1 files changed, 7672 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/24728.txt b/24728.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94d71a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24728.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7672 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories Of Georgia, by Joel Chandler Harris
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stories Of Georgia
+       1896
+
+Author: Joel Chandler Harris
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2008 [EBook #24728]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF GEORGIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF GEORGIA
+
+By Joel Chandler Harris
+
+Copyright, 1896, by American Book Company
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+In preparing the pages that follow, the writer has had in view the
+desirability of familiarizing the youth of Georgia with the salient
+facts of the State's history in a way that shall make the further study
+of that history a delight instead of a task. The ground has been gone
+over before by various writers, but the narratives that are here retold,
+and the characterizations that are here attempted, have not been brought
+together heretofore. They lie wide apart in volumes that are little
+known and out of print.
+
+The stories and the characterizations have been grouped together so
+as to form a series of connecting links in the rise and progress of
+Georgia; yet it must not be forgotten that these links are themselves
+connected with facts and events in the State's development that are
+quite as interesting, and of as far-reaching importance, as those that
+have been narrated here. Some such suggestion as this, it is hoped,
+will cross the minds of young students, and lead them to investigate for
+themselves the interesting intervals that lie between.
+
+It is unfortunately true that there is no history of Georgia in which
+the dry bones of facts have been clothed with the flesh and blood of
+popular narrative. Colonel Charles C. Jones saw what was needed,
+and entered upon the task of writing the history of the State with
+characteristic enthusiasm. He had not proceeded far, however, when the
+fact dawned upon his mind that such a work as he contemplated must be
+for the most part a labor of love. He felt the influence of cold neglect
+from every source that might have been expected to afford him aid and
+encouragement. He was almost compelled to confine himself to a bare
+recital of facts, for he had reason to know that, at the end of his
+task, public inappreciation was awaiting him.
+
+And yet it seems to the present writer that every person interested
+in the growth and development of the republic should turn with eager
+attention to a narrative embodying the events that have marked the
+progress of Georgia. It was in this State that some of the most
+surprising and spectacular scenes of the Revolution took place. In one
+corner of Georgia those who were fighting for the independence of the
+republic made their last desperate stand; and if they had surrendered to
+the odds that faced them, the battle of King's Mountain would never have
+been fought, Greene's southern campaign would have been crippled, and
+the struggle for liberty in the south would have ended in smoke.
+
+It is to illustrate the larger events that these stories have been
+written; and while some of them may seem far away from this point of
+view, they all have one common purpose and tend to one common end.
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF GEORGIA.
+
+
+
+
+A SEARCH FOR TREASURE.
+
+[Illustration: De Soto 014]
+
+So far as written records tell us, Hernando de Soto and his companions
+in arms were the first white men to enter and explore the territory now
+known on the map as the State of Georgia. Tradition has small voice in
+the matter, but such as it has tells another story. There are hints that
+other white men ventured into this territory before De Soto and his men
+beheld it. General Oglethorpe, when he came to Georgia with his gentle
+colony, which had been tamed and sobered by misfortune and ill luck,
+was firmly of the opinion that Sir Walter Raleigh, the famous soldier,
+sailor, and scholar, had been there before him. So believing, the
+founder of the Georgian Colony carried with him Sir Walter's diary. He
+was confirmed in his opinion by a tradition, among the Indians of the
+Yamacraw tribe, that Raleigh had landed where Savannah now stands.
+There are also traditions in regard to the visits of other white men
+to Georgia. These traditions may be true, or they may be the results
+of dreams, but it is certain that De Soto and his picked company of
+Spaniards were the first to march through the territory that is now
+Georgia. The De Soto expedition was made up of the flower of Spanish
+chivalry,--men Used to war, and fond of adventure. Some of them were
+soldiers, anxious to win fame by feats of arms in a new land; some were
+missionaries, professing an anxiety for the souls of such heathen as
+they might encounter, but even these men were not unfamiliar with the
+use of the sword; some were physicians, as ready to kill as to heal;
+some were botanists, who knew as much about the rapier and the poniard
+as they did about the stamens, pistils, and petals of the flowers;
+and some were reporters, men selected to write the history of the
+expedition. As it turned out, these reporters were entirely faithful
+to their trust They told all that happened with a fidelity that
+leaves nothing to be desired. The record they have left shows that the
+expedition was bent on finding gold and other treasures.
+
+On the 30th of May, 1539, De Soto's expedition landed at Tampa Bay,
+Fla., and his men pitched their tents on the beach. The army was not
+a large one; but it was made up of chosen men, who were used to the
+dangers of war, and who, as stated before, were fond of adventure. There
+was but one gray head in the expedition: therefore, though the army was
+a small one, it was the most enthusiastic and warlike array that had
+ever been seen in the New World. The soldiers wore rich armor, and
+the cavalry rode gayly caparisoned horses. The army was accompanied by
+slaves and mules to bear the burdens. It had artillery and other weapons
+of war; handcuffs, neck collars, and chains for prisoners; crucibles for
+refining gold; bloodhounds, greyhounds, and a drove of hogs.
+
+For nearly a year the little army of De Soto wandered about in Florida,
+ransacking the burying grounds of the Indians in search of treasures,
+and committing such other depredations as were common to the
+civilization of that age. When inquiries were made for gold, the
+Indians always pointed toward the north; and, following these hints,
+the expedition pursued its way through Florida, wandering about in the
+swamps and slashes, but always held together by the enthusiasm of the
+men and their hopes of securing rich spoils.
+
+On the 3d of March, 1540, De Soto's army left Anhayca, which is said to
+have been near the site of Tallahassee, and marched northward. Before
+leaving the Spaniards seized from the Indians a large supply of maize
+(now commonly known as corn), and appropriated whatever else struck
+their fancy. They had spent some time with the Indians at this town of
+Anhayca, and had sent out parties that committed depredations wherever
+an Indian settlement could be found. They made slaves of many Indians,
+treating them with more severity than they treated their beasts of
+burden. It is no wonder, therefore, that the Indians, discovering the
+greed of the Spaniards for gold, should have spread rumors that large
+quantities of the yellow metal were to be found farther north.
+
+Reports came to the Spaniards of a wonderful Indian queen who reigned
+at a place called Yupaha, a settlement as large as a city. One day an
+Indian boy, who had been brought to camp with other prisoners, told the
+Spaniards a good deal about this great Indian queen. He said that she
+ruled not only her own people, but all the neighboring chiefs, and as
+far as the Indian settlements extended. The boy told the Spaniards that
+all the Indians paid tribute to this great queen, and sent her fine
+presents of clothing and gold. De Soto and his men cared nothing about
+fine clothing. They were greedy only for gold and precious stones. They
+asked the Indian boy many questions, and he answered them all. He
+told how the gold was taken from the earth, and how it was melted and
+refined. His description was so exact that the Spaniards no longer
+had any doubt. Their spirits rose mightily, and, after robbing and
+plundering the Indians who had fed and sheltered them during the winter
+months, they broke up their camp and moved northward.
+
+Four days after leaving Tallahassee, the Spaniards came to a deep river,
+which Colonel C. C. Jones, jun., in his "History of Georgia," says was
+the Ocklockonnee, very close to the southwest boundary of Georgia. Two
+days later they came to an Indian village from which the inhabitants
+fled, but a little later a squad of five soldiers was set upon by the
+Indians hiding near the encampment. One of the Spaniards was killed,
+while three others were badly wounded. De Soto left this Indian village
+on the 11th of March, and presently came to a piece of country which the
+Spanish historian describes as a desert. But it was not a desert then,
+and it is not a desert now. It was really a pine barren, such as may
+be seen to this day in what is called the wire-grass region of southern
+Georgia. In these barrens the soil is sandy and the land level,
+stretching away for miles. De Soto and his men saw the primeval pines;
+but these have long since disappeared, and their places are taken by
+pines of a smaller growth. On the 21st of March, the Spaniards came to
+the Ocmulgee River, near which they found an Indian town called Toalli.
+
+There will always be a dispute about the route followed by De Soto in
+his march. This dispute is interesting, but not important. Some say that
+the expedition moved parallel with the coast until the Savannah River
+was reached, at a point twenty-five miles below Augusta; but it is just
+as probable that the route, after reaching the Ocmulgee, was along the
+banks of that stream and in a northwesterly direction.
+
+At Toalli the Indians had summer and winter houses to live in, and they
+had storehouses for their maize. The women wore blankets or shawls made
+of the fiber of silk grass, and the blankets were dyed vermilion or
+black. Thenceforward the Indians whom the Spaniards met with were of a
+higher order of intelligence, and of a more industrious turn, than those
+left behind in Florida and along the southern boundary of Georgia.
+
+As De Soto marched along, he seized Indians and made guides of them,
+or made prisoners and held them until he was furnished with guides and
+interpreters. He also announced to the Indians that he was the Child of
+the Sun, who had been sent to seek out the greatest Prince and Princess.
+This made a great impression on the Indians, many of whom were sun
+worshipers.
+
+Many times during the march the Spaniards were on the point of
+starvation, and the account of their sufferings as set forth in the
+history of the expedition is intended to be quite pathetic. We need
+not pause to shed any tears over these things, for the sufferings the
+Spaniards endured were nothing compared to the sufferings they inflicted
+on the Indians. They murdered and robbed right and left, and no doubt
+the Indians regarded them as demons rather than Christians. More
+than once when the Spaniards were wandering aimlessly about in the
+wilderness, they were found by the Indians and saved from starvation. In
+turn the simple-minded natives were treated with a harshness that would
+be beyond belief if the sickening details were not piously set forth by
+the Spanish historian of the expedition.
+
+[Illustration: Indian Queen 020]
+
+About the 28th of April the expedition reached the neighborhood of
+Cutifachiqui, having been told by three Indians whom they had taken,
+that the queen of that province knew of the approach of the Spaniards,
+and was awaiting them at her chief town just across the river. As De
+Soto came to the shore of the stream, four canoes started from the
+opposite side. One of them contained a kinswoman of the queen, who
+had been selected to invite the Spaniards to enter the town. Shortly
+afterwards the queen came forth from the town, seated on a palanquin or
+litter, which was borne by the principal men. Coming to the water side,
+the queen entered a canoe, over the stern of which was stretched an
+awning to shelter her from the sun.
+
+Under this awning she reclined on cushions; and thus, in company with
+her chiefs, and attended by many of her people in canoes, she crossed
+the river to meet De Soto. She landed, and gave the Spaniard a gracious
+welcome. As an offering of peace and good will, she took from her neck
+a long string of pearls, and gave the gems to De Soto. She also gave him
+many shawls and finely dressed deerskins. The Spaniard acknowledged the
+beautiful gifts by taking from his hand a gold ring set with a ruby, and
+placing it upon one of the queen's fingers.
+
+The old historian pretends that De Soto and his men were very much
+impressed by the dignity and courtesy of the Indian queen. She was the
+first woman ruler they had met in their wanderings. She was tall, finely
+formed, and had great beauty of countenance. She was both gracious and
+graceful. All this is set down in the most pompous way by the Spanish
+chroniclers; but the truth seems to be that De Soto and his men cared
+nothing for the courtesy and hospitality of the queen, and that they
+were not moved by her beauty and kindness. The Spaniards crossed the
+river in canoes furnished by the queen's people, and found themselves
+surrounded by the most hospitable Indians they had yet seen. They were
+supplied with everything the land afforded, and rested in comfortable
+wigwams under the shade of mulberry trees. The soldiers were so
+delighted with the situation, that they were anxious to form a
+settlement there; but De Soto refused to forget the only object of
+the expedition, which was to search for gold and other treasures. His
+determination had the desired effect His men recovered their energies.
+While enjoying the hospitality of the queen, they found out the burial
+places of her people, and gathered from the graves, according to the
+statement of the Spanish historian, "three hundred and fifty weight of
+pearls, and figures of babies and birds, made from iridescent shells."
+
+The mother of the queen lived not far from the town where the Spaniards
+were quartered, and, as she was said to be the owner of many fine
+pearls, De Soto expressed a desire to see her. Upon hearing this, the
+queen sent twelve of her principal men to beg her mother to come to
+see the white strangers and the wonderful animals they had brought
+with them; but the mother of the queen was very shrewd. She rebuked the
+messengers, and sent them back with some sharp words for her daughter;
+and though De Soto did his best to capture the woman, he was never able
+to carry out his purpose.
+
+He then turned his attention to a temple that stood on the side of
+a deserted settlement which had formerly been the chief town of the
+queen's people. This temple, as described by the Spanish chronicler,
+was more than one hundred steps long by forty broad, the walls high in
+proportion, and the roof elevated so as to allow the water to run off.
+On the roof were various shells arranged in artistic order, and the
+shells were connected by strings of pearls. These pearls extended from
+the top of the roof to the bottom in long festoons, and the sun shining
+on them produced a very brilliant effect. At the door of the temple were
+twelve giant-like statues made of wood. These figures were so ferocious
+in their appearance, that the Spaniards hesitated for some time before
+they could persuade themselves to enter the temple. The statues were
+armed with clubs, maces, copper axes, and pikes ornamented with copper
+at both ends. In the middle of the temple were three rows of chests,
+placed one upon another in the form of pyramids. Each pyramid consisted
+of five or six chests, the largest at the bottom, and the smallest at
+the top. These chests, the Spanish chroniclers say, were filled with
+pearls, the largest containing the finest pearls, and the smallest only
+seed pearls.
+
+It is just as well to believe a little of this as to believe a great
+deal. It was an easy matter for the survivors of the expedition to
+exaggerate these things, and they probably took great liberties with
+the facts; but there is no doubt that the Indians possessed many pearls.
+Mussels like those from which they took the gems are still to be found
+in the small streams and creeks of Georgia, and an enterprising
+boy might even now be able to find a seed pearl if he sought for it
+patiently.
+
+It is not to be doubted that rich stores of pearls were found. Some were
+distributed to the officers and men; but the bulk of them, strange to
+say, were left undisturbed, to await the return of the Spaniards another
+day. De Soto was still intent on searching for gold, and he would hear
+of nothing else. He would neither settle among the queen's people for a
+season, nor return to Tampa with the great store of pearls discovered.
+Being a resolute man and of few words, he had his way, and made
+preparations to journey farther north to the province called Chiaha,
+which was governed by a great Indian king. The conduct of the Spaniards
+had been so cruel during their stay at Cutifachiqui, that the queen had
+come to regard them with fear and hatred, and she refused to supply
+them with guides and burden bearers. De Soto thereupon placed her under
+guard; and when he took up his march for Chiaha, the queen who had
+received him with so much grace, dignity, and hospitality, was compelled
+to accompany him on foot, escorted by her female attendants. The old
+Spanish chronicler is moved to remark that "it was not so good usage
+as she deserved for the good will she shewed and the good entertainment
+that she had made him." This was the return the Spanish leader made
+to the queen who had received and entertained his army,--to seize her,
+place her under guard, and compel her to accompany his expedition on
+foot.
+
+One reason why De Soto made the queen his prisoner and carried her with
+the expedition was to use her influence in controlling the Indians along
+his line of march. The result was all that he could have expected. In
+all the towns through which the Spaniards passed, the queen commanded
+the Indians to carry the burdens of the army; and thus they went for a
+hundred leagues, the Indians obeying the queen without question. After a
+march of seven days, De Soto arrived at the province of Chelaque, which
+was the country of the Cherokees. Here the soldiers added to their
+stores of provisions, and renewed their march; and on May 15 they
+arrived in the province of Xualla, the chief town of which is supposed
+to have been situated in the Nacoochee valley. Inclining his course
+westwardly from the Nacoochee valley, De Soto set out for Guaxule, which
+marked the limit of the queen's dominion, and which has been identified
+as Old Town, in Murray County. On this march the queen made her escape,
+taking with her a cane box filled with large pearls of great value. This
+box had been borne by one of the queen's attendants up to the moment
+when she disappeared from the Spanish camp. De Soto made every effort
+to recapture the queen. No doubt the bloodhounds, which formed a part of
+the expedition, were called in to aid in the search; but it was all to
+no purpose. The queen hid herself as easily as a young partridge hides,
+and neither men nor dogs could find her. De Soto went on his way,
+deploring the loss of the valuable pearls.
+
+From Nacoochee to Murray County the march was fatiguing. The route lay
+over mountains as well as valleys. One of the foot soldiers, Juan Terron
+(his folly has caused history to preserve his name), grew so weary on
+this march, that he drew from his wallet a linen bag containing six
+pounds of pearls. Calling to a cavalryman, Juan Terron offered him the
+bag of pearls if he would carry them. The cavalryman refused the offer,
+and told his comrade to keep them. But Juan Terron would not have it so.
+He untied the bag, whirled it around his head, and scattered the pearls
+in all directions. This done, he replaced the empty bag in his wallet,
+and marched on, leaving his companions amazed at his folly. Thirty of
+the pearls were recovered by the soldiers. The gems were of great size,
+and perfect in every particular; and it was estimated that the six
+pounds of pearls would have fetched six thousand ducats in Spain (over
+twelve thousand dollars). The folly of the foot soldier gave rise to
+a saying in the army, that is no doubt current in Spain to this
+day,--"There are no pearls for Juan Terron," which means that a fool
+makes no profits.
+
+Continuing their march, the Spaniards came to the town of Chiaha,--a
+site that is now occupied by the flourishing city of Rome. De Soto
+remained at Chiaha a month, sending out exploring expeditions in search
+of the much-coveted gold. They found traces of the precious metal, but
+nothing more. On the 1st of July, 1540, De Soto left Chiaha, going down
+the valley of the Coosa. His expedition was organized by the spirit of
+greed. It spread desolation wherever it went, and it ended in disaster
+and despair. De Soto himself found a grave in the waters of the
+Mississippi, and the survivors who made their way back home were broken
+in health and spirits.
+
+An attempt has been made to throw a halo of romance over this march
+of the Spaniards through the wilderness of the New World, but there
+is nothing romantic or inspiring about it. It was simply a search for
+riches, in which hundreds of lives were most cruelly sacrificed, and
+thousands of homes destroyed.
+
+
+
+
+OGLETHORPE AND HIS GENTLE COLONY
+
+General James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of the Colony of Georgia,
+was among the few really good and great men that history tells us of.
+We need to keep a close eye on the antics of history. She places the
+laurels of fame in the hands of butchers, plunderers, and adventurers,
+and even assassins share her favors; so that, if we are going to enjoy
+the feast that history offers us, we must not inquire too closely into
+the characters of the men whom she makes heroes of. We find, when we
+come to look into the matter, that but few of those who figured as the
+great men of the world have been entirely unselfish; and unselfishness
+is the test of a man who is really good and great. Judged by this test,
+General Oglethorpe stands among the greatest men known to history.
+
+He had served in the army with distinction, as his father had before
+him. He was on the staff of the great soldier Eugene of Savoy, and
+under that commander made himself conspicuous by his fidelity and
+fearlessness. A story is told of him that is interesting, if not
+characteristic. While serving under Eugene, he one day found himself
+sitting at table with a prince of Wuertemberg. He was a beardless
+youngster, and the prince thought to have some sport with him. Taking up
+a glass of wine, the prince gave it a fillip, so that a little flew in
+Oglethorpe's face. The young Englishman, looking straight at the prince,
+and smiling, said, "My prince, that is only a part of the joke as the
+English know it: I will show you the whole of it." With that he threw a
+glassful of wine in the prince's face. An old general who sat by laughed
+dryly, and remarked, "He did well, my prince: you began it."
+
+[Illustration: Oglethorpe 028]
+
+Born in 1689, Oglethorpe entered the English army when twenty-one years
+of age. In 1714 he became captain lieutenant of the first troop of the
+queen's guards. He shortly afterwards joined Eugene on the continent,
+and remained with that soldier until the peace of 1718. On the death of
+his brother, he succeeded to the family estate in England. In 1722 he
+was elected to Parliament from Haslemere, county of Surrey, and
+this borough he represented continuously for thirty-two years. His
+parliamentary career was marked by wise prudence and consistency;
+and his sympathies were warmly enlisted for the relief of unfortunate
+soldiers, and in securing reform in the conduct of prisons. In this way
+Oglethorpe became a philanthropist, and, without intending it, attracted
+the attention of all England. Pope, the poet, eulogizes his "strong
+benevolence of soul."
+
+In that day and time, men were imprisoned for debt in England. The
+law was brutal, and those who executed it were cruel. There was no
+discrimination between fraud and misfortune. The man who was unable to
+pay his debts was judged to be as criminal as the man who, though able,
+refused to pay. Both were thrown into the same prison, and subjected
+to the same hardships. In "Little Dorrit," Charles Dickens has told
+something of those unfortunates who were thrown into prison for debt.
+
+There was apparently nothing too atrocious to be sanctioned by the
+commercial ambition of the English. It armed creditors with the power to
+impose the most cruel burdens upon their debtors, and it sanctioned the
+slave trade. Many crimes have been committed to promote the commercial
+supremacy of Great Britain, and on that blind policy was based the law
+which suffered innocent debtors to be deprived of their liberty and
+thrown into prison.
+
+This condition of affairs Oglethorpe set himself to reform; and while
+thus engaged, he became impressed with the idea that many of the
+unfortunates, guilty of no crime, and of respectable connections, might
+benefit themselves, relieve England of the shame of their imprisonment,
+and confirm and extend the dominion of the mother country in the New
+World, by being freed from the claims of those to whom they owed money,
+on condition that they would consent to become colonists in America.
+To this class were to be added recruits from those who, through lack
+of work and of means, were likely to be imprisoned on account of their
+misfortunes. Oglethorpe was also of the opinion that men of means,
+enterprise, and ambition could be enlisted in the cause; and in this he
+was not mistaken.
+
+He had no hope whatever of personal gain or private benefit. The plan
+that he had conceived was entirely for the benefit of the unfortunate,
+based on broad and high ideas of benevolence; and so thoroughly was this
+understood, that Oglethorpe had no difficulty whatever in securing
+the aid of men of wealth and influence. A charter or grant from the
+government was applied for, in order that the scheme might have the
+sanction and authority of the government. Accordingly a charter was
+granted, and the men most prominent in the scheme of benevolence were
+incorporated under the name of "The Trustees for establishing the
+Colony of Georgia in America." Georgia in America, was, under the terms
+of the charter, a pretty large slice of America. It embraced all that
+part of the continent lying between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers,
+and extending westerly from the heads of these rivers in direct lines to
+the South Seas; so that the original territory of Georgia extended from
+ocean to ocean.
+
+In aid of this enterprise, Oglethorpe not only contributed largely from
+his private means, and solicited contributions from his wealthy friends,
+but wrote a tract in which he used arguments that were practical as well
+as ingenious.
+
+On the 17th of November, 1732, all arrangements having been completed,
+the "Anne" set sail for the Colony of Georgia, accompanied by
+Oglethorpe, who furnished his own cabin, and laid in provisions not
+only for himself, but for his fellow-passengers. On the 13th of January,
+1733, the "Anne" anchored in Charleston harbor. From Charleston the
+vessel sailed to Port Royal; and the colonists were soon quartered
+in the barracks of Beaufort-town, which had been prepared for their
+reception. Oglethorpe left the colonists at Beaufort, and, in company
+with Colonel William Bull, proceeded to the Savannah River. He went up
+this stream as far as Yamacraw Bluff, which he selected as the site of
+the settlement he was about to make. He marked out the town, and named
+it Savannah. The site was a beautiful one in Oglethorpe's day, and it is
+still more beautiful now. The little settlement that the founder of the
+Colony marked out has grown into a flourishing city, and art has added
+its advantages to those of nature to make Savannah one of the most
+beautiful cities in the United States.
+
+Close by the site which Oglethorpe chose for his colony was an Indian
+village occupied by the Yamacraws,--a small tribe, of which Tomochichi
+was chief. At this point, too, was a trading post, which had been
+established by a white man named John Musgrove. This man had married a
+half-breed woman whose Indian name was Coosaponakesee, but who was
+known as Mary Musgrove. In order to insure the friendly reception of his
+little colony and its future safety, Oglethorpe went to the village and
+had a talk with Tomochichi. Mary Musgrove not only acted as interpreter,
+but used her influence, which was very great, in favor of her husband's
+countrymen. This was fortunate, for the Indians were very uneasy when
+they learned that a colony of whites was to be established near their
+village, and some of them even threatened to use force to prevent it;
+but Oglethorpe's friendly attitude, and Mary Musgrove's influence, at
+last persuaded them to give their consent. They made an agreement to
+cede the necessary land, and promised to receive the colonists in a
+friendly manner. Oglethorpe returned to Beaufort when he had concluded
+this treaty, and the Sunday following his return was celebrated as a day
+of thanksgiving. After religious services there was a barbecue, which,
+history tells us, consisted of four fat hogs, turkeys, fowls English
+beef, a hogshead of punch, a hogshead of beer, and a quantity of wine.
+
+[Illustration: Mary Musgrove 032]
+
+On the 30th of January, 1733, the immigrants set sail from Beaufort, and
+on the afternoon of the next day they arrived at Yamacraw Bluff. On the
+site of the town that had already been marked off, they pitched four
+tents large enough to accommodate all the people. Oglethorpe, after
+posting his sentinels, slept on the ground under the shelter of the
+tall pines, near the central watch fire. As a soldier should, he slept
+soundly. He had planted the new Colony, and thus far all had gone well
+with him and with those whose interests he had charge of.
+
+To bring these colonists across the ocean, and place them in a position
+where they might begin life anew, was not a very difficult undertaking;
+but to plant a colony amongst savages already suspicious of the whites,
+and to succeed in obtaining their respect, friendship, and aid, was
+something that required wisdom, courage, prudence, and large experience.
+This Oglethorpe did; and it is to his credit, that, during the time he
+had charge of the Colony, he never in any shape or form took advantage
+of the ignorance of the Indians. His method of dealing with them was
+very simple. He conciliated them by showing them that the whites could
+be just, fair, and honorable in their dealings; and thus, in the very
+beginning, he won the friendship of those whose enmity to the little
+Colony would have proved ruinous.
+
+Providence favored Oglethorpe in this matter. He had to deal with an
+Indian chief full of years, wisdom, and experience. This was Tomochichi,
+who was at the head of the Yamacraws. From this kindly Indian the
+Georgia Colony received untold benefits. He remained the steadfast
+friend of the settlers, and used his influence in their behalf in every
+possible way, and on all occasions. Although he was a very old man,
+he was strong and active, and of commanding presence. He possessed
+remarkable intelligence; and this, added to his experience, made him one
+of the most remarkable of the Indians whose names have been preserved
+in history. There was something of a mystery about him that adds to the
+interest which his active friendship for the whites has given to his
+name. He belonged to the tribe of Lower Creeks; but for some reason or
+other, he, with a number of his tribemen, had been banished. The cause
+of his exile has never been made known; but at this late day it may be
+guessed that he became disgusted with the factional disputes among the
+Creeks, and sought in another part of the territory the peace and repose
+to which his years of service had entitled him; and that when he had
+taken this step, the factions which he had opposed succeeded in having
+him banished. Some such theory as this is necessary to account for the
+tributes that were paid to his character and influence by the Creek
+chiefs who assembled at Savannah to make a treaty with Oglethorpe.
+Tomochichi was ninety-one years old when the Georgia Colony was founded,
+and he had gathered about him a number of disaffected Creeks and
+Yemassees, known as the tribe of the Yamacraws. When the Creeks came to
+Savannah to meet Oglethorpe, the greatest of their chiefs said that
+he was related to Tomochichi, who was a good man, and had been a great
+warrior.
+
+Thus, with Oglethorpe to direct it, and with Tomochichi as its friend,
+the little Georgia Colony was founded, and, as we shall see, thrived and
+flourished.
+
+
+
+
+THE EMPRESS OF GEORGIA
+
+When Oglethorpe landed at Yamacraw Bluff, he was greatly aided in
+his efforts to conciliate the Indians by the wife of John Musgrove, a
+half-breed woman whose Indian name was Coosaponakesee. She was known by
+the colonists as Mary Musgrove, and her friendship for the whites was
+timely and fortunate. She was Oglethorpe's interpreter in his first
+interview with Tomochichi. She was very friendly and accommodating,
+giving aid to Oglethorpe and his colony in every possible way. Finding
+that she had great influence, and could be made very useful to the
+colonists, Oglethorpe employed her as interpreter, and paid her yearly
+one hundred pounds sterling, which in that day was equal to a great deal
+more than five hundred dollars; but Mary Musgrove earned all that was
+paid her, and more. She used all her influence in behalf of the whites.
+She aided in concluding treaties, and also in securing warriors from
+the Creek nation in the war that occurred between the colonists and the
+Spaniards who occupied Florida.
+
+General Oglethorpe had a sincere friendship for Mary Musgrove, and his
+influence over her was such that she never refused a request he made.
+If Oglethorpe had remained in Georgia, it is probable that the curious
+episode in which Mary took a leading part would never have occurred.
+
+Oglethorpe left Georgia on the 23d of July, 1743, and never returned.
+John Musgrove died shortly afterwards, and Mary married a man named
+Matthews, who also died. She then married a man named Thomas Bosomworth,
+who had been chaplain to Oglethorpe's regiment. In 1743, before
+Oglethorpe's departure, Bosomworth had been commissioned to perform all
+religious and ecclesiastical affairs in Georgia. Previous to that he had
+accepted a grant of lands, and had taken up his abode in the Colony. He
+appears to have been a pompous and an ambitious person, with just enough
+learning to make him dangerous.
+
+Before Mary Musgrove married Bosomworth she had never ceased to labor
+for the good of the Colony. No sacrifice was too great for her to make
+in behalf of her white friends. It is true, she had not been fully
+paid for her services; but she had faith in the good intentions of
+the government, and was content. In 1744, a year after Oglethorpe's
+departure from the Colony, Mary married Bosomworth, and after that her
+conduct was such as to keep the whites in constant fear of massacre and
+extermination.
+
+In 1745, Thomas Bosomworth went to England and informed the trustees
+of the Georgia Company that he intended to give up his residence in the
+Georgia Colony. The next year he returned to Georgia, and violated
+the regulations of the trustees by introducing six negro slaves on the
+plantation of his wife near the Altamaha River. This action was at once
+resented; and President Stephens, who had succeeded Oglethorpe in the
+management of the Colony's affairs, was ordered to have the negro slaves
+removed from the territory of Georgia. This was done, and from that time
+forth Bosomworth and his wife began to plot against the peace and
+good order of the Georgia Colony. He used the influence of his wife to
+conciliate the Indians, and secure their sympathy and support. While
+this was going on, he was busy in preparing a claim against the
+government of the Colony for the services rendered and losses sustained
+by his wife, which he valued at five hundred pounds sterling. In
+her name he also claimed possession of the islands of Ossabaw, St.
+Catharine, and Sapelo, and of a tract of land near Savannah which in
+former treaties had been reserved to the Indians.
+
+Bosomworth was shrewd enough not to act alone. In some mysterious way,
+not clearly told in history, he secured the sympathy and support of
+Major William Horton, commander of Oglethorpe's regiment stationed at
+Frederica, and other officers. Colonel Heron, who succeeded Major Horton
+as commander of the regiment in 1747, was likewise gained over to the
+cause of the Bosomworths. By the connivance of this officer, a body
+of Indians, with Malatche at their head, marched to Frederica for a
+conference. At this conference Malatche made a speech in which he told
+of the services which his sister Mary had rendered the colonists, and
+requested that a messenger be sent to England to tell the King that he,
+Malatche, was emperor of all the Creeks. He declared, also, that Mary,
+his sister, was confided in by the whole Creek nation, and that the
+nation had decided to abide by her will and desire.
+
+Bosomworth saw the necessity of pushing the matter forward, and so
+he suggested to Malatche the importance of having himself crowned as
+emperor by those who were with him. Accordingly a paper was drawn up
+giving to Malatche full authority as emperor. This done, Bosomworth was
+quick to procure from the Creek emperor a deed of conveyance to
+Thomas and Mary Bosomworth of the islands of Ossabaw, Sapelo, and St.
+Catharine.
+
+Matters went on peaceably for a while; but Bosomworth was active and
+energetic, and his wife appears to have been entirely under his control.
+He bought on credit a great number of cattle from planters in South
+Carolina, and these he placed on the islands that had been given him
+by Malatche. When his debts fell due, he was unable to pay them. Rather
+than surrender the property for which he was unable to pay, he suggested
+to his wife that she take the title of an independent empress. It is
+doubtful if she knew what an empress was; but she had an idea, that, if
+she claimed to be one, she would be able to buy some red calico at the
+nearest store, as well as an extra bottle of rum. So she fell eagerly
+into the Rev. Mr. Bosom-worth's plans. She sent word to the Creeks that
+she had suddenly become a genuine empress, and called a meeting of the
+big men of the nation. The big men assembled; and Mary made a speech,
+in which she insisted that she was the Empress of Georgia. She must have
+been a pretty good talker; for the Indians became very much excited, and
+pledged themselves to stand by her to the last drop of their blood.
+
+Having thus obtained the support of the Indians, Mary set out for
+Savannah, accompanied by a large body of them. She sent before her a
+messenger to inform the president of the Province that she had become
+empress over the whole territory belonging to the Upper and Lower
+Creeks; that she was on her way to demand the instant surrender of all
+the lands that had belonged to Doth nations; and that, if there should
+be any serious opposition to her demands, the settlement would be
+attacked and destroyed.
+
+[Illustration: Empress Mary 039]
+
+It was a dark hour for the colonists, who were vastly outnumbered by the
+Indians. The president and council were disturbed by the bold threats
+made by Mary Bosomworth. Their first plan was to meet the Indians
+peaceably, and, by gentle measures, find an opportunity to seize Mary
+Bosomworth and ship her to England. In the town of Savannah there were
+only one hundred and seventy men able to bear arms. The president of
+the Province sent a messenger to Mary, while she and her followers were
+still several miles distant, warning her to give up her wild scheme.
+Mary sent back a message expressing her contempt for the Colony and its
+officials. Thereupon the president of the Province determined to put
+the best possible face on the matter, and receive Mary and her savage
+followers boldly. Accordingly the militia was ordered under arms; and as
+the Indians entered the town, they were stopped by Colonel Noble Jones,
+who, at the head of a company of horse, demanded to know whether they
+came with friendly or hostile intentions. He received no satisfactory
+answer to his demand, whereupon he informed the Indians that they must
+ground their arms, as he had orders not to permit an armed man
+among them to set foot within the town. The Indians submitted to the
+unexpected demand, but with great reluctance.
+
+Having grounded their arms, the Indians were allowed to enter the town.
+They marched in regular order, headed by Thomas Bosomworth, who, decked
+out in full canonical robes, with Mary by his side, was followed by
+the various chiefs according to their rank. The army of Indians made a
+formidable appearance as they marched into the town, and the inhabitants
+were terror-stricken at the sight. They marched to the parade ground,
+where they found the militia drawn up to receive them. Here they were
+saluted with fifteen guns, and then conducted to the president's house.
+When the Indians were assembled there, Thomas and Mary Bosomworth were
+ordered to withdraw. Then the president and council asked the Indian
+chiefs in a friendly manner why they visited the town in so large a
+body, not having been sent for by any person in lawful authority. The
+Indians replied that Mary, their empress, was to speak for them, and
+that they would abide by what she said. They had heard that she was to
+be made a prisoner and sent across the great waters, and they wanted to
+know why they were to lose their queen. They said they intended no harm
+to the whites, and begged that their arms might be restored to them.
+Then, after talking with Bosomworth and his wife, they would return and
+settle all public affairs. Their arms were restored to them, but orders
+were given that on no account should any ammunition be issued until the
+true purpose of their visit was made known.
+
+The Indians then had a conference with Mary Bosomworth, and on the
+following day began to conduct themselves riotously, running up and down
+the streets like madmen. As all the men were obliged to perform guard
+duty, the women were compelled to remain alone in their houses. They
+were in a constant state of terror and alarm, expecting every moment to
+be set upon and killed by the unruly savages. While the confusion was at
+its worst, a rumor was circulated that the Indians had cut off the head
+of the president of the council. The report was false; but the colonists
+were in such a state of excitement, that they could scarcely be
+restrained from firing on the Indians. The situation was very critical.
+Great prudence was necessary in order to prevent bloodshed, and save the
+town from destruction.
+
+At this crisis orders were given to the militia to lay hold of Thomas
+Bosomworth, and place him in close confinement. When this order was
+carried out, Mary became frantic, and made threats of vengeance against
+the whole Colony. She cursed General Oglethorpe, declared that his
+treaties were fraudulent, and ordered the colonists to depart from her
+territory. She raved furiously, and claimed control over the entire
+earth. But while engaged in cutting up these extraordinary capers, she
+kept an eye on the leading men among the Indians, who she knew could be
+easily bribed.
+
+The president of the Province, finding that nothing could be done with
+the Indians while they remained under the influence of their so-called
+empress, caused Mary to be privately arrested, and placed her under
+guard with her husband. When this was done, quiet was at once restored.
+The Indians ceased to be boisterous. When the time seemed to be ripe,
+the president of the Province employed men acquainted with the Creek
+language to entertain the chiefs and their warriors in the friendliest
+way. A feast was prepared; and in the midst of it the chiefs were told
+that Bosomworth had become involved in debt, and was anxious to secure
+not only all the lands of the Creeks, but also a large share of the
+bounty paid to them by the King of England, so that he might be able to
+pay his creditors in Carolina. He was also told that the King's presents
+were intended only for the Indians; that the lands near the town were
+reserved for them for their encampments; that the sea islands were
+reserved for them to hunt upon when they should come to bathe in the
+salt waters; and that neither Mary nor her husband had any right to
+these lands, which were the common property of the Creek nations.
+
+For the moment this policy was successful. Even Malatche, Mary's
+brother, seemed to be satisfied; and many of the chiefs declared that
+they were convinced that Bosomworth had deceived them, and that they
+would trust him no more. But Malatche, at his own request, had another
+talk with Thomas and Mary Bosomworth, and was again won over to support
+their wild pretensions; so that, when the Indians were gathered together
+to receive their shares of the royal bounty, Malatche stood up in the
+midst of them, and delivered a most violent speech in favor of the
+claims of Mary as the Empress of Georgia. He declared that she had three
+thousand warriors at her command, and that every man of them would take
+up arms in her defense. At the conclusion of his speech, Malatche drew
+forth a paper and presented it to the president of the council This
+paper was merely the sum and substance of Malatche's speech; and it
+was so clearly the production of Bosomworth, that the effect was far
+different from what the Indians had expected. The astonishment of the
+president and council was so apparent, that Malatche begged to have the
+paper again, so that he might deliver it to the person from whom he had
+received it.
+
+It was important that another conference should be had with the Indians.
+Accordingly they were called together again; and the president of the
+Province made an address, recalling to their minds the fact that when
+General Oglethorpe and his colony landed in Georgia, they found Mary,
+then the wife of John Musgrove, living in a hut at Yamacraw; that at
+that time she was comparatively poor and friendless, being neglected
+and despised by the Creeks, and going about in rags; that General
+Oglethorpe, finding that she could speak both the English and the Creek
+tongues, employed her as an interpreter, gave her rich clothes, and made
+her a woman of some consequence; that she was respected by the colonists
+until she married Thomas Bosomworth, but from that time forth they no
+longer had any confidence in her; that she had no lands of her own; and
+that General Oglethorpe had no treaty with her, but dealt with the old
+and wise leaders of the Creeks, who voluntarily surrendered their waste
+lands to the whites. The president then went on to show that Mary's
+claims had been invented by Thomas Bosomworth as an easy means of
+paying a debt of four hundred pounds which he owed in South Carolina for
+cattle, and that his quarrel with the colonists was due to the fact
+that they had refused to give him a third part of the royal bounty which
+belonged by right to the Indians.
+
+At this point the Creek chiefs begged the president to stop. They had
+heard enough to convince them, they said, and now they wanted to smoke
+the pipe of peace. Apparently this was a happy ending to a very serious
+dispute. But at the very moment when everything was serene, Mary
+Bosomworth made her appearance amongst those who were patching up their
+differences. She had escaped from her guards, and, having secured a
+supply of rum, now made her appearance drunk and furious. She filled the
+air with threats. The president told her, that, unless she ceased her
+efforts to poison the minds of the Indians, he would again order her
+into close confinement. Thereupon Mary turned to Malatche and told him
+what the president had said. In a rage, Malatche seized his arms, and,
+calling to the rest of the Indians to do the same, dared the whites to
+touch the empress. The uproar was great. Every Indian had his tomahawk
+in his hand, and the council expected nothing less than instant death.
+
+At this moment, Captain Noble Jones, who commanded the guard, ordered
+the Indians to deliver up their arms. The savages were overawed by the
+coolness and courage of this intrepid officer. They yielded up their
+arms, and Mary was shut in a private room, and a guard set over her.
+There she was securely kept, and while the Indians remained she had no
+further communication with them. Her husband was then sent for, and
+the president and council tried to reason with him; but he remained
+obstinate, declaring that he would stand up for his wife's rights to
+the last. Finding Bosomworth unreasonable, the council caused him to
+be seized and confined. This done, the authorities then set about
+persuading the Indians to leave the town peaceably and return to their
+own settlements. This the savages did after a while, leaving Savannah in
+small parties until all were gone.
+
+Finding himself no longer supported by the Indians, Thomas Bosomworth
+at last repented of his folly. He wrote to the president and council,
+apologizing for his wanton conduct. He acknowledged the title of his
+wife to be groundless, and relinquished all claim to the lands of the
+Province. Though his offense had been serious, the colonists pardoned
+him, and thus ended the career of Coosaponakesee as Empress of Georgia.
+
+And yet, after all, the Rev. Thomas Bosomworth had his way. Mary seems
+to have lived long; and her husband pressed her claims in London,
+so that, when Henry Ellis was made governor of the Province, he was
+authorized, in 1759, to sell the islands of Ossabaw and Sapelo, as well
+as other Indian lands near Savannah, and out of the moneys received to
+settle the demands of the Bosomworths, and to give them a title to
+the Island of St. Catharine, which they had settled and improved. Mary
+Bosomworth was given four hundred and fifty pounds for goods she had
+expended in the King's service, and it was provided also that she should
+be allowed sixteen hundred and fifty pounds for her services as agent.
+In addition, she was given two thousand pounds, the sum for which
+Ossabaw and Sapelo sold at auction. A grant of St. Catharine Island was
+also made to Mary Bosomworth; so that it may be considered that she was
+richly rewarded for the many good turns she did the colonists in
+her better days, before her mind had been poisoned by the Rev. Mr.
+Bosomworth.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIBERTY BOYS.
+
+[Illustration: The Liberty Boys 048]
+
+In 1765, what is known as the Stamp Act was passed by the Parliament of
+Great Britain, in spite of all the protests made by the agents of
+the Colonies. The people of the Colonies felt that taxation without
+representation was an exercise of power not to be tolerated.
+
+The Stamp Act itself was a very small matter; but many of the American
+Colonies had been setting up claims of independence in various matters.
+As Benjamin Franklin said, the British nation was provoked by these
+claims of independence, and all parties proposed by this piece of
+legislation to settle the question once for all. While the agents of the
+Colonies, and among them Franklin, protested against the Stamp Act, none
+of them supposed that it would be met by armed resistance; and yet the
+terms of the act were insolent and sweeping. It was provided that if the
+stamps were not used, "marriages would be null and void, notes of
+hand valueless, ships at sea prizes to the first captors, suits at
+law impossible, transfers of real estate invalid, inheritances
+irreclaimable." In spite of these sweeping terms, Benjamin Franklin did
+not doubt that the act would be carried into effect, and other patriotic
+Americans thought that the colonists should submit. Even James Otis of
+Boston, who was afterwards among the first to advocate the calling of an
+American congress to deliberate upon the propriety of the acts of Great
+Britain, was of this opinion.
+
+The Georgia authorities regarded the stamp duty as just as any that
+could be generally imposed on the Colonies, though the manner of
+imposing it greatly inspired alarm. But while the other Colonies were
+hesitating, a voice was heard in Virginia. Patrick Henry, speaking
+for the Virginians, made an eloquent protest against the law, and his
+boldness kindled into flames the spirit of opposition that had been
+smoldering in all the Colonies. The Sons of Liberty were organized
+North and South. In Georgia they were known as "Liberty Boys." "Liberty,
+property, and no stamps!" was the cry, and it was a cry that stirred the
+country from one end to the other.
+
+The congress suggested by James Otis of Boston assembled on Monday, the
+7th of October, 1765, Georgia had no delegates in the congress, but
+was represented by a messenger who was sent to obtain a copy of the
+proceedings. Such representation was not because the Colony of Georgia
+failed to sympathize with the purpose for which the congress was called,
+but was entirely due to the influence and popularity of Governor Wright,
+the royal governor, who was not only a good man personally, but wise,
+prudent, and far-seeing. Owing to his exertions, Georgia was not
+represented in the person of delegates. The speaker of the Georgia
+House of Assembly had indeed called a convention of the members for the
+purpose of selecting delegates to the Colonial Congress called to meet
+in New York, and sixteen members had responded to the call; but such
+was the influence of Governor Wright, that these members of the assembly
+were prevailed upon not to send delegates to the congress. But they
+could not be prevented from preparing and sending a response to the
+Massachusetts invitation. They had resolved, they said, to support
+heartily every measure that might be suggested for the support of the
+common rights of the Colonies.
+
+We learn from the letters of Governor Wright, written to the Earl of
+Halifax, that it was as much as he could do (and he was a very active
+as well as a very wise governor) to prevail on the people to maintain at
+least the outward show of loyalty to the King. And he was not successful
+even in this, for he informs another correspondent (Mr. Secretary
+Conway) on the 31st of January, 1766, that the same spirit of "sedition,
+or rather rebellion, which first appeared at Boston," had reached
+Georgia, and that he had been constantly engaged for the space of three
+months in trying to convince the people that they ought to submit to the
+King's authority until they could point out their grievances and apply
+for redress in a constitutional way. Governor Wright also states to
+the same correspondent that he has had much trouble in preserving from
+destruction at the hands of the people the stamp papers that had been
+forwarded for the collection of the tax. He received "incendiary"
+letters; he had to issue proclamations against riots and "tumultuous
+and unlawful assemblies;" and he had also to take measures against the
+Liberty Boys, who began to have private meetings, and who had formed
+themselves into a society to oppose and prevent the distribution of the
+stamp papers.
+
+In short, the good governor was kept in a constant state of alarm lest
+the Liberty Boys should seize some advantage and cause his Majesty the
+King of England to have a moment of grief. The Liberty Boys were so
+active, and made so many threatening demonstrations, that Governor
+Wright was driven to what he describes as extreme measures. He was
+compelled to send the obnoxious stamp papers to a place of safety to
+prevent the people from destroying them; and when he had the papers
+securely hidden, he was compelled to place men on duty day and night to
+protect the precious stamps. He was obliged to send a posse of men to
+protect the stamp distributer by hiding him, and was then moved to send
+him into the country for a season, in order to avoid the resentment of
+the people; and then, after all his trouble, the good governor found
+that the people had determined not to apply for any papers, stamped
+or unstamped, until the King had acted on the petitions sent from the
+Colonies. No wonder that he was moved to call it "a wretched situation."
+It was indeed a wretched situation for one who had no higher ideas of
+duty than to continue to serve the King and oppose the interests of the
+people.
+
+There was something more of an uproar in South Carolina than in Georgia;
+but the truth of history appears to be that the resistance offered to
+the Stamp Act in Georgia was much more serious than that displayed in
+Carolina. Although Governor Wright used all his influence to support the
+act, the people exercised so much vigilance in watching the stamp papers
+and the officer sent to issue them, that none of the papers found their
+way into use.
+
+The Colonies were bordering on a state of revolution, when, through the
+influence of the Earl of Chatham, the Stamp Act was repealed. There
+was great rejoicing among the people, and a general manifestation of a
+renewal of loyalty to the mother country. But the seeds of dissension
+had been sown. The Stamp Act unnecessary and uncalled for, had given the
+people cause to ponder over their real relations to the Crown; and out
+of the discussion that had taken place arose a spirit of independence
+that grew and thrived and spread day by day.
+
+In short, the repeal of the Stamp Act gave the people of the Colonies
+only momentary satisfaction. Their success in securing its repeal
+gave them a new taste for liberty of action, and a new sense of their
+importance as individuals. But King George III. was never satisfied with
+the repeal of the Stamp Act of 1765. He declared that it had wounded
+the Majesty of England. It fretted him, and the irritation that he felt
+extended like a contagion to his cabinet. When the Earl of Chatham died,
+there was no statesman to take his place. The mantle of his office fell
+on Charles Townshend, who was more anxious to please the King than to
+secure good government to the people of the Colonies. He was anxious
+for the British Government to assert with vigor its right to govern the
+Colonies as it saw fit.
+
+Meanwhile the spirit of independence in the Colonies continued to assert
+itself more openly day by day, and the determination grew among them
+not to submit to taxation without representation in Parliament. The
+organization of Sons of Liberty and Liberty Boys grew and spread both
+North and South. One of the most fruitful causes of discontent was the
+fact that Georgia and the other Colonies were compelled to depend upon
+the will of the British Government in all matters. Every act passed by
+a colonial assembly must receive the sanction of the British Parliament
+before it became a law. Petitions were disregarded. Frequently there
+was a delay of two years between the passage of an act by the Colonial
+General Assembly and its ratification. But every measure had to receive
+the approval of the Crown. While the affairs of the country were in this
+peculiar condition, the people became more and more dissatisfied.
+
+It is now known that Governor James Wright, loyal to the King as he
+proved himself to be, was fully sensible of the injustice to which
+the Colonies were compelled to submit. On the 15th of August, 1769, he
+addressed a letter to the Earl of Hillsborough, which was not read until
+fifteen months after it was written. In this letter the governor warned
+the British cabinet that the Colonies would never submit to taxation
+without representation. There was no disaffection, he said, toward the
+King or the royal family, but simply a determination on the part of the
+people to stand on their rights. But the governor's letter lay unread
+for fifteen months, and there was no reply to the numerous petitions
+sent from the Colonies. At last the Americans determined to appeal to
+the pockets instead of to the sentiments of the people of Great Britain.
+They determined to import no goods whatever that could be manufactured
+or produced at home.
+
+This determination, instead of causing the British people to conciliate
+the Americans by securing the repeal of unfriendly laws, turned the
+popular opinion against the Colonies; and this feeling was intensified
+by the Boston Tea Party. A bill was passed by both Houses of the British
+Parliament to close the port of Boston, and the discussion of the
+measure gave an opportunity to some of the statesmen of the mother
+country to show their spite. Another law was passed, limiting and
+cutting down the power of the representative assembly of Massachusetts,
+and providing that town meetings should not be held except on permission
+in writing from the royal governor. Another act was passed, giving the
+governor of the Province the power to send to Great Britain or to other
+Colonies persons indicted for murder or charged with capital crimes
+committed in aiding the government of Massachusetts. These acts,
+intended to humiliate the Colonies, had the effect of inflaming them,
+and the Liberty Boys grew in numbers and determination.
+
+[Illustration: Tondee's Tavern 055]
+
+On the 20th of July, 1774, "The Georgia Gazette," published at Savannah,
+contained an invitation to the people of the Province to meet at
+Tondee's Tavern on the 27th of July to take into consideration the
+unjust laws that had been passed by the British Parliament. The cause
+of Massachusetts was the cause of all. The meeting was held, and stood
+adjourned to the 10th of August, in order to give all the parishes an
+opportunity to be represented by delegates. Governor Wright, loyal to
+the last, issued a proclamation warning the people of the Province to
+avoid attending the meeting; but the proclamation was disregarded, and a
+meeting of the people of the Province was held at Tondee's Tavern on
+the 10th of August, 1774. Resolutions were adopted, declaring that
+his Majesty's subjects in America owed the same allegiance, and were
+entitled to the same rights and privileges, as their fellow-subjects
+in Great Britain; that the act lately passed for blockading the port
+of Boston was contrary to the British constitution; that the act for
+abolishing the charter of Massachusetts Bay tended to the subversion of
+American rights; that the Parliament of Great Britain had not, nor ever
+had, the right to tax his Majesty's American subjects; and that every
+demand for the support of government should be by requisition made to
+the several houses of representatives. The resolutions covered all the
+grievances of the people of the Colonies.
+
+Meanwhile, Governor Wright was not idle. He called a convention of
+Royalists, which met, and signed a protest against the resolutions.
+Copies of this protest were made, and sent into all the parishes, by the
+governor's friends. Under pressure, many timid men who were really in
+sympathy with the Liberty Boys signed the protest. The signatures of
+dead men were used, and other frauds practiced, in order to make the
+demonstration in favor of the King sufficient to overawe those who
+had pledged themselves to American independence. In all this, Governor
+Wright was aided by the fact that the only newspaper in the Province,
+"The Georgia Gazette," was under his control. He was also aided by the
+geographical situation of Georgia, and by his own personal popularity.
+He had made a good governor. He had worked as hard for the prosperity
+and progress of the Province as he now worked to prevent the people from
+joining the movement for independence.
+
+The governor was successful to the extent that he was able to prevent
+Georgia from sending duly accredited representatives to the First
+Continental Congress; and this fact has been taken by some writers of
+history to mean that the spirit of liberty and independence was not as
+earnest and as enthusiastic in Georgia as in the other Provinces. Later,
+when Georgia was overrun by British and Tory influences, and appeared to
+be conquered, ill-natured critics recalled the fact that her people were
+slow to join hands with those who advocated resistance to tyranny.
+
+When the South Carolina delegates to the First Continental Congress
+returned to their homes, bearing with them copies of the Declaration of
+Colonial Rights, the Liberty Boys of Georgia renewed their movement with
+great zeal. Copies of the Declaration were distributed throughout the
+Province. The result was, that the Liberty Boys grew steadily stronger
+in numbers, and more defiant in action. An idea of the situation at this
+time may be gathered from a letter written by Governor Wright to the
+Earl of Dartmouth on the 13th of December, 1774. He declared that the
+spirit of independence, or, as he called it, the spirit of enthusiasm,
+which many were possessed of before, "is raised to such a height of
+frenzy, that God knows what the consequences may be, or what man or
+whose property may escape their resentment."
+
+No doubt the amiable governor misunderstood the situation. What he
+regarded as "frenzy" was merely the eager desire and the determination
+of the Liberty Boys of Georgia to redeem themselves in the eyes of their
+brethren in the other Colonies. They were humiliated by their failure to
+send representatives to the Continental Congress, and they endeavored to
+redeem themselves by increased zeal and enthusiasm.
+
+They arranged to hold a provincial congress in Savannah on the 18th
+of January, 1775. Governor Wright, on hearing of this, determined to
+convene the Provincial General Assembly on the same day, hoping and
+believing that this would prevent a meeting of the Provincial Congress,
+or greatly hamper its action. But the governor was mistaken. The
+General Assembly met in response to the call, and so did the Provincial
+Congress. Governor Wright addressed the members, declaring to them the
+danger of the situation, and imploring them to be prudent and loyal.
+The upper house of the General Assembly made a response agreeable to the
+governor's expectations, but the lower house gave to its address a tone
+of independence that was not at all pleasing to the King's officer. He
+showed his displeasure, and placed a serious obstacle in the way of the
+Liberty Boys by adjourning the General Assembly until the 9th of the
+following May. The Assembly had met on the 18th of January, and was
+adjourned on the 10th of February; so that the Liberty Boys, who made up
+a majority of the lower house, had no time to appoint delegates to the
+Philadelphia congress soon to be held, nor to take any official action
+in behalf of the independence of Georgia.
+
+Governor Wright's plans were certainly very shrewdly laid. His
+adjournment of the General Assembly not only hampered the Provincial
+Congress (or convention) that had met at Savannah simultaneously with
+the legislature, but threw the delegates into confusion and disorder,
+and was the means of causing the convention to adjourn without taking
+such action as the friends of liberty hoped for. All that it did was
+to elect three representatives to the Philadelphia congress. This
+was something, but it was not enough. The Liberty Boys expected
+the Provincial Convention to adopt all the measures and resolutions
+suggested by the Continental Congress. They therefore felt mortified
+when the convention adjourned, and left Georgia still outside the
+continental association.
+
+This event was a serious embarrassment to the other Colonies, and
+aroused the anger of those friends of liberty who were unable to
+understand the peculiar conditions that surrounded the movement for
+independence in Georgia. The friends of liberty in South Carolina were
+so indignant, that they denounced the Georgians "as unworthy the
+rights of freemen, and as inimical to the liberties of their country."
+Throughout the Colonies, the partisans of American independence were
+deeply wounded by the apparent hesitation of the Georgians, while the
+Royalists were delighted.
+
+Though the Provincial Convention remained in session only seven days
+before adjourning, the delegates of St. John's Parish had withdrawn from
+the body. These delegates insisted on an emphatic indorsement of the
+acts of the Continental Congress, and they retired as soon as they
+found there would be some difficulty in bringing some of the hesitating
+members to their way of thinking. They retired, and selected Dr. Lyman
+Hall to represent St. John's in the Philadelphia congress. He took his
+seat in that body, and although he cast no vote, he made his voice heard
+in the discussions.
+
+In spite of all the drawbacks which the Liberty Boys in Georgia had
+experienced, their enthusiasm did not cool. They never ceased their
+efforts, and the independence movement continued to grow. The public
+mind became more and more inflamed with resentment against the tyranny
+of King George and his Parliament, as the people heard of the progress
+of events in the more northern Colonies. By the 10th of May the people
+of Savannah had heard of the shedding of American blood by British
+troops at Lexington and Concord. As the news spread from parish to
+parish, the people became aroused, and the response of public sentiment
+was all that American patriots could expect.
+
+[Illustration: Seisure of Ammunition in Savannah 060]
+
+The first response of the Liberty Boys at Savannah was to seize the
+ammunition stored in the magazine. This event occurred on the night of
+the 11th of May, and was planned and carried out by the members of the
+Council of Safety. About six hundred pounds of powder fell into the
+hands of the Liberty Boys. Some was sent to South Carolina, and the rest
+was hidden in the garrets and cellars of the patriots who had seized it.
+Tradition says that some of this powder was sent to Massachusetts, where
+it was used by the patriots who drove the British before them at the
+battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+Other events occurred that showed the temper of the Liberty Boys. On the
+4th of June, when Governor Wright came to fire salutes in honor of King
+George's birthday, he found the cannon had been spiked, dismounted, and
+rolled to the bottom of the bluff. On the 5th of June the first liberty
+pole in the Colony was set up at Savannah. A young man named Hopkins,
+who spoke contemptuously of the members of the Committee of Public
+Safety was seized by a mob, tarred and feathered, placed in an
+illuminated cart, and paraded up and down the streets of Savannah.
+
+As the days went by, the independence movement in Georgia became more
+enthusiastic, the Liberty Boys more active. The first vessel armed and
+equipped for naval warfare during the Revolution was fitted up by
+the Liberty Boys of Georgia under the authority of the Provincial
+Convention, which had assembled in Savannah on the 4th of July, 1775.
+This event is interesting. The Carolina Committee of Safety had heard
+that a British ship had sailed for Georgia with a cargo of powder
+intended for the Indians and for the use of the Royalists. The
+Carolinians at once resolved to capture the ship and seize the cargo.
+To that end, two barges, manned by forty well-armed men, were embarked
+from Beaufort, and went to the mouth of the Savannah River, where they
+encamped on a point that commanded a full view of Tybee Lighthouse. The
+Provincial Convention, hearing of this expedition, offered to assist the
+officers in every way possible. There was an armed British schooner in
+the river at that time; and the Liberty Boys of Savannah determined to
+join forces with the Carolinians at Tybee, and effect her capture. For
+this purpose a schooner was equipped by the Provincial Convention, and
+placed under command of Captain Bowen and Joseph Habersham. This vessel
+was armed with ten carriage guns and swivels, and carried fifty men. The
+British armed vessel was not inclined to enter into a contest, but,
+when the Georgia schooner appeared, weighed anchor and sailed away. The
+schooner then took position beyond the harbor bar, and waited for the
+ship carrying the cargo of powder. She had not long to wait. On the 10th
+of July, 1775, the powder ship, commanded by Captain Maitland, made her
+appearance. Before entering Tybee Inlet, however, Captain Maitland saw
+the armed schooner. Suspecting that he was about to fall into a trap, he
+brought his vessel round, tacked, and stood out to sea. But he had gone
+too far. The Georgia schooner gave chase, and soon overtook and captured
+the ship. It was a fortunate capture for the Colonies. Five thousand
+pounds of powder were sent to Philadelphia, and nine thousand fell to
+the share of Georgia.
+
+The convention that commissioned the first armed vessel of the
+Revolution did more important work than this. It placed the Province
+of Georgia in political union with her sister Colonies, and gave her
+fellowship with those struggling Provinces. She was welcomed into the
+United Colonies with joyful demonstrations by the Continental Congress.
+By the 15th of April, 1776, the Liberty Boys in Georgia were so strong
+that Governor Wright had taken refuge on one of the King's vessels at
+Tybee; and on that date the patriots took full charge of the government
+of the Province. Archibald Bulloch was the first republican president of
+Georgia.
+
+This is how the Liberty Boys took the Province of Georgia from his
+Majesty the King, and made a free and independent government. Their
+struggle did not end here, but the details of that struggle must be left
+to history to relate.
+
+
+
+
+A GROUP OF CHARACTERS
+
+The Revolutionary War in Georgia developed some very romantic figures,
+which are known to us rather by tradition than by recorded history.
+First among them, on the side of the patriots, was Robert Sallette.
+Neither history nor tradition gives us the place of his birth or the
+date of his death; yet it is known that he played a more important part
+in the struggle in the Colony than any man who had no troops at his
+command. He seems to have slipped mysteriously on the scene at the
+beginning of the war. He fought bravely, even fiercely, to the end,
+and then, having nothing else to do, slipped away as mysteriously as
+he came. "In Liberty County," says history, "there lived during the
+Revolution a man by the name of Robert Sallette, distinguished for
+his opposition to the Tories. It is not known with certainty to what
+particular command he was attached. He appears to have been a sort of
+roving character, doing things in his own way." Here is the mystery of
+romance to begin with. Here is the wanderer,--the character so dear to
+the imagination of youth.
+
+"The Tories," says history further, "stood very much in dread of him;
+and well they might, for never had they a more, formidable foe." Here,
+then, is the hero and the wanderer combined in one person, and
+that person fighting for the holiest cause in which man can take up
+arms,--the rights and liberties of the people. What more could be asked?
+
+Curious as we may be to know something of the personal history of Robert
+Sallette, it is not to be found chronicled in the books. The French
+twist to his name makes it probable that he was a descendant of those
+unfortunate Acadians who, years before, had been stripped of their lands
+and possessions in Nova Scotia by the British, their houses and barns
+burned, and they themselves transported away from their homes. They were
+scattered at various points along the American coast. Some were landed
+at Philadelphia, and some were carried to Louisiana. Four hundred were
+sent to Georgia. The British had many acts of cruelty to answer for in
+those days, but none more infamous than this treatment of the gentle and
+helpless Acadians. It stands in history to-day a stain upon the British
+name.
+
+Another fact that leads to the belief that Robert Sallette was a
+descendant of the unfortunate Acadians was the ferocity with which he
+pursued the British and the Tories. The little that is told about
+him makes it certain that he never gave quarter to the enemies of his
+country.
+
+His name was a terror to the Tories. One of them, a man of considerable
+means, offered a reward of one hundred guineas to any person who would
+bring him the head of Robert Sallette. The Tory had never seen Sallette,
+but his alarm was such that he offered a reward large enough to tempt
+some one to assassinate the daring partisan. When Sallette heard of the
+reward, he disguised himself as a farmer, and provided himself with
+a pumpkin, which he placed in a bag. With the bag swinging across his
+shoulder, he made his way to the house of the Tory. He was invited in,
+and deposited the bag on the floor beside him, the pumpkin striking the
+boards with a thump.
+
+[Illustration: The head of Robert Sallette 066]
+
+"I have brought you the head of Robert Sallette," said he. "I hear that
+you have offered a reward of one hundred guineas for it."
+
+"Where is it?" asked the Tory.
+
+"I have it with me," replied Sallette, shaking the loose end of the bag.
+"Count me out the money and take the head."
+
+The Tory, neither doubting nor suspecting, counted out the money, and
+placed it on the table.
+
+"Now show me the head," said he.
+
+Sallette removed his hat, tapped himself on the forehead, and said,
+"Here is the head of Robert Sallette!"
+
+The Tory was so frightened that he jumped from the room, and Sallette
+pocketed the money and departed.
+
+On one occasion Robert Sallette is known to have spared the lives of two
+Tories, at least for a little while. Once when he and Andrew Walthour
+(for whom Walthourville in Georgia is named) and another man were riding
+along a narrow trail late in the afternoon, they met three other
+riders whom they suspected to be Tories. The plan that Sallette and his
+companions adopted to capture the men was very simple. Andrew Walthour,
+who was riding in front, was to pass the first and second men, Robert
+Sallette to pass the first. As Walthour came to the third man when
+Sallette had come to the second, and their companion to the first, the
+Liberty Boys seized the guns of the three simultaneously. The men had no
+opportunity either to fight or escape.
+
+"Dismount, gentlemen!" said Sallette. Then he addressed himself to the
+leader. "What is your name?"
+
+In reply to this, a fictitious name was given, as Sallette and his
+companions afterwards found out.
+
+"Where is your camp?" asked Sallette.
+
+"We are from over the river," answered the man, meaning the Altamaha.
+
+"Where did you cross?"
+
+"At Beards Ferry." This was where the Whigs and the Liberty Boys were
+most numerous.
+
+"That is not true!" exclaimed Sallette.
+
+Then he turned to the second man, asked the same questions, and received
+the same replies. He turned to the third man, asked the same questions,
+and received the same replies.
+
+"If you do not tell me the truth," exclaimed Sallette to this last man,
+"I'll cut off your head!"
+
+The man persisted, and Sallette was as good as his word. The others
+begged for their lives, and declared that they would guide Sallette
+straight to their camp. This they did; and Sallette, aided by his
+prisoners, captured a large party of Tories.
+
+Once when Robert Sallette and Andrew Walthour were marching with the
+advance guard of the American troops, they suddenly met the advance
+guard of the British. A short but sharp skirmish followed, during which
+a very large man of the British guard was killed. Observing that the
+dead man wore a pair of good boots, Sallette determined to get them.
+While he was pulling them off in the midst of a furious fire from the
+enemy, his companions called out to him to come away or he would surely
+be killed. "I must have the boots!" cried Sallette to his companions. "I
+want them for little John Way!"
+
+Here was fun in the midst of tragedy; for it is said that little John
+Way could have put both his feet and his fists into one of the boots.
+
+One day Sallette dressed himself up as a British officer and accepted
+an invitation to dine with a party of the enemy. Suddenly, in the midst
+of the toasting and drinking, Sallette drew his sword, killed the men
+who sat to the right and left of him, sprang on his horse, and rode off
+unhurt, though he was in such a hurry that he had no time to throw the
+bridle reins over the horse's head.
+
+At the White House, near Sunbury, Major Baker, of the patriot army, with
+thirty men, attacked and defeated a party of Tories under command of
+Captain Goldsmith.
+
+Among the slain was Lieutenant Gray, whose head was almost severed from
+his body by a stroke of Robert Sallette's sword.
+
+On many occasions, when a battle was in progress, Sallette would detach
+himself from the American army, gain the rear of the enemy, and kill
+many men before he was discovered. If this brave man was indeed a
+descendant of the Acadians, he avenged the wrongs of many of his
+countrymen.
+
+Another character who attracted attention during the War of the
+Revolution was Patrick Carr, whose hatred of the Tories made his name
+celebrated among the Liberty Boys of Georgia. Paddy Carr, as he was
+called, lived and died in Jefferson County. He was born in Ireland, but
+came to Georgia before the Revolution. When the independence movement
+began, he threw himself into it with all the ardor of his race. Owing to
+the cruelty of the Tories, he conceived a special hatred against them.
+He showed them no quarter. History gives but a word or two to his
+achievements, but tradition still keeps his name alive in the region
+where he operated. Like Sallette, he was an independent partisan; but,
+unlike Sallette, his operations were among those who could remember well
+enough, but who would not take the trouble to preserve the particulars
+of even the least of his exploits. We know that Patrick Carr lived. We
+know that he became famous where recklessness and daring were common.
+But that is nearly all we know. It is said of him that during the war he
+killed one hundred Tories with his own hands. Once, when praised for his
+bravery, he smiled and shook his head, saying that he would have made
+a very good soldier, but the Lord had given him a heart that was too
+merciful. He no doubt remembered the atrocities of the Tories in the
+section that is now Jefferson, Columbia, Burke, and Wilkes counties. The
+cruelties they committed in that region during the Revolution have no
+parallel in civilized warfare.
+
+Among the adventurous characters of that time, on the side of the
+British, Daniel McGirth stands easily first. The history of his career
+during the war is a strange one. He was born in South Carolina,
+and entered into the struggle against the British with the utmost
+enthusiasm. He was a brave man, a hard fighter, and one of the most
+active of those who took up arms against the King. He was an expert
+woodsman, and was at home in the saddle. He was assigned to duty as a
+scout, and was better equipped for that service, perhaps, than any man
+in the American army. The ease with which he secured information of the
+enemy's movements and plans, and the energy that marked his movements,
+made his services of great value to the patriot cause. This was not
+thoroughly appreciated by some of the officers under whom McGirth acted.
+
+He brought with him into the army a mare which he called "The Gray
+Goose." She is said to have been an elegant animal, and McGirth was
+very proud of her. With this mare under him, he always felt safe
+from pursuit. One of the American officers, who was a good judge of
+horseflesh, and who probably wanted to "cut a dash," as the saying is,
+saw this beautiful mare, and coveted her. Finding that McGirth scorned
+all offers to sell her, the officer adopted various means to obtain her.
+These efforts were resisted by McGirth, mainly on the ground that the
+mare was his own private property, and that she was essential to the
+duties he was called on to perform. Failing to gain his ends in this
+way, the officer continued to worry McGirth in other ways. He no doubt
+did something to rouse the ire of the scout, who was an irritable man,
+and who felt the importance of the service he was rendering to the
+cause. It is not now known how McGirth insulted the officer,--whether
+in a moment of passion he struck him, or whether he merely used rough
+language to him.
+
+Whatever the offense, McGirth was placed under arrest, tried by a
+court-martial, found guilty of violating the articles of war, and
+sentenced to be whipped. He received this punishment, and was placed
+in confinement again, where he was to remain until he received another
+whipping. While thus held, he saw his mare picketed near the camp, and
+he immediately resolved to escape. He was successful in this. Once free,
+he secured The Gray Goose, leaped into the saddle, turned around, and,
+in the face of his pursuers, pronounced threats of vengeance against all
+the Americans for his ill treatment.
+
+There is no doubt that he was illtreated; but if he had not been an
+ignorant man, he would not have pronounced against the cause of liberty
+on account of the treatment he received at the hands of individuals.
+But the savage in his nature was aroused, and he carried out his fierce
+threats to the fullest extent. For the time being, he attached himself
+to another American command; but at the first opportunity he deserted
+to the enemy, and became the scourge and terror of those who opposed the
+British cause. He spared none. His field extended from the Florida line
+to the Savannah River, in what is now Elbert County, and far into South
+Carolina. He appeared when least expected, and carried destruction with
+him. His mare became as noted as her master. In what was then Upper
+Georgia, she was known as "The Bald-faced Pony." On many an occasion
+he owed his life to the fleetness of his mare. But his vengeance was
+never satisfied: it was always active, and thirsting for the blood of
+the American patriot. The whim of the officer to possess McGirth's mare
+was a foolish one at best. It was the cause of great public and private
+suffering.
+
+[Illustration: McGirth and his mare 072]
+
+When South Carolina was rescued from the British, McGirth retreated
+into Georgia, and finally into Florida. When the Spaniards regained
+possession of that territory, he became subject to their laws. For some
+reason or other he was thrown into one of the dungeons of the old fort
+at St. Augustine, where he was confined for five years. When released,
+his health was broken, and it was with great difficulty that he managed
+to return to Sumter District, in South Carolina, where his wife lived.
+
+A very queer and eccentric character in the Revolution was Captain Rory
+Mcintosh, of Mallow. Though Rory was a kinsman of General Lachlan and
+Colonel John Mcintosh, who were among the most active Liberty Boys in
+Georgia, he took up arms for the King, and a very devoted Tory he was.
+His eccentricities would have been called whims if he had not stuck
+to them with such constancy. He was a Highlander and a follower of the
+Stuarts. How and why he became loyal to the new line of British kings,
+history does not state; but his clan had a chief, and he no doubt
+thought that every government ought to have a monarch. When the
+Revolution began, he was over sixty years of age, and was living
+comfortably on his plantation at Mallow; but he volunteered, and fought
+through the war.
+
+A story is told of Rory Mcintosh that once when the Spaniards held
+East Florida, he carried to St Augustine a drove of cattle. He received
+payment in dollars, which he placed in a canvas bag behind him on his
+horse. When near his home, the bag gave way, and a part of the money
+fell out. He secured what was left and rode on, paying no attention to
+that which had fallen from the bag. When in need of money some years
+after, he returned to the place where the dollars had spilled, picked
+up as many as he wanted, and went back home. Whenever he could, he went
+about accompanied by a piper. Rory was a tall, finely formed man,'with
+bristling whiskers and a ruddy complexion: consequently when he appeared
+on parade, he attracted great attention.
+
+[Illustration: Captain Rory McIntosh 074]
+
+In 1778 two expeditions were sent from St. Augustine for the purpose
+of attacking Savannah,--one by sea, and one by land under command of
+Lieutenant Colonel Prevost. This land expedition had been joined by
+Captain Roderick Mcintosh, in the capacity of a volunteer. He attached
+himself particularly to the infantry company commanded by Captain
+Murray. When the British laid siege to Sunbury and the fort, Captain
+Murray's company was in the line near the fort. One morning when Captain
+Rory had had a dram too much, he determined to sally out and summon
+the fort to surrender. His comrades tried to restrain him, but he was
+determined. Finally he strutted out, a drawn claymore in his hand, with
+his trusty slave Jim. He approached the fort and cried out,--
+
+"Surrender, you miscreants! How dare you presume to resist his Majesty's
+arms?"
+
+Colonel Mcintosh, who commanded the fort, saw at once the condition of
+Captain Rory, and forbade the men to fire. Then he threw open the gate,
+and said,--
+
+"Walk in, Mr. Mcintosh, and take possession."
+
+"No," cried Rory, "I'll not trust myself among such vermin. I order you
+to surrender!"
+
+At that moment a rifle was fired by some one in the fort, and the ball
+passed through Captain Rory's face from side to side under the eyes.
+He fell backwards, but immediately recovered, and stood on his feet
+flourishing his claymore. Then he began to walk backward, his face to
+the fort. Several shots were fired at him, and Jim called out,--
+
+"Run, massa, run! dey kill you!"
+
+"Run!" cried Rory scornfully. "You may run, but I belong to a race that
+never runs!"
+
+It was at the siege of Sunbury that Colonel Mcintosh, when summoned by
+Colonel Prevost to surrender the fort, sent back the reply, "Come and
+take it!"
+
+
+
+
+AUNT NANCY HART.
+
+There lived in Georgia, during the Revolutionary struggle, the most
+remarkable woman in some respects that the country has produced. To find
+her match, we shall have to go to the fables that are told about the
+Amazons. The Liberty Boys called her Aunt Nancy Hart. The Indians,
+struck by her wonderful feats in behalf of her country, called her "The
+War Woman;" and there is a creek in Elbert County, where she lived, that
+was named by the Indians "War Woman's Creek."
+
+There are other heroines to whom history has paid more attention, and
+whose deeds have been celebrated in song and story; but not one of them
+was more devoted to the high cause of freedom, or more courageous, or
+depended less on aid from others, than Aunt Nancy Hart. In this last
+respect, the War Woman of Georgia stands alone in history, just as she
+stood alone when the Tories were waging a war of extermination, sparing
+neither women nor children, in the region in which she lived. Invention
+and fable have kindly come to the aid of the most famous of the world's
+heroines, but neither fable nor invention has touched the character or
+the deeds of this heroine of the Revolution. She stands out on the
+pages of history rough, uncouth, hot-tempered, unmanageable, uneducated,
+impolite, ugly, and sharp-tongued; but, as her friends said of her,
+"What a honey of a patriot she was!" She loved the Liberty Boys as well
+as she loved her own children. It has been said that she was cruel; but
+this charge may as well be put out of sight. Before passing upon it,
+we should have to know what the War Woman's eyes had seen, and
+what terrible revelations her ears had heard. Standing for American
+independence in a region that swarmed with Tories, whose murderous deeds
+never have been and never will be fully set forth, Aunt Nancy Hart had
+to defend her own hearthstone and her own children.
+
+The maiden name of this remarkable woman was Morgan, and she was born in
+North Carolina. She married Benjamin Hart, a brother of Colonel Thomas
+Hart of Kentucky. Thomas Hart was the father of the wife of Henry Clay,
+and the uncle of the celebrated Thomas Hart Benton. Aunt Nancy and her
+husband moved to Georgia with the North Carolina emigrants, and settled
+on Broad River, in what is now Elbert County. She was nearly six feet
+high, and very muscular,--the result of hard work. She had red hair,
+and it is said that she was cross-eyed, but this has been denied on
+good authority. It matters little. Her eyes were keen enough to pierce
+through all Tory disguises, and that was enough for her. It is certain
+that her courage and her confidence kept alive the spark of liberty
+in hearts that would otherwise have smothered it, and was largely
+responsible for kindling it into the flame that finally swept the
+British out of that section, and subdued the Tories. When the Whigs and
+patriots who had been her neighbors were compelled to flee before the
+murderous Tories, she refused to go with them, but stood her ground and
+never ceased to speak her sentiments boldly. Nothing but the wholesome
+dread with which she had inspired them prevented the Tories from
+murdering her and her children. When General Elijah Clarke moved the
+women and children of the Broad River region to an asylum in Kentucky,
+and the Liberty Boys had taken refuge in South Carolina, Aunt Nancy Hart
+remained at home, and for a long and dismal period she was unprotected
+save by her own remarkable courage.
+
+At that period the houses were built of logs, and the chimneys were
+built of sticks plastered with clay. They were called "stack chimneys."
+One evening Aunt Nancy and her children were sitting around the fire, on
+which a pot of soap was boiling. Now, a pot of soap must be constantly
+stirred, and for this the strong, muscular arms of Aunt Nancy were
+peculiarly fitted. So she stirred the soap, and, as she stirred, told
+the youngsters the latest news of the war. Presently one of her children
+chanced to discover some one peeping through the crack of the chimney,
+eavesdropping. By a gesture or a nod of the head Aunt Nancy was informed
+of what was going on. She smiled, and grew more spirited in her talk,
+rattling away and laughing as she gave exaggerated accounts of the
+recent defeats of the Tories. As she talked, she stirred the bubbling
+soap, and kept her keen eyes on the crack where the eavesdropper had
+been seen. Suddenly she dashed a ladleful of boiling soap through the
+crack full into the face of the intruder. It was so quickly and deftly
+done, that the eavesdropper had no time to dodge the scalding stuff. He
+received the full benefit of it Blinded and half crazed by the pain,
+he howled and screamed at a tremendous rate. Aunt Nancy went out,
+and, after amusing herself at his expense, bound him fast and held
+him prisoner. The probability is that the next day she H tucked up her
+petticoats, shouldered her gun, and compelled the unlucky Tory to ford
+the river ahead of her; and that, once on the other side, she kept in
+constant communication with the Clarkes and with other partisans of the
+American cause.
+
+[Illustration: Aunt Nancy Hart 079]
+
+Her husband, whom she sometimes jokingly described as "a poor stick,"
+assisted her in her communications. A conch shell was kept at the
+spring, some distance from the house. On this conch shell the children
+were taught to blow the blasts that gave Mr. Hart information. One
+signal was, "The enemy is at hand;" another was, "Keep close;" another,
+"Make tracks for the swamp;" and still another was that he and his
+friends were wanted at the cabin.
+
+At the very darkest hour of the Revolution in Georgia, Aunt Nancy
+performed one of her most remarkable feats,--one that brought into play
+all the courage and devotion of her strong nature, and all the tact and
+audacity that belonged to her character.
+
+Brigadier General Andrew Williamson, with three hundred men, was
+encamped near Augusta. When Charleston fell, this officer, who was
+already a traitor, though his treachery had not been avowed, called his
+officers together, and expressed the opinion that it would be foolish
+to further resist the King. He therefore advised them to return to their
+homes, and there accept the protection which would be offered them. He
+then abandoned his command, which was immediately disbanded. Shortly
+afterwards Colonels Brown and Garrison, two partisans of the King's army
+who had made themselves notorious by their cruelty to Americans, seized
+Augusta. Brown had been tarred and feathered in Augusta just before the
+breaking-out of the Revolution, and he made the patriots of that town
+and of the country roundabout pay dearly for the indignities that
+had been heaped upon him on account of his loyalty to the Crown. He
+confiscated the property of the patriots, and issued an order banishing
+all Whig families beyond the borders of Georgia.
+
+Raiding parties were sent into the region in the neighborhood of Augusta
+to compel the inhabitants to take the oath of allegiance to the King.
+One of these parties entered the house of Colonel John Dooly, a gallant
+officer, and murdered him in cold blood in the presence of his wife and
+children. Colonel Dooly was the father of Judge Dooly, who became famous
+in Georgia after the war.
+
+A detachment of this murdering party found its way to Aunt Nancy Hart's
+cabin. There were five Tories in the detachment, and Aunt Nancy received
+them coldly enough. They told her they had come to inquire into the
+truth of a report they had heard to the effect that she had aided a
+well-known rebel to escape from a company of King's men by whom he
+was pursued. With a twinkle of malice in her eyes, Aunt Nancy boldly
+declared that she had aided her Liberty Boy to escape, and then she
+described the affair.
+
+She said that one day she heard the gallop of a horse. Looking out, she
+saw a horseman approaching, and at once knew him to be a Whig flying
+from pursuers. She let down the bars near her cabin, told him to ride
+his horse right through her house, in at the front door and out at the
+back, to take to the swamp, and hide himself the best he could. She then
+put up the bars, entered her house, closed the doors, and went about her
+business. In a little while a party of Tories rode up, and called to her
+with some rudeness. She muffled her head and face in a shawl, opened
+the door slowly, and asked in a feeble voice who it was that wanted to
+pester a sick, lone woman. The Tories said they had been pursuing a man,
+and had traced him near her house. They wanted to know if any one had
+passed that way. "I told 'em," said Aunt Nancy to the listening Tories,
+"that I had seen a man on a sorrel horse turn out of the road into the
+woods a little ways back. So they went back and took to the woods, and
+my Whig boy got off safe and sound."
+
+Naturally this story, boldly told, did not please the five Tories who
+heard it; but something in the War Woman's eye prevented them from
+offering her any personal injury. Instead, they ordered her to give them
+something to eat.
+
+"I never feed King's men if I can help it," she replied. "The scamps
+have fixed me so that I can't feed my own family in a decent manner.
+They have run off with all my pigs and poultry except that old gobbler
+you see in the yard there."
+
+"Well, you shall cook the old gobbler for us," exclaimed one who seemed
+to be the leader of the party. Suiting the action to the word, he raised
+his musket and shot the gobbler. One of his men brought it into the
+house and gave it to Aunt Nancy, with orders to clean and cook it at
+once. This, of course, made that stanch patriot very angry, and she gave
+the Tories a violent tongue lashing.
+
+It is probable that while she was dressing the turkey for the pot, the
+Tories let some hint drop about the outrageous murder of Colonel John
+Dooly, who was a warm friend of Aunt Nancy's. At any rate, she suddenly
+changed her tactics. She ceased to storm and quarrel, the scowl left
+her face, and she soon seemed to be in high good humor. She went about
+getting the meal ready with great good will. She sent her little girl
+to the spring after water, but told her to sound on the conch shell the
+signal to "keep close," so that her husband and his neighbors who were
+with him might know there were Tories in the cabin.
+
+While the daughter was gone after water, one of the Tories volunteered
+to take her place in helping to get everything ready. Aunt Nancy
+accepted his services, and joked with him with great freedom and
+familiarity. Like all women of spirit and independence, Aunt Nancy
+possessed a considerable fund of humor, and it stood her in good stead
+now. She contrived to thoroughly interest the Tories, and it was not
+long before they were in the most jovial frame of mind imaginable. They
+had expected to find a bad-tempered, ill-conditioned woman; and they
+were agreeably surprised when they found, instead, a woman who could
+match their rude jests, and make herself thoroughly entertaining.
+
+The Tories had brought a jug with them, and they were so pleased with
+Aunt Nancy's seeming friendliness that they invited her to drink with
+them. "I'll take one swig with you," said Aunt Nancy, "if it kills every
+cow on the Island," meaning a neck of land at the junction of river and
+creek where the Whig families of the neighborhood pastured their cattle
+and hid them. The Tories laughed and drank, and then they laughed and
+drank again. They kept this up until the old gobbler had been cooked to
+Aunt Nancy's satisfaction; and by the time they were ready to sit down
+to table they were in a very merry mood indeed.
+
+They had stacked their arms within easy reach of where they had been
+sitting and drinking; but Aunt Nancy had moved her table to the middle
+of the floor, so as to be able to walk around it on all sides while
+waiting on the Tories. In helping the men to the turkey and other
+eatables that she had prepared, she frequently came between them and
+their muskets. The Tories had hardly begun to eat before they called for
+water. Aunt Nancy, expecting this, had used up in cooking all that had
+been brought: consequently her daughter had to take the piggin and go
+to the spring after a fresh supply. She went with instructions to signal
+her father, and the neighbors who were with him, to come immediately to
+the cabin. While her daughter was at the spring, Aunt Nancy managed to
+pull off one of the boards that filled the space between the logs of the
+house, and through this crack she slipped two of the muskets. She was
+slipping the third through when her movements caught the eye of one of
+the Tories. Instantly the men sprang to their feet, but Aunt Nancy
+was now in her element. Quick as a flash she clapped the musket to her
+shoulder, and threatened to shoot the first man that approached her. The
+men, knowing her reputation as a fighter, and awed by her appearance,
+hesitated. At last one bolder than the rest began to advance toward her.
+She fired promptly, and at the report of the gun the man fell dead on
+the floor.
+
+Before the others could recover from their consternation, Aunt Nancy
+had seized another musket, and held it in readiness to fire again. Her
+daughter had now returned from the spring with the information that her
+father and his neighbors would soon arrive. Directed by her mother,
+the girl took the remaining musket and carried it out of the house. The
+Tories, seeing that no time was to be lost in recovering their arms,
+proposed to rush upon Aunt Nancy in a body and overpower her. But the
+War Woman was equal to the occasion. She fired again, and brought down
+another Tory. As she did so, the daughter, acting on her orders, handed
+her another musket. Then, taking position in the doorway, she called on
+the men to "surrender their ugly Tory carcasses to a Whig woman."
+
+[Illustration: Aunt Nancy captures the Tories 085]
+
+The Tories agreed to surrender, and wanted to shake hands to make the
+bargain binding; but Aunt Nancy kept her position in the doorway until
+her husband and his friends made their appearance. The Whigs wanted
+to shoot the Tories; but Aunt Nancy, whose blood was up, declared that
+shooting was too good for them. "They've murdered John Dooly," she
+exclaimed; "now let them hang for it!" Thereupon the Tories were taken
+out and hanged. The tree from which they swung was still standing as
+late as 1838, and was often pointed out by old people who had lived
+through the troubled times of the Revolution.
+
+One day Aunt Nancy met a Tory going along the highway. She engaged him
+in conversation, diverted his attention, and suddenly seized his gun and
+wrenched it away from him. She then ordered him to take up the line of
+march for a fort not far distant. Not daring to disobey, the man marched
+before her, as many others had been compelled to do, and she turned him
+over to the commander of the fort.
+
+When Augusta was in the hands of the British, and their raiding parties
+had been driven in by the Americans under Colonel Elijah Clarke, it
+became necessary for that commander to get some positive information
+in regard to the intentions of the British. At this juncture Aunt Nancy
+came to the rescue. She disguised herself as a man, and went boldly into
+the British camp. She remained there for several days, pretending to be
+crazy. In this way she secured a great deal of important information,
+and made haste to carry it to Colonel Clarke.
+
+Aunt Nancy was once left in a fort with several other women and a number
+of small children, her own among the rest. The men had gone out in
+search of supplies. They had not expected an attack, and had left only
+one of their number, a young man, to protect the women and children.
+Suddenly a party of Tories and Indians made its appearance, and
+surrounded the fort, which was nothing more than a stockade. The
+yelling of the savages threw all the women and children into the utmost
+confusion,--all except Aunt Nancy. That wonderful woman, who never knew
+what fear was, only became more energetic in the face of danger. There
+was a small cannon in the fort, but it was not in position to reach
+the enemy with its fire. After trying her best to lift the cannon into
+position, Aunt Nancy remembered the young man who had been left in
+the fort, and looked about for him; but he was not to be seen. A close
+search discovered him hiding under a cowhide. Aunt Nancy pulled him
+out by the heels, and vowed she would make mince-meat of him unless he
+helped her to move the cannon. The fellow knew perfectly well that Aunt
+Nancy was not to be trifled with when her blood was up. He gave her the
+necessary assistance. She aimed the cannon and fired it, and the Tories
+and savages promptly took to their heels.
+
+On another occasion when the river was high, it became necessary for the
+Americans on the Georgia side to know what was going on on the Carolina
+side; but no one could be induced to venture across. Hearing of the
+difficulty, Aunt Nancy promptly undertook to go.
+
+The freshet had swept away all the boats, but to Aunt Nancy this was
+a trifling matter. She found a few logs, tied them together with
+grapevines, and on this raft made the voyage across the river. She
+gathered the necessary information, and made haste to communicate it to
+the Georgia troops.
+
+Aunt Nancy was the mother of eight children,--six sons and two
+daughters. Her eldest daughter, Sally, married a man named Thompson,
+who was as quicktempered as his mother-in-law. After the war, Aunt Nancy
+moved to Brunswick. Sally and her husband followed a year or two later.
+In passing through Burke County, they camped for the night by the
+roadside. The next morning Thompson ordered a white man, who had been
+hired as a teamster, to perform some duty. Thompson's tone was so
+peremptory that the man returned an insolent answer, and refused. In a
+fit of rage, Thompson drew his sword, and severed the man's head from
+his body with one swinging stroke. He then drove the team himself until
+he came to the first house, where he gave information that he had cut
+off a fellow's head at the camp down the road, and that they "had best
+go and bury him." He then drove on, but was overtaken, arrested,
+and lodged in jail at Waynesboro. As soon as Aunt Nancy heard of the
+trouble, she made her appearance in the upcountry again. Within a few
+days after her return, the jail was found open one morning, and
+Thompson was gone. Speaking of this afterwards, Aunt Nancy was heard to
+exclaim,--
+
+"Drat 'em! that's the way with 'em all. When they get into trouble, they
+always send for me!"
+
+Not long after this episode, Mr. Benjamin Hart died. Aunt Nancy mourned
+his loss for a while, and then married a young man. Then, as the saying
+is, she "pulled up stakes," and moved to what is now the State of
+Alabama, on the Tombigbee. There she had the French and the Spaniards
+for neighbors, and she felt at home with neither race. She was bluntly,
+emphatically, and unaffectedly American. To add to her troubles, a big
+rain flooded the river, destroyed her crops, and surrounded her house.
+This, with the French and Spaniards, was too much for her. She returned
+to Georgia, but, finding her old home occupied by others, she settled in
+Edgefield, S.C.
+
+A Methodist society was formed in her neighborhood, and its influence
+became so active that Aunt Nancy's conscience began to trouble her. She
+listened to the preaching of the Word from a distance until she became
+worried about her future state. She went to the meetinghouse, but found
+the door closed against intruders. The deacon and members were holding
+a class meeting. The closed door was no obstacle to Aunt Nancy. She cut
+the fastening and walked in without ceremony. Once in, she found what
+she wanted. She became an enthusiastic Methodist, and is said to have
+fought Satan and sin as manfully as she fought the Tories and the
+British.
+
+When Governor George R. Gilmer of Georgia was in Congress, in 1828-29,
+the members were very anxious to attract the notice of General Jackson,
+who had been elected President. A proposal was made to fill the vacant
+niches in the rotunda with paintings descriptive of the battle of New
+Orleans and the general's other victories. Governor Gilmer offered as an
+amendment a resolution to fill one of the niches with a painting of Aunt
+Nancy Hart wading Broad River, her petticoats held up with one hand,
+a musket in the other, and driving three Tories before her, to deliver
+them up to Colonel Elijah Clarke.
+
+Governor Gilmer's proposition was a more sensible one than he intended
+it to be. Georgia has perpetuated Aunt Nancy's name by calling a county
+after her; but the Republic owes something to her memory.
+
+
+
+
+TWO SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION.
+
+The pen of the historian is not always as impartial as it should be. It
+has its spites and prejudices; and it frequently happens that the men
+who wield the pen with which history is written, have their whims,
+their likes, and their dislikes. It is certain that two of the hardest
+fighters in the War for Independence--two of the most distinguished
+officers that Georgia gave to the cause--have had tardy justice done
+to their valor. The names of these men are General James Jackson and
+General Elijah Clarke. The independence and the individuality of these
+men stand clearly out in all the records that we have of them, and it
+is no doubt true that these qualities made them to some degree unpopular
+with those who inspired the early chroniclers of the Revolution in the
+South. Neither of these officers was capable of currying favor with his
+superiors, or of doing injustice to the humblest of his comrades. They
+were not seekers after the bubble reputation, but had their minds and
+all their energies bent on liberating Georgia and her sister Colonies.
+
+General James Jackson was born in the county of Devon, England. He
+came to this country in 1772, landing at Savannah penniless and almost
+friendless. He began the study of law; but when the Liberty Boys began
+their movement for resisting British oppression, he placed his books
+on their shelves, and gave himself entirely to the cause of the people.
+When only nineteen years old, he was one of the volunteers that fired
+the British armed vessels sent to attack Savannah by water, while Major
+Maitland and Major Grant attacked it by land. The crews of these vessels
+were compelled to escape without their clothes and arms. General Jackson
+served in the lower part of Georgia until the fall of Savannah in 1778,
+when he and his friend John Milledge made their way to the patriot
+troops, commanded by General Moultrie. Such was the condition of these
+men, both of whom afterwards became governors of Georgia, that they
+were compelled to make the greater part of their journey barefoot and in
+rags. Their appearance was so much against them that they were arrested
+as spies by some American soldiers, and would have been hanged but for
+the timely arrival of a gentleman who knew them.
+
+General Jackson was at the siege of Savannah, and, after the disastrous
+result of that affair, returned to South Carolina. The victory of the
+Americans at Blackstock's House, in South Carolina, was almost wholly
+due to the Georgians who were there. Sumter commanded at the beginning
+of the action, but a severe wound compelled him to retire from the
+field. The command then devolved upon the oldest Georgia officer,
+General John Twiggs, who was assisted by Jackson, Clarke, and Chandler.
+In this engagement Tarleton, the famous leader of the British dragoons,
+was defeated for the first time, and he was never able to recover the
+prestige he had lost. Tarleton fled from the field, and Jackson was
+ordered to pursue him. It was owing only to the fleetness of his horse
+that Tarleton escaped.
+
+[Illustration: General James Jackson 093]
+
+At the battle of The Cow-pens, Jackson again distinguished himself.
+"Major Jackson," says General Andrew Pickens, "by his example, and firm,
+active conduct, did much to animate the soldiers and insure the success
+of the day. He ran the utmost risk of his life in seizing the colors of
+the 71st British Regiment, and afterwards introducing Major Mc-Arthur,
+commanding officer of the British Infantry, as a prisoner of war to
+General Morgan." His services brought him to the attention of General
+Greene, and he was sent on a tour of difficult duty through North
+Carolina. He was so successful in this, that the commanding general
+authorized him to raise a partisan legion of infantry and cavalry for
+service in Georgia. By means of his native eloquence, which was said
+to be almost irresistible, he succeeded in raising the legion in a very
+short time. Wherever he addressed the people, there were loud cries of
+"Liberty and Jackson forever!" When his legion had been organized, he
+was appointed lieutenant colonel. His dragoons were clothed and armed by
+themselves, with the exception of their pistols. Their coats were made
+of dressed deerskins, and faced with the little blue that could be
+procured.
+
+Just before the siege of Augusta, Jackson was called upon to employ
+his eloquence in preventing the militia from giving up in despair
+and returning to their homes. These men were utterly worn out. Being
+ignorant men, they could see no ray of hope. They lacked every necessary
+of life. Jackson roused their drooping spirits, restored their hopes,
+and revived their old-time enthusiasm. At the siege of Augusta these men
+fought fiercely. Jackson himself led one of the advance parties. After
+the surrender of the town, he was ordered to level the fortifications,
+and he was appointed commandant. He was afterwards ordered to take
+position midway between Augusta and Savannah. While he held this
+position, a conspiracy was formed in the infantry to kill him in
+his bed. A soldier named Davis, who waited in the commander's tent,
+suspected that something was wrong. So he mingled among the men, and
+applied many harsh epithets to Jackson. Thinking to make Davis useful to
+them, the conspirators told him their plans, which he made haste to lay
+before his superior officer. Shortly afterwards the infantry were drawn
+up in line, and the ringleaders in the conspiracy arrested, tried, and
+executed.
+
+After the war the Legislature gave Davis a horse, saddle, and bridle,
+and five hundred acres of land, as a reward for his fidelity.
+
+Jackson was with General Wayne in his Georgia campaign, and was
+intrusted by him with many hazardous duties. When Savannah surrendered,
+General Wayne issued an order in which he said, "Lieutenant Colonel
+Jackson, in consideration of his severe and fatiguing service in the
+advance, is to receive the key of Savannah, and is allowed to enter the
+western gate."
+
+In 1786, Jackson was made brigadier general, and had command of the
+forces operating against the Indians. Between 1788 and 1806 General
+Jackson held almost every high office within the gift of the people of
+the State,--member of the Legislature, governor when only thirty-one
+years old, member of the first Congress held under the Federal
+Constitution, member of the State Constitutional Convention,
+presidential elector, and United States senator.
+
+With General Jackson in many of his engagements was General Elijah
+Clarke, who in many respects was the most remarkable soldier
+that Georgia contributed to the War for Independence. With fairer
+opportunities than he had, he would have made a great commander. He had
+small knowledge of tactics, but he had what is better,--the skill to
+take advantage of quickly passing events, and the coolness that made him
+complete master of all his resources. He was a man of the most striking
+characteristics, and he came out of the war with many bitter enemies
+among those with whom he came in contact. This feeling was perpetuated
+by the political campaigns in which his son, John Clarke, took part
+after the war. A trace of this is to be seen in the sketch which
+Governor Gilmer gives to Elijah Clarke in his curious book entitled
+"Georgians." It is undoubtedly true that Elijah Clarke was ignorant of
+what is called book knowledge, but he was not much worse off in this
+respect than the famous Confederate General Forrest, who is thought by
+some high military critics to have been the most remarkable commander
+on the Southern side in the civil war. Elijah Clarke, as well as General
+Forrest, had something that served them a better turn than a mere
+knowledge of books. They had a thorough knowledge of men, and a quick
+eye for the situations that follow each other so rapidly in a skirmish
+or battle.
+
+[Illustration: Elijah Clarke 097]
+
+Elijah Clarke was born in North Carolina, but moved to Georgia in 1774.
+He was among the first of the inhabitants of Upper Georgia to take
+up the cause of American independence; and his example, for he was a
+notable man even in private life, did much to solidify and strengthen
+those who leaned to that cause. When the British troops marched from the
+coast into Upper Georgia, Elijah thought the time had come to take
+his gun from the rack over the door, and make at least some show of
+resistance. His courage, and the firmness and decision of his character,
+made him the natural leader of those of his neighbors whose sympathies
+were with the Liberty Boys in other parts of the State, and he soon
+found himself a commander without commission or title. He cared less
+for these things than for the principles of liberty for which he was
+fighting.
+
+For a while Elijah Clarke and his followers fought as partisan rangers,
+but he soon drew around him a compact and disciplined body of men who
+were ready to go wherever he might lead them. He did not confine his
+efforts to his new neighborhood We hear of him with Howe's ill-fated
+expedition against East Florida, where, at Alligator Creek, he was asked
+to perform the impossible feat of storming with a troop of horse a camp
+intrenched behind logs and brushwood. He was no doubt amazed at the
+stupidity of General Howe in issuing such an order, but he attempted to
+carry it out with his usual courage. He did succeed in floundering over
+the logs with his troops, but he came to a ditch that was too wide for
+his horses to leap, and too deep to be ridden through. At this moment he
+and his men were saluted with a heavy fire from the enemy, and they were
+compelled to retire in confusion. In this attempt Elijah Clarke was shot
+through the thigh. Later he was in South Carolina, at Blackstocks, and
+at The Cowpens.
+
+In some quarters an effort has been made to blacken the reputation of
+General Clarke by comparing his treatment of the Tories with the mild
+and humane policy pursued by Francis Marion. There was, indeed, some
+misunderstanding between the two men in regard to the methods that might
+be adopted. The policy of Marion was undoubtedly the correct one, so far
+as South Carolina was concerned; but if the Tories in that Province had
+been guilty of the crimes committed by their brethren in Wilkes and the
+surrounding region, General Marion's policy would not have been very
+different from that of General Clarke. The Tories with whom Clarke was
+familiar were guilty of murder, rapine, pillage, and incendiarism. The
+Tories in South Carolina were kept under by the presence of Marion and
+his men. Clarke went wherever his services were needed; and during his
+absence, the Tories of the Broad River region were free to commit
+every excess. Marion refused to leave the region where he made his name
+famous, and thus kept the Tories in constant fear and dread.
+
+Who shall say that Marion would not have been as ready to exterminate
+the Tories as Clarke was, or that Clarke would not have been as humane
+as Marion, if each of these distinguished patriots had been in the
+other's place?
+
+At the battle of Kettle Creek, in what is now Wilkes County, Elijah
+Clarke distinguished himself by his readiness and skill as a commander.
+The Americans under Colonel Pickens were in pursuit of the British under
+Colonel Boyd. Their line of march was the order of battle, and following
+the vanguard came the right and left wings. The left wing was commanded
+by Elijah Clarke. The center was led by Colonel Pickens, who was in
+command of the expedition. Colonel Boyd, the British commander, appeared
+to be unconscious of pursuit. He had halted on a farm on the north side
+of Kettle Creek. His horses were left to forage on the young cane that
+grew on the edge of the swamp; and his men were slaying cattle and
+parching corn, preparing for a feast after their short rations. The
+British encampment was formed near the creek, on a piece of open ground
+flanked on two sides by a canebrake. Colonel Boyd was in utter ignorance
+of the approach of the Americans, who advanced at once to the attack.
+The British colonel formed his line in the rear of his encampment, and
+there received the assault. The battle was hotly contested for more than
+an hour, and then the Tories retreated through the swamp.
+
+Elijah Clarke, seeing a piece of rising ground on the farther side
+of the creek, on which he suspected the Loyalists would try to form,
+ordered the left wing to follow him, and was about to cross the stream
+when his horse was shot under him. Mounting another, he soon crossed
+the creek, followed by not more than a fourth of his division. There had
+been some mistake in sending the order along the line. Clarke gained the
+hill that had attracted his eye just in time to attack Major Spurgen, a
+brave British officer, who was forming his command. The firing attracted
+the notice of the rest of Clarke's division, and they soon joined their
+leader. Pickens and Dooly also pressed through the swamp, and the battle
+was renewed with great vigor. For a while the result was in doubt,
+but at the end the Americans held the hill. The Tories fled in all
+directions, leaving seventy dead on the field, and seventy-five wounded
+and captured. Of the Americans, nine were slain, and twenty-three
+wounded. To Elijah Clarke must be given the credit for this victory,
+which, coming at the time it did, revived the hopes and courage of the
+Liberty Boys in all parts of the country.
+
+The Tories, on the other hand, were so depressed by it, that many
+of them left that part of the State, and those who remained became
+comparatively quiet. The situation was so encouraging, that many of the
+people of Georgia, who had been driven from their homes by the cruelty
+of the Tories, returned with their families. They were not long left in
+peace, however. The British and the Tories had their active agents among
+the Creeks and Cherokees, urging these tribes to take up arms and attack
+the Americans. In view of this, Clarke was sent to guard the frontier
+forts. Then the Tories again began to pillage and devastate the Broad
+River region. Some of the crimes they committed would have disgraced
+savages. Clarke's house was burned, and his family ordered to leave
+the State. Mrs. Clarke and her two daughters started on their perilous
+journey with nothing but a small pony of little value, and even this was
+taken from them before they had gone very far. This only served to renew
+the activity of Clarke in behalf of the American cause. He defeated
+the Tories wherever he met them; and if he gave them no quarter, it was
+because they had shown no mercy to the Americans. The savage character
+of the warfare waged by the Tories against men, women, and children,
+must ever stand as an explanation and as an excuse for the fierce spirit
+displayed by Clarke and the Americans who lived in the Broad River
+region.
+
+In the battle near Musgrove's Mill, Clarke defeated the British, killing
+sixty-three men, and wounding and capturing one hundred. During the
+battle he was twice severely wounded on the head and neck; and once he
+was surrounded by the enemy, captured, and placed in charge of two men.
+One of these he knocked down with a blow of his fist, and the other
+fled. At one time, acting without orders, he was near taking Augusta,
+and was only prevented by the desire of his men to see their families.
+After this he returned to Wilkes County, where he was compelled to take
+under his protection nearly four hundred women and children who had been
+driven from their homes by the savage Tories. He resolved to carry
+these to a place of safety, and, with a sufficient guard, set out for
+Kentucky. Cornwallis, hearing of this movement, and taking for granted
+that it was a retreat, sent one hundred men under Captain Ferguson to
+cut Clarke off, the supposition being that the great partisan fighter
+would march through South Carolina, but he had re-crossed the mountains
+in the Piedmont region. Hearing of this movement, Clarke detached
+Major Chandler and Captain Johnston with thirty men to take part in
+the operations against Ferguson. Thus it was the pursuit of Clarke that
+brought on the memorable battle of Kings Mountain, which resulted in
+a great victory for the cause of American independence; and although
+Clarke was not there in person, his heroic spirit animated the brave men
+who won the day.
+
+He was the first to teach the militia to stand against the bayonets of
+the British; and at Blackstocks, in South Carolina, at the head of his
+Wilkes riflemen, he charged and drove the British light infantry in an
+open field,--a movement that turned the enemy's right flank, and insured
+the victory of the Americans. At the siege of Augusta, Clarke had
+anticipated the movement of Colonel "Light Horse Harry" Lee, and had
+confined the British garrison to their works for weeks before Colonel
+Lee's arrival.
+
+At the close of the Revolution, Clarke led the movement against the
+Indians. He defeated the Creeks in the battle of Jacks Creek. After
+peace was declared, Clarke, who had been made a general by a grateful
+State, settled on lands that had been reserved to the Indians. For this
+he has been criticised very severely; but it is curious that the policy
+for which he was attacked, shortly afterwards became the policy of the
+whole people. The States and the United States have made treaties
+with the Indians, only to break them. Having personal knowledge of the
+Indians, and having been made the victim of some of their raids, he had
+no respect for them or for their rights. To this view the whole country
+afterwards came, and the red men disappeared before it.
+
+It will be well to bear in mind, that, whatever failings he may have
+had, there was not a more heroic figure in the Revolution than General
+Elijah Clarke.
+
+
+
+
+A WAR OF EXTERMINATION.
+
+[Illustration: A War of Extermination 104]
+
+Some of the barbarous features of the Revolutionary War in Georgia have
+been briefly noted.
+
+History has turned her eyes away from the more horrible details; but
+by reading between the lines, and taking advantage of the hints and
+suggestions, it is not hard to get a tolerably fair idea of the methods
+that were pursued on both sides. Even Colonel Charles C. Jones, jun.,
+whose "History of Georgia" is thus far the most complete that has been
+written, touches lightly on the cruelties practiced in the efforts of
+the British and Tories to wrest Upper Georgia from the control of the
+Americans. There are matters that History cannot deal with and maintain
+her dignity.
+
+There can be no doubt that the British and the Tories began their
+cruelties without considering the results to which their acts would
+lead. It is an easy matter at this late day to see how naturally the
+war, in the region tributary to Augusta, degenerated into a series of
+crimes and barbarities foul enough to cause History to hold her hands
+before her eyes. When Colonel Campbell, assisted by Colonel Brown,
+advanced to attack Augusta, it was the only American post that had
+not surrendered to the King's men, and its capture would complete the
+subjugation of Georgia from a military point of view. The city fell
+without a struggle, and the American forces retreated across the river.
+It was natural that the British, and the Tories who were acting with
+them, should take advantage of this victory to bring the whole region
+above and around Augusta to terms. The sooner this was done, the sooner
+would all Georgia be restored to her relations with his Majesty George
+III. No time was to be lost. Therefore Colonel Campbell, the British
+commander, tarried in Augusta but a few days. He left Colonel Brown
+in charge, and marched in the direction of Wilkes County. Those of the
+inhabitants who had Tory sympathies were to be encouraged; but those who
+were disaffected were to be dealt with summarily, so as to put an end,
+at once and forever, to the disloyalty that had been active in that
+region. This plan was carried out promptly and violently. The severest
+punishment was the portion of those who refused to take the oath of
+allegiance. Plunder and the torch were the portions of those who chanced
+to be away from home, fighting for their country. Their helpless
+wives and children were left homeless, and destitute of provisions.
+Fortunately a great many stanch Liberty Boys had carried their families,
+their household effects, and their cattle, into South Carolina as soon
+as they heard of the fall of Augusta; but many had remained at home, and
+the sufferings of these were severe.
+
+Another explanation of the extreme cruelty with which the war in Upper
+Georgia was waged after the fall of Augusta, was the fact that Colonel
+Brown, who had been left in command by Colonel Campbell, had some old
+scores to settle. At the very beginning of the struggle he had been
+arrested in Augusta by some of the Liberty Boys, tarred and feathered,
+and paraded through the public streets, on account of his outspoken
+loyalty to the King. Still another reason was the fact that Daniel
+McGirth, who had been maltreated by an American officer, was among the
+officers who had accompanied Colonel Brown. McGirth held every American
+responsible for the treatment he had received, and he spared few that
+fell into his hands. Thus, between the anxiety of the British to conquer
+Georgia completely, and the desires of Brown and McGirth to revenge
+themselves, the Americans in Upper Georgia were made the victims of the
+most inhuman barbarities.
+
+The Americans under Elijah Clarke lost no time in retaliating, and
+thus was begun a contest that may be aptly described as a war of
+extermination. Clarke was enabled to defeat the British and the Tories
+wherever they opposed him on anything like equal terms, and this fact
+added to the rigor with which they treated the Americans who were so
+unfortunate as to fall into their hands. Shortly after the affair at
+Musgrove's Mill, in which Clarke defeated the British and the Tories,
+Lord Cornwallis addressed a circular letter to the officers commanding
+the advanced posts. He declared, "The inhabitants of the Provinces who
+have subscribed to and taken part in this revolt shall be punished
+with the utmost rigor; and also those who will not turn out shall be
+imprisoned, and their whole property taken from them or destroyed. I
+have ordered," he goes on to say, "in the most positive manner, that
+every militiaman who has borne arms with us, and afterwards joined the
+enemy, shall be immediately hanged. I desire you will take the most
+vigorous measures to punish the rebels in the district in which you
+command, and that you obey in the strictest manner the directions I have
+given in this letter relative to the inhabitants in this country."
+
+Here was authority broad enough to cover every crime that the British
+and the Tories might see fit to commit, and they stretched it to the
+utmost limit. They burned houses and destroyed property. They insulted
+and inhumanly treated women and children. They hanged the innocent. They
+went about the country practicing every barbarity that their savage and
+bloodthirsty natures could suggest. It was no wonder that the Americans
+retaliated whenever they had the opportunity. It was no wonder that
+Elijah Clarke, naturally independent and irritable, should fail to see
+the justice or necessity of treating the Tories he captured as prisoners
+of war.
+
+The situation of the Americans became so serious that Clarke determined
+to strike a heavy blow. He returned from Carolina to Wilkes County in
+September, 1780, and in two days succeeded in placing in the field
+three hundred and fifty men. With this force, strengthened by eighty men
+recruited in Carolina, he boldly marched on Augusta. The movement was so
+unexpected, that, but for the fact that the advance guard fell in with
+an Indian camp which it was compelled to attack, Colonel Brown would
+have been taken completely by surprise. But the retreating Indians gave
+him notice, and he took refuge with his command in a strong building
+known as the White House. The siege began on the 14th. By daylight on
+the 16th Clarke had succeeded in cutting the garrison off from its water
+supply. The sufferings of the men, especially the wounded, became most
+intense. The Americans could hear their cries for water and for medical
+aid. Brown appears to have been as brave as he was cruel. Though he was
+shot through both thighs, he remained at the head of his men; and his
+great courage sustained the spirits of his followers. Clarke summoned
+him to surrender on the 17th. He not only refused, but warned the
+American commander that the demonstration he was making against the
+King's men would bring destruction to the western part of Georgia.
+
+Meanwhile some of Clarke's men had gone to visit their families, and
+others were more interested in securing plunder than in forwarding
+the cause of independence. Colonel Brown, as soon as he heard of the
+approach of the Americans, had sent several messengers by different
+routes to inform Colonel Cruger of the state of affairs. Cruger, who was
+in Carolina at Ninety-six, promptly set his men in motion, and on the
+morning of the 18th appeared on the bank of the Savannah, opposite
+Augusta. Under the circumstances, Clarke was compelled to retreat. He
+had suffered a loss of sixty, killed and wounded. In retreating, he was
+compelled to leave twenty-nine of his wounded men behind. Among these
+was Captain Ashby, one of the bravest and most humane of the officers
+of the American army. This unfortunate officer and the men with him fell
+into the hands of the enemy. Colonel Brown was so severely wounded that
+he was unable to move about; so he ordered Captain Ashby and twelve of
+the wounded prisoners to be hanged on the staircase of the White House,
+where he might see their sufferings and gloat over their agonies. These
+men were cruelly strangled before Brown's eyes. But their fate was a
+happy one compared with that of their wounded companions. Those men were
+turned over to the red savages, who were the allies of the British. The
+Indians received the prisoners with howls of delight, and began at once
+to torture them in every conceivable way. They formed a circle, and
+marched around the Americans, cutting and slashing them with their
+knives. The end of the unfortunates was most horrible. They were ripped
+with knives, scalped, and then burned. No doubt, Colonel Brown enjoyed
+this scene more thoroughly than he did the tame and commonplace
+spectacle of strangling Captain Ashby and his companions.
+
+Before raising the siege, Elijah Clarke paroled the officers and men
+whom he had captured,--fifty-six men, all told. This fact is mentioned
+to show that the Georgia militia had not then begun those acts of
+retaliation which have attracted the notice of historians. They had
+had, as we know, abundant provocation; but after the horrible crimes
+perpetrated by Brown reached their ears, they threw off all restraint.
+Self-preservation is the first law of nature, and the men who acted
+with Elijah Clarke thought that the best way to preserve the lives of
+themselves and their families was to destroy the Tories as fast as they
+caught them. The fact is chronicled by Colonel Jones, and it is worth
+noting, that the officers and men paroled by Clarke, in utter disregard
+of their obligations, took up their arms as soon as the Americans
+had departed. The probability is that they were driven to this by the
+commands of Brown.
+
+It is well known, that, as soon as Clarke and his men had retreated,
+Colonel Brown sent detachments of troops in all directions, with orders
+to arrest all persons who had taken part in the siege, or who had
+sympathized with the efforts of the Americans to recapture Augusta.
+Under this sweeping order, men of all ages and conditions were dragged
+from their homes and thrown into prison. Those who were suspected of
+taking part in the siege, or of belonging to Clarke's command, were
+seized and hanged out of hand. Old men, no longer able to bear arms,
+were imprisoned for welcoming the return of members of their families
+who had fought on the American side. One instance out of many that
+might be cited was the arrest of the father of Captains Samuel and
+James Alexander. In the seventy-eighth year of his age, this old man
+was arrested at his home, tied to the tail of a cart, and dragged forty
+miles in two days. When caught leaning against the cart to rest his
+feeble limbs, he was whipped by the driver. It was at this time that
+in the region round about Augusta the hopes of the patriots grew very
+faint. The women and children assembled, and begged Elijah Clarke to
+take them out of the country; and in response to the appeals of these
+defenseless ones, he undertook the movement that culminated in the
+glorious victory of Kings Mountain.
+
+[Illustration: Old man whipped at the tail of a cart 111]
+
+The winter of 1780 was the darkest hour of the Revolution in Upper
+Georgia. There was no trade. Farming was at a low ebb. The schoolhouses
+were closed. Many of the patriots had carried off their families.
+Many had gone with Elijah Clarke to Kentucky. The patriots had betaken
+themselves to South Carolina, though the services they rendered there
+have been slurred over by the historians of that State.
+
+When General Greene began his Southern campaign, and gradually rid South
+Carolina of the British and the Tory element, the patriots of Upper
+Georgia ventured to return to their homes. Captain McCall, who was among
+them, says, in his history, that they returned in parties of ten and
+twelve, so as to attract as little attention as possible. They appointed
+Dennis's Mill, on Little River, as a place of meeting. "When these small
+parties entered the settlements where they had formerly lived," says
+Captain McCall, "general devastation was presented to view; their aged
+fathers and their youthful brothers had been murdered; their decrepit
+grandfathers were incarcerated in prisons where most of them had been
+suffered to perish in filth, famine, or disease; and their mothers,
+wives, sisters, and young children had been robbed, insulted, and
+abused, and were found by them in temporary huts more resembling a
+savage camp than a civilized habitation." Though Captain McCall was
+an eyewitness of some of the scenes he describes, the picture he draws
+might seem to be too highly colored were it not supplemented by a great
+mass of evidence. One more instance out of many may be given. In a
+skirmish with the Americans under Colonel Harden, Brown captured several
+prisoners. Among them was a youth only seventeen years old named Rannal
+McKay, the son of a widow who was a refugee from Darien. Being told that
+her son was a prisoner in the hands of Brown, Widow McKay, providing
+herself with some refreshments that she thought might suit the taste of
+the British commander, went to Brown's headquarters, and begged that
+her son might be set free. The cruel wretch accepted the present she
+had brought him, but refused even to let her see her son, and caused the
+sentinels to put her out of the camp by force. Next day young McKay and
+four other prisoners were taken out of the rail pen in which they had
+been confined. By Brown's order they were hanged upon a gallows until
+they were nearly strangled. They were then cut down and turned over to
+the tender mercies of the Indians, by whom they were mutilated, scalped,
+and finally murdered in the most savage manner.
+
+The cruelty of Colonel Brown and the Tories acting under him was so
+unbearable that the patriots of that region felt that their existence
+depended on the capture of Augusta. They decided on an aggressive
+movement when they met again at Dennis's Mill, on Little River.
+
+Colonel Clarke, who was suffering from the results of smallpox, was
+too feeble to lead them. His place was taken for the time by Lieutenant
+Colonel Micajah Williamson; and on the 16th of April, 1781, the
+Americans moved to the vicinity of Augusta. They were there reenforced
+by a detachment from southern Georgia under Colonel Baker, and by a
+number of recruits from Burke County. A few days afterwards they were
+joined by some Carolina militiamen under Colonel Hammond and Major
+Jackson.
+
+With this force, Colonel Williamson took up a position twelve hundred
+yards from the British works, and fortified his camp. The Americans were
+compelled to wait nearly a month for the aid they expected from General
+Greene. The militia, worn out with waiting for the reenforcements, were
+about to withdraw from the camp in despair, when Jackson, that truly
+great Georgian, made them an address full of the most passionate and
+patriotic eloquence, and this appeal changed their purpose. Jackson's
+voice was afterwards heard in the halls of Congress; but we may be sure
+that he was never more in earnest or more truly eloquent than when he
+pleaded with the faint-hearted Americans to stand to their cause and
+their arms. