidenote: Serving or filling drinke.] + + If thou doe give or fill the drinke, + with duty set it downe, + And take it backe with manlike cheere + not like a rusticke Lowne. 12 + + [Sidenote: [p. 6.]] + + [Sidenote: If on an errand.] + + If on an errand thou be sent, + make haste and doe not stay, + When all have done, observe the time, + serve God and take away. 16 + + [Sidenote: To schoole againe.] + + When thou hast done and dined well, + remember thou repaire + To schoole againe with carefulnesse, + be that thy cheefest care. 20 + + And marke what shall be read to thee, + or given thee to learne, + That apprehend as neere as may be, + wisdome so doth warne. 24 + + With stedfast eye and carefull eare, + remember every word + Thy Schoole master shall speake to thee, + as memory shall afford. 28 + + [Sidenote: [p. 7.]] + + [Sidenote: To use the browes.] + + Let not thy browes be backward drawn, + it is a signe of pride, + Exalt them not, it shewes a hart + most arrogant beside. 32 + + [Sidenote: The eyes.] + + Nor let thine eyes be gloting downe, + cast with a hanging looke: + For that to dreamers doth belong, + that goodnesse cannot brooke. 36 + + [Sidenote: The forehead.] + + Let forehead joyfull be and full, + it shewes a merry part, + And cheerefulnesse in countenance, + and pleasantnesse of heart. 40 + + [Sidenote: Countenance.] + + Nor wrinckled let thy countenance be, + still going to and fro: + For that belongs to hedge-hogs right, + they wallow even so. 44 + + [Sidenote: [p. 8.]] + + [Sidenote: The nose.] + + Nor imitate with Socrates, + to wipe thy snivelled nose + Vpon thy cap, as he would doe, + nor yet upon thy clothes. 48 + + But keepe it cleane with handkerchiffe, + provided for the same, + Not with thy fingers or thy sleeve, + therein thou art too blame. 52 + + [Sidenote: Blowing or breathing.] + + Blow not alowd as thou shalt stand, + for that is most absurd, + Iust like a broken winded horse. + it is to be abhord. 56 + + [Sidenote: Snuffling in the nose when you speake.] + + Nor practize snufflngly to speake, + for that doth imitate + The brutish Storke and Elephant, + yea and the wralling cat. 60 + + [Sidenote: [p. 9.]] + + [Sidenote: Neezing.] + + If thou of force doe chance to neeze, + then backewards turne away + From presence of the company, + wherein thou art to stay. 64 + + [Sidenote: The Cheekes.] + + Thy cheekes with shamefac't modesty, + dipt in Dame Natures die, + Not counterfet, nor puffed out, + observe it carefully. 68 + + [Sidenote: Breathing.] + + Keepe close thy mouth, for why, thy breath + may hap to give offence, + And other worse may be repayd + for further recompence. 72 + + [Sidenote: Lips.] + + Nor put thy lips out like a foole + as thou wouldst kisse a horse, + When thou before thy betters art, + and what is ten times worse, 76 + + [Sidenote: [p. 10.]] + + [Sidenote: Yawning.] + + To gape in such unseemely sort, + with ugly gaping mouth, + Is like an image pictured + a blowing from the south. 80 + + Which to avoyd, then turne about, + and with a napkin hide + That gaping foule deformity, + when thou art so aside. 84 + + [Sidenote: Laughing.] + + To laugh at all things thou shalt heare, + is neither good nor fit, + It shewes the property and forme + of one with little wit. 88 + + [Sidenote: Biting the lip.] + + To bite the lip it seemeth base, + for why, to lay it open, + Most base dissembling doggednesse, + most sure it doth betoken. 92 + + [Sidenote: [p. 11.]] + + [Sidenote: Biting the upper lip.] + + And so to bite the upper lip + doth most uncomely shew, + The lips set close (as like to kisse) + in manner seeme not so. 96 + + [Sidenote: The tongue.] + + To put the tongue out wantonly, + and draw it in agen, + Betokens mocking of thy selfe, + in all the eyes of men, 100 + + [Sidenote: Spitting.] + + If spitting chance to move thee so + thou canst it not forbeare, + Remember do it modestly, + consider who is there. 104 + + If filthiness, or ordure thou + upon the floore doe cast, + Tread out, and cleanse it with thy foot, + let that be done with haste. 108 + + [Sidenote: [p. 12.]] + + [Sidenote: Hammering in speech.] + + If in thy tale thou hammering stand, + or coughing twixt thy words, + It doth betoken a liers smell, + that's all that it affords. 112 + + [Sidenote: Belching.] + + To belch or bulch like _Clitipho_, + whom _Terence_ setteth forth, + Commendeth manners to be base, + most foule and nothing worth. 116 + + [Sidenote: Vomiting.] + + If thou to vomit be constrain'd, + avoyd from company: + So shall it better be excus'd, + if not through gluttony. 120 + + [Sidenote: Keeping the teeth cleane.] + + Keep white thy teeth, and wash thy mouth + with water pure and cleane, + And in that washing, mannerly + observe and keep a meane. 124 + + [Sidenote: Kembing the head.] + + [Sidenote: [p. 13.]] + + Thy head let that be kembd and trimd, + let not thy haire be long, + It is unseemely to the eye, + rebuked by the tongue. 128 + + [Sidenote: Hanging down the head] + + And be not like a slothfull wight, + delighted to hang downe + The head, and lift the shoulders up, + nor with thy browes to frowne. 132 + + [Sidenote: Carriage of the body.] + + To carry up the body faire, + is decent, and doth shew + A comely grace in any one, + Where ever he doth goe. 136 + + [Sidenote: Hanging the head aside.] + + To hang the head on any side, + doth shew hypocrisie: + And who shall use it trust him not, + he deales with policie. 140 + + [Sidenote: [p. 14.]] + + [Sidenote: Privy members.] + + Let not thy privy members be + layd open to be view'd, + It is most shamefull and abhord, + detestable and rude. 144 + + [Sidenote: Urine or winde.] + + Retaine not urine nor the winde, + which doth thy body vex, + So it be done with secresie, + let that not thee perplex. 148 + + [Sidenote: Sitting.] + + And in thy sitting use a meane, + as may become thee well, + Not straddling, no nor tottering, + and dangling like a bell. 152 + + [Sidenote: Curtesie.] + + Observe in Curtesie to take + a rule of decent kinde, + Bend not thy body too far foorth, + nor backe thy leg behind. 156 + + [Sidenote: The gate in going.] + + [Sidenote: [p. 15.]] + + In going keep a decent gate, + not faining lame or broken, + For that doth seeme but wantonnesse, + and foolishnesse betoken. 160 + + [Sidenote: Apparrell.] + + Let thy apparrell not exceede, + to passe for sumptuous cost, + Nor altogether be too base, + for so thy credit's lost. 164 + + Be modest in thy wearing it, + and keep it neat and cleane, + For spotted, dirty, or the like, + is lothsome to be seene. 168 + + This for thy body may suffice, + how that must ordred be: + Now at the Church thou shalt observe + to God how all must be. 172 + + + [_No doubt incomplete, or to be inserted before _Cap. v._ + of _Weste's Schoole of Vertue_, at the end of this Part._ F. J. F.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + ++Bp. Grossetest's Household Statutes.+ + + [_Sloane MS._ 1986, _p._ 193, _ab._ 1450-60. + _The last page mentions the 19th year of Henry VI.,_ A.D. 1440-1.] + +[Transcriber's Note: + +The _Statutes_ were printed as a single paragraph. The text has been +broken up for readability, using the original paragraph marks ¶. +Sidenotes that do not correspond to numbered items are marked with +lower-case letters. The first three sidenotes, from the original MS, +were printed in larger type.] + + +Incipiunt statuta familie bone Memorie do{m}pni Rob{er}ti Grossetest, +lincoln{i}e ep{iscop}i. + +[a] Let alle men be warned þ{a}t s{er}uen [gh]ou, and warnyng be [gh]eue to +all{e} me{n} that be of howseholde, to {ser}ue god and [gh]ou trewly & +diligently and to p{er}formyng, or the wyllyng of god to be p{er}formed +and fulfyllydde. + + [Sidenote: +p{ri}m{us} u{e}r{sicu}l{us}+] + +[b] Fyrst let s{er}uaunt{is} doo p{er}fytely in all{e} thyng{is} +youre wylle, and kepe they [gh]oure {com}maundement{is} after god and +ry[gh]thwysnesse, and w{i}t{h}-oute co{n}dicioñ and also w{i}t{h}-oute gref +or offense. And sey [gh]e, that be p{ri}ncipall{e} heuede or prelate to +all{e} [gh]oure s{er}uaunt{is} both{e} lesse and mor{e}, that they doo +fully, reedyly, and treuly, w{i}t{h}-oute offense or ayenseyng, all{e} +youre wille & co{m}maundement that is not ayeynys god. + + [Sidenote: +2^us+] + + [Sidenotes: + [a] All servants should serve truly God and their Master; + [b] doing fully all that their Master orders, without answering.] + +T the secunde ys, that [a] [gh]e co{m}maunde them that kepe and haue kepyng +of [gh]oure howseholde, a-fore [gh]oure meynye, that bothe w{i}t{h}-in and +w{i}t{h}-oute the meynye be trewe, honest, diligent, both{e} chast and +p{ro}fitabulle. + + [Sidenote: +3^us+] + +¶ the thrydde: co{m}maunde ye that [b] nomañ be admittyd in [gh]oure +howseholde, nother inwarde nother vtwarde, but hit be trustyd and leuyd +that [gh]e be trewe and diligent, and namely to that office to the whiche +he is admyttyd; Also þ{a}t he be of goode man{er}s + + [Sidenotes: + [a] The upper servants must be honest and diligent, [b] and engage + no untrusty or unfit man.] + +¶ The fowreth{e}: be hit sow[gh]ht and examined ofte tymys yf ther be +ony [a] vntrewman, vnkunnyng, vnhonest, lecherous, stryffull{e}, +drunke[p. 194]lewe, vnp{ro}fitabull{e}, yf there be ony suche yfunde or +diffamydde vppon these thyng{is}, that they be caste oute or put fro the +howseholde. + + [Sidenotes: + iv. [a] Dishonest, quarrelsome, and drunken servants must be + turned out.] + +¶ The fyft: co{m}maunde [gh]e that in no wyse be in the howseholde men +debatefull{e} or stryffull{e}, but that all{e} be of ooñ a-corde, of ooñ +wylle, euen lyke as in them ys oon mynde and oon sowle. + +¶ The sixte: co{m}maunde [gh]e that all{e} tho that s{er}uen in ony offyce +be obedient, and redy, to the{m} that be a-bofe them in thyng{is} that +p{er}teynyñ to there office. + +¶ The seuenth{e}: co{m}maunde [gh]e that [gh]oure gentilmen yome{n} +and other, dayly bere and were there robis in [gh]oure p{re}sence, and +namely at the mete, for [gh]oure worshyppe, and not oolde robis and not +cordyng to the lyu{er}ey, nother were they oolde schoon ne fylyd. + + [Sidenotes: + v. All must be of one accord, vi. obedient to those above them, + vii. dress in livery, and not wear old shoes.] + +¶ The viij: Commaunde [gh]e that [gh]oure almys be kepyd, & not sende +not to boys and knafis, nother in the hall{e} nothe out{e} of þe +hall{e}, ne be wasted in soperys ne dyners of gromys, but wysely, +temp{er}atly, w{i}t{h}-oute bate or betyng, be hit distribute and the[n] +dep{ar}tyd to powre meñ, beggers, syke folke and febull{e}. + +¶ The ix.: Make [gh]e [gh]oure owne howseholde to sytte in the all{e}, as +muche as ye mow or may, at the bordis of oon p{ar}te and of the other +p{ar}te, and lette them sitte to-gedur as mony as may, not here fowre +and thre there: and when youre chef maynye be sett, then all{e} gromys +may [p. 195] entre, sitte, And ryse + + [Sidenotes: + viii. Order your Alms to be given to the poor and sick. ix. Make + all the household dine together in the Hall.] + +¶ The x.: Streytly for-bede [gh]e that no wyfe[A] be at [gh]oure mete. +[a] And sytte [gh]e eu{er} in the myddul of the hye borde, that youre +fysegge and chere be schewyd to all{e} meñ of bothe p{ar}tyes, and that +[gh]e may see ly[gh]htly the s{er}uic{is} and defawt{is}: and diligently +see [gh]e that eu{er}y day in [gh]oure mete seson be two men ordeyned +to ou{er}-se youre mayny, and of that they shall{e} drede [gh]ou + +¶ The xi: co{m}maunde [gh]e, and yeue licence as lytul tyme as ye may +w{i}t{h} honeste to them that be in [gh]oure howseholde, to go home. And +whenne [gh]e yeue licence to the{m}, Assigne [gh]e to them a short day of +comyng a yeyne vnd{ur} peyne of lesyng ther{e} s{er}uice. [b] And yf ony +mañ speke ayen or be worth{e},[B] say to hym, "what! wille ye be lorde? +ye wylle þ{a}t y s{er}ue you after [gh]oure wylle." and they that wylle not +here that [gh]e say, effectually be they ywarnyd, and ye shall{e} p{ro}uide +other s{er}uant{is} the which{e} shall{e} s{er}ue you to your{e} wylle +or plesyng. + + [Sidenotes: + x. Let no woman dine with you. [a] Let the Master show himself to + all. [b] Don't allow grumbling. xi. Let your servants go to their + homes. + +¶ The xij is: {comman}d the panyt{r}ere w{i}t{h} youre brede, & the +botelare w{i}t{h} wyne and ale, come to-gedur afore [gh]ou at the tabull{e} +afore gracys, [a] And let be there thre yome{n} assigned to s{er}ue the +hye tabull{e} and the two syde tabullis in solenne dayes; + +¶ And ley they not the vessels deseruyng for ale and wyne vppon the +tabull{e},[p. 196] but afore you, But be thay layid vnder þe tabull{e}. + +¶ The 13: co{m}maunde ye the stywarde þ{a}t he be besy and diligent +to kepe the maynye i{n} hys owne p{er}sone i{n}warde and vtwarde, and +namely in the hall{e} and at mete, that they be-haue them selfe +honestly, w{i}t{h}-out stryffe, fowlespekyng, and noyse; And that +they that be ordeynyd to sette messys, [b] bryng them be ordre and +c{on}tinuelly tyl all{e} be s{er}ued, and not inordinatly, And thorow +affeccion [C] to p{er}sonys or by specialte; And take [gh]e hede to this +tyl messys be fully sett in the hall{e}, and aft{er} tende ye to [gh]oure +mette. + + [Sidenotes: + xii. Tell your Panter and Butler to come to the table before + grace. [a] Tell off three yeomen to wait at table. xiii. Tell the + Steward to keep good order in the Hall, [b] and serve every one + fairly.] + +¶ The xiiij: c{om}maunde [gh]e þ{a}t youre dysshe be well{e} fyllyd +and hepid, and namely of ent{er}mes, and of pitance w{i}t{h}-oute fat, +carkyng that [gh]e may p{ar}te coureteysly to thoo that sitte beside, +bothe of the ryght hande and the left, thorow all{e} the hie tabulle, +and to other as plesyth{e} you, thow[gh]ght they haue of the same that +ye haue. At the sop{er} be s{er}uant{is} s{er}uid of oon messe, & +by[gh]th met{is}, & aft{er} of chese. ¶ And yf the[r] come gest{is}, +s{er}uice schall{e} be haued as nedyth{e}. ¶ The xv: co{m}maunde ye the +officers that they admitte youre knowlechyd men, familiers frendys, and +strangers, w{i}t{h} mery chere, the wh[i]che they knowen you to wille +for to admitte and receyue, and to them the whiche wylle you worschipe, +and [p. 197] they wylleñ to do that ye wylle to do, that they may know +them selfe to haue be welcome to [gh]ou, and to be welle plesyd that +they be come. ¶ And al so much{e} as [gh]e may w{i}t{h}-oute p{er}il +of sykenes & werynys ete [gh]e in the halle afore [gh]oure meyny, + +¶ For that schall{e} be to [gh]ou p{ro}fyte and worshippe. + + [Sidenotes: + xiv. Have your dish well filled that you may help others to it. + xv. Always admit your special friends, and show them you are glad + to see them.] + +¶ The xvj: when your{e} ballyfs comyn a-fore [gh]oure, speke to the{m} +fayr{e} and gentilly in opyñ place, and not in p{ri}uey, + +¶ And shew them mery cher{e}, & serche and axe of them "how fare owr{e} +meñ & tenaunt{is}, & how cornys dooñ, & cart{is}, and of owr{e} stor{e} +how hit ys m{u}ltiplyed," Axe suche thyng{is} ope{n}ly, and knowe [gh]e +certeynly that they wille the more drede [gh]ou. + +¶ The xvij: co{m}maunde [gh]e that din{er}is and sopers p{ri}uely i{n} hid +plase be not had, & be thay forbeden that there be no suche dyn{er}s +nother sopers oute of the hall{e}, For of such{e} cometh{e} grete +destr[u]ccion, and no worshippe therby growyth{e} to the lorde. + +¶ Expliciu{n}t Statuta Familie bone Memorie. + + [Sidenotes: + xvi. Talk familiarly to your Bailiffs, ask how your tenants and + store do. xvii. Allow no private meals; only those in Hall.] + + [Textnotes: + A MS. wyse + B t.i. wroth + C MS. affecciori] + + +Prof. Brewer has, I find, printed these _Statuta_ in his most +interesting and valuable _Monumenta Franciscana_, 1858, p. 582-6. He +differs from Mr Brock and me in reading _drunkelewe_ (drunken, in +Chaucer, &c.) as 'drunke, lewe,' and _vessels_ as 'bossels,' and in +adding _e_'s[1] to some final _g_'s. He says, by way of Introduction, +that, "Though entitled Ordinances for the Household of Bishop Grostete, +this is evidently a Letter addressed to the Bishop on the management of +his Household by some very intimate friend. From the terms used in the +Letter, it is clear that the writer must have been on confidential terms +with the Prelate. I cannot affirm positively that the writer was Adam de +Marisco, although to no other would this document be attributed with +greater probability. No one else enjoyed such a degree of Grostete's +affection; none would have ventured to address him with so much +familiarity. Besides, the references made more than once by Adam de +Marisco in his letters to the management of the Bishop's household, +greatly strengthen this supposition. See pp. 160, 170 (_Mon. +Francisc._). The MS. is a small quarto on vellum, in the writing of the +15th century. It is in all probability a translation from a Latin +original." + + [Footnote 1: In this he is probably right. The general custom of + editors justifies it. Our printers want a pig-tailed or curly _g_ + to correspond with the MS. one.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Stanzas and Couplets of Counsel. + + + [_From the Rawlinson MS., C. 86, fol. 31, + in the Bodleian Library._] + + + Vtter thy langage wyth good avisement; + Reule the by Reasou{n} in thy termo[gh] all{e}; + + [Sidenote: Never mistrust or fail your friend.] + + Mystruste not thy frende for non{e} accusement, + Fayle him neu{er} at nede, what so eu{er} befall{e}; 4 + Solace þi selfe when men{n} to sporte þee call{e}; + + [Sidenote: Don't talk too much.] + + Largely to speke be wele ware for þ{a}t cause; + Roll{e} faste this reasou{n} & thynke wele on þ{i}s clause. + + + [Sidenote: Spare your master's goods as your own.] + + What man{n} þ{o}u s{er}uyst, all{e} wey him drede; 8 + His good as þyñ owne, eu{er} þ{o}u spare. + Lette neu{er} þy wyll{e} þy witt ou{er} lede, + But be glad of eu{er}y mannys welfare. + + + Folus lade polys; wisemen{n} ete þe fysshe; 12 + Wisemen{n} hath in þ{er} hondis ofte þ{a}t folys aft{er} wyssh{e}. + + + [Sidenote: A lawless youth, a despised old age.] + + Who so in youthe no vertu vsith, + In age all{e} hono{ur} him refusith. + + + Deame þ{e}e best in eu{er}y doute 16 + Tyl þe trouthe be tryed oute. + + + [Sidenote: A Gentleman says the best he can of every one.] + + It is þe properte of A gentilman{n} + To say the beste þ{a}t he can{n}. + + Si vie[gh] doler{e} tua crimina die miserer{e} 20 + Permiserere mei frangitur ira dei + + + [Follows:--Policronica. + + Josephus of Iewes þ{a}t Nobyl was, the firste Aucto{ur} of + the booke of Policronica, &c.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The schoole + + of Vertue, and booke of + + good Nourture for chyldren, and + youth to learne theyr dutie by, + Newely perused, corrected, + and augmented by the + fyrst Auctour + F. S.[eager] + + + With a briefe declaracion of the + dutie of eche degree. + + +Anno. 1557. + + Dispise not councel, rebuking foly + Esteme it as, nedefull and holy. + + + ¶ Imprinted at London in Paules + Churchyarde at the signe of + the Hedgehogge by + Wyllyam Seares. + + + ¶ THE AUCTOURS NAME IN VERDYT. + + [S] Saye well some wyll by this my labour + [E] Euery man yet Wyll not say the same + [A] Amonge the good I doubt not fauour + [G] God them forgeue For it me blame + [E] Eche man I wyshe It shall offende + [R] Reade and then iudge Where faulte is amende + + Face aut Tace. + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +Headnotes are interlaced with the table of contents; they will also +appear in their original locations in the text. On the title page the +name SEAGER was printed vertically, enclosed in a single box. + +The verse lines described in the editor's note have been re-split +for this e-text. Line numbers that were omitted or skipped have been +regularized to multiples of 4, as in other selections. Large-print +(original) sidenotes are shown with a smaller indentation; almost all +are names or Biblical citations.] + + +CONTENTS. + +(_Taken from the headings in the Text._) + + PAGE + The mornynge prayer 225 + Cap. i. Howe to order thy selfe when thou rysest, + and in apparelynge thy body 226 + [Headnote: HOW TO RISE AND DRESS IN THE MORNING.] + Cap. ii. Howe to behaue thy selfe in going by the streate + and in the schoole 227 + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE IN SCHOOL AND STREET.] + Cap. iii. Howe to behaue thi selfe in seruynge the table 229 + [Headnote: HOW TO SERVE AT DINNER.] + Cap. iiii. Howe to order thy selfe syttynge at the table 231 + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE AT ONE'S OWN DINNER.] + Cap. v. Howe to order thy selfe in the Churche 233 + Cap. vi. The fruites of gamynge, vertue and learnynge 234 + [Headnote: AGAINST GAMING, AND FOR VIRTUE.] + Cap. vii. How to behaue thy selfe in taulkynge with any man 235 + Cap. viii. How to order thy selfe being sente of message 236 + [Headnote: HOW TO CARRY A MESSAGE.] + Cap. ix. A-gainste Anger, Enuie, and malice 236 + Cap. x. The fruites of charitie, loue, and pacience 237 + Cap. xi. A-gainge (_so_) the horrible vice of swearynge 238 + [Headnote: AGAINST SWEARING.] + Cap. xii. A-gainste the vice of filthy talkynge 239 + Cap. xiii. A-gainste the vice of lyinge 239 + [Headnote: AGAINST LYING.] + A praier to be saide when thou goest to bedde 240 + [Headnote: A NIGHTLY PRAYER.] + The dutie of eche degred. (_so_) brefely declared 241 + [Headnote: THE DUTY OF ALL DEGREES OF MEN.] + + +[N.B. The even lines (2, 4, &c.) of the original are printed here +opposite the odd ones (1, 3, &c.), instead of after them, to save space. +The lines must therefore be read right across the page. The sidenotes in +large type, 'Cato, Isocra, &c.,' are those of the original. The rest are +the editor's, and he has added headlines, some stops, &c.] + + +The schoole of vertue. + + [Sidenote: First, say this prayer: "O God!] + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. ii.]] + + First in the mornynge + when thou dost awake, + To God for his grace + thy peticion then make; 4 + This prayer folowynge + vse dayly to say, + Thy harte lyftynge vp; + Thus begyn to pray 8 + + + ¶ The mornynge prayer. + + ++"O God, from whom + al good gifts procede! + + [Sidenote: enable us to follow virtue.] + + To thee we repayre + in tyme of our nede, 12 + That with thy grace + thou wouldst vs endue + Vertue to folowe + and vyce to exchue: 16 + Heare this our request, + and graunt our desyre, + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. ii.b.]] + + O lorde! moste humbly + we do the requyre! 20 + + [Sidenote: Defend us this day.] + + This day vs defende, + that we walkynge aryght + May do the thynge + acceptable in thy syght, 24 + That as we in yeares + And body do growe, + + [Sidenote: Let us abound with virtues, flee from vice, + and go forward in good doing to our live's end."] + + So in good vertues + we may lykewyse flowe 28 + To thy honour, + and ioy of our parentes, + Learninge to lyue well, + and kepe thy co{m}maund mentes; 32 + In flyinge from all + Vice, synne, and cryme, + Applyinge our bookes, + not losynge our tyme, 36 + May fructifye and go forwarde + here in good doynge + In this vale of miserie + vnto oure lyuees endynge, 40 + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. iii.]] + + That after this lyfe + here transitory + We may attayne + to greater glory." 44 + + [Sidenote: Repeat the Lord's Prayer night and morning.] + + The Lordes prayer then + se thou recyte, + So vsynge to do + at mornynge and nyght. 48 + + + [Headnote: HOW TO RISE AND DRESS IN THE MORNING.] + + [Sidenote: _How to wash and dress yourself._] + + ¶ Howe to order thy selfe when thou rysest, + and in apparelynge thy body. + + Capitulo .i. + + [Sidenote: Cato.] + + ++Flye euer slouthe + and ouer much slepe; + + [Sidenote: Don't sleep too long.] + + In health the body + therby thou shalte kepe. 52 + Muche slepe ingendereth + diseases and payne, + It dulles the the wyt + and hurteth the brayne. 56 + + [Sidenote: Rise early; cast up your bed, and don't let it lie.] + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. iii.b.]] + + Early in the mornynge + thy bed then forsake, + Thy rayment put on, + thy selfe redy make. 60 + To cast vp thy bed + It shalbe thy parte, + Els may they say + that beastly thou art; 64 + So to departe + and let the same lye, + It is not semynge + nor yet manerly. 68 + + [Sidenote: Go down, salute your parents, wash your hands, + comb your head, brush your cap and put it on.] + + Downe from thy chamber + when thou shalte go, + Thy parentes salute thou, + and the famely also; 72 + Thy handes se thou washe, + and thy hed keame, + And of thy rayment + se torne be no seame; 76 + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. iiii.]] + + Thy cappe fayre brusht, + thy hed couer than, + Takynge it of + In speakynge to any man. 80 + + [Sidenote: Cato.] + + Cato doth councel thee + thyne elders to reuerence + Declarynge therby + thy dutye and obedience. 84 + + [Sidenote: Tie on your shirt-collar, fasten your girdle, rub your + breeches, clean your shoes, wipe your nose on a napkin, pare your + nails, clean your ears, wash your teeth.] + + Thy shyrte coler fast + to thy necke knyt; + Comely thy rayment + loke on thy body syt. 88 + Thy gyrdell about + thy wast then fasten, + Thy hose fayre rubd + thy showes se be cleane. 92 + A napkyn se that + thou haue in redines + Thy nose to clense + from all fylthynes. 96 + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. iiii.b.]] + + Thy nayles, yf nede be, + se that thou payre; + Thyne eares kepe cleane, + thy teath washe thou fayre. 100 + + [Sidenote: Have your torn clothes mended, or new ones obtained.] + + If ought about thee + chaunce to be torne, + Thy frendes therof shewe + howe it is worne, 104 + And they wyll newe + for thee prouyde, + Or the olde mende, + In tyme beinge spyde, 108 + + [Sidenote: Get your satchell and books, and haste to School, + taking too pen, paper, and ink, which are necessary for use at + school.] + + This done, thy setchell + and they bokes take, + And to the scole + haste see thou make. 112 + But ere thou go, + with thy self forthynke. + That thou take with thee + pen, paper, and ynke; 116 + For these are thynges + for thy study necessary, + Forget not then + with thee them to cary. 120 + The souldiar preparynge + hym selfe to the fielde + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. v.]] + + Leaues not at home + his sworde and his shielde, 124 + No more shulde a scoler + forget then truly + what he at scole + shulde nede to occupy. 128 + + [Sidenote: Then start off.] + + These thynges thus had, + Take strayght thy way + Vnto the schole + without any stay. 132 + + + [Sidenote: _How to behave going to, and at, School._] + + Howe to behaue thy selfe in going by + the streate and in the schoole .ii. + + [Sidenote: Take off your cap to those you meet; give way to + passers by.] + + ++In goynge by the way + and passynge the strete, + + [Sidenote: Isocra.] + + Thy cappe put of, + Salute those ye mete; 136 + + [Sidenote: Cato.] + + In geuynge the way + to suche as passe by, + It is a poynte + of siuilitie. 140 + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. v.b.]] + + [Sidenote: Call your playmates on your road.] + + And thy way fortune + so for to fall, + Let it not greue thee + thy felowes to call. 144 + + [Sidenote: At School salute your master, and the scholars.] + + when to the schole + thou shalte resort, + This rule note well + I do the exhort: 148 + Thy master there beynge, + Salute with all reuerence, + Declarynge thereby + thy dutye and obedience; 152 + Thy felowes salute + In token of loue, + Lest of inhumanitie + they shall the reproue. 156 + + [Sidenote: Go straight to your place, undo your satchell, take out + your books and learn your lesson; stick well to your books.] + + Vnto thy place + appoynted for to syt, + Streight go thou to, + and thy setchel vnknyt, 160 + Thy bokes take out, + thy lesson then learne + + [Text note: [A _Orig._ Huubly]] + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. vi.]] + + Humbly [A] thy selfe + Behaue and gouerne. 164 + Therein takynge payne, + with all thyne industry + Learnynge to get + thy boke well applye: 168 + All thynges seme harde + when we do begyn, + + [Sidenote: Virgil.] + + But labour and diligence + yet both them wyn; 172 + we ought not to recken + and coumpt the thyng harde + That bryngeth ioye + and pleasure afterwarde; 176 + + [Sidenote: If you don't work, you'll repent it when you grow up.] + + Leaue of then laboure, + and the lacke rue, + Lament and repent + when age doth insue. 180 + + [Sidenote: Who could now speak of famous deeds of old, had not + Letters preserved them?] + + Deades that deserued + Fame and greate prayse, + Buried had ben, + we se in olde dayes; 184 + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. vi.b.]] + + If letters had not then + brought them to lyght 188 + The truth of suche thynges + who coulde nowe resyght? + Applye thy minde + to learnynge and scyence, + + [Sidenote: Cato.] + + For learnynge in nede + wyll be thy defence. 192 + Nothinge to science + compare we may well, + + [Sidenote: Cicero.] + + The swetenes wherof + all thynges doth excell. 196 + And Cato the wyse + this worthy sayinge hath, + + [Sidenote: Cato.] + + That man wantinge learnynge + is as the image of death. 200 + + [Sidenote: Aristot.] + + The rootes of learnynge + most bytter we deme; + The fruites at last + Moste pleasaunt doth seme. 204 + + [Sidenote: Work hard then, and you'll be thought worthy to serve + the state.] + + Then labour for learnynge + whyle here thou shalt lyue, + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. vii.]] + + The ignoraunt to teache, + and good example geue; 208 + So shalte thou be thought + A membre most worthy + The common welth to serue + + [Text note: [B _Orig._ ryme]] + + In tyme[B] of necessitie. 212 + Experience doth teache + And shewe to thee playne + + [Sidenote: Men of low birth win honour by Learning, and then are + doubly happy.] + + That many to honour + By learninge attayne 216 + That were of byrthe + But symple and bace,-- + Suche is the goodnes + Of Gods speciall grace,-- 220 + For he that to honour + by vertue doth ryse, + Is double happy, + and counted most wyse. 224 + + [Sidenote: When you doubt, ask to be told.] + + If doubte thou doest, + Desyre to be toulde, + No shame is to learne, + Beinge neuer so oulde; 228 + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. vii.b.]] + + Ignoraunce doth cause + Great errors in vs + For wantynge of knowledge + Doubts to discusse; 232 + Then learne to discerne + the good from the yll, + + [Sidenote: Wish well to those who warn you.] + + And suche as thee warne, + Bere them good will. 236 + + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE IN SCHOOL AND STREET.] + + [Sidenote: On your way home walk two and two orderly (for which + men will praise you); don't run in heaps like a swarm of bees + like boys do now.] + + when from the schoole + ye shall take your waye, + Or orderly then go ye, + twoo in aray, 240 + your selues matchynge + So equall as ye may, + That men it seynge + May well of you saye 244 + In commendynge this + your laudable wayes, + whiche must nedes sounde + to your great prayse, 248 + Not runnynge on heapes + as a swarme of bees, + As at this day + Euery man it nowe sees; 252 + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. viii.]] + + Not vsynge, but refusynge, + Suche foolyshe toyes + As commonly are vsed + In these dayes of boyes, 256 + + [Sidenote: Don't whoop or hallow as in fox-hunting don't chatter, + or stare at every new fangle, but walk soberly, taking your cap + off to all, and being gentle.] + + As hoopynge and halowynge + as in huntynge the foxe, + That men it hearynge + Deryde them with mockes. 260 + This foolyshnes forsake, + this folly exchewynge, + And learne to followe + this order insuynge. 264 + In goynge by the way + Neyther talke nor iangle, + Gape not nor gase not + at euery newe fangle, 268 + But soberly go ye + with countinaunce graue; + + [Sidenote: Isocra.] + + Humblye your selues + towarde all men behaue; 272 + + [Sidenote: [sign. A. viii.b.]] + + Be free of cappe + and full of curtesye; + Greate loue of al men + you shall wyn therby. 276 + Be lowly and gentyll + and of meke moode; + Then men con not + but of you say good. 280 + + [Sidenote: Do no man harm; speak fair words.] + + In passynge the strete + Do no man no harme; + Vse thou fewe wordes, + and thy tounge charme, 284 + Then men shal see + that grace in the groweth + From whom vertues + So aboundantly floweth. 288 + + [Sidenote: On reaching home salute your parents reverently.] + + when thou arte come + where thy parentes do dwell, + Thy leaue then takynge + Byd thy felowes farewell; 292 + The house then entrynge, + In thy parence presence + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. i.]] + + Humbly salute them + with all reuerence. 296 + + + [Sidenote: _How to wait at table._] + + ¶ Howe to behaue thi selfe in seruynge + the table. Cap. iii. + + ++VVhen thy parentes downe + to the table shall syt, + In place be ready + For the purpose moste fyt: 300 + + [Sidenote: Look your parents in the face, hold up your hands, + and say] + + With sober countinaunce + Lokynge them in the face, + Thy handes holdynge vp, + this begyn grace: 304 + + + [Sidenote: Grace before meate.] + + ++"Geue thankes to God + with one accorde + For that shall be + Set on this borde. 308 + + [Sidenote: Grace before Meat.] + + And be not carefull + what to eate, + To eche thynge lyuynge + the Lorde sends meate; 312 + For foode he wyll not + Se you peryshe, + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. i.b.]] + + But wyll you fede, + Foster, and cheryshe; 316 + Take well in worth + what he hath sent, + At this tyme be 320 + therwith content, + Praysynge God." + + ¶ So treatablie speakyng + as possible thou can, 324 + That the hearers therof + May thee vnderstan. + + [Sidenote: Make a low curtesy; wish your parents' food may + do 'em good.] + + Grace beynge sayde, + Lowe cursie make thou, 328 + Sayinge "muche good + May it do you." + + [Headnote: HOW TO SERVE AT DINNER.] + + [Sidenote: If you are big enough, bring the food to table.] + + Of stature then + yf thou be able, 332 + It shall become thee + to serue the table + In bringynge to it + Suche meate as shall nede 336 + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. ii.]] + + For thy parence vpon + that tyme to fede. + + [Sidenote: Don't fill dishes so full as to spill them on your + parents' dress, or they'll be angry.] + + Disshes with measure + thou oughtest to fyll, 340 + Els mayste thou happen + thy seruyce to spyll + On theyr apparell + Or els on the cloth, 344 + whiche for to doe + wolde moue them to wroth. + + [Sidenote: Have spare trenchers ready for guests.] + + Spare trenchers with napkyns + haue in redynes 348 + To serue afterwarde, + If there come any gesse. + Be circumspecte; + see nothynge do wante; 352 + + [Sidenote: See there's plenty of everything wanted.] + + Of necessary thynges + that there be no skant, + As breade and drynke, + se there be plentie; 356 + + [Sidenote: Empty the Voiders often.] + + The voyders with bones + Ofte se thou emptie. + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. ii.b.]] + + At hande be ready, + If any do call, 360 + + [Sidenote: Be at hand if any one calls.] + + To fetche or take vp, + If ought fortune to fall. + + [Sidenote: When the meat is over, clear the table: 1. cover the + salt, 2. have a tray by you to carry things off on, 3. put the + trenchers, &c., in one Voider, 4. sweep the crumbs into another, + 5. set a clean trencher before every one, 6. put on Cheese, Fruit, + Biscuits, and 7. serve Wine, Ale or Beer.] + + when they haue done, + then ready make 364 + The table vp fayre + In order to take: + Fyrste the saulte + Se that thou couer, 368 + Hauynge by thee + Eyther one or other + thynges from thy handes + then to conuaye 372 + That from the table + thou shalt take awaye. + A voyder vpon + the table then haue, 376 + The trenchers and napkyns + therein to receaue; + The croomes with a napkyn + together them swepe, 380 + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. iii.]] + + It at the tables ende + In a voyder them kepe. + Then before eche man + A cleane treanchour lay, 384 + The best fyrste seruynge, + As iudge thou soone may; + Then cheese with fruite + On the table set, 388 + With Bisketes or Carowayes, + As you may get. + Wyne to them fyll, + Els ale or beare; 392 + But wyne is metest, + If any there were. + + [Sidenote: When these are finished, clear the table, and fold up + the cloth.] + + Then on the table + Attende with all diligence, 396 + It for to voyde + when done haue thy parence: + Eche syde of the clothe + Do thou tourne in, 400 + Foldynge it vp, + At the hygher ende begin. + + [Sidenote: Then spread a clean towel, bring bason and jug, and + when your parents are ready to wash, and when your parents are + ready to wash, pour out the water.] + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. iii. b.]] + + A cleane towell then + On the table spreade,-- 404 + The towell wantynge, + the cloth take in steade,-- + The bason and ewer + to the table then brynge, 408 + In place conuenient + theyr pleasure abydynge. + when thou shalt see + them redy to washe, 412 + The ewer take vp, + and be not to rashe + In powrynge out water + More then wyll suffise. 416 + + [Sidenote: Clear the table; make a low curtsey.] + + The table then voyde + that they may ryse. + All thynges thus done, + forget not thy dutie, 420 + Before the table + Make thou lowe cursie. + + + [Headnote: HOW TO BEHAVE AT ONE'S OWN DINNER.] + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. iiii.]] + + [Sidenote: _How to behave at your own dinner._] + + ¶ Howe to order thy selfe syttynge at the table. + + Capitulo .iiii. + + ++O Chyldren! geue eare + your duties to learne, 424 + Howe at the table + you may your selues gouerne. + + [Sidenote: Socra. Cato.] + + Presume not to hyghe, + I say, in no case; 428 + + [Sidenote: Let your betters sit above you.] + + In syttynge downe, + to thy betters geue place. + + [Sidenote: See others served first, then wait a while before + eating.] + + Suffer eche man + Fyrste serued to be, 432 + For that is a poynte + Of good curtesie. + when they are serued, + then pause a space, 436 + For that is a sygne + of nourture and grace. + + [Sidenote: Take salt with your knife, cut your bread, don't fill + your spoon too full, or sup your pottage.] + + Saulte with thy knyfe + then reache and take, 440 + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. iiii.b.]] + + The breade cut fayre, + And do not it breake. + Thy spone with pottage + to full do not fyll, 444 + For fylynge the cloth, + If thou fortune to spyll, + For rudnes it is + thy pottage to sup, 448 + Or speake to any, + his head in the cup. + + [Sidenote: Have your knife sharp.] + + Thy knyfe se be sharpe + to cut fayre thy meate; 452 + Thy mouth not to full + when thou dost eate; + + [Sidenote: Don't smack your lips or gnaw your bones: avoid such + beastliness.] + + Not smackynge thy lyppes, + As comonly do hogges, 456 + Nor gnawynge the bones + As it were dogges; + Suche rudenes abhorre, + Suche beastlynes flie, 460 + At the table behaue + thy selfe manerly. + + [Sidenote: Keep your fingers clean, wipe your mouth before + drinking.] + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. v.]] + + Thy fyngers se cleane + that thou euer kepe, 464 + Hauynge a Napkyn + thereon them to wype; + Thy mouth therwith + Cleane do thou make, 468 + The cup to drynke + In hande yf thou take, + Let not thy tongue + At the table walke, 472 + + [Sidenote: Plato.] + + [Sidenote: Don't jabber or stuff.] + + And of no matter + Neyther reason nor talke. + Temper thy tongue + and belly alway, 476 + For "measure is treasure," + the prouerbe doth say, + + [Sidenote: Cicero.] + + And measure in althynges + Is to be vsed; 480 + what is without measure + Ought to be refused. + + [Sidenote: Silence hurts no one, and is fitted for a child at + table.] + + For silence kepynge + thou shalt not be shent, 484 + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. v.b.]] + + where as thy speache + May cause thee repent. + + [Sidenote: Isocra.] + + Bothe speache and silence + are commendable, 488 + But sylence is metest + In a chylde at the table. + + [Sidenote: Cato.] + + And Cato doth saye, + that "in olde and yonge 492 + The fyrste of vertue + Is to kepe thy tonge." + + [Sidenote: Don't pick your teeth, or spit too much.] + + Pyke not thy teethe + at the table syttynge, 496 + Nor vse at thy meate + Ouer muche spytynge; + this rudnes of youth + Is to be abhorde; 500 + + [Sidenote: Behave properly.] + + thy selfe manerly + Behaue at the borde. + + [Sidenote: Don't laugh too much.] + + If occasion of laughter + at the table thou se, 504 + Beware that thou vse + the same moderately. + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. vi.]] + + [Sidenote: Learn all the good manners you can.] + + Of good maners learne + So muche as thou can; 508 + It wyll thee preferre + when thou art a man. + + [Sidenote: Aristot.] + + Aristotle the Philosopher + this worthy sayinge writ, 512 + + [Sidenote: They are better than playing the fiddle, though that's + no harm, but necessary; yet manners are more important.] + + That "maners in a chylde + are more requisit + then playnge on instrumentes + and other vayne pleasure; 516 + For vertuous maners + Is a most precious treasure." + Let not this saynge + In no wyse thee offende, 520 + For playnge of instrumentes + He doth not discommende, + But doth graunt them + for a chylde necessary, 524 + Yet maners muche more + see here he doth vary. + Refuse not his councell, + Nor his wordes dispise; 528 + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. vi.b.]] + + To vertue and knowledge + By them mayste thou ryse. + + + [Sidenote: _How to behave at Church._] + + ¶ Howe to order thy selfe in the Churche. + + Cap. .v. + + ++Vvhen to the Churche + thou shalt repayer, 532 + + [Sidenote: Pray kneeling or standing.] + + Knelynge or standynge, + to God make thy prayer; + All worldely matters + From thy mynde set apart, 536 + Earnestly prayinge, + to God lyfte vp thy hart. + + [Sidenote: Psal. 1.] + + A contrite harte + He wyll not dispyse, 540 + whiche he doth coumpt + A sweete sacrifice. + + [Sidenote: Confess your sins to God.] + + To hym thy sinnes + shewe and confesse, 544 + Askynge for them + Grace and forgyuenes; + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. vii.]] + + [Sidenote: He knows your disease.] + + He is the Phisition + that knoweth thy sore, 548 + And can to health + A-gayne thee restore. + + [Sidenote: Iames the .i.] + + [Sidenote: Ask in faith, and what you ask you shall have; He is + more merciful than pen can tell.] + + Aske then in fayth, + Not doubtynge to haue; 552 + The thynges ye desyre + ye shall then receaue; + So they be lawfull + Of God to requyre, 556 + He wyll the heare + and graunt thy desyre; + More mercifull he is + then pen can expresse, 560 + The aucthor and geuer + here of all goodnesse. + + [Sidenote: Math. x.] + + "All ye that laboure + and burdened be, 564 + I wyll you refreshe + In commynge to me." + These are Chrystes wordes, + the scripture is playne, 568 + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. vii.b.]] + + Spoken to all suche + as here suffre payne; + Our wylles to his worde + then let vs frame, 572 + The heauenly habytacion + therby we may clame. + + [Sidenote: Behave nicely in church, and don't talk or chatter.] + + In the churche comly + thy selfe do behaue, 576 + In vsage sober, + thy countinaunce graue. + whyle you be there, + taulke of no matter, 580 + Nor one with an other + whisper nor chatter. + + [Sidenote: Behave reverently; the House of Prayer is not to be + made a fair.] + + Reuerently thy selfe + Order alwaye 584 + when to the Churche + thou shalt come to pray: + Eche thynge hath his tyme, + Consyder the place, 588 + + [Sidenote: Luke .xix.] + + For that is a token + of vertue and grace, + + [Sidenote: [sign. B viii.]] + + The Lorde doth call it + the house of prayer 592 + And not to be vsed + As is a fayer. + + + [Headnote: AGAINST GAMING, AND FOR VIRTUE.] + + ¶ The fruites of gamynge, vertue and learnynge. + Capitulo .vi. + + [Sidenote: Avoid dicing and carding.] + + ++O Lytle chylde, + Eschewe thou euer game,-- 596 + For that hath brought + Many one to shame,-- + As dysynge, and cardynge, + And suche other playes, 600 + which many vndoeth, + as we se nowe a dayes. + + [Sidenote: Cicero.] + + But yf thou delyght + In any earthly thynge, 604 + + [Sidenote: Delight in Knowledge, Virtue, and Learning.] + + Delyght in knowledge, + Vertue, and learnynge, + For learnynge wyll leade thee + to the schoole of vertue, 608 + + [Sidenote: [sign. B. viii.b.]] + + And vertue wyll teache thee + Vice to subdue. + Vice beynge subdued, + thou canst not but floryshe; 612 + + [Sidenote: Happy is he who cultivates Virtue.] + + Happy is the man + that vertue doth norysh. + By knowledge lykewyse + thou shalt doubtes discerne, 616 + By vertue agayne + thy lyfe well gouerne. + These be the frutes + By them we do take, 620 + + [Sidenote: Cursed is he who forsakes it.] + + Cursed is he then + that doth them forsake. + But we erre in wyt + In folowynge our wyll, 624 + In iudgynge that good + which playnly is yll. + + [Sidenote: Let reason rule you, and subdue your lusts.] + + Let reason thee rule, + and not will thee leade 628 + To folowe thy fansie, + A wronge trace to treade. + [Sidenote: [sign. C. i.]] + + But subdue thy luste, + and conqeur thy wyll 632 + If it shall moue thee + to doe that is yll; + + [Sidenote: These ills come from gambling: strife, murder, theft, + cursing and swearing.] + + For what hurte by game + to many doth growe, 636 + No wyse man I thynke + but doth it well knowe. + Experience doth shewe + and make it manifeste 640 + That all good men + can it but deteste, + As strife and debate, + murder and thefte, 644 + whiche amonge christians, + wolde god were lefte, + with cursynge and bannynge, + with swearyng and tearyng, 648 + That no honest harte + can abyde the hearyng: + These be the fruites + that of them doth sprynge, 652 + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. i.b.]] + + with many more as euill + that cometh of gamynge. + + + [Sidenote: _How to behave when conversing._] + + ¶ How to behaue thy selfe in taulkynge with any man. Capitulo .vii. + + ++If a man demaunde + a question of thee, 656 + + [Sidenote: Isocra.] + + In thine aunswere makynge + be not to hastie; + + [Sidenote: Understand a question before you answer it; let a man + tell all his tale.] + + waie well his wordes, + the case vnderstande 660 + Eare an answere to make + thou take in hande, + Els may he iudge + in thee little wit, 664 + To answere to a thynge + and not heare it. + Suffer his tale + whole out to be toulde, 668 + Then speake thou mayst, + and not be controulde; + + [Sidenote: Then bow to him, look him in the face, and answer + sensibly, not staring about or laughing, but audibly and + distinctly, your words in due order, or you'll straggle off, + or stutter, or stammer, which is a foul crime.] + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. ii.]] + + Low obeisaunce makyng, + lokinge him in the face, 672 + Tretably speaking, + thy wordes see thou place. + with countinaunce sober + thy bodie vprighte 676 + Thy fete iuste to-gether, + thy handes in lyke plight; + Caste not thyne eies + on neither syde. 680 + when thou arte praised, + therin take no pryde. + In tellynge thy tale, + neither laugh nor smyle, 684 + Such folly forsake thou, + banish and exyle; + In audible voice + thy wordes do thou vtter, 688 + Not hie nor lowe, + but vsynge a measure. + + + Thy wordes se that + thou pronounce plaine, 692 + + [Headnote: HOW TO CARRY A MESSAGE.] + + [Text note: [C _orig._ thai]] + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. ii.b.]] + + And that [C] they spoken + Be not in vayne; + In vttryng wherof + Kepe thou an order, 696 + Thy matter therby + thou shalte much forder; + whiche order yf thou + Do not obserue, 700 + From the purpose + nedes must thou swarue. + And hastines of speche + wyll cause thee to erre, 704 + Or wyll thee teache + to stut or stammer. + To stut or stammer + is a foule crime, 708 + Learne then to leaue it, + take warnyng in tyme; + How euyll a chylde + it doth become, 712 + Thy selfe beynge iudge, + hauinge wisedome; + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. iii.]] + + And sure it is taken + by custome and vre, 716 + whyle yonge you be + there is helpe and cure. + This generall rule + yet take with the, 720 + + [Sidenote: Always keep your head uncovered.] + + In speakynge to any man + Thy head vn-couered be. + The common prouerbe + remember ye oughte, 724 + + [Sidenote: Better unfed than untaught.] + + "Better vnfedde + then vn-taughte." + + + [Sidenote: _How to take a Message._] + + ¶ How to order thy selfe being sente of message. + Cap. viii. + + ++If of message + forthe thou be sente, 728 + + [Sidenote: Listen to it well; don't go away not knowing it.] + + Take hede to the same, + Geue eare diligente; + Depart not awaye + and beyng in doute, 732 + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. iii.b.]] + + Know wel thy message + before thou passe out; + + [Sidenote: Then hurry away, give the message; get the answer, + return home, and tell it to your master exactly as it was told + to you.] + + with possible spede + then hast thee right sone; 736 + If nede shall requirr it + so to be done. + After humble obeisaunce, + the message forth shewe 740 + Thy wordes well placinge + in vttringe but fewe + As shall thy matter + serue to declare. 744 + Thine answere made, + then home againe repare, + And to thy master + therof make relacion 748 + As then the answere + shall geue thee occasion. + + [Sidenote: Socra.] + + Neither adde nor deminish + any thynge to the same, 752 + Lest after it proue + to thy rebuke and shame, + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. iiii.]] + + But the same vtter + so nere as thou can; 756 + No faulte they shall fynde + to charge thee with than, + In most humble wyse + loke done that it be, 760 + As shall become beste + a seruantes degre. + + + [Sidenote: _Against Anger, &c._] + + ¶ A-gainste Anger, Enuie, and malice. + + Cap. ix. + + [Sidenote: The slave of Anger must fall.] + + ++If thou be subiecte + and to anger thrall, 764 + And reason thee rule not, + nedes must thou fall. + + [Sidenote: Pericles.] + + Conquer thy wyll + and subdue thy luste, 768 + Thy fansy not folowing, + thy cause though be iuste; + + [Sidenote: Anger's deeds are strange to wise men.] + + For anger and furie + wyll thee so chaunge 772 + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. iiii.b.]] + + That thy doynges to wise men + wyll appear straunge. + Thine anger and wrath + seke then to appeace, 776 + + [Sidenote: Plato.] + + For wrath, saith Plato, + Leades shame in a leace. + + [Sidenote: Isocra.] + + The hastie man + wantes neuer trouble, 780 + + [Sidenote: A hasty man is always in trouble.] + + His mad moody mynde + his care doth double. + And malyce thee moue + to reuenge thy cause, 784 + Dread euer god, + and daunger of the lawes. + + [Sidenote: Take no revenge, but forgive.] + + Do not reuenge, + though in thy power it be, 788 + Forgeue the offender + being thine enemie. + He is perfectely pacient, + we may repute plaine, 792 + + [Sidenote: Plato.] + + [That] From wrath and furye + himselfe can refrayne. + + [Sidenote: Envy no one.] + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. v.]] + + Disdayne nor enuie + The state of thy brother, 796 + + [Sidenote: Seneca.] + + In worde nor dede + not hurtyng one an other. + + [Sidenote: An ill body breeds debate.] + + Debate and disceate, + contencion and enuie, 800 + Are the chiefe frutes + of an euyll bodie. + + [Sidenote: Salomon.] + + And Salomon saithe + "The harte full of enuie, 804 + Of him selfe hath + no pleasure nor commoditie." + + + [Sidenote: _The Fruits of Charity, &c._] + + ¶ The fruites of charitie, loue, and pacience. + + Cap. x. + + [Sidenote: Charity seeketh not her own, but bears patiently.] + + ++Charitie seketh not + that to her doth belonge, 808 + But paciently a-bydinge, + sustainynge rather wronge; + + [Sidenote: Charity seeketh not her own, but bears patiently.] + + Not enuiynge, but bearinge + with loue and pacience,-- 812 + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. v.b.]] + + So noble is her nature,-- + forgeuing all ofence. + + [Sidenote: Love incites to Mercy.] + + And loue doth moue + the mynde to mercie, 816 + But malice againe + doth worke the contrarie. + whiche in the wicked + wyll euer beare stroke, 820 + + [Sidenote: Patience teaches forbearance.] + + Pacience thee teacheth + therof to beare the yoke. + where pacience and loue + to-gether do dwell 824 + All hate and debate, + with malice, they expell. + + [Sidenote: Pithagoras.] + + Loue constant and faithfull, + Pithagoras doth call 828 + To be a vertue + most principall. + + [Sidenote: Plato.] + + Plato doth speake + almoste in effecte 832 + 'where loue is not, + no vertue is perfecte.' + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. vi.]] + + [Sidenote: Pray God to give thee Charity and Patience, to lead + thee to Virtue's School, and thence to Eternal Bliss.] + + Desire then god + to assiste thee with his grace 836 + Charitie to vse + and pacience to imbrace; + These three folowinge + will thee instructe, 840 + That to vertues schoole + they wyll thee conducte, + And from vertues schoole + to eternall blisse 844 + where incessaunt ioie + continually is. + + + [Headnote: AGAINST SWEARING.] + + [Sidenote: _Against Swearing._] + + ¶ A-gainge (_so_) the horrible vice of swearynge. + + Cap. xi. + + [Sidenote: Take not God's name in vain, or He will plague thee.] + + ++In vaine take not + the name of god; 848 + Swere not at all + for feare of his rod. + The house with plagues + he threteneth to visit 852 + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. vi.b.]] + + where othes are vsed: + they shall not escape it. + Iuste are his iudgementes, + and true is his worde, 856 + And sharper then is + a two edged sworde; + + [Sidenote: Beware of His wrath, and live well in thy vocation.] + + wherfore beware thou + his heauy indignacion, 860 + And learne to lyue well + in thy vocacion + wherin that god + shall thee set or call; 864 + Rysinge againe-- + if it fortune to fall-- + By prayer and repentance, + whiche is the onely waie. 868 + Christ wolde not the death + of a sinner, I saye, + But rather he turne + From his wickednesse, 872 + And so to lyue + in vertue and goodnesse. + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. vii.]] + + [Sidenote: What is the good of swearing?] + + what better art thou + for this thy swearyng 876 + Blasfamouslye, + the name of god tearyng? + + [Sidenote: It kindles God's wrath against thee.] + + Prouokynge his yre + and kyndlinge his wrath 880 + Thee for to plauge, + that geuinge the hath + Knowlage and reason + thy selfe for to rule, 884 + And for to flee + the thynge that is euyl. + + [Sidenote: Seneca.] + + Senica doth councell thee + all swerynge to refrayne, 888 + Although great profite + by it thou mighte gaine: + + [Sidenote: Pericles.] + + Pericles, whose wordes + are manifeste and playne, 892 + From sweryng admonisheth + thee to obstaine; + + [Sidenote: God's law forbids swearing, and so does the counsel + of Philosophers.] + + The lawe of god, + and commaundement he gaue, 896 + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. vii.b.] + Swearynge amongst vs + in no wyse wolde haue. + The councell of philosoph[ers] + I haue here expreste, 900 + Amongest whom sweryng + was vtterly deteste; + Much lesse amongest christians + ought it to be vsed, 904 + But vtterly of them + cleane to be refused. + + + [Sidenote: _Against filthy talking._] + + ¶ A-gainste the vice of filthy talkynge. + Cap. xii. + + [Sidenote: Never talk dirt.] + + ++No filthy taulke + in no wise vse, 908 + Thy tonge therby + for to abuse. + + [Sidenote: For every word we shall give account at the Day of + Doom, and be judged according to our deeds.] + + Of euery idell worde + an accumpte we shall render;-- 912 + All men I woulde + this sayinge to remember;-- + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. viii.]] + + To god for it + at the generall daie 916 + In earnest or sporte + we shall speake or saie; + whiche daye to the iuste + shallbe most ioyfull, 920 + And to the wicked + againe as wofull. + As we here doe, + so shall we receaue, 924 + Vnles we repente + and mercy of god craue. + If god wyll deale + with vs so straight 928 + For thinges that be + of so small waight, + + [Sidenote: Let lewd livers then fear.] + + Then haue we cause + to feare and dreade, 932 + Our lyues lewdly + if we haue leade. + + [Sidenote: Keep your tongue from vain talking.] + + [Sidenote: [sign. C. viii.b.]] + + Thy tonge take hede + thou doe refrayne 936 + From speakyng wordes + that are moste vayne; + + [Sidenote: Aristot.] + + Thy wyll and witte + to goodnes applie, 940 + Thy mynde exercise + in vertuous studie. + + + [Headnote: AGAINST LYING.] + + [Sidenote: _Against Lying._] + + ¶ A-gainste the vice of lyinge. + Capitulo .xiii. + + [Sidenote: Plato.] + + ++To forge, to fayne, + to flater and lye, 944 + Requiere diuers collours + with wordes fayre and slye, + + [Sidenote: To speak the truth needs no study, therefore always + practise it and speak it.] + + But the vtteraunce of truthe + is so simple and playne 948 + That it nedeth no studie + to forge or to fayne; + wherfore saye truth, + how euer stand the case, 952 + So shalte thou fynde + more fauour and grace. + Vse truthe, and say truth, + in that thou goest aboute, 956 + For tyme of althinges + the truthe wyll bringe out. + + [Sidenote: [sign. D. i.]] + + [Sidenote: Shame is the reward of lying.] + + Shame is the rewarde + For lying dewe; 960 + Then auoyde shame, + and vtter wordes trewe. + A lyar by his lying + this profet doth get, 964 + That whan he saith truth + no man wyll him credet; + + [Sidenote: Always speak the truth.] + + Then let thy talke + with the truth agree, 968 + And blamed for it + thou shalte neuer bee. + + [Sidenote: Who can trust a liar?] + + Howe maie a man + a lyer ought truste? 972 + But doubte his dedes, + his woordes being vniuste. + In tellyng of truth + there lougeth no shame, 976 + Where vttring of lyes + deserueth much blame; + + [Sidenote: If a lie saves you once, it deceives you thrice.] + + And though a lye + from stripes ye once saue, 980 + + [Sidenote: [sign. D. i.b.]] + + Thrise for that once + it wyll the desceue; + Truste then to truth, + and neither forge nor fayne, 984 + And followe these preceptes: + from liyng do refraine. + + + [Headnote: A NIGHTLY PRAYER.] + + [Sidenote: _A bedward Prayer._] + + ¶ A praier to be saide when thou goest to bedde. + + [Sidenote: God of mercy, take us into Thy care.] + + ++O Mercifull god! + heare this our requeste, 988 + And graunte vnto vs + this nighte quiet reste. + Into thy tuicion, + oh lorde, do vs take! 992 + Our bodies slepynge, + our myndes yet maie wake. + + [Sidenote: Forgive us our sins.] + + Forgeue the offences + this daye we haue wroughte 996 + A-gainste thee and our neighbour + in worde, dede, and thoughte! + And graunte vs thy grace + hense forth to flie sinne, 1000 + + [Sidenote: [sign. D. ii.]] + + [Sidenote: Deliver us from evil, and our enemy the Devil.] + + And that a newe lyfe + we maie nowe beginne! + Deliuer and defende vs + this night from all euell, 1004 + And from the daunger + of our enemie, the diuell, + whiche goeth a-boute + sekyng his praie, 1008 + And by his crafte + whom we maie betraie. + + [Sidenote: Assist us to conquer him and ascribe all honour + to Thee.] + + Assiste vs, oh lorde, + with thy holy sprite, 1012 + That valiantly against him + we maie euer fighte; + And winning the victorie, + maie lifte vp our voice, 1016 + And in his strength + faithfully reioice, + Saying, "to the lorde + be all honour and praise 1020 + For his defence + bothe now and alwaies!" + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +In the following segment, the numbers 1, 2, 3... from the original +text are used as sidenote markers. There are no footnotes.] + + + [Headnote: THE DUTY OF ALL DEGREES OF MEN.] + + [Sidenote: [sign. D. ii.b.]] + + [Sidenote: _Each one's Duty._] + + ¶ the dutie of eche degred. (_so_) brefely declared. + + [Sidenote: The Duty of [1] Princes, [2] Judges, [3] Prelates, + [4] Parents, [5] Children, [6] Masters, [7] Servants, + [8] Husbands.] + + 1 ++Ye princes, that the earth + rule and gouerne, 1024 + Seke ye for knowledge + doubtes to discerne. + 2 Ye iudges, geue iudgement + according to righte 1028 + As may be founde + acceptable in the lordes sight. + 3 Ye prelates, preache purely + the worde of our lorde, 1032 + That your liuings & prechinges + in one maie accorde. + 4 Ye fathers and mothers, + so your children instructe 1036 + As maye them to grace + and uertue conducte. + + [Sidenote: [sign. D. iii.]] + + 5 Ye chyldren, lykewyse + obey your pare{n}tes here; 1040 + In all godlinesse + see that ye them feare. + 6 Ye maisters, do you + the thynge that is righte 1044 + Not lokynge what + ye may do by mighte. + 7 Ye seruauntes, applie + your busines and arte, 1048 + Doinge the same + in singlenesse of harte. + 8 Ye husbandes, loue your wyues, + and with them dwell, 1052 + All bitternesse set aparte, + vsing wordes gentell. + + [Sidenote: The Duty of [9] Wives, [10] Parsons and Vicars, + [11] Men of Law, [12] Craftsmen, [13] Landlords, [14] Merchants, + [15] Subjects, [16] Rich Men, [17] Poor Men, [18] Magistrates, + [19] Officers,] + + 9 Ye wyues, to your husbandes + be obedient alwaie, 1056 + + [Sidenote: [sign. D. iii.b.]] + + For they are your heades, + and ye bounde to obeie. + 10 Ye persons and vickers + that haue cure and charge, 1060 + Take hede to the same, + and roue not at large. + 11 Ye men of lawe, + in no wyse delaie 1064 + The cause of the poore, + but helpe what ye maie. + 12 Ye that be craftes men, + vse no disceite, 1068 + Geuing to all men + tale, measure, and weighte. + 13 Ye that be landlordes + and haue housen to let, 1072 + At reasonable rentes + do them forth set. + + [Sidenote: [sign. D. iiii.]] + + 14 Ye merchauntes that vse + the trade of merchandise, 1076 + Vse lawfull wares + and reasonable prise. + 15 Ye subiectes, lyue ye + in obedience and awe, 1080 + Fearyng gods stroke, + and daunger of the lawe. + 16 Ye rych, whom god + hath goods vnto sente, 1084 + Releue the poore + and helpe the indigente. + 17 Ye that are poore, + with your state be contente, 1088 + Not hauinge wherwith + to lyue competente. + 18 Ye magestrates, the cause + of the widdow and fatherles 1092 + + [Sidenote: [sign. D. iiii.b.]] + + Defende againste suche + as shall them opresse. + 19 All ye that are called + to any other office, 1096 + Execute the same + acordinge to iustice. + + [Sidenote: The Duty of all Men.] + + 20 Let eche here so liue + in his vocacion, 1100 + As maie his soule saue, + and profet his nacion. + + [Sidenote: God grant us all to live and die well!] + + 21 This graunting god, + that sitteth on hie, 1104 + we shall here well lyue + and after well die. + + +Famam virtutis mors + Abolire nequit quod. F. S.+ + + + ¶ Imprinted at London in Paules + Churchyearde. By william + Seares. + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Whate-ever thow sey, avyse thee welle! + + [_MS._ O. 9. 38. _Trinity College, Cambridge._] + + Almy[gh]ty godde, conserue vs fram care! + Where ys thys worle A-wey y-wente? + + [Sidenote: A man must mind what he says; hearts are fickle + and fell.] + + A man that schold speke, had nede to be ware, + ffor lytyl thyng he may be schente; 4 + Tonggys beth y-turne to lyther entente; + Hertys, they beth bothe fykel and felle; + Man, be ware leste thow repente! + Whate eu{er} thow sey, A-vyse the welle! 8 + + + [Sidenote: Take care what you say.] + + A-vyse the, man, yn whate place and whare + A woord of conseyl thow doyst seyne; + + [Sidenote: A false friend may hear it, and after a year or two + will repeat it.] + + Sum man may ley ther-to hys ere; + Thow wenyst he be thy frend; he ys thy foo c{er}teyne; 12 + P{er}aventor aftyr A [gh]ere or tweyne-- + Thow trowyst as tru as eny stele,-- + Thys woord yn wreth thow schalt hyre A-gayne! + Whate eu{er} thow sey, A-vyse the welle! 16 + + + [Sidenote: Hasty speech hurts hearer and speaker.] + + Meny man spekyth yn hastenys: + hyt hyndryth hym and eke hys frende; + hym were well{e} beter his tong{e} to sese + Than they both ther-for be schende. 20 + Suche wordys beth not to be had yn meynde, + hyt maky[gh]t comforte w{i}t{h} care to kele: + + [Sidenote: In the beginning, think on the end.] + + Man, yn the begynnyng thenk on þe eynde! + Whate eu{er} thow sey, A-vyse the welle! 24 + + + [Sidenote: You tell a man a secret, and he'll betray it + for a drink of wine.] + + To sum man thow mayste tel a pryuy tale: + Whan he fro the ys wente A-way, + ffor a draw[gh]t of wyne other ale + he woll{e} the wrey, by my fay, 28 + And make hyt worse (hyt ys noo nay) + Than eu{er} hyt was, A thowsend dele. + + [Sidenote: Mind what you say.] + + Thys ys my song{e} both ny[gh]t & day, + Whate eu{er} thow sey, A-vyse the welle! 32 + + + [Sidenote: Avoid backbiting and flattering; refrain from malice, + and bragging.] + + Be ware of bagbytynge, y the rede; + ley flateryng{e} vndyr thy foote, loke; + Deme the beste of eu{er}y dede + Tyll{e} trowth haue serchyd truly þe roote; 36 + Rrefrayne malyce cruell{e} & hoote; + Dyscretly and wysly speende thy spelle; + Boost ne brag{e} ys worth A Ioote; + Whate eu{er} thow sey, A-vyse the welle! 40 + + + [Sidenote: A venomous tongue causes sorrow.] + + Dysese, wharre, sorowe and debate, + ys caused ofte by venemys tong{e}; + + [Sidenote: When words are said, regret is too late.] + + haddywyst cometh eu{er} to late + Whan lewyd woordis beth owte y-sprong{e}. 44 + The kocke seyth wysly on his song{e} + 'hyre and see, and hold the stylle,' + And eu{er} kepe thys lesson A-mong{e}, + + [Sidenote: Mind what you say.] + + Whate eu{er} thow sey, A-vyse the welle! 48 + + + [Sidenote: Had men thought of this, many things done in England + would never have been begun.] + + y dere well{e} swery by the sonne, + yf eu{er}y man had thys woord yn thow[gh]t + Meny thynggis had neu{er} be by-gunne + That ofte yn Ingelond hath be y-wro[gh]t. 52 + + [Sidenote: See _The Wise Man_, in _Babees Boke_, &c. p. 48.] + + The wyse man hath hys sone y-taw[gh]tte + yn ryches, poorte, woo, and welle, + Thys worthy reson for-[gh]ete thow no[gh]t, + Whate eu{er} thow sey, A-vyse the welle! 56 + + + [Sidenote: To speak aright observe six things: 1. what; + 2. of whom; 3. where; 4. to whom; 5. why; 6. when.] + + yf that thow wolte speke A-ry[gh]t, + Ssyx thynggys thow moste obserue then: + What thow spekyst, & of what wy[gh]t, + Whare, to wham, whye, and whenne. 60 + Thow noost how soone thow schalt go henne; + As lome be meke, as serpent felle; + + [Sidenote: In every place mind what you say.] + + yn eu{er}y place, A-monge all{e} men, + Whate eu{er} thow sey, A-vyse the welle! 64 + + + [Sidenote: Almighty God, grant me grace to serve Thee!] + + "Almy[gh]ty god yn personys thre, + W{i}t{h} herte mylde mekly y praye, + Graunte me grace thy seruant to be + Yn woorde and dede eu{er} and aye! 68 + + [Sidenote: Mary, mother, send me grace night and day!] + + Mary, moder, blessyd maye, + Quene of hevyn, Imp{er}es of helle, + Sende me grace both ny[gh]t and daye!" + Whate eu{er} thow sey, A-vyse the welle! 72 + + + EXPLICIT &c. + + * * * * * + * * * * + + A Dogg Lardyner, & a Sowe Gardyner. + + [_MS._ O. 9. 38. _Trinity College, Cambridge._] + + _Printed in _Reliquiæ Antiquæ, v. i. p. 233_, + from MS. Lansdowne No. 762, fol. 16 b._ + + + [Sidenote: A dog in a larder, a sow in a garden, a fool with + wise men, are ill matcht.] + +hoo so maky[gh]t at crystysmas A dogg{e} lardyner, And yn march +A sowe gardyner, And yn may A foole of every wysmanys counsayll{e}, +he schall{e} neu{er} haue goode larder, ne fayre gardyn, nother +counsayll{e} well{e} y-keptt. + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Maxims in -ly. + + + [_MS. Lansdowne 762, fol. 16 b, written as prose. + Printed in _Reliquiæ Antiquæ, v. i. p. 233_.] + + + Aryse erly, + serue God devowtely + and the worlde besely, + doo thy werk wisely, + yeue thyn{e} almes secretely, + goo by the waye sadly, + answer the people demuerly, + goo to thy mete apetitely, + sit therat discretely, + of thy tunge be not to lib{er}ally, + arise therfrom temp{er}ally, + go to thy supper soberly + and to thy bed merely, + be in thyn Inne iocundely, + please thy loue duely, + and Slepe suerly. + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Roger Ascham's Advice + + to + + Lord Warwick's Servant. + + +With the different counsels to babees, pages, and servants, +throughout this volume, may be compared Roger Ascham's advice to his +brother-in-law, Mr C. H., when he put him to service with the Earl +of Warwick, A.D. 1559. Here follows part of it, from Whitaker's Hist. +of Richmondshire, p. 282. + + +First and formost, in all your thoughts, words, and deeds, [a]have +before your eyes the feare of God..... [b] love and serve your lord +willingly, faithfullye, and secretlye; love and live with your fellowes +honestly, quiettlye, curteouslye, that noe man have cause either to hate +yow for your stubborne frowardnes, or to malice yow for your proud +ungentlenes, two faults which co{m}monly yonge men soones[t] fall into +in great men's service. [c] Contemne noe poore man, mocke noe simple +man, w{hi}ch proud fooles in cort like and love to doe; find fault with +your selfe and with none other, the best waye to live honestlye and +quiettly in the court. [d] Carrye noe tales, be noe co{m}mon teller of +newes, be not inquisitive of other menn's talke, for those that are +desirous to heare what they need not, co{m}monly be readye to babble +what they shold not. [e] Vse not to lye, for that is vnhonest; speake +not everye truth, for that is vnneedfull; yea, in tyme and place a +harmlesse lye is a greate deale better then a hurtfull truth. [f] Use +not dyceing nor carding; the more yow use them the lesse yow wilbe +esteemed; the cunninger yow be at them the worse man yow wilbe counted. +[g] for pastime, love and learne that w{hi}ch your lord liketh and vseth +most, whether itt be rydeing, shooteing, hunting, hawkeing, fishing or +any such exercise. Beware of secrett corners and night sitting vp, the +two nurses of mischiefe, unthriftines, losse, and sicknes. [h] Beware +cheifely of ydlenes, the great pathway that leadeth directly to all +evills; be diligent alwayes, be present every where in your lord's +service, [i] be at hand to call others, and be not ofte sent for +yourselfe; for marke this as part of your creed, that the good service +of one whole yeare shall never gett soe much as the absence of one howre +may lose, when your lord shall stand in need of yow to send. if yow +consider alwayes that absence and negligence must needes be cause of +greife and sorrowe to your selfe, of chideing and rueing to your lord, +and that [k] dutye done diligently and presently shall gaine yow +profitt, and purchase yow great praise and your lord's good countenance, +yow shall ridd me of care, and wynne your selfe creditt, make me a gladd +man, and your aged mother a ioyfull woman, and breed your freinds great +comforth. [l] Soe I comitt and co{m}mend yow to God's mercifull +protecc{i}on and good guidance, who long preserve Your ever loving and +affectionate brother in lawe. + + R. ASKAM. + +To my loveing Brother in Lawe, Mr C. H., Servant to the Rt. Ho{n}. the +Earle of Warwick, these. + + [Sidenotes: + [a] Fear God, [b] serve your lord faithfully, be courteous to your + fellows. [c] Despise no poor man. [d] Carry no tales. [e] Tell no + lies. [f] Don't play at dice or cards. [g] Take to your lord's + favourite sport. [h] Beware of idleness. [i] Always be at hand + when you're wanted. [k] Diligence will get you praise. [l] God + be with you!] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber): + +_Booke of Demeanor_: + + [Sidenote: [p. 11.]] [p. 1.] + +_Bp. Grossetest's Household Statutes_: + + Incipiunt statuta familie bone Memorie do{m}pni + [_{m} damaged or unclear: looks like n with following space_] + T the secunde ys + [_from editor's Corrigenda:_ + _The_ T _of_ T the is used as a paragraph mark in the MS.] + +_The Schoole of Vertue_: + + ll. 27-40 + [Sidenote: ... to our live's end."] [_apostrophe unchanged_] + l. 32 and kepe thy co{m}maundmentes; + [_"co{m}maund/mentes" at line break without hyphen_] + l. 55 It dulles the the wyt [_text unchanged_] + l. 40, 48, 82, 976 [_line number missing_] + l. 305 + [Sidenote: Grace before meate.] + [_This sidenote is in large type and was in the original book; + the following "Grace before Meat" is in ordinary small type and + was added by the editor._] + ll. 321, 322 [_The absent line is shown as 321._] + l. 1104 + [_misprinted 1102, and see Transcriber's Note at beginning + of selection_] + +_Ascham's Advice_: + + in great men's service [_' invisible_] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + The Babees Book, + + OR A 'LYTYL REPORTE' OF HOW YOUNG PEOPLE SHOULD BEHAVE. + + [_MS. Harl._ 5086, _fol._ 86-90; _ab._ 1475 A.D.] + +[Transcriber's Note: + +In the printed book, some line numbers were shifted to avoid collision +with the pilcrow symbol at the beginning of each seven-line stanza. +For this e-text, line numbers have been regularized to multiples of 4.] + + + ++In this tretys the which{e} I thenke to wryte + Out of latyn in-to my comvne langage, + He me supporte (sen I kan nat endyte), + The which{e} only after his owne ymage 4 + Fourmyd man-kynde! For alle of tendre age + In curtesye Resseyve shulle document, + And vertues knowe, by this lytil coment. + + [Sidenote: My God, support me while I translate this treatise + from Latin. It shall teach those of tender age.] + + + ¶ And Facett seyth{e} the Book of curtesye, 8 + Vertues to knowe, thaym forto haue and vse, + Is thing moste heelfull{e} in this worlde trevly. + Therfore in feyth{e} I wole me nat excuse + From this labour ywys, nor hit Refuse; 12 + For myn owne lernynge wole I say su{m}me thing + That touchis vertues and curtesye havyng. + + [Sidenote: To know and practise virtues is the most profitable + thing in the world.] + + + ¶ But, O yonge Babees, whom{e} bloode Royall{e} + With{e} grace, Feture, and hyh{e} habylite 16 + Hath{e} eno{ur}myd, on yow ys that I call{e} + To knowe this Book; for it were grete pyte, + Syn that in yow ys sette sovereyne beaute, + But yf vertue and nurture were with{e} all{e}; 20 + To yow therefore I speke in specyall{e}, + + [Sidenote: Young Babies, adorned with grace, I call on you to + know this book (for Nurture should accompany beauty),] + + + ¶ And nouht{e} to hem of elde that ben{e} experte + In governau{n}ce, nurture, and honeste. + For what nedys to yeve helle peynes smerte, 24 + Ioye vnto hevene, or water vnto the see, + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 86b.]] + + Heete to the Fyre that kan nat but hoote be? + It nedys nouht{e}: therfore, O Babees yynge, + My Book only is made for youre lernynge. 28 + + [Sidenote: and not on aged men expert therein. Why add pain to + hell, water to the sea, or heat to fire? Babies, my book is for + you only,] + + + ¶ Therfore I pray that no man Reprehende + This lytyl Book, the which{e} for yow I make; + But where defaute ys, latte ylke man amende, + And nouht{e} deme yt; [I] pray thaym for youre sake. 32 + For other mede ywys I kepe noon{e} take + But that god wolde this Book myht{e} yche man plese, + And in lernynge vnto yow do{n}ne so{m}me ese. + + [Sidenote: and so I hope no one will find fault with it, but + only amend it. The only reward I seek is that my book may please + all and improve you.] + + + ¶ Eke, swete children, yf ther{e} be eny worde 36 + That yee ke{n}ne nouht{e}, spyrre whils yee yt ken; + Wha{n}ne yee yt knowe, yee mowe holde yt in horde, + Thus thurh{e} spyrryng yee mowe lerne at wyse men. + Also thenke nouht{e} to st{ra}ungely at my penne, 40 + In this metre for yow lyste to procede, + Men vsen yt; therfore on hit take hede. + + [Sidenote: If you don't know any word in it, ask till you do, + and then keep hold of it. And do not wonder at this being in + metre.] + + + ¶ But amonge alle that I thenke of to telle, + My purpos ys first only forto trete 44 + How yee Babees in housholde that done duelle + Shulde haue your{e} sylf whe{n}ne yee be sette at mete, + And how yee shulde, whe{n}ne men lyste yow Rehete, + Haue wordes lovly, swete, bleste, and benyngne. 48 + In this helpe me O Marie, Modir dyngne! + + [Sidenote: I must first describe how you Babies who dwell in + households should behave at meals, and be ready with lovely and + benign words when you are spoken to.] + + + ¶ And eke, O lady myn, Facecia! + My pe{n}ne thow guyde, and helpe vnto me shewe; + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 87.]] + + For as the firste off alle lettres ys the A, 52 + So Artow firste Modir of alle vertue. + Off myn vnku{n}nynge, swete lady, now Rewe; + And thouh{e} vntauht{e} I speke of governau{n}ce, + With{e} thy swete helpe supporte myn ygnorau{n}ce. 56 + + [Sidenote: Lady Facetia, help me! Thou art the Mother of all + Virtue. Help the ignorance of me untaught!] + + + ++A, Bele Babees, herkne now to my lore! + Whe{n}ne yee entre into yo{ur} lordis place, + Say first, "god spede;" And alle that ben byfore + Yow in this stede, salue with{e} humble Face; 60 + Stert nat Rudely; ko{m}me Inne an esy pace; + Holde vp youre heede, and knele but on oone kne + To youre sovereyne or lorde, whedir he be. + + [Sidenote: Fair Babies, when you enter your lord's place, say + "God speed," and salute all there. Kneel on one knee to your + lord.] + + + ¶ And yf they speke with{e} yow at youre komynge, 64 + With{e} stable Eye loke vpon{e} theym Riht{e}, + To theyre tales and yeve yee goode herynge + Whils they haue seyde; loke eke with{e} alle yo{ur} myht{e} + Yee Iangle nouht{e}, also caste nouht{e} yo{ur} syht{e} 68 + Aboute the hovs, but take to theym entent + With{e} blyth{e} vysage, and spiryt diligent. + + [Sidenote: If any speak to you, look straight at them, and listen + well till they have finished; do not chatter or let your eyes + wander about the house.] + + + ¶ Whe{n}ne yee Answere or speke, yee shull{e} be purveyde + What yee shall{e} say / speke eke thing fructuous; 72 + On esy wyse latte thy Reson{e} be sayde + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 87b.]] + + In wordes gentyll{e} and also compendious, + For many wordes ben riht{e} Tedious + To ylke wyseman that shall{e} yeve audience; 76 + Thaym to eschewe therfore doo diligence. + + [Sidenote: Answer sensibly, shortly, and easily. Many words are + a bore to a wise man.] + + + ¶ Take eke noo seete, but to stonde be yee preste; + Whils forto sytte ye haue in komau{n}dement, + Youre heede, youre hande, yo{ur} feet, holde yee in reste; 80 + Nor thurh{e} clowyng, yo{ur} flesshe loke yee nat Rent; + Lene to no poste whils that ye stande present + Byfore yo{ur} lorde, nor handyll{e} ye no thyng + Als for that tyme vnto the hovs touching. 84 + + [Sidenote: Stand till you are told to sit: keep your head, hands, + and feet quiet: don't scratch yourself, or lean against a post, + or handle anything near.] + + + ¶ At eu{er}y tyme obeye vnto youre lorde + Whe{n}ne yee answere, ellis stonde yee styl as stone + But yf he speke; loke with{e} oon accorde + That yf yee se ko{m}me Inne eny p{er}sone 88 + Better tha{n}ne yee, that yee goo bak anoone + And gyff him place; your{e} bak eke in no way + Turne on no wiht{e}, as ferforth{e} as ye may. + + [Sidenote: Bow to your lord when you answer. If any one better + than yourself comes in, retire and give place to him. Turn your + back on no man.] + + + ¶ Yiff that youre lorde also yee se drynkynge, 92 + Looke that ye be in riht{e} stable sylence + With{e}-oute lowde lauht{e}re or Iangelynge, + Rovnynge, Iapynge, or other Insolence. + Yiff he komau{n}de also in his presence 96 + Yow forto sytte, fulfill{e} his wylle belyve, + And for youre seete, looke nat with{e} other stryve, + + [Sidenote: Be silent while your lord drinks, not laughing, + whispering, or joking. If he tells you to sit down, do so at + once.] + + + ¶ Whe{n}ne yee er sette, take noon{e} vnhoneste tale; + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 88.]] + + Eke forto skorne eschewe with{e} alle yo{ur} myht{e}; 100 + Latte ay youre chere be lowly, blyth{e}, and hale, + With{e}-oute chidynge as that yee wolde fyht{e}. + Yiff yee p{er}ceyve also that eny wiht{e} + Lyst yow ko{m}mende that better be tha{n}ne yee, 104 + Ryse vp anoon{e}, and thanke him with{e} herte free. + + [Sidenote: Then don't talk dirt, or scorn any one, but be meek + and cheerful. If your better praises you, rise up and thank him + heartily.] + + + ¶ Yif that yee se youre lorde or y{o}ure lady + Touching the housholde speke of eny thinge, + Latt theym alloone, for that is curtesy, 108 + And entremete yow nouht{e} of theyre doynge, + But be Ay Redy with{e}-oute feynynge + At hable tyme to done yo{ur} lorde service, + So shall{e} yee gete anoon{e} a name of price. 112 + + [Sidenote: When your lord or lady is speaking about the household, + don't you interfere, but be always ready to serve at the proper + time,] + + + ¶ Also to brynge drynke, holde liht{e} wha{n}ne tyme ys, + Or to doo that which{e} ouht{e} forto be done, + Looke yee be preste, for so yee shall{e} ywys + In nurture gete a gentyl name ful sone; 116 + And yif ye shulde at god aske yow a bone + Als to the worlde, better in noo degre + Miht{e} yee desire tha{n}ne nurtred forto be. + + [Sidenote: to bring drink, hold lights, or anything else, and so + get a good name. The best prayer you can make to God is to be well + mannered.] + + + ¶ Yif that youre lorde his owne coppe lyste co{m}mende 120 + To yow to drynke, ryse vp wha{n}ne yee it take, + And resseyve it goodly with{e} booth{e} youre hende; + Of yt also to nõõne other profre ye make, + But vnto him that brouht{e} yt yee hit take 124 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 88b.]] + + Whe{n}ne yee haue done, for yt in no kyn wyse + Auht{e} comvne be, as techis vs the wyse. + + [Sidenote: If your lord offers you his cup, rise up, take it with + both hands, offer it to no one else, but give it back to him that + brought it.] + + + ¶ Now must I telle in shorte, for I muste so, + Youre observau{n}ce that ye shall{e} done at none; 128 + Whe{n}ne that ye se youre lorde to mete shall{e} goo, + Be redy to fecche him water sone; + Su{m}me helle[1] water; su{m}me holde to he hath{e} done + The cloth{e} to him; And from him yee nat pace 132 + Whils he be sette, and haue herde sayde the grace. + + [Sidenote: At Noon, when your lord is ready for dinner, some pour + water on him, some hold the towel for him till he has finished, + and don't leave till grace is said.] + + + ¶ Byfore him stonde whils he komau{n}de yow sytte, + With{e} clene handes Ay Redy him to serve; + Whe{n}ne yee be sette, yo{ur} knyf with{e} alle yo{ur} wytte 136 + Vnto youre sylf both{e} clene and sharpe conserve, + That honestly yee mowe yo{ur} owne mete kerve. + Latte curtesye and sylence with{e} yow duelle, + And foule tales looke noone to other telle. 140 + + [Sidenote: Stand by your lord till he tells you to sit, then keep + your knife clean and sharp to cut your food. Be silent, and tell + no nasty stories.] + + + ¶ Kutte with{e} yo{ur} knyf yo{ur} brede, + and breke yt nouht{e}; + A clene Trenchour byfore yow eke ye lay, + And whe{n}ne yo{ur} potage to yow shall{e} be brouht{e}, + Take yow sponys, and soupe by no way, 144 + And in youre dysshe leve nat yo{ur} spone, I pray, + Nor on the borde lenynge be yee nat sene, + But from embrowyng the cloth{e} yee kepe clene. + + [Sidenote: Cut your bread, don't break it. Lay a clean trencher + before you, and eat your broth with a spoon, don't sup it up. + Don't leave your spoon in your dish. Don't lean on the table, or + dirty the cloth.] + + + ¶ Oute ou{er}e youre dysshe yo{ur} heede yee nat hynge, 148 + And with{e} fulle mouth{e} drynke in no wyse; + Youre nose, yo{ur} teeth{e}, yo{ur} naylles, from pykynge, + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 89.]] + + Kepe At your mete, for so techis the wyse. + Eke or ye take in youre mouthe, yow avyse, 152 + So mekyl mete but that yee riht{e} well{e} mowe + Answere, And speke, whe{n}ne men speke to yow. + + [Sidenote: Don't hang your head over your dish, or eat with a full + mouth, or pick your nose, teeth, and nails, or stuff your mouth so + that you can't speak.] + + + ¶ Wha{n}ne ye shall{e} drynke, + yo{ur} mouthe clence with{e} A cloth{e}; + Youre handes eke that they in no manere 156 + Imbrowe the cuppe, for tha{n}ne shull{e} noon{e} be loth{e} + With{e} yow to drynke that ben with{e} yow yfere. + The salte also touche nat in his salere + With{e} nokyns mete, but lay it honestly 160 + On youre Trenchoure, for that is curtesy. + + [Sidenote: Wipe your mouth when you drink, and don't dirty the + cup with your hands. Don't dip your meat in the salt-cellar,] + + + ¶ Youre knyf with{e} mete to yo{ur} mouthe nat bere, + And in youre hande nor hold[-e] yee yt no way; + Eke yf to yow be brouht{e} goode metys sere, 164 + Luke curteysly of ylke mete yee assay, + And yf yo{ur} dysshe with{e} mete be tane away + And better brouht{e}, curtesye wole certeyne + Yee late yt passe and calle it nat ageyne. 168 + + [Sidenote: or put your knife in your mouth. Taste every dish + that's brought to you, and when once your plate is taken away, + don't ask for it again.] + + + ¶ And yf st{ra}ungers with{e} yow be sette at mete, + And vnto yow goode mete be brouht{e} or sente, + With{e} parte of hit goodely yee theym Rehete, + For yt ys nouht{e} ywys convenyent 172 + With{e} yow at mete, wha{n}ne other ben present, + Alle forto holde that vnto yow ys brouht{e}, + And as wrecches on other vouchesauf nouht{e}. + + [Sidenote: If strangers dine with you, share all good food sent + to you with them. It's not polite to keep it all to yourself.] + + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 89b.]] + + ¶ Kutte nouht{e} youre mete eke as it were Felde men, 176 + That to theyre mete haue suche an appetyte + That they ne rekke in what wyse, where ne when, + Nor how vngoodly they on theyre mete twyte; + But, swete children, haue al-wey yo{ur} delyte 180 + In curtesye, and in verrey gentylnesse, + And at youre myht{e} eschewe boystousnesse. + + [Sidenote: Don't cut your meat like field labourers, who have + such an appetite they don't care how they hack their food. Sweet + children, let your delight be courtesy, and eschew rudeness.] + + + ¶ Wha{n}ne chese ys brouht{e}, A Trenchoure ha ye clene + On which{e} with{e} clene knyf [ye] yo{ur} chese mowe kerve; 184 + In your fedynge luke goodly yee be sene. + And from Iangelyng yo{ur} tunge al-wey conserve, + For so ywys yee shall{e} a name deserve + Off gentylnesse and of goode governau{n}ce, 188 + And in vertue al-wey youre silf avau{n}ce. + + [Sidenote: Have a clean trencher and knife for your cheese, and + eat properly. Don't chatter either, and you shall get a good + repute for gentleness.] + + + ¶ Wha{n}ne that so ys that ende shall{e} kome of mete, + Youre knyffes clene, where they ouht{e} to be, + Luke yee putte vp{pe}; and holde eke yee yo{ur} seete 192 + Whils yee haue wasshe, for so wole honeste. + Whe{n}ne yee haue done, looke tha{n}ne goodly that yee + With{e}-oute lauht{e}r{e}, Iapynge, or boystous worde, + Ryse vp{pe}, and goo vnto youre lordis borde, 196 + + [Sidenote: When the meal is over, clean your knives, and put them + in their places; keep your seats till you've washed; then rise up + without laughing or joking, and go to your lord's table.] + + + ¶ And stonde yee there, and passe yee him nat fro + Whils grace ys sayde and brouht{e} vnto an ende, + Tha{n}ne so{m}me of yow for water owe to goo, + So{m}me holde the clothe, so{m}me poure vpõn his hende. 200 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 90.]] + + Other service tha{n}ne this I myht{e} comende + To yow to done, but, for the tyme is shorte, + I putte theym nouht{e} in this lytyl Reporte, + + [Sidenote: Stand there till grace is said. Then some of you go for + water, some hold the towel, some pour water over his hands. Other + things I shall not put in this little Report,] + + + ¶ But ou{er}e I passe, prayyng with{e} spyrit gladde 204 + Of this labour that no wiht{e} me detray, + But where to lytyl ys, latte him more adde, + And whe{n}ne to myche ys, latte him take away; + For thouh{e} I wolde, tyme wole that I no more say; 208 + I leve therfore, And this Book I directe + To eu{er}y wiht{e} that lyste yt to correcte. + + [Sidenote: but skip over, praying that no one will abuse me for + this work. Let readers add or take away: I address it to every + one who likes to correct it.] + + + ¶ And, swete children, for whos love now I write, + I yow beseche with{e} verrey lovande herte, 212 + To knowe this book that yee sette yo{ur} delyte; + And myht{e}full{e} god, that suffred peynes smerte, + In curtesye he make yow so experte, + That thurh{e} yo{ur} nurture and youre governau{n}ce 216 + In lastynge blysse yee mowe yo{ur} self auau{n}ce! + + [Sidenote: Sweet children, I beseech you know this book, and may + God make you so expert therein that you may attain endless bliss.] + + + [Footnote 1: _helde_, pour out; A.S. _hyldan_, to incline, bend.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + ¶ Lerne or be Lewde. + + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 90b.]] + + To Amerous, to Au{n}terous, ne Angre the nat to muche; + To Bolde, ne to Besy, ne Bourde nat to large; + To Curteys, to Cruell{e}, ne Care nat to sore; + To Dulle, ne to Dredefull{e}, ne Drynke nat to offte; 4 + To Elenge, to Excellent, ne to Carefulle neythur; + To Fers, ne to Famuler, but Frendely of Chere; + To gladde, ne to Glorious, and Gelousy thow hate; + To Hasty, to Hardy, ne to Hevy in thyn Herte; 8 + To Iettyng, ne to Iangelyng, and Iape nat to ofte; + To Kynde, ne to Kepyng, and warr{e} Knavis tacches; + To Loth{e}, ne to Lovyng, ne to Lyberall{e} of goode; + To Medlous, to Mury, but as goode Maner askith{e}; 12 + To noyous, ne to Nyce, ne to Newfangyll{e}; + To Orped, to Overtwert, and Othes, s{ir}, thow hate; + To Preysyng, to Preve with{e} Prynces and Dukes; + To Queynt, to Querelous, and Queme well{e} thy maistre; 16 + To Riotous, to Revelyng, ne Rage nat to muche; + To Strau{n}ge, ne to Steryng, ne Stare nat abroode; + To Toyllous, to Talevys, for Temp{er}au{n}ce it hatith{e}; + To Vengable, to Envious, and waste nat to muche; 20 + To Wylde, to Wrathefull{e}, and Wade nat to depe; + A Mesurable Mene way ys beste for vs alle; + + ¶ Yitte. Lerne. or. Be. Lewde. + + + [Sidenotes: + Don't be too loving or angry, bold or busy, courteous or cruel + or cowardly, and don't drink too often, [E] or be too lofty or + anxious, but friendly of cheer. [G] Hate jealousy, be not too + hasty or daring; joke not too oft; ware knaves' tricks. Don't + be too grudging or too liberal, too meddling, [N] too particular, + new-fangled, or too daring. Hate oaths and [P] flattery. + [Q] Please well thy master. Don't be too rackety, [S] or go out + too much. [V] Don't be too revengeful or wrathful, and wade not + too deep. + The middle path is the best for us all.] + + +[A Dietary given 'vnto Kyng Herry v^te' 'by Sigismounde, Emp{er}our +of Rome,' follows, leaf 91. The colophon (leaf 98, back) is '¶ Thus +endith{e} this Dyetarye Compyled And made by Plato and Petrus +Lucratus, Grete Philosophers and Astronomers.'] + + +_A complete copy of the A B C Alliterative Poem of which the foregoing +LERNE OR BE LEWDE is a fragment, occurs in the Lambeth MS. 853, and is +therefore added here._ + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The A B C of Aristotle. + + [_Lambeth _MS. 853_, ab. 1430 A.D., page 30, written without breaks._] + + + ++Who-so wilneþ to be wijs, & worschip desiriþ, + Lerne he oo lettir, & looke on anothir + Of þe .a. b. c. of aristotil: argue not a[gh]en þat: + It is cou{n}cel for ri[gh]t manye clerkis & kny[gh]tis a þousand, 4 + And eek it my[gh]te ameende a man ful ofte + For to leerne lore of oo lettir, & his lijf saue; + For to myche of ony þing was neu{er}e holsum. + Reede ofte on þis rolle, & rewle þ{o}u þer aftir; 8 + Who-so be greued in his goost, gou{er}ne hi{m} bettir; + Blame he not þe barn þat þis .a. b. c. made, + But wite he his wickid will & his werk aftir; + It schal neu{er}e greue a good man þou[gh] þe gilti be meendid. 12 + Now herkeneþ & heeriþ how y bigy{n}ne. + + [Sidenote: [Page 31.]] + + +A+ to amerose, to au{n}terose, ne argue not to myche. + +B+ to bolde, ne to bisi, ne boorde not to large. + +C+ to curteis, to cruel, ne care not to sore. + +D+ to dul, ne to dreedful, ne drinke not to ofte. + +E+ to elenge, ne to excellent, ne to eernesful neiþ{er}. + +F+ to fers, ne to famuler, but freendli of cheere. + +G+ to glad, ne to gloriose, & gelosie þou hate. + +H+ to hasti, ne to hardi, ne to heuy in þine herte. + +I+ to iettynge, ne to iangelinge, ne iape not to ofte. + +K+ to kinde, ne to kepynge, & be waar of knaue tacchis. + +L+ to looth for to leene, ne to liberal of goodis. + +M+ to medelus, ne to myrie, but as mesure wole it meeue. + +N+ to noiose, ne to nyce, ne use no new iettis. + +O+ to orped, ne to ou{er}þwart, & ooþis þou hate. + +P+ to pr{e}sing, ne to p{re}uy w{i}t{h} p{ri}ncis ne w{i}t{h} dukis; + + [Sidenote: * Page 32.] + + +Q+ to queynte, ne[*] to quarelose, but queeme weel [gh]oure souereyns. + +R+ to riotus, to reueling, ne rage not to rudeli. + +S+ to strau{n}ge, ne to stirynge, ne strau{n}geli to stare. + +T+ to toilose, ne to talewijs, for temperau{n}ce is beest. + +V+ to venemose, ne to ve{n}iable, & voide al vilonye. + +W+ to wielde, ne to wraþful, neiþ{er} waaste, ne waade not to depe, + + ¶ For a mesurable meene is eu{er}e þe beste of alle. + + + ["Whi is þis world biloued" follows.] + + _See two other copies of this _A B C_ in Harl. MS. 541, + fol. 213 and 228._ + +The copy on fol. 213 has the exordium as prose, thus: + +Who so wyll{e} be wyse, and worspyp{pe} to wynne, leerñ he on lettur, +and loke vpon an other of the .A. B. C. of Arystotle; nooñ Argument +agaynst that. ffor it is counsell{e} for clerk{is} and knyght{is} a +thowsand{e}. And also it myght{e} amend{e} a meane man, fulle oft the +lernyng of A lettur, and his lyf save. It shal not greve a good man +though gylt be amend{e}. rede on this ragment / and rule the +theraft{e}r. The copy on fol. 228 has no Introduction. + + + COLLATION + +[Transcriber's Note: + +The following text is repeated from its original location in the +Collations and Corrigenda section immediately after the Preface.] + +_The A B C of Aristotle_, Harl. MS. 1706, fol. 94, collated by Mr Brock, +omits the prologue, and begins after l. 14 with, "Here be-gynneth{e} +Arystoles A B C. made be mayster Benett." + + A, _for_ argue not _read_ Angre the + B, _omit_ ne; _for_ not to large _read_ thou nat to brode + D, " " ; _for_ not _read_ thow nat + E, " " ; _for_ to eernesful _read_ ne curyons + F, _for_ fers, famuler, freendli, _read_ Ferde, familier, frenfull{e} + G, _omit_ to; _for_ & gelosie þou hate, _read_ Ne to galaunt never + H, _for_ in þine _read_ off + I, _for_ iettynge _read_ Iocunde; + _for_ iape not to _read_ Ioye thow nat + K, _omit_ to _and_ &; _for_ knaue _read_ knaves + L, _for_ for to leene _read_ ne to lovyng; + _for_ goodis _read_ woordys + M, _for_ medelus _read_ Mellous; + _for_ but as mesure wole it meeue + _read_ ne to besynesse vnleffull{e} + N, _for_ ne use no new iettis _read_ ne nought{e} to neffangle + O, _for_ ouerþwart _read_ ouertwarth{e}; + _for_ & ooþis þou hate _read_ Ne othez to haunte + Q, _for_ quarelose _read_ querelous; + _for_ weel [gh]oure souereyns _read_ men all{e} abowte + R, _omit the second_ to; _for_ not to rudeli _read_ thou nat but lyte + S, _for_ ne straungeli to stare _read_ Ne starte nat abowte + T, _for_ for temperaunce is best _read_ But temp{er}ate euer{e} + V, _for_ ne &c. _read_ ne violent Ne waste nat to moche + W, _for_ neiþer &c. _read_ Ne to wyse deme the + + ¶ _for_ is euere þe beste of _read_ ys best for vs + + _Add_ =X Y Z= x y wych{e} esed & p{er} se. + Tytell{e} Tytell{e} Tytell{e} thañ Esta Amen. + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Urbanitatis. + + [_MS. Cott. Calig. A. II., ab. 1460 A.D., fol. 88, col. 2._] + + + Who-so wyll{e} of nurtur lere, + Herken to me & [gh]e shall{e} here. + [a] When þ{o}u comeste be-fore a lorde + In halle, yn bowre, or at þe borde, 4 + [b] Hoode or kappe þ{o}u of þo. + Ere þ{o}u come hym all{e} vn-to, + [c] Twyse or þryse w{i}t{h}-oute{n} dowte + To þ{a}t lorde þ{o}u moste lowte, 8 + W{i}t{h} þy Ry[gh]th kne lette h{i}t be do, + Thy worshyp þ{o}u mayst saue so. + [d] Holde of þy cappe & þy hood also + Tyll{e} þ{o}u be byden h{i}t on to do; 12 + All{e} þe whyle þ{o}u spekest w{i}t{h} hym, + [e] Fayr & louely holde vp þy chyn{n}, + So aft{ur} þe nurtur of þe book + [f] In h{i}s face louely þ{o}u loke; 16 + [g] Foot & hond þ{o}u kepe full{e} stylle + Fro clawyng or tryppy{n}g, h{i}t ys skylle; + [h] Fro spettyng & snetyng kepe þe also; + [i] Be p{ri}uy of voydance, & lette h{i}t go. 20 + And loke þ{o}u be wyse & fell{e}, + [k] And þ{er}to also þ{a}t þow gouerne þe well{e}. + [l] In-to þe halle when þ{o}u dost wende + Amonge þe genteles gode & hende, 24 + [m] Prece þ{o}u not vp to hy[gh] for no þy{n}g, + Nor for þy hy[gh] blood, ner{e} for þy ko{n}ny{n}g, + Noþ{ur} to sytte, neþ{ur} to lene, + For h{i}t ys neyþ{ur} good ne clene. 28 + [n] Lette not þy co{n}tynaunce also abate, + For good nurt{ur} wyll{e} saue þy state; + Fadyr & modyr, what eu{ur} þey be, + Well{e} ys þe chylde þ{a}t may the: 32 + [o] In halle, in chambur, or{e} wher{e} þ{o}u gon, + Nurtur & good maners makeþ man. + To þe nexte degre loke þ{o}u wysely + [p] To do hem Reu{er}ence by and by: 36 + Do hem no Reu{er}ens, but sette all{e} i{n} Rowe + But [gh]yf þ{o}u þe bett{ur} do hym knowe. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 86, back, col. 1.]] + + To þe mete when þ{o}u art sette, + Fayre & honestly thow ete hyt: 40 + [q] Fyrste loke þ{a}t þy handes be clene, + And þ{a}t þy knyf be sharpe & kene; + And cutte þy breed & all{e} þy mete + Ry[gh]th euen as þ{o}u doste h{i}t ete. 44 + [r] If þ{o}u sytte be a worthyor man + Then þy self thow art on, + Suffre hym fyrste to towche þe mete + Er{e} þy self any þ{er}-of gete; 48 + [s] To þe beste morsell{e} þ{o}u may not stryke + Thow[gh] þ{o}u neu{ur} so well{e} h{i}t lyke. + [t] Also kepe þy hondys fayr{e} & well{e} + Fro fylynge of the towell{e}, 52 + Ther-on þ{o}u shalt not þy nose wype; + Noþ{ur} at þy mete þy toth þ{o}u pyke; + [v] To depe i{n} þy cuppe þ{o}u may not synke + Thow[gh] þ{o}u haue good wyll{e} to drynke, 56 + Leste þy eyen water þer{e} by, + Then ys hyt no curtesy. + [x] Loke yn þy mowth be no mete + When þ{o}u begy{n}neste to dry{n}ke or speke; 60 + Also when þ{o}u sest any man drynkyng + That taketh hede of þy karpyng, + Soone a-non þ{o}u sece þy tale, + Wheþ{ur} he drynke wyne or Ale. 64 + [y] Loke also þ{o}u skorne no mon + In what þe[gre] [A] þ{o}u se hym gon; + Nor þ{o}u shalte no mon Repreue [B] + [Gh]yf þ{o}u wylt þy owen worshyp saue, 68 + For suche wordys þ{o}u my[gh]th out kaste + Sholde make þe to lyue i{n} euell{e} reste; + [z] Close þyn honde yn þy feste, + And kepe þe well{e} from hadde-y-wyste. 72 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 86, back, col. 2.]] + + [aa] In chamb{ur} among ladyes bry[gh]th, + Kepe þy tonge & spende þy sy[gh]th; + [ab] Law[gh]e þ{o}u not w{i}t{h} no grette cry, + Ne Rage þ{o}u not w{i}t{h} Rybawdry. 76 + Pley þ{o}u not but w{i}t{h} þy peres; + [ac] Ne telle þ{o}u not þ{a}t þ{o}u heres, + Nor dyskeuer{e} þ{o}u not [C] þyn owen dede + For no myrth nor for no mede; 80 + [ad] W{i}t{h} fayr speche þ{o}u may haue þy wyll{e}, + And w{i}t{h} þy speche þ{o}u may þe spyll{e}. + [ae] [Gh]yf þ{o}u suwe a wordyer mon + Then þy self þ{o}u art on, 84 + Lette þy Ry[gh]th shold{ur} folow h{i}s bakke, + For nurt{ur} þ{a}t ys, w{i}t{h}-owten lakke. + [af] When he doth speke, holde þe style; + When he hath don, say þy wyll{e}; 88 + [ag] Loke yn þy speche þ{o}u be fell{e}, + And what þou sayste a-vyse þe well{e}; + [ah] And be-refe þ{o}u no mon h{i}s tale, + Noþ{ur} at wyne ner{e} at Ale. 92 + [ai] Now, c{ri}ste of h{i}s grette g{ra}ce + [Gh]eue vs all{e} both{e} wytte & space + Well{e} þ{i}s to knowe & Rede, + [ak] And heuen to haue for o{ur} mede! 96 + Amen, Amen, so moot h{i}t be, + So saye we all{e} for charyte! + + EXPLICIT T{RA}CTUS VRBANITATIS. + + + [Sidenotes: + [a] When you come before a lord [b] take off your cap or hood, + [c] and fall on your right knee twice or thrice. [d] Keep your cap + off till you're told to put it on; [e] hold up your chin; [f] look + in the lord's face; [g] keep hand and foot still; [h] don't spit + or snot; [i] get rid of it quietly; [k] behave well. [l] When you + go into the hall, [m] don't press up too high. [n] Don't be + shamefaced. [o] Wherever you go, good manners make the man. + [p] Reverence your betters, but treat all equally whom you don't + know. [q] See that your hands are clean, and your knife sharp. + [r] Let worthier men help themselves before you eat. [s] Don't + clutch at the best bit. [t] Keep your hands from dirtying the + cloth, and don't wipe your nose on it, [v] or dip too deep in your + cup. [x] Have no meat in your mouth when you drink or speak; and + stop talking when your neighbour is drinking. [y] Scorn and + reprove no man. [z] Keep your fingers from what would bring you + to grief. [aa] Among ladies, look, don't talk. [ab] Don't laugh + loud, or riot with ribalds. [ac] Don't repeat what you hear. + [ad] Words make or mar you. [ae] If you follow a worthier man, let + your right shoulder follow his back, and [af] don't speak till he + has done. [ag] Be austere (?) in speech; [ah] don't stop any man's + tale. [ai] Christ gives us all wit to know this, [ak] and heaven + as our reward. Amen!] + + [Text notes: + A Marg. has _gre_ for insertion. + B _repraue_ is written above the line. + C _not_ put in by a later hand.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The Boris hede furst. + + [_Porkington MS. No. 10, fol. 202; ? ab. 1460-70 A.D._] + + + Hey, hey, hey, hey, þe borrys hede is armyd gay![1] + The boris hede i{n} hond I bryng + W{i}tt garlond gay in porttoryng. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 202b.]] + + I pray yow all w{i}tt me to synge + W{i}tt hay. + + ¶¶ Lordys, kny[gh]tt{is}, and skyers, + Persons, prystis and wycars, + The boris hede ys þe fur[s]t mes, + W{i}tt hay. + + ¶¶ The boris hede, as I yow say, + He takis his leyfe, & gothe his way + Soñ aft{ur} þe xij theylffyt day, + W{i}tt hay. + + ¶¶ The{n} co{m}mys i{n} þe secund kowrs w{i}th mekyll pryde, + þe crann{is} & þe heyrrou{n}s, þe bytt{ur}is by þe syde, + þe p{ar}trychys & þe plowers, þe wodcok{is} & þe snyt, + W{i}tt hay. + + ¶¶ Larkys i{n} hoot schow,[2] ladys for to pyk, + Good drynk þ{er}to, lycyvs and fyñ, + Blwet of allmayñ,[3] ro{m}nay and wyin, + W{i}tt hay. + + ¶¶ Gud[4] bred, alle & wyin, da{er} I well say, + þ^e boris hede w{i}tt musterd armyd soo gay, + + ¶¶ fur[-m]a{n}te to po^tdtage,[5] w{i}tt we{n}nissu{n} fyñ, + & þ^e ho{m}buls of þe dow, & all þ{a}t eu{er} co{m}mis in, + + ¶¶ Cappons I-bake w{i}tt þ^e pesys of þ^e roow, + Reysons of corrans, w{i}tt odyr{e} spysis moo, + + [_incomplete._] + + + [Footnote 1: "When you print I recommend that the first line of + the MS. 'Hey, hey,' &c. should stand alone in two lines. They are + the burthen of the song, and were a sort of accompaniment, or + under-song, sung throughout, while an upper voice sang the words + and tune. You will see numbers of the same kind in Wright's Songs + and Carols printed by the Percy Society. It was common in the 14th + and 15th centuries." --WM. CHAPPELL. + + This Carol is printed in _Reliq. Antiq._, vol. ii., and is + inserted here--copied from and read with the MS.--to fill up a + blank page. The title is mine.] + + [Footnote 2: ? sewe, stew.] + + [Footnote 3: ? the name of a wyne. Recipes for the dish _Brouet of + Almayne_ (H. O.), _Brewet of Almony_, _Breuet de Almonde_, are in + Household Ordinances, p. 456; Forme of Cury, p. 29, and Liber Cure + Cocorum, p. 12.] + + [Footnote 4: ? MS. End.] + + [Footnote 5: Recipe for _Potage de Frumenty_ in Household + Ordinances, p. 425.] + + [po^tdtage: small "t" printed above "o"] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber): + + _The Babees Book_ + _In the printed book, some line numbers were shifted to avoid + collision with the pilcrow symbol at the beginning of the stanza. + For this e-text, numbers have been restored to multiples of 4._ + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +The following two selections, _The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke or +Edyllys be_ and _The Young Children's Book_, were printed on facing +even/odd pages. They are here presented one after the other, with +sidenotes grouped at the end of each selection. + +_Edyllys Be_ is given twice: first with all collations and line numbers, +then with sidenotes only.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke or Edyllys be. + + [_Harl. MS. 541, fol. 210; and Egerton MS. 1995; ab. 1480 A.D._] + + + [Text with collations: see Transcriber's Note above. + + Numbered footnotes give readings from the alternative MS, Egerton + 1995. Footnotes 9 (three references) and 23 each read: + "The parts between square brackets [] are from the Egerton MS." + This explanation is also given in an unnumbered note on a later page. + + Readings in [[double brackets]] are taken from the Collations + section immediately after the Preface, with the MSS. abbreviated + here as Adv.: + "... part of the Advocates Library MS., fol. 84, back", + and Cam.: + "... the Cambridge University MS. ... _Hem_ is always written + for _him_ in this MS., and so with other words."] + + + Lytyll{e} children{e}, here ye may lere] + Moche curtesy þ{a}t is wrytyn{e} here; + For clerk{is} that the vij arte[gh] cunne, + Seyn[1] þ{a}t curtesy from hevyn come 4 + Whan Gabryell{e} oure lady grette, + And Eli[gh]abeth with mary mette. + l. 1: [[Adv. childur] + l. 2: [[Adv. _dele_ þat]] + [[Cam. _for_ wrytyne _read_ brekeyd]] + l. 3: [[Adv. _dele_ For]] + l. 4: [1: Egerton MS. 1995, Synne] + [[Adv. _for_ with mary, _read_ oure Lady]] + [[Cam. _for_ Elizabeth _read_ cortesey]] + All{e} vertues arn{e}[2] closid{e} yn curtesye, + And all{e} vices yn vylonye. 8 + Loke þyne hond{is} be[3] wasshe clene, + That no fylth{e} on[4] thy nayles be sene. + Take þ{o}u no mete tyll{e} grace[5] be seyd{e}, + And tyll{e} þ{o}u see all{e} thyng arayed{e}. 12 + l. 7: [2: ben closyde] + [[Adv. _for_ arñ _read_ byn]] + [[Cam. _for_ closide _read_ clodyd]] + l. 9: [[Adv. _prefix_ Forst _to_ Loke]] + [3: that thy hondys benne] + [[Adv. _for_ wasshe _read_ wasshyd]] + l. 10: [4: in] + [[Cam. _for_ on _read_ yn]] + l. 11: [5: the fyrste gracys] + [[Cam. _for_ þou _read_ ye]] + l. 12: [[Adv. _for_ tylle _read_ to]] + [[Cam. _for_ þou _read_ ye]] + Loke, my son, þ{a}t thow not sytte] + Tyll{e} þe ruler of þe hous the bydde;[6] + And at thy[7] mete, yn þ{e} begynnyng, + Loke on[8] pore men that thow thynk, 16 + For the full{e} wombe w{i}t{h}out[[9] any faylys] + Wot full{e} lytyl[[9] what the hungery aylys.] + l. 13: [[Adv. _prefix_ And _to_ Loke] + l. 14: [6: the halle the bytte] + [[Adv. To he y^t reweleth y^e howse y^e bytt]] + [[Cam. _for_ hous the bydde _read_ hall þe beyt]] + l. 15: [7: Atte the] + [[Cam. _for_ þe _read_ they]] + l. 16: [8: a-pon (and omits _that_)] + [[Adv. _put the_ that _between_ loke _and_ on]] + [[Cam. _for_ on _read_ no]] + l. 17: [[Adv. _for_ without any faylys _read_ withowtte fayle]] + [[Cam. _for_ any faylys _read_ fayle]] + l. 18: [[Adv. _for_ hungery aylys _read_ empty ayle]] + [[Cam. _for_ aylys _read_ heydyt]] + Ete[[9] not thy mete to hastely, + A-byde and ete esely. 20 + l. 19: [[Cam. _for_ Ete ... hastely _read_ yet ... hastey]] + l. 20: [[Adv. _for_ ete esely _read_ etett eysely]] + [[Cam. _prefix_ Bot _to_ Abyde]] + [[Cam. _for_ esely _read_ all yesley]] + Tylle þ{o}u haue thy fulle seruyse, + Touche noo messe in noo wyse. + Kerue not thy brede to thynne, + Ne breke hit not on twynne: 24 + The mosselle that þ{o}u begynnysse to touche, + Cast them not in thy pouche. + l. 23: [[Cam. _for_ Kerue not thy brede + _read_ Kot they bred not]] + l. 24: [[Cam. _is_ Ne to theke bat be-tweyn]] + l. 25: [[Adv. _for_ mosselle _read_ morsselle]] + [[Cam. _for_ mosselle _read_ mossels]] + [[Cam. _for_ begynnysse to _read_ dost]] + l. 26: [[Adv. _for_ in _read_ owt of]] + [[Cam. _for_ in _read_ owt of]] + Put not thy fyngerys on thy dysche, + Nothyr in flesche, nothyr in fysche. 28 + l. 27: [[Cam. _for_ on _read_ yn]] + l. 28: [[Adv. _for_ Into thy _read_ nor in the;]] + [[Adv. _for_ thy salte _read_ hit]] + [[Cam. 28-30 _are_ Ne yn they met, feys, ne fleys. + Put not thy mete yn þey salt seleyr]] + Put not thy mete in-to the salte, + In-to thy Seler that thy salte halte,] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 210, back.]] + + But ley it fayr{e}[10] on þi trencher{e} + The byfore,[11] and þat is þyn{e} honor{e}. 32 + l. 31: [10: Egerton MS. omits _fayre_] + [[Adv. _for_ fayre on þi _read_ on a]] + l. 32: [11: To-fore the] + [[Adv. _for_ The byfore _read_ Byfore the]] + [[Adv. _dele_ þyne]] + [[Cam. _is_ Be-fore the, that ys worschep]] + Pyke not þyn{e} Eris ne thy nost{re}ll{is}; + If[12] þ{o}u do, men woll{e} sey þ{o}u come of cherl{is}.[13] + And[14] whyll{e} þi mete yn þi mouth is, + Drynk þow not; for-gete not this. 36 + l. 33: [[Cam. _for_ ne _read_ nother]] + l. 34: [12: And] + [13: comyste of karlys] + [[Cam. _for_ If _read_ And]] + [[Cam. _for_ come _read_ comest]] + [[Adv. Pyke not y^i tethe wyth y^i knyfe + Whyles y^u etyst be y^i lyfe]] + l. 35: [14: But] + [[Cam. _for_ And _read_ Seche]] + [[Cam. _put the_ is _before_ yn]] + Ete þi mete by small{e} mosselles; + [m] Fylle not thy mouth as done[15] brothell{is}. + [n] Pyke not þi teth{e} with thy knyfe; + In no company begynne þow stryfe.[16] 40 + l. 37: [[Cam. _for_ Ete ... by _read_ Kot ... yn]] + l. 38: [15: dothe] + [[Cam. _prefix_ And _to_ Fylle;]] + [[Cam. _omit_ done]] + l. 40: [16: Whyle þ{o}u ettyste by thy lyffe] + [[Cam. _is_ Weyles thou hetys, bey they leyffe]] + And whan þ{o}u hast þi potage doon{e},[17] + Out of thy dyssh þow put thi spone. + Ne spitte þow not[18] over the[19] tabyll{e}, + Ne therupon, for that is no þing abyll{e}.[20] 44 + l. 41: [17: Idone] + l. 42: [[Cam. _for_ þow put _read_ take owt]] + l. 43: [18: Spette not] + [19: thy] + [[Cam. _for_ Ne _read_ Nether]] + l. 44: [20: Nor a-pon hyt, for hyt ys not able] + [[Cam. _is_ For no cortesey het ys not habell]] + Ley not þyn{e} Elbowe nor[21] thy fyst + Vpon the tabyll{e} whyl{is} þ{a}t thow etist.[22] + Bulk not as a Been{e} were yn þi throte, + [As a ka]rle þ{a}t comys oute of a cote. 48 + l. 45: [21: nothyr] + [[Cam. _for_ Elbowe ... fyst _read_ Elbowhes ... fystys]] + l. 46: [22: whyle þ{o}u este] + [[Cam. _for_ whylis þat _read_ wheyle]] + l. 47: [[Cam. _is_ Bolk not as a bolle yn the crofte]] + l. 48: [[Cam. _for_ karle þat _read_ charle]] + [[Cam. _for_ cote _read_ cotte]] + [[23] And thy mete be o]f grete pryce, + [Be ware of hyt, or þ{o}u arte n]ot wyse. + [Speke noo worde stylle ne sterke; + And honowre and curtesy loke þ{o}u kepe, 52 + And at the tabylle loke þ{o}u make goode chere; + Loke þ{o}u rownde not in nomannys ere. + l. 50: [[Cam. _for_ of hyt or þou art _read_ the or ye be]] + l. 51: [[Cam. _for_ sterke _read_ lowde]] + l. 52: [[Cam. _is_ all of curtesy loke ye carpe]] + l. 53: [[Cam. _for_ at _read_ all]] + [[Cam. _omit_ loke þou]] + l. 54: [[Cam. _for_ Loke þou rownde not _read_ And loke ye]] + W{i}t{h} thy fyngerys þ{o}u towche and taste + Thy mete; And loke þ{o}u doo noo waste. 56 + Loke þ{o}u laughe not, nor grenne; + And w{i}t{h} moche speche þ{o}u mayste do synne. + l. 55: [[Cam. _omit_ thy]] + l. 56: [[Cam. _for_ and _read_ ne]] + [[Cam. _for_ doo _read_ make]] + l. 57: [[Cam. _for_ laughe not _read_ noþer laughe]] + l. 58: [[Cam. _for_ with moche speche _read_ thow meche speke]] + [[Cam. _for_ mayst _read_ may]] + Mete ne drynke loke þ{o}u ne spylle, + But sette hit downe fayre and stylle.] 60 + l. 59: [[Cam. _for_ first ne _read_ ner]] + [[Cam. _for the second_ ne _read_ not]] + l. 60: [[Cam. _for_ fayre and stylle _read_ stere het not]] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207.]] + + Kepe thy cloth clene the byforn{e}, + And bere the so[24] thow haue no scorn{e}. + Byte not þi mete, but kerve it[25] clene, + Be well{e} war{e} no[26] drop be sene. 64 + Whan þ{o}u etyst, gape not to wyde + That þi mouth be sene on ych{e} a[27] syde. + l. 61: [[Cam. _for_ thy _read_ the]] + l. 62: [24: that] + l. 63: [25: cut hit] + l. 64: [26: that noo] + l. 66: [27: be in euery] + [[Cam. _omit_ a]] + And son, bewar{e}, I rede, of[28] on thyng, + Blow neþ{er}[29] yn thi mete nor yn þi[30] drynk. 68 + And yif thi lord drynk at þat tyde, + Drynk þ{o}u not, but hym abyde; + Be it at Evyn{e}, be it at noone,[31] + Drynk þ{o}u not tyll{e} he haue done. 72 + l. 67: [28: be ware of] + [[Cam. _for_ I rede of _read_ of j redde þe of]] + l. 68: [29: þ{o}u not] + [30: mete not] + [[Cam. _for_ neþer _read_ neuer]] + [[Cam. _omit_ yn þi _before_ drynk]] + l. 69: [[Cam. _for_ þat _read_ they]] + l. 71: [31: morowe, (and omits next line.)] + Vpon þi trencher no fyllth{e} þ{o}u see,[32] + It is not honest, as I telle the; + Ne drynk[33] behynd{e} no mannes bakke, + For yf þ{o}u do, thow art to lakke.[34] 76 + l. 73: [32: be sene] + [[Cam. _for_ þou see _read_ be saye]] + [[Cam. _for_ þou _read_ yow]] + l. 75: [33: Drynke þ{o}u not] + l. 76: [34: blame] + [[Cam. _for_ thow art _read_ yow ar]] + And chese com{e} forthe,[35] be not to gredy,[36] + Ne cutte þow not therof to hastely.[37] + Caste not þi bones ynto the flore, + But ley þem[38] fayre on þi trenchor{e}. 80 + l. 77: [35: by-fore the] + [36: redy] + [[Cam. _for_ forthe _read_ before yow]] + l. 78: [37: To cut there-of be not to gredy.] + [[Cam. _omit_ þow not]] + l. 79: [[Cam. _for_ ynto _read_ yn]] + l. 80: [38: hem] + Kepe clene þi cloth byfor{e} þe[39] alle; + And sit þ{o}u stylle, what so be-falle,[40] + Tyll{e} grace be said vnto þe ende, + And tyll{e} þ{o}u haue wasshen w{i}t{h} þi frend. 84 + l. 81: [39: _þe_ omitted.] + l. 82: [40: stylle w{i}t{h}alle] + l. 83: [[Cam. _for_ ende _read_ hendyng]] + l. 84: [[Cam. _for_ wasshen _read_ was]] + Let the more worthy þan[41] thow + Wassh to-fore[42] þe, & that is þi prow; + And spitte not yn[43] þi basyn{e}, + My swete son, þ{a}t þow wasshist yn{e}; 88 + l. 85: [41: thenne] + [[Cam. _for_ worthy _read_ wortheyor]] + l. 86: [42: by-for{e}] + [[Cam. _for_ to- _read_ be-]] + [[Cam. _omit_ &]] + [[Cam. _for_ þi prow _read_ gentyll cortesey]] + l. 87: [43: Spete not on (and omits next line.)] + And aryse up soft & stylle,[44] + And iangyll{e} nether with Iak ne Iylle, + l. 89: [[Cam. 88, 89, are omitted.]] + [44: And ryse w{i}t{h} hym that sate w{i}t{h} the stylle, + And thanke hym fayre and welle: + Aftyr, Iangely not w{i}t{h} Iacke ne gylle.] + l. 90: [[Cam. _for_ nether _read_ not]] + [[Cam. _for_ ne _read_ ne with]] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207, back.]] + + But take þi leve of the hede[45] lowly, + And þank hym w{i}t{h} thyn{e} hert hyghly, 92 + And all{e} þe gentyll{is}[46] togydr{e} yn same, + And bare the so[47] thow haue no blame; + Than men wyll{e}[48] say therafter + That a gentyll{e}man was heere. 96 + l. 91: [45: lorde] + [[Cam. _omit_ þi]] + [[Cam. _for_ the hede _read_ they lorde]] + l. 92: [[Cam. _for_ hyghly _read_ mekeley]] + l. 93: [46: _þe gentylles_ omitted.] + [[Cam. _for_ togydre ynsame _read_ yn the same manere]] + l. 94: [47: soo that] + [[Cam. _for_ no blame _read_ the same]] + l. 95: [48: wylle they sey] + [[Cam. _for_ therafter _read_ hereafter]] + l. 96: [[Cam. _after_ that _add_ he ys]] + [[Cam. _for_ was heere _read_ þere aftyr]] + And he þ{a}t dispiseth this techyng, + He is not worthy, w{i}t{h}oute lesyng, + Nether at[49] good mannes tabull{e} to[50] sitte, + Ner[51] of no worship{e} for to wytte. 100 + l. 97: [[Cam. _omit_ And]] + [[Cam. _for_ dispiseth _read_ dispise]] + l. 99: [49: Neuyr at a] + [50: for to] + [[Cam. _for_ Nether _read_ neuer]] + l. 100: [51: Nothyr] + [[Cam. _for_ Ner _read_ ne]] + [[Cam. _after_ for _add_ sent]] + And therfor{e}, chyldren, for[52] charyte, + Louyth this boke though yt lytil be![53] + l. 101: [52: pur] + l. 102: [53: Lernythe thys boke that ys callyd Edyllys be] + [[Cam. _for_ Louyth this boke _read_ Loren this lesen]] + And pray for hym þ{a}t made it thus,[54] + That hym may helpe swete Ih{esus} 104 + To lyve & dye among his frendes, + [55] And neu{er} to be combred w{i}t{h} no fendes; + And geve vs grace yn Ioy to be; + Amen, Amen, for charytee![55] 108 + l. 103: [54: made thys] + [[Cam. _omit_ and]] + [[Cam. _for_ made _read_ wret]] + l. 106: [[Cam. is omitted.]] + l. 107: [[Cam. _before_ vs _put_ hem and]] + l. 108: [[Cam. _for the first_ Amen _read_ Sey all]] + [55-55: And vs graunte in Ioy to a-byde! + Say ye alle Amen for charyde in euery syde] + + EXPLICIT. lerne or be lewde q{uod} Whytyng.[56] + + Expl.: [56: AMEN. + Here endythe the boke of Curtesy that ys fulle necessary + vnto yonge chyldryn that muste nedys lerne the + maner of curtesy. + EXPLICIT. AMEN.] + [[Cam. _for the_ Explicit &c. + _read_ Expleycyt the Boke of cortesey.]] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke or Edyllys be. + + [Text with sidenotes: see Transcriber's Note at beginning of + previous text. Passages in [brackets] are from the Egerton MS; + lower-case letters in brackets are sidenote references.] + + [_Harl. MS. 541, fol. 210; and Egerton MS. 1995; ab. 1480 A.D._] + + + Lytyll{e} children{e}, here ye may lere + Moche curtesy þ{a}t is wrytyn{e} here; + For clerk{is} that the vij arte[gh] cunne, + Seynþ{a}t curtesy from hevyn come 4 + Whan Gabryell{e} oure lady grette, + And Eli[gh]abeth with mary mette. + All{e} vertues arn{e}closid{e} yn curtesye, + And all{e} vices yn vylonye. 8 + Loke þyne hond{is} be wasshe clene, + That no fylth{e} on thy nayles be sene. + Take þ{o}u no mete tyll{e} grace be seyd{e}, + And tyll{e} þ{o}u see all{e} thyng arayed{e}. 12 + Loke, my son, þ{a}t thow not sytte + Tyll{e} þe ruler of þe hous the bydde; + And at thy mete, yn þ{e} begynnyng, + Loke on pore men that thow thynk, 16 + For the full{e} wombe w{i}t{h}out [any faylys] + Wot full{e} lytyl [what the hungery aylys.] + Ete [not thy mete to hastely, + A-byde and ete esely. 20 + Tylle þ{o}u haue thy fulle seruyse, + Touche noo messe in noo wyse. + Kerue not thy brede to thynne, + Ne breke hit not on twynne: 24 + The mosselle that þ{o}u begynnysse to touche, + Cast them not in thy pouche. + Put not thy fyngerys on thy dysche, + Nothyr in flesche, nothyr in fysche. 28 + Put not thy mete in-to the salte, + In-to thy Seler that thy salte halte,] + But ley it fayr{e} on þi trencher{e} + The byfore, and þat is þyn{e} honor{e}. 32 + Pyke not þyn{e} Eris ne thy nost{re}ll{is}; + If þ{o}u do, men woll{e} sey þ{o}u come of cherl{is}. + Andwhyll{e} þi mete yn þi mouth is, + Drynk þow not; for-gete not this. 36 + Ete þi mete by small{e} mosselles; + Fylle not thy mouth as done brothell{is}. + Pyke not þi teth{e} with thy knyfe; + In no company begynne þow stryfe. 40 + And whan þ{o}u hast þi potage doon{e}, + Out of thy dyssh þow put thi spone. + Ne spitte þow notover thetabyll{e}, + Ne therupon, for that is no þing abyll{e}. 44 + Ley not þyn{e} Elbowe northy fyst + Vpon the tabyll{e} whyl{is} þ{a}t thow etist. + Bulk not as a Been{e} were yn þi throte, + [As a ka]rle þ{a}t comys oute of a cote. 48 + [And thy mete be o]f grete pryce, + [Be ware of hyt, or þ{o}u arte n]ot wyse. + [Speke noo worde stylle ne sterke; + And honowre and curtesy loke þ{o}u kepe, 52 + And at the tabylle loke þ{o}u make goode chere; + Loke þ{o}u rownde not in nomannys ere. + W{i}t{h} thy fyngerys þ{o}u towche and taste + Thy mete; And loke þ{o}u doo noo waste. 56 + Loke þ{o}u laughe not, nor grenne; + And w{i}t{h} moche speche þ{o}u mayste do synne. + Mete ne drynke loke þ{o}u ne spylle, + But sette hit downe fayre and stylle.] 60 + Kepe thy cloth clene the byforn{e}, + And bere the sothow haue no scorn{e}. + Byte not þi mete, but kerve itclene, + Be well{e} war{e} nodrop be sene. 64 + Whan þ{o}u etyst, gape not to wyde + That þi mouth be sene on ych{e} asyde. + And son, bewar{e}, I rede, ofon thyng, + Blow neþ{er}yn thi mete nor yn þidrynk. 68 + And yif thi lord drynk at þat tyde, + Drynk þ{o}u not, but hym abyde; + Be it at Evyn{e}, be it at noone, + Drynk þ{o}u not tyll{e} he haue done. 72 + Vpon þi trencher no fyllth{e} þ{o}u see, + It is not honest, as I telle the; + Ne drynkbehynd{e} no mannes bakke, + For yf þ{o}u do, thow art to lakke. 76 + And chese com{e} forthe, be not to gredy, + Ne cutte þow not therof to hastely. + Caste not þi bones ynto the flore, + But ley þemfayre on þi trenchor{e}. 80 + Kepe clene þi cloth byfor{e} þealle; + And sit þ{o}u stylle, what so be-falle, + Tyll{e} grace be said vnto þe ende, + And tyll{e} þ{o}u haue wasshen w{i}t{h} þi frend. 84 + Let the more worthy þanthow + Wassh to-foreþe, & that is þi prow; + And spitte not ynþi basyn{e}, + My swete son, þ{a}t þow wasshist yn{e}; 88 + And aryse up soft & stylle, + And iangyll{e} nether with Iak ne Iylle, + But take þi leve of the hedelowly, + And þank hym w{i}t{h} thyn{e} hert hyghly, 92 + And all{e} þe gentyll{is}togydr{e} yn same, + And bare the sothow haue no blame; + Than men wyll{e}say therafter + That a gentyll{e}man was heere. 96 + And he þ{a}t dispiseth this techyng, + He is not worthy, w{i}t{h}oute lesyng, + Nether atgood mannes tabull{e} tositte, + Nerof no worship{e} for to wytte. 100 + And therfor{e}, chyldren, forcharyte, + Louyth this boke though yt lytil be! + And pray for hym þ{a}t made it thus, + That hym may helpe swete Ih{esus} 104 + To lyve & dye among his frendes, + And neu{er} to be combred w{i}t{h} no fendes; + And geve vs grace yn Ioy to be; + Amen, Amen, for charytee! 108 + + EXPLICIT. lerne or be lewde q{uod} Whytyng. + + + Here endythe the boke of Curtesy that ys fulle necessary + vnto yonge chyldryn that muste nedys lerne the + maner of curtesy. + + + [Sidenotes (by line number): + [3] Clerks say that courtesy came from heaven when + Gabriel greeted our Lady. [7] All virtues are included in it. + [9] See that your hands and nails are clean. [11] Don't eat till + grace is said, or sit down till you're told. [15] First, think on + the poor; the full belly wots not what the hungry feels. [19] Don't + eat too quickly. [21] Touch nothing till you are fully helped. + [23] Don't break your bread in two, [26] or put your pieces in your + pocket, your fingers in the dish, or your meat in the salt-cellar. + [33] Don't pick your ears or nose, [35] or drink with your mouth + full, [38] or cram it full. [39] Don't pick your teeth with your + knife. [41] Take your spoon out when you've finished soup. + [43] Don't spit over or on the table, that's not proper. [45] Don't + put your elbows on the table, [47] or belch as if you had a bean in + your throat. [49] Be careful of good food; and be courteous and + cheerful. [54] Don't whisper in any man's ear. Take your food with + your fingers, and don't waste it. [57] Don't grin, or talk too + much, or spill your food. [61] Keep your cloth before you. [63] Cut + your meat, don't bite it. [65] Don't open your mouth too wide when + you eat, [68] or blow in your food. [69] If your lord drinks, + always wait till he has done. [73] Keep your trencher clean. + [75] Drink behind no man's back. [77] Don't rush at the cheese, + [79] or throw your bones on the floor. [82] Sit still till grace + is said [84] and you've washed your hands, [87] and don't spit in + the basin. [89] Rise quietly, don't jabber, [91] but thank your + host and all the company, [95] and then men will say, 'A gentleman + was here!' [97] He who despises this teaching isn't fit to sit at + a good man's table. [101] Children, love this little book, [103] + and pray that Jesus may help its author to die among his friends, + and not be troubled with devils, but be in joy for ever. Amen!] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The Young Children's Book. + + [_From the Ashmolean MS. 61 (Bodleian Library), ab. 1500 A.D., + fol. 20._] + + + Who so eu{er} wyll{e} thryue or the, + Muste v{er}tus lerne, & c{ur}tas be; + For{e} who in [gh]owth{e} no v{er}tus vsythe, + Yn Age All men hy{m} refusythe. 4 + Clerkys þ{a}t ca{n}ne þe scyens seuen{e}, + Seys þ{a}t c{ur}tasy came fro heue{n} + When gabryell owre lady grette, + And ely[gh]abeth w{i}t{h} her{e} mette. 8 + All v{er}tus be closyd{e} in c{ur}tasy, + And All{e} vyces i{n} vilony. + + Aryse be tyme oute of thi bedde, + And blysse þi brest & thi forhede, 12 + Than wasche thi hond{es} & thi face, + Keme þi hede, & Aske god g{ra}ce + The to helpe in All þi werkes; + Thow schall spede bett{er} what so þ{o}u carpes. 16 + Than go to þe chyrch{e}, & here A messe, + Ther{e} aske m{er}sy for{e} þi trespasse. + To whom þ{o}u metys come by þe weye, + Curtasly 'gode morne' þ{o}u sey. 20 + When þ{o}u hast done, go breke thy faste + W{i}t{h} mete & drynke of god{e} repaste: + Blysse þi mouthe or þ{o}u it ete, + The bett{er} schall{e} be þi dyete. 24 + Be-for{e} þi mete sey þ{o}u þi g{ra}ce, + Yt ocupys bot lytell space;-- + For{e} oure mete, & drynke, & vs, + Thanke we owre lord Ih{esu}s;-- 28 + A pat{er} nost{er} & Aue mary + Sey for{e} þe saulys þ{a}t in peyn{e} ly; + Than go labo{ur} as þ{o}u arte bownde, + And be not Idyll{e} in no stounde: 32 + Holy scrypto{ur} þ{us} it seyth + To þe þ{a}t Arte of cristen feyth, + "Yff{e} þ{o}u labo{ur}, þ{o}u muste ete + That w{i}t{h} þi hond{es} þ{o}u doyst{e} gete;" 36 + A byrd{e} hath weng{es} forto fle, + So man hath Armes laboryd to be. + Luke þ{o}u be trew in word{e} & dede, + Yn All{e} þi werkes þa{n} schall þ{o}u spede: 40 + Treuth wyt neu{er} his mast{er} schame, + Yt kepys hy{m} out off{e} sy{n}ne & blame. + The weys to heue{n} þ{e}i bene þ{us} tweyn{e}, + M{er}cy & treuthe, As clerk{es} seyn{e}; 44 + Who so wyll come to þe lyfe of blysse, + To go þe weys he may not mysse. + Make no p{ro}mys bot it be gode, + And kepe þ{o}u it w{i}t{h} myght & mode; 48 + For{e} eu{er}y p{ro}mys, it is dette, + That w{i}t{h} no falsed muste be lette. + God & þi neybores lufe all wey; + Welle is þe, than may þ{o}u sey, 52 + For{e} so þ{o}u kepys All þe lawe + W{i}t{h}-oute Any fer{e}, drede, o{r} awe. + Vn-callyd go þ{o}u to no counsell{e}; + That long{es} to þe, w{i}t{h} þ{a}t thow melle. 56 + Scorne not þe pore, ne hurte no man{e}; + Lerne of hy{m} þ{a}t the tech{e} cane; + Be no gloser{e} no{r} no moker{e}, + Ne no s{er}ua{n}t{es} no wey loker{e}. 60 + Be not prowd, bot meke & lynd, + And w{i}t{h} thi bett{er} go þ{o}u be-hynd. + When þi bett{er} schewys his wylle, + To he haue seyd þ{o}u muste be stylle. 64 + When þ{o}u spekes to Any man{e}, + Hand{e}, fote, & fyng{er}, kepe þ{o}u styll þan, + And luke þ{o}u vppe i{n} to his face, + And c{ur}tase be in eu{er}y place. 68 + W{i}t{h} þi fyng{er} schew þ{o}u no thyng{e}, + No{r} be not lefe to telle tydinge. + Yff Any man sey welle of þe, + Or of thi frend{es}, thankyd muste be. 72 + Haue few word{es}, & wysly sette, + For{e} so þ{o}u may thi worschyppe gete. + Vse no sueryng{e} noþ{er} lyeng{e}, + Yn thi sellyng{e} & thi byeng{e}, 76 + For{e} & þ{o}u do þ{o}u arte to blame, + And at þe last þ{o}u wyll{e} haue scham{e}. + Gete þi gowd w{i}t{h} trewe[t]h & wy{n}ne, + And kepe þe out of dette & sy{n}ne. 80 + Be loth to greue, & leffe to ples; + Seke þe pes, & lyfe in es. + Off{e} whom{e} þ{o}u spek{es}, wher{e} & when, + A-vyse þe welle, & to what men. 84 + When þ{o}u co{m}mys vn to A dore, + Sey "god be here," o{r} þ{o}u go ferre: + W{er}-eu{er} þ{o}u co{m}mys, speke honestly + To s{er} or dame, or þ{er} meny. 88 + Stand, & sytte not furth-w{i}t{h}-all{e} + Tyll{e} he byde þe þ{a}t rewlys þe halle; + Wher{e} he bydis, þ{er} must þ{o}u sytte, + And for{e} non{e} oþ{er} change ne flyte; 92 + Sytt vp-ryght And honestly, + Ete & drinke, & be feleyly, + Parte w{i}t{h} hem þ{a}t sytes þe by; + Thus teches þe dame c{ur}tasy. 96 + Take þe salt w{i}t{h} thi clen{e} knyfe; + Be cold of spech, & make no stryfe; + Bakbyte no man þ{a}t is A-wey{e}, + Be glad of All{e} men wele to sey. 100 + Here & se, & sey thou nought, + Than schall þ{o}u not to p{ro}fe be brought. + W{i}t{h} mete & drynke be-for{e} þe sette, + Hold þe plesyd, & aske no bette. 104 + Wype thi mouthe when þ{o}u wyll drinke, + Lest it foule thi copys brinke; + Kepe clen{e} thi fyng{er}es, lypes, & chine, + For{e} so þ{o}u may thi wyrschype wy{n}ne. 108 + Yn þi mouth when þi mete is, + To drinke, o{r} speke, o{r} lau[gh]h, I-wys + Dame c{ur}tasy for{e}-byd{es} it the: + Bot p{ra}yse thi fare, w{er}-so-eu{er} þ{o}u be, 112 + For{e} be it gode o{r} be it badde, + Yn gud worth it muste be had. + Whe{n} þ{o}u spyt{es}, be welle were + Wher{e} so þ{o}u spyt{es}, ny[gh]e or fer{e}; 116 + Hold þi hand be-fore thi mouth + When þ{o}u spyt{es}, & hyde it couth. + Kepe þi knyfe both clen{e} & scherpe, + And be not besy forto kerpe; 120 + Clens þi knyfe w{i}t{h} som{e} cutte bred, + Not w{i}t{h} thi cloth, As I þe rede: + W{i}t{h} Any fylth to fowle þe clothe, + A c{ur}tase man{e} he wyll{e} be lothe. 124 + In þi dysch sett{e} not þi spone, + Noþ{er} on þe brynk{e}, as vn-lernyd don{e}. + When þ{o}u sopys, make no no[y]se + W{i}t{h} thi mouth As do boys. 128 + The mete þ{a}t on þi trencher is, + Putt{e} it not in-to þi dysch. + Gete þe sone A voyd{er}, + And sone A-voyd þ{o}u thi trencher{e}. 132 + When thi bett{er} take þe tho coppe, + Drinke thi selffe, & sett{e} it vppe, + Take tho coppe w{i}t{h} thi hond{es}. + Lest it fall{e} þ{er} As þ{o}u stond{es}. 136 + When thi bett{er} spek{es} to the, + Do off{e} thi cape & bow þi kne. + At thi tabull noþ{er} crache ne claw, + Than men wyll{e} sey þ{o}u arte A daw. 140 + Wype not thi nose nor þi nos-thirlys, + Than men{e} wyll{e} sey þ{o}u com{e} of cherlys. + Make þ{o}u noþ{er} cate ne hond (_so in MS._) [[1a]] + Thi felow at þ{o}u tabull round; ( " " ) 144 + Ne pley{e} w{i}t{h} spone, trencher{e}, ne knyffe. + Yn honesty & clenys lede þ{o}u thi lyffe. + This boke is made fo{r} chyld{er} [gh]ong{e} + At the scowle þ{a}t byde not long{e}: 148 + Sone it may be conyd & had, + And make them gode iff þ{e}i be bad. + God gyff{e} them g{ra}ce, v{er}tuos to be, + For{e} than þ{e}i may both thryff & the. 152 + + Amen! q{uod} Kate. + + + [Sidenotes (by line number): + [1] Whoever will thrive, must be courteous, and begin in his + youth. [5] Courtesy came from heaven, and contains all virtues, as + rudeness does all vices. [11] Get up betimes; cross yourself; wash + your hands and face; comb your hair; say your prayers; [17] go to + church and hear Mass. [19] Say 'Good Morning' to every one you + meet. [21] Then have breakfast, first crossing your mouth. [25] Say + grace, thank Jesus for your food, [29] and say an Ave for the souls + in pain. [31] Then set to work, and don't be idle. [33] Scripture + tells you, if you work, you must eat what you get with your hands. + [39] Be true in word and deed; [41] truth keeps a man from blame. + [44] Mercy and Truth are the two ways to heaven, fail not to go by + them. [47] Make only proper promises, and keep them without + falsehood. [51] Love God and your neighbours, and so fulfil all the + Law. [55] Meddle only with what belongs to you. [57] Scorn not the + poor; flatter no one; [60] oppress (?) not servants. Be meek, and + [63] wait till your better has spoken. [65] When you speak to a man, + keep still, and look him in the face. [70] Don't be a tale-bearer. + [71] Thank all who speak well of you. [73] Use few words; don't + swear or lie in your dealings. [79] Earn money honestly, and keep + out of debt. [81] Try to please; seek peace; mind whom you speak + to and what you say. [85] Wherever you enter, say "God be here;" + and speak courteously to master and man. [89] Stand till you are + told to sit at meat, and don't leave your seat before others. + [93] Sit upright; be sociable, and share with your neighbours. + [97] Take salt with a clean knife; [99] talk no scandal, but speak + well of all. [101] Hear and see; don't talk. [103] Be satisfied with + what's set before you. [105] Wipe your mouth before you drink; + [107] keep your fingers and lips clean. [109] Don't speak with your + mouth full. [112] Praise your food for whether it's good or bad, it + must be taken in good part. [115] Mind where you spit, [117] and put + your hand before your mouth. [119] Keep your knife clean, and don't + wipe it on the cloth. [125] Don't put your spoon in the dish, or + make a noise, like boys, when you sup. [129] Don't put meat off + your plate into the dish, but into a voider. [133] If your superior + hands you a cup, drink, but take the cup with two hands. [137] When + he speaks to you, doff your cap and bend your knee. [139] Don't + scratch yourself at table, wipe your nose, [145] or play with your + spoon, &c. [147] This book is for young children who don't stay + long at school. [151] God grant them grace to be virtuous!] + + [[Footnote 1a: ? sense, reading corrupt.]] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +[Transcriber's Note: + +The following two versions of _Stans Puer ad Mensam_ were printed +on facing even/odd pages. They are here presented twice: first as +consecutive independent texts, and then in alternating stanzas. In +the first version, text notes are grouped after each seven-line stanza. +In the original book, the editor's sidenotes were printed only on the +right-hand pages; they have been duplicated here.] + + + Stans Puer ad Mensam. + + ASCRIBED TO JOHN LIDGATE.[[1a]] + + [MS. Harl. 2251, ? about 1460 A.D., fol. 153 or 148. The parts + between brackets [ ], and various readings, are from Mr Halliwell's + print in _Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, v. 1, p. 156-8, of a 15th-century MS. + Q. [Gamma]. 8, fol. 77, r^o, in the Library of Jesus College, + Cambridge.] + + [[Footnote 1a: Lowndes calls the original of _Stans Puer ad + Mensam_ the _Carmen Juvenile_ of Sulpitius.]] + + + ¶ [My dere childe, first thiself enable + With all thin herte to vertuous disciplyne + Afor thi soverayne standing at the table, + Dispose thi youth aftir my doctryne 4 + To all norture thi corage to enclyne. + First when thu spekist be not rekles, + Kepe feete and fingeris and handes still in pese.] + + [Sidenote: When you stand before your sovereign, speak not + recklessly, and keep your hands still.] + + ++Be symple of chiere, cast nat thyn ye aside, 8 + Agenst the post lete nat thy bak abyde; + Gaase nat aboute, to{ur}nyng ou{er}all{e}; + Make nat thy myrro{ur} also of the wall{e}, + Pyke nat thy nose, and in especiall{e} 12 + Be right wele ware, and sette hieron thi thought, + By-fore thy sou{er}ayne cracche ne rubbe nought. + + [Sidenote: Don't stare about, lean against a post, look at the + wall, pick your nose, or scratch yourself.] + + ¶ Who spekith{e} to the in any man{er} place, + Rudely[1] cast nat thyn ye[2] adowne, 16 + But with a sadde chiere loke hym in the face; + Walke demurely by strete in the towne, + Advertise the with{e} wisdom and Reasoun{e}. + With{e} dissolute laughters do thow non offence 20 + To-fore thy sou{er}ayn, whiles he is in presence. + + [Sidenote: When spoken to, don't lumpishly look at the ground. + Walk demurely in the streets, and don't laugh before your lord.] + + [1: _Rel. Ant._, Lumbisshly] + [2: hede] + + ¶ Pare clene thy nailes, thyn handes wassh{e} also + To-fore mete, and whan thow dooest arise; + Sitte in that place thow art assigned to; 24 + Prease nat to hye in no man{er} wise; + And til thow se afore the thy service, + Be nat to hasty on brede for to byte, + Of gredynesse lest men wolde the endwyte.[3] 28 + + [Sidenote: Clean your nails and wash your hands. Sit where you're + told to, and don't be too hasty to begin eating.] + + [3: a-wite.] + + ¶ Grennyng and mowes at the table eschowe; + Cry nat to lowde; kepe honestly silence; + To enboce thy Iowis with{e} mete[4] is nat diewe; + With{e} ful mowth{e} speke nat, lest thow do offence; 32 + Drynk nat bretheles[5] for hast ne necligence; + Kepe clene thy lippes from fat of flessh{e} or fissh{e}; + Wype clene[6] thi spone, leve it nat in thy dissh{e}. + + [Sidenote: Don't grin, shout, or stuff your jaws with food, or + drink too quickly. Keep your lips clean, and wipe your spoon.] + + [4: brede it] + [5: bridlid] + [6: fayre] + + ¶ Of brede I-byten no soppis that thow make; 36 + In ale nor wyne with{e} hande leve no fattenes; + With{e} mowth{e} enbrewed thy cuppe thow nat take; + Enbrewe[7] no napery for no rekelesnes; + For to souppe [loude] is agenst gentiles; 40 + [N]eu{er} at mete begynne thow nat[8] stryf; + Thi teth{e} also thow pike nat with{e} no knyf. + + [Sidenote: Don't make sops of bread, or drink with a dirty mouth. + Don't dirty the table linen, or pick your teeth with your knife.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 153, back.]] + + [7: Foul] + [8: be warre gynne no] + + ¶ Of honest myrth{e} late be thy daliaunce; + Swere none othes, speke no ribawdrye; 44 + The best morsel, have in remembraunce, + Hole to thyself alwey do nat applie; + Part with{e} thy felaw, for that is curtesie: + Laade nat thy trencho{ur} with{e} many remyssailes; 48 + And from blaknes alwey kepe thy nayles. + + [Sidenote: Don't swear or talk ribaldry, or take the best bits; + share with your fellows. Eat up your pieces, and keep your nails + clean.] + +¶ Of curtesye also agenst the lawe, + With{e} sowne[9] dishonest for to do offence; + Of old surfaytes abrayde nat thy felawe; 52 + Toward thy sou{er}ayne alwey thyn aduertence; + Play with{e} no knyf, take heede to my sentence; + At mete and soupp{er} kepe the stille and soft; + Eke to and fro meve nat thy foote to oft. 56 + + [Sidenote: It's bad manners to bring up old complaints. Don't play + with your knife, or shuffle your feet about.] + + [9: Which sou] + + ¶ Droppe nat thi brest with{e} sawce ne with{e} potage; + Brynge no knyves vnskoured to the table; + Fil nat thy spone, lest in the cariage + It went beside, whiche were nat comendable; 60 + Be quyke and redy, meke and s{er}uisable, + Wele awaityng to fulfille anone + What that thy sou{er}ayn{e} comav[{n}]dith{e} the to be done. + + [Sidenote: Don't spill your broth on your chest, or use dirty + knives, or fill your spoon too full. Be quick to do whatever your + lord orders.] + + ¶ And whereso eu{er} that thow dyne or soupe, 64 + Of gentilesse take salt with{e} thy knyf; + And be wele ware thow blow nat in the cuppe. + Reu{er}ence thy felawe, gynne with{e} hym no stryf; + Be thy power{e} kepe pees al thy lyf. 68 + Interrupt nat, where so thow wende, + None other mans tale, til he have made an ende; + + [Sidenote: Take salt with your knife; don't blow in your cup, or + begin quarrels. Interrupt no man in his story.] + + ¶ With{e} thy fyngres make[10] thow nat thy tale; + Be wele avised, namly in tendre age, 72 + To drynk by mesure both{e} wyne and ale; + Be nat copious also of langage; + As tyme requyrith{e}, shewe out thy visage, + To gladde ne to sory, but kepe atwene tweyne, 76 + For losse or lucre or any case sodayne. + + [Sidenote: Drink wine and ale in moderation. Don't talk too much, + but keep a middle course.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 154 or 149.]] + + [10: _Rel. Ant._, marke] + + ¶ Be meke in mesure, nat hasti, but tretable; + Ou{er} moche is nat worth{e} in no man{er} thyng; + To children it longith{e} nat to be [vengeable,[11]] 80 + Sone meeved and sone forgyvyng; + And as it is remembrid bi[12] writyng, + Wrath{e} of children is sone ou{er}gone, + With{e} an apple the p{ar}ties be made atone. 84 + + [Sidenote: Be gentle and tractable, but not too soft. Children + must not be revengeful; their anger is appeased with a bit of + apple.] + + [11: MS. Harl., tretable] + [12: _Rel. Ant._, by olde] + + ¶ In children werre[13] now myrth{e} and now debate, + In theyr quarel no grete violence; + Now pley, now wepyng, sielde in one estate; + To theyr playntes gyve no credence; 88 + A Rodde refo{ur}myth{e} al theyr insolence; + In theyr corage no Ranco{ur} doth{e} abyde; + Who sparith{e} the yerd, al vertu set aside. + + [Sidenote: Children's quarrels are first play, then crying; don't + believe their complaints; give 'em the rod. Spare that, and you'll + spoil all.] + + [13: _Rel. Ant._, In childre] + + LENVOYE. + + ¶ Go, litel bille, bareyn of eloquence, 92 + Pray yonge children that the shal see or Reede, + Though{e} thow be compendious of sentence, + Of thi clauses for to taken heede, + Whiche to al vertu shal theyr yowth{e} leede. 96 + Of the writyng, though{e} ther be no date, + If ought be mysse,--worde, sillable, or dede,-- + Put al the defaute vpon Iohn{e} Lydegate. + + [Sidenote: Young children, pray take heed to my little ballad, + which shall lead you into all virtues. My mistakes I submit to + correction.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The Book of Curteisie + + That is Clepid + + Stans Puer ad Mensam. + + [_Lambeth MS. 853, ab. 1430 A.D., page 150, back. Part written + as prose._] + + + ++Mi dere sone, first þi silf able + w{i}t{h} al þin herte to vertuose discipline,-- + A-fore þi souereyn stondinge at þe table + Dispose þou þ{e}e aftir my doctryne-- 4 + To al nortur þi corage to encline. + First while þou spekist, be not richelees; + Kepe boþe fyngir and hond stille in pees; + + [Sidenote: When you stand before your sovereign, speak not + recklessly, and keep your hands still.] + + [Sidenote: [Page 151.]] + + ++Be symple in cheer; caste not þi looke a-side, 8 + gase not about, t{ur}nynge þi si[gh]t ou{er}al. + a[gh]en þe post lete not þi bak abide, + neiþ{er} make þi myrro{ur} also of þe wal. + Pike not pi nose; & moost in especial 12 + be weel waar, sette her-on þi þou[gh]t, + to-fore þi sou{er}eyn cratche ne picke þ{e}e nou[gh]t. + + [Sidenote: Don't stare about, lean against a post, look at the + wall, pick your nose, or scratch yourself.] + + ¶ Who-so speke to þ{e}e in ony man{er} place, + lu{m}pischli caste not þin heed a-dou{n}, 16 + but w{i}t{h} a sad cheer loke him in þe face. + walke demurely bi streetis in þe tou{n}, + And take good hede bi wisdom & resou{n} + þat bi no wantowne lau[gh]inge þ{o}u do noo{n} offence 20 + To-fore þi sou{er}eyne while he is i{n} p{re}sence. + + [Sidenote: When spoken to, don't lumpishly look at the ground. + Walk demurely in the streets, and don't laugh before your lord.] + + ++Pare clene þi nailis; þi{n} hondis waische also + to-fore þi mete, [&] wha{n}ne þou doist arise. + sitte þ{o}u in þ{a}t place þ{a}t þ{o}u art a-signed to; 24 + Prece not to hie in no maner wise; + And wha{n}ne þou seest afore þ{e}e þi seruice, + be not to hasti upon breed to bite + lest men þ{er}of Do þee edwite. 28 + + [Sidenote: Clean your nails and wash your hands. Sit where you're + told to, and don't be too hasty to begin eating.] + + [Sidenote: [Page 152.]] + + ++Gre{n}nynge & mowy{n}ge at þi table eschewe; + Crie not to lowde: honestli kepe silence. + To enbrace þi iowis w{i}t{h} breed, it is not dewe; + w{i}t{h} ful mouþ speke not lest þ{o}u do offence; 32 + Drinke not bridelid for haste ne necligence; + Kepe clene þi lippis from fleisch & fische; + Wipe faire þi spoon; leue it not i{n} þi dische. + + [Sidenote: Don't grin, shout, or stuff your jaws with food, or + drink too quickly. Keep your lips clean, and wipe your spoon.] + + ++Of breed w{i}t{h} þi teeþ no soppis þou make; 36 + Lowde for to soupe is a[gh]en gentilnes: + W{i}t{h} mouþ enbrowide þi cuppe þ{o}u not take, + In ale ne i{n} wiyn w{i}t{h} hond leue no fatnes; + Defoule not þe naprie bi no richelesnes. 40 + Be waar þ{a}t at þe mete þ{o}u bigy{n}ne no striif; + Þi teeþ also at þe table picke w{i}t{h} no knyf. + + [Sidenote: Don't make sops of bread, or drink with a dirty mouth. + Don't dirty the table linen, or pick your teeth with your knife.] + + ++Of honest mirþe eu{er}e be þi daliaunce; + Swere noo{n} ooþis; speke no ribaudie. 44 + Þe beste morsels,--haue þis i{n} reme{m}brau{n}ce,-- + Holli alwey þi silf to take do not applie. + P{ar}te w{i}t{h} þi felawis, for þat is curteisie. + Lete not þi trencho{ur} be w{i}t{h} many morsels; 48 + And fro blaknes kepe weel þi nailis. + + [Sidenote: Don't swear or talk ribaldry, or take the best bits; + share with your fellows. Eat up your pieces, and keep your nails + clean.] + + [Sidenote: [Page 153.]] + + ++Of curtesie it is a[gh]en þe lawe, + W{i}t{h} dishoneste, sone, for to do difence; + Of oolde forfetis vpbraide not þi felawe; 52 + Towarde þi sou{er}eyn do eu{er}e reu{er}ence. + Pleie w{i}t{h} no knif, take hede to my sentence; + At mete & at sop{er} kepe þee stille & softe, + And eek to & fro meeue not þi feeþ to ofte. 56 + + [Sidenote: It's bad manners to bring up old complaints. Don't play + with your knife, or shuffle your feet about.] + + ++Droppe n{o}t þi brest w{i}t{h} seew & oþ{er} potage, + Bri{n}ge no foule knyues vnto þe table; + Fille not þi spoon lest i{n} þe cariage + It scheede bi side, it were not co{m}mendable. 60 + Be quik & redi, meke & seruiable, + Weel awaiti{n}ge to fulfille anoo{n} + What þ{a}t þi sou{er}eyn co{m}maundiþ to be doon. + + [Sidenote: Don't spill your broth on your chest, or use dirty + knives, or fill your spoon too full. Be quick to do whatever your + lord orders.] + + ++And whe{re}-so-eu{er}e þ{o}u be to digne or to suppe, 64 + Of gentilnes take salt w{i}t{h} þi knyf, + {and} be weel waar þ{o}u blowe n{o}t i{n} þe cuppe. + Reu{er}ence þi felawis; bigy{n}ne w{i}t{h} he{m} no strijf; + To þi power kepe pees al þi lijf. 68 + Intrippe no ma{n} whe{re} so þat þou wende, + No man in his tale, til he haue maade an eende. + + [Sidenote: Take salt with your knife; don't blow in your cup, or + begin quarrels. Interrupt no man in his story.] + + [Sidenote: [Page 154.]] + + ¶ W{i}t{h} þi fyngris marke n{o}t þi tale; + be weel avysid, & nameli in tendir age, 72 + To dri{n}ke mesurabli boþe wiyn & ale. + Be n{o}t to copiose of langage; + As tyme req{ui}riþ schewe out þi visage, + To glad, ne to sory, b{u}t kepe þ{e}e euene bitwene 76 + For los, or lucre, or ony case sodene. + + [Sidenote: Drink wine and ale in moderation. Don't talk too much, + but keep a middle course.] + + ++Be soft i{n} mesure, not hasti, but treteable; + Ouer soft is nou[gh]t in no maner þing + To childre{n} longiþ not to be ve{n}geable, 80 + Soone meued and soone fi[gh]tinge; + And as it is reme{m}brid bi writynge, + wraþþe of childre{n} is ou{er}come soone, + W{i}t{h} þe p{ar}tis of an appil be{n} made at oon. 84 + + [Sidenote: Be gentle and tractable, but not too soft. Children + must not be revengeful; their anger is appeased with a bit of + apple.] + + ++In childre{n} werre is now mirþe & now debate, + In her quarel is no violence, + now pleie, now wepi{n}ge, & seelde i{n} oon state; + to her pleyntis [gh]eue no credence; 88 + A rodde reformeþ al her necligence; + in her corage no ranco{ur} dooþ abide, + who þ{a}t spariþ þe rodde all u{er}tues settiþ a-side. + + [Sidenote: Children's quarrels are first play, then crying; don't + believe their complaints; give 'em the rod. Spare that, and you'll + spoil all.] + + [Sidenote: [Page 155.]] + + ++A! litil balade, voide of eloquence, 92 + I p{ra}ie [gh]{o}u [gh]onge children þ{a}t þis schal se & rede, + Þou[gh] [gh]e be copious of sentence, + [Gh]it to þese clausis for to take hede + Which al i{n}to v{er}tues schal [gh]o{ur}e [gh]ouþe lede. 96 + In þis writynge, þou[gh] þer be no date, + Yf ou[gh]t be mys i{n} word, sillable, or dede, + I submitte me to correcciou{n} w{i}t{h}oute ony debate. + + [Sidenote: Young children, pray take heed to my little ballad, + which shall lead you into all virtues. My mistakes I submit to + correction.] + + + +Thus eendith þe book of curteisie þ{a}t is clepid + stans puer ad mensam.+ + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Stans Puer ad Mensam + + [Combined texts omitting all notes: see Transcriber's Note at + beginning of selection. Lines are numbered by multiples of 7.] + + + ¶ [My dere childe, first thiself enable + With all thin herte to vertuous disciplyne + Afor thi soverayne standing at the table, + Dispose thi youth aftir my doctryne + To all norture thi corage to enclyne. + First when thu spekist be not rekles, + Kepe feete and fingeris and handes still in pese.] 7 + + ++Mi dere sone, first þi silf able + w{i}t{h} al þin herte to vertuose discipline,-- + A-fore þi souereyn stondinge at þe table + Dispose þou þ{e}e aftir my doctryne-- + To al nortur þi corage to encline. + First while þou spekist, be not richelees; + Kepe boþe fyngir and hond stille in pees; 7 + + ++Be symple of chiere, cast nat thyn ye aside, + Agenst the post lete nat thy bak abyde; + Gaase nat aboute, to{ur}nyng ou{er}all{e}; + Make nat thy myrro{ur} also of the wall{e}, + Pyke nat thy nose, and in especiall{e} + Be right wele ware, and sette hieron thi thought, + By-fore thy sou{er}ayne cracche ne rubbe nought. 14 + + ++Be symple in cheer; caste not þi looke a-side, + gase not about, t{ur}nynge þi si[gh]t ou{er}al. + a[gh]en þe post lete not þi bak abide, + neiþ{er} make þi myrro{ur} also of þe wal. + Pike not pi nose; & moost in especial + be weel waar, sette her-on þi þou[gh]t, + to-fore þi sou{er}eyn cratche ne picke þ{e}e nou[gh]t. 14 + + ¶ Who spekith{e} to the in any man{er} place, + Rudely cast nat thyn ye adowne, + But with a sadde chiere loke hym in the face; + Walke demurely by strete in the towne, + Advertise the with{e} wisdom and Reasoun{e}. + With{e} dissolute laughters do thow non offence + To-fore thy sou{er}ayn, whiles he is in presence. 21 + + ¶ Who-so speke to þ{e}e in ony man{er} place, + lu{m}pischli caste not þin heed a-dou{n}, + but w{i}t{h} a sad cheer loke him in þe face. + walke demurely bi streetis in þe tou{n}, + And take good hede bi wisdom & resou{n} + þat bi no wantowne lau[gh]inge þ{o}u do noo{n} offence + To-fore þi sou{er}eyne while he is i{n} p{re}sence. 21 + + ¶ Pare clene thy nailes, thyn handes wassh{e} also + To-fore mete, and whan thow dooest arise; + Sitte in that place thow art assigned to; + Prease nat to hye in no man{er} wise; + And til thow se afore the thy service, + Be nat to hasty on brede for to byte, + Of gredynesse lest men wolde the endwyte. 28 + + ++Pare clene þi nailis; þi{n} hondis waische also + to-fore þi mete, [&] wha{n}ne þou doist arise. + sitte þ{o}u in þ{a}t place þ{a}t þ{o}u art a-signed to; + Prece not to hie in no maner wise; + And wha{n}ne þou seest afore þ{e}e þi seruice, + be not to hasti upon breed to bite + lest men þ{er}of Do þee edwite. 28 + + ¶ Grennyng and mowes at the table eschowe; + Cry nat to lowde; kepe honestly silence; + To enboce thy Iowis with{e} mete is nat diewe; + With{e} ful mowth{e} speke nat, lest thow do offence; + Drynk nat bretheles for hast ne necligence; + Kepe clene thy lippes from fat of flessh{e} or fissh{e}; + Wype clene thi spone, leve it nat in thy dissh{e}. 35 + + ++Gre{n}nynge & mowy{n}ge at þi table eschewe; + Crie not to lowde: honestli kepe silence. + To enbrace þi iowis w{i}t{h} breed, it is not dewe; + w{i}t{h} ful mouþ speke not lest þ{o}u do offence; + Drinke not bridelid for haste ne necligence; + Kepe clene þi lippis from fleisch & fische; + Wipe faire þi spoon; leue it not i{n} þi dische. 35 + + ¶ Of brede I-byten no soppis that thow make; + In ale nor wyne with{e} hande leve no fattenes; + With{e} mowth{e} enbrewed thy cuppe thow nat take; + Enbrewe no napery for no rekelesnes; + For to souppe [loude] is agenst gentiles; + [N]eu{er} at mete begynne thow nat stryf; + Thi teth{e} also thow pike nat with{e} no knyf. 42 + + ++Of breed w{i}t{h} þi teeþ no soppis þou make; + Lowde for to soupe is a[gh]en gentilnes: + W{i}t{h} mouþ enbrowide þi cuppe þ{o}u not take, + In ale ne i{n} wiyn w{i}t{h} hond leue no fatnes; + Defoule not þe naprie bi no richelesnes. + Be waar þ{a}t at þe mete þ{o}u bigy{n}ne no striif; + Þi teeþ also at þe table picke w{i}t{h} no knyf. 42 + + ¶ Of honest myrth{e} late be thy daliaunce; + Swere none othes, speke no ribawdrye; + The best morsel, have in remembraunce, + Hole to thyself alwey do nat applie; + Part with{e} thy felaw, for that is curtesie: + Laade nat thy trencho{ur} with{e} many remyssailes; + And from blaknes alwey kepe thy nayles. 49 + + ++Of honest mirþe eu{er}e be þi daliaunce; + Swere noo{n} ooþis; speke no ribaudie. + Þe beste morsels,--haue þis i{n} reme{m}brau{n}ce,-- + Holli alwey þi silf to take do not applie. + P{ar}te w{i}t{h} þi felawis, for þat is curteisie. + Lete not þi trencho{ur} be w{i}t{h} many morsels; + And fro blaknes kepe weel þi nailis. 49 + + ¶ Of curtesye also agenst the lawe, + With{e} sowne dishonest for to do offence; + Of old surfaytes abrayde nat thy felawe; + Toward thy sou{er}ayne alwey thyn aduertence; + Play with{e} no knyf, take heede to my sentence; + At mete and soupp{er} kepe the stille and soft; + Eke to and fro meve nat thy foote to oft. 56 + + ++Of curtesie it is a[gh]en þe lawe, + W{i}t{h} dishoneste, sone, for to do difence; + Of oolde forfetis vpbraide not þi felawe; + Towarde þi sou{er}eyn do eu{er}e reu{er}ence. + Pleie w{i}t{h} no knif, take hede to my sentence; + At mete & at sop{er} kepe þee stille & softe, + And eek to & fro meeue not þi feeþ to ofte. 56 + + ¶ Droppe nat thi brest with{e} sawce ne with{e} potage; + Brynge no knyves vnskoured to the table; + Fil nat thy spone, lest in the cariage + It went beside, whiche were nat comendable; + Be quyke and redy, meke and s{er}uisable, + Wele awaityng to fulfille anone + What that thy sou{er}ayn{e} comav[{n}]dith{e} the to be done. 63 + + ++Droppe n{o}t þi brest w{i}t{h} seew & oþ{er} potage, + Bri{n}ge no foule knyues vnto þe table; + Fille not þi spoon lest i{n} þe cariage + It scheede bi side, it were not co{m}mendable. + Be quik & redi, meke & seruiable, + Weel awaiti{n}ge to fulfille anoo{n} + What þ{a}t þi sou{er}eyn co{m}maundiþ to be doon. 63 + + ¶ And whereso eu{er} that thow dyne or soupe, + Of gentilesse take salt with{e} thy knyf; + And be wele ware thow blow nat in the cuppe. + Reu{er}ence thy felawe, gynne with{e} hym no stryf; + Be thy power{e} kepe pees al thy lyf. + Interrupt nat, where so thow wende, + None other mans tale, til he have made an ende; 70 + + ++And whe{re}-so-eu{er}e þ{o}u be to digne or to suppe, + Of gentilnes take salt w{i}t{h} þi knyf, + {and} be weel waar þ{o}u blowe n{o}t i{n} þe cuppe. + Reu{er}ence þi felawis; bigy{n}ne w{i}t{h} he{m} no strijf; + To þi power kepe pees al þi lijf. + Intrippe no ma{n} whe{re} so þat þou wende, + No man in his tale, til he haue maade an eende. 70 + + ¶ With{e} thy fyngres make thow nat thy tale; + Be wele avised, namly in tendre age, + To drynk by mesure both{e} wyne and ale; + Be nat copious also of langage; + As tyme requyrith{e}, shewe out thy visage, + To gladde ne to sory, but kepe atwene tweyne, + For losse or lucre or any case sodayne. 77 + + ¶ W{i}t{h} þi fyngris marke n{o}t þi tale; + be weel avysid, & nameli in tendir age, + To dri{n}ke mesurabli boþe wiyn & ale. + Be n{o}t to copiose of langage; + As tyme req{ui}riþ schewe out þi visage, + To glad, ne to sory, b{u}t kepe þ{e}e euene bitwene + For los, or lucre, or ony case sodene. 77 + + ¶ Be meke in mesure, nat hasti, but tretable; + Ou{er} moche is nat worth{e} in no man{er} thyng; + To children it longith{e} nat to be [vengeable,] + Sone meeved and sone forgyvyng; + And as it is remembrid bi writyng, + Wrath{e} of children is sone ou{er}gone, + With{e} an apple the p{ar}ties be made atone. 84 + + ++Be soft i{n} mesure, not hasti, but treteable; + Ouer soft is nou[gh]t in no maner þing + To childre{n} longiþ not to be ve{n}geable, + Soone meued and soone fi[gh]tinge; + And as it is reme{m}brid bi writynge, + wraþþe of childre{n} is ou{er}come soone, + W{i}t{h} þe p{ar}tis of an appil be{n} made at oon. 84 + + ¶ In children werre now myrth{e} and now debate, + In theyr quarel no grete violence; + Now pley, now wepyng, sielde in one estate; + To theyr playntes gyve no credence; + A Rodde refo{ur}myth{e} al theyr insolence; + In theyr corage no Ranco{ur} doth{e} abyde; + Who sparith{e} the yerd, al vertu set aside. 91 + + ++In childre{n} werre is now mirþe & now debate, + In her quarel is no violence, + now pleie, now wepi{n}ge, & seelde i{n} oon state; + to her pleyntis [gh]eue no credence; + A rodde reformeþ al her necligence; + in her corage no ranco{ur} dooþ abide, + who þ{a}t spariþ þe rodde all u{er}tues settiþ a-side. 91 + + LENVOYE. + + ¶ Go, litel bille, bareyn of eloquence, + Pray yonge children that the shal see or Reede, + Though{e} thow be compendious of sentence, + Of thi clauses for to taken heede, + Whiche to al vertu shal theyr yowth{e} leede. + Of the writyng, though{e} ther be no date, + If ought be mysse,--worde, sillable, or dede,-- + Put al the defaute vpon Iohn{e} Lydegate. 99 + + ++A! litil balade, voide of eloquence, + I p{ra}ie [gh]{o}u [gh]onge children þ{a}t þis schal se & rede, + Þou[gh] [gh]e be copious of sentence, + [Gh]it to þese clausis for to take hede + Which al i{n}to v{er}tues schal [gh]o{ur}e [gh]ouþe lede. + In þis writynge, þou[gh] þer be no date, + Yf ou[gh]t be mys i{n} word, sillable, or dede, + I submitte me to correcciou{n} w{i}t{h}oute ony debate. 99 + + + +Thus eendith þe book of curteisie þ{a}t is clepid + stans puer ad mensam.+ + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber): + + The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke, collations: + l. 59: [[CU _for_ first ne _read_ ner]] + [_text reads "fist" for "first"_] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +The Notes to the Book of Curtasye originally appeared in this location, +immediately before the Index. They have been moved to accompany the +primary text. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +The Table of Contents is repeated here in slightly abbreviated form for +convenience in using the Index. All verse selections have continuous +line numbers; the exact page number is not needed. References in the +form "line B" are to the "ABC" selections, "Aristotle" and "Lerne or +Be Lewde". Items marked [[added by editor]] are from the "Additions to +Index" at the end of this selection. + +Incorrect page numbers are shown in [[double brackets]] at the end of +the line, typically in the form [[258 for 261]]. + +The paragraph beginning "To save the repetition..." is from the +original text.] + + + Forewords, or General Preface i + Education in Early England iv + Cleanliness, or Dirt, of Men, Houses, &c. lxiii + Notice of the separate Poems lxviii + Preface to Russell's Boke of Nurture lxix + Collations and Corrections xcii + John Russell's Boke of Nurture 1 + Notes thereon 84 + Lawrens Andrewe on Fish 113 + Wilyam Bulleyn on Boxyng and Neckeweede 124 + Andrew Borde on Sleep, Rising, and Dress 128 + William Vaughan's Fifteen Directions to preserve Health 133 + The Dyet for every Day (Sir John Harington's) 138 + On Rising, Diet, and Going to Bed (from the same) 140 + Recipes (for Fritters, Jussell, and Mawmeny) 145 + Recipes (for Hares and Conies in Civeye, and for Doucettes) 146 + Wynkyn de Worde's Boke of Keruynge 147 + Notes thereon 173 + The Boke Of Curtasye 175 + The Booke Of Demeanor 207 + Bp. Grossetest's Household Statutes 215 + Stanzas and Couplets of Counsel 219 + The Schoole Of Vertue 221 + Whate-ever thow sey, avyse thee welle! 244 + A Dogg Lardyner, & a Sowe Gardyner 246 + Maxims in -ly 247 + Roger Ascham's Advice to Lord Warwick's Servant 248 + The Babees Book 250 + Lerne or be Lewde 258 + The A B C of Aristotle 260 + Vrbanitatis 262 + The Boris Hede furst 264* + The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke, or Edyllys be + (left-hand pages) 265-273 + The Young Children's Book (right-hand pages) 266-274 + Stans Puer ad Mensam (left-hand pages) 275-281 + Stans Puer ad Mensam (right-hand pages) 276-282 + Notes to the Boke of Curtasye, &c. 283 + + _Items from the Postscript are not included in the Index_ + + * * * * * + * * * * + +INDEX. + + +To save the repetition of _p._ and _l._ for _page_ and _line_, I have +adopted Mr Morris's plan, in his Chaucer Glossary, of putting a / +between the numbers of the page and line, so that 5 / 115 stands for +page 5, line 115. Where no line is named, then _p._ for _page_ is +prefixed. The French references are to Cotgrave, except where otherwise +specified. The Index, though long, does not pretend to completeness. +The explanations of words given in the notes to the text are not +repeated here. + + + Abbots of Westminster & Tintern not to sit together, 76/1141-4. + + Abbot with a mitre, 70/1013, 72/1051; + without one, l. 1015; 72/1059. + + A B C of Aristotle, p. 260, p. 258. [[258 for 261]] + + A bofe, 216/9, above. + + Abrayde, 277/52, upbraid. + + Abremon, a fish, p. 113. + + A-brode, 62/906, spread open. + + Abstinence, 8/108; 153/6. + + Abylle, 267/44, fit, convenient, beseeming; L. _habilis_, + suitable, fit. + + Accounts, yearly, taken to the Auditor, 196/590. + + Achatis, 201/555, purchases. Fr. _achet_, a bargaine, or + purchase. Cotgrave. + + Addes, 153/11, adze. + + Aduertence, p. 277, attention, respect, reverence. + + Affeccion, 52/763, disposition. + + After-dinner nap, 65/947-54, + to be taken standing against a cupboard, p. 128. + + Ages of man, the four, p. 53, p. 104. + + Ahuna, a monster of the sea, p. 114. + + Alay, 16/232, temper. + + Alaye, p. 151, carve. + + Aldermen, the old, rank above the young, 77/1157. + + Ale; is to be 5 days old, 12/178; p. 92; 154/19. + Fr. _Gutale_ ou _Guttale_. Ale, good Ale. Cot. + + Ale or wine, the sauce for capons, 26/411. + + Algate, 26/400, always. + + Aliene, 75/1109, foreigners. + + Alle, p. 216, No. ix. hall. + + Allhallows Day, fires in hall begin on, 189/393. + + Allhallowsday, 205/837. + + Alloft, 69/996, above, over the vessel of herbs. + + Almandes, 5/74, almonds. + + Almond, 44/625, a whelk's operculum. + + Almonds, good against sour food, 8/102; + eat it with raw fruit, 153/1. + + Almond, iardyne, cream of, 52/744; + cream and milk of, 35/520; + cream of, 49/705; 56/825; 157/8; p. 167, last line. + + Almoner, his duties, 201/729; + to remove a towel, 204/814. + + Alms to be given to the poor, p. 216, No. viii. + + Alms-dish, 23/346; 200/687; 201/730; + loaf for, 202/731; + it has the leavings in the lord's cup, 203/787, + and a piece of everything he is served with, 204/799. + See John Fitz Roberts's account for altering and ornamenting an + almsdish for Hen. VI., that belonged to the _Duk d'Excestre_, + in Rymer X. 388, col. 1. + + Aloes epatick, 135/12; + Fr. _hepatique_, Liuer-helping; comforting a whole, + or curing a diseased, liuer. Cot. + + Als, 197/599, also. + + Altar, minister at the high, with both hands, 182/167. + + Alycaunt, p. 86, p. 89, a wine. + + Amber, 141/3; _adj._ 49/699. + + Amberdegrece, 132/9, a scent. + + Angel and 3 Shepherds, device of, 49/702. + + Anger, avoid, 236/764. + + Anhonest, 180/96, unmannerly, improper; 180/124, unpolite. + + Annaunciande, 201/705, announcing, who announces guests? + + Answer sensibly, 252/71. + + Answer, servants mustn't, 215/13. + + Ape tied with a clog, 180/108. + + Apparel, rules for, 214/159, &c. + + Apple fritter, 33/502, &c. + + Apple, a raw, cures indigestion, 153/5; + and the fumes of drink, 8/105. + + Apples, 52/757; 55/813; 152/19. + "The dyvell choke hym, he hath eaten all the _appels_ alone." + Palsgrave, p. 484, col. 2. + + Apples and pears roasted, 164/17, &c. + + [[Citation could not be identified. Roast apples and pears are + mentioned together at 152/26 and 6/80.]] + + Apprentise of lawe, rank of, 73/1070. + + Apprentices, thievish, hanging good for, p. 125. + + Apys mow, 179/59; apes grimace. + + _Aquarius_, p. 199, the Ewerer or Water-bearer. + + Aquetons, 197/597, acquittance. + + Ar, 201/710, before. + + Archbishop, 72/1047. + + Archbishop ranks with a prince, 70/1010; + is to dine alone, 171/4. + + Archdeacon, rank of, 70/1016; 72/1060. + + Areche, 19/290, retch? + + Areise, 43/609, tear off? + + Arere, 26/407, cut. + + Areyse, 27/418, 425; 28/429, &c.; tear or cut off. + + _A B C_, p. 260, p. 258. + + Arm, don't claw it, 193/329. + + Armes, servauntes of, 156/28, ? in livery, or men-at-arms. + + Artificers, rich; rank of, 71/1037. + + Asche, 45/643, ask. + + Ashore, 5/71, slantwise, aslope; 20/299, astraddle. + + Asise, 60/879, way, manner. + + Aslout, 39/560; aslant. + + Aspidochelon, a great whale-fisshe, p. 114. + + Assaying bread, by the panter, 200/691; + water, 201/702; + meat, by the sewer, 202/764. + _See_ Credence, and Tasting. + + Asseles, 196/566, sets the lord's seal to. + + Astate, 185/276; rank. + + At, 256/182, with; 184/242, that. + + Aþer, 200/689, either, each. + + Attend at school, 209/21. + + Attirling, 287/41, shrew; A.S. _Attor_, _Ater_, poison. + + Atwytynge, 18/274, twitting, blaming others. + + Audibly, speak, 235/687. + + Auditor, the lord's, all officers to account to, once a year, + 196/587-94. + + Aunterose, p. 260, l. A, venturesome. + + Aurata (a fish), p. 114. + + Autumn, the device of, 53/766; p. 54. + + Ave, 48/692. + + Ave-Maria, 181/147. + + Aveyner, his duties, p. 197. + + Avise, 35/525, opinion, learning. + + Awoydes, 204/821, removes, puts off. + + Ayselle, 42/596, a kind of vinegar. + + + Baase (the fish), 58/842. _See_ Base. + + Babulle, 1/12. + Au fol la marotte. Prov. We say also, Giue the foole his _bable_; + or what's a foole without a _bable_? Cotgrave, under _fol._ + + Back; turn it on no one, 253/90; + not on him you give a cup to, 180/121. + + Backbite no man, 272/99. + + Bacon and peas, 54/797. + + Bailiffs of a city, rank of, 71/1033. + + Bailiffs of farms, &c., to be talked to pleasantly, p. 218, No. xvi. + + Baked herrings with sugar, 166/7. + + Bakemete, 54/802, meat-pie. + + Bake metes, 30/476-7, game pies, &c.; ? sweet pies, 54/809; + how to carve, 159/19; + how assayed, 203/771-6. + + Baker, gets money from the treasurer, 196/582; + his duties, 198/623-28. + + Bakes, 179/60, as _bokes_, bulges, stuffs. + + Balena, a whale or mermaid, pp. 115, 123, 119, last line. + + Banker, 63/924, cloth to cover a bench. + + Barbe, p. 151, cut up. + + Barme, 61/891, bosom. + + Barnard's blowe, p. 126, a secret blow by a highwayman. + + Baron, 70/1013, 72/1051; + of the Exchequer, 70/1014; 72/1061. + + Baron of the Exchequer, appeal lies to, from an Auditor, 196/594. + + Base, the fish, 51/735; 166/13; 167/6. + + Bason, 63/926, washing basin. + + Basshe, 45/645, be abashed, ashamed. + + Bastard, 9/119; 89/7; 153/20; a sweet wine. + + Bate, 182/188, quarrelling. + + Bath, how to make one, p. 66-7; a medicated one, p. 67-9. + + Bayle, 196/576, bailiff. + + Bearer of meat to stand or kneel as the sewer does, 203/777. + + Beastlynes, 232/460; + nasty practise, t.i., gnawing bones. + + Beaver, considered as a fish, 37/547. + + "The beuer, whose hinder feet and taile onlie are supposed to be + fish. Certes the taile of this beast is like vnto a thin + whetstone, as the bodie vnto a monsterous rat.... It is also + reported that their said tailes are a delicate fish." + Harrison, _Desc. Brit._, i. 225, col. 2. + + See Giraldus Cambrensis, _Works_, vol. v. p. 59, ed. 1867. + + Beckoning, don't use it, 184/249. + + Bed, how to undress a lord for, p. 65-6. + + Bed and Bedroom, how to air and prepare, 63/919-30. + + Bed, offer your bed-fellow his choice of place in, 185/293. + + Bed, prayer on going to, 240/987-8. + + Bedchamber, how to prepare your master's, pp. 63, 65. + + Bedchamber door, lights stuck on, 193/509. + + Bedes, for church service, 63/918. + + Bedrooms, don't sleep in ratty ones, or those deprived of sun, p. 132. + + Beds of straw, &c., to be 9 ft. long and 7 ft. broad, 191/436-7. + + Beef, 34/517; 48/688; p. 105; + powdered, p. 102, note to l. 694; + stewed, 54/798; + how to carve, 25/393. + + "Touchyng the _befe_: I do estymate him of nature melancolyke, and + engendre and produce grosse blode well norisshyng folkes robustes + and of stronge complexion, whiche occupy them in great busynesse + and payne." --_Du Guez's Introductorie_, p. 1071. + + Behight, 41/605, direct. + + Behoveable, 54/804, necessary. + + Belch not, 178/113. + + Believe fair words, don't, 183/205. + + Bengwine, p. 134; + Fr. _Benjoin_, the aromaticall gumme called Benjamin or Benzoin. + Cot. + + Benym, 24/368, deprive. + + Be-sene, 21/318, become, suit. + + Bete, 63/930, feed, nourish. + + Bete, 67/990, remedy, cure. + + Betowre, 37/541, the bittern, q.v.; 49/696; + how to carve, 27/421; p. 162. + + Better, give place to your, 253/89. + + Bilgres, 69/994; + bugloss? p. 110. + + Birds, how to carve, pp. 25-8, 30-1, 161-62. + + Birth to be looked to first, 74/1105. + + Bishop, rank of, 70/1012. + + Bisketes, 231/389, biscuits. + + Bite not thy bread, 178/49. + + Bithe, 47/678, are. + + Biting your lips is bad, 178/89. + + Bittern, to unjoint or carve, p. 162; 165/1. + _See_ Betowre. + + Blaknes, 278, 277/49, black dirt. + + Blamanger and Blanchmanger, p. 101, bottom. + _See_ Blanger mangere and Blaunche manger. + + Blandrelles, 157/10, white apples. + _See_ Blaundrelles. + + Blanger mangere, 49/693. + + Blanked, 169/23. + _See_ Blanket. + + Blanket, 64/935. Fr. _blanchet._ A blanket for a bed; also, white + woollen cloth. Cot. Is to be kept in the privy. + + Blasting, 20/304; cp. Fr. _Petarrade_: f. Gunshot of farting. + Cotgrave. + + Blaunche manger, 157/3. + + Blaunche powder, 6/80, note; p. 85, p. 10, note 3; 152/26. + + Blaunderelle, 50/714; + Blawnderelles, 6/79; p. 85, white apples. + + Blaynshe powder, p. 10, note 3. + + Blow and puff not, 20/303. + + Blow not like a broken-winded horse, 210/53. + + Blow, don't, on your food to cool it, 180/111. + + Blood Royal, Babees of, _The Babees Book_, addressed to, 250/15. + + Blood Royal ranks above property, 74/1094; 171/16. + + Blush or change colour, don't, 187/337. + + Blysse, 266/12, 23, make the sign of the cross on or over. + + Blythe, 178/47, joy? = (in) faith. + + Boar pasty, 31/489. + + Boar, 48/686. + + Boards of the privy to be covered with green cloth, 63/932. + + Body to be kept upright, 235/676. + + Bof, 202/750, ? not "_boeuf_, an ox, a beefe," Cot.; + but _a-bof_ (dishes), above, up. + + Boke, the, 185/261. + + Bold, don't be too, p. 258, p. 260, l. B. + + Bolde, 192/454, finely? + + Bole Armoniake, p. 134. + Fr. _Armoniac_, a gumme spring from the Cyrenian _Ferula_ or + _Fennell-giant_. + + Bolkynge, 19/298, belching. + A.S. _bealcian_, to belch; to bolke, belche, _roucter_. + Palsgrave. + + Bombace, p. 139, cotton; cp. bombast. + + Boner, 183/191. Fr. _bonaire_, gentle, courteous, affable. Cot. + + Bones not to be thrown on the floor, 269/79; + to be put into voyders, 230/358. + + Bonet, 169/29, nightcap. + + Book, stick to it well, 227/168. + + Boorde, p. 260, l. B, joke, play. "To _bourde_ or iape with one in + sporte, _truffler_, _border_, _iouncher_." Palsgrave. + + Boorde, bourde, p. 258, p. 260, l. B; + Fr. _bourder_, to toy, trifle, dally; bourd or ieast with. Cot. + + Borbotha, a slippery fish, p. 115. + + Borclothe, 30/468, table-cloth. + + Bordclothe, 4/62, table-cloth. + "The table clothes and towelles shoulde be chaunged twyes every + weeke at the leste; more if neede require." H. Ord. p. 85. + + Borde, 178/31, table. + + Borde, Andrew, extracts from, pp. 89, 91, &c.; + on _Sleep, Rising, and Dress_, p. 128-32. + + Border, p. 151, carve. + + Botery, 12/176-7. + + Botre, 193/489, buttery. + + Bou[gh]t, 13/188, 189 _n_, 191, fold; 268/27, 29; 269/17; + '_Mal feru_, A malander in the _bought_ of a horse's knee.' Cot. + + Bow when you answer, 253/83. + + Boxyng, p. 124, smacking the face. + + Boys to walk two and two from school, not hooping and hallooing, + 228/238-264. + + Boystous, 257/195, rude; Boystows, _rudis_. Prompt. + + Boystousnesse, 256/182; _Ruditas._ Prompt. + + Brade, 199/666, broad. + + Bragot, 55/817; p. 107. + + Brandrels, 152/24, blaundrels, white apples. + + Brawn of boar, 48/686; 54/796. + + Brawn of boar: this was the first dish at dinner in Harrison's time, + 1577-87; + see his _Description_ of Britain, bk. iii, ch. 1 (N. Sh. Soc.). + [[entry added by editor]] + + Brawn of a capon, 163/27. + + Brawn, how to carve, 24/378; + pp. 94, 156. + + Brayd, at a, 15/226, sharply, quickly. + + Brayde, 13/188, instant, same time. + + Brayde, 11/146, start, slip. + + Brayde, at a, 200/678, quickly. + + Bread to be cut, not broken, 255/141; 267/24; + at dinner to be cut in two, 178/35. + + Bread, how to chop, p. 4; + how assayed, 200/691-2. + + Bread and cheese, 55/815. + + Break your bread, 178/51. + + Break not wind, 20/304. + + Bream, 51/736; 58/841; + pp. 108, 115. + + Bream, sea-, 40/578; 49/698; 52/746; 58/848. + + Breath, as it may smell, keep your mouth shut, 211/69. + + Breche (? drawers), clean, 60/871. + + Brede, 13/192, breadth. + + Breke, 21/315; p. 151, carve venison. + + Breke a cony, 29/448. + + Bresewort, 68/993. + "In the curious treatise of the virtues of herbs, Royal MS. 18 + A. vi., fol. 72 b, is mentioned '_bryse-wort_, or bon-wort, or + daysye, _consolida minor_, good to breke bocches.'" Way, + Promptorium, p. 52, note 1. + + Brest, 19/288, ? for fist. + + Bret, Brett, a fish, 41/583; 51/735; 59/852. + Fr. _Limaude_, f. A Burt or _Bret_-fish. Cot. + + Breue, 190/413, book, score-up. + + Breuet, 194/536, briefed (with green wax). + + Breve, 195/553, set down in writing, keep accounts of. + + Brewe, 36/540, a bird; 49/706; 157/8; + how to carve, 27/422; + to untache or carve, p. 160. + + Bridelid, 278/33, ? a wrong reading; or, with food in one's mouth; + Fr. _boire sa bride_, A horse to draw vp his bit into his mouth + with his tongue. Cot. + + Broach a pipe of wine, how to, 5/69, p. 152, 121/69. + [[last selection unidentified]] + + Broche?, 161/6. + + Broiled herrings, 52/748. + + Broke-lempk, 69/994; p. 68, note. + + Broken, 214/158, with hernia?, E. Engl. _bursten_. + + Broken meat or food for the poor, 202/739. + + Brothellis, 267/38, low rude people. + Fr. _bordeau_, a brothell or bawdie house; _bordelier_, a wencher, + haunter of baudie-houses. Cotgrave. Adulterous friars are called + _brothels_ in Piers Plowman's Crede, l. 1540, v. 2, p. 496, ed. + Wright. See Arth. and Merlin, &c., in Halliwell;--a blackguard, + Towneley Mysteries, p. 142, "stynt, _brodels_, youre dyn." + + Browers, 199/663; _brower_ must be a napkin or doyley. + "Can it be a bib put on when taking _broo_ or broth in, against the + spilling of what is supped up? (Or rather, wiping the fingers from + the _broo_, sauce, or gravy, that men dipped their bits of meat + into.) Halliwell curiously explains _broo_, top of anything. + 'Tak a knyf & shere it smal, the rute and alle, & sethe it in + water; take the _broo_ of that, and late it go thorow a clowte'-- + evidently the juice. Ital. _broda_, broth, swill for swine, dirt + or mire; _brodare_, to cast broth upon." --H. Wedgwood. + + Browes, p. 160, last line; p. 173. A.S. _briw_, es.; m. + Brewis, the small pieces of meat in broth; pottage, frumenty, &c., + _briwan_, to brew. Somner. + + Brows, how to use the, 210/29; 213/132. + + Browynge, 179/75, broth, grease. + _See_ Browes. + + Brush your master well, 62/913; + all robes lightly, 64/940-3; + your cap, 228/78. + + Brushed (well), breeches, 60/873. + + Brydelynge, 19/288, ? the passage seems corrupt. + + Brytte, a fish, 166/12. + + Buche, 31/492, in squares. Sloane MS. 1315, reads "Custarde, enche + square checke hit with your knyfe." + + Buffe, p. 133, leather made of buck's skin. + + Bulch not, 294/113. [[294 for 212]] + + Bulk, 267/47. A.S. _bealcian_, to belch. + "Bolkyn, _ructo_, eructo, orexo." Prompt. + + Bulke, 29/452, thorax, breast; 159/16. + + BULLEYN, Wilyam; on Boxyng and Neckeweede, p. 124-7. + + Bultelle clothe, 12/164. + + Bun, 14/211; 15/218. + + Bushel of flour to make 20 loaves, 198/625-6. + + Business, attend to your own, 268/56. + + Bustard, 28/433; 37/541; p. 97; 49/695; p. 102; 157/4. + + Butler and Panter's duties, p. 152-1. [[152-1 for 152/1]] + + Butler, his duties, 196/423-30; + is the panter's mate, /425. + + Butt or fresh-water flounder, p. 115. + + Butter, sweet, of Claynos or hakeney, 39/559. + + Butter, one of the _fruits_ to be eaten before dinner, 46/667-8. + + Butter and fruits to be eaten before dinner, 152/22. + + Butter, wholesome first and last, 7/89; 152/31. + + Butter, 7/89-92; p. 85; 152/20, 22. + + Buttiler, p. 3, l. 40-1. + 'Butler, the officer in charge of the _buttery_ or collection of + casks; as Pantler, the officer in charge of the pantry.' Wedgwood. + + Buying, swear & lie not in, 270/76. + + Bydene, 4/62, properly. + + + Cabages, 35/521; p. 97; 159/29. + + Calf, boiled, on Easter-day, p. 160. + + Calves-foot jelly, 34/515. + + Calves-skin garments to be worn in summer, p. 139. + + Camamelle, 68/992, chamomile. + + Camelyne sauce, p. 36, note 6. + + Camphire, 135/13. + + Campolet wine, 153/20, p. 174. + + Cancer, the creuyce or cray-fish, p. 115. + + _Candelarius_, 204/822-3, the chandler. + + Candle, one to each mess at dinner, 205/837. + + Candlemas-eve, squires' allowances stop on, 189/394; 205/837. + + "_Aujourd'huy Febvrier demain Chandelier._ Prov. (For Candlemas + day is euer the second of Februarie.)" Cot. + + Candles, 34/510. + + Canel, 5/66; p. 84, a spout. + + Canelle, 11/142; 10/135; 153/24, 31; a spice. + + Canelle-boon, 29/449; 159/14. + Fr. _Clavicules_, f. The kannell bones, channell bones, necke-bones, + craw-bones, extending (on each side ore) from the bottom of the + throat vnto the top of the shoulder. Cot. The merry-thought of a + bird. The haunch-bones below correspond to the clavicles or + kannell bones above. + + Canne, 266/4; + cunne, 265/3, know. + + Cannelles, 152/15, channels, spouts. + + Canterbury, Bp. of, 73/1077. + _See_ Archbishop. + + Canterbury, the prior of, 77/1145. + + Cap, take it off before a lord, 262/4; + before your better, 274/137; + when speaking to any man, 226/80; + be free of, 229/274, salute every one. + + Capitaius, a fish, p. 116. + + Capon, 48/689; 54/801; p. 106. + + "Of all meates the best and most utille to the body of man is of + capons, chyckyns, faisantes, partriches, yonge partriches, + _plouuiers_, _pigeons_, quailles, snites (_becasses_§), + wod-cockes, turtell doves, knyghtes (_cheualiers_**), stares, + sparows, or _passeriaux_, finches, uerdieres,* frions, gold + finches, linotes, thrushe, felde fare, and all kyndes of small + byrdes (whereof the names ben without nombre) ben metes norisshyng + and of litell degestion, and that engendre good blode." + _Du Guez's Introductorie_, p. 1071-2. + + [Footnote §: _Beccasse_, f. A Woodcock. _Becasse petite_, A Snite + or Snipe.] + + [Footnote **: _Chevalier_, A daintie Water-fowle, as big as a + Stock-doue, and of two kinds, the one red, the other blacke. Cot.] + + [Footnote *: _Verdrier_, m. The Gold-hammer, Yellow-ha{m}mer, + Yowlring. Cot.] + + Capon, how to carve, 26/409; + to sauce or carve, p. 161. + + Capon, boiled, 54/799; + verjuice its sauce, 36/534. + "Capons boyled, and chekyns, ben lykewyse of good nourysshyng, + and doth engender good blode, but whan they ben rosted, they ben + somewhat more colloryke, and all maner of meates rosted, the tone + more the tother lesse." Du Guez, p. 1071. + + Capon pie, 31/481. + + Capon, roast, how to carve, 16½1. + + Cappe, 65/964, night-cap. + + Cappe-de-huse, 62/909, ? cape for the house, Fr. _cappe_, a short + cloake, or loose and sleeuelesse garment, which hath, instead of + a Cape, a Capuche behind it. Cot. + + Caprik, 9/120; p. 91, No. 13, a sweet wine. + + Caraway, Careawey, 6/79, caraway-seeds, (from +karon+, cumin; Lat. + _careum_; Ar. _karawiya_; Mahn,) 50/713; 152/25; 157/11; 231/389. + + Cardinal, rank of a, 70/1008; 72/1045. + + Carding, eschew, 234/599. + + Cariage, p. 280, 279, l. 59, act of carrying. + + Carowayes, 231/389, caraway-seed cakes. + + Carp, 40/578; 51/735; 58/842; p. 116.[1] + + [Footnote 1: And of the carp, that it is a deyntous fyssche, but + there ben but fewe in Englonde; and therefore I wryte the lasse of + hym. --_Jul. Berners's Book of St Alban's._] + + Carpentes, 169/9, 18, carpets under foot? _See_ carpettes for + cupbordes, l. 19. + + Carpets, about a bed, windows, &c, 63/927-8. + + Carry your body up, 213/133. + + Carver, his duties, p. 24-32; + assays the wine?, and carves the lord's meat, 209/789-95. + [[209 for 203]] + _See_ Keruynge. + + Carving of fish, p. 166-7; + of flesh, p. 157. + + Carving-knives, panter to lay two, 200/673. + + Cast, 197/607, armful or pitchfork-full. + + Cast of bread, 198/631, ? armful, lot taken up at one heave. + + Cast up thy bed, 226/61. + + Castles, the Receiver sees to repairs of, 197/601. + + Castyng, 187/336, ? + + Cat, don't stroke it at meals, 180/107. + + Cate, 274/143, ? cat (_hond_, hound). + + Cathedral prior sits above others, 77/1150. + + Cato quoted, 232/491. + + Cats to be turned out of bedrooms, 66/969; p. 108, p. 109; 169/34. + + Caucius, a fish, p. 116. + + Cawdrons, the sauce for swans, p. 159, last line. _See_ Chawdon. + + Cellar, yeomen of the, 21/311. + + Celle, 12/176, cell. + + _Cena Domini_, fires in hall stop on, 189/398; [[189 for 95]] + Shere Thursday or Maundy Thursday, day before Good Friday. + + Cetus, the greatest whale, p. 116. + + Ceuy, 55/822, chive-sauce. + + Chafer, 192/466, a heater. + + Chaffire, 45/639. + "Chafowre to make whote a thynge, as watur. _Calefactorium._" + Prompt. + + Chalcedony to be worn in a ring, p. 141. + + Chambur, bason for, 66/971. + + Chamberlain, the duties of one, p. 59-69, p. 168-9. + + Chancellor, his duties, 195/563. + + Chandelew, 199/642, chandlery, stock of candles. + + Chandler, his bread, 198/628; + his duties, p. 204-11. + + Change (countenance or temper?) don't, 270/92. + + Char, 180/96, turn, trick. + + Chardequynce, 152/21, chare de quynces, 5/75; + conserve of quinces, or quince marmalade. _Charequynses_, 10[~l]b. + the boke, v[-s]--2[~l]., 10s. A.D. 1468, _H. Ord._ p. 103. + Marmalet of Quinces. R. Holme, Bk. III., p. 80, col. 1. + + Charger, 44/633; + Chargere, 26/405, a kind of dish. + + Charity, the fruits of, p. 233, cap. x. + + Charlet, 159/28; p. 173. + + Chat after meals, p. 142. + + Chatter, don't, 253/94; 257/186. + + Chafing-dysshe, 162/2, heating dish. + + Chaundeler, 299/492, chandler, officer in charge of the candles. + + Chawdon (chawdron, p. 161), the sauce for swan, 36/535; p. 97. + + Chawdwyn, the sauce for swans, 48/688. + + Cheeks, don't puff 'em out, 211/65; + don't stuff yours out like an ape's, 179/57. + + Cheese, hard, 6/78; 7/85; p. 84, p. 85; 7/84-8; 8/102; 152/24. + + Cheese, 55/815; 152/19. + + Cheese, the best cement for broken pots, p. 85. + Ruin cheese, p. 7, note 3; 85/3. + + Cheese, have a clean trencher for, 256/183. + + Cheese, fruit, and biscuits, for dessert, 231/388. + + Cheese, only take a little, 269/76. + + _Fourmage est bon quand il y en a peu_: Prov. The lesse cheese the + better; or, cheese is good when a miserable hand giues it. Cot. + + Chekker, 196/594, the Exchequer. + + Chekkid, 25/389; 31/492, cut into chequers or squares. + + Chekmate, 8/96. + + Cherlis, 267/34, 48, poor, rude, and rough people. + + Cherries, 6/77; 46/668; 152/23. + + Chet, 199/501, coarse bread; chet loaf to the almsdish, 200/687. + + Cheven (Cheuene, 166/13), chub, 51/736, note 3; 58/842. + Fr. _Vilain_, the _Cheuin_ or Pollard fish (called so because it + feedes vpon nothing but filth). Cot. _See_ Chub. + + Cheve, 24/369, end. + + Chewettes, 161/4; p. 171; 173/3. + + [Transcriber's Note: + Reference to "p. 171" could not be identified. Chewets are + mentioned on 161/4, 165/3 and 173/24.] + + Chicken, boiled, 54/799; + roast, 54/808; + chicken pie, 31/481. + + Chickens, how to carve, 25/397. + + Chide not, 253/102. + "I lyken the to a sowe, for thou arte ever chyding at mete." + Palsgrave, p. 611, col. 2. + + Chief Justices, rank of, 70/1014; 72/1052. + + Childe, or young page, the King's, 75/1124. + + Children soon get angry, 279, 280/81; 281, 282/85; + give 'em an apple then, 280/84; + and a rod when they're insolent, 281, 282/89. + + Children, to wait on their parents at dinner before eating their own, + 229/297; 231/423; + the duty of, 241/5. + + Chin, hold it up when you speak, 262/14; + keep it clean at dinner, 272/107. + + Chine, 25/393. + Fr. _Eschinon_: m. The _Chyne_, or vpper part of the backe betweene + the shoulders. _Eschine_: f. The _Chyne_, backe bone, ridge of the + backe. 1611, Cotgrave. + + Chip, p. 84; 152/4. "I chyppe breed. _Je chappelle du payn ... je + descrouste du pain ..._ and _je payre du pain._ Chyppe the breed + at ones, for our gestes be come." Palsgrave, p. 484, col. 1. + _See_ "choppe" and "chyppere." + + Choke, don't, by drinking with your mouth full, 180/98. + + Choppe (loaves), 4/51; p. 184. + + Chub, p. 51, note 3. + _See_ Cheuen. + + Church, how to behave in, 233/332 (this is the part that would follow + at the end of the _Booke of Demeanor_, p. 296). + + Church, behave well at; go to, 266/17. + + Chyme of a pipe, 152/18, rim. + + Chymné, 192/461, fire-place or brasier. + + Chyne, 5/70, rim of a cask. + + Chyne, 25/393; 159/15, 16, back, loin. + _See_ Chine. + + Chyne, p. 151, carve. + + Chynchynge, 153/11, pinching. + Metaphorically "_chynchyn_ or sparyn mekylle, _perparco_." Prompt. + + Chyppere, 152/4, a knife to chip bread with. + + Cinnamon and salt as sauce for venison, &c., 37/542-3. + + Cinnamon, eaten with lamprey-pie, 44/636; + with fish, 58/842, 847; 168/11. + + Cinnamon, 153/30. + + Ciryppe, 56/826, syrop. + + Civeye (chive sauce), hares and conies in, p. 309; 55/822. + + Clared wyne, 153/19. + + Clarey, 9/120; p. 91, No. 14; + Clarrey, 153/21. Sp. _Clarea_: f. Clary drinke of hony and wine. + Some say Muscadell, others call it Nectar or kingly drinke. 1591, + Percivale, ed. Minsheu, 1623. + + Clarke of the crowne and th'eschekere, 70/1019. + + Claryfinynge, 9/124. + + Claw, don't, 253/81; 262/18; 274/139. + + Claw not your head, &c., 18/279. + + "I clawe, as a man or beest dothe a thyng softely with his nayles. + _Je grattigne ..._ Clawe my backe, and I wyll clawe thy toe." + Palsgrave. + + Claynos buttur, 39/559. + + Cleanse your spoon, 179/74. + + Clene, 262/28, fitting, courteous. + + Clerk of the Kitchen, 195/549; + his duties, 195/553-62; + gets money from the Treasurer, 196/579. + + Clof, 192/462, ? [[Can it be "cloth"?]] + + Cloke, 62/909, cloak. + + Cloos-howse, 80/1202, lock-up place for food. + + Cloth, how to lay the, 13/187, &c., 154/23; + how to take it off the table, 231/399. + + Cloth, keep it clean, 269/61, 81; 272/123; 277/39; 278/40; + don't wipe your knife on it, 272/122; + or your nose, 263/53. + + Clothes, don't wipe your nose on, 210/48. + _See_ Apparel. + "Graue clothes make dunces often seeme great clarkes." + Cot., u. _fol._ + + Clothing of officers, given out by the clerk of the kitchen, 195/561; + of lord and lady, by the chancellor, 195/563. + + Cloven-footed fowls, skin of, is unwholesome, 163/18. [[163 for 165]] + + Clowche, 33/503, belly? + Not "clowchyn or clowe (clewe), _glomus_, _globus_." Prompt. + + Clutch at the best bit, don't, 263/29. + + Coat, long, 60/872. + + Cock and hen, p. 105. + + Cock, shooting at; girls not to go to, 289/81. + + Cockes, 24/375, cooks. + + Cod, 58/845; 168/12. + + Cod, how to carve, 40/576; + names of, p. 99. + + Codling, a fish, p. 59, note; 167/7. + + Codware not to be clawed, 19/286; + not to be exposed, 20/305. + + Coffyn, cofyn, 30/478; 31/481; 96/2, 22, &c., crust of a pie. + + Cold, head and feet to be kept from, p. 138. + + Cold fritter is not to be eaten, 33/502. + + _Colericus_, 53/772; p. 54; p. 104. + + Colice, 56/824, broth. + + Collector, the Pope's, 70/1023; 72/1063. + + Cologne, the kings of, 50/712. + + Colombyne gynger, 10/131; + Columbyne gyngre, 52/758; + a kind of ginger. ? what. + + Coloure de rose, 9/114. + _See_ note there; + it was a wine, p. 86, extract from the _Four Elements._ + + Colvering, 126/3, ? + + Comade, 96/4; sauce of whipped eggs and milk. + + Comb for the hair, 61/885. + + Comb your head often, p. 130; + nothing recreateth the memorie more, p. 128. + + Comb your head, 266/14; + do it 40 times every morning, p. 139. + + Comb your lord's head, 65/963; 169/2, 28. + + Comedies, 34/510, quaint dishes? + + Comenynge, 81/1220, communication, teaching. + + Comfit, 50/714; p. 104. + + Commende, 254/120. + Fr. ?_Commander,_ to recommend, or to commit ouer vnto the care of + another. _À Dieu vous command._ God be with you. Cot. + + Commensed, 77/1154, taken a degree. + + Commyn, 46/671, communicate, talk. + + Companions, pray for your, 182/161. + + Compleccion, 52/764, device. + + Compleccyon, 165/11, disposition. + My _complexcyon_ a-cordyth to eny mete, + But rere sopers j refowse, lest j shuld surfett. + Piers of Fullham, l. 197-8. + + Compostes, 5/75, note; 6/79; 152/21; 154/19. + _See_ Recipe 100, _Forme of Cury_, p. 49. + + Conche or muscle fish, p. 116. + + Concoction, 136/12, digestion. + + Concordable, 54/796, suitable. + + Condel, smale, 205/826, tapers. + + _Confiteor_, the, to be learnt, 181/154. + + Confites, 5/75; p. 85, note to l. 82, comfits. + + Confyte, 51/731, a comfit. + + Congaudence, 79/1190, congratulation, satisfaction. + + Conger, 38/555; 41/583; 51/733; p. 117. + Richard Sheale, the minstrel and ballad-writer, says, + + "I can be content, if it be out of Lent, + A piece of beef to take, my hunger to aslake. + Both mutton and veal is good for Richard Sheale; + Though I look so grave, I were a very knave + If I would think scorn, either evening or morn, + Being in hunger, of fresh salmon or _congar_." + + Knight's Life of Caxton, p. 48. + + Conger, salt, 57/833. + + Congettynge, 80/1202, conspiracy, tricks. + + Connynge, 81/1220-2, learning, knowledge. + + _Contrarotulator_, p. 195, the controller. + + Controller, his work, 195/541, 550; + sits on the dais in hall, 177/20. + "I feel by William Peacock that my nephew is not yet verily + acquainted in the king's house, nor with the officers of the + king's house he is not taken as none of that house; for the cooks + be not charged to serve him, nor the sewer to give him no dish, + for the sewer will not take no men no dishes till they be + commanded by the _controller_." Clement Paston, P. Letters, ed. + 1841, v. 1, p. 144 (XV. vol. iv. p. 53, orig.). + + Cold of speech, be, 272/98. + + Cony, 34/517; 49/694; 54/807; p. 107. + "And conÿs, hares, rabettes (_laperaus_), buckes, does, hartes, + hyndes, robuckes, or lepers (_cheureus ou saillanz_), holde also + all of melancoly." Du Guez. + + Cony, how to carve, 29/447; 159/12; + to unlace or cut up, p. 162. + + Cony, with mustard and sugar, 36/538. + + Conyd, 274/149, learnt. + + Coochele, sea-snails, p. 116. + + Cook must obey a marshal, 79/1182. + + Cooks are always finding out new dishes, and nearly killing people, + 33/505. + + Coost, 49/705, rank, succession? + Fr. _coste à coste_, in euen ranke, side by side. Cotgrave. + + Cope, 200/689, covering, towel ? + + Copious of talk, don't be, 279, 280/74. + + Coral, 141/3. + + Coretz, a fish, p. 119. + + Cornys, p. 218, No. xvi. different kinds of grain. + + Cote, 267/48, cot, cottage. + + Cottell, 168/14, cuttle-fish. + + [Transcriber's Note: + Also p. 174 (note on "Cottell").] + + Cotyn, cotton, to be kept in the privy, 64/935. + + Couche, 154/25. + + Couertoure, 202/753, dish-cover; + 203/791, cover, or lid of a wine-cup. + + Cough not, 18/271; + before your lord, 19/297. + + Counturpynt, 192/455, counterpane. + + Countyng, 194/535, reckoning. + + Courteous, be, to God, and kneel at prayers, 182/163. + + Courtesy came from heaven, 265/4; 266/6; + all virtues are included in it, 265/8; 266/10. + + Courtesy and gentleness, delight in, 256/180. + + Courts (fines of), 196/577. + + Couth, 272/118, ? truly, indeed, A.S. _cudlice_, certainly. + + Couthe, 180/114, known persons, friends. + + Coverlet of a bed, 63/923. + + Cowd, 3/34-5, knew. + + Cowche, 13/187, and note, the undermost table-cloth. + + Cowheels mixed with jellies, 34/515. + + Crab, how to carve and dress one, 42/590-601; 165/14. [[165 for 167]] + + Crache, 274/139; 275/14; 276/14. + 'Clawyn or cracchyn, scratche, _Scalpo, scrato, grado_.' Cath. in + P. Pl.; '_Krauwen, krabben_, kratsen, _ofte schrabben_.' Hexham. + + Craftsmen, their duty, 242/12. + + Cram your mouth full, don't, 267/38. + + Crane (the bird), 36/539; p. 97; 49/695; + p. 102, and note *, for their fighting pigmies. + + Crane, how to carve, 28/429; + or dysplaye, p. 162. + + Crane's trump, take care of it, 28/431; 157/4. [[157 for 159]] + + Crawe, 19/288; Fr. _iabot_, the craw, crop, or gorge of a bird. + Cotgrave. + + Crayfish, how it catches oysters, p. 115; p. 117; + freshwater, p. 116. _See_ Creues, &c. + + Cream, cow- and goat-, 7/81; 8/93; p. 85; 54/803; + is bad, 152/27. + "The dyvell burst him, he hath eaten all the _creame_ without me." + Palsgrave, p. 472, col. 2. + + Credence, 80/1195-9, tasting food against poison. Only done for the + highest ranks, down to an earl. + + Creed, to be learnt by boys, 181/167. + + Creues (crayfish), how to carve, 167/20. + + Crevice, freshwater, 58/848. + + Crevis dewe dou[gh], fresh-water cray-fish; how to carve, 43/618. + + Crevise, freshwater, 50/707. + + Crevise or cray-fish, how to carve, 42/602; + the names of, p. 100. + + Crochettis, 197/446, hooks. + + Cropyns, 24/362, crops, craws, of birds. + + Croscrist, 181/144. + + Cross, make the sign of, on rising, 266/12. + + Croups of birds indigestible, 158/7. + + Cruddes, 8/93, curds. + + Culpon, p. 151, cut into chunks. + + Cup, don't ask a friend to take it, but give it him yourself, 180/123. + + Cupboard, 13/193, table or stand for cups, &c., to stand on; + is in the marshal's charge, 189/390; + to be covered with carpets, 169/19. + + Cupborde, bread and wine stand on (or in), 194/511. + + Cuppeborde in a bed-room, 63/928. + + Cups to be silver, p. 136. + + Cure, 78/1174, charge. + + Cure, 21/324; 31/492; custom, way of doing a thing. + + Cure, 28/435, directions. + + Cure, 24/375, craft, art, practice. + + Curies, 33/506, dodges, curious dishes. + + Curlew, 49/706; 157/8; + how to carve, 27/421; + to untache or cut up, p. 162. + + _Sir Degrevant_, l. 1406, p. 235, has + ffatt conyngus and newe, + ffesauntys and corelewe. + + Cursie, 230/328, curtsey. + + Curtains, bed-, 66/968; + four to a bed, 191/448. + + _Curtasye, the Boke of_ (Sloane MS. 1986), p. 175-205. + + Curtesy, 156/9, a bow or salutation. + + Curtsey, make your, decently, 214/153. + + Cury, 34/513, dodges, sleights. + + Cushion, to be put on the chair, 61/882. + + Cuspis, p. 32, note 2. + + Custade costable, 54/802, a kind of custard. + + Custard, how to carve, 31/492; p. 95; 157/1; 159/21. + + Cut your meat, don't bite it, 269/63. + + Cut, 153/22, cute wine. + + Cute, 9/118; p. 87, No. 3, a sweet wine. + Fr. _Vin cuict._ Wine boyled on the fire to a certaine thicknesse, + and then put into vessells, and reserved for sweet sawces. Cot. + + Cute, 10/138, baking. + + Cute, gynger of iij, 11/159. + + Cuttid, 20/305, short-coated. + + Cuttlefish, p. 174. + + Cyueye (chive or onion sauce), hares and conies in, p. 309. + + + Dace, 40/575; p. 98, bottom, 58/841; + Fr. _Sophie_ ... the Dace or Dare-fish. Cot. + + Damsons, 6/77; p. 91, last note (wrongly headed, l. 177); 46/668; + 152/23. + + Dangle like a bell, don't, 214/152. + + Dates, 5/74; p. 32, note 2; 51/731; 152/21, 23; p. 167, last line. + + Dates in confite, 56/825; + in confetes, 166/11; capte with mynced ginger, 166/19. + + Daungeresnes, 46/659, of great difficulty. + + Daw, a, sticks its neck askew, 19/285. + + Dean, rank of, 70/1016; 72/1060. + + Debt, keep out of, 270/80. + + Degree, University; rank of clerks that have taken one, 71/1028. + + Degree (of men), the duty of each, p. 241-8. [[8 for 3]] + + Delicatis, 50/713; delicacies. + + Delphin, or mermaid, p. 117. + + _Demeanor, The Booke of_, p. 207-14. + + Demeene, 78/1163; learn ? or arrange. + + Demurely, walk in the streets, 275, 276/18. + + Depelled, 142/12, driven out. + + Dere, 47/684, injury. + + Deshe, 177/20, dais. + + Despisers of courtesy are not fit to sit at table, 271/99; 181/137. + + Dewe, 43/618, of water. + + Dewgarde, leche, 157/10. + + Dewynge, 51/732, service. + + Deynteithe, 52/752, ? inclination, desire. + + Deynteithly, 55/814, toothsomely. + + Deyntethe, adj., 50/723, toothsome, dainty. + + Deyntethe, sb., 194/527, dainty. + + Diaper towel, 154/31. + + Diapery, towelle of, 13/193. + + Diatrion piperion, to be used against rheums, p. 137. + + Dice, don't play at with your lord, 184/228. + + Diet, 31/488, food. + + Diet, one for every day, p. 133. + + Difence, 278/51; + ? Fr. _defense_, a reply, answer, argument, or allegation vsed, or + vrged in defence. Cot. _Faire defense_ is now to forbid, prohibit. + + Dig your thumb into your nose, don't, 186/327. + + Digest his stomak, his food, 65/947. + + Digne, 71/1024, worthy. + + Diligences, 79/1183, duties. + + Dim sight, remedy for, p. 135. + + Dinner described, from the laying of the cloth, 199/655, to the + removal of the board and trestles, 204/822. + + Dinner of flesh, p. 48-50, p. 100; + of fish, p. 50-2; + fruits to be eaten before, 46/667-8. + + Dinner at noon, what the page is to do at, 254/128. + + Dinner and supper, the only meals allowed, p. 141. + + Dip your meat in the saltcellar, don't. _See_ Salt. + + Dipping slices of meat in sauce, 30/467. + + Dirty clothes forbidden, 214/167. + + Disallow, 29/1181. + + Dischmetes, 34/514. [[entry added by editor]] + + Dise, 8/112, an adze? + + Dish taken away, don't ask for it again, 256/166; 179/83. + + Dish-side, spoon not to be laid on, 179/73; 272/126. + + Dismember, p. 151, carve. + + _Dispendu_, 201/543 (? eatables, &c., not money), disposed of, + consumed. + + Dispenses, 195/555, payments, expenditure. + + Dissolute laughters, avoid, 275/20. + + Diswere, 191/436, doubt. + Halliwell. "Platt-D. _waren_ is to certify, assure; to prove by + witnesses, &c.; _wahr_, true, is, I believe, what is certain, + sure. '_Ik will jou de Waarschup darvan bringen_,' I will bring + you the truth of it, will bring you certain intelligence of it. + _Diswere_ then would be uncertainty." --H. Wedgwood. + + Do to others as you would they'd do to you, 182/175. + + Doctor of both laws (Canon and Civil), _utriusque juris_, 71/1024; + 72/1062. + + Doctor of divinity, rank of, 70/1021; 72/1062. + + Doctors of 12 years' standing, rank above those of nine, 77/1153. + + Document, 250/6, L. _documentum_, that which teaches, a lesson, + example for instruction; Fr. _document_, precept, instruction, + admonition. Cot. + + Dog, don't claw yours at dinner, 179/87. + + Dogs to be turned out of bedrooms, 66/969; p. 109; 169/33. + One reason for turning dogs out of the bedroom at night is given in + Palsgrave's "I wolde gladly yonder dogge were hanged, he never + ceased whowlyng all nyght," p. 784-5. + + Donne, 169/23, down. + + Dorray, 51/733, dorée. + + Doree, the fish, 41/582; 166/12. + + Dosurs, 189/391, canopies, hangings: 'Docere of an halle: _Dorsorium, + auleum_.' Prompt. Fr. _Vn_ dossier _de pavillon_. The head of a + Pauillion, or Canopie; the peece that hangs down at the head + thereof. Cot. + + Doted daf (confounded ass, stupid fool), don't be one, 186/326. + + Doublet, 60/872; 61/892; 62/899; 169/1. + + Dou[gh], 43/618, soft, fresh (water). + + Dowcetes, dowcettes, a dish, 32/494; + recipe at p. 309; 49/699; 54/809. [[309 for 146]] + + Dowled drink not to be given to any one, 154/22; + _dowld_, dead, flat (Yorkshire), Halliwell; + not '_dollyd_, sum what hotte, _tepefactus_.' Prompt. + + Dowt, 79/1188, fear. + + Doyle, 19/285, skew. + + Draconites, 141/7, the dragonstone. + + Dragons herbe, p. 134. + + Drapery, 64/946, cloths. + + Draughtes, 25/388, drawn lines, scorings. + + Dresser, in the kitchen, 195/557. + + Dressing described, p. 168-9. + + Drink hinders digestion, p. 136. + + Drink, how assayed, 203/785-93; + how to hand, 209/9. + + Drink not behind a man's back, 269/75; + wipe your mouth first, 272/105. + + Drink all in the cup, don't, 185/289. + + Drink with full mouth, don't, 272/110. + + Drink moderately, 279, 280/73. + + Drivel not with your mouth, 19/292. + + Drop soup on your breast, don't, 279, 280/57. + + Dropynge from the eyes, 18/283. + + Drunk, don't get, p. 258, p. 260, l. D. + + Drunkelewe, 216/1, drunken; 'drunkelew _ebriosus_.' Prompt. + For the _-lewe_ = _-ly_; cp. 'delicat horses that ben holden for + delyt, that they ben so faire, fat, and _costlewe_.' Chaucer. + _Parsones Tale_, Poet. Works, ed. Morris, iii. 298; _costlewe_ + furring in here gownes, _ib._ p. 296. + + Drunken servants to be turned away, 216/1. + + Dry thy mouth before drinking, 179/81. + + Duchess, 200/680. + + Duck: see _Mallard_. + + 'The ducke maketh a clere voyce, & causeth ma_n_ to lay gladdly in + the armes & geueth hy_m_ the sede of nature / & the sewet is of + it very good to souple all maner of paynes in the bodi of man." + --_Noble Lyfe._ L. i. back. + + Dugard, leche, 50/708. + + Duke of royal blood, 70/1011; 72/1048. + + Duke to dine alone, 171/4. + + Dumb, don't be, 184/255. + + Dysfygure, p. 151, carve. + + Dysplaye, p. 151, carve. + + + Earl, the lowest rank for which food was tasted by a servant, 80/1198. + + Ears, not to be picked, 267/33; 19/289; + to be kept clean, 226/99. + + Ease (quiet), live in, 270/82. + + Easter-day feast, p. 160. + + Easter to Whit-sunday, feasts and service from, p. 160. + + Eat properly, 263/40; + not hastily, 265/19. + + Eat, don't, till your mess is brought from the kitchen, 178/43. + + Echeola, the pearl-muscle, p. 117. + + Echynus, p. 118. + + Edwite, 278/28, blame, reproach, turt; A.S. _edwítan._ + + Eel, salt, 57/834. + + Eels, bred from slime, p. 114. + + Eels, roasted, 41/588; 58/848. + + Eels, names of, p. 99. + + Eels, 50/719; 51/737; 55/820; p. 104. + + Eernesful, p. 260, l. E; + A.S. _geornes_, earnestness; + _geornfull_, full of desire, eager, anxious. + + Egestyon, 130/15, evacuations. + + Egge, 22/335, edge. + + Eggs, 54/803; p. 106. + + Egre, 57/837; Fr. _aigre_, eagre, sharpe, tart, biting, sower. Cot. + + Egret, 36/539; p. 97; 49/697, great white heron. + + Egret, how to carve, 27/421; + to breke or carve, p. 162. + + Elbows, don't lean on, at meals, 267/45; 180/125. + + _Elemosinarius_, 201/728-9, the Almoner. + + Elenge, p. 260, l. E. + + Elephant, don't you snuffle like he does, 211/59. + + Elizabeth, 265/6; 266/8. + + Embrowyng, 255/147, dirtying, soiling; + Fr. _embroué_, bedurtied, soiled, defiled. Cot. + + Emperialle, 15/231, set out, deck, adorn. + + Emperor, after the pope, 70/1006. + + Empty your mouth before speaking, 263/59; 272/110; 277/32; 278/32. + + Enboce, p. 277, } l. 31, stuff out; + Enbrace, p. 278, } + ? Fr. _emboucher_, to mouth or put into the mouth of. + + Enbrewe, 22/331, dirty, soil. + + Enbrowide, 278/39; + Fr. _embroué_, ... bedurtied, soiled, defiled. Cotgrave. + + Enbrowynge, 30/468, soiling, dirtying. + + Enclyne, 177/23, bow. + + End of a meal, what to do at the, 257/190. + + Endoured, 161/3, glazed; endoured pygyons, 164/15. + + Endure, 35/524, make to last; '_endurer faut pour durer_:' Pro. + To dure we must endure. Cotgrave. + + Enemies, man's three, 183/219. + + Englandis gise, a flesh feast after, 35/526. + + Enlased, 26/412, cut up, carved. + + Enourmyd, 250/17, adorned; + O. Fr. _aorner_, L. _adornare_; not _enorer_, honour. + + Entende, 64/936, 939, attend. + + Entendyng, 46/665, listening for orders, attending. + + Enter a lord's place, how to, 252/58. + + Entremete, 254/109, interfere. + + Envy no one, 237/795. + + Equal, give way to your, 185/276; + don't play with him, 264/77. + + Errands, going, 209/13. + + Esox, a fish of the Danube, p. 118. + + Esquyere, þe body, 70/1016, the Esquire of the King's person. + + Est, 187/346, host. + + Estate, how to lay or make, with a cloth, 13/192; 17/152; p. 92. + + Estate, 65/957, rank, 73/1072-3. + + Estates, 72/1053, ranks, persons. + + Euwere, 199/641, water-bringer; + L. _aquarius_, Fr. _eauïer_, is a gutter, channell, sinke, sewer, + for the voiding of foule water. Cotgrave. + + Evacuate yourself, p. 133. + + Evy, 7/91, heavy. + + Ewer, 64/937; 231/413, jug of water; + water-bearer, 199/641, 655, &c. + + Ewerer, strains water into the basins, 200/695. + + Ewery, 13/192, drinking vessels. + + Ewery, 154/31, stand or cupboard for water-vessels; + how to dress it, 155/23. + + Exonerate, 130/16, unload, disburden. + + Eyebright water, 135/2. + + Eyes, don't make 'em water by drinking too much, 263/57. + + Eyes, don't wipe 'em on the table-cloth, 180/116; + wash them, p. 134; p. 139. + + Eyes, how to use the, 210/33. + + Eyes, not to be cast about, 275, 276/8; 231/679. + + Eyroun, p. 146, eggs. + + + Facche, 42/599, fetch. + + Face, look in the man's you're speaking to, 262/16; 270/67. + + Facett, 250/8; Fr. _Facet_: m. A Primmer, or Grammer for a young + scholler. Cotgrave. Faceet, booke, _Facetus_ (well-speaking, + polite). Pr. Parv. + + Falconers, 195/564. + + Fall, if any one does, don't laugh at him, 184/235. + + Familiar, don't be too, p. 258, F; p. 260, line F. + + Familiar friends, always admit, p. 217, No. xv. + + Fande, 76/1143, try, experience? + + Fangle, 229/268, toy, thing. + + Farsed, 23/358; p. 94, stuffed. + + Fast now and then, p. 142. + + Father and mother; worship and serve them, 182/172. + + Fathers and mothers, duty of, 241/4. + + Fatnes, 277/37; 278/39, fat, grease. + + Faucettes, 152/16, taps. + + Fawcet, 5/68; p. 84; 152/16, a tap. + Yn tyme therfore tye vp your tryacle tappe; Let not to long thy + _fawset_ renne. Piers of Fullham, l. 228-9. _Early Pop. P._, v. 2, + p. 10. + Stryke out the heed of your vesselles, our men be to thrustye to + tarye tyll their drinke be drawen with a _faulsed_. Palsgrave, + p. 740, col. 1. + Fr. _Guille_: f. The quille or _faucet_ of a wine vessell. Cot. + + Fawn, 49/694; + how to carve, 28/441. + + Fawn, and ginger sauce, 36/537. + + Fawte, 82/1238, make default or mistakes. + + Fayge, fruyter, 157/10; p. 173. + + Featherbed to be beaten, 63/921; 169/12. + + Feed elegantly, 256/185. + + Feede onely twice a day, p. 141. + + Feet to be kept still, 270/66; 275/7; 279, 280/56. + + Feet and hands together, 235/677. + + Feet, what birds to be served with their, 28/435. + + Fele, 11/155, 157, perceive, taste; + 24/364, ? taste or see; 23/349, understand. + + Feleyly, 270/94, fellowly, sociable. + + Felle, 262/21; 264/89; ? stern, or discreet. + _See_ Cold. + + Fende, 82/1233, defend. + + Fenel-water, p. 139. + + Fenelle, the brown, 67/991. + + _Fercularius_, 202/749, the Sewer. + + Fere, 50/719, company; _in fere_, together. + + Fere, 53/774, companion. [[83 for 53]] + + Fermys, 197/596, rents; + Fr. _ferme_, a farme or lease, a thing farmed, a toll, rent, mannor + or demesne in farme. Cot. + + Ferour, 197/612, 615, farrier; Fr. _Mareschal ferrant._ Cot. + + Few words, use, 270/73. + + Fieldfares, 165/3. + + Fieldmen, how they fly at their food, 256/176. + + Figs, fritters of, p. 145. + + Figs, 152/21; + 166/18, in Cornwall, raisins are called figs, 'a thoomping _figgy_ + pudden,' a big plum pudding. _Spec. of Cornish Dialect_, p. 53. + + Filthy talking, against, p. 239, cap. xii. + + Finger, don't point with, 270/69; + don't mark your tale with, 279, 280/71. + + Fingering, avoid it, 184/249. + + Fingers, meat to be eaten with, 269/55; + nose not to be blown with, 262/19; 118/284; 210/51; [[118 for 18]] + not to be put in one's cup, 118/272; [[118 for 18]] + or on the dish, 267/27; + keep 'em clean, 272/107; + wipe 'em on a napkin, 232/465. + + Fingers, two, & a thumb, to be put on a knife, 21/320-4; 22/326. + + Fingers and hands, keep still, 275/7; 276/7. + + Fingers and toes to be kept still, 186/320. + + Fins of fish to be cut off, 39/560. + + Fire at meals in winter, p. 142. + + Fire, have a good one, 169/20. + + Fire in bed-room, p. 128. + + Fire in hall at every meal from Nov. 1 to Feb. 2, 189/393-8. + + Fire to dress by, 61/888. + + Fire to be clear, 60/877. + + Fire-screens for a lord, 192/462. + + First course of fish, p. 166. + + Fish, a dinner of, three courses, & one of fruit, p. 50. + + _Ieune chair vieil poisson_: Prov. Old flesh and young fish (is fit + for the dish). Cot. + + Fish, carving & dressing of, p. 37; p. 98, &c.; p. 166; + how assayed, 203/767-70; + sauces for, p. 56; 168/4; + sewynge or courses of, p. 166. + + Fish, salt, 57/833. + + Fish, names of, from Yarrell, p. 152; [[152 for 110]] + extracts from Laurens Andrewe on, p. 113. + + Fisshe, p. 121, p. 123, the flesh or body of fish. [[122 for 123]] + + Fist, close your hand in it, 264/71; keep your opinions to yourself. + + Fist, not to be put on the table, 267/45. + + Fit servants only to be engaged, p. 215. + + Flapjack, 96/13, a fried cake. + + Flasche, 65/985, dash. + + Flauer, 130/11, warm & air. + + Flaunes, 161/4; p. 173; + flawne, 96/12, a kind of tart; + Fr. _flans_: m. Flawnes, Custards, Egge-pies. Cotgrave. Du. _een + kees vlaeye_, a Cheese-cake or Flawne. Hexham. + + Flax, wild, 69/994. + + Flea, don't scratch after one, 18/279. + + Flemings, great drinkers, p. 131, note. + + Flesche-mought, 18/280, louse. + + Flesh, carving of, p. 26; p. 157; [[26 for 24]] + how assayed, 203/767-70; + sauces for, p. 39; [[39 for 35]] + sewynge or succession of dishes of, p. 156. + + Flesh, a dinner of, p. 40. [[40 for 48]] + + Flette, 201/711, room, floor. + + _Fleumaticus_, 54/792; p. 104. + + Flewische, 53/777, melancholy. + + Flounders, 55/819; 58/842; 168/10. + + Flyte, 178/54, quarrel; don't, 270/92. + + Focas or phocas, p. 118. + + Follow your better, how to, 264/83-6. + + Foole, 96/12, as in gooseberry-fool. + + Foot-cushion, 61/882-4. + + Footmen to run by ladies' bridles, 198/621. + + Foot-sheet, how to prepare it, 61/879-84; 65/956; 67/988. + + Foot-sheet, the lord sits on it while he is undressed for bed, + 193/488. + + For, 3/34, because; 178/42, notwithstanding. + + For, 18/275, against, to stop or prevent. + + Forcast, 180/104, plot, scheme for. + + Forder, 235/698, further. + + Fordo, 180/100, done for, killed. + + Forehead, to be joyful, 170/37. [[170 for 210]] + + Forenoon, work in the, p. 141. + + Forewryter, 77/1243, transcriber? + + Forfeits to a lord, go to the treasurer, 196/577. + + Forfetis, 281/52; Fr. _forfaict_: m. A crime, sinne, fault, misdeed, + offence, trespasse, transgression. Cot. + + Forgive, 182/185. + + Formes, 189/389; 192/464, forms, benches. + + Foul tales, don't tell, at table 255/140. + + Fourpence a piece for hire of horses, 188/376. + _See_ Notes, p. 283. + + Four slices in each bit of meat, 159/18. + + Foxskin garments for winter, p. 139. + + Franklin, a feast for one, p. 54. + + Franklins, rank of, 71/1071. + + Fray, 81/1210, fright. + + Freke, 184/255, man, fellow; A.S. _freca_, one who is bold. + + Fretoure powche, 49/700; + fruture sage, 50/708. + + Friars, give way to them on pilgrimages, 186/303. + + Fricacion, or rubbing of the body, is good, p. 130 n. + + Fried things are fumose or indigestible, 21/358; 30/500; 32/512; 54/6. + They generally came in the last course (see _Modus Cenandi_). Du + Guez, after speaking of the English dishes in order, pottage, + beef, mutton, capons, river birds, game, and lastly, small birds, + says, "howbeit that in Spaine and in Fraunce the use [succession + at dinner] of suche metes is more to be commended than ours ... + for they begynne always with the best, and ende with the most + grosse, which they leave for the servantes, where-as we do al + the contrary," p. 1072. + + Friend, don't mistrust or fail him, 219/3. + + Friendly, don't be too, p. 258, p. 260, line F. + + Friezeadow coats for winter, p. 127. [[127 for 133]] + + Fritters, 33/501; 34/511; 51/725, 737; 54/810; 157/24-6; 161/32; + 163/3. [[161/32, 163/3 for 163/32, 165/3]] + _See_ Fruter, &c. + + Friture, a, 51/725. + + Frogs shelter themselves under the leaves of _Scabiosa_, p. 109, note + on l. 987. + + Frote, 19/288, wring, twist. + Fretyn or chervyn (chorvyn), _Torqueo._ Prompt. + + Frown, don't, 173/132. [[173 for 213]] + + Froyze, 96/13, pancake, or omelet. + + Fruits to be eaten before dinner, 46/667-8. + But of all maner of meate, the moost daungerous is that whiche + is of fruites (_fruitz crudz_), as cheres, small cheryse + (_guingues_[2]), great cherise (_gascongnes_), strauberis, + fryberis (_framboises_), mulberis, _cornelles_,[3] preunes, + chestaynes nuts, fylberdes, walnuttes, cervyse, medlers, aples, + peres, peches, melons, _concombres_, and all other kyndes of + fruites, howbeit that youth, bycause of heate and moystnesse, + doth dygest them better than age dothe. _Du Guez's Introductorie_, + p. 1073-4. + fryberis (_framboises_), mulberis + + [Footnote 2: _Guisnes_: f. A kind of little, sweet, and long + cherries; tearmed so because at first they came out of Guyenne; + also any kind of Cherries. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 3: _Corneille_, a Cornill berrie; _Cornillier_, The long + cherrie, wild cherrie, or Cornill tree. Cotgrave.] + + Frumenty potage, 25/391, furmity. + + Frumenty, 37/547; 38/549; + with venesoun, 33/518. + + Frusshe, p. 151, carve. + + Fruter Crispin & Napkin, p. 96. + + Fruture viant, sawge & pouche, 33/501, ? meat, sage, & poached + fritters. + + Fruturs, 34/511; + Fruyters, 161/32, fritters; [[161 for 163]] + recipes for, p. 145. + + Fryture, a, 51/737, fritter. + + Fuel, a groom for, 189/385. + + Full belly and hungry, 265/17. + + Fumose, 23/353, fume-creating, indigestible. + + Fumositees, p. 23-4. + + Fumosities, p. 23; p. 94; 151/4; p. 158, indigestibilities, + indigestible things creating noxious fumes in the belly that + ascend to the brain; + such to be set aside, 25/396. + + Fumosity, 8/105; p. 86. + + Furs to be brushed every week, 64/943. + + Fustian, 63/922, a cloth over and under the sheets of a bed. + + Fustyan, whyte, 130/2. + + Fygges, 5/74; p. 84, figs. + + Fyle, 191/435, fill? + + Fylour, 191/447, a rod on which the bed-curtains hung. + "_Fylour_ looks like _felloe_, G. _felge_, which is explained as + something bent round; it would apply to the curtain-rod round the + top of the bed." Wedgwood. + + Fylynge, 263/52, dirtying; + A.S. _fúlian_, to foul; _fýlnes_, foulnes; _fýlð_, filth. + + Fynne, p. 151, cut up. + + Fyr, 184/232, further. + + Fyr hous, 194/514, privy? + + Fysegge, p. 216, No. x, phiz, face. + + Fytt, 213/806, section of a poem. [[213 for 204]] + + Fytte, 67/980, while, time. + + Fyxfax, to be taken out of the neck, 28/444. + + + Gabriel, angel, 265/5; 266/7; 148/692. [[148 for 48]] + + Galantyne sauce, 40/569; 58/840; 167/27, 29; 168/9. + + Galantyne, to be mixed with lamprey pie, 44/634; + recipe for, p. 100. + + Galingale, p. 44, last line but one; p. 100. + Galingale: Sp. _Júncia avellanda_, _Júnca odoróso_, galingale. + --Minsheu. [[entry added by editor]] + + Gallants, shortcoated, denounced, 20/305. + + Galleymawfrey, 96/14, a dish. + + Gallowgrass, p. 124. + + Game, some, to be played before going to business, p. 131. + + Gamelyn sauce, 36/539; 37/541. + + Gaming, the fruits of, p. 234, cap. vi. + + Ganynge, 19/294, yawning: Ganynge or [Gh]anynge, _Oscitus_. Prompt. + I gane, or gape, or yane, _ie baille_. Palsgrave, _ib._ "I _yane_, + I gaspe or gape. _Je baille._" Palsgrave. + + Gape not, 19/294; + when going to eat, 272/65. + + Gaping is rude, 211/77. + + _Garcio_, 191/434-5, groom (of the chamber). + + Gardevyan, 80/1202, a safe for meat. + + Gares, 190/420, causes. + + Garlic, 58/843. + + Garlic, the sauce for roast beef and goose, 36/536. + + Garlic, green, with goose, 164/2. + + Gastarios, a fish, p. 118. + + Gate, on coming to a lord's, what to do, 177/5. See also 252/58. + + Gaze about, don't, 192/175. + + Gele, p. 49, note 2; + gelly, 166/11, jelly. + + Gelopere sauce, 165/4; p. 173. + + Gentilmen welle nurtured, 71/1038. + + Gentilwommen, rank of, 71/1039. + + Gentlemen, one property of, 220/18. + + Gentlemen of the chamber, 191/433. + + Gentlemen's table in hall, 178/33. + + Gentyllis, 273/93, gentlefolk. + + Geson, 54/803, scarce. + + Gesse, 230/350, guest. + + Gestis, 79/1189, guests. + + Getting-up in the morning, a lord, how dressed, p. 61. + + Gild, 25/231, gilt plate. + + Ginger, white and green, 5/75; + colombyne, valadyne, and maydelyn, 10/131-2; + columbyne, 52/758; + green, 152/21. + + Ginger sauce with lamb, kid, &c., 36/537. + + Ginger, 58/847; + with pheasant, 164/19. + + Girdle, 64/907. + + Girls, young, pick their noses, 186/328. + + Girls: home-education, xxv, xv, &c. [[entry added by editor]] + + Glaucus, a white fish, p. 118. + + Glorious (boasting), don't be too, p. 258, p. 260, line G. + + Glosand, 186/313, lying. + + Glose, 183/199, deceit, lie. + + Glosere, 268/59. Fr. _flateur_, a flatterer, _glozer_, fawner, + soother, foister, smoother; a claw-backe, sycophant, pickthanke. + Cot. + + Gloves to be taken off on entering the hall, 177/16. + + Gloves, perfumed, 132/8-9. + Cp. in the account of Sir John Nevile, of Chete, in _The Forme of + Cury_, p. 171, "for a pair of perfumed Gloves, 3_s._ 4_d._; for + a pair of other Gloves, 4_d._" + + Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 79/1177; 82/1230; p. lxxxii. + + Glowtynge, 18/281, looking sulky, staring. + Halliwell. Sw. _glutta_; Norse, _glytta_, _gletta_, look out of + the corner of the eye. Wedgwood. + + Gnastynge, 20/301, note 5. + + Gnaw bones, don't, 232/457. + + Goatskin gloves, 132/9. + + Goben, 39/566, cut into lumps. + + Gobone, 167/2, cut in lumps; 167/29, a piece. + + Gobyn, 41/580; p. 99, gobbets. + + Gobyns, 45/638, lumps, pieces. + + 'God be here!' say on entering, 270/86. + + Good cheer, make, at table, 269/53, be jolly. + + Good manners, learn, 232/507. + + 'Good Morning;' say it to all you meet, 266/20. + + Goodly, 62/908, nattily. + + Goose, how to carve, 26/402; p. 163, last line but one; + garlic its sauce, 36/536; + roast, 54/801; p. 222. + + Goshawk, p. 103, note on Heironsew. + + Gown, a man's, 62/904. + + Gowt of a crayfish, 43/607. + + Grace, 46/663, + the prayer before dinner, 229/305-322; + to be said by the Almoner, 221/729. + + Grace after dinner, sit still till it's said, 271/82; + pages to stand by their lord while it's said, 257/197. + + Gradewable, p. 170, graduated, have taken degrees. + + Gramed, 23/348, angered, vexed. + + Granat, 141/11, a garnet. + + Grapes, 6/77; 46/668; 152/21. + + Gravelle of beeff or motoun, 34/519. + + Gravus, a fish, p. 118. [[120 for 118]] + + Graynes, 9/123; 10/137, 141; p. 91. + Fr. _Maniguet_, the spice called Graines, or graines of Paradise. + Cot. + + Graynes of paradice, 151/32. + + Graytly, 61/886; entirely, quite. + + Grayue, 196/576, 589, 597, reeve, outdoor steward. + + Greable, 13/192, suitable. + + Great birds, 49/698. + + Grece (fat), hen of, 158/29. + + Green cheese, p. 84, n. to l. 74. + + Green fish, 58/851; 188/8, 29, ling. + Fr. _Moruë_: f. The Cod, or Greenefish (a lesse and dull-eyed kind + whereof is called by some, the Morhwell). _Moruë verte._ + Greenefish. _Moruyer. Poissonnier moruyer._ A Fishmonger that + sells nothing but Cod, or Greenefish. Cot. + + Green sauce, 58/851; 168/13, 14. + + Green wax, accounts to be briefed with, 192/536. + + Greet the men you meet, 200/251. + + Greithe, 61/880, ready. + + Greke, 9/120; 86/31; p. 90, No. 12, a sweet wine. + + Grene metis, 8/97, green vegetables. + + Greve, 81/1214. Fr. _grief_, trouble. + + Greyhounds fed on brown bread, 198/628; p. 84, note on l. 51; + each has a bone, &c., 198/633. + "_Eau & pain, c'est la viande du chien._ Prov.: Bread and water + is diet for dogs." Cot. + + Greyn, 62/914, a crimson stuff or cloth. + + Grin, don't, 269/57; 277, 278/29. + + Grisynge, 20/301, grinding. + + Groan not, 19/298. + + Groggynge, 18/273, grumbling. + Grutchyn, gruchyn, _murmuro_. Prompt. _Gruger_, to grudge, repine, + mutter. Cot. + + Grone fische, 38/555. + + Groom of the King may sit with a knight, 75/1122-5; 204/1. + [[204 for 172]] + + Grooms of the Chamber, their duties, p. 191-2. + + Groos, 29/461, large. + + Grossetest, Bp., his Household Statutes, p. 207-10. + + Grouellynge, _adv._ 129/8, 12, face downwards. + + Growelle of force, 34/519; p. 97. + + Gruell of befe or motton, 159/27. + + Grumbling of servants to be put down, p. 208. + + Gudgeons, 55/819; p. 118. + + Guns blasting, (breaking wind,) to be avoided, 20/304. + The parallel passage in Sloane MS. 2027 (fol. 42, last line), is. + "And all_e_ wey be ware thyn ars be natte carpyng." + + Gurdylstode, 191/442, girdlestead, waist. + + Gurnard, 40/574; 51/725; 58/849; + baked, 198/9. + + [Gh]yme, 186/304, attend to, wish, like. + + Gymlet, 5/67, 71. + + Gynger, 3 kinds of, 10/131-2; p. 91. + + + Haberdine, 'Mouschebout: m. The spotted Cod whereof Haberdine is + made.' Cot. + + Hable, 254/111, fitting, due. + + Had, 274/149, ? held in the memory. + + Hadde-y-wyste, 264/72; vain after-regret, 'had I but known how it + would have turned out.' + + Haddock, 58/845, 200/11. + + Haddock, how to carve, 39/576. + + Haft of a knife, 200/675. + + Hair, don't scratch, for lice, 18/280; + to be combed, 173/125. [[173 for 213]] + + Hake, 58/845; p. 107; 166/31. + + Hakenay buttur, 39/559. + + Halata, p. 118. + + Hale, 253/101, A.S. _hál_, healthy. + + Half-penny; farrier paid one a day, 197/616; + hunter one for every hound, 198/629. + + Halke, 2/24; A.S. _hylca_, hooks, turnings. Somner. + + Hall, who should not keep it (? meaning), 72/1048; + who seated in, 217/19-22. + + Hall, head of the house to eat in, p. 209, No. xv. [[209 for 215]] + + Halybut, a fish, 41/584; 39/735; 166/12; 167/11. + + Hammering in speech is bad, 212/109. + + Hand to be cleaned when you blow your nose in it, 199/90; + put it on your stomach to warm the latter, p. 129. + + Handkerchief for the nose, 210/49; + 'Jan. 1537-8, my ladys grace lanes handekerch_ers_ silk_ys_.' + P. P. Exp. of Princess Mary, p. 54. + + Handle nothing while you are spoken to, 253/83. + + Hands and feet, keep 'em quiet, 216/317. [[216 for 186]] + + Hands, to be washed, 277, 278/22; + before meals, 187/343, 201/713-21; + to be wiped before taking hold of the cup, 255/156. + + Hands to be clean at meals, 263/41, 51; 265/9; 266/13. + + Hang in hand, 183/199; be delayed. + + Hanging down your head is wrong, 213/130. + + Hard cheese, the virtues of, 150/29. _See_ Cheese. [[150 for 152]] + + Hare, 34/517; chive sauce to, _see_ Ceuye. + + Harington, Sir John; the Dyet for every day, p. 138-9; + on Rising and going to Bed, p. 140-1. + + Harm of others, don't talk, at table, 180/102. + + Harpooning whales, p. 116. + + Harts-skin garments to be worn in summer, p. 139. + + Harvest, the device of, 52/754. + + Hastily, don't eat, 265/19. + + Hasty, don't be, 279, 280/78. + + Hat, 62/909. + + Haylys, 184/253, salute. + O.N. _heilsa_, Dan. _hilsa_, to salute, to cry hail to. Wedgwood. + + Head and hands, keep quiet, 253/80. + + Head, don't hang it, 255/148; + don't cast it down, 276/16; + don't bend it too low, 193/330. + + Heads of field- and wood-birds unwholesome; they eat toads, p. 197-8. + [[197-8 for 165-6]] + + Headsheet, 63/925; 65/950; 66/965. + + Hede, 271/91, host, master or lord of a house at a meal. + + Hedge-hogs' countenauces, 210/43. + + Heelfull_e_, 250/10, health-ful, help-ful. + + Heere, 35/524; + Sloane MS. 1315 reads _hele_, health. + + Heironsew (the heron), 49/696; p. 103. _See_ Heron. + + Hele, 199/655, cover. + + Helle, 254/131, ? not 'clear, A.S. _helle_,' but from _hyldan_, to + incline, bend, and so pour. + + Help all, be ready to, 183/193. + + Help others from your own dish, p. 217, No. xiv. + + Hemp, the names of, p. 124; + its advantages, p. 125-6. + + Hen, fat, how to carve, 26/409; 34/517. + + Henchman, p. ii.; Mayster of the henshmen--_escvier de pages + dhonnevr._ Palsgrave. + + Hende, 254/122, hands. + + Henderson's Hist. of Ancient and Modern Wines, p. 87, &c. + + Her, 185/294, higher. + + Herald of Arms, 71/1035; + king or chief herald, l. 1036. + + Herber, 190/427, lodge, accommodate. + + Herbe benet, 68/993. + + Herbe John, 68/992. + + Herbs in sheets to be hung round the bath-room, 67/977. + + Herne, 2/24, corner. + + Heron, to dysmembre or carve, p. 162. _See_ Heyron-sewe. + + Heronsew, 157/5; + to be cooked dry, 165/20. + + 'I wol nat tellen of her straunge sewes, + Ne of her swannes, ne here _heron-sewes_.' + + Chaucer, March. Tale, l. 60, v. 2, p. 357, ed. Morris. + + Herring, L. Andrewe on the, p. 114. + + Herrings, baked, 50/722; + fresh, 58/844; + fresh, broiled, 52/748; + salt, 57/832. + + Herrings, how to carve and serve, 38/550-3. + + Herrings, white, or fresh, how to serve up, 45/641-5, 166/28. + + Hethyng, 185/266, contempt. + + Heyhove, 68/993, a herb. + + Heyriff, 68/993, a herb. + + Heyron-sewe, 36/539; p. 97, the heron: how to carve it, 27/422. + + Hiccup not, 19/298. + + High name, the, 181/152, God? + + Highest place, don't take unless bidden, 187/347. + + Hit, _for_ his, 29/456. + + Hith{e}, 53/783, it. + + Hold your hand before your mouth when you spit; 272/115-18. + + Hole of the privy to be covered, 64/933. + + Holy water, take it at the church-door, 182/160. + + Holyhock, 67/991. + + Holyn, 189/399. ? + + Hom, 185/273, them. + + Homes, servants to visit their own, p. 207, No. xi. [[207 for 217]] + + Honest, 269/74, fitting, proper. + + Honeste, 65/954, propriety, decency. + + Honey, not clarified, used for dressing dischmetes, 34/514. + + Hood, a man's, 62/909. + + Hood, take it off, 217/16. [[217 for 177]] + + Hoopid, 12/167, made round like a hoop. + + Hor, 187/272, their. + + Hornebeaks, p. 97, note on l. 533. + + Horse-hire, 4d. a day, 188/375. + + Horsyng, 195/564, being horsed, horses. + + Hose, p. 108; + to be rubbed, 226/91. + Du. _koussen_, Stockins or Hosen; _opper-koussen_, Hose or Breeches; + _onder koussen_, Nether-stockins; _boven koussen_, Upper-hosen, + or Briches. Hexham. + + Hosen, 130/10; 168/31. + + Hosyn, 60/873; 62/895-8; 65/961; p. 108, breeches. + + _Hostiarius_, 190/430-1, usher. + + Hot dishes, a dodge to prevent them burning your hands, 202/757-60. + + Hot wines, p. 83, in extract from A. Borde. + [[Citation could not be identified.]] + + Houndfisch, 41/584; p. 99; 56/827; 58/844; 167/11, dogfish. + + 'He lullith her, he kissith hir ful ofte; + With thikke bristlis on his berd unsofte, + Lik to the skyn of _houndfisch_, scharp as brere, + (For he was schave al newe in his manere,) + He rubbith hir about hir tendre face.' + Chaucer, Marchaundes Tale, v. 2, p. 223, ed. Morris. + + Houndes-fysshe, mortrus of, 168/2. + + Household bread, 4/55; + to be 3 days old, 152/6. + + Housholde, Babees that dwelle in, 251/45; + Forewords, pp. ii., x., xi., &c. + + Howndes Dayes, p. 118, Cap. xv., dog-days. + + Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 82/1230; App. to Russell Pref. + + Hunte, 198/629, huntsman; pl., + + Huntes, 198/628, huntsmen. + + Hure, 24/376, hood, cap. + + Hurtilberyes, 7/82; p. 85, n. to l. 81, 152/24. + + Husbands, the duty of, 237/8. + + Hyacinth, 141/11, jacinth, a precious stone. + + Hy[gh]t, 183/201, promised, vowed. + + + Jack and Jill, don't chatter with, 271/90. + + Iangelynge, 253/94, chattering, (don't be), p. 258, p. 261, line I. + + Iangle (chatter), don't, 252/68; 229/266. + + Iangylle, 271/90, chatter; + 'iangelyn, or iaveryn, iaberyn, _garrulo blatero_.' P. Parv. + + _Janitor_, 188/360-1, the porter. + + Iapynge, 253/95, joking. + + Iardyne, almond, 52/744. + + Idle, don't be, 268/32. + + Jealousy, hate it, p. 258, p. 260, line G. + + Jelies, 34/511; + iely, 49/693. + + Jelly, 34/511; 35/520; 51/731; 56/825; p. 97. + + Iestis, 59/858, proceedings, dinners. + + Iettis, p. 261, l. N, fashions. + + Iettynge, p. 261, l. I, showing-off, + + 'I _iette_ w^t facyon and countenaunce to set forthe myselfe, + _ie braggue_.' Palsgrave, in Way. + + Iettynge, 20/300, note 3. + Fr. _Poste_ a rakehell, or Colledge-seruant, thats euer gadding or + _ietting_ abroad. Cot. + + Ignorance, the evils of, 228/230. + + Imbrowe, 255/157, dirty, soil. + + Improberabille, 54/795, very proper? + + Impytous, p. 132, impetuous (last line). + + Infect, 83/1249. + Fr. _infecter_, to infect; poison; depraue, corrupt. Cot. + + Ingredyentes, 11/144, materials. + + Inhumanitie, 225/155, discourtesy. + + Interrupt no one, 282/69. [[282 for 279]] + + Intrippe, 283/69, interrupt. [[283 for 280]] + + John the Baptist's day to Michaelmas, feasts from, p. 164. + + John, Duke, a yeoman in his house got a reward, 199/647. + + Iolle of þe salt sturgeoun, 44/622; p. 99; 167/23. + + Ioncate, 7/82; p. 85; 152/28, junket, orig. cream-cheese made in + wicker-baskets, from L. _juncus_, a rush. Mahn. '_Junkets_, Cakes + and Sweetmeats with which Gentlewomen entertain one another, and + Young-men their Sweethearts; any sort of delicious Fare to feast + and make merry with.' Philipps. + + Iowtes, p. 160, last line; p. 171. [[171 for 173]] + + Irweue, 85/3. + ? Fr. _Mulette_ ... the maw of a Calfe, which being dressed is + called the Renet-bag, _Ireness_-bag, or Cheslop-bag. Cot. + + Judges, the duty of, 24½. + + Iusselle, 35/520; 54/805; 159/28; + recipe for, p. 145. + + Justices, the under, rank of, 70/1018; 72/1061. + + Ivory comb, 62/902. + + + Karle, 267/48, churl, poor man. + + Karpyng, 263/62, talking. Carpynge, _Loquacitas, collocutio._ Prompt. + + Kater, 196/580, cater, provide. + + Kepe, 202/760, take care. + + Kepyng (stingy), don't be, p. 258, p. 261, line K. + + Kercheff, 61/885. + + Kerpe, 272/120, ? is it complain, or only talk, chatter; + 'carpyn or talkyn, _fabulor_, _confabulor_, _garrulo_,' Pr. Parv. + 'to carpe, (Lydgate) this is a farre northen verbe, _cacqueter_.' + Palsgrave, _ib._ note. Or is it break wind? _See_ Guns. The Sloane + MS. 2027, fol. 42, has for l. 304 of Russell, p. 20, 'And alle wey + be ware thyn ars be natte _carpyng_.' + + Keruynge of flesshe, p. 157; + of fysshe, p. 166. + + Kerver, termes of a, p. 149. [[149 for 151]] + + Keuer, 17/265-6, cover, put covers or dishes for. + + Kickshaw, 96/14, a tart. + + Kid, 49/694; 54/807; + with ginger sauce, 46/537; + how to carve, 28/441. + + Kidney of fawn, &c. to be served, 159/9. + + Kind, be always, 183/195. + + Kind, don't be too, p. 258, p. 261, line K. + + King ranks with an emperor, 70/1007; 72/1045. + + King's Messengers, 171/31. + + King's officers, 17½5. + + King's servants to be received as one degree higher than they are, + 75/1117-27. + + Knaves' tricks, beware of, p. 258, p. 261, line K. + + Knee, don't put yours under other men's thighs, 180/119. + + Kneel on one knee to men, on both to God, 182/163-6. + + Kneel, the Ewerer to do so, on giving water to any one, 199/653. + + Kneel to your lord on one knee, 252/62. + + Knife, don't play with your, 279, 280/54; + don't put it in your mouth, 256/162; 180/113; + take salt with it, 272/97. (When were saltspoons introduced?) + + Knife, don't pick your teeth with, 180/94. + + Knives to be clean, 279, 280/58; + to be sharp, 263/42; + to be clean and sharp, 255/137; 272/119; + to be wiped on a napkin, not on the tablecloth, 22/332. + + Knives to be put up after meals, 257/191. + + Knives, for bread, 4/50-2; + for the table, _ib._, l. 63. + + Knives, the Butler's three, p. 152; + the lord's, 200/675. + + Knight, the rank of a, 70/1016; 72/1058. + + Knop, 192/453, knob, bunch? + + Kommende, 253/104, + this may possibly be like 254/120, commend (_q.v._) a cup to you to + drink; + but 270/71, 'sey welle', looks as if praise were meant. + + Kymbe, 61/886, comb. + + Kyn, 217/13, birth. [[217 for 177]] + + Kynraden, 185/279; A.S. _cynnryne_, a family course, parentage. + + + Labour not after meals, p. 136. + + Lace- or buckle-shoes, 62/896. + + Ladies, how to behave to, 264/73. + + Ladies soon get angry, 165/8. + + Lady of low degree has her lord's estate or rank, 171/19. + + Lakke, 269/76, blame; Du. _laecken_, to vituperate, blame, or + reproach. Hexham. + + Lamb, 54/807; p. 106; + how to carve, 28/441. + + Lamb and ginger sauce, 36/537. + + Lambur, 193/480. + ? has it anything to do with Fr. _lambrequin_, the point of a + labell, or Labell of a file in Blazon; + _Lambel_, a Labell of three points, or a File with three Labells + pendant (Cot.). Ladies wore and wear ornaments somewhat of this + kind. + + Lambskins, p. 131. + + Lamprey, 50/724; 58/840; p. 119. + See Henry V.'s commission to _Guillielmus de Nantes de Britanniâ_ to + supply him and his army with Lampreys up to Easter, 1418. From the + Camp at Falaise, Feb. 6. _Rymer_, ix. 544. + + Lamprey, names of a, p. 99, bottom. + + Lamprey pasty, 167/25. + + Lampreys, fresh, pie of, how to serve, 44/630-45; p. 99. + + Lamprey, salt, how to carve, 39/566; 167/2. + + Lampron, names of a, p. 100. + + Lampurnes, 50/719; 55/820; 58/848; + bake, 51/725; + rost, 51/737; 41/588, lamperns. + + Landlords, their duty, 242/13. + + Lands of a lord, his Chancellor oversees, 196/571. + + Lapewynk, 37/542; p. 98, lapwing. + + Lappes, 191/452, wraps. + + Lapwing, how to carve, 27/417; p. 158, last line. + + Lark (the bird), 28/437, 37/542, 49/698, p. 103. + + Laske, 7/91, loose (in the bowels). + + Last, 15/227, uppermost. + + Laugh, don't, with your mouth full, 179/67; 272/109. + + Laugh loudly, don't, 264/75. + + Laugh not, 269/57; + not too often, 183/215. + + Laughing always is bad, 212/85. + + Lauour, 16/232, washing-basin?. + _Lavacrum_, a lavour, Reliq. Ant. i. 7. _Esguiere_: f. An Ewer, + a Lauer. Cotgrave (see Halliwell). + + Law, how kept, 268/53. + + Law, men of, their duty, 242/11. + + Law, 187/330, low. + + Lawes, 183/217, laughs. + + Lawnde, 2/16, and note. + + Lay the Cloth, how to, 13/187; 154/23. + + Leaking of wine pipes, 8/110; 153/10. + + Lean not on the table, 255/146. + + Learning, its roots bitter, its fruits pleasant, 228/202. + + Leche, a, 51/725, 737; 54/810. + + Leche dugard, 50/708. + + Leche fryture, 52/749. + see _Leschefrites_, _leschefrayes_, in the index to + the _Ménagier de Paris_. [["see" reference added by editor]] + + Leche Lombard, 48/689; 157/2. See 'Lumber' in _Nares_. The recipe in + _Forme of Cury_, p. 36, is + + Take rawe Pork, and pulle of the skyn, and pyke out þe skyn [&] + synew{is}, and bray the Pork in a mort{er} w{i}t{h} ayreñ rawe; + do þ{er}to sug{ur}, salt, raysoñs, corañce, dat{is} mynced, and + powdo{ur} of Pep{er}, powdo{ur} gylofre, a{nd} do it i{n} a bladder, + and lat it seeþ til it be ynowh[gh]. and whan it is ynowh, kerf it, + leshe it in likenesse of a peskodde, and take grete raysoñs and + grynde hem in a mort{er}, drawe hem up wiþ rede wyne, do þ{er}to + mylke of almãnd{is}, colo{ur} it with sañders a{nd} safroñ and do + þ{er}to powdo{ur} of pep{er} a{nd} of gilofre, and boile it. and + whan it is iboiled, take powdo{ur} of canel and gyng{er}, and + te{m}p{er} it up with wyne. and do alle þise thyng{is} togyd{er}. + and loke þat it be r[-e]nyns, and lat it not seeþ aft{er} that it is + cast togyder, {and} s{er}ue it forth. + + Leche, whyte, 157/7. + + Leeches, 34/516, strips of meat, &c., dressed in sauce or jelly. + + Lees, 26/407; 30/466, strips; 43/610, slices. + + Leessez, 33/504; 34/546, strips of meat in sauce. + + Lede, 179/78, leaved, left. + + Left hand only to touch food, 22/329. + + Legate, 70/1013; + the pope's, l. 1023. + + Legh, 191/441, ?_law_, hill, elevation, A.S. _hlæw_; + or _lea_ land, ground. + + Legs not to be set astraddle, 20/299. + + Legs of great birds, the best bits, 26/403, 410; 27/426; 30/471. + + Lele, 196/593; loyally?, justly. + + Lemman, 44/635, dear young friend; A.S. _leof_, dear. + + Lengthe, 31/488, lengthen. + + Lered, 65/956, taught, told. + + Lerynge, 56/831, teaching. + + Lesche, _v. tr._, p. 151, slice. + + Lessynge, 153/17, remedy, cure. + + Lesynge, 9/116, curing, restoring to good condition. + + Lete, 8/110; p. 86, leak. + + Letters, the use of, 228/186. + + Leues, 202/741, remains. + + Leuys, 203/787, remains. + + Lewd livers to dread, 239/933. + + -lewe, _see_ drunkelewe. + + Liar, don't be one, 19/292; 183/213. + + Liberal, don't be too, 260/11, p. 263, line L. + [[260 for 258, 263 for 261]] + + Lice, 18/280; p. 93. + + Lick not the dish, 19/295. + + Licoure, 25/382, sauce, dressing. + + Lie not, 270/75. + + Lie far from your bedfellow, 186/297. + + Lies, 9/116, deposit, settlement. + + Light payne, 22/339, fine bread for eating. + + Lights to be put above the Hall chimney or fire-place, p. 192/467-8. + + Line of the blood royal, 171/24. + + Linen, body-, to be clean, 60/876. + + Linen, used to wipe the nether end, 64/935. + + Ling (the fish), 38/555; p. 98; p. 58, note 8; 59/852; 168/6. + + Lining of a jacket, the best, p. 131. + + Lips; don't put 'em out as if you'd kiss a horse, 211/73. + + Lips, keep 'em clean, 277, 278/34. + + Lis, 3/31, relieve. 'ac _a-lys_ us of yfele,' but deliver us from + evil, Lord's Prayer. Rel. Ant.i. 204. + + Listen to him who speaks to you, 187/331. + + Lite, 56/830, little. + + Litere, 191/435, litter, straw or rushes for beds. + + Livery of candles, Nov. 1 to Feb. 2, 205/839. Fr. _La Livrée des + Chanoines._ their liverie, or corrodie; their stipend, exhibition, + dailie allowance in victuals or money. Cot. + + Loaf, small, to be cut in two, 202/735. + + Loaves, _two_ to be brought when bread is wanted, 203/781-4. + + Lobster. 'Finallie of the legged kinde we have not manie, neither + haue I seene anie more of this sort than the _Polypus_ called in + English the lobstar, crafish or creuis, and the crab, [q.v.]. + _Carolus Stephanus_ in his _maison rustique_, doubted whether + these lobstars be fish or not; and in the end concludeth them to + grow of the purgation of the water as dooth the frog, and these + also not to be eaten, for that they be strong and verie hard of + digestion.' _Harrison_, v. i. p. 224-5. + + Lokere, 268/60, ? not look, oversee, superintend, and so oppress; + but from Dutch _Loker_, an allurer, or an inticer, _locken_, to + allure or entise, Hexham; _lokken_, to allure, bait. Sewel. + + Lombard, leche, 48/689; 157/2. + _See_ Leche Lombard. 'Frutour _lumbert_ ... Lesshe _lumbert_.' + Oxford dinner, 1452. Reliq. Ant.i. 88. + + Look steadily at whoever talks to you, 252/65. + + London bushel, 20 loaves out of a, 198/625. + + London, Mayor of, 76/1137. + + Londoner, an ex-Mayor, 71/1025; 73/1067. + + Long hair is unseemely, 213/126. + + Long pepper, 153/33. + + Longe wortes, 34/518, ? carrots, parsnips, &c. + + Lord, a, how dressed, p. 61-2; p. 168; + how undressed and put to bed, p. 65-6; p. 169; + his pew and privy, p. 63; + washing before dinner, 254/129; + after, 257/199. _See_ Hands, &c. + + Lord, how to behave before one, 262/3; + how to serve one at table, p. 275-6. + + Lord, let yours drink first, 269/69. + + Lord or lady when talking, not to be interrupted, 254/106. + + Lordes nurrieris, 71/1039; p. 110. + + Lords' beds, 191/443. + + Lorely, 181/135, loosely about? A.S. _leóran_, _leósan_, to go forth, + away, or forward, leese, lose. + + Lothe (be loth to lend), p. 258, p. 261, line L. + + Lothe, 178/48, be disgusted. + + Loud talking and laughing to be avoided, 19/290-1. + + Loued, 197/600, allowed, given credit for. + + Love God and your neighbour, 268/51. + + Love, the fruits of, 237/815. + + Lowly, be, 229/278. + + Lowne, 209/12, lout. + + Lowt, 41/579, lie. + + Lowte, 262/8, do obeisance, bow. + + 'I lowte, I gyue reuerence to one, _Ie me cambre, Ie luy fais la + reuerence._' Palsgrave, in Way. + + A.S. _hlútan_, to bow. + + Lumpischli, 276/16, 'to be lumpish, _botachtigh zijn: botachtigh_, + Rudish, Blockish, or that hath no understanding.' Hexham. + + Lyer, 146/11, ? the cook's _stock_ for soup; glossed 'a mixture' by + Mr Morris in _Liber Cure Cocorum_. And make a _lyoure_ of brede + and blode, and _lye_ hit þerwithe ... _ib._ p. 32, in 'Gose in + a Hogge pot.' ?Lat. _liquor_, or Fr. _lier_ to soulder, vnite, + combine. Cot. + + Lyft, p. 151, carve. + + Lying, against, p. 239, cap. xiii. + + Lykorous, 19/292, lip-licking? + + Lynse wolse, 132/5, linsey-woolsey. + + Lynd, 270/61, Du. _lindt_, soft, milde, or gentle. Hex. + + Lyour, 191/446, a band. + + Lytulle of worde, 178/34, sparing in speech. + + Lyvelode, 74/1087-8, property. + + Lyueray, 188/371, pl. lyuerés, 189/395, allowances of food, &c. + See _Livery_. + + Lyuerey, p. 216, No. vii. servant's dress. + Fr. _livrée_ ... One's cloth, colours, or deuice in colours, worn by + his seruants or others. Cotgrave. + + + Mackerel, 39/559; p. 40; p. 98; [[41 for 40]] + salt, 57/834; + how to carve, 40/575-6. + + Mackeroone, 96/14, a tart. + + Magistrates, their duty, 242/18. + + Make, 274/143, stroke? + + _Malencolicus_, p. 54; p. 104. + + Malice, 237/783, 817. + + Mallard, 164/28; + how to carve it, 26/402; 158/25. + + Mallard, &c., how they get rid of their stink, 165/32-3. + + Maluesy, 153/20; + Malvesyn, 9/120; p. 86; p. 90, No. 12; p. 93, No. 6; + the sweet wine Malmsey. + + Malyke or Malaga, figs of, 166/18. + + Mameny, 49/705; 52/744; + recipe at p. 145. + + Manchet, 198/627, fine bread. + + Manerable, 75/1113, well-trained. + + Manerly, 13/195; 63/923, neatly. + + Maners, 197/601, dwelling-houses, mansions, Fr. _manoir_, a Mansion, + Mannor, or Mannor-house. Cot. + + Manger, a horse's, 197/610. + + Mangle your food, don't, 256/176-9. + 'I mangle a thing, I disfygure it with cuttyng of it in peces or + without order. _Je mangonne_ ... and _je mutille_. You have + mangylled this meate horrybly, it is nat to sette afore no + honest men (_nul homme de bien_) nowe.' Palsgrave. + + Manners maketh man, 263/34; + are more requisite than playing, 233/513. + + Man's arms, the use of, 268/38. + + Mansuetely, 61/887. + Fr. _mansuet_, gentle, courteous, meeke, mild, humble. Cot. + + Mantle, 65/957, cloak or dressing-gown. + + Mantle of a whelk, 44/625. + + Many words are tedious, 252/75. + + Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John, bless yourself by, 181/151. + + Marquess and Earl are equal, 70/1012; 72/1049. + + Marshal of the Hall, p. 69-78, p. 170-2; + his duties, p. 188-90; + arrests rebels, 189/381; + seats men by their ranks, 189/403; + has a short wand, 187/356; + attends to all bed-chambers except the lord's, 190/427-30. + + Marshal or usher comes up to a guest, 178/30. + + Marshallynge, 78/1165, arranging of guests. + + Martyn, skin or fur of, for garments, p. 139. + + Martynet, 157/9; 159/7, the martin (bird). + + Mary, the Virgin, 48/691. + + Mase, 183/216, makes. + + Mass, hear one daily, 266/17. + + Mass heard by the nobles every morning, but not by business men, + p. 130. + + Master, don't go before your, 185/281; + don't waste his goods, 4/47; 219/9. + + Master, don't strive with your, 183/226. + _Iamais ne gaigne qui plaide à son seigneur; ou, qui procede à son + Maistre._ Pro. No man euer throue by suing his Lord or Maister; + (for either God blesses not so vndutifull a strife, or successe + followes not in so vnequal a match.) Cot. + + Master of a craft sits above the warden, &c., 78/1159. + + Master of the Rolls, rank of, 70/1017; 72/1060. + + Masters, duties of, p. 241/6. + + Mastic, to be chewed before you rest, p. 139. + + Maistirs of the Chauncery, rank of, 71/1027; 73/1068. + + Mawes, 178/55, mocks; 187/341. + + Mawmeny, recipe for, p. 145. + + Maydelyn_e_ gynger, 10/132. + + Mayor of Calais, 70/1020; 72/1064. + + Mayor of London, 70/1014; 72/1051. + + Mays, 194/533, makes. + + Mead, p. 107. + + Meals, 3 a day to be eaten, p. 135; + only 2 a day, p. 141. + + Measure is treasure, 232/477. + + Mede, 181/135, reward; _for no kyn mede_, on no account whatever. + + Medelus (meddlesome), don't be too, p. 258, p. 261, line M. + + Medicinable bath, how to make, p. 67-9. + + Meek, don't be too, like a fool, 182/179. + + Meene, 261/15, mean, middle course. + _See_ Moderation. + + Melle, 268/56, mix, meddle. + + Men must work, 268/31. + + Mené, smaller, 197/604, lower officers of the household. + + Menewes in sewe of porpas, 166/6; + in porpas, 167/35. + + Menske, 178/32, civility; 184/234, favour. + From A.S. _mennisc_, human: _cf._ our double sense of 'humanity.' + H. Coleridge. Cp. also 'kind' and 'gentle.' + + Menskely, 185/291, moderately. + + Menuce, 55/819; + menuse, 52/747, minnows. + + Meny, 270/88, household. + + Merchants, duty of, 242/14; + rank of, 71/1037; 73/1071. + + Merlynge, 39/558, the fish whiting; 57/834; 166/31. + + Mermaid, p. 117. + + Merry, be, before bed-time, p. 128. + + Merry, don't be too, p. 258, p. 261, line M. + + Mertenet, 37/542; p. 98, the martin; Mertenettes, 49/706. + + Mertinet, 28/437; p. 95, martin. + + Mess, each, at dinner, to be booked at 6d., 190/413. + + Mess, who may sit 2 or 3 at a, 72/1055; + who 3 or 4, l. 1057; + who 4 and 4, l. 1066. + + Message, when sent on, how to behave, p. 236, cap. viii. + + Mesurabli, p. 261, l. ¶, moderate. + Mesurably, _Mensurate_ (_moderate_). Prompt. + + Mesure, 8/107, moderation. + + Metely, 61/890, meet, fitting. + + Metes, 58/845, fish. + + Methe, 58/817, mead. + + Metheglin, p. 107. + + Metis, 8/95, vegetables; _ib._ l. 101, food. + + Michaelmas to Christmas, feasts from, p. 164. + + Milk, 8/93. + '_Vin sur laict, c'est souhait; laict sur vin, c'est venin._' + Prov. Milke before wine, I would twere mine; milke taken after, + is poisons daughter. Cot. u. _Souhait._ + + Minnows, p. 104; 166/6. + + _Misereatur_, to be learnt, 181/154. + + Misty, _adj._, 62/911. + + Mocker, don't be a, 268/59. + + Moderation, 8/107; 153/5; 232/477. + _See_ Meene. + Cp. p. 104 of the _Old English Homilies_, ed. Morris, 1868. + 'Brutes eat as soon as they get it, but the wise man shall have + times set apart for his meals, and then in reason keep to his + regimen.' + + Mood, temper, passion. + + Morning prayer, p. 225. + + Morter, 66/968, bed-candle; 160/32; 193/503, a kind of candle used as + a night-light. [[160 for 169]] + Morter, _a Mortarium_, a light or taper set in churches, to burn + possibly over the graves or shrines of the dead. _Cowel._ Qu. if + not a cake of wax used for that purpose. Note in Brit. Mus. copy + of Hawkins's Hist. of Music, ii. 294. + + Mortrowes, 35/520; 54/805; 56/827. + + Mortrus, 164/31. + + Motes, 16/236; 18/272, bits of dust, &c. + + Moths in clothes, p. 115, last line. + + Mought, flesche-, 18/280, flesh-moth, louse. 'Mow[gh]te, clothe wyrme + (mouhe, mow, mowghe), _Tinea_; Mought that eateth clothes, + _uers de drap_.' Palsgrave; A.S. _moððe_. Prompt. + + Moughtes, 64/945; p. 108, moths. + + Mouth, don't eat on both sides of, 179/65. + + Mouth, drink not with a full, 255/149; + nor speak, 255/152. + + Mouth, wipe it before drinking, 255/155. + + Mowes (faces), don't make, 277, 278/29. + Fr. 'Monnoye de Singe. _Moes_, mumps, mouthes; also, friskes, leaps, + gambolls.... Mopping, mumping, _mowing_; also friskes, gambolls, + tumbling tricks.' Cotgrave. + + Mowynge, 278/29; 19/291; making faces in derision, grimacing; 'mowe + or skorne,' _vangia vel valgia_. Pr. Parv. + + Mullet, 58/841, 850; 166/13. + + Mulus, a sea-fish, p. 119. + + Muscadelle, 9/118; p. 89, No. 6; 153/21, a sweet wine. + + _Musclade_ is Span. _mezclada_, mixture. Ital. _mescolanza_ is used, + in Genoa at least, for a fry of small fish. --H. H. Gibbs. + Minsheu has _mézela_, _méscla_ or _mezcladura_, a medlie, + mingling. [[entry added by editor]] + + Musclade of almonds, 55/821; + in wortes, 55/821; 167/34; + of minnows, 50/719. + + Muscles (fish), 55/819; p. 107; p. 116. + + Musculade, 166/6; 167/34. + + Musculus, the cocke of balena, p. 119. + + Mustard, 48/686; p. 100; 54/796; 58/843; 159/33. + + Mustard and sugar, the sauce for pheasants, &c., 36/538. + + Mustard for brawn, &c., 36/533; + with fish, 59/853; + with salt fish, 38/557; 57/832. + + Mustela, the see-wesyll, p. 119. + + Mutton, 48/688; p. 105. + 'The moton boyled is of nature and complexion sanguyne, the whiche, + to my jugement, is holsome for your grace.' _Du Guez_, p. 1071. + + Mutton, salt, to be eaten with mustard, 36/533; + stewed, 54/798. + + Mutton, loin of, how to carve, 25/393. + + Mylet, 51/735, mullet. + + Myllewelle, the fish, 38/555; 50/723. + + Myñ, 199/666, less. + + Mynce, p. 151, carve. + + Mynse, 26/400, mince. + + Mysloset, 183/208, ? mispraised or misgoing, misleading. + + Mystere, 199/639, craft, service. + + + Nails to be clean, 265/10; 277-8/22; 18/270; + not to be picked at meals, 255/150; + to be kept from blackness, 277-8/49. + + Nape in the neck, the cony's to be cut out, 29/455. + + Nape, 199/659, tablecloth. + + Naperé, 199/642, napry, table-cloths and linen; /656, table-cloth. + + Napery, 4/61. + + Nature, all soups not made by, are bad, 35/523. + + Neckweed, p. 124, a hempen halter. + + Neck-towel, 13/194; p. 92; [[82 for 92]] + to wipe knives on, 201/727. + + Neghe, 178/25, eye. + + Neeze, 211/61, sneeze. + + Nereids, p. 119; p. 115. + + Nesch{e}, 45/644, tender; 67/985, soft. + + Newfangled, don't be, 258/13. + + Nice, 33/508, foolish. + + Nice, don't be too, p. 258, p. 261, line N. + + Night-cap to be of scarlet stuff, p. 129; + must have a hole in the top, to let the vapour out, p. 137. + + Night-gown, 193/483. + + No fixed time for meals, p. 141. + + _Noble Lyfe and Natures of Man, &c._, by Laurens Andrewe, + p. 113, &c. &c. + + Nombles, 35/521; + see Promptorium, p. 360, note 1. + + Nombles of a dere, 159/29, entrails, from _umbilicus_. + + Noon, dinner at, 254/128. + + Norture, give your heart to it, 275, 276/5. + + Nose, don't blow it on your dinner napkin, 263/53; + when you blow it on your fingers, wipe 'em, 179/90. + + Nose, don't pick it, 275, 276/12; + at meals, 255/150; + at table, 267/38. + + Nose _not_ to be wiped, 274/141; + not to be wiped on your cap, &c., 210/47-52. + + Nose-napkin, 226/94. + + Nottys, 6/78; p. 85, nuts. + + Nowelte, 53/784, novelty. + + Nown{e}, 179/87, own. + + Nurrieris, 71/1039; p. 110. + + Nurture, 45/651, correct way. + + Nurture makes a man, 263/34, 30; + needful for every one, 177/4. + + Nurtured, pray to be, 254/117. + + Nuts, 152/19, 20. + + Nyen, 180/116, eyes. + + + Oaths, hate 'em, p. 258, p. 261, line O. + + Oats, green, in a bath, 69/995. + + Ob. 198/620, halfpence. + + Obedient, servants to be, p. 207, No. vi. [[207 for 216]] + + Office, 202/738, mark of office? + + Officers in Lords' courts, 187/327. + + Officers, their duty, 242/19. + + Officers of shires, cities, and boroughs, their ranks to be + understood, 76/1130-2. + + Onions with salt lamprey, 40/569; p. 198. + + Onone, 196/591, anon, at once. + + Open-clawed birds to be cooked like a capon, 164/23. + + Opon, 196/580, up in?, about, over. + + Opponents, answer them meekly, 186/311. + + Orchun, a sea-monster, p. 120. + + Order in speech, keep, 235/696. + + Orders of chastity and poverty, monks, rank of, 71/1030. + + Orped, 258/14; p. 261, l. O, daring; orpud _audax_, bellipotens. + Pr. Parv. + + Oryent (jelly), 52/746, bright. + + Osey, 153/19; p. 206, a sweet wine. + + Osprey, how to carve, 26/402; p. 95. + + Osulle, 28/438, the blackbird. + + Ouemast, 200/671, uppermost. + + Ouerþwart (don't be), p. 258, p. 261, l. O; + Fr. _Pervers_, peruerse, crosse, aukeward, _ouerthwart_, skittish, + froward, vntoward. Cot. + + Oyster, p. 120. + + Oysters in ceuy (chive sauce), 55/822, and grauey; 167/34. + + Ox; he is a companionable beast, p. 105. + + Oxen, three in a plough never draw well, 185/287. + + Ozey, 9/119; p. 90, No. 10, a sweet wine. + + + Page, the King's, 75/1123. + + Pagrus, a fish, p. 120. + + Pale, 101/16, grow pale? [[101 for 153]] + + Palettis, 197/435, pallets, beds of straw or rushes. + + Palled, 13/183, stale, dead. + + Panter, 200/667. + + Pantere, 3/40; + pantrer, 190/405, 425; + originally the keeper and cutter-up of bread, see his duties, p. 4; + '_Panetier_, a Pantler.' Cot. His duties, to lay the bread, + knives, &c., 200/667. + + Panter and butler, p. 208, No. xii. [[208 for 217]] + + Pantry, 193/499. + + Paraunce, heiers of, 193/497, heirs apparent. + + Parelle, 23/343, 'the thoþer parte' in Sloane MS. 1315. + + Parents, salute them, 226/71; 229/294; + wait on 'em at table, 230/337. + 'What man he is your father, you ought to make courtesye to hym all + though you shulde mete hym twenty tymes a daye.' Palsgrave, ed. + 1852, p. 622, col. 1. + + Paris, candles of, 205/836. + + Parish priests, rank of, 71/1032. + + Parker, 196/589; 197/599, park-keeper. + + Parsley roots, 56/826. + + Parsons, the duty of, 242/10; + rank of, 71/1031; 73/1069. + + Partridge, 49/697; p. 103; + how to carve, 25/397; 26/417; + or wynge, p. 161. + + Partridge, with mustard and sugar, 36/538. + + Passage, 33/507, ? passage through the bowels, or passing out of the + world. + + Past, 203/773, pasty. + + Pastey of venison, &c., 31/490. + + Pasty, lamprey, 44/631; p. 100. + + Patentis, 196/566, letters patent, grants, gifts by deed. + + Paternoster, 181/145. + + Patience, the fruits of, 237/821. + + Pavilowne, 73/1079, pavilion, tent. + + Payne puff, 32/497, a kind of pie, 49/699; 157/7; 163/32. + + Peacock in hakille ryally, 49/695; p. 103. + + Peacock, 28/433; + and tail, 157/5. + as to his voice, see Roberts's _Fables Inédits_, T. Wright's + _Piers Plowman_, ii. 548. [[reference added by editor]] + + Pearl-muscle, the, p. 117. + + Pearl-oyster, p. 120. + + Pearls from your nose, do not drop, 18/283. + + Pears, 52/757; 55/813; 57/826; 152/19. + 'Apres la poire, le vin ou le prestre. Prov. After a (cold) Peare, + either drinke wine to concoct it, or send for the Priest to + confesse you.' Cot. + + Peas and bacon, 25/392; 34/518. + + Peautre, 153/28, pewter; + cp. Margaret Paston's Letter, Dec., between 1461 and 1466, + modernized ed. 1841, v. 1, p. 159. + 'Also, if ye be at home this Christmas, it were well done ye should + do purvey a garnish or twain of _pewter_ vessell, two basins and + two ewers, and twelve candlesticks, for ye have too few of any of + these to serve this place.' Orig. ed. vol. iv. p. 107, Letter xxx. + + Pece, 203/792, cup. + + Peck of oats a day for a horse, 197/608. + + Pecocke of the se, p. 120. + + Pecten, a fish that winks, p. 120. + + Peeres, 6/78, 80, pears. + + Pegyll sauce, 165/4; p. 174. + + A malard of the downghyll ys good y-nogh for me wythe plesaunt + _pykle_, or yt ys elles poyson, perde. Piers of Fullham, l. 196-7. + _E. Pop. P._ vol. 2, p. 9. + + Pen, paper, and ink, to be taken to school, 217/116. [[217 for 227]] + + Pentecost to Midsummer, feasts from, 163/13. + + Pepper, 58/843, eaten with beef and goose, 36/536. + + Pepyns, 6/79; p. 85, pippins. + Fr. _pepin-percé_, (The name of) a certaine drie sweet apple. Cot. + + Percely, 168/1, parsley. + + Perceue, 62/917, look to, see. + + Perch, 56/824; 58/850. + + Perch (_percus_), p. 120. + + Perch in jelly, 50/707; 52/746; 157/9; 166/16. + + Perche, 10/128; 11/146, suspended frame or rod. + + Perche, to hang cloths on, 152/14. + + Perche for ypocras strainers, 153/26. + + Percher, 66/968, a kind of candle. + + Perchers, 192/467; + Perchoures, 169/32; 205/826, candles, lights. + + _Per-crucis_, the, 181/152. + + Peregalle, 70/1010, quite equal. + + Pereles, 72/1231, peerless, without equal. + + Pericles, the advice of, 238/891. + + Peritory, 67/991. + + Perueys, or perneys, 32/499; p. 96, a sweet pie. + + Peson, 37/547. + + Peson and porpoise, good potage, 50/720. + + Pessene, 166/23, peason, pease-broth? + + Pestelles, 164/11, 28, legs. + Pestle is a hock, Fr. _Faucille_ (in a horse), the bought or pestle + of the thigh. Cot. + + Pestilence, silk and skins not to be worn during, p. 139. + + Petipetes, or pety-pettys, p. 32, note 2; l. 499, note 3. + '_Petipetes_, are Pies made of Carps and Eels first roasted, and + then minced, and with Spices made up in Pies.' R. Holme. + + Petycote, 60/872; 61/891; 168/22, 30. + Randle Holme, Bk III., chap. ii. §xxvii., p. 19, col. 1, says, 'He + beareth Argent, a Semeare, Gules; Sleeves faced or turned up, Or + _Petty-Coat_ Azure; the skirt or bottom Laced, or Imbrauthered of + the third. This is a kind of loose Garment without, and stiffe + Bodies under them, & was a great fashion for Women about the year + 1676. Some call them Mantua's; they have very short Sleeves, nay, + some of the Gallants of the times, have the Sleeves gathered up to + the top of the Shoulders and there stayed, or fastned with a + Button and Loope, or set with a rich Jewel.' He gives a drawing + of it two pages before. + + Petycote of scarlet over the skirt, p. 131. + + Pety peruaunt, 32/note 2; 96/xx. [[linenote 500]] + + Pety perueis, or perneis, 50/707; 52/748. + + Petyperuys, 157/9. + + Pewter basons, 153/28. + + Pheasant, how to carve, 27/417; + to alaye or carve, p. 161. + + Pheasant to be cooked dry, and eaten with ginger, 163/17; + [[163 for 164]] + with mustard and sugar, 36/538; + stewed, 48/688; p. 101. + + Pick not your nose, teeth, or nails, 255/150; 18/283. + _See_ Nose, &c. + + Pick not your teeth with your knife, 277, 278/42. + + Pick yourself, don't, 276/14. + + Pick your teeth with a knife, or fingers, don't, 180/93. + + Pie, how to carve a, 31/482. + + Pie, 203/773. + + Pig, how to carve, 28/446; 48/689; + roast, 54/801. + + Pig and ginger sauce, 36/537. + + Pig's feet, 161/9. + + Pigeon, 28/438; + baked, 29/491; + roast, 54/808. + + Pight, 76/1134, placed. + + Pigmies, p. 102, note. + + Pike, 50/724; p. 119; 57/839; + how to carve, 39/562; p. 164, last line; colice of, 56/824. + [[164 for 166]] + + Pike, names of a, p. 99. + + Pike not your nose, 18/283. + + Pilgrimages vowed, to be performed, 183/201. + + Pillow, 53/925; 66/965. + + Piment, 153/22, a sweet wine. _See_ Notes to Russell, p. 86-8. + + _Pincernarius_, 190/422-3, butler. + + Pinions indigestible, 24/363. + + Pinna, a fish, p. 120. + + Pippins, 50/713; 152/25. + + _Pistor_, 198/622-3, the baker. + + Plaice, p. 120; + how to carve, 40/570; 167/3. + + Plaice with wine, 57/839. + + Planer, 4/58, (ivory) smoother (for salt); 152/9. + + Platere, 26/408; + plater, 44/633, platter. + + Playes, 204/818, folds. + + Pli[gh]t, 16/242, fold. + + Plite, 28/434, manner. + + Plommys, 6/77, plums. + + Plover, 36/539; p. 97; 49/697; p. 158, last line; 165/1. + + Seththe sche brou[gh]t hom in haste + Ploverys poudryd in paste. + _Sir Degrevant_, p. 235, l. 1402. + + Plover, how to carve, 27/417; + to mynce or carve, p. 163. + + Plummets of lead, 131/4. + + Plums, 46/668; 152/20. + + Plyed, 200/690, folded. + + Plyte, 155/31, plait. + + Points, truss your masters, 62/898. To _truss ... the points_ was to + tie the laces which supported the hose or breeches. Nares. + + Polippus, a fish, p. 117, p. 120. + + Pommander, p. 141, a kind of perfume made up in a ball and worn + about the person. _See_ recipes in Halliwell's Gloss. + + Poor, think of them first, 265/16. + + Poor men, their duty, 242/17. + + Pope has no peer, 70/1006; 72/1045; + his father or mother is not equal to him, 74/1097-1104. + + Pork, 164/12, 28, 30, 32. + + Porpoise, 41/582; 55/823; p. 97, note on l. 533. + + Porpoise, fresh, 58/849; + salt, 38/548; 57/835; 166/25. + + Portenaunce, 161/9, belongings, an animal's intestines. Palsgrave + (in Halliwell). + + Porter at the gate, 177/6; + to have the longest wand, 187/355; + his duties and perquisites, p. 188. + + Port-payne, 17/262; p. 93; a cloth for carrying bread. Cp. 'þen brede + he brynges, in towell{e} wrythyñ,' 200/685; + cp. 203/784. + + Possate, 8/94; p. 85; + posset, 152/33. + + Post, don't lean against it, 253/82; 275/9; 276/10; 186/325. + + Potage, 34/516-17; p. 102; 49/693; 52/745; 56/829; 159/30; 164/10, 13. + + Potage to be served after brawn, 48/687; p. 102; + + 'physicions ben of opynyon that one ought to begyn the meate of + vitayle (_uiandes liquides_) to thende that by that means to + gyve direction to the remenant.' 1532-3. + Giles du Guez's _Introductorie_, ed. 1852, p. 1071. + + Potage, how assayed, 203/765; + how to be supped, 234/443-50; + to be supped quietly, 179/70; + eat it with a spoon, don't sup it, 255/144. + + Potelle, 11/148, a liquid measure. + + Potestate, 62/915, man of power, noble. + + Pouder, 167/16, ? ginger or pepper. + + Poudre, 164/22, ? ginger, see l. 19. + + Poudres, 163/17, spices? + + Powche, 33/501, ? poached-egg, p. 96, 49/700. + + Powder, 42/589, 597; ? salt & spice, 43/620. _The Forme of Cury_ + mentions 'powdour fort,' p. 15, p. 24, and 'powdo{ur} douce,' + p. 12, p. 14, p. 25. Pegge, Pref. xxix., 'I take _powder-douce_ + to be either powder of galyngal (for see Editor's MS. II. 20, 24;) + or a compound made of sundry aromatic spices ground or beaten + small, and kept always ready at hand in some proper receptacle. + It is otherwise termed _good powders_, 83. 130. and in Editor's + MS. 17. 37. 38 (but see the next article,) or _powder_ simply + No. 169. 170. (p. 76), and p. 103, No. xxxv.' + + Powder, 40/573, ? not _sprinkle_ verb, but _brine_ or _salt_ sb. + + Powders for sauce, 26/412. + + Powdred, 36/533; p. 97, salted. + Dutch _besprenght vleesch_, Powdered or Salted meate. Hexham. + Cotgrave has 'Piece de laboureur salé. A peece of _powdered_ + beefe. Salant ... salting; _powdering_ or seasoning with salt. + Charnier, a _poudering_ tub. Saliere ... a salt-seller, also, + a _powdering_ house.' 'Item that theire be no White Salt [see + p. 30] occupied in my Lordis Hous withowt it be for the Pantre, + or _for castyng upon meit_, or for seasonynge of meate.' _North. + Hous. Book_, p. 57. The other salt was the _Bay-Saltt_ of p. 32. + '_Poudred_ Eales or Lamprons 1 mess. 12d.' _H. Ord._ p. 175. + + Powdur, 57/838; 58/847, ? blanche powder. Fr. '_Pouldre blanche_, + A powder compounded of Ginger, Cinnamon, and Nutmegs; much in + vse among Cookes.' Cotgrave. + + Powt not, 19/294. + + Praised, when, rise up and return thanks, 253/104. + + Praising (flattering), don't be, p. 259, p. 261, line P. + + Pray, pp. 137, 140. + + Prayer, morning, p. 225; + evening, p. 240. + + Prayer, the best, 254/117-19. + + Prayers to be said, p. 135. + + Precedence, the degrees of, p. 70-78; p. 110. + + Prechoure of pardon; rank of one, 71/1028; 73/1069. + + Precious stone, to be worn in a ring, p. 141. + + Preket, 193/510, ? not a spike to stick a light on, but a kind of + candle. See note 3 on 214/825. + One of the said groomes of the privy chamber to carry to the + chaundrie all the remaine of morters, torches, quarries, + _pricketts_, wholly and intirely, withoute imbesseling or + purloyning any parte thereof. _H. Ord._ p. 157. [[214 for 205]] + + Prelates, the duty of, 241/3. + + Press up among the gentlefolk, don't, 262/25. + + Press not too high, 277, 278/25. + + Prest, 28/434; + preste, 254/115; ready. + + Prestly, 62/910, readily. + + Pricks, Pref. p. ci.-ciii.; Sp. _fiél_, the pinne set at buts or + _pricks_ which archers measure to. Minsheu. + [[Citation could not be identified.]] + + Priest, don't blame him, 184/244. + + Primate of England, 73/1082. + + Prince, rank of a, 70/1009. + + Princes & dukes, don't be privy with them, p. 259, p. 261, line P. + + Princes, the duty of, 241/1. + + Prior of a Cathedral, 70/1015; + simple, l. 1016; 72/1059; the ranks of. + + Priors of Canterbury & Dudley not to mess together, 77/1145-8. + + Private dinners and suppers not to be allowed, p. 218, No. xvii. + + Privehouse, 63/931, privy (to be kept clean). + + Privy members not to be exposed, 20/305; 213/141; + or clawed, 19/286. + + Privy seat, cover it with green cloth, 169/21. + + Promises, keep your, 268/48. + + Property, the difference it makes in the way men of the same rank + are to be treated, p. 76-7. + + Prothonat, p. 170; + prothonotary, 72/1063. + + Prouande, 197/605; + provender, forage for horses, used in l. 608 for oats. + + Provyncialle, 70/1021; 72/1062; ? governor of a province. + + Prow, 271/86, advantage, duty, the correct thing to do. + + Prowe, 16/236; advantage. + + Prowl not for fleshmoths in your head, 18/280. + + Puff not, 20/303. + + Pullets, p. 164, last line. + + Pulter, 196/581. Fr. _Poullailler_, a Poulter or keeper of pullaine. + Cot. + + Purpayne, 154/11. _See_ Port-payne. + + Purpose, 50/720, porpoise; roasted on coals, 50/724. + + Purveyde, 252/71, provided beforehand. + + Pyment, 9/118; p. 97, No. 4; p. 96, a sweet wine. + [[97, 96 for 87, 86]] + + Pyndynge, 33/507, tormenting, torturing, A.S. _pinan_. + + Pyntill, a whelk's, 44/625. + + + Quail, to wynge or carve, p. 162. + + Quails, 28/437; 37/544; p. 98; 49/706. + + Quarelose, p. 261, l. Q, querulous; Quarel, or querel, or playnt, + _Querela_. Prompt. + + Quarell (square) of a glasse wyndowe, p. 131, last line. + + Queder, 201/715, whether of two; _neuer þe queder_, never mind which + of the two? + + Queeme, p. 261, l. Q; A.S. _cweman_, to please. + + Quelmes, 201/703, covers. + + Queneborow, the Mayor of, not to be put beside the Mayor of London, + 76/1138. + + Quere, 200/693, circle? + + Questions, three, to ask your companions, 186/299. + + Queynt, don't be, p. 259, p. 261, l. 2. + + Quick in serving, be, 279, 280/61. + + Quinces, 56/826; + baked, 50/708; + in sirup, 168/1. + + Quosshyns, 63/924, cushions. + + Qweche, 186/301, who, what. + + Qwyle, 190/431, while. + + Qwysshenes, 192/456, cushions for a bed, ? pillows. + + Qwyte, 201/701, white. + + + Rabettes sowkers, 29/457; p. 95; 49/697, sucking rabbits. + + Rack for horses, 197/610. + + Rage not too much, 259/17; p. 261, l. R. + + Rage, p. 264, l. 76, break bounds, riot. + + Rain, the peacock's cry a token of, p. 103, note on Peacock. + + Raisins, 5/74; 152/21. + + Rakke, 9/115, rake, go, move, Sw. _räcka_, to stretch or reach to. + Wedgwood, u. _rake_. [[ä written as e over a]] + + Rash and reckless, be not, 19/296. + + Raspise, 9/118; p. 88; [[98 for 88]] + raspys, 153/21, a sweet wine. + All maner of wynes be made of grapes, excepte _respyce_, + the whiche is made of a berye. --A. Borde, _Dyetary of Wynes_, + sign. F. i. [[reference added by editor]] + + Raw fruits are bad, 8/97; 152/35. + + Ready to serve, always be, 254/110, 115. + + Raynes, towaile of, 14/213; p. 92. Rennes, in Brittany. + + What avayleth now my feather bedds soft? + Sheets of _Raynes_, long, large, and wide, + And dyvers devyses of clothes chaynged oft. + _Metrical Visions_, by George Cavendish, in his Life of Wolsey, + ed. Singer, ii. 17. + + In _Sir Degrevant_ the cloths are 'Towellys of Eylyssham, Why[gh]th as + the seeys fame,' 225/1385. + + Reason, be ruled by, 219/2; 234/627. + + Rebels in court to be arrested, 189/382. + + Reboyle, 8/110; 9/113; p. 86; 153/9, ferment and bubble out of a cask. + + Reboyle, 8/115, fermentation. + + Rechy, 23/359, ? causing belches. + + Receiver of rents, forfeits, &c., the, 196/575, 587; + his duties, p. 197. + + Receyte, 154/17, sediment, dregs. + + Receytes, 33/508, takings-in, stuffing themselves with choice dishes. + + Red landlord or landlady, don't go to any, 186/307. + + Red wyne, properties of, 10/140. + + Refet, 167/8, fish entrails, roe, &c. + + Refett, 40/576; p. 99; ? roe, 57/839; p. 108. + + Regardes, 52/756, things to look at. + + Rehete, 256/171; Fr. _rehaiter_, to reuiue, reioyce, cheere vp + exceedingly; Cotgrave. 'ranimer, réjouir, refaire.' Burguy. + + Rekles, richelees, 275, 276/6, careless. + + Remelant, 178/52, remnant. + + Removing from castle to castle, 188/373. + + Remyssailes, 277/48, ? pieces put on; Fr. _remettre_, to com{m}it or + put vnto. Cot. + leavings. [[definition added by editor]] + + Renners, 10/127, strainers; 153/27; 154/15. + + Renysshe wine, 153/20, Rhenish. + + Sche brou[gh]the hem Vernage and Crete, + And wyne of the _Reyne_, l. 1704. + And evere sche drow hem the wyn, + Bothe the Roche and the _Reyn_, + And the good Malvesyn, l. 1415. + _Sir Degrevant_, Thornton Romances. + + Repairs of castles, &c., the Receiver sees to, 197/601. + + Repeat gossip and secrets, don't, 264/78. + + Replye, 199/661, fold back. + + Reprove no man, 264/67. + + Rere, p. 151, carve; 202/754, raise, lift up. + + Rerynge, 26/399, cutting. + + Resayue, 196/575, receive. + + _Resceu_, 195/542, received. + + Residencers, rank of, 73/1069. + + Resty, 13/359, mouldy, as rusty bacon, wheat, &c., 156/6. + [[156 for 158]] + + Retch not, 18/271. + + Revelling, don't be, 259/17; p. 261, l. R. + + Revengeful, don't be, 259/20; p. 261, l. V. + [[Second citation unidentified: word does not occur in _The ABC + of Aristotle_.]] + + Reverence thy fellows, 279, 280/67. + + Rewarde, 190/421, 418, name of the second supply of bread at table. + + Rewe, A.S. _hreówan_, to rue, repent; + _hreówian_, to feel grieved, be sorry for. + + Reynes, 155/14. _See_ Raynes. + + Reynes, a kercher of, 169/28. + + Reyse, p. 158, last line, cut off; 159/14. + 'how many bestis berith lether, and how many skyn? Alle that be ... + _arracies_, that is to say, the skyn pullyd ovyr the hed, beryth + skyn.' Twety, in _Rel. Ant._, i. 152. + + Reysons, 5/74, raisins; 152/21. + + Rialte, 59/858, royalty, courtly customs? + + Ribaldry, avoid, 264/76; + don't talk, 277, 278/44. + + Rice, standing and liquid, 56/827-8; + standing, 168/2. + + Rich, their duty, 242/16. + + Right hand, the carver's, not to touch the food, 22/327. + + Right shoulder after your better's back, 264/85. + + Right side, sleep on it first, p. 129. + + Righteousness, the reward of, 182/181. + + Riotous, don't be, 259/17; p. 261, l. R. + + Rise when your lord gives you his cup, 254/120. + + Rise early, 266/11; 226/58. + + Rising, what to do on, p. 130, 133. + + River-birds, p. 165. + 'And all foules (_uolatilles_) and byrdes of water (_riuiéres_), + as ben swannes, gese, malardes, teales, herons, bytters + (_butors_), and all suche byrdes ben of nature melancolyke, + lesse neverthelesse rosted then boyled.' _Du Guez_, p. 1071. + + River water in sauce, 36/540. + + Roach, 40/574; p. 98; 58/841, 849. + + But in stede of sturgen or lamprons + he drawyth vp a gurnerd or gogeons, + kodlynges, konger, or suche queyse fysche + As wolwyche _roches_ that be not worth a rusche. + + Piers of Fullham, l. 17-20, _E. Pop. P._, v. 2, p. 3. + + Roast apples and pears, 152/26. + + Roast beef; garlic its sauce, 36/536. + + Roast porpoise, 166/8. + + Rob, 187/327, rub. + + Robe, 62/908. + + _Robbe d'autruy ne fait honneur à nulluy_: Prov. No apparell can + truly grace him that owes [= owns] it not. Cotgrave, u. _Autruy._ + + Robes; yeomen and servants to wear, p. 216, No. vii. + + Roche alum, p. 134. + + Rochet, 167/5; p. 174, roach. 'Rutilus, the Roach or _Rochet_; + a Fish.' Phillips. + + Rods, four officers to bear, 187/353. + + Romney modoun, 8/96, 104; 9/116, 119; p. 86; p. 89, note 7 and 6; + 152/34; 153/3, 21. + + Roppes, 34/512, bowels. + + Rose, coloured, 153/14, a wine? + 'Eau clairette. A water (made of Aquauite, Cinnamon, Sugar, and + old red Rose water) excellent against all the diseases of the + Matrix.' Cot. + + Rosewater, 135/2; p. 139; + after a bath, 67/985. + + Roughe, 45/644, roe. + + Rovnynge, 253/95, whispering. + + Rounde, 269/54; Fr. _suroreiller_, to round, or whisper in the eare. + Cot. + + Rownyng, 184/250, whispering. + + Rub yourself every day, p. 133; p. 138, 139, 142. + + Rub yourself, don't, 275/14. + + Rub your teeth, p. 133. + + Rubus, a fish, p. 121. + + Ruffelynge, 16/250, ruffling. + + Rumbus, a fish, p. 120. + + Russell, John: his _Boke of Nurture_, p. 1-83; + describes his position and training, p. 79, 81, 82. + + Rybbewort, 68/992. + + Ryme, 193/507 ? haste; A.S. _hrým, hrúm_ is soot; _rúm_, room, space; + _ryman_, to make room, give place, make way. Bosworth. + + Ryoche, a fish, p. 121. + + + Sad, 276/17, steady, fixed. + + Saddles, old, for yeomen, 197/613. + + Sadly, 43/621, quietly? + + Sadnes, 21/308, sobriety. + + Saffron, capons coloured with, 161/1. + + Sage, fruture, 50/708. + + Salads, 8/97; + green, are bad, 152/35. + 'He that wine drinkes not after a (cold) _sallate_, his health + indangers (and does wrong to his pallate).' Cot. See a recipe + for Salat of 14 vegetables, &c., in _The Forme of Cury_, p. 41, + No. 76. + + Sale, 178/44, hall. + + Salens, 166/8; p. 174, a fish. + + Salere, 256/159; + saller, 200/670; + Fr. _saliere_, a salt-cellar, a table or trencher salt. Cot. + + Salmon, 41/583; 57/833; p. 121; 167/10. + + Salmon bellows, 50/179; + salted, 38/555. + + Salmon's belly, 55/823. + + Salpa, a fish, p. 121. + + Salt to be white, 4/57; + put some on your trencher, 256/161; + take it with your knife, 279, 280/65; 232/440; + don't dip meat into it, 267/29. + _See_ Saltcellar. + + Salt as sauce, p. 161-2. + + Salt and wine, fresh-herring sauce, 45/645. + + Salt fish and salmon, 166/30. + + Salt-fish, how to serve up, p. 38-9. + + Saltcellar, 14/199; 155/1, 3. + + Saltcellar, dip no food into it, 256/159; 267/29; 181/129. + + Salt-sellere, 4/60, salt-cellar. + + Salute thy school-master and -fellows, 227/150-4. + + Samoun bellows, 50/719. + + _Sanguineus_ or Spring, 51/729; p. 104; 53/769, 787. + + Sans, 63/922, sense, smell. + + Saphire, 141/7. + + Sarcell (Fr. _cercelle_, (the water-fowle called) a Teale, Cot.), + how to breke or carve, p. 163. + + Sargeaunt of law, rank of, 71/1026; 73/1067. + + Satchell for school-books, 226/110; 227/160. + + Satin, a lord's cloak of, 62/914. + + Sauce, p. 151, carve. + + Sauces for flesh, p. 35-7; + for fish, p. 56-9; 166/4; + for fowles, p. 159; + for the second course of a dinner, p. 163. + + Sauerly, 26/415, as if he liked it. + + Sawcere, 32/495. + + Sawge, 33/501, ? sage. + + Say, fruyter, 159/24; p. 173. + + Sayed, 193/495, 498, tried, tasted against poison. + + Sayes, 202/764, assays, tastes. + + Sayntis, 183/201, saints' shrines. + + Scabiose, 69/994; p. 109. + + Scandal, don't talk, 272/99. + + Scarlet, 62/914, scarlet stuff or cloth. + + Schone, 196/590, shall. + + Schyn, shall, 197/607. + + School, boy going to, how to behave, p. 227; + what to learn at, p. 181, The Second Book. + + School, go to, after dinner, 209/19. + + Schrubbynge, 20/300, rub, scrub. + + Schyuer, 200/692, slice; "schyvyr, _fissula_, _abscindula_." Prompt. + + Scilla, a sea-monster, p. 121. + + Scissors for candle-snuff, 205/829. + + Scorn no one, 253/100; 264/65. + + Scorn not the poor, 268/57. + + Scoring on a rod the messes for dinner, 190/407; + done to check the cook, 190/415. + + Scorning to be avoided, 19/291. + + Scorpion of the sea, p. 122. + + Scratch yourself before your lord, don't, 276/14. + + Screen in hall, 178/28. + + Screens against heat to be provided, 192/462. + + Sea-bull (_focas_), p. 118. + + _Seager's Schoole of Vertue_, p. 221-43; Pref. to Russell, p. lxxviii. + + Seal, 55/823; 166/13; 167/35. + + Seal? ([gh]ele), 38/548; 39/583. + + Sea-mouse, p. 119. + + Sea-snails, p. 116. + + Seaward, 45/642, just from the sea. + + Seche, 21/315, carve certain birds? + + Secrets, don't tell 'em to a shrew, 184/245. + + Seeke, 9/116, sick, (wine) out of condition. + + Seew, 280/57, ? a stew; sew, _cepulatum_. Prompt. + _See_ Sewes. + + Sege, 65/954, evacuating oneself; p. 63, note 2. + + Seluage, 199/657, 661, edge of a table-cloth. + + Semblaunt, 183/192, seeming, countenance. + + Semble, 76/1140, putting together. + + Semethe, 43/621, seems good to, it pleases. + + Sen, 250/3, since. + + Sendell, 62/914, a fine silk stuff; Fr. _cendal_. H. Coleridge. + + _Seneschallus_, 194/520-1, the steward. + + Sentory, 68/992, centaury. + + Seneca's advice, 238/887. + + Sere, 256/164; 185/262, several, different. + + Serjeant of arms, rank of, 71/1034. + + Serra, a fish, p. 121. [[71 for 121]] + + Seruice, 278, 277/26, food served to a person, allowance. + + Servants, duties of, p. 215; 241/7. + + Servants to sit at meals together, not here 4 and there 3, p. 216, + No. ix. + + Server with the dishes, follows the steward, 194/532. + + Service to be fairly to all, p. 217, No. xiii. + + Serving at table, how to behave when, p. 229-31. + + Servitors to carry dishes to the dinner-table, 49/682-3. + + Set not an hawe, 8/99, value not a haw. + + Sewe, p. 146; 164/31, ? stew. + + Sewe, 55/819, course. + + Sewere, 45/654, 657, the arranger of dishes on a table. + Du. _een opperste Tafel-dienaer_, A Master-suer, or a Stuard that + sets the courses or messes of meate on the table. Hexham. + + Sewer, his duties, p. 46-7; p. 156-7. + + Sewes (service, courses), on fish-dayes, p. 55. + + Sewes, 154/17, stews or dishes of food? + + Sewes, 33/509; 35/523, soups or stews. + + Sewynge, borde or table of, 156/26, serving-up. + + Sewynge of flesshe, p. 156. + + Sewynge, in, 51/734, serving, course; ? not _inseuynge_, ensuing. + + Shall, 169/14, _for_ shake. + _See_ Pref. p. lxxxix. l. 5. + + Shame the reward of lying, 240/960. + + Share with your fellows, 270/95; 277, 278/47. + + Share fairly a joint gift, 183/197. + + Sheets to be clean, 63/922; + to be sweet and clean, 169/14. + + Shene, 198/622, fair, beautiful. + + Shewethe, 45/657, arranges courses and dishes. + + Shirt, a clean, 60/871; 168/22; + to be warmed, l. 25. + + Shirt-collar, 226/85. + + Shoes to be clean, 226/92; + servants not to wear old ones, p. 216, No. vii. + + Shoeing horses, ½ a day for, 197/616. + + Shoñ, shoes, 60/874; 65/961. + + Shore, a-; Shaylyng with the knees togyther, and the fete a sonder, + _a eschais_. Palsgrave, p. 841, col. 2. _Fauquet_, A shaling + wry-legd fellow. Cotgrave. + + Short word, the first, is generally true, 183/211. + + Shovelar, Shoveller, 28/433; 37/541; p. 98, 157/6, the bird. + + Show out thy visage, 279, 280/75. + + Shrimps, how to serve up, 45/646-9; 52/748; 56/824; 58/850; 167/32. + + Shrukkynge, 19/287, shrugging. Schruggyn, _frigulo_. Prompt. + + Shyn, shall, 191/435. + + Sicurly, 73/1080, surely, certainly. + + Side, 16/248, breadth. + + Sigh not before your lord, 19/297. + + Signet, 36/535, cygnet, swanling. + + Skyft, 183/198. A.S. _scyft_, division; _scyftan_, to divide. + + Skyfted of, 189/402, shifted off. + + Silence fittest for a child at table, 232/489. + + Silent, be, 209/8; + while your lord drinks, 253/92. + + Silk to be worn in summer, p. 133. + + Silk garments, p. 139. + + Silver, the dishes of, 202/757. + + Silver given away by the almoner as he rides, 202/743. + + Sinews indigestible, 24/362. + + Siren or Mermaid, 'a dedely beste,' p. 121-2. + + Sirippe, 51/733, syrup. + + Sireppis, 33/509; 35/524, syrops, t.i. stews or gravies. + + Siruppe, 25/397; 26/400; sauce for partridges, &c. + + Sit, don't, till bidden, 265/14; 270/89; + sit properly, 214/149; + sit down when you're told to, 253/97; + and where you're told, 270/91; 187/345. + _Il se peut seoir sans contredit qui se met là ou son hoste luy + dit_: Prov. He needs not feare to be chidden that sits where he + is bidden; (the like is) _Il se peut bien seoir a table quand le + maistre luy commande_: Prov. Well may he sit him downe whom he + that may sets downe. + + Sixpence, the value of each mess at dinner, 190/413. + + Sixpence the receiver's fee, 197/598. + + Skynnery, 64/946, skins, furs. + + Skins, indigestible, 24/367; + of cloven-footed birds not wholesome, 165/28; + to be cut off boiled flesh, 165/7; + to be pared off salt fish, 38/553. + + Skins the huntsman's perquisite, 198/636. + + Skirt of a man's dress, 179/91. + + Slake, appease; A.S. _slacian_, to slacken. + + Slake, 31/483-4, cut. + + Slander, don't talk, 180/101. + + Sleep at mid-day not wholesome, 65/952. + + Sleep, how much to be taken, 130/5; + evils of too much, 226/54. + + Slegh, 186/300, cunning, careful. + + Sling, p. 19, note; blow your nose with and through your fingers. + 'Still in use in America.' G. P. Marsh. + + Slippers brown as the waterleech, 60/874; 67/987; 168/31. + + Slutt, 42/590, awkward animal. + + Smack your lips, don't, 232/455. + + Small pieces, eat, 267/37. + + Smallache, 68/993. + + Small birds, how to carve, 30/473. + + Sneeze; turn your back to people when you sneeze, 211/61. + + Smaragd (an emerald) good against falling-sickness, p. 141. + + Snetyng, p. 262, l. 19, snotting, wiping your nose with your fingers. + 'Mouchement: u. A _snyting_, or wiping of the nose.' Cot. + + Sniff not too loud, 18/284. + + Snite not (blow with your fingers) your nose too loud, 18/284. + 'Deux pour vn. The _Snyte_-knave; tearmed so, because two of them + are worth but one good _Snyte_.' Cotgrave. 'To _Snite_. To wipe, + or slap. _Snite_ his snitch; wipe his nose, i.e. give him a good + knock.' 1796. _Dict. of the Vulgar Tongue._ + + Snyte or snipe, how to carve, 27/421; p. 163; 37/544; 98/2; 49/706; + p. 104; 165/3. + + Snuff of candles taken away with scissors, 205/829. + + Snuffers, 205/830. + + Snuffle, don't, 211/57. + + Socks, 60/873; 61/894; 62/895; 65/961; 67/987; 130/12. + + Socrates wiped his nose on his cap, a bad example, 210/45. + + Soil the cloth, don't, 255/147. + + Solaris, a fish, p. 122. + + Soles, 40/578; 50/724; p. 122; 58/841. + + Soleyn, 50/709, solemn. + + Solopendria, a fish, p. 122. + + Somet, 194/540, summed. + + Somon, 51/733, salmon. + + Sops, 33/509. + + Sore, 178/42, sorrow, pain. + + Sorrel with goose, 164/2. + + Sotelte, 202/758, dodge, way. + + Sotelte, a device after each course of a dinner, 48/690; 49/702; + 50/710; 52/726, 738; 52/750, 765; p. 53-54; 157/2. + Does Chaucer allude to these when speaking of the 'excesse of divers + metis and drinkis, and namely of suche maner of bake metis and + dische metes brennyng of wilde fuyr, and _peynted and castelid + with papire_, and semblable wast, so that is abusion for to + thinke.' _Persones Tale_, ed. Morris, iii. 299. 'A soteltie with + writing of balads' came at the end of the first course of + Hen. VII.'s marriage-feast in 1487. _Italian Relation_, p. 115. + Rabett sowker, in 2nd course, _ib._ + + Souls in purgatory, pray for, 268/30. + + Sowkers, 29/457, suckling. + + Sows fed with fish, p. 104, note on l. 737. + + Sowse, 23/360, pickled. + + Spain, tapetis or carpets of, 192/457. + + Sparling, names of a, p. 99. + + Sparlynge, 59/833, the fish sperling. + Fr. _esperlan_, a smelt, Cot. Spurlin, a smelt, Fr. _esperlan._ + Skinner, in Prompt. + + Sparrows, 28/437; 37/543; 49/706; p. 104. + + Speak well of all men, 272/100. + + Speaker of the Parliament, rank of, 72/1052. + + Speche, 205/845, book or division of a poem. + + Speech mars or makes a man, 264/81-2. + + Speke, 156/17, speak of. + + Spermyse chese, p. 84-5, note to l. 74. + + Spiced cakes, 55/816. + + Spicery, 12/171, spices; p. 91. + + Spicery and store; Clerk of the Kitchen keeps the, 195/559. + + Spicery, the officer of the, 46/666. + + Spices, 55/813. + + Spill the gravy on your parents' clothes, don't, 230/342. + + Spill your food, don't, 269/59. + + Spit not, 18/271; + modestly, 212/101; + not over much at meals, 232/498. + + Spit on or over the table, don't, 267/43; 179/85; 167/43. + [[Citation on page 167 unidentified]] + + Spit in the washing basin, don't, 271/87; + or loosely about, 181/134. + + Spit, when you do, cover your mouth with your hand, 272/117. + + Spit and snite, don't, 262/19; + when you do, tread it out, 212/107. + + Splat, 40/576, split open. + + Splatte, p. 151, carve. + + Splaye, p. 151, carve. + + Splayd, 13/186, set out; 63/928, displayed, decked. + + Sponges for bathing, 66/978; 67/979-84. + + Spony stele, 200/677, the spoon handle. + + Spoon, don't leave yours in the dish, 255/145. + + Spoon, not to be filled full, 279, 280/59; + not to be put in the dish, 272/125; + not to stand in the dish, 179/71. + + Spoon; wipe it clean, 277, 278/35; + take it out of the dish when you've finished, 267/42. + + Spowt not with your mouth, 19/293. + + Spoyle, p. 151, carve. + + Spring, the device of, 53/771. + + Sprottes, 167/33, sprats. + + Spycery, 156/25. + + Spyrre, p. 251, l. 37; A.S. _spyrian_, to track, seek, inquire, + investigate, Sc. _speir_. O.N. _spiria._ + + Spyrryng, p. 251, l. 39, seeking, inquiring. + + Squatinus, a fish, p. 123. + + Squire's table, who may sit at, 66/1040; 169/3. [[169 for 171]] + + Squirt not with your mouth, 19/293. + + Squyer, his wages paid by the treasurer, 196/586. + + Stabulle, 182/169, support. + + Stamell, 132/5, a kind of fine worsted. Halliwell; Fr. _estamé_, + worsted. Cot. + + Stammering is a foul crime, 236/708. + + Stand, if you do, be ware of falling, 184/239. + + Stand not still on stones, p. 132. + + Stand upright, 276/16; 213/1. + + _Stans Puer ad Mensam_, two English texts, p. 275-82. + + Standard, 49/694, ? the chief dish at a dinner, served standing, + 157/3. 'A large or standing dish,' says Pegge, on Sir J. Nevile's + 'a Roe roasted for Standert,' _Forme of Cury_, p. 173, 'for a + Standert, Cranes 2 of a dish,' p. 174, l. 3. + + Standarde, 166/12, ? chief dish of fish. + + Stapulle, 72/1064, Calais. + + Stare about, don't, 252/68; 259/18; p. 261, l. S; 209/3. + + State, 17/252, a grand curl-up or arrangement of a cloth or towel. + + State, 17/253; p. 93, master of the house. [[83 for 93]] + + States, 55/821, nobles? '_de twaelf Genooten ofte Staten van + Vranckrijck_, The twelve Peeres or _States_ of the Kingdome of + France.' 1660. Hexham. + + Staunche, 12/174; Fr. _estancher_, to stanch or stop the flow of + liquid. Sp. _estancar_, to stop a leak; _estanco_, water-tight. + A _stanch_ vessel is one that will hold the water in or out, + whence fig. _stanch_, firm, reliable. Wedgwood. + + Staunche, 185/273, stop, stay. + + Stealing dishes, to be watched against, 47/680. + + Sted, 43/614, treated, served. + + Steward, his duties, 194/521 (many are false, l. 522); + he sits on the dais in hall, 177/20; + carries a staff, 187/354; 188/358; + is to keep good order in hall, p. 217, No. xiii. + + Stewe or bath, p. 66. + + Stewed beef or mutton, 54/798. + + Stewed pheasant, 48/688. + + Stinking breath not to be cast on your lord, 20/302. + + Stirring, don't be too, 259/18; p. 261, l. S. + + Stockdove, 25/397. + + Stockfish, 39/558; p. 98; 58/845; p. 121. + 'The Icelandic fare is not more inviting than the houses. Stockfish + and butter eaten in alternate mouthfuls form the ordinary + materials of a meal. The former, however, has to be pummelled on + a stone anvil with a sledge hammer before even the natives can + bite it; and, after it has undergone this preparation, seems, + according to Mr Shepherd, to require teeth to the manner born. + The latter is made from sheep's milk, and as it is kept through + the winter in skins, becomes "rancid beyond conception in the + early spring."' --_Chronicle_, Aug. 10, 1867, on _Shepherd's + North-West Peninsula of Iceland._ + + Stocks, the porter keeps the, 188/362. + + Stomach the body's kitchen, 136/14-15. + + Stomacher, 61/893; 168/30. + + Stop strife between brothers, 185/271. + + Stork; it snuffles, don't you, 211/59. + + Stork, 28/433; 49/695; 157/4. _See_ Pigmies. + + Storuyn, 212/766, spoilt by cold. [[212 for 203]] + + Stounde, 66/965, moment. + + Straddle, don't, 214/151. + + Strangers, honour them, 171/28; + always admit, p. 217, No. xv.; share good food with them, 256/169; + the porter warns them, 188/368. + + Strangers, visitors and residents, 75/1109-10. + + Strawberies, 6/78; 7/82; p. 85, note to l. 81; 152/24. + + Straynoure, p. 146/14, strainer. + + Streets, how boys are to walk in, 227/134. + + Stretch your limbs, pp. 130, 133, 138. + + Strife not to be allowed in a household, p. 216, No. v. + + Strive not with your lord, 183/226. _See_ Master. + + Strongere, 204/801, stranger, guest. + + Strye, 183/223, destroy. + + Stryke, 18/280, stroke. + 'I stryke ones heed, as we do a chyldes whan he dothe well. _Je + applanie_ ... My father sayeth I am a good sonne, he dyd stryke + my heed by cause I had conned my lesson without the booke.' + Palsgrave. See also 'I stryke softely' and 'I stroke ones heed,' + p. 741, ed. 1852. + + Strynge, p. 151, carve. + + Stuff, 42/592, 594, crab's flesh; 167/16, a crab's inside. + + Stuff, 31/485, gravy? + + Stuff your jaws, don't, 277, 278/31. + + Sturgeon, 41/583; 52/746; 58/850; p. 122; 166/16; + salt, 57/836. + + Stut, 236/706, to stutter, is a foul crime. + + Subjects, their duty, 242/15. + + Suffrigan, 70/1013; Fr. _suffragant_, A Suffragan, a Bishops deputie. + Cot. + + Sugar and mustard, the sauce for partridges, &c., 36/538. + + Sugar and salt as a sauce, with Curlews, &c., 36/540. + + Sugar, strewed on baked herrings, 50/722; 38/550. + + Sugar candy (sugre candy, 10/139); 52/757; 135/11; p. 141; 166/18. + + Summedelasse, 204/808, some deal less. + + Summer, the device of, 51/739-43. + + Sun, face and neck to be kept from, 132/8. + + Sup not your food up lowdly, 272/127; 277/40; 278/37; 179/69. + + _Supervisor_, 195/544-5, surveyor. + + Suppers to be light, p. 131; + to be larger than dinners, p. 142. See the one in Sir Isumbras, + _Thornton Romances_, p. 235, &c. + + Surnape, how to lay, p. 16-17; p. 92-3; 155/26; + it was the upper towel or cloth for the master of the house to wipe + his hands on after washing them when dinner was done. The sewer + to bring it after dinner, 204/809-20. + + Surueynge borde, 47/675, table or dresser on which the cook is to put + the dishes for dinner. + + Surveyor of the dishes for dinner, 46/672; 47/674, 676. + + Surveyor, his duties, 195/545. + + Suwe, 264/83; O.Fr. _seure_, _sevre_, Fr. _suivre_, L. _sequor_, + follow. + + Swallow, 28/438 (the bird). + + Swan, 48/688; p. 97; [[91 for 97]] + how to carve, 26/402; + to lyfte or carve, p. 161. + + Swan; its sauce is chaudon, 56/535; p. 97; + its skin is to be cut off, 165/15. + + Swashbucklers, hanging good for, p. 125. + + Swear not, 270/75. + + Swear no oaths, 277, 278/44. + + Swearing, against, p. 236, cap. xi. + _See_ Ascham's account and condemnation of it in 1545, _Toxophilus_, + p. 45, ed. Giles, and in his _Schoolmaster_, p. 131, of the + little child of four roundly rapping out his ugly oaths. + + Sweet words, ware; the serpent was in 'em, 183/207. + + Swenge, 96/1, beat up. + + Swordfish, 41/582; p. 118; + salt, 57/836. + + Swyng, p. 145, beat, whip, mix. + + Syce, 192/469, candle-stick or holder; + but 'Syse, waxe candell, _bougee_.' Palsgrave in Halliwell. + + Syde, p. 151, carve. + + Syles, 200/695, strains. + See _Corrigenda_. + + Sylour, 191/445, tester and valances of a bed. + + Hur bede was off aszure, + With testur and _celure_, + With a bry[gh]t bordure + Compasyd ful clene. + + _Sir Degrevant_, l. 1473-6; p. 238. + A tester ouer the beadde, _canopus_. Withals. + + Symple condicions (how to behave when serving at table, &c.), p. 18; + p. 93. [[83 for 92]] + + Synamome, 10/131, 136. + + Syngeler, 79/1184, single. + + Syngulerly, 73/1074, 1079, by itself. + + + Table for dinner, how the ewer and panter are to lay it, p. 199-201. + + Table, how to lay and serve the, pp. 13-18; + how to wait at, p. 229, cap. iii. + + Table, how to behave when sitting at, 231/423; 255/136; 263/39; + 265/15; 270/94. + + Table-cloth, don't dirty it with your knife, 180/110; 272/119; + 277/39; 278/40; + or wipe your teeth on it, 180/115. + + Table-knife, 22/334, ? a broad light knife for lifting bread-trenchers + on to the table. + + Table-knives, 152/13. + + Tacches, 20/306, faults, ill manners. + + Tacchis, p. 261, l. K; 258/10; tricks, ways; + tetch'e, or maner of condycyone, _mos_, _condicio_. Prompt. + He that gentyl is, wylle drawe hym vnto gentil _tatches_, and to + folowe the custommes of noble gentylmen. Caxton's Maleore, v. i. + p. 250, ed. 1817. + + Take leave of all the company after dinner, 271/91-3. + + Take the best bit, don't, 277, 278/45. + + Talwijs, p. 261, l. T; 259/19; + full of slander; + A.S _tál_, reproach, blame, slander, accusation, false witness, + a fable, tale, story. Bosworth (from whom all the A.S. words are + quoted). + Du. _taalvitter_, a censorious critick. Sewel. + '_Talu_ has for its first signification _censure_; and "_wise at + censure_," _censorious_, is an ancient Momus.' Cockayne. + + Talk at meals, don't, 267/51; 272/101. + + Talk loud, don't, 277, 278/30. + + Talk too much, don't, 269/58; 219/6; 279, 280/74. + + Talking to any man, how to behave when, p. 235, cap. vii.; 252/64; + 270/65; 275, 276/16. + + Tamed, 23/345, trimmed, or ? cut down. + + Tampyne, 5/68, a stopper. + + Tansey, 159/26; + is good hot, 33/503. + + Tansy cake, p. 96. + + Tansye fryed, 161/10. + + Tansey gyse, a, 52/749, a dish of tansey of some kind. + + Tantablin, 96/14, a kind of tart. + + Tapet, 193/484, cloth. + + Tapetis, 192/457, 460, cloths, carpets, or hangings. + + Tarrer, p. 5, l. 65, l. 71, an auger. + _Tarere_ por percier. _De L'Oustillement au Villain._ ed. 1833, + p. 10. + _Tarré_ ... Hauing an ouerture or hole. + _Taré_, worme-eaten, or full of holes. Cot. + + Tarryours, 152/14, augers. + + Tartlett, 35/521. + + Tarts, 161/4; 164/29. + + Tast, 63/922, test, try. + + Taste every dish, 256/165. + + Tastynge, 80/1195-9 (tasting or testing food, to see that there's no + poison in it), is only done for a king, &c., down to an earl, + 193/495-6. + _See_ Credence. + + Tattle, don't, 264/78. + + Tayme, p. 151, cut up. + + Teal, p. 164, last line; how to carve, 26/401; p. 95; p. 163. + + Teal pie, 31/481. + + Teeth, to be washed, 226/100; + to be kept white, 213/121; + how to keep clean, p. 134. + + Teeth not to be picked at meals, 255/150; 263/54; 20/301; 232/495; + not to be picked with a knife, 277, 278/42; + or a stick at meals, 180/93. + + Temper, 42/595, season, sauce; + 44/636, mix. + + Temper thy tongue and belly, 232/476. + + Temperance is best, p. 261, l. T; 259/19. + + Temporaunce, 130/4, moderate temperature. + + Tenants, to be asked after, p. 218, No. xvi. + + Tench, how to carve, 41/586; p. 122. + + Tenche in gelly, 166/14. + + Tene, 21/319, trouble. + + Tene, 64/934, vex, trouble. + + Tent, heed, attention. + + Tent, 190/430, attend to, take charge of. + + Tepet, 179/92, a man's tippet. + + Testudo, p. 123, the tortoise or turtle. + + Þan, 53/785, that, which. + + Thank him who gives you food, 271/92. + + Þaughe, 52/761, though. + + The, 263/32, thrive. + + Þegre, 264/66, degree, state. + + Theologicum, 87/7, the monks wine. + + Think before you speak, 252/71. + + Third man, never be, 185/287. + + Þo, 262/5, do, put. + + Thornback, 41/584; p. 99, two notes; 58/844; 167/10; 168/11. + + Thorpole, 167/10. + _See_ Thurle-polle. + + Three or four at a mess, 171/13; 72/1057. + + Threpole, 168/8; ? thurlepolle. + + Throat, don't get food into your wrong one, or it will do for you, + 180/99. + + Thrushes, 28/438; 37/543; 165/3. + + Thumb, don't dip yours into your drink, 181/127. + + Thurle-polle, 41/584; p. 99; + salt, 57/837. + + Thye, p. 151, carve. + + Ti[gh]t, 74/1095, draws, grows, from A.S. _teon_. + + Time (a) for all things, 234/587. + + Tintern, the abbot of, the poorest of all abbots, 76/1142. + + Tintinalus, a fish, p. 122. + + Toes, keep 'em still, 186/320. + + Tome, 177/10, opportunity. + + Tongue; don't let yours walk, 232/472; + don't poke it out and in, 212/97; + charm it, 229/284. + + Tooth-picker (A.D. 1602), p. 136, p. 142; + Sp. _escarvadientes_, a tooth-picker, a tooth-scraper. 1591, + Percivale, by Minsheu, 1623. + + Top crust for the lord, 139/342; p. 271. [[139 for 23]] + + Torches, 193/508; 205/825. + + Torn clothes to be mended, 226/102. + + Tornsole, 153/25; 154/1; + Pegge says 'Not the flower Heliotrope, but a drug. Northumb. Book, + p. 3, 19. I suppose it to be _Turmeric_. V. Brooke's Nat. Hist. + of Vegetables, p. 9, where it is used both in victuals and for + dying.' _Forme of Cury_, p. 38. + _See_ Turnsole. + + Torrentyne of Ebrew, 9/119; + p. 90, No. 11; a sweet wine. + + Torrentyne, 57/835; p. 107; the trout. + Fr. _torrentin_ is 'Belonging to, or abiding in, torrents, or swift + and violent streames.' Cot. + _See_ Turrentyne. + + Torrentille, 38/548; p. 98, a fish. ? what. + + Tortes, 193/492; p. 193, note 2, a kind of light; 193/510; 205/825; + 204/note 1. [[193 for 192]] + + Totter, don't, 214/151. + + Towel, don't dirty it at dinner, 263/52. + + Towel, a narrow and a broad, to wash with after dinner, 204/811. + + Towel, 2 knights to hold before the lord's sleeves, 201/713. + + Towse, 53/781, ? oakum. + + Trace, 46/664, way; + 234/630, track, path. + + Trample not with your feet, 20/299. + + Transsene, p. 151, cut up. + + Traunche, p. 151, cut up. + + Tre, 201/701, wood. + + Treasurer, his duties, 196/573-94; + he sits on the dais in hall, 177/20. + + Treatablie, 230/323, distinctly. + + Trencher bread, 4/56; p. 84; + to be 4 days old, 152/7. + 'Item that the _Trenchor Brede_ be maid of the Meale as it cummyth + frome the Milne.' _Northumberland H. Book_, p. 58. + + Trenchere lovis, 14/197; p. 84; 154/35; p. 157; loaves of coarse + unsifted meal; + the panter to bring in three, 200/667. + + Trencher-knife, p. 22, note 2; 152/3. + + Trencher, no filth to be on, 269/73; + not to be loaded with scraps, 277/48; 278/48. + + Trenchers, how to be laid on table, p. 22; + four to the lord, and one a-top, 201/723; + p. 160, and the collations of the first edition. + + Trestis, 204/822, trestles. + + Trestuls, 189/389; + trestles, 192/464. + + Tretably, 235/673, ? Fr. _traictable_, courteous, gracious, tractable, + pliant, facile, intreatable. Cotgrave. + + Trete, 43/612, trouble? + + Treteable, 279, 280/78; + Fr. _traictable_. + + Trifelynge, 19/287, ? rocking, swaying about. + + Trinity, bless oneself with, 181/149. + + Trompe, the crane's, 28/431-2; 159/5. + + Trout, 40/578; 51/735; p. 123; 167/9. + + True, be, in word and deed, 268/41. + + Trusse, 62/898, pull. + + Tunny, p. 97, note on l. 533. + + Turbot, 41/583; 51/735; 167/10; + fresh, 59/852. + + Turnsole, 9/123; 11/143; p. 91; + turnesole is used to make _pownas_ colour (? _pownas_, puce) in + _Forme of Cury_, recipe 68, p. 38. + _See_ Tornsole. + + Turrentyne salt, 168/7. + + Turrentyne, sele, 166/25; p. 174. + + Tursons, p. 50, note 6. + + Tuske, p. 151, carve. + + Tutia, 135/10, for Tutia; + Fr. _Tuthie_: f. Tutie; a medicinable stone or dust, said to be the + heauier foyle of Brasse, cleauing to the vpper sides and tops of + Brasse-melting houses: and such doe ordinary Apothecaries passe + away for _Tutie_; although the true _Tutie_ be not heauie, but + light and white like flocks of wooll, falling into dust as soon as + it is touched; this is bred of the sparkles of brasen furnaces, + whereinto store of the minerall Calamine, beaten to dust, hath + been cast. Cotgrave. + + Two at a mess, who may sit, 72/1049; 179/7; [[179 for 171]] + who, two or three, 72/1051-5; + carver is to put on, 179/9. + + Two fingers and thumb, carver is to put, on a knife, 21/320; p. 157. + + Two fingers, a lord to eat with, 30/467. + + Twopence or threepence a day, the wages of a groom or page, + 198/619-20. + + Twynkelynge, 18/281, blinking. + + Twyte, 256/179, hack; + 'telwyn, or thwytyn (twhytyn, twytyn). _Abseco, reseco._' P. Parv. + + Tyer, 153/21, Tyrian wine. + + Tyere, p. 151, cut up. + + Tymbre that fyre, p. 151, put wood on it. + + Tyre, 9/119; p. 90, No. 9, a sweet wine. + + + Unbrace, p. 151, carve. + + Unbrushen, 64/944. + + Uncleanness to be abhorred, p. 140. + + Uncountabulle, 195/544, not accountable to any other officer of the + household? + + Uncover thy head when talking to any man, 236/722. + + Undefied, 23/359, ? unqualified, unguarded against, uncooked. + + Undercrust of a loaf to be cut in three, 178/39. + + Undertraunche, p. 151, cut up. + + Undress by the fire, p. 136; + in winter, p. 142. + + Undressing described, p. 169; + and going to bed, 193/487, &c., 194/516. + + Unfed, better than untaught, 236/725. + + Unjoint, p. 151, carve. + + Unlace, 21/315, 322; p. 151, carve (a cony); 26/410 (a capon). + + Unsunken, 191/441. + + Untache, p. 151, carve. + + Upbrayde, 25/395, reproach. + + Upper-crust of a loaf for the lord, 23/342; p. 157 at foot; + to be cut in four, 178/37. + + Upright, sit, 270/93. + + Upright, p. 129, with the face upwards. + "I throwe a man on his backe or _upright_, so that his face is + upwarde. _Je renuerse._" Palsgrave. + + Urinal, 169/34. + _See_ Vrnelle. + + Urine, retain it not, 214/145. + + Usher, the duties of one, p. 69-78; p. 170-2. + + Usher of the Chamber, 190/432; + his duties, 192/473 to 194/520; + he carries the smallest wand, 187/354. + + Usher and marshal; all other household officers obey him, 79/1180. + + + Valadyne gynger, 10/132. + + Valance, 191/447, hangings of a bed. + + Vampeys, 61/894. + + Vantage, 198/635, gain, perquisites. + + Vaunte, fryter, 157/2, ? meat. + + Veal, 54/807. + + Veal, verjuice its sauce, 36/534. + + Veele, 31/486, veal. + + Velany, 178/56, abusing. + + Velvet, 62/914. + + _Venator_, 198/628-9, the huntsman. + + Venemous, don't be, p. 261, l. V. + + Venesoun, how to carve, 25/383-91; + Andrew Borde's opinion of, p. 94-95. + + Veniable, p. 261, l. V, revengeful. + + Venison, 37/542; + how to carve, 158/13. + + Venison baked, 48/689; p. 101; + roast, 28/444; 49/694; 165/2. + + Venison pastey, 31/489. + + Venprides, 55/820. ? + + Ventes, 159/13, anus; p. 162, l. 3 from foot. + + Venure, 31/489, beast that is hunted. + + Vewter, 198/631, fewterer; 'in hunting or coursing, the man who held + the dogs in slips or couples, and loosed them; a dog-keeper.' + Halliwell. _Vaultre_, a mongrel between a hound and a maistiffe; + fit for the chase of wild bears and boars. Cot. 'The Gaulish + hounds of which Martial and Ovid speak, termed _vertagi_, or + _veltres_, appear to have been greyhounds, and hence the + appellations _veltro_, Ital., _viautre_, _vaultre_, Fr., _Welter_, + Germ. The Promptorium gives "Grehownde, _veltres_," p. 209. + Various details regarding the duties of the "foutreres," and their + fee, or share of the produce of the chace, will be found in the + Mayster of Game, Vesp. B. xii, fol. 99, 104, b.' Way in + _Promptorium_, p. 291. + + Verjuice, 58/841, 843. + + Verjuice, p. 159, 168/9, at foot. + + Verjuice, the sauce for boiled capon, &c., 36/534; + for crab, 42/596; + with goose, 164/3. + + Vernage, 9/118; p. 87, No. 1; 153/22. + + Ryche she tham drewe + Vernage and Crete. + _Sir Degrevant_, p. 235, l. 1408, l. 1703. + + Vernagelle, 9/118; p. 87, No. 2. + + Viant, 33/501, ? meat. + + Viaunt, fruture, 48/689, meat fritters? + + Vicars, rank of, 71/1031. + + Vice, avoid, 234/610. + + Vilony, 265/8; 266/10, discourtesy, rudeness; p. 261, l. V. + + Vinegar, 57/835; 58/847. + + Vinegar as a sauce, 36/536. + + Vinegar for crayfish, 43/611. + + Vines, tender, with goose, 164/2. + + Virtue, the first of, 232/493. + + Viscount, rank of, 70/1013; 72/1049. + + Vngry[gh]t, 202/751, undished?, not uncooked. + + Vnhynde, 179/80, ungentle, uncourteous. + + Vnkende, 204/816, ? unsuitably; + A.S. _uncynd_, unnatural, unsuitable. + + Vnkunnynge, 252/54, want of knowledge. + + Vnskilfully, without reason; + O.N. _skil_, reason. + + Voider, put your scraps into it, 272/131; + one to be on the table, 230/376, 358; 231/382. + 'A Voider to take vp the fragmentes, _vasculum fragmentarium, + analactarium, vel aristophorum_.' Withals. + Fr. _Portoire_, Any thing that helpes to carry another thing; + as a _Voyder_, Skep, Scuttle, Wheelebarrow, &c. Cotgrave. + + Vomit away from company, 213/117. + + Voyd, 50/716, clear. + + Voydance, 262/20. + The side-note is doubtless wrong; the getting it out of the way + applies to the _snetyng_ of the line above. But see 214/145-7. + + Voyder, 272/131, vessel to empty bones and leavings into. + + _Vrbanitatis_, p. 262-4. + + Vre, 78/1173; 236/716, custom, practice. + + Vrinal, 137/15, a glass vessel in which urine could be looked at and + through. + + Vrnelle, 63/926; 66/971; + Fr. _Vrinal_, an Vrinall; also, a Jordan, or Chamberpot. Cot. + + + Wade not too deep, 259/21; p. 261, l. W. + + Wadrop, 190/429, wardrobe. + + Wafers to eat, 50/715; 52/759; 55/816; 157/11; 166/19. + + Wager, don't lay with your lord, 184/227. + + Wages of grooms and yeomen kept account of by the Clerk of the + Kitchen, 195/556; + of grooms and pages, 197/617-20; + paid by the Treasurer, 196/585. + + Walk gently in the morning, p. 140. + + Walk decently, 214/157. + + Wall, don't make it your mirror, 275, 276/11. + + Walle-wort, 68/992. + + Waloande, 179/63, guggling, speaking with the mouth full. + + Wand, teeth not to be picked with, 180/94. + + Wanhope, 3/30, despair. + + Wanton laughing is wrong, 276/20. + + Wantons, young, want hanging, p. 125. + + Warden of a craft, 78/1160. + + Wardrobe, 64/940; + is in the Usher's charge, 193/479. + + Wardrop, 196/565. + + Wardropere, 193/481, keeper of the wardrobe. + + Warm water to wash hands in, 62/902. + + Warm your clothes in winter, p. 143. + + Warming-pan, p. 136, last line. + + Wash (vasshe) before going to bed, a lord does, 194/513. + + Wash in summer, not winter, p. 138. + + Wash on rising, your hands, 226/74; + before eating, 187/343; 265/9; + and face, 266/13; + before leaving the table, 271/84; + after meals, 257/193; p. 142. + + Washing after dinner, how done, 201/713-21; 231/403-416; 257/200. + + Washing directed, p. 130; p. 139. + + Wastable, 13/179. + + Waste not, 259/20; p. 261, l. W; 269/56. + + Wate, 201/739, know. + + Water, how to assay, 202/702. + + Water, Ewerer to give, to all, 200/643. + + Water for the teeth, W. Vaughan's, p. 134. + + Water-leech, slippers to be brown like one, 60/874. + + Watery, 18/282. + + Wax, all candles & morters of, 204/827-33. + + Wayte, 17/265, watch; 28/436, take care. + + Wayue, 186/322, glance, move, let wander. + + Wearisome, 52/751. + + Weldsomly, 2/17, at will. + + Welke, _marceo_, to welke, _sicut flores_. _marcidus_, welked. + _emerceo_, to wax drie and welkynge. Gloss. _Reliq. Ant._ v. 1, + p. 6. + + Wesselle clothes, 188/367, ? cloths, for vessells. + + Weste, Richard, his _Schoole of Vertve_, referred to, p. 207; + his acrostic, p. 208. + + Westminster, the Abbot of, 76/1141. + + Wether or ram, p. 105, note on l. 799. [[779 for 799]] + + Whale, likes harmony, p. 116. Fr. _Tinet_: m. The Whall tearmed a + Horlepoole, or Whirlepoole. Cot. + + Whale, roast, how to carve, 41/581; + salt, 57/837; 168/8. + + Whelk, how to carve a, 44/624. + + Whelks, 52/747; 166/17. Fr. _Turbin._ The shell-fish called a + _Welke_ or Winkle. Cot. + + Whene, 195/548, ? same as _cweme_, agreeable. + + Whileere, 24/377, a time ago, before. + + Whils, 254/133, until. + + Whisper, don't, 253/95; 269/54. + + Whispering, avoid it, 184/250. + + White bread, 7/92; 200/686. + + White herrings, 45/642. + + White payne or bread, 14/204. + + Whiting, 40/575; 58/845; + how to carve, 167/6. + + Whole-footed fowls, skin of, is wholesome, 165/19. + + Whot, 52/757, ? white, not "hot," as in side note: cf. blaundrelle, + 50/714. + + Widgeon, 165/1. + + Wife, is to honour her husband, 185/267; + takes her husband's rank, 74/1092. + On the first of June, 1582, John Wolfe paid the Stationers' Company + 8_d._ for a licence "to imprinte two ballades," of which the + latter was "a settinge forth of the variety of mens mindes, + esteaminge rather welth with a wanton wife, then vertue in a + modeste mayde." _Collier's Extracts_, ii. 165. For _variety_ in + this entry, Mr Collier proposes to read _vanity_. See also the + ballad, + + Faine would I have a vertuous wife + Adorned with all modestie, + + in _Collier's Extracts_, i. 162-3. + + Wight, quick, nimble. Swed. _vig._ + + Wild, don't be, 182/156. + + Wild boar, 48/686. + + Sche brou[gh]t fram the kychene + A scheld of a wylde swyne, + Hastelettus in galantyne. + _Sir Degrevant_, p. 235, l. 1397-9. + + Wind, let it out with secresy, 214/145. + + Windows of a bedroom to be shut at night, p. 129. + + Wine, livery or allowance of, 205/843. + + Wines, 8/109; + sweet, p. 9; p. 86-7; + the names of, p. 153. + + Wing, cut under, not over, in whole-footed birds, 164/5. + + Wings of smaller birds, the best bits, 27/418; 30/473. + + Winter, the Device of, 52/766. + + Wipe your mouth before drinking, 272/105. + + Wipe your nose, don't, 274/141. + + Wise men eat the fish, 219/12. + + Wisps of straw for bed-making, 191/439. + + Wite, wot, know, A.S. _witan._ + + Withy leaves in a bath, 69/995. + + Wives, the duty of, 242/9. + + Wolfskin garments for winter, p. 139. + + Woman (?) not to sit at a Bishop's table, p. 216, No. x. + + Woman-kind, speak never uncourteously of, 184/259. + + Woman's milk, 135/13. + + Wombelonge, 29/451, belly-wise, on its belly. + + Won, 197/605, supply. + + Wont, 182/190, wants, fails. + + Woodcock, 37/542; p. 98; 49/697; 165/1; + how to carve, 27/421; p. 163. + + Woollen cloth to be brushed every week, 64/943. + + Work after meals to be avoided, p. 131. + + Worship God, 182/157. + + Worshipfulle, sb., 45/655, worshipful person. + + Worth, 272/114, estimation. + + Worthier men, let them be helped first, 263/45. + + Wortus, 34/517; A.S. _wyrt_, _wurt_, 1. wort, a herb, plant, + a general name for all sorts of herbs, scented flowers, and + spices; 2. a root. (Bosworth.) + + Wralling, 211/60, wawling, caterwauling, 'quarrelling or contending + with a loud voice.' Halliwell. + + Wrap bread stately, how to, 14/209; 155/10. + + Wrappe, sb., 14/212, cover. + + Wrappe, 14/212, wrap, cover. + + Wrapper, 15/224; 155/13. + + Wrast, 178/26, wresting, twist. + + Wrawd, 42/590, froward. + + Wrinkled, don't let your countenance be, 210/41. + + Wry not your neck askew, 19/285. + + Wyn, 191/447; A.S. _wyn_, joy, pleasure. + + Wyneberries, 6/78; p. 85. + + Wynge, p. 151, carve. + + Wynkyn de Worde's _Boke of Keruynge_, p. 147-74. + + Wynkynge, 18/282. + + Wynne, 270/79; A.S. _win_, labour (not _wyn_, _win_, pleasure). + + Wyt, 268/41, will. + + + [Gh]ane, 19/294, yawn; A.S. _ganian_. + + Yardehok, 67/991. + + Yawn not, 19/294; + when you do, hide behind a napkin, 211/82. + + Y-chaffed, 61/893, warmed; Fr. _chauffé_. + + Ycoruyn, 203/765, carved, cut. + + Yeoman of the Crown, 71/1033. + + Yeoman-usher is under the marshal, 189/383. + + Yeomen in hall, 178/27. + + Yerbis, 48/687, herbs. + + [Gh]ett, 22/339, formerly ?, see l. 204. + + Y[gh]es, 35/527, eyes. + + Ygraithed, 15/225, prepared. + + Ynons, 40/569; p. 98, onions. + + Yn-same, 271/93, in the same way. Cut out the hyphen. + + [Gh]omon of chambur, 193/507. + + [Gh]omon-ussher, sleeps all night on the floor at his lord's door, + 194/519. + + York, Archbp. of, 73/1078; + Bps. of, l. 1081. + + Youth, if lawless, old age despised, 219/14. + + Ypocras, how to make it, p. 9-12; p. 153. + + Ypocras, 52/759; 166/19. + + Ypocras to drynk, 50/715. + + Yoxinge, 19/298, note 4. I _yeske_, I gyue a noyse out of my stomacke. + _Je engloute._ When he _yesketh_ next, tell hym some straunge + newes, and he shall leave it. Palsg. + + Ypullished, 4/63, polished. + + Yse, 81/1222, look at. + + Ywys, 250/12; A.S. _gewis_, certainly. + + + Zole, 51/737, sole ? + + + + +ADDITIONS TO INDEX. + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This page is retained for completeness. All items have been added to +the main Index, marked as [[added by editor]] in double brackets.] + + + _Brawn of boar_: this was the first dish at dinner in Harrison's time, + 1577-87; see his _Description_ of Britain, bk. iii, ch. 1 + (N. Sh. Soc.). + + _Dischmetes_, 34/514. + + _Galingale_: Sp. _Júncia avellanda_, _Júnca odoróso_, galingale. + --Minsheu. + + _Girls_: home-education, xxv, xv, &c. + + _Leche fryture_: see _Leschefrites_, _leschefrayes_, in the index to + the _Ménagier de Paris_. + + _Musclade_ is Span. _mezclada_, mixture. Ital. _mescolanza_ is used, + in Genoa at least, for a fry of small fish.--H. H. Gibbs. Minsheu + has _mézela_, _méscla_ or _mezcladura_, a medlie, mingling. + + _Peacock_: as to his voice, see Roberts's _Fables Inédits_, + T. Wright's _Piers Plowman_, ii. 548. + + _Raspise_: All maner of wynes be made of grapes, excepte _respyce_, + the whiche is made of a berye.--A. Borde, _Dyetary of Wynes_, + sign. F. i. + + _Remyssailes_: leavings. + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber): + + Minor punctuation irregularities such as missing periods (full + stops) were silently corrected. Here and elsewhere, inconsistent + hyphenization of "Salt(-)cellar" is unchanged. + + To save the repetition of _p._ and _l._ [repitition] + _Cena Domini_ + [_note 189/398 printed as "95/398": linenote 5_398 on p. 95_] + Michaelmas to Christmas, feasts from, p. 164. [Chrismas] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + [_Postscript, added after the Index had been printed._] + + + + + +Ffor to serve a lord.+ + + [_From the Rev. Walter Sneyd's copy of Mr Davenport Bromley's MS._] + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +In long paragraphs, sidenotes are labeled [a], [b]... Numbered +sidenotes are from the original text.] + + +Mr Sneyd has just told me that Mr Arthur Davenport's MS. _How to serve a +Lord_, referred to in my Preface to Russell, p. lxxii., is in fact the +one from Mr Sneyd's copy of which his sister quoted in her edition of +the 'Italian Relation of England' mentioned on pp. xiv. xv. of my +_Forewords_. Mr Sneyd says: 'I made my copy nearly forty years ago, +during the lifetime of the late Mr A. Davenport's grandfather, who was +my uncle by marriage. I recollect that the MS. contains a miscellaneous +collection of old writings on various subjects, old recipes, local and +family memoranda, &c., all of the 15th century, and, bound up with them +in the old vellum wrapper, is an imperfect copy of the first edition of +the Book of St Alban's. On Mr Arthur Davenport's death, last September, +the MS. (with the estates) came into the possession of Mr Davenport +Bromley, M.P., but a long time must elapse before it can be brought to +light, as the house you mention is still unfinished, and the boxes of +books stowed away in confusion.' On my asking Mr Sneyd for a sight of +his copy, he at once sent it to me, and it proved so interesting-- +especially the Feast for a Bride, at the end-- that I copied it out +directly, put a few notes to it, and here it is.[1] For more notes and +explanations the reader must look the words he wants them for, out in +the Index at the end of Part II. The date of the Treatise seems to me +quite the end of the 15th century, if not the beginning of the 16th. The +introduction of the Chamber, p. 356, the confusion of the terms of a +Carver, 'unlose _or_ tire _or_ display,' p. 357--enough to make a +well-bred Carver faint: even Wynkyn de Worde in 1508 and 1513 doesn't +think of such a thing--the cheese shred with sugar and sage-leaves, +p. 355, the 'Trenchours of _tree or_ brede,' l. 16, below, &c., as well +as the language, all point to a late date. The treatise is one for a +less grand household than Russell, de Worde, and the author of the _Boke +of Curtastye_ prescribed rules for. But it yields to none of the books +in interest: so in the words of its pretty 'scriptur' let it welcome all +its readers: + + "Welcombe you bretheren godely in this hall! + Joy be unto you all + that en[2] this day it is now fall! + that worthy lorde that lay in an Oxe stalle + mayntayne your husbonde and you, w{i}t{h} your gystys all!" + + + [I. _Of laying the Cloth and setting out the Table._] + +Ffirst, in servise of all thyngys in pantery and botery, and also for +the ewery. ffirst, table-clothis, towelles longe and shorte, +covertours[3] and napkyns, be ordeyned clenly, clene and redy accordyng +to the tyme. Also basyns, ewers, Trenchours of tree or brede, +sponys, salte, and kervyng knyves. + + [Sidenote: 1. Have your table-cloths and napkins ready, also + trenchers, salts, &c.] + +Thenne ayenst tyme of mete, the boteler or the ewer shall brynge +forthe clenly dressed and fayre applyed[3] Tabill-clothis, and the +cubbord-clothe, cowched uppon his lefte shulder, laying them uppon +the tabill ende, close applied[4] unto the tyme that he have firste +coverd the cubbord; and thenne cover the syde-tabillis, and laste the +principall tabill with dobell clothe drau{n}, cowched, and spradde unto +the degre, as longeth therto in festis. + + [Sidenote: 2. Bring your cloths folded, lay them on the table, + then cover the cupboard, the side-table, and the chief table.] + +Thenne here-uppon the boteler or panter shall bring forthe his +pryncipall salte, and iiij or v loves of paryd brede, havyng a towaile +aboute his nekke, the tone half honge or lying uppon his lefte arme unto +his hande, and the kervyng knyves holdyng in the ryght hande, iuste +unto the salte-seler beryng. + + [Sidenote: 3. Bring out the chief salt-cellar, and pared loaves, + and hold the carving-knives in your right hand.] + +Thenne the boteler or panter shall sette the seler in the myddys of +the tabull accordyng to the place where the principall soverain shalle +sette, and sette his brede iuste couched unto the salte-seler; and +yf ther be trenchours of brede, sette them iuste before the seler, and +lay downe faire the kervyng knyves, the poynts to the seler benethe the +trenchours. + + [Sidenote: 4. Put your chief salt-cellar before the chief person's + seat, his bread by it, and his trenchers before it.] + +Thenne the seconde seler att the lower ende, with ij paryd loves[5] +therby, and trenchours of brede yf they be ordeyned; and in case be +that trenchours of tree shalbe ordeyned, the panter shall bryng them +with nappekyns and sponys whenne the soverayne is sette att tabill. + + [Sidenote: 5. Put the second salt-cellar at the lower end. If + wooden trenchers are used, bring them on.] + +Thenne after the high principall tabill sette with brede & salte, +thenne salte-selers shall be sette uppon the syde-tablys, but no +brede unto the tyme such people be sette that fallith to come to mete. +Thenne the boteler shall bryng forth basyns, ewers, and cuppis, +Pecys,[6] sponys sette into a pece, redressing all his silv{er} plate, +upon the cubbord, the largest firste, the richest in the myddis, the +lighteste before. + + [Sidenote: 6. Put salt-cellars on the side-tables. 7. Bring out + your basins, &c., and set all your plate on the cupboard.] + + + [II. _Of Washing after Grace is said._] + +Thenne the principall servitours moste take in ij handys, basyns +and ewers, and towell, and therwith to awayte and attende unto the +tyme that the grace be fully saide; and thenne incontynent after grace +saide, to serve water with the principall basyn and ewer unto the +principall soverayne, and ij principall servitours to holde the towell +under the basyn in lenght before the sovrayne; and after that the +sovrayne hath wasshe, to yeve thenne water unto such as ben +ordeyned to sytte at the sovrayne-is messe. + + [Sidenote: 8. Let the chief servants have basins, &c., ready, and + after Grace, hold the best basin to the chief lord, with the towel + under; and then let his messmates wash.] + + + [III. _Of the Lord & Guests taking their Seats, & getting + their Trenchers, Spoons, Napkins, & Bread._] + +Thenne after the wesshing servid, the sovrayne will take his place +to sitte, and to hym such persons as hit pleaseth hym to have. uppon +which tyme of sittyng, the servitorys moste diligently a-wayte to serve +them of qussyons, and after that done, to make such personys to be +sette at the lower messe as the principall soverayne aggrees that be +convenyent. + + [Sidenote: 9. The chief lord takes his seat, then his messmates + theirs; then the lower-mess people theirs.] + +[a] Be it remembrid that evermore at the begynnyng of grace the +covertour of brede shalbe avoyded and take away. [b] thenne the +karver, havyng his napkyn at all tymes uppon his left hand, and the +kervyng knyf in his right hande, and he shall take uppon the poynte of +his knyf iiij trenchours, [c] and so cowche them iustely before the +principall, iij lying iustely to-geder, ij under, and on{e} uppon, and +the fowerth before, [d] iustely for to lay uppon salte. and the next, +lay iij trenchours; [e] and soo iij or ij after her degree. [f] therto +the boteler most be redy with sponys and napkyns, that ther as the +trenchours be cowched, lay the spone and the napkyn therto, and soo +thorowe the borde. + + [Sidenote: [a] (When Grace begins, the bread cover is to be taken + away.) [b] 10. The Carver takes 4 trenchers on his knife-point, + [c] and lays them before the chief lord, [d] (one to put his salt + on,) [e] and 3 or 2 before the less people. [f] 11. The Butler + gives each man a spoon and a napkin.] + +Thenne the kerver shall take into his hande on or ij loves, and +bere hem to the syde-tabill ende, and ther pare hem quarter on first, +and bring hym hole to-geder, and cowche ij of the beste before the +sovrayne, and to others by ij or on after ther degree. + + [Sidenote: 12. The Carver pares 2 loaves, lays 2 before his lord, + and 2 or 1 to the rest.] + + + [IV. _Of the Courses of the Dinner._] + + [_First Course._] + +Thenne the kerver or sewer most asserve[A] every disshe in his degre, +after order and course of servise as folowith: first, mustard and +brawne, swete wyne shewed therto.[7] + + [Sidenote: 13. Serve brawn,] + + [Textnote A: ? Assewe.] + + POTAGE. + +Befe and moton. swan or gese. grete pies, capon or fesaunt; leche, +or fretours. Thenne yef potage be chaungeabill after tyme and season of +the yere as fallith, as here is rehercid: by example, ffor befe +and moton ye shall take + + Pestelles or chynys of porke, + or els tonge of befe, + or tonge of the harte powderd;[8] + Befe stewed, + chekyns boylyd, and bacon. + + [Sidenote: beef, swan, pheasant, fritters. As a change for beef, + have legs or chines of pork, or tongue of ox or hart.] + + + [_The Second Course._] + +Thenne ayenste the secunde cours, be redy, and come in-to the place. +[a] the kerver muste avoyde and take uppe the service of the first +cours,--begynnyng at the lowest mete first,--and [b] all broke cromys, +bonys, & trenchours, before the secunde cours and servise be served. +[c] thenne the seconde cours shall be served in manner and fourme as +ensample thereof here-after folowyng: + + [d] Potage. pigge + Conye + Crane + heronsewe + betoure + Egrete + Corlewe + wodecok + Pert[r]igge + Plover + Snytys + quaylys + ffretours + leche + la{m}me stewed + Kidde rosted + Veneson rosted + heronsewe + betoure + pigeons + [e] Rabetts + [f] a bake mete + Stokke-dovys stewed + cony + telys + malard + [g] wodecok + [h] grete byrdys + + [Sidenote: [a] 14. Clear away the 1st course, [b] crumbs, bones, + and used trenchers. [c] 15. Serve the Second Course: [d] Small + birds, lamb, kid, venison, [e] rabbits, [f] meat pie, [g] teal, + woodcock. [h] Great birds.] + + + [V. _How to clear the Table._] + +After the seconde cours served, kerved, and spente, hit must be sene, +[a] cuppys to be fillid, trenchours to be voyded. thenne by goode +avysement the tabill muste be take uppe in manner as folowith:--first, +when tyme foloweth,[B] [b] the panter or boteler muste gader uppe the +sponys; after that done by leyser, the sewer or carver shall be-gynne at +the loweste ende, [c] and in order take uppe the lowest messe; after +the syde-tabill be avoyded and take uppe, and thenne to procede to the +Principall tabill, and ther honestly and clenly avoyde and withdrawe all +the servise of the high table. [d] ther-to the kerver muste be redy, +and redely have a voyder to geder in all the broke brede, trenchours, +cromys lying upon the tabill; levyng none other thyng save the +salte-seler, hole brede (yf any be lefte), and cuppys. + + [Sidenote: [a] 16. Fill men's cups and remove their trenchers. + [b] 17. Collect the spoons. [c] 18. Take up the lowest dishes at + the side-tables, and then clear the high table. [d] 19. Sweep all + the bits of bread, trenchers, &c., into a voyder.] + + [Textnote B: ? aloweth] + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +In the following paragraph, [**] represents a hand-drawn symbol that +could not be identified. It is not explained in the editor's notes.] + + [VI. _How to serve Dessert._] + +After this done by goode delyberacion and avysement, the kerver shall +take the servise of the principall messe in order and rule, begynnynge +at the lowest, and so procede in rule unto the laste,[9] [a] and +theruppon the kerver to have redy a voyder, and to avoyde all man{er} +trenchours [&] broke brede in a-nother clene disshe voyder, [b] and +cromys, which with the kervyng-knyf[10] shall be avoyded from the +tabill, and thus p{ro}cede unto the tabill be voyded. [c] Thenne the +kerver shall goo unto the cuppebord, and redresse and ordeyne wafers in +to towayles of raynes or fyne napkyns which moste be cowched fayre and +honestly uppon the tabill, and thenne serve the principall messe first, +and so thorowe the tabill .j or ij yf hit so requere: [d] therto moste +be servid swete wyne [**] and in feriall[11] tyme serve chese shraped +with sugur and sauge-levis,[12] or ellis that hit be faire kervid hole, +or frute as the yere yeveth, strawberys, cherys, perys, appulis; [e] and +in winter, wardens,[13] costardys roste, rosted on fisshe-dayes with +blanche pouder, and so serve hit forth [**] [f] Thenne aftur wafers and +frute spended, all maner thinge shalbe take uppe and avoyded, except the +principall salt-seler, hole brede, and kervyng-knyves, the which shalbe +redressed in man{er} and fourme as they were first sette on the table; +the which, [h] principall servitours of the pantre or botery, havyng his +towaile, shall take uppe, and bere hit into his office in like wyse as +he first brought hit unto the Tabill. + + [Sidenote: [a] 20. Take away the cups, &c., from all the messes, + putting the trenchers, &c., in a voyder, [b] and scraping the + crumbs off with a carving-knife. [c] 21. Serve wafers in towels + laid on the table, [d] and sweet wine. In holiday time serve + cheese, or fruit; [e] in winter, roast apples. [f] 22. Clear away + all except the chief salt-cellar, whole bread, and carving-knives; + [g] take these to the pantry.] + + + [VII. _How the Diners shall wash after Dessert._] + +[a] Thenne the principall servitours, as kerver and sewer, moste have +redy a longe towaile applyed dowble, to be cowched uppon the principall +ende of the table; and that towell must be iustely drawen thorowe the +tabill unto the lower ende, and ij servitours to awayte theruppon that +hit be iustely cowched and sprad. after that done, [b] ther muste be +ordeyned basyns, and ewers w{i}t{h} water hote or colde as tyme of the +yere requerith, and to be sette uppon the tabill, and to stonde unto the +g{ra}ce be saide; [c] and incontynent after grace seide, the servitours +to be redy to awayte and attende to yeve water, first to the principall +messe, [d] and after that to the seconde. [e] incontynent after this +done, the towayle and tabill-clothis most be drawen, cowched, and sprad, +and so by litill space taken uppe in the myddis of the tabill, [f] and +so to be delyvered to the officer of pantery or botery. + + [Sidenote: [a] 23. Lay a fresh cloth all along the chief table. + [b] 24. Have ready basons and jugs with hot or cold water; [c] and + after Grace, hand basins and water to the first mess, [d] then the + second. [e] 25. Take off and fold up the towels and cloth, [f] and + give 'em to the Panter.] + + + [VIII. _Of the Removal of the Table, and the separate Service + to grand Guests in the Chamber._] + +[a] Thenne uprysyng, servitours muste attende to avoyde tabills, +trestellis, formys and stolys, and to redresse bankers and quyssyons. +[b] then the boteler shall avoyde the cupborde, begynnyng at the +lowest, p{ro}cede in rule to the hieste, and bere hit in-to his office. +Thenne after mete, hit moste be awayted and well entended by servitours +yf drinke be asked. [c] and yf ther be knyght or lady or grete +gentil-woman, they shall be servid uppon kne with brede and wyne. +[d] Thenne it moste be sene yf strangers shalbe brought to chamber, +and that the chamber be clenly appareld and dressed according to the +tyme of the yere, as in wynter-tyme, fyer, in som{u}r tyme the bedd +couerd w{i}t{h} pylawes and hedde-shetys in case that they woll reste. +[e] and after this done, they moste have chere of neweltees in the +chamber.[14] as [f] Iuncate,[15] cheryes, pepyns, and such neweltees +as the tyme of the yere requereth; [g] or ellis grene ginger +comfetts,[16] with such thynge as wynter requereth; [h] and swete wynes, +as ypocrasse, Tyre, muscadell, bastard vernage, of the beste that may be +had, to the honor and lawde of the principall of the house. + + [Sidenote: [a] 26. Clear away tables, trestles, forms; and put + cushions on other seats. [b] 27. Butler, put the cups, &c., back + into your office. [c] 28. Serve knights and ladies with bread and + wine, kneeling. [d] 29. Conduct strangers to the Chamber. + [e] 30. Serve them with dainties: [f] junket, pippins, [g] or + green ginger; [h] and sweet wines.] + + + [IX. _How to Carve._] + +to lose and t[i]re or sawse a capon:[17] [a] begynne at the lifte legge +first of a Swan;[18] & lyfte a gose y-reared at the right legge first, +and soo a [b] wilde fowle. To unlose, tire, or display a crane:[19] +cutte away the nekke in a voyde plate, rere legge and whyngge as of a +capon; take of ij leches of the briste, and cowche legge and whyngge and +lechis into a faire voyde plater; mynse the legge, and poyntes of +whinge; sawse hym w{i}t{h} mustard, vinager, and pouder gynger, and +serve hit before the sovrayne, and the carcas in a charger besyde: serve +it hole before the sovrayne. and he[20] may be served and dressed as a +capon, save one thyng, his breste bone.[21] [c] To tyre or ellis to +dismember an heronsew:[22] rere legge and whinge as of a crane; cowche +them aboute the body on bothe sydes, the hedde and the nekke being upon +the golet: s{er}ve him forth, and yf he be mynsed, sawse hym with +mustard, burage,[23] suger, and powder of gynger. + + [Sidenote: [a] How to carve a Swan, Goose, [b] Wild-fowl, Crane, + [c] Heronsew,] + +To lose or untache a bitorn:[24] kitte his nekke, and lay hit by +the hedde in the golette; kitte his whynge by the joynte; rere hym legge +and whynge, as the heron; serve him fourth; no sawse unto hym but only +salte. + + [Sidenote: Bittern,] + +To lose or spoyle an Egrete[25]: rere uppe his legge and whynge, as +of a henne, aboute the carcas: no sawse to him but salte. + + [Sidenote: Egret,] + +To tyre or to ele[26] a partorich[27] or a quayle[28] y-whyngged: +rere uppe whynge and legge, as of an henne; cowche them aboute the +carcas; no sawse save salte, or mustard and sugar. To lose or +unlase a fesaunt:[29] rere uppe legge and whynge as an henne; +cowche legge and whynge aboute the carcas; serve hym fourth; no sawse +but salte: but and yf he be mynsed, take whyte wyne, sugur, mustard, and +a lyttell of powder gynger. + + [Sidenote: Partridge, Quail, Pheasant.] + + + ffor to make a feste for a bryde. + +The ffirst cours: brawne, [a] with the borys hed,[30] lying in a felde, +hegge[31] about w{i}t{h} a scriptur, sayng on this wyse; + + [b] "Welcombe you bretheren godely in this hall![32] + Joy be unto you all + that en[33] this day it is now fall! + that worthy lorde that lay in an Oxe stalle + mayntayne your husbonde and you, w{i}t{h} your gystys, alle!" + + [c] Ffurmente w{i}t{h} veneson, swanne, pigge. + Ffesaunte, w{i}t{h} a grete custard, w{i}t{h} a sotelte, + [d] A lambe stondyng in scriptour, sayng on this wyse: + "I mekely unto you, sovrayne, am sente, + to dwell with you, and ever be present."[32] + + [Sidenote: _A Bridal Feast._ _First Course._ [a] Boar's head, and + a Device [b] of Welcome. [c] Venison and Custard, with a Device of + [d] Meekness.] + + +The second course. + +Veneson in broth, viaunde Ryalle,[34] veneson rosted, crane, cony, +a bake mete, leche damaske,[35] w{i}t{h} a sotelte: An anteloppe +sayng[36] on a sele that saith with scriptour + + "beith all gladd & mery that sitteth at this messe, and + prayeth for the kyng and all his."[37] + + [Sidenote: _Second Course._ Venison, Crane, &c., and a Device of + Gladness and Loyalty.] + + +The thirde course. + +Creme of Almondys, losynge in syruppe, betour{e}, p{ar}trich, +plover, snyte, poud{er} veal, leche veal, wellis[38] in sotelte, Roches +in sotelte,[39] Playce in sotelte; a bake mete w{i}t{h} a sotelte: +an angell w{i}t{h} a scriptour, "thanke all, god, of this feste." + + [Sidenote: _Third Course._ Sweets, &c., Game, with a Device of + Thankfulness.] + + +The iiij cours. + +Payne puff,[40] chese, freynes,[41] brede hote, with a cake,[42] +and a wif lying in childe-bed, w{i}t{h} a scriptour saing in this +wyse, "I am comyng toward your bryde. yf ye dirste onys loke to me ward, +I wene ye nedys muste."[43] + + [Sidenote: _Fourth Course._ Cheese and a cake with a Device of + Child-bearing and a promise of babies.] + + +Another course or servise. + +Brawne with mustard, umblys of a dere or of a sepe;[44] swanne, capon, +lambe. + + + [Footnote 1: Though it goes against one's ideas of propriety to + print from a copy, yet when one wants the substance of a MS., it's + better to take it from a copy, when you can get it, than fret for + five years till the MS. turns up. When it does so, we can print it + if necessary, its owner permitting.] + + [Footnote 2: on.] + + [Footnote 3: For bread, see § III., p. 352.] + + [Footnote 4: Folded. Cf. 'a towaile applyed dowble' below. Fr. + _plier_, to fould, plait, plie. Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 5: What is done with these loaves does not appear. The + carver in Motion 12, Section IV., pares the loaves wherewith he + serves the guests.] + + [Footnote 6: Goblets or cups: ? also ornamental pieces of plate. + 'A _peece_ of wyne' occurs in _Ladye Bessiye_, Percy Folio, + Ballads & Romances, vol. iii., and in the Percy Society's + edition. John Lord Nevill of Raby, in 1383, bequeaths 48 silver + salt-cellars ... 32 _peces_, 48 spoons, 8 chargers, 27 jugs, &c. + _Domestic Architecture_, ii. 66. '_Diota._ Horat. Any drinking + _peece_ having two eares, a two-eared drinking cup.' _Nomenclator_ + in Nares.] + + [Footnote 7: Sewed or served therewith.] + + [Footnote 8: salted or pickled.] + + [Footnote 9: ? firste. The directions for taking-away seem + repeated here, unless these second ones apply only to the spoons, + napkins, &c. The cups are wanted for dessert.] + + [Footnote 10: crumb-brushes were not then invented.] + + [Footnote 11: Fr. _ferial_, of or belonging to a holyday. _Vn + ferial beuveur_, a square drinker, a faithfull drunkard; one that + will take his liquor soundly. Cotgrave. _Feries_, Holydaies, + feastiuall daies, properly such holydaies as Monday and Tuesday in + Easter week, &c. Cot.] + + [Footnote 12: So "Apples and Cheese scraped with Sugar and Sage" + at the end of the Second Course of the Dinner at the Marriage of + Roger Rockley & Elizabeth Nevile, daughter of Sir John Nevile, the + 14th of January in the 17th year of Henry the VIIIth. (A.D. 1526.) + _Forme of Cury_, p. 174.] + + [Footnote 13: Wardens are baking pears; costards, apples.] + + [Footnote 14: I do not suppose that each guest retired to his own + bed-room, but to the general withdrawing-room,--possibly used as a + general bed-room also, when the Hall had ceased to be it. "The + _camera_ usually contained a bed, and the ordinary furniture of a + bed-chamber; but it must be remembered that it still answered the + purpose of a parlour or sitting-room, the bed being covered over + during the daytime with a handsome coverlid, as is still the + custom in France & other foreign countries to this day." + --_Domestic Architecture_, iii. 94-5.] + + [Footnote 15: See _Ioncate_ in Index, and Russell, l. 82.] + + [Footnote 16: See Russell, l. 75, and, for wines, l. 117, and + notes p. 86-91.] + + [Footnote 17: There must be some omission here. See Russell, + l. 409, and W. de Worde, pp. 161, 163.] + + [Footnote 18: See Russell, l. 403. Wynkyn de Worde, p. 161, + directs the swan to be carved like the goose is, on p. 163.] + + [Footnote 19: See Russell, l. 427-32; Wynkyn de Worde, p. 162. + _Rere_ is cut off.] + + [Footnote 20: that is, the crane.] + + [Footnote 21: See Russell, l. 431 and note; W. de Worde, p. 159, + l. 5; p. 162.] + + [Footnote 22: Russell, l. 422; Wynkyn de Worde, p. 162, p. 164, + l. 20.] + + [Footnote 23: Borage is a favourite flavouring for cups and other + drinks.] + + [Footnote 24: Russell, l. 421; Wynkyn de Worde, p. 162.] + + [Footnote 25: Russell, l. 421; Wynkyn de Worde, p. 162.] + + [Footnote 26: Fr. _aile_, wing; but _ailer_, to give wings unto. + Cotgrave.] + + [Footnote 27: Russell, l. 397, l. 417; W. de Worde, p. 161.] + + [Footnote 28: Russell, l. 437; W. de Worde, p. 162.] + + [Footnote 29: Russell, l. 417; Wynkyn de Worde, pp. 161, 164.] + + [Footnote 30: See the carol from the Porkington MS., "The Boris + hede furste," in _Reliq. Ant._ vol. ii., and above, p. 264*, and + p. 388.] + + [Footnote 31: hedged or edged.] + + [Footnote 32: The verse is written as prose.] + + [Footnote 33: on] + + [Footnote 34: Here is the Recipe in _Household Ordinances_, &c., + p. 455, for "Viande Riall for xl. Mess:" + + Take a galone of vernage, and sethe hit into iij. quartes, and + take a pynte therto, and two pounde of sugre, ii lb. of + chardekoynes [quinces? 'Quynce, a frute, _pomme de quoyn_,' + Palsgrave], a pounde of paste-roiale, and let hit sethe untyl a + galone of vernage. Take the yolkes of 60 eyren, and bete hom + togeder, and drawe hom thurgh a straynour, and in the settynge + doune of the fyre putte the [gh]olkes therto, and a pynte of water of + ewrose, and a quartrone of pouder of gynger, and dresse hit in + dysshes plate, and take a barre of golde foyle, and another of + sylver foyle, and laye hom on Seint Andrews crosse wyse above the + potage; and then take sugre plate or gynger plate, or paste + royale, and kutte hom of losenges, and plante hom in the voide + places betweene the barres: and serve hit forthe.] + + [Footnote 35: Leyse Damask. Leland, Coll. iv. p. 226; Leche + Damaske, ibid. vi. p. 5; in _Forme of Cury_, p. 141.] + + [Footnote 36: ? Fr. _seoir_, to sit.] + + [Footnote 37: Written as prose, which it is.] + + [Footnote 38: ? welkis.] + + [Footnote 39: Roches or Loches in Egurdouce. _H. Ord._ p. 469.] + + [Footnote 40: See the Recipe for it, p. 32, note 2; and in + _Household Ordinances_, p. 450.] + + [Footnote 41: flaunes ? see p. 173; or _chese-freynes_ for + cheese-cakes.] + + [Footnote 42: Were the cheese and cake meant as a symbol of the + Groaning Cake & Cheese (so called in allusion to the mother's + complaints at her delivery) mentioned by Brand, _Pop. Ant._ ii. + 44, ed. 1841, or was the cake the wedding-cake?] + + [Footnote 43: ? must get a baby: or is _ye_ = _I_?] + + [Footnote 44: sheep.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Suffer, & hold your tongue. + + [Balliol MS. 354, ffl ij Cxv, or leaf 231.] + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This selection contains two unusual characters: + + --paired final "l" joined by a tilde-like line, shown here as [l~l] + --final "m" with a round flourish, shown here as [m)] ] + + +On the subject of this song, compare, among many others, "Whate-ever +thow sey, avyse thee welle," above, p. 244; "I hold hym wyse and wel +i-tau[gh]t, Can ber an horn and blow it nau[gh]t," in the Percy Society's +Songs and Carols, p. 23. Lydgate's "Lyke thyn Audience, so vttyr thy +Langage," in my _Polit. Rel. & Love Poems_, p. 25; &c. + + + he is wise, so most I goo, + that cañ be mery, & suffer woo. + + Be mery, & suffer, as I thé vise. + wher-eu{er} thow sytt or rise, + be we[l~l] ware who[m)] thow dispise. + _thou_ shalt kysse who is thy ffoo. + he is wise, so most I goo, + that cañ be mery, & suffer woo. + + Beware to who[m)] {tho}u spek{e} thy wi[l~l], + ffor thy speche may greve thé y[l~l]; + here & see, & goo than sti[l~l]; + but we[l~l] is he _that_ can do soo. + he is wise, so most I goo, + that cañ be mery, & suffer woo. + + Many a ma{n} holdyth hy{m} so stowght, + what-so-eu{er} he thynk{e}, he seyth it owt; + but if he loke we[l~l] a-bowt, + his tonge may be his most ffoo. + he is wise, so most I goo, + that cañ be mery, & suffer woo. + + Be mery now, is a[l~l] my songe; + {the} wise ma{n} tawght both old & yonge, + 'who ca{n} suffer & hold his tonge, + he may be mery, & no-thyng woo.' + he is wise, so most I goo, + that cañ be mery, & suffer woo. + + Yff any mañ displese thé owght, + Suffer w{i}t{h} a mery thowght, + let care away, & greve {the}e nowght, + & shake thy lappe, & lat it go. + he is wise, so most I goo, + that cañ be mery, & suffer woo. + Explicit. + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The Houshold Stuff occupied at the Lord Mayor's Feast, a.d. 1505. + + [_Balliol MS. 354, ffl C iii. All the final ll's are crossed + in the MS._] + + + here ffolowith suche howshold stuff as must ned{is} be ocupied + at {th}e mayres fest yerely kepte at {th}e yelde hall. + + [Sidenote: nap{er}y] + +ffirst, v diap{er} table clothes // iiij Cowchers[1] of playñ clothe // +iiij longe towell{is} of dyap{er} // Ite{m} x doz napkyns / It{em} ij +doz Ewry towell{is}. It{em} viij shet{is} for coberde clothes // It{em} +a doz cou{er}-payns[2] ffor wafere. + + + ¶ Receyte for ypocras. + +¶ Item Cynamo{n} x ll / Gyng{er} iiij ll / Grayns j ll / Sug{er} +iiij ll // + + + ¶ Butlers towell{is}. + +¶ xxxvj butlers towell{is}, {th}e length of a towell an ell {& a +half}[3] // & q{uar}t{er} brode / {tha}t is, iiij towell{is} of an ell +{& a half},[3] of ell brode clothe. + + + ¶ ffor {th}e mayres offessers. + +¶ ffirst ffor sewers & carwers / iiij towell{is} of fyne clothe, ij +ell{is} longe, & half a yarde brode, {summa} iiij ell{is}. + + [Sidenote: ffl C iij back] + + ffor drawers of ale & wyne. + +viij apurns, s{u}m{ma} viij ell{is} ¶ It{em} x portpayns to bere in +brede/ ¶ s{um}ma xxxviij ell{is}. + + + ¶ wyne. + +Rede wyne, a tonne / Claret wyne, a pipe; whit wyne, a hogg{is}hede / +ypocras xl. galons. + + + ¶ Brede. + +viij quarters of chet brede / In ma{n}chettis vij^s[4] In tre{n}char +brede viij^s / In ob[5] brede iiij; It{e}m in wafers ix^xx messe[6] / +& {th}e waferer must brynge Cou{er}payns for to s{er}ue owt his wafers. + + + ¶ Ale pott{is} & Tappis. + +xxviij barrell{is} ale / Ertheñ pott{is} for wyne & ale lx doz // +pychars xij doz / ij doz stenys[7] It{em} viij C assheñ cuppis / iiij +doz tappis. + + + ¶ plate. + +It{e}m iiij doz stondyng Cuppis / xxiiij doz boll{is} + +It{em} v doz salt{is}: xl doz spones / ij doz gilt sponys / xviij basons +w{i}t{h} ewers / a payy{er} of gilt basons // xx silu{er} pott{is}. + + Explic{i}t {th}e butlers charge + {tha}t he must spek{e} ffor. + + + pewt{er} at the feste + + ffirst i{n} platters gret & small xij^xx x doze{n}[8] + It{e}m dyshis gret & small--xij^xx x doz{en}[8] + It{em} i{n} saws{er}s gret & small xij^xx x doz{en}[8] + It{em} i{n} chargers gret & small x doz{en} + + At {th}e gyvyng vp of {th}e verder of {th}e wardmot Inquest{is} + aft{er} xij^th day. + + In dishis xx doz{en} // In plat{er}s x doz{en} // + In saws{er}s iij doz{en} // In chargers j doz{en} + + + ffor the wacche at mydsomer + + In platt{er}s xij doz{en} // In dyshes xxiiij doz{en} + + + all this was i_n th_e tyme of Iohñ wyngar, mayre of london. + + for {th}e hire viij^d {th}e garnyshe of pew{ter} + + +Lord Mayor Whyngar was Richard Hill's master. On ffl C lxxvj of the MS. +is the entry, "Iste liber p{er}tineth Rycardo Hill, s{er}uant w{i}t{h} +M{aster} Wyng{er} ald{er}ma{n} of londo{n}." + +At the back of ffl ijC xx of the MS., in the list of Mayres & +Sheryff{is}, is this entry: + + [1]505 Johñ Wyngar Roger Acheley } + Will{ia}m brown } A^o xx^o + (Kyng Henry the vij^th). + + + [Footnote 1: Cp. Russell, l. 187, p. 13.] + + [Footnote 2: See Russell's _portpayne_, l. 262, p. 17.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. ell d.] + + [Footnote 4: I suppose this and the following s'es to mean + _shillings_.] + + [Footnote 5: _ob_ bred is ha'penny bread. On ffl C xviij of the + MS. is + + The Assise of Bred with-in London. + + The q{uar}t{er} whet at iij^s // + aft{er} v^s. + + The fferdyng whit loff coket / xvij oz & d [=½] & ob weight[*] + The ob [ha'penny] whit loff xxxv vnc{is} & j d weight + The q^a[**] symnell xv oz ij d ob in weight + The ob whet loff lij oz d. & j d ob weight + The peny whet loff Cv oz d & q{uar}t{er} & ob weight + The ob lof of all graynes lxx oz & ij d weight] + + [Footnote 5*: Half a pennyweight.] + + [Footnote 5**: ? _quadranta_, farthing.] + + [Footnote 6: ix ^xx = 9 × 20, = 180. _messe_ may be _in effe_: + the long s'es are crossed like f's.] + + [Footnote 7: _Stean_, a stone vessel. 'A great pot or _stean_,' + Hollyband's Dictionarie, 1593. Halliwell.] + + [Footnote 8: ? (12 × 20 + 10)12 = 3000.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The ordre of goyng or sittyng.[1] + + [_Balliol MS. 354, ffl C lxxxxi, or leaf 203, back._] + + + A pope hath no pere[A] + An emprowr{e} A-lone + A kyng A-lone + An high cardynall + A p{ri}nce, A kyng{is} son + A duk{e} of blod royall + A busshop + A markes + An erle + A vycownt + A legate + A baroñ + An abbot mytered + the ij cheff Iugys + {th}e mayre of londoñ + {th}e chif baroñ of {th}e cheker // + An Abbot w{i}t{h}out myt{er} + A knyght + A pryour{e} + A deañe + An Arche-dekoñ + {th}e M{aste}r of {th}e rollis + {th}e vnder Iugis + {th}e vnd{er} barons of {th}e cheker + the mayre of caleis + A p{ro}vyncyall + A doct{ur} of diuinite + A p{ro}thonotory ys boue[B] + the popes colectour[C] + A doct{ur} of both lawes + A s{er}geant of lawe + the M{aste}rs of cha{n}nsery + A p{er}soñ of Chyrche + A seculer prest + A marchañt + A gentylmañ + An Artificer + A yema{n} of good name + + + [Textnotes: + A: This is struck through with a heavy black-line. + B: Last letter blotched. + C: Struck through with several thin lines.] + + [Footnote 1: Compare with Russell, p. 70-71, and Wynkyn de Worde, + p. 170-1. It differs little from them.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Latin Graces. + + (_From the Balliol MS. 354, leaf 2._) + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +Large boldface initials are marked with a double ++ before the letter. +Sidenotes are grouped after each paragraph; where a paragraph is long, +individual sidenotes are marked [a], [b] ... Aside from sidenotes and +footnotes and their markers, bracketed text is in the original.] + + +["These graces are the usual ones still said in all colleges and +religious communities abroad, and are for some part those given at the +end of each of the four volumes into which our Roman Breviaries for the +year are divided. As a youth, while studying at Rome, I used to hear +them in our hall; and, knowing them by heart, never found them too +long." --Daniel Rock, D.D.] + + + The grace {tha}t shuld be said affore mete & aft{er} mete / + a[l~l] the tymes in the yere. + + [Sidenote: _A general Grace._] + +Benedicite; do{mi}n{u}s. Oculi o{mn}i{u}m i{n} te spera{n}t, domine / +et tu das esca{m} illor{um} i{n} tempore oportuno. Aperis tu manu{m} +tua{m} / & Imples omne A{n}i{m}al b{e}n{e}dicc{i}o{n}e. + + [Sidenote: The eyes of all wait upon thee, O Lord.] + +++Gloria p{a}tri & filio: & sp{irit}ui s{an}cto. Sicut erat i{n} +pri{n}cipio, & nu{n}c, et se{m}p{er}: & i{n} secula s{e}c{u}lor{um}. +Ame{n}. kyrieleyson, {christ}eleyson, kyrieleyson: pat{er} n{oste}r. Et +ne nos: Sed libera nos: Oremus. + + [Sidenote: Glory be to the Father, &c. Lord, have mercy upon us.] + +++B{e}n{e}dic, domine, nos, & dona tua que de tua largitate sum{us} +sumpturi / per / ++Iube d{omi}ne b{e}n{e}dicere. + + [Sidenote: Lord, bless us.] + +++Mense celest{is} p{ar}ticipes faciat nos Rex et{er}ne glorie / +Ame{n} / ++Deus caritas e{st}: & q{u}i manet in aritate, i{n} deo +manet, & deus i{n} eo: Sit de{us} in nobis, & nos maneam{us} in ipso. +Amen. + + [Sidenote: Make us partakers of the heavenly table.] + + + post pra{n}diu{m}. + + [Sidenote: _Grace after Dinner._] + +++Deus pacis & dileccio{n}is maneat se{m}p{er} nobiscu{m}: Tu aut{em}, +d{omi}ne, miserere n{ost}ri: Deo gr{aci}as / ++Confiteant{u}r t{ib}i, +d{omi}ne, o{mn}ia tua. Et s{an}cti tui b{e}n{e}dica{n}t tibi / Glo{r}ia: +++Agim{us} t{ib}i gr{aci}as, o{mn}ipote{n}s de{us}, p{ro} vniu{er}sis +b{e}n{e}ficijs tuis. Qui viuis & regnas de{us}: P{er} o{mn}ia secula +seculor{um}: Amen. + + [Sidenote: May the God of peace be with us! We thank thee, O Lord, + for thy benefits.] + +++Laudate d{omi}n{u}m, o{mn}es ge{n}tes: laudate eu{m}, o{mn}es populi. +Q{uonia}m co{n}firmata est sup{er} nos mi{sericordi}a eius: & veritas +d{omi}ni manet i{n} et{er}nu{m}. Gloria p{at}ri: Sicut erat: +kyrieleyson, {christ}eleyso{n}, kirieleyson / ++P{ate}r {nost}er / Et ne +nos. S{ed} libera. + + [Sidenote: Lord, have mercy upon us! Christ, have mercy upon us!] + +++Disp{er}sit, dedit pauperibus: ++Iusticia eius manet i{n} seculu{m} +s{e}c{u}li: [a] ++B{e}n{e}dica{m} d{omi}n{u}m i{n} o{mn}i te{m}pore: +Se{m}per laus ei{us} i{n} ore meo: ++In d{omi}no laudabitur a{n}i{m}a +mea: Audiant ma{n}sueti, & letent{u}r: ++Magnificate d{omi}n{u}m +mecu{m}. Et exaltem{us}[D] nome{n} ei{us} i{n} id ip{su}m: [b] ++Sit +nomen d{omi}ni b{e}n{e}dictu{m}: Ex hoc nu{n}c & vsq{ue} i{n} +s{e}c{u}l{u}m: Oremus: ++Retribuere dignare, d{omi}ne deus, o{mn}ib{us} +nobis bona ffacientib{us} p{ro}pt{er} nome{n} sanct{u}m, tuu{m}, vita{m} +et{er}nam: Amen: B{e}n{e}dicamus d{omi}no: Deo gra{cia}s. [c] ++Aue +regina celor{um}, mat{er} reg{is} angelor{um}: [d] O maria, flos +v{er}ginu{m}, velut rosa vel liliu{m}, fu{n}de p{re}ces ad filiu{m} +p{ro} salute fideliu{m}. Aue maria. ++Merit{is} & p{re}cib{us} sue pie +matris, b{e}n{e}dicat nos fili{us} dei p{at}ris / Ame{n}. + + [Sidenote: [a] I will bless the Lord alway. [b] May the name of + the Lord be blessed for ever! [c] Hail, Queen of Heaven, + [d] flower of virgins! pray thy Son to save the faithful!] + + [Textnote D: MS. exultem{us}.] + + +On ffisshe days. + + [Sidenote: _Grace on Fish-Days._] + +++B{e}n{e}dicite; d{omi}n{u}s. [a] Ede{n}t pauperes, & saturabu{n}t{u}r: +et laudabu{n}t d{omi}num q{u}i requiru{n}t eu{m}; viue{n}t corda eor{um} +in s{e}c{u}l{u}m s{e}c{u}li: [b] Gl{or}ia p{at}ri. Sicut erat &c. +kyrieleyson. {christ}eleyson / kyrieleyson / p{at}er n{ost}er. Et ne +nos: S{ed} libera: Orem{us}: ++Benedic d{omi}ne: ++Iube d{omi}ne: +++Cibo sp{irit}ualis alimonie reficiat nos rex eterne glorie / Ame{n}. +[c] ++Gracia d{omi}ni nostri Ih{es}u {christ}i, & caritas dei, & +co{m}municacio s{an}cti sp{irit}us [d] sit semp{er} cu{m} o{mn}ib{us} +nobis. Ame{n} / [e] & in lent leve / Gr{aci}a d{omi}ni // & say // +[f] ++Frange esurienti pane{m} tuu{m}, & egenos vagosq{u}e induc i{n} +domu{m} tua{m}: cu{m} videris nudu{m} operi eu{m}. [et c]arne{m} tua{m} +ne despexeris: ait d{omi}nus o{mni}pote[ns]. + + [Sidenote: [a] The poor shall eat and be satisfied. [b] Glory be + to the Father, &c. [c] The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ [d] be + with us all. [e] _In Lent._ [f] Break thy bread to the hungry, + and take the wanderer to thy home.] + + +Grace aft{er} dyner{e}. + + [Sidenote: _Grace after Dinner._] + +++Deus paci[s &c. Memori]a{m}[E] fecit mirabiliu{m} suoru{m} misericors +& [miserator d{omi}n{u}]s; esca{m} dedit time{n}tib{us} se. Gloria. +Sic[ut erat, &c.] + + [Textnote E: Only half the ã is left.] + + + [Sidenote: _Four Short Graces._] + +Short g{r}ace affore dyn{er}. + + [Sidenote: 1. _Before Dinner._] + +++B{e}n{e}dicite; d{omi}n{u}[s].[F] .... Apponenda b{e}n{e}dicat dei +dextera. [In nomine patris &] filii & sp{irit}us s{anc}ti / ame{n}. + + [Textnote F: An inch of the MS. broken away.] + + + [Sidenote: [leaf 2, back.]] + +Shorte grace aft{er} dyn{er} / & aft{er} sop{er} / bothe. + + [Sidenote: 2. _After Meals._] + +++Pro tali co{n}uiuio b{e}n{e}dicam{us} d{omi}no: Deo gr{aci}as. +++Mat{er}, ora filiu{m} vt post hoc exiliu{m} nobis donet +gaudiu{m} sine fine. ++Aue maria: / Oremus. Meritis & p{re}cibus. + + [Sidenote: Bless the Lord for this meal. Mary, pray for us!] + + +Grace affore sop{er}. + + [Sidenote: 3. _Before Supper._] + +++Benedicite[G]; d{omi}n{u}s: Cena{m} sa{n}ctificet q{u}i nobis +o{mn}ia prebet: In no{m}i{n}e p{at}ris. + + [Sidenote: Giver of all, sanctify this supper.] + + [Textnote G: MS. Benedictus, _altered to_ Benedicite.] + + +¶ Grace aft{er} soper. + + [Sidenote: 4. _After Supper._] + +++Benedict{u}s deus in donis suis: Et s{an}ctus in o{mn}ib{us} +operib{us} suis / ++Adiutoriu{m} n{ost}r{u}m i{n} no{m}i{n}e d{omi}ni: +Qui fecit celu{m} et t{er}ra{m}. Sit nome{n} d{omi}ni b{e}n{e}dictu{m} +/ Ex hoc nu{n}c, et vsq{ue} in s{e}c{u}l{u}m / Oremus: Meritis et +p{re}cib{us} sue pie matris b{e}n{e}dicat nos fili{us} dei patris. + + [Sidenote: The Lord is holy in all his works. Blessed be the name + of the Lord.] + + +¶ ++In vigilia pasche. + + [Sidenote: _On Easter-Eve._] + +++B{e}n{e}dicite; d{omi}n{u}s. ++Edent pauperes &c. ++Glo{r}ia +p{at}ri, Sicut erat: kirieleyson. {christ}eleyson. kyrieleyson. +P{ate}r n{oste}r: Et ne nos. Set libera. Orem{us} / Benedic +d{omi}ne: ++Iube d{omi}ne b{e}n{e}dicere / ++Cibo sp{irit}ualis +alimonie & c{etera} / leccio / Si co{n}surrexist{is} cu{m} {christo}, +que sursu{m} su{n}t, querite vbi {christu}s est in dextera dei +sedens. + + [Sidenote: Christ, have mercy upon us! Seek those things that are + above.] + + +post prandiu{m}. + + [Sidenote: _Grace after Dinner._] + +[a] ++Deus pacis & dileccionis: ++Memoria{m} fecit / Glo{r}ia p{at}ri +Sicut erat; [b] ++Agimus t{ib}i gracias. ++Laudate d{omin}um o{mn}es +gentes: Q{uonia}m co{n}firma[ta]: Glo{r}ia p{at}ri: Sicut erat. +D{omi}n{u}s vobiscu{m}: Et cu{m} sp{irit}u tuo. Orem{us} / [c] +Sp{iritu}m in nobis, d{omi}ne, tue caritat{is} infu{n}de, vt quos +sacrame{n}t{is} paschalib{us} saciasti: tua facias pietate +co{n}cordes // [d] Per eu{n}dem d{omin}um n{ost}r{u}m ih{esu}m +{christu}m, filiu{m} tuu{m}: q{u}i tecu{m} viuit & regnat i{n} vnitate +eiusdem sp{irit}uss{an}cti, deus / p{er} o{mn}ia s{e}c{u}la seculor{um}. +Ame{n}. + + [Sidenote: [a] God of Peace, [b] We give thee thanks, O Lord. + [c] Pour into us thy Spirit, through Jesus Christ our Lord.] + + +¶ ++In die pasche. + + [Sidenote: _On Easter-Day._] + +++B{e}n{e}dicite. d{omi}n{us}. [a] Hec dies qua{m} fecit d{omi}n{us}, +exultem{us} & letemur in ea. Glo{r}ia p{at}ri. Sicut: kirieleyso{n}. +{christ}eleyson. kyrieleyson: P{ate}r n{oste}r / Et ne / Orem{us}. +[b] B{e}n{e}dic d{omi}ne: ++Iube d{omi}ne b{e}n{e}dicere / +++Mense celest{is} ++Expurgate vetus ferme{n}tum[H] vt sitis noua +co{n}sp{er}sio, sicut estis asimi: [c] Eteni{m} pascha n{ost}r{u}m +i{m}molatus est {christu}s, itaq{ue} epulemur in domino. + + [Sidenote: [a] This is the day which the Lord hath made: Let us + rejoice and be glad in it. [b] Bless us, O Lord! [c] Our passover + is slain, even Christ.] + + [Textnote H: MS. serme{n}tum.] + + +¶ post pra{n}diu{m}. + + [Sidenote: _After Dinner._] + +++Qui dat esca{m} o{mn}i carni, co{n}fitemini deo celi. ++Tu aute{m}: +++Laudate d{omin}um. Q{uonia}m co{n}firmata / Glo{r}ia p{at}ri. +++In resurreccione tua, {christ}e. Celi & t{er}ra lete{n}t{u}r / +all{elui}a. Orem{us}. Spiritu{m} in nobis &c{etera}. ++P{er} eu{n}de{m}: +++In vnitate eiusde{m}. B{e}n{e}dicam{us} domino, deo gracias / +¶ Eode{m} modo dicit{u}r p{er} tota{m} ebdomad{am}. ++Retribuere. + + [Sidenote: Of thy resurrection, Christ, the heavens and the earth + are glad. Thanks be to God!] + + +Ante cenam. + + [Sidenote: _Before Supper._] + +B{e}n{e}dicite. d{omi}n{us}. cena{m} s{an}ctificet q{u}i nobis o{mn}ia +p{re}bet / ++In no{m}i{n}e p{at}ris & filii & sp{irit}uss{an}cti: +Ame{n}. + + +¶ post cenam. + + [Sidenote: _After Supper._] + +++Hec dies / : / v{er}s{us}. ++In resurreccione tua, {christ}e / Celi +& t{er}ra letent{u}r. all{elui}a. D{omi}n{us} vobiscu{m}: Et cu{m} +sp{irit}u tuo. Sp{iritu}m in nobis: B{e}n{e}dicamus d{omi}no: Deo +gr{aci}as. + + [Sidenote: This is the day, &c. Hallelujah. Let us bless the + Lord!] + + + Explicit. + + +Having thus given the Graces as they stand in the Manuscript, I add the +scheme of them which Mr Bradshaw has had the kindness to draw out. He +says, "Here is a case in which nothing but parallel arrangement can +afford a clue to the apparent confusion. The people who used these +services were so thoroughly accustomed to them, that a word or two was +enough to remind them of what was to follow--sometimes a whole series of +prayers, or verses and responds, or suffrages. If your object is to give +people of the present day an idea of the meaning of these things, it is +almost useless to print them straight as they are in the MS. Even as I +have written them out, _inserting_ nothing whatever except the names of +the speakers in a bracket, you will perhaps not catch much of the +thread. You may remember that at Trinity even now it takes two people to +say what is substantially the same Grace as this." + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +The following section was printed in columns on five sets of facing +pages, labeled 1.1, 1.2... In this e-text the four versions are +interlocked, distinguished by different indentations; notations such +as [[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]] in double brackets mean that the remaining +columns contain the same text. The designation [_blank_] and the +sets of four dots .... are in the original text. There are no numbered +footnotes.] + + + THE GRACE THAT SHULD BE SAID AFFORE METE AND AFTER METE + ALL THE TYMES IN THE YERE. 1.1 + + ON FISSHE DAYS. 1.2 + + IN VIGILIA PASCHE. 1.3 + + IN DIE PASCHE. 1.4 + + (_Sacerdos_) Benedicite. + + (_Resp._) Dominus. + + [[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]] + + (_Psalm_) Oculi omnium in te sperant, domine: et tu das escam + illorum in tempore oportuno. + + Aperis tu manum tuam: et imples omne animal benediccione. + + (_Psalm_) Edent pauperes, et saturabuntur, et laudabunt dominum + qui requirunt eum: vivent corda eorum in seculum seculi. + + (_Psalm_) Edent pauperes .... + + (_Psalm_) Hec dies quam fecit dominus: exultemus et letemur + in ea. + + Gloria patri et filio: et spiritui sancto. + Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper: in secula seculorum. + Amen. + Kyrieleyson. + Christeleyson. + Kyrieleyson. + Pater noster .... [i.e. the Lord's prayer.] + + [[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]] + + (_Sacerdos_) Et ne nos [inducas in tentationem.] + + (_Resp._) Sed libera nos [a malo.] + + [[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]] + + (_Sacerdos_) Oremus. + Benedic, domine, nos, et dona tua que de tua largitate sumus sumpturi. + Per [christum dominum nostrum.] + + [_Resp._ Amen.] + + [[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]] + + (_Lector_) Iube domine benedicere. + + [[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]] + + (_Sacerdos_) Mense celestis participes faciat nos rex eterne glorie. + Amen. + + (_Sacerdos_) Cibo spiritualis alimonie reficiat nos rex eterne + glorie. Amen. + + (_Sacerdos_) Cibo spiritualis alimonie, &c. + + (_Sacerdos_) Mense celestis .... + + (_Lectio_) Deus caritas est, et qui manet in caritate, in deo manet, + et deus in eo. Sit deus in nobis, et nos maneamus in ipso. + + (_Resp._) Amen. + + [*](_Lectio_) Gracia domini nostri ihesu christi, et caritas dei, + et communicatio sancti spiritus, sit semper cum omnibus nobis. + + (_Resp._) Amen. + + (_Leccio_) Si consurrexistis cum christo, que sursum sunt + querite, ubi christus est in dextera dei sedens. + + [_Resp._ Amen.] + + (_Lectio_) Expurgate vetus fermentum, ut sitis nova conspersio + sicut estis asimi: etenim pascha nostrum immolatus est christus. + Itaque epulemur in domino. + + [_Resp._ Amen.] + + [Footnote *: _And in lent leve_ 'Gracia Domini,' _and say_: + (_Lectio_) Frange esurienti panem tuum, et egenos vagosque induc + in domum tuam; cum videris nudum, operi eum, et carnem tuam ne + despexeris. Ait dominus omnipotens. + [_Resp._ Amen.]] + + + POST PRANDIUM. 2.1 + + [_On Fish Days._] + GRACE AFTER-DYNER. 2.2 + + [_On Easter Eve._] + POST PRANDIUM. 2.3 + + [_On Easter Day._] + POST PRANDIUM. 2.4 + + + (_Sacerdos_) Deus pacis et dileccionis maneat semper nobiscum. + Tu autem domine, miserere nostri. + + (_Resp._) Deo gracias. + + (_Sacerdos_) Deus pacis .... + + (_Sacerdos_) Deus pacis et dileccionis.... + + (_Sacerdos_) Qui dat escam omni carni: confitemini deo celi. + Tu autem .... + + [_Resp._ Deo gracias.] + + (_Psalm_) Confiteantur tibi, domine, omnia tua: et sancti tui + benedicant tibi. + + Gloria [patri] .... + + (_Psalm_) [Memoriam] fecit mirabilium suorum misericors, et + miserator dominus: escam dedit timentibus se. + + Gloria .... + Sic[ut erat .... (_an inch of the MS. broken away._) ....] + + (_Psalm_) Memoriam fecit.... + + Gloria.... + Sicut erat.... + + .... + + (_Capitulum_) Agimus tibi gracias, omnipotens deus, pro universis + beneficiis tuis, qui vivis et regnas deus per omnia secula seculorum. + amen. + + (_Capitulum_) Agimus tibi gracias .... + + .... + + (_Psalm_) Laudate dominum omnes gentes: laudate eum omnes populi. + + Quoniam confirmata est super nos misericordia ejus: et veritas domini + manet in eternum. + + [[1.3, 1.4 same]] + + Gloria patri .... + Sicut erat .... + Kyrieleyson. + Christeleyson. + Kyrieleyson. + Pater noster .... + + [[1.3, 1.4 same]] + + (_Sacerdos_) Et ne nos .... + + (_Resp._) Sed libera .... + + .... + + .... + + (_Sacerdos_) Dispersit, dedit pauperibus: + + (_Resp._) Iustitia ejus manet in seculum seculi. + + .... + + (_Sacerdos_) In resurrectione tua, Christe: + + (_Resp._) Celi et terra letentur. alleluia. + + (_Sacerdos_) Benedicam dominum in omni tempore: + + (_Resp._) Semper laus ejus in ore meo. + + (_Sacerdos_) In domino laudabitur anima mea: + + (_Resp._) Audiant mansueti, et letentur. + + (_Sacerdos_) Magnificate dominum mecum: + + (_Resp._) Et exaltemus nomen ejus in id ipsum. + + + [_After Dinner._] 3.1 + + [_On Fish Days._] 3.2 + + [_On Easter Eve._] 3.3 + + [_On Easter Day._] 3.4 + + + (_Sacerdos_) Sit nomen domini benedictum: + + (_Resp._) Ex hoc nunc, et usque in seculum. + + [_Blank._] + + .... + + (_Sacerdos_) Dominus vobiscum: + + (_Resp._) Et cum spiritu tuo. + + (_Sacerdos_) Oremus. + Retribuere dignare, domine deus, omnibus nobis bona facientibus, + propter nomen sanctum tuum, vitam eternam. amen. + + (_Sacerdos_) Oremus. + Spiritum in nobis, domine, tue caritatis infunde, ut quos + sacramentis paschalibus saciasti, tua facias pietate concordes. + _Per eundem_ dominum nostrum ihesum christum, filium tuum, qui + tecum vivit et regnat _in unitate_ ejusdem spiritus sancti, deus + per omnia secula seculorum. amen. + + (_Sacerdos_) Oremus. + Spiritum in nobis, &c. Per eundem &c., in unitate.... + + (_Sacerdos_) Benedicamus domino: + + (_Resp._) Deo gracias. + + .... + + (_Sacerdos_) Benedicamus domino: + + (Resp.) Deo gracias. + + _Et eodem modo dicitur per totam ebdomadam._ + + Retribuere.... + + (_Antiphona de sancta maria._) + Ave regina celorum + Mater regis angelorum + O maria flos verginum + Velut rosa vel lilium + Funde preces ad filium + Pro salute fidelium. + + (_Vers._) Ave Maria.... + + (_Oratio_) Meritis et precibus sue pie matris, benedicat nos filius + dei patris. amen. + + .... + + + SHORT GRACE AFFORE DYNER. 4.1 + + [_On Fish Days._] 4.2 + + [_On Easter Eve._] 4.3 + + [_On Easter Day._] 4.4 + + + (_Sacerdos_) Benedicite. + + (_Resp._) Dominus. + + [_Blank._] + + [_Blank._] + + [_Blank._] + + (_Sacerdos_) .... apponenda benedicat dei dextera .... [In nomine + patris et] filii et spiritus sancti. amen. + + + SHORTE GRACE AFTER DYNER & AFTER SOPER BOTHE. + + (_Sacerdos_) Pro tali convivio benedicamus domino. + + (_Resp._) Deo gracias. + + (_Antiphona de sancta maria_) + + Mater ora filium + Ut post hoc exilium + Nobis donet gaudium + Sine fine. + + (_Vers._) Ave Maria .... + + (_Sacerdos_) Oremus Meritis et precibus.... + + + GRACE AFFORE SOPER. 5.1 + + [_On Fish Days._] 5.2 + + [_On Easter Eve._] 5.3 + + [_On Easter Day._] + ANTE CENAM. 5.4 + + + (_Sacerdos_) Benedicite. + + (_Resp._) Dominus. + + [_Blank._] + + [_Blank._] + + (_Sacerdos_) Benedicite. + + (_Resp._) Dominus. + + (_Sacerdos_) Cenam sanctificet qui nobis omnia prebet. In nomine + patris .... + + (_Sacerdos_) Cenam sanctificet qui nobis omnia prebet. In + nomine patris, et filii, et spiritus sancti. amen. + + + GRACE AFTER SOPER. + + POST CENAM. + + (_Sacerdos_) Hec dies .... + + (_Sacerdos_) Benedictus deus in donis suis: + + (_Resp._) Et sanctus in omnibus operibus suis. + + (_Sacerdos_) In resurrectione tua, christe: + + (_Resp._) Celi et terra letentur. alleluia. + + (_Sacerdos_) Adjutorium nostrum in nomine domini: + + (_Resp._) Qui fecit celum et terram. + + (_Sacerdos_) Sit nomen domini benedictum: + + (_Resp._) Ex hoc nunc et usque in seculum. + + .... + + (_Sacerdos_) Dominus vobiscum: + + (_Resp._) Et cum spiritu tuo. + + (_Sacerdos_) Oremus. + Meritis et precibus sue pie matris, benedicat nos filius dei patris. + + (_Sacerdos._) Spiritum in nobis.... + + (_Sacerdos_) Benedicamus domino: + + (_Resp._) Deo gracias. + + + EXPLICIT. + + + SCHEME OF THE LATIN GRACES. + + + Common Fast Easter Easter + Days. Days. Eve. Day. + +-------+-------+--------+---------+ + Before | 1.1| 1.2| 1.3| 1.4| Before + dinner | A | D | H | L | dinner + | | | | | + +-------+-------+--------+---------+ + | 2.1| 2.2| 2.3| 2.4| + | B | E | I | M | + { | | | | |} + After { +-------+-------+--------+---------+} After + dinner { | 3.1| 3.2| 3.3| 3.4|} dinner + | C | blank | K | N | + | | | | | + +=======+=======+========+=========+ + Short | 4.1| 4.2| 4.3| 4.4| Short Graces for + Graces | F | blank | blank | blank | either dinner + | | | | | or supper + +=======+=======+========+=========+ + Before | 5.1| 5.2| 5.3| 5.4| Before + and after | G | blank | blank | O | and after + _supper_ | | | | | _supper_ + +-------+-------+--------+---------+ + Common Fast Easter Easter + Days. Days. Eve. Day. + + +The alphabetical order is that in which the matter is found written in +the manuscript. + +HENRY BRADSHAW. + + * * * * * + * * * * + + Symon's Lesson of Wysedome for all Maner Chyldryn. + + [_From MS. Bodl. 832, leaf 174._] + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This selection was printed with long "s", shown here as [s] and [ss].] + + +[The Rev. J. R. Lumby has kindly sent me the following amusing 'lesson +of wysedome' to 'all maner chyldryn', signed Symon, which he found in +the Bodleian. Mr G. Parker has read the proof with the MS. Lydgate +sinned against most of its precepts. It makes the rod the great +persuader to learning and gentleness.] + + + [Sidenote: Children, attend. You'd be better unborn than + untaught.] + + All man{er} chyldryn, ye ly[s]ten & ler{e} + A le[ss]on of wy[s]edome þ{a}t ys wryte her{e}! + My chyld, y rede þ{e} be wys, and take hede of þ{i}s ryme! + Old men yn p{ro}u{er}be [s]ayde by old tyme 4 + 'A chyld wer{e} bet{er} to be vnbor{e} + Than to be vntaught, and [s]o be lor{e}.'[1] + + [Sidenote: You mustn't have your own way always.] + + The chyld þ{a}t hath hys wyll alway + Shal thryve late, y thei[2] wel [s]ay, 8 + And þ{er}-for eu{er}y gode ma{n}nys chyld + That is to wanton and to wyld, + Lerne wel this le[ss]on for [s]{er}tayn, + That thou may be þ^e bet{er} man. 12 + Chyld, y warne þ{e}e yn al wy[s]e + + [Sidenote: Tell the truth, don't be froward, hold up your + head, take off your hood when you're spoken to.] + + That þu tel trowth & make no lyes. + Chyld, be not froward, be not prowde, + But hold vp þy hedde & [s]peke a-lowde; 16 + And when eny man [s]pekyth to the, + Do of þy hode and bow thy kne, + + [Sidenote: Wash your hands and face. Be courteous.] + + And way[s]ch thy hand{es} & þy face, + And be curteys yn eu{er}y place. 20 + And wher{e} þ{o}u comy[s]t, w{i}t{h} gode chere + In halle or bowr{e}, bydde "god be her{e}!" + + [Sidenote: Don't throw stones at dogs and hogs. Mock at no + one. Don't swear.] + + Loke þ{o}u ca[s]t to no ma{n}nes dogge, + W{i}t{h} [s]taff ne [s]tone at hors ne hogge; 24 + Loke þ{a}t þ{o}u not [s]corne ne iape + Noþ{er} w{i}t{h} man, maydyn, ne ape; + Lete no ma{n} of þ{e}e make playnt; + Swer{e} þ{o}u not by god noþ{er} by [s]aynt. 28 + + [Sidenote: Eat what's given you, and don't ask for this and + that.] + + Loke þ{o}u be c{ur}teys [s]tondyng at mete; + And þ{a}t men [gh]euyth þ{e}e, þ{o}u take & ete; + And loke that þ{o}u nother crye ne crave, + And [s]ay "that and that wold y have;" 32 + But [s]tond þ{o}u [s]tylle be-for{e} þ^e borde, + And loke þ{o}u [s]peke no lowde worde. + + [Sidenote: Honour your father and mother: kneel and ask their + blessing. Keep your clothes clean.] + + And, chyld, wyr[s]hep thy fad{er} and thy mod{er}, + And loke þ{a}t þ{o}u greve noþ{er} on ne oþ{er}, 36 + But eu{er} among þ{o}u [s]halt knele adowne, + And a[s]ke her{e} ble[ss]yng and her{e} bene[s]owne. + And, chyld, kepe thy cl{o}þ{e}s fayr{e} & clene, + And lete no fowle fylth on hem be [s]ene. 40 + + [Sidenote: Don't go bird's-nesting, or steal fruit, or throw + stones at men's windows, or play in church.] + + Chyld, clem þ{o}u not ou{er} hows ne walle + For no frute[3], brydd{es}, ne balle; + And, chyld, ca[s]t no [s]tonys ou{er} men hows, + Ne ca[s]t no [s]tonys at no glas wyndowys; 44 + Ne make no crying, yapis, ne playes, + In holy chyrche on holy dayes. + + [Sidenote: Don't chatter. Get home by daylight.] + + And, chyld, y warne þ{e}e of anoþ{er} thynge, + Kepe þ{e}e fro many word{es} and yangelyng. 48 + And, chyld, whan þ{o}u go[s]t to play, + Loke þ{o}u come home by lyght of day. + + [Sidenote: Keep clear of fire and water, and the edges of + wells and brooks.] + + And, chyld, I warne the of a-noþ{er} mat{er}, + Loke þ{o}u kepe þ{e}e wel fro fyr{e} and wat{er}; 52 + And be war{e} and wy[s]e how þ{a}t þ{o}u lokys + Ou{er} any brynk, welle, or brokys; + And when þ{o}u [s]tondy[s]t at any [s]chate[4], + By war{e} and wy[s]e þ{a}t þ{o}u cacche no [s]take, 56 + For meny chyld w{i}t{h}-o{u}t drede + Ys dede or dy[ss]eyuyd throw ywell hede. + + [Sidenote: (leaf 175.)] + + [Sidenote: Take care of your book, cap, and gloves, or you'll + be birched on your bare bottom.] + + Chyld, kepe thy boke, cappe, and glouys, + And al thyng þ{a}t þ{e}e behouys; 60 + And but þ{o}u do, þ{o}u [s]hat far{e} the wors, + And þ{er}-to be bete on þe bar{e} ers. + + [Sidenote: Don't be a liar or thief, or make faces at any man.] + + Chyld, be þ{o}u lyer noþ{er} no theffe; + Be þ{o}u no mecher[5] for my[s]cheffe. 64 + Chyld, make þ{o}u no mowys ne knakk{es} + Be-for{e} no men, ne by-hynd her{e} bakk{es}, + But be of fayr{e} [s]emelaunt and co{n}tenaunce, + For by fayr{e} man{er}ys men may þ{e}e a-vaunce. 68 + + [Sidenote: When you meet any one, lower your hood and wish 'em + "god speed."] + + Chyld wha{n} þ{o}u go[s]t yn eny [s]trete, + Iff þ{o}u eny gode man or woma{n} mete, + Avale thy hode to hym or to her{e}, + And bydde, "god [s]pede dame or [s]er{e}!" 72 + And be they [s]malle or grete, + This le[ss]on þ{a}t þ{o}u not for-gete,-- + For hyt is [s]emely to eu{er}y ma{n}nys chylde,-- + + [Sidenote: Be meek to clerks. Rise early, go to school, and + learn fast if you want to be our bishop.] + + And namely to clerk{es} to be meke & mylde. 76 + And, chyld, ry[s]e by tyme and go to [s]cole, + And far{e} not as Wanton fole, + And lerne as fa[s]t as þ{o}u may and can, + For owr{e} by[s]chop is an old man, 80 + And þ{er}-for þ{o}u mo[s]t lerne fa[s]t + Iff þ{o}u wolt be by[ss]hop when he is pa[s]t. + Chyld, y bydde þe on my ble[ss]yng + That þ{o}u for-[gh]ete nat þ{i}s for no thyng, 84 + + [Sidenote: Attend to all these things, for a good child needs + learning, and he who hates the child spares the rod.] + + But þ{o}u loke, hold hyt wel on þy mynde, + For þ^e be[s]t þu [s]halt hyt fynde; + For, as þe wy[s]e man [s]ayth and p{re}uyth, + A leve chyld, lor{e} he be-houyth; 88 + + [Sidenote: (leaf 175 b.)] + + And as men [s]ayth þ{a}t ben leryd, + He hatyth þ^e chyld þ{a}t [s]paryth þ^e rodde; + And as þe wy[s]e man [s]ayth yn his boke + Off p{ro}u{er}bis and wy[s]edomes, ho wol loke, 92 + + [Sidenote: As a spur makes a horse go, so a rod makes a child + learn and be mild.] + + "As a [s]harppe [s]por{e} makyth an hors to renne + Vnd{er} a man that [s]hold werre wynne, + Ry[gh]t [s]o a [gh]erde may make a chyld + To lerne welle hys le[ss]on, and to be myld." 96 + Lo, chyldryn, her{e} may [gh]e al her{e} and [s]e + How al chyldryn cha[s]tyd [s]hold be; + + [Sidenote: So, children, do well, and you'll not get a sound + beating. May God keep you good!] + + And þ{er}for, chylder{e}, loke þ{a}t ye do well, + And no harde betyng [s]hall ye be-falle: 100 + Thys may [gh]e al be ryght gode men. + God g{ra}unt yow g{ra}ce [s]o to p{re}[s]{er}ue yow. + + Amen! + ------ + Symon. + ------ + + + [Footnote 1: Compare "Better vnfedde then vntaughte" in _Seager's + Schoole of Vertue_, above, p. 236, l. 725.] + + [Footnote 2: thee] + + [Footnote 3: Cp. Lydgate's Tricks at School, _Forewords_, + p. xliv.] + + [Footnote 4: ? meaning. _Skathie_, a fence. Jamieson. _Skaith_, + hurt, harm. Halliwell.] + + [Footnote 5: A mychare seems to denote properly a sneaking thief. + Way. Prompt., p. 336. _Mychare_, a covetous, sordid fellow. + Jamieson. Fr. _pleure-pain_: m. A niggardlie wretch; a puling + _micher_ or miser. Cotgrave.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The Birched School-Boy + + of about 1500 A.D. + + (_From the Balliol MS. 354, ffl ij C xxx._) + + +[As old Symon talks of the rod (p. 383-4, ll. 62, 90), as Caxton in his +Book of Curtesye promises his 'lytyl John' a breechless feast, or as the +Oriel MS. reads it, a 'byrchely' one,[1] & as the Forewords have shown +that young people did get floggings in olden time, it may be as well to +give here the sketch of a boy flea-bitten, no doubt, with little bobs of +hazel twigs, that Richard Hill has preserved for us. Boys of the present +generation happily don't know the sensation of unwelcome warmth that a +sound flogging produced, and how after it one had to sit on the bottom +of one's spine on the edge of the hard form, in the position recommended +at College for getting well forward in rowing. But they may rest assured +that if their lot had fallen on a birching school, they'd have heartily +joined the school-boy of 1500 in wishing his and their masters at the +devil, even though they as truant boys had been 'milking ducks, as their +mothers bade them.'] + + hay! hay! by this day! + what avayleth it me thowgh I say nay? + + [Sidenote: Learning is strange work; the birch twigs are so sharp.] + + ¶ I wold ffayñ be a clarke; + but yet hit is a strange werke;[2] + the byrchyñ twygg{is} be so sharpe, + hit makith me haue a faynt harte. + what avaylith it me thowgh I say nay? + + [Sidenote: I'd sooner go 20 miles than go to school on Mondays.] + + ¶ On mo{n}day i{n} {th}e mornyng whañ I shall rise + at vj. of the clok,[3] hyt is the gise + to go to skole w{i}t{h}out a-vise + I had lever go xx^ti myle twyse! + what avaylith it me thowgh I say nay? + + [Sidenote: My master asks where I've been. 'Milking ducks,' + I tell him,] + + ¶ My master lokith as he were madde: + "wher hast {tho}u be, thow sory ladde?" + "Milked dukk{is}, my moder badde:" + hit was no m{er}vayle thow I were sadde. + what vaylith it me thowgh I say nay? + + [Sidenote: and he gives me pepper for it.] + + ¶ My mast{er} pep{er}ed my ars w{i}t{h} well good spede: + hit was worse thañ ffynkll sede; + he wold not leve till it did blede. + Myche sorow haue be for his dede! + what vaylith it me thowgh I say nay? + + [Sidenote: I only wish he was a hare, and my book a wild cat,] + + ¶ I wold my mast{er} were a watt[4] + & my boke a wyld Catt, + & a brase of grehownd{is} in his toppe: + I wold be glade for to se that! + what vayleth it me thowgh I say nay? + + [Sidenote: and all his books dogs. Wouldn't I blow my horn! + Don't I wish he was dead!] + + ¶ I wold my mast{er} were an hare, + & all his bok{is} hownd{is} were, + & I my self a Ioly hontere: + to blowe my horñ I wold not spare! + ffor if he were dede I wold not care. + what vaylith me thowgh I say nay? + + Explicit. + + + [Footnote 1: See Caxton's Book of Curtesye, in the Society's + Extra Series, 1868.] + + [Footnote 2: Compare the very curious song on the difficulty of + learning singing, in _Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, i. 291, from Arundel MS. + 292, leaf 71, back.] + + [Footnote 3: See Rhodes, p. 72, l. 61; and Seager, p. 226, l. 58.] + + [Footnote 4: a hare.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +The Song of the School Boy at Christmas. + +[Printed also in _Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, i. 116, 'From MS. Sloane, No. 1584, +of the beginning of the sixteenth century, or latter part of the +fifteenth, fol. 33^ro., written in Lincolnshire or Nottinghamshire, +perhaps, to judge by the mention of persons and places, in the +neighbourhood of Grantham or Newark.' J. O. Halliwell.] + + + +Ante ffine{m}+ t{er}mini Baculus portamus, + Caput hustiarii ffranger{e} debemus; + Si p{re}ceptor nos petit quo debemus Ire, + Breuiter respondem{us}, "no{n} est tibi scire." + O p{ro} nobilis docter, Now we youe pray, + Vt velitis conceder{e} to gyff h{us} leff to play. + Nunc p{ro}ponimus Ire, w{i}t{h}out any ney, + Scolam dissolver{e}; I tell itt youe in fey, + Sicut istud festum, merth-is for to make, + Accipim{us} n{ost}ram diem, owr leve for to take. + Post natale festu{m}, full sor shall we qwake, + Qu{um} nos Revenim{us}, latens for to make. + Ergo nos Rogamus, hartly and holle, + Vt isto die possimus, to brek upe {th}e scole. + + Non min{us} hic peccat q{u}i sens{um} condit in agro, + Qua{m} qui doctrinam Claudet in ore suo. + + * * * * * + * * * * + + The Boar's Head. + + [_Balliol MS. 354, ffl_ ij C xij, _or leaf 228._] + + + Caput Apri Refero, } fote[1] + Resonens laudes do{mi}no. } + + The boris hed In hond{is} I brynge + with garlond{is} gay & byrd{is} syngynge; + I p{ra}y you all helpe me to synge, + Qui estis in conviuio. + + The boris hede, I vnderstond, + ys cheff{e} s{er}uyce in all this londe: + wher-so-ever it may he fonde, + Seruitur cu{m} sinapio. + + The boris hede, I dare well say, + anon after the xij^th day + he taketh his leve & goth a-way, + Exiuit tu{n}c de patria. + + +See other carols on the Boar's Head, in _Songs and Carols_, Percy +Soc., p. 42, 25; Ritson's _Ancient Songs_; Sandys's _Carols_, and +_Christmastide_, p. 231, from Ritson,--a different version of the +present carol,--&c. + + + [Footnote 1: I suppose this means the _foot_, the burden.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber): + + Ffor to serve a lord. + [Footnote 34: ... 'Quynce, a frute, _pomme de quoyn_,'] + [_close quote missing_] + + Latin Graces, col. 1.1. + (_Sacerdos_) Mense celestis participes faciat + [_opening parenthesis invisible_] + + The Boar's Head + wher-so-ever it may he fonde [_text unchanged_] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +_Collected Sidenotes_ + +[This section was added by the transcriber. It contains the editor's +summaries of each selection, given in the form of sidenotes.] + + +Russell's _Boke of Nurture_: Sidenotes + +In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, God keep me! I am an +Usher to a Prince, and delight in teaching the inexperienced. +It is charitable to teach ignorant youths. +If any such won't learn, give them a toy. +One May I went to a forest, and by the Forester's leave walked in the +woodland, where I saw three herds of deer in the sunshine. +A young man with a bow was going to stalk them, but I asked him to walk +with me, and inquired whom he served. +'No one but myself, and I wish I was out of this world.' +'Good son, despair is sin; tell me what the matter is. When the pain is +greatest the cure is nearest!' +'Sir, I've tried everywhere for a master; but because I know nothing, no +one will take me.' +'Will you learn if I'll teach you? What do you want to be?' +'A Butler, Sir, Panter, Chamberlain, and Carver. Teach me the duties of +these.' +'I will, if you'll love God and be true to your master.' +A Panter or Butler must have three knives: + 1 to chop loaves, 1 to pare them, 1 to smooth the trenchers. +Give your Sovereign new bread, others one-day-old bread; for the house, +three-day bread; for trenchers four-day bread; Have your salt white, and +your salt-planer of ivory, two inches broad, three long. +Have your table linen sweet and clean, your knives bright, spoons well +washed, two wine-augers some box taps, a broaching gimlet, a pipe and +bung. +To broach a pipe, pierce it with an auger or gimlet, four fingers- +breadth over the lower rim, so that the dregs may not rise. +Serve Fruit according to the season, figs, dates, quince-marmalade, +ginger, &c. +Before dinner, plums and grapes after, pears, nuts, and hard cheese. +After supper, roast apples, &c. +In the evening don't take cream, strawberries, or junket, unless you eat +hard cheese with them. +Hard cheese keeps your bowels open. +Butter is wholesome in youth and old age, anti-poisonous, and aperient. +Milk, Junket, Posset, &c., are binding. +Eat hard cheese after them. +Beware of green meat; it weakens your belly. +For food that sets your teeth on edge, eat almonds and cheese, but not +more than half an ounce. +If drinks have given you indigestion, eat a raw apple. +Moderation is best sometimes, at others abstinence. +Look every night that your wines don't ferment or leak Always carry a +gimlet, adze, and linen cloths; and wash the heads of the pipes with +cold water. +If the wine boil over, put to it the lees of red wine, and that will +cure it. +Romney will bring round sick sweet wine. + +_The names of Sweet Wines._ + +_Recipe for making Ypocras._ +Take spices thus, Cinnamon, &c., long Pepper. +Have three basins and three straining-bags to them; hang 'em on a perch. +Let your ginger be well pared, hard, not worm-eaten, (Colombyne is +better than Valadyne or Maydelyne); your sticks of Cinnamon thin, hot +and sweet; Canel is not so good. +Cinnamon is hot and dry, Cardamons are hot and moist. +Take sugar or sugar candy, red wine, graines, ginger, pepper, cinnamon, +spice, and turnesole, and put each powder in a bladder by itself. +Hang your straining-bags so that they mayn't touch,--first bag a gallon, +others a pottle. +Put the powders in two or three gallons of red wine; then into the +runner, the second bag, (tasting and trying it now and then), and the +third vessel. +If it's not right, add cinnamon, ginger, or sugar, as wanted. +If it's not right, add cinnamon, ginger, or sugar, as wanted. +Mind you keep tasting it. +Strain it through bags of fine cloth, hooped at the mouth, the first +holding a gallon, the others a pottle, and each with a basin under it. +The Ypocras is made. +Use the dregs in the kitchen. +Put the Ypocras in a tight clean vessel, and serve it with wafers. + +_The Buttery._ +Keep all cups, &c., clean. +Don't serve ale till it's five days old. +Be civil and obliging, and give no one stale drink. + +_To lay the cloth_, &c. +Wipe the table. +Put a cloth on it (a cowche); you take one end, your mate the other; lay +the fold of the second cloth(?) on the outer edge of the table, that of +the third cloth(?) on the inner. +Cover your cupboard with a diaper towel, put one round your neck, one +side on your left arm with your sovereign's napkin; on that, eight +loaves to eat, and three or four trencher loaves: in your left the +salt-cellar. +In your right hand, spoons and knives. +Put the Salt on the right of your lord; on its left, a trencher or two; +on their left, a knife, then white rolls, and beside them a spoon folded +in a napkin. +Cover all up. +At the other end set a Salt and two trenchers. + +_How to wrap up your lord's bread in a stately way._ +Cut your loaves all equal. +Take a towel two and a half yards long by the ends, fold up a handful +from each end, and in the middle of the folds lay eight loaves or buns, +bottom to bottom; put a wrapper on the top, twist the ends of the towel +together, smooth your wrapper, and quickly open the end of it before +your lord. +After your lord's lay the other tables. +Deck your cupboard with plate, your washing-table with basins, &c. +Have plenty of napkins, &c., and your pots clean. +Make the _Surnape_ with a cloth under a double napkin. +Fold the two ends of your towel, and one of the cloth, a foot over, and +lay it smooth for your lord to wash with. +The marshal must slip it along the table, and pull it smooth. +Then raise the upper part of the towel, and lay it even, so that the +Sewer (arranger of dishes) may make a state. +When your lord has washed, take up the Surnape with your two arms, and +carry it back to the Ewery. +Carry a towel round your neck. +Uncover your bread; see that all diners have knife, spoon, and napkin. +Bow when you leave your lord. +Take eight loaves from the bread-cloth, and put four at each end. +Lay for as many persons as the Sewer has set potages for, and have +plenty of bread and drink. +Be lively and soft-spoken, clean and well dressed. +Don't spit or put your fingers into cups. +Stop all blaming and backbiting, and prevent complaints. + +_General Directions for Behaviour._ +Don't claw your back as if after a flea; or your head, as if after a +louse. +See that your eyes are not blinking and watery. +Don't pick your nose, or let it drop, or blow it too loud, or twist your +neck. +Don't claw your cods, rub your hands, pick your ears, retch, or spit too +far. +Don't tell lies, or squirt with your mouth, gape, pout, or put your +tongue in a dish to pick dust out. +Don't cough, hiccup, or belch, straddle your legs, or scrub your body. +Don't pick your teeth, cast stinking breath on your lord, fire your +stern guns, or expose your codware before your master. +Many other improprieties a good servant will avoid.' +'Sir, pray teach me how to carve, handle a knife, and cut up birds, +fish, and flesh.' +'Hold your knife tight, with two fingers and a thumb, in your midpalm. +Do your carving, lay your bread, and take off trenchers, with two +fingers and thumb. +Never touch others' food with your right hand, but only with the left. +Don't dirty your table or wipe your knives on it. +Take a loaf of trenchers, and with the edge of your knife raise a +trencher, and lay it before your lord; lay four trenchers four-square, +and another on the top. +Take a loaf of light bread, pare the edges, cut the upper crust for your +lord, and don't touch it after it's trimmed. +Keep your table clean. + +_Indigestibilities._ +You must know what meat is indigestible, and what sauces are wholesome. +These things are indigestible: Fat and Fried, Raw and Resty, Salt and +Sour, also sinews, skin, hair, feathers, crops, heads, pinions, &c., +legs, outsides of thighs, skins; these destroy your lord's rest.' +'Thanks, father, I'll put your teaching into practice, and pray for you. +But please tell me how to carve fish and flesh.' + +_Carving of Meat._ +Cut _brawn_ on the dish, and lift slices off with your knife; serve it +with mustard. +Venison with furmity. +Touch _Venison_ only with your knife, pare it, cross it with 12 scores, +cut a piece out, and put it in the furmity soup. +Touch with your left hand, pare it clean, put away the sinews, &c. +_Partridges_, &c.: +take up by the pinion, and mince them small in the sirrup. +Larger roast birds, as the _Osprey_, &c., raise up [? cut off] the legs, +then the wings, lay the body in the middle, with the wings and legs +round it, in the same dish. +_Capons:_ take off the wings and legs; pour on ale or wine, mince them +into the flavoured sauce. +Give your lord the left wing, and if he want it, the right one too. +_Pheasants_, &c.: +take off the wings, put them in the dish, then the legs. +_Woodcocks_, Heronshaws, Brew, &c. +break the pinions, neck, and beak. +Cut off the legs, then the wings, lay the body between them. +_Crane_: take off the wings, but not the trompe in his breast. +_Peacocks_, &c.: +carve like you do the Crane, keeping their feet on. +_Quails_, larks, pigeons: give your lord the legs first. +_Fawn_: serve the kidney first, then a rib. +Pick the fyxfax out of the neck. +_Pig_: + 1. shoulder, + 2. rib. +_Rabbit_: lay him on his back; pare off his skin; break his haunch bone, +cut him down each side of the back, lay him on his belly, separate the +sides from the chine, put them together again, cutting out the nape of +the neck; give your lord the sides. +Sucking rabbits: cut in two, then the hind part in two; pare the skin +off, serve the daintiest bit from the side. +Such is the way of carving gross meats. +Cut each piece into four slices (?) for your master to dip in his sauce. +Of large birds' wings, put only three bits at once in the sauce. +Of small birds' wings, scrape the flesh to the end of the bone, and put +it on your lord's trencher. + +_How to carve Baked Meats._ +Open hot ones at the top of the crust, cold ones in the middle. +Take Teal, &c., out of their pie, and mince their wings, stir the +gravy in; your lord may eat it with a spoon. +Cut Venison, &c., in the pasty. +Custard: cut in squares with a knife. +Dowcets: pare away the sides; serve in a sawcer. +Payne-puff: pare the bottom, cut off the top. +Fried things are indigestible. +Poached-egg (?) fritters are best. +Tansey is good hot. +Don't eat Leessez. +Cooks are always inventing new dishes that tempt people and endanger +their lives: Syrups Comedies, Jellies, that stop the bowels. +Some dishes are prepared with unclarified honey. +Cow-heels and Calves' feet are sometimes mixed with unsugared leches and +Jellies. +Furmity with venison, mortrewes, jussell, &c., are good. +Other out-of-the-way soups set aside. +Such is a flesh feast in the English way. +Sauces. +Sauces provoke a fine appetite. +Have ready Mustard for brawn, &c., +Verjuice for veal, &c., +Chawdon for cygnet and swan, +Garlic, &c., for beef and goose, Ginger for fawn, &c., +Mustard and sugar for pheasant, &c., +Gamelyn for heronsew, &c., +Sugar and Salt for brew, &c., +Gamelyn for bustard, &c., +Salt and Cinnamon for woodcock, thrushes, &c., and quails, &c. + +_How to carve Fish._ +With pea soup or furmity serve a Beaver's tail, salt Porpoise, &c. +Split up Herrings, take out the roe and bones, eat with mustard. +Take the skin off salt fish, Salmon, Ling, &c., and let the sauce be +mustard, but for Mackarel, &c., butter of Claynes or Hackney (?) +Of Pike, the belly is best, with plenty of sauce. +Salt Lampreys, cut in seven gobbets, pick out the backbones, serve with +onions and galentine. +Plaice: cut off the fins, cross it with a knife, sauce with wine, &c. +Gurnard, Chub, Roach, Dace, Cod, &c., split up and spread on the dish. +Soles, Carp, &c., take off as served. +Whale, porpoise, congur, turbot, Halybut, &c., cut in the dish, and also +Tench in jelly. +On roast Lamprons cast vinegar, &c., and bone them. +Crabs are hard to carve: break every claw, put all the meat in the +body-shell, and then season it with _vinegar or verjuice_ and powder. +(?) Heat it, and give it to your lord. +Put the claws, broken, in a dish. +The sea Crayfish: cut it asunder, slit the belly of the back part, take +out the fish, clean out the _gowt_ in the middle of the sea Crayfish's +back; pick it out, tear it off the fish, and put vinegar to it; break +the claws and set them on the table. +Treat the back like the crab, stopping both ends with bread. +The fresh-water Crayfish: serve with vinegar and powder. +Salt Sturgeon: slit its joll, or head, thin. +Whelk: cut off its head and tail, throw away its operculum, mantle, &c., +cut it in two, and put it on the sturgeon, adding vinegar. +Carve Baked Lampreys thus: take off the piecrust, put thin slices of +bread on a Dish, pour galentyne over the bread, add cinnamon and red +wine. +Mince the lampreys, lay them on the sauce, &c., on a hot plate, serve up +to your lord. +White herrings fresh; the roe must be white and tender serve with salt +and wine. +Shrimps picked, lay them round a sawcer, and serve with vinegar." +"Thanks, father, I know about Carving now, but I hardly dare ask you +about a Sewer's duties, how he is to serve." + +_The Duties of a Sewer._ +"Son, since you wish to learn, I will gladly teach you. +Let the Sewer, as soon as the Master begins to say grace, hie to the +kitchen. +I. Ask the Panter for fruits (as butter, grapes, &c.), if they are to be +served. +II. Ask the cook and Surveyor what dishes are prepared. +III. Let the Cook serve up the dishes, the Surveyor deliver them and +you, the Sewer, have skilful officers to prevent any dish being stolen. +IV. Have proper servants, Marshals, &c., to bring the dishes from the +kitchen. +V. You set them on the table yourself. + +_A Meat Dinner._ + +_First Course._ + 1. Mustard and brawn. + 2. Potage. + 3. Stewed Pheasant and Swan, &c. + 4. Baked Venison. + 5. A Device of Gabriel greeting Mary. + +_Second Course._ + 1. Blanc Mange (of Meat). + 2. Roast Venison, &c. + 3. Peacocks, heronsew, egrets, sucking rabbits, larks, bream, &c. + 4. Dowcets, amber Leche, poached fritters. + 5. A Device of an Angel appearing to three Shepherds on a hill. + +_Third Course._ + 1. Almond cream. + 2. Curlews, Snipes, &c. + 3. Fresh-water crayfish, &c. + 4. Baked Quinces, Sage fritters, &c. + 5. Devices: The Mother of Christ, presented by the Kings of Cologne. + +_Dessert._ +White apples, caraways, wafers and Ypocras. + +_Clear the Table._ + +_A Fish Dinner._ + +_First Course._ + 1. Minnows, &c. + 2. Porpoise and peas. + 3. Fresh Millwell. + 4. Roast Pike. + 5. A Divice: A young man piping on a cloud, and called _Sanguineus_, +or Spring. + +_Second Course._ + 1. Dates and Jelly, + 2. Doree in Syrup, + 3. Turbot, &c. + 4. Eels, Fritters, + 5. A Device: A Man of War, red and angry called _Estas_, or Summer. + +_Third Course._ + 1. Almond Cream, &c., + 2. Sturgeon, Whelks, Minnows, + 3. Shrimps, &c., + 4. Fritters. + 5. A Device: A Man with a Sickle, tired, called Harvest. + +_Fourth Course._ +Hot apples, Ginger, Wafers, Ypocras. +The last Device, _Yemps_ or Winter, with grey locks, sitting on a stone. +These Devices represent the Ages of Man: + _Sanguineus_, the 1st age, of pleasure. + _Colericus_, the 2nd, of quarrelling. + _Autumpnus_ the 3rd, of melancholy. + _Winter_, the 4th, of aches and troubles. +These Devices give great pleasure, when shown in a house. + +_Inscriptions for the Devices._ + _Spring._ Loving, laughing, singing, benign. + _Summer._ Prickly, angry, crafty, lean. + _Autumn._ Sleepy, dull, sluggish, fat, white-faced. + _Winter._ Envious, sad, timid, yellow-coloured. + +_A Franklin's Feast._ +Brawn, bacon and pease, beef and boiled chickens, roast goose, capon, +and custade. + +_Second Course._ +Mortrewes, veal, rabbit, chicken, dowcettes, fritters, or leche, spiced +pears, bread and cheese, spiced cakes, bragot and mead. + +_Dinners on Fish-days._ +Gudgeons, minnows, venprides (?) musclade (?) of almonds, oysters +dressed, porpoise or seal, pike cullis, jelly, dates, quinces, pears, +houndfish, rice, mameny. +If you don't like these potages, taste them only. + +_Fish Sauces._ +Mustard for salt herring, conger, mackerel, &c. +Vinegar for salt porpoise, swordfish, &c. +Sour wine for whale, with powder. +Wine for plaice. +Galantine for lamprey. +Verjuice for mullet. +Cinnamon for base, carp, and chub. +Garlic, verjuice, and pepper, for houndfish, stockfish, &c. +Vinegar, cinnamon, and ginger, for fresh-water crayfish, fresh porpoise, +sturgeon, &c. +Green Sauce for green fish (fresh ling): Mustard is best for every dish. +Other sauces are served at grand feasts, but the above will please +familiar guests." +"Fair fall you, father! You have taught me lovesomely; but please +tell me, too, the duties of a Chamberlain." + +_The Chamberlain's Duties._ +He must be diligent, neatly dressed, clean-washed, careful of fire and +candle, attentive to his master, light of ear, looking out for things +that will please. +The Chamberlain must prepare for his lord a clean shirt, under and upper +coat and doublet, breeches, socks, and slippers as brown as a +water-leech. +In the morning, must have clean linen ready, warmed by a clear fire. +When his lord rises, he gets ready the foot-sheet; puts a cushioned +chair before the fire, a cushion for the feet, and over all spreads the +foot-sheet: has a comb and kerchief ready, and then asks his lord to +come to the fire and dress while he waits by. + 1. Give your master his under coat, + 2. His doublet, + 3. Stomacher well warmed, + 4. Vampeys and socks, + 5. Draw on his socks, breeches, and shoes, + 6. Pull up his breeches, + 7. Tie 'em up, + 8. Lace his doublet, + 9. Put a kerchief round his neck, + 10. Comb his head with an ivory comb, + 11. Give him warm water to wash with, + 12. Kneel down and ask him what gown he'll wear: + 13. Get the gown, + 14. Hold it out to him; + 15. Get his girdle, + 16. His Robe. + 17. His hood or hat. + 18. Before he goes brush him carefully. +Before your lord goes to church, see that his pew is made ready, +cushion, curtain, &c. +Return to his bedroom, throw off the clothes, beat the featherbed, see +that the fustian and sheets are clean. +Cover the bed with a coverlet, spread out the bench covers and cushions, +set up the headsheet and pillow, remove the urinal and basin, lay +carpets round the bed, and with others dress the windows and cupboard, +have a fire laid. +Keep the Privy sweet and clean, cover the boards with green cloth, so +that no wood shows at the hole; put a cushion there, and have some +blanket, cotton, or linen to wipe on; have a basin, jug, and towel, +ready for your lord to wash when he leaves the privy. +In the Wardrobe take care to keep the clothes well, and brush 'em with a +soft brush at least once a week, for fear of moths. +Look after your Drapery and Skinnery. +If your lord will take a nap after his meal, have ready kerchief, comb, +pillow and headsheet (don't let him sleep too long), water and towel. +When he goes to bed, + 1. Spread out the footsheet, + 2. Take off your lord's Robe and put it away. + 3. Put a cloak on his back, + 4. Set him on his footsheet, + 5. Pull off his shoes, socks, and breeches, + 6. Throw the breeches over your arm, + 7. Comb his head, + 8. Put on his kerchief and nightcap, + 9. Have the bed, and headsheet, &c., ready, + 10. Draw the curtains, + 11. Set the night-light, + 12. Drive out dogs and cats, + 13. Bow to your lord, + 14. Keep the night-stool and urinal ready for whenever he calls, and +take it back when done with. + +_How to prepare a Bath._ +Hang round the roof, sheets full of sweet herbs, have five or six +sponges to sit or lean on, and one great sponge to sit on with a sheet +over and a sponge under his feet. +Mind the door's shut. +With a basinful of hot herbs, wash him with a soft sponge, throw +rose-water on him; let him go to bed. +Put his socks and slippers on, stand him on his footsheet, wipe him dry, +take him to bed to cure his troubles. + +_To make a Medicinal Bath._ +Boil together hollyhock centaury, herb-benet, scabious, withy leaves; +throw them hot into a vessel, set your lord on it; let him bear it as +hot as he can, and whatever disease he has will certainly be cured, as +men say. + +_The Duties of an Usher and Marshal._ +He must know the rank and precedence of all people. +I. + 1. The Pope. + 2. Emperor. + 3. King. + 4. Cardinal. + 5. Prince. + 6. Archbishop. + 7. Royal Duke. +II. Bishop, &c. +III. + 1. Viscount. + 2. Mitred abbot. + 3. Three Chief Justices. + 4. Mayor of London. +IV. (The Knight's rank.) + 1. Cathedral Prior, Knight Bachelor. + 2. Dean, Archdeacon. + 3. Master of the Rolls. + 4. Puisné Judge. + 5. Clerk of the Crown. + 6. Mayor of Calais. + 7. Doctor of Divinity. + 8. Prothonotary. + 9. Pope's Legate. +V. (The Squire's rank.) + 1. Doctor of Laws. + 2. Ex-Mayor of London. + 3. Serjeant of Law. + 4. Masters of Chancery. + 5. Preacher. + 6. Masters of Arts. + 7. Other Religious. + 8. Parsons and Vicars. + 9. Parish Priests. + 10. City Bailiffs. + 11. Serjeant at Arms. + 12. Heralds (the chief Herald has first place), + 13. Merchants, + 14. Gentlemen, + 15. Gentlewomen may all eat with squires. +I have now told you the rank of every class, and now I'll tell you how +they may be grouped at table. +I. Pope, King, Prince, Archbishop and Duke. +II. Bishop, Marquis, Viscount, Earl. +III. The Mayor of London, Baron, Mitred Abbot, three Chief Justices, +Speaker, may sit together, two or three at a mess. +IV. The other ranks (three or four to a mess) equal to a Knight, +unmitred Abbot, Dean, Master of the Rolls, under Judges, Doctor of +Divinity, Prothonotary, Mayor of Calais. +V. Other ranks equal to a Squire, four to a mess. +Serjeants of Law, ex-Mayor of London, Masters of Chancery, Preachers and +Parsons, Apprentices of Law, Merchants and Franklins. +Each estate or rank shall sit at meat by itself, not seeing another. +The Bishop of Canterbury shall be served apart from the Archbishop of +York, and the Metropolitan alone. +The Bishop of York must not eat before the Primate of England. +Sometimes a Marshal is puzzled by Lords of royal blood being poor, and +others not royal being rich; also by a Lady of royal blood marrying a +knight, and _vice versâ_. +The Lady of royal blood shall keep her rank; the Lady of low blood shall +take her husband's rank. +Property is not so worthy as royal blood, so the latter prevails over +the former, for royal blood may become King. +The parents of a Pope or Cardinal must not presume to equality with +their son, and must not want to sit by him, but in a separate room. +A Marshal must look to the rank of every estate, and do honour to +_foreign visitors_ and residents. +A well-trained Marshal should think beforehand where to place strangers +at the table. +If the King sends any messenger to your Lord receive him one degree +higher than his rank. +The King's groom may dine with a Knight or Marshal, A Marshal must also +understand the rank of County and Borough officers, and that a Knight of +blood and property is above a poor Knight, the Mayor of London above the +Mayor of Queenborough, the Abbot of Westminster above the poor Abbot of +Tintern, the Prior of Canterbury above the Prior of Dudley, the Prior +who is Prelate of a Cathedral Church above any Abbot or Prior of his +diocese, a Doctor of 12 years' standing above one of 9 (though the +latter be the richer), the old Aldermen above the young ones, and + 1. the Master of a craft, + 2. the ex-warden. +Before every feast, then, think what people are coming, and settle what +their order of precedence is to be. +If in doubt, ask your lord or the chief officer, and then you'll do +wrong to no one, but set all according to their birth and dignity. +Now I have told you of Court Manners, how to manage in Pantry, Buttery, +Carving, and as Sewer, and Marshal, as I learnt with a Royal Prince +whose Usher and Marshal I was. +All other officers have to obey me. +Our office is the chief, whether the Cook likes it or not. +All these offices may be filled by one man, but a Prince's dignity +requires each office to have its officer, and a servant under him, (all +knowing their duties perfectly) to wait on their Lord and please his +guests. +Don't fear to serve a prince; take good heed to your duties, watch, and +you need not fear. +_Tasting_ is done only for those of royal blood, as a Pope, King, Duke, +and Earl: not below. +Tasting is done for fear of poison; therefore keep your room secure, and +close your safe, for fear of tricks. +A Prince's Steward and Chamberlain have the oversight of all offices and +of tasting, and they must tell the Marshal, Sewer, and Carver how to +do it. +I don't propose to write more on this matter. +I tried this treatise myself, in my youth, and enjoyed these matters, +but now age compels me to leave the court; so try yourself." +"Blessing on you, Father, for this your teaching of me! Now I shall dare +to serve where before I was afraid. I will try, and shall learn by +practice. May God reward you for teaching me!" +"Good son, and all readers of this _Boke of Nurture_, pray for the soul +of me, John Russell, (servant of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester;) also for +the Duke, my wife, father, and mother, that we may all go to bliss when +we die." +Little book, commend me to all learners, and to the experienced, whom I +pray to correct its faults. +Any such, put to my copying, which I have done as I best could. +The transcriber is not to blame; he copied what was before him, and +neither of us wrote it, I only corrected the rhyme. +God! grant us grace to rule in Heaven with Thine elect! + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Andrewe, Extracts on Fish: Sidenotes + +_Eel._ Is of no sex; is best roasted. +_Herring._ Is delicious when fresh, or salted. Dies when it feels the +air. +_Whale?_ Shipmen cast anchor on him, and make a fire +on him. He swims away, and drowns them. +_Ahuna._ When the Ahuna is in danger, he puts his head in his belly, and +eats a bit of himself. +_Balena._ (The woodcut is a big Merman. ? Whale.) Are seen most in +winter; breed in summer. In rough weather Balena puts her young in her +mouth. +_Crevice_ (Sea and Fresh Water Crayfish). How +they engender, and hybernate. How the Crayfish manages to eat Oysters. +Fresh-Water Crayfish is hard to digest. +_Carp._ Is difficult to net. +_Whale._ Likes Harmony. Gets harpooned, rubs the harpoon into himself, +and slays himself. +Phocas. Kills his wife and gets another. +Halata. Takes her young out of her womb to look at 'em. +_Pike:_ eats venomous beasts; is begotten by a West Wind. +Sea-Mouse Musculus is the cock of Balena. +_Lamprey._ Must be boiled in wine. +Mulus: has 2 beards. +Orchun. Is Balene's deadly enemy. +Pecten: winks. +Pinna. How he catches small fishes. +Serra. Cuts through ships with his fins. +Siren. Siren is like an eagle below, sings sweet songs to mariners, and +tears them to pieces. +_Sturgeon._ Eats no food, has no mouth, grows fat on east wind. Has no +bones in his body. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Wilyam Bulleyn on _Boxyng & Neckeweede_: Sidenotes + +For saucy louts, the best cure is Boxing. + +The names of Hemp. +Neckweed (a halter) is good for thievish apprentices, for swashbucklers +past grace, and all scamps. +Also for young spendthrifts who after their parents' death waste their +all with harlots and in gambling which makes men beggars, or thieves. +A life of reckless debauchery and robbery ends with Hemp. +The use of Hemp to the Sailor, Plowman, Fisher and Archer. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Andrew Borde on _Sleep, Rising, and Dress_: Sidenotes + +After Dinner, sleep standing against a cupboard. +Before bedtime be merry. +Have a fire in your bedroom, but stand a good way off it. +Shut your windows. +Lie first on your left side. +To sleep groveling on the belly, is bad; on the back upright, is worse. +Wear a scarlet nightcap. +Have a flock bed over your featherbed. +On rising, remember God, brush your breeches, put on your hose, stretch, +go to stool. +Truss your points, comb your head, wash your hands and face, take a +stroll, pray to God. +Play at tennis, or wield weights. +At meals, eat only of 2 or 3 dishes; let supper-dishes be light. +Wear a scarlet petycote. +Line a jacket with white and black lambskin sewn diamond-wise. +Keep your neck warm. +Wear goatskin gloves. +Don't stand long on grass or stones. +Don't sleep in ratty rooms. +Don't take cold in your feet. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +William Vaughan's _Fifteen Directions to preserve Health_: Sidenotes + +1. Stretch yourself. +2. Rub yourself. +3. Go to stool. +4. Put on your clothes. +5. Comb your head. +6. Clean your teeth. + (How to keep the teeth sound and the breath sweet. Use Vaughan's + Water made after this recipe. It's better than 1000 Dentrifices.) +7. Wash. The best remedy for dim sight. +8. Say your Prayers. +9. Set to work. Be honest. +10. Eat only three meals a day. Eat light food before heavy. Drink +hinders digestion. Use silver cups. +11. Don't work directly after meals, but talk, wash, and clean your +teeth. +12. Undress by the fire in winter. +13. Before bed, chew Mastic, and +14. Pray to God. Look at your water in a Urinal. Have a hole in your +nightcap. +15. Against rheums, eat white pepper. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Harington, _The Dyet for every Day_: Sidenotes + +Stretch your limbs, rub your body and head; protect yourself from cold; +dress, washing in Summer, warming yourself in Winter. +In Summer wear deer's and calves' skins, in Winter, wolf and fox skins. +Comb your head 40 times, wash your face, clean your eyelids, rub your +neck well. + +Harington, _On Rising, Diet, and Going to Bed_: Sidenotes + +On rising, empty your bladder and belly, nose and lungs. +Cleanse your whole body. +Say your Prayers. +Walk gently, go to stool. +Work in the forenoon. +Always wear a precious stone in a ring; hold a crystal in your mouth; +for the virtue of precious stones is great. +Eat only twice a day. +Don't drink between dinner and supper. +Don't have one fixed hour for your meals. +In Winter eat in hot well-aired places. +Fast for a day now and then. +Eat more at supper than dinner. +After meals, wash your face, and clean your teeth, chat and walk +soberly. +Don't sit up late. +Before bed, rub your body gently. +Undress by a fire in Winter, and warm your garments well +Put off your cares with your clothes, and take them up again in the +morning. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +_The Boke of Keruynge_: Sidenotes + +_The Book of Carving and Arranging; and the Dishes for all the +Feasts in the year._ + +Terms of a Carver: +Slice brawn, spoil a hen, unbrace a mallard, untache a curlew, border a +pasty, thigh small birds, splat a pike, fin a chub, barb a lobster + +The Butler has 3 knives: + 1. a squarer, 2. a chipper, 3. a smoother. +Trencher-bread must be 4 days old; the Salt-Planer of ivory; table +cloths kept in a chest, or hung on a perch. +To broach a Pipe, have 2 augers, funnels, and tubes, and pierce the Pipe +4 inches from the bottom. +Always have ready fruits and hard cheese. +Beware of cow cream. +Hard cheese is aperient, and keeps off poison. +Milk and Junket close the Maw. +For food that sets your teeth on edge, eat an almond and hard cheese. +A raw apple will cure indigestion. +See every night that your wines don't boil over or leak. +You'll know their fermenting by their hissing. + +_Names of Wines_ Campolet, Rhenish, &c + +_To make Ypocras._ +Take spices; put 6 bags on a perch, 6 pewter basins under, ginger and +cinnamon. +(Of the qualities of spices.) Pound each spice separately, put 'em in +bladders, and hang 'em in your bags, add a gallon of red wine to 'em, +stir it well, run it through two bags, taste it, pass it through 6 +runners, and put it in a close vessel. +Keep the dregs for cooking. +Have your Compost clean, and your ale 5 days old, but not dead. + +_To lay the Cloth._ +Put on a _couch_, then a second cloth, the fold on the outer edge; a +third, the fold on the inner edge. +Cover your cupboard, put a towel round your neck, one side lying on your +left arm; on that, 7 loaves of eating bread and 4 trencher loaves. +In your left hand a saltcellar, in your right the towel. +Set the saltcellar on your lord's right, and trenchers on the left of +it. +Lay knives, bread, spoons, napkins, and cover 'em up. + +_To wrap your Lord's bread stately._ +Square the loaves; take a Reynes towel 2½ yards long by the ends; put it +on the table, pinch up a handful of one end, and lay it between 2 +towels, and on it lay your 6 or 7 loaves bottom to bottom. +Put salt, cups, &c., on the other tables. +See that your _Ewery_ is properly supplied, and your ale-pots kept +clean. + +_To arrange the Surnape._ +Put a cloth under a double towel, hold 3 ends together, fold them in a +foot-broad pleat, and lay it smooth. +After washing, the Marshal must carry the surnape out. +Leave out half a yard to make estate. +When your lord has washed, remove the Surnape. +When he is seated, salute him, uncover your bread, kneel on your knee +till 8 loaves are served out (?) Provide as many cups as dishes. + +The _Sewer_ or arranger of dishes must ascertain what dishes and fruits +are prepared daily for dinner; and he must have people ready to carry up +the dishes. + +_The Succession of Dishes._ + 1. Brawn, &c. + 2. Pheasant, &c. + 3. Meat Fritters, &c + 4. For a standard, a peacock with his tail. + 5. Doucettes, Paynpuff, Brew, Snipe, Petyperuys and Fayge, + Caraways, &c. +Clear the table + +_Keruynge of Flesshe._ +Your hands must be clean; only two fingers and a thumb should be put on +your knife, or on fish, flesh, or fowl. +Wipe your knife on your napkin. +Lay 4 trenchers for your lord, with 2 or 4 on them and the upper crust +of a fine loaf. +Give heed to what is indigestible, as resty, fat things, feathers, +heads, legs, &c. + +_Keruynge of Flesshe._ +How to carve Brawn, Venison, (cut it in 12 bits and slice it into the +furmity,) Pheasant, Stockdoves, (mince the wings into the syrup,) Goose, +Teal, &c., (take off the legs and wings,) Capon, (mince the wing with +wine or ale,) Plover, Lapwing, Bittern, Egret. +How to carve a Crane, (mind the trump in his breast,) Shoveler, Quail, +Martins, Swallow, Fawn, Kid, Roast Venison, Cony, (lay him on his belly +with his two cut-off sides, on each side of him.) +Cut 4 strips to each bit of meat, for your lord to pick it up by. +Open hot Meat-Pies at the top; cold in the middle. +Cut Custards in inch blocks. +Doucettes, pare off sides and bottom. +Fritters hot are good, cold bad. +Tansey is good. +Jelly, Blanche Manger, Charlet, &c., are good, and no other potages. + +_Sauces for all maner of Fowles._ +Mustard for beef; Verjuice for boiled chickens; Cawdrons for swans; +Garlick, &c., for beef. +Ginger for lamb; Gamelyne for heronsewe, &c.; Salt, Sugar and Water of +Tame for brew, &c. +White salt for lapwings, &c. +Cinnamon and salt for thrushes &c. + +_The Dinner Courses from Easter to Whitsunday._ +From Easter to Pentecost, set bread, trenchers and spoons: + 6 or 8 trenchers for a great lord, 3 for one of low degree. +Then cut bread for eating. +For Easter-day Feast: First Course: +A Calf, boiled and blessed; boiled Eggs and green sauce; Potage, +with beef, saffron-stained Capons. +Second Course: Mameny, Pigeons, Chewets, Flawnes. +Supper: Chickens, Veal, roast Kid, Pigs'-Feet, a Tansey fried. +Green Sauces of sorrel or vines, for the first course. + +_Keruyng of all maner of Fowles._ + _How to carve a Capon._ Sauce: green sauce or verjuice. + _Swan._ Chawdron is the sauce for him. + _Pheasant._ No sauce but Salt. + _Partridge._ Sauce for Partridges. + _How to carve a Quail._ Sauce: salt. + _Crane._ Sauce: ginger, mustard, vinegar, and salt. + _Heron._ Sauce as before. + _Rittern._ Salt, the sauce. + _Egret._ Salt, the sauce. + _Curlew._ Salt, as sauce. + _Brew._ Salt, as sauce. + _Cony (or Rabbit.)_ Sauce: vinegar and ginger. + _Sarcel or Teal._ + _Plover._ + _Snipe._ + _Woodcock._ + +Sauces for the Second Course. +First Course: Beef and Capons. +How to sauce and carve a Roast capon: lay him out as if ready to fly. +Second Course: Potage, Charlet, young Geese, Payne Puff, &c. +How to carve a Goose. +Goose must be eaten with green garlic or verjuice. + +_Dinner Courses from the Nativity of St John the Baptist_, (June 24,) +_to Michaelmas._ +First Course: soups, vegetables, legs of Pork, &c. +Second Course: roast Mutton, glazed Pigeons, Fritters, &c. +Serve a Pheasant dry, with salt and ginger: a Heronsewe with salt and +powder (blanche?) Treat open-clawed birds like capons. + +_Dinner Courses from Michaelmas to Christmas._ +First Course: legs of Pork, &c. +Second Course: Widgeon, +Fieldfares, Chewets, Beef, with sauces Gelopere and Pegyll. +Cut the skin off boiled meats. +Carve carefully for Ladies; they soon get angry. +Carve Goose and Swan like other birds. +The skin of cloven-footed birds is unwholsome; of whole-footed birds +wholesome, because the water washes all corruption out of 'em. +Chicken's skin is not so pure, because their nature is not to enter into +the river. +River birds cleanse their foul stink in the river. +Take off the heads of all field birds, for they eat worms, toads, and +the like. + +_Sewynge of Fysshe._ +_First Course:_ +_Musculade._ Salens, &c., baked Gurnet. +_Second Course:_ +Jelly, dates, &c. For a standard, Mullet, Chub, Seal, &c. +_Third Course:_ +Bream, Perch, Whelks; and pears in sugar candy. Figs, dates capped with +minced ginger, &c. +All over! Clear the table. + +_Carving and Dressing of Fish_ +Put tails and livers in the pea broth and furmity. +How to carve Seal Turrentyne, baked Herring, white Herring, Green Fish, +Merling, Hake, Pike, salt Lamprey, Plaice. +Gurnard, Bream, Roach, Whiting, Codling. +Carp, Trout, Conger, Thornback, Halibut, Tench, and Crab. +How to dress and serve up a Crab. +How to dress and carve a Crayfish, a Joll of Sturgeon, a fresh Lamprey, +pasty. +(sauce, Galentyne with red wine and powdered cinnamon.) Fresh Herring, +&c. +Sprats, Musculade in worts, Oysters. +Dates, pears, Mortrewes of Dogfish. + +_Sauces for Fish._ +Mustard for Salmon, &c.; Vinegar for salt Whale, &c.; Galentyne for +Lamprey; Verjuice for Roach, &c.; Cinnamon for Chub, &c.; Green Sauce +for Halibut, &c. + +_The Duties of a Chamberlain._ +He must be cleanly, and comb his hair; see to his Lord's clothes, and +brush his hose; in the morning warm his shirt, and prepare his +footsheet; warm his petycote, &c.; put on his shoes, tie up his hose, +comb his head, wash his hands, put on the robe he orders. +Make ready his Closet in the Church or Chapel, then come home to his +Bed-chamber, take off the bed-clothes. +Make his lord's bed again with clean sheets, and lay hangings round the +bed, and windows, &c. +Keep the privy clean, and the board covered with green cloth, and +provide down or cotton for wiping. +When he goes to bed, let him wash; put him on a mantle, take off his +shoes, &c. +Comb his head, put on his night-cap, draw the curtains round him, drive +out the dogs and cats, set the urinal near, and then take leave. + +_Of the Marshal and Usher._ +He must know the orders of precedence of all ranks. +A Cardinal before a Prince. +The Mayor of London ranks with the 3 Chief Justices. +The Knight's equals. +The ex-Mayor of London. +The Esquire's equals. Who must dine alone, who 2 together, who 2 or 3, +who 3 or 4. The Marshall must know who are of royal blood, for that has +the reverence. He must take heed of the King's officers, do honour to +strangers, and receive a Messenger from the King as if one degree higher +than he is, for a King's groom may sit at a Knight's table. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +The Boke of Curtasye: Sidenotes + +In this book you may learn Courtesy. Every one needs it. +On reaching a Lord's gate, give the Porter your weapon, and ask leave to +go in. +If the master is of low degree, he will come to you: if of high, the +Porter will take you to him. +At the Hall-door, take off your hood and gloves, greet the Steward, &c., +at the dais, bow to the Gentlemen on each side of the hall both right +and left; notice the yeomen, then stand before the screen till the +Marshal or Usher leads you to the table. +Be sedate and courteous if you are set with the gentlemen. +Cut your loaf in two, the top from the bottom; cut the top crust in 4, +and the bottom in 3. cut the top crust in 4, and the bottom in 3. +Put your trencher before you, and don't eat or drink till your Mess is +brought from the kitchen, lest you be thought starved or a glutton. +Have your nails clean. +Don't bite your bread, but break it. +Don't quarrel at table, or make grimaces. +Don't cram your cheeks out with food like an ape, for if any one should +speak to you, you can't answer, but must wait. +Don't eat on both sides of your mouth. +Don't laugh with your mouth full, or sup up your potage noisily. +Don't leave your spoon in the dish or on its side, but clean your spoon. +Let no dirt off your fingers soil the cloth. +Don't put into the dish bread that you have once bitten. +Dry your mouth before you drink. +Don't call for a dish once removed, or spit on the table: that's rude. +Don't scratch your dog. +If you blow your nose, clean your hand; wipe it with your skirt or put +it through your tippet. +Don't pick your teeth at meals, or drink with food in your mouth, as you +may get choked, or killed, by its stopping your wind. +Tell no tale to harm or shame your companions. +Don't stroke the cat or dog. +Don't dirty the table cloth with your knife. +Don't blow on your food, or put your knife in your mouth, or wipe your +teeth or eyes with the table cloth. +If you sit by a good man, don't put your knee under his thigh. +Don't hand your cup to any one with your back towards him. +Don't lean on your elbow, or dip your thumb into your drink, or your +food into the salt cellar: +That is a vice. +Don't spit in the basin you wash in or loosely (?) before a man of God. + +If you go to school you shall learn: + 1. Cross of Christ, + 2. Pater Noster, + 3. Hail Mary and the Creed, + 4. In the name of the Trinity, + 5. of the Apostles, + 6. the Confession. +Seek the kingdom of God, and worship Him. +At church, take holy water; pray for all Christian companions; kneel to +God on both knees, to man only on one. +At the Altar, serve the priest with both hands. +Speak gently to your father and mother, and honour them. +Do to others as you would they should do to you. +Don't be foolishly meek. +The seed of the righteous shall never beg or be shamed. +Be ready forgive, and fond of peace. +If you cannot give an asker goods, give him good words. +Be willing to help every one. +Give your partner his fair share. +Go on the pilgrimages (?) you vow to saints, lest God take vengeance on +you. +Don't believe all who speak fair: the Serpent spoke fair words (to Eve). +Be cautious with your words, except when angry. +Don't lie, but keep your word. +Don't laugh too often, or you'll be called a shrew or a fool. +Man's 3 enemies are: the Devil, the Flesh, and the World. +Destroy these, and be sure of heaven. +Don't strive with your lord, or bet or play with him. +In a strange place don't be too inquisitive or fussy. +If a man falls, don't laugh, but help him up: your own head may fall to +your feet. +At the Mass, if the priest doesn't please you, don't blame him. +Don't tell your secrets to a shrew. +Don't beckon, point, or whisper. +When you meet a man, greet him, or answer him cheerily if he greets you: +don't be dumb, lest men say you have no mouth. +Never speak improperly of women, for we and our fathers were all born of +women. +A wife should honour and obey her husband, and serve him. +Try to reconcile brothers if they quarrel. +At a gate, let your equal precede you; go behind your superior and your +master unless he bids you go beside him. +On a pilgrimage don't be third man: 3 oxen can't draw a plough. +Don't drink all that's in a cup offered you; take a little. +If you sleep with any man, ask what part of the bed he likes, and lie +far from him. +If you journey with any man, find out his name, who he is, where he is +going. +With friars on a pilgrimage, do as they do. +Don't put up at a red (haired and faced) man or woman's house. +Answer opponents meekly, but don't tell lies. +Before your lord at table, keep your hands, feet, and fingers still. +Don't stare about, or at the wall, or lean against the post. +Don't pick your nose, scratch your arm, or stoop your head. +Listen when you're spoken to. +Never harm child or beast with evil eye (?) Don't blush when you're +chaffed, or you'll be accused of mischief. +Don't make faces. +Wash before eating. +Sit where the host tells you; avoid the highest place unless you're told +to take it. + +_Of the Officers in Lords' Courts._ +Four bear rods; three wands: + 1. Porter, the longest, + 2. Marshal, + 3. Usher, the shortest, + 4. Steward, a staff, a finger thick, half a yard long. + +_Of the Porter._ +He keeps the Gate and Stocks, takes charge of misdoers till judged, also +of clothes, and warns strangers. +He is found in meat and drink. +On his lord's removing, he hires horses at 4d. a piece, the statute +price. + +_Of the Marshal of the Hall_ +_How long Squires shall have allowances, and Fire shall burn in the +Hall._ +He shall arrest rebels, when the steward is away. +Yeoman-Usher and Groom are under him. +The Groom gets fuel for the fire, and makes one in Hall for every meal; +looks after tables, trestles, forms, the cup-board, and hangings of the +Hall. +Fires last from Allsaints' Day to Candlemas Eve, (Nov. 1 to Feb. 2.) and +thus long, Squires receive their daily candle? +The Marshal shall seat men in the Hall. + +_Of the Butler, Panter, and Cooks serving him._ +They are the Marshal's servants. +He shall score up all messes served, and order bread and ale for men, +but wine for gentlemen. +Each mess shall be reckoned at 6d. +and be scored up to prevent the cook's cheating. +If bread runs short, the Marshal orders more, 'a reward.' + +_Of the Butler's duties._ +He shall put a pot and loaf to each mess. +He is the panter's mate. +The Marshal shall see to men's lodging. +The Lord's Chamber and Wardrobe are under the Usher of the Chamber. + +_Of the Usher and Grooms of the Chamber._ + 1. Usher, + 2. Yeoman-usher, + 3. Two grooms and a Page. +_The Duties of the Grooms of the Chamber._ +They shall make palets of litter 9 ft. long, 7 broad, watered, twisted, +trodden, with wisps at foot and side, twisted and turned back; from the +floor-level to the waist. +For lords, 2 beds, outer and inner, hung with hangings, hooks and eyes +set on the binding; the valance hanging on a rod (?), four curtains +reaching to the ground; these he takes up with a forked rod. +The counterpane is laid at the foot, cushions on the sides, tapestry on +the floor and sides of the room. +The Groom gets fuel, and screens. +The Groom keeps the table, trestles, and forms for dinner; and water in +a heater. +He puts 3 wax-lights over the chimney, all in different syces. + +_The Usher of the Chamber_ walks about and sees that all is served +right, +orders the table to be set and removed, takes charge of the Wardrobe and +Bedchamber, bids the _Wardroper_ get all ready before the fire, +nightgown, carpet, 2 cushions, a form with a footsheet over it; on which +the lord changes his gown. +The Usher orders what's wanted from the Buttery: a link from the +Chandler, and ale and wine. +(No meat shall be assayed except for King, Prince, Duke or +Heirs-apparent.) +From the Pantry the Usher takes fine and coarse bread, and a wax-light +that burns all night in a basin. +(The Yeoman-Usher removes the torches.) +The Usher puts lights on the Bedroom door, brings bread and wine, (the +lord washing first,) offers the drink kneeling; puts his lord to bed, +and then goes home himself. +The Yeoman-Usher sleeps at the Lord's door. + +_Of the Steward._ +Few are true, but many false. +He, the clerk, cook and surveyor consult over their Lord's dinner. +Any dainty that can be had, the Steward buys. +Before dishes are put on, the Steward enters first, then the Server. +The Steward shall post into books all accounts written on tablets, and +add them up. + +_Of the Controller._ +He puts down the receipt and consumption of every day. + +_Of the Surveyor._ +He, the steward, and controller, receive nothing, but see that all goes +straight. +The Controller checks daily the Clerk of the kitchen's account. + +_Of the Clerk of the Kitchen._ +He shall keep account of all purchases, and payments, and wages, shall +preside at the Dresser, and keep the spices, stores, &c., +and the clothes of the officers. + +_Of the Chancellor._ +He looks after the servants' clothes, and horses, seals patents, and +grants of land, &c., for life, or during the lord's pleasure. +He oversees the land too, and is a great man. + +_Of the Treasurer._ +He takes from the Receiver what is collected from bailiff and grieve, +courts and forfeits. +He gives the Kitchen clerk money to buy provisions with, and the clerk +gives some to the baker and butler. +The Treasurer pays all wages. +He, the Receiver, Chancellor, Grieves, &c., +account once a year to the Auditor, from whom they can appeal to a Baron +of the Exchequer. + +_Of the Receiver of Rents._ +He gives receipts, and gets a fee of 6d. +He pays fees to park-keepers, and looks after castles and manor-houses. + +_Of the Avener._ +He shall give the horses in the stable two armsful of hay and a peck of +oats, daily. +A Squire is Master of the Horse; under him are Avener and Farrier, (the +Farrier has a halfpenny a day for every horse he shoes,) and grooms and +pages hired at 2d. a day, or 3 halfpence, and footmen who run by ladies' +bridles. + +_Of the Baker._ +Out of a London bushel he shall bake 20 loaves, fine and coarse. + +_Of the Huntsman and his Hounds._ +He gets a halfpenny a day for every hound. +The Feuterer 2 lots of bread if he has 2 leash of Greyhounds, and a bone +for each, besides perquisites of skins, &c. + +_Of the Ewerer or Water-bringer._ +He has all the candles and cloths and gives water to every one. + +_Who may wash his hands, and where._ +The bringer of Water shall kneel down. +The Ewerer shall cover the lord's table with a double cloth, the lower +with the selvage to the lord's side; the upper cloth shall be laid +double, the upper selvage turned back as if for a towel. +He shall put on cleaners for every one. + +_Of the Panter._ +He carries 3 loaves cut square for trenchers, and the covered +Saltcellar, 2 Carving-knives, and sets the 3rd, and a spoon to his lord. + +_Of the Lord's Knives, (Bread, and Washing.)_ +The hafts of 2 are laid outwards, that of the 3rd inwards, and the spoon +handle by it. +More trencher loaves are set, and wine served to the Duchess. +2 Trencher-loaves, and salt, to the lord's son; and 1 loaf and +saltcellar set at the end of the table. +Then 3 loaves of white bread are brought, and 1 coarse loaf is put in +the Alms-dish. +To assay bread, the Panter kneels, the Carver cuts him a slice, and he +eats it. +The Ewerer strains water into his basins, on the upper one of which is a +towel folded dodgily. +Then the water is assayed in a cup of white wood. +The Carver takes up the basins; a knight takes down the towel, and wipes +the cup, into which the Carver pours water; the knight hands it to him; +he assays it, and empties the cup. +Two knights hold the towel before the lord's sleeves, and hold the upper +basin while the Carver pours water into the lower; then he puts the +lower into the upper, and empties both, takes them to the Ewerer, +returns to the lord's table, lays 4 trenchers for him, with 1 above. +The Carver takes 3 to cut the lord's messes on, and has a cloth round +his neck to wipe his knives on. + +_Of the Almoner._ +He says grace, sets down the Alms-dish, and the Carver puts the first +loaf in it. +The other loaves he pares round, cuts one in two, and gives the upper +half in halves to him. +The Almoner has a staff in his hand. +He keeps the broken food and wine left, for poor men at the gate, and is +sworn to give it all to them. +He distributes silver as he rides. + +_Of the Sewer (or setter-on of Dishes)._ +The Cook assays the meat before it's dished. +The Sewer puts the cover on it, and the cover must never be raised for +fear of treason. +(A Dodge: If the silver dish burns you, put bits of bread under it.) +The Sewer assays all the food: potage with a piece of bread; fish or +flesh, he eats a piece; baked meats hot, he lifts up the crust, and dips +bread in the gravy; baked meats cold, he eats a bit. +The meat-bearer stands or kneels as the Sewer does. +When bread is wanted, the Butler puts one loaf on the table, the other +on the cupboard. +The Butler assays all the wine. +What is left in the lord's cup goes to the Alms-dish. +The Carver fills the empty cup, assays it, and gives it the lord or puts +it down. +He carves the lord's meat, and lays it on his trencher, putting a piece +of every thing in the Alms-dish, except any favourite piece or potage +sent to a stranger. +(To say more about the Carver would require another section, so I pass +it over.) +After dinner the Sewer brings the Surnape, a broad towel and a narrow, +and slides it down. +The Usher takes one end of the broad one, the Almoner the other, and +when it is laid, he folds the narrow towel double before his lord and +lady. +After grace removes them, lays the table on the floor, and takes away +the trestles. + +_Of the Chandler._ +He can make all kinds of candles, little and big, and mortars of wax. +He snuffs them with short scissors. +In bed-chambers wax lights only shall be burnt; in hall, Candles of +Paris, each mess having one from Nov. 1 to Feb. 2 (see l. 393), and +squires one too. +The Butler shall give Squires their daily bread and ale all the year, +and Knights their wine. +May Christ bring us to His dwelling-place. Amen! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Bp. Grossetest's Household Statutes: Sidenotes + +All servants should serve truly God and their Master; doing fully all +that their Master orders, without answering. +The upper servants must be honest and diligent, and engage no untrusty +or unfit man. +iv. Dishonest, quarrelsome, and drunken servants must be turned out. +v. All must be of one accord, vi. obedient to those above them, +vii. dress in livery, and not wear old shoes. +viii. Order your Alms to be given to the poor and sick. +ix. Make all the household dine together in the Hall. +x. Let no woman dine with you. +Let the Master show himself to all. +Don't allow grumbling. +xi. Let your servants go to their homes. +xii. Tell your Panter and Butler to come to the table before grace. +Tell off three yeomen to wait at table. +xiii. Tell the Steward to keep good order in the Hall, and serve every +one fairly. +xiv. Have your dish well filled that you may help others to it. +xv. Always admit your special friends, and show them you are glad to see +them. +xvi. Talk familiarly to your Bailiffs, ask how your tenants and store +do. +xvii. Allow no private meals; only those in Hall. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Stanzas and Couplets of Counsel: Sidenotes + +Never mistrust or fail your friend. +Don't talk too much. +Spare your master's goods as your own. +A lawless youth, a despised old age. +A Gentleman says the best he can of every one. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +The schoole of Vertue: Sidenotes + +First, say this prayer: "O God! enable us to follow virtue. Defend us +this day. Let us abound with virtues, flee from vice, and go forward in +good doing to our live's end." +Repeat the Lord's Prayer night and morning. + +_How to wash and dress yourself._ +Don't sleep too long. +Rise early; cast up your bed, and don't let it lie. +Go down, salute your parents, wash your hands, comb your head, brush +your cap and put it on. +Tie on your shirt-collar, fasten your girdle, rub your breeches, clean +your shoes, wipe your nose on a napkin, pare your nails, clean your +ears, wash your teeth. +Have your torn clothes mended, or new ones obtained. +Get your satchell and books, and haste to School, taking too pen, paper, +and ink, which are necessary for use at school. +Then start off. + +_How to behave going to, and at, School._ +Take off your cap to those you meet; give way to passers by. +Call your playmates on your road. +At School salute your master, and the scholars. +Go straight to your place, undo your satchell, take out your books and +learn your lesson; stick well to your books. +If you don't work, you'll repent it when you grow up. +Who could now speak of famous deeds of old, had not Letters preserved +them? +Work hard then, and you'll be thought worthy to serve the state. +Men of low birth win honour by Learning, and then are doubly happy. +When you doubt, ask to be told. +Wish well to those who warn you. +On your way home walk two and two orderly (for which men will praise +you); don't run in heaps like a swarm of bees like boys do now. +Don't whoop or hallow as in fox-hunting don't chatter, or stare at every +new fangle, but walk soberly, taking your cap off to all, and being +gentle. +Do no man harm; speak fair words. +On reaching home salute your parents reverently. + +_How to wait at table._ +Look your parents in the face, hold up your hands, and say +Grace before meate. +Grace before Meat. +Make a low curtesy; wish your parents' food may do 'em good. +If you are big enough, bring the food to table. +Don't fill dishes so full as to spill them on your parents' dress, or +they'll be angry. +Have spare trenchers ready for guests. +See there's plenty of everything wanted. +Empty the Voiders often. +Be at hand if any one calls. +When the meat is over, clear the table: + 1. cover the salt, + 2. have a tray by you to carry things off on, + 3. put the trenchers, &c., in one Voider, + 4. sweep the crumbs into another, + 5. set a clean trencher before every one, + 6. put on Cheese, Fruit, Biscuits, and + 7. serve Wine, Ale or Beer. +When these are finished, clear the table, and fold up the cloth. +Then spread a clean towel, bring bason and jug, and when your parents +are ready to wash, and when your parents are ready to wash, pour out the +water. +Clear the table; make a low curtsey. + +_How to behave at your own dinner._ +Let your betters sit above you. +See others served first, then wait a while before eating. +Take salt with your knife, cut your bread, don't fill your spoon too +full, or sup your pottage. +Have your knife sharp. +Don't smack your lips or gnaw your bones: avoid such beastliness. +Keep your fingers clean, wipe your mouth before drinking. +Don't jabber or stuff. +Silence hurts no one, and is fitted for a child at table. +Don't pick your teeth, or spit too much. +Behave properly. +Don't laugh too much. +Learn all the good manners you can. +They are better than playing the fiddle, though that's no harm, but +necessary; yet manners are more important. + +_How to behave at Church._ +Pray kneeling or standing. +Confess your sins to God. +He knows your disease. +Ask in faith, and what you ask you shall have; He is more merciful than +pen can tell. +Behave nicely in church, and don't talk or chatter. +Behave reverently; the House of Prayer is not to be made a fair. +Avoid dicing and carding. +Delight in Knowledge, Virtue, and Learning. +Happy is he who cultivates Virtue. +Cursed is he who forsakes it. +Let reason rule you, and subdue your lusts. +These ills come from gambling: strife, murder, theft, cursing and +swearing. + +_How to behave when conversing._ +Understand a question before you answer it; let a man tell all his tale. +Then bow to him, look him in the face, and answer sensibly, not staring +about or laughing, but audibly and distinctly, your words in due order, +or you'll straggle off, or stutter, or stammer, which is a foul crime. +Always keep your head uncovered. +Better unfed than untaught. + +_How to take a Message._ +Listen to it well; don't go away not knowing it. +Then hurry away, give the message; get the answer, return home, and tell +it to your master exactly as it was told to you. + +_Against Anger, &c._ +The slave of Anger must fall. +Anger's deeds are strange to wise men. +A hasty man is always in trouble. +Take no revenge, but forgive. +Envy no one. +An ill body breeds debate. + +_The Fruits of Charity, &c._ +Charity seeketh not her own, but bears patiently. +Charity seeketh not her own, but bears patiently. +Love incites to Mercy. +Patience teaches forbearance. +Pray God to give thee Charity and Patience, to lead thee to Virtue's +School, and thence to Eternal Bliss. + +_Against Swearing._ +Take not God's name in vain, or He will plague thee. +Beware of His wrath, and live well in thy vocation. +What is the good of swearing? +It kindles God's wrath against thee. +God's law forbids swearing, and so does the counsel of Philosophers. + +_Against filthy talking._ +Never talk dirt. +For every word we shall give account at the Day of Doom, and be judged +according to our deeds. +Let lewd livers then fear. +Keep your tongue from vain talking. + +_Against Lying._ +To speak the truth needs no study, therefore always practise it and +speak it. +Shame is the reward of lying. +Always speak the truth. +Who can trust a liar? +If a lie saves you once, it deceives you thrice. + +_A bedward Prayer._ +God of mercy, take us into Thy care. +Forgive us our sins. +Deliver us from evil, and our enemy the Devil. +Assist us to conquer him and ascribe all honour to Thee. + +_Each one's Duty._ +The Duty of Princes, Judges, Prelates, Parents, Children, Masters, +Servants, Husbands. +The Duty of Wives, Parsons and Vicars, Men of Law, Craftsmen, Landlords, +Merchants, Subjects, Rich Men, Poor Men, Magistrates, Officers, +The Duty of all Men. +God grant us all to live and die well! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Whate-ever thow sey, avyse thee welle: Sidenotes + +A man must mind what he says; hearts are fickle and fell. +Take care what you say. A false friend may hear it, and after a year or +two will repeat it. +Hasty speech hurts hearer and speaker. In the beginning, think on the +end. +You tell a man a secret, and he'll betray it for a drink of wine. Mind +what you say. +Avoid backbiting and flattering; refrain from malice, and bragging. +A venomous tongue causes sorrow. When words are said, regret is too +late. +Mind what you say. +Had men thought of this, many things done in England would never have +been begun. +To speak aright observe six things: + 1. what; 2. of whom; 3. where; 4. to whom; 5. why; 6. when. +In every place mind what you say. +Almighty God, grant me grace to serve Thee! +Mary, mother, send me grace night and day! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +A Dogg Lardyner, & a Sowe Gardyner: Sidenotes + +A dog in a larder, a sow in a garden, a fool with wise men, are ill +matcht. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Roger Ascham's Advice to Lord Warwick's Servant: Sidenotes + +Fear God, serve your lord faithfully, be courteous to your fellows. +Despise no poor man. +Carry no tales. +Tell no lies. +Don't play at dice or cards. +Take to your lord's favourite sport. +Beware of idleness. +Always be at hand when you're wanted. +Diligence will get you praise. +God be with you! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +The Babees Book: Sidenotes + +My God, support me while I translate this treatise from Latin. It shall +teach those of tender age. +To know and practise virtues is the most profitable thing in the world. +Young Babies, adorned with grace, I call on you to know this book (for +Nurture should accompany beauty), and not on aged men expert therein. +Why add pain to hell, water to the sea, or heat to fire? +Babies, my book is for you only, and so I hope no one will find fault +with it, but only amend it. +The only reward I seek is that my book may please all and improve you. +If you don't know any word in it, ask till you do, and then keep hold of +it. +And do not wonder at this being in metre. +I must first describe how you Babies who dwell in households should +behave at meals, and be ready with lovely and benign words when you are +spoken to. +Lady Facetia, help me! Thou art the Mother of all Virtue. +Help the ignorance of me untaught! +Fair Babies, when you enter your lord's place, say "God speed," and +salute all there. +Kneel on one knee to your lord. +If any speak to you, look straight at them, and listen well till they +have finished; do not chatter or let your eyes wander about the house. +Answer sensibly, shortly, and easily. +Many words are a bore to a wise man. +Stand till you are told to sit: keep your head, hands, and feet quiet: +don't scratch yourself, or lean against a post, or handle anything near. +Bow to your lord when you answer. +If any one better than yourself comes in, retire and give place to him. +Turn your back on no man. +Be silent while your lord drinks, not laughing, whispering, or joking. +If he tells you to sit down, do so at once. +Then don't talk dirt, or scorn any one, but be meek and cheerful. +If your better praises you, rise up and thank him heartily. +When your lord or lady is speaking about the household, don't you +interfere, but be always ready to serve at the proper time, +to bring drink, hold lights, or anything else, and so get a good name. +The best prayer you can make to God is to be well mannered. +If your lord offers you his cup, rise up, take it with both hands, offer +it to no one else, but give it back to him that brought it. +At Noon, when your lord is ready for dinner, some pour water on him, +some hold the towel for him till he has finished, and don't leave till +grace is said. +Stand by your lord till he tells you to sit, then keep your knife clean +and sharp to cut your food. +Be silent, and tell no nasty stories. +Cut your bread, don't break it. +Lay a clean trencher before you, and eat your broth with a spoon, don't +sup it up. +Don't leave your spoon in your dish. +Don't lean on the table, or dirty the cloth. +Don't hang your head over your dish, or eat with a full mouth, or pick +your nose, teeth, and nails, or stuff your mouth so that you can't +speak. +Wipe your mouth when you drink, and don't dirty the cup with your hands. +Don't dip your meat in the salt-cellar, +or put your knife in your mouth. +Taste every dish that's brought to you, and when once your plate is +taken away, don't ask for it again. +If strangers dine with you, share all good food sent to you with them. +It's not polite to keep it all to yourself. +Don't cut your meat like field labourers, who have such an appetite they +don't care how they hack their food. +Sweet children, let your delight be courtesy, and eschew rudeness. +Have a clean trencher and knife for your cheese, and eat properly. +Don't chatter either, and you shall get a good repute for gentleness. +When the meal is over, clean your knives, and put them in their places; +keep your seats till you've washed; then rise up without laughing or +joking, and go to your lord's table. +Stand there till grace is said. +Then some of you go for water, some hold the towel, some pour water over +his hands. +Other things I shall not put in this little Report, +but skip over, praying that no one will abuse me for this work. +Let readers add or take away: I address it to every one who likes to +correct it. +Sweet children, I beseech you know this book, and may God make you so +expert therein that you may attain endless bliss. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Lerne or be Lewde: Sidenotes + +Don't be too loving or angry, bold or busy, courteous or cruel or +cowardly, and don't drink too often, or be too lofty or anxious, but +friendly of cheer. +Hate jealousy, be not too hasty or daring; joke not too oft; ware +knaves' tricks. +Don't be too grudging or too liberal, too meddling, too particular, +new-fangled, or too daring. +Hate oaths and flattery. +Please well thy master. +Don't be too rackety, or go out too much. +Don't be too revengeful or wrathful, and wade not too deep. +The middle path is the best for us all. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Urbanitatis: Sidenotes + +When you come before a lord take off your cap or hood, and fall on your +right knee twice or thrice. +Keep your cap off till you're told to put it on; hold up your chin; look +in the lord's face; keep hand and foot still; don't spit or snot; get +rid of it quietly; behave well. +When you go into the hall, don't press up too high. +Don't be shamefaced. +Wherever you go, good manners make the man. +Reverence your betters, but treat all equally whom you don't know. +See that your hands are clean, and your knife sharp. +Let worthier men help themselves before you eat. +Don't clutch at the best bit. +Keep your hands from dirtying the cloth, and don't wipe your nose on it, +or dip too deep in your cup. +Have no meat in your mouth when you drink or speak; and stop talking +when your neighbour is drinking. +Scorn and reprove no man. +Keep your fingers from what would bring you to grief. +Among ladies, look, don't talk. +Don't laugh loud, or riot with ribalds. +Don't repeat what you hear. +Words make or mar you. +If you follow a worthier man, let your right shoulder follow his back, +and don't speak till he has done. +Be austere (?) in speech; don't stop any man's tale. +Christ gives us all wit to know this, and heaven as our reward. +Amen! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke or Edyllys be: Sidenotes + +Clerks say that courtesy came from heaven when Gabriel greeted our Lady. +All virtues are included in it. +See that your hands and nails are clean. +Don't eat till grace is said, or sit down till you're told. +First, think on the poor; the full belly wots not what the hungry feels. +Don't eat too quickly. +Touch nothing till you are fully helped. +Don't break your bread in two, or put your pieces in your pocket, your +fingers in the dish, or your meat in the salt-cellar. +Don't pick your ears or nose, or drink with your mouth full, or cram it +full. +Don't pick your teeth with your knife. +Take your spoon out when you've finished soup. +Don't spit over or on the table, that's not proper. +Don't put your elbows on the table, or belch as if you had a bean in +your throat. +Be careful of good food; and be courteous and cheerful. +Don't whisper in any man's ear. +Take your food with your fingers, and don't waste it. +Don't grin, or talk too much, or spill your food. +Keep your cloth before you. +Cut your meat, don't bite it. +Don't open your mouth too wide when you eat, or blow in your food. +If your lord drinks, always wait till he has done. +Keep your trencher clean. +Drink behind no man's back. +Don't rush at the cheese, or throw your bones on the floor. +Sit still till grace is said and you've washed your hands, and don't +spit in the basin. +Rise quietly, don't jabber, but thank your host and all the company, and +then men will say, 'A gentleman was here!' +He who despises this teaching isn't fit to sit at a good man's table. +Children, love this little book, and pray that Jesus may help its author +to die among his friends, and not be troubled with devils, but be in joy +for ever. +Amen! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +The Young Children's Book: Sidenotes + +Whoever will thrive, must be courteous, and begin in his youth. +Courtesy came from heaven, and contains all virtues, as rudeness does +all vices. +Get up betimes; cross yourself; wash your hands and face; comb your +hair; say your prayers; go to church and hear Mass. +Say 'Good Morning' to every one you meet. +Then have breakfast, first crossing your mouth. +Say grace, thank Jesus for your food, and say an Ave for the souls in +pain. +Then set to work, and don't be idle. +Scripture tells you, if you work, you must eat what you get with your +hands. +Be true in word and deed; truth keeps a man from blame. +Mercy and Truth are the two ways to heaven, fail not to go by them. +Make only proper promises, and keep them without falsehood. +Love God and your neighbours, and so fulfil all the Law. +Meddle only with what belongs to you. +Scorn not the poor; flatter no one; oppress (?) not servants. +Be meek, and wait till your better has spoken. +When you speak to a man, keep still, and look him in the face. +Don't be a tale-bearer. +Thank all who speak well of you. +Use few words; don't swear or lie in your dealings. +Earn money honestly, and keep out of debt. +Try to please; seek peace; mind whom you speak to and what you say. +Wherever you enter, say "God be here;" and speak courteously to master +and man. +Stand till you are told to sit at meat, and don't leave your seat before +others. +Sit upright; be sociable, and share with your neighbours. +Take salt with a clean knife; talk no scandal, but speak well of all. +Hear and see; don't talk. +Be satisfied with what's set before you. +Wipe your mouth before you drink; keep your fingers and lips clean. +Don't speak with your mouth full. +Praise your food for whether it's good or bad, it must be taken in good +part. +Mind where you spit, and put your hand before your mouth. +Keep your knife clean, and don't wipe it on the cloth. +Don't put your spoon in the dish, or make a noise, like boys, when you +sup. +Don't put meat off your plate into the dish, but into a voider. +If your superior hands you a cup, drink, but take the cup with two +hands. +When he speaks to you, doff your cap and bend your knee. +Don't scratch yourself at table, wipe your nose, or play with your +spoon, &c. +This book is for young children who don't stay long at school. +God grant them grace to be virtuous! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Stans Puer ad Mensam (both versions): Sidenotes + +When you stand before your sovereign, speak not recklessly, and keep +your hands still. +Don't stare about, lean against a post, look at the wall, pick your +nose, or scratch yourself. +When spoken to, don't lumpishly look at the ground. +Walk demurely in the streets, and don't laugh before your lord. +Clean your nails and wash your hands. +Sit where you're told to, and don't be too hasty to begin eating. +Don't grin, shout, or stuff your jaws with food, or drink too quickly. +Keep your lips clean, and wipe your spoon. +Don't make sops of bread, or drink with a dirty mouth. +Don't dirty the table linen, or pick your teeth with your knife. +Don't swear or talk ribaldry, or take the best bits; share with your +fellows. +Eat up your pieces, and keep your nails clean. +It's bad manners to bring up old complaints. +Don't play with your knife, or shuffle your feet about. +Don't spill your broth on your chest, or use dirty knives, or fill your +spoon too full. Be quick to do whatever your lord orders. +Take salt with your knife; don't blow in your cup, or begin quarrels. +Interrupt no man in his story. +Drink wine and ale in moderation. +Don't talk too much, but keep a middle course. +Be gentle and tractable, but not too soft. +Children must not be revengeful; their anger is appeased with a bit of +apple. +Children's quarrels are first play, then crying; don't believe their +complaints; give 'em the rod. +Spare that, and you'll spoil all. +Young children, pray take heed to my little ballad, which shall lead you +into all virtues. +My mistakes I submit to correction. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Ffor to serve a lord: Sidenotes + +1. Have your table-cloths and napkins ready, also trenchers, salts, &c. +2. Bring your cloths folded, lay them on the table, then cover the +cupboard, the side-table, and the chief table. +3. Bring out the chief salt-cellar, and pared loaves, and hold the +carving-knives in your right hand. +4. Put your chief salt-cellar before the chief person's seat, his bread +by it, and his trenchers before it. +5. Put the second salt-cellar at the lower end. If wooden trenchers are +used, bring them on. +6. Put salt-cellars on the side-tables. +7. Bring out your basins, &c., and set all your plate on the cupboard. +8. Let the chief servants have basins, &c., ready, and after Grace, hold +the best basin to the chief lord, with the towel under; and then let his +messmates wash. +9. The chief lord takes his seat, then his messmates theirs; then the +lower-mess people theirs. (When Grace begins, the bread cover is to be +taken away.) +10. The Carver takes 4 trenchers on his knife-point, and lays them +before the chief lord, (one to put his salt on,) and 3 or 2 before the +less people. +11. The Butler gives each man a spoon and a napkin. +12. The Carver pares 2 loaves, lays 2 before his lord, and 2 or 1 to the +rest. +13. Serve brawn, beef, swan, pheasant, fritters. As a change for beef, +have legs or chines of pork, or tongue of ox or hart. +14. Clear away the 1st course, crumbs, bones, and used trenchers. +15. Serve the Second Course: Small birds, lamb, kid, venison, rabbits, +meat pie, teal, woodcock. Great birds. +16. Fill men's cups and remove their trenchers. +17. Collect the spoons. +18. Take up the lowest dishes at the side-tables, and then clear the +high table. +19. Sweep all the bits of bread, trenchers, &c., into a voyder. +20. Take away the cups, &c., from all the messes, putting the trenchers, +&c., in a voyder, and scraping the crumbs off with a carving-knife. +21. Serve wafers in towels laid on the table, and sweet wine. In holiday +time serve cheese, or fruit; in winter, roast apples. +22. Clear away all except the chief salt-cellar, whole bread, and +carving-knives; take these to the pantry. +23. Lay a fresh cloth all along the chief table. +24. Have ready basons and jugs with hot or cold water; and after Grace, +hand basins and water to the first mess, then the second. +25. Take off and fold up the towels and cloth, and give 'em to the +Panter. +26. Clear away tables, trestles, forms; and put cushions on other seats. +27. Butler, put the cups, &c., back into your office. +28. Serve knights and ladies with bread and wine, kneeling. +29. Conduct strangers to the Chamber. +30. Serve them with dainties: junket, pippins, or green ginger; and +sweet wines. How to carve a Swan, Goose, Wild-fowl, Crane, Heronsew, +Bittern, Egret, Partridge, Quail, Pheasant. + +_A Bridal Feast._ + +_First Course._ +Boar's head, and a Device of Welcome. Venison and Custard, with a Device +of Meekness. + +_Second Course._ +Venison, Crane, &c., and a Device of Gladness and Loyalty. + +_Third Course._ +Sweets, &c., Game, with a Device of Thankfulness. + +_Fourth Course._ +Cheese and a cake with a Device of Child-bearing and a promise of +babies. + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Latin Graces: Sidenotes + +_A general Grace._ +The eyes of all wait upon thee, O Lord. Glory be to the Father, &c. +Lord, have mercy upon us. Lord, bless us. Make us partakers of the +heavenly table. + +_Grace after Dinner._ +May the God of peace be with us! We thank thee, O Lord, for thy +benefits. Lord, have mercy upon us! Christ, have mercy upon us! I will +bless the Lord alway. May the name of the Lord be blessed for ever! +Hail, Queen of Heaven, flower of virgins! pray thy Son to save the +faithful! + +_Grace on Fish-Days._ +The poor shall eat and be satisfied. Glory be to the Father, &c. The +grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with us all. + +_In Lent._ +Break thy bread to the hungry, and take the wanderer to thy home. + +_Grace after Dinner._ +_Four Short Graces._ + 1. _Before Dinner._ + 2. _After Meals._ + Bless the Lord for this meal. Mary, pray for us! + 3. _Before Supper._ + Giver of all, sanctify this supper. + 4. _After Supper._ + The Lord is holy in all his works. Blessed be the name of the Lord. + +_On Easter-Eve._ +Christ, have mercy upon us! Seek those things that are above. + +_Grace after Dinner._ +God of Peace, We give thee thanks, O Lord. Pour into us thy Spirit, +through Jesus Christ our Lord. + +_On Easter-Day._ +This is the day which the Lord hath made: Let us rejoice and be glad in +it. Bless us, O Lord! Our passover is slain, even Christ. + +_After Dinner._ +Of thy resurrection, Christ, the heavens and the earth are glad. Thanks +be to God! + +_Before Supper._ +_After Supper._ This is the day, &c. Hallelujah. Let us bless the Lord! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Symon's Lesson of Wysedome: Sidenotes + +Children, attend. +You'd be better unborn than untaught. +You mustn't have your own way always. +Tell the truth, don't be froward, hold up your head, take off your hood +when you're spoken to. +Wash your hands and face. +Be courteous. +Don't throw stones at dogs and hogs. +Mock at no one. +Don't swear. +Eat what's given you, and don't ask for this and that. +Honour your father and mother: kneel and ask their blessing. +Keep your clothes clean. +Don't go bird's-nesting, or steal fruit, or throw stones at men's +windows, or play in church. +Don't chatter. +Get home by daylight. +Keep clear of fire and water, and the edges of wells and brooks. +Take care of your book, cap, and gloves, or you'll be birched on your +bare bottom. +Don't be a liar or thief, or make faces at any man. +When you meet any one, lower your hood and wish 'em "god speed." Be meek +to clerks. +Rise early, go to school, and learn fast if you want to be our bishop. +Attend to all these things, for a good child needs learning, and he who +hates the child spares the rod. +As a spur makes a horse go, so a rod makes a child learn and be mild. +So, children, do well, and you'll not get a sound beating. +May God keep you good! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +The Birched School-Boy: Sidenotes + +Learning is strange work; the birch twigs are so sharp. +I'd sooner go 20 miles than go to school on Mondays. +My master asks where I've been. +'Milking ducks,' I tell him, and he gives me pepper for it. +I only wish he was a hare, and my book a wild cat, and all his books +dogs. +Wouldn't I blow my horn! +Don't I wish he was dead! + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Early English Meals and Manners, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY ENGLISH MEALS AND MANNERS *** + +***** This file should be named 24790-8.txt or 24790-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/7/9/24790/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Kathryn Lybarger and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |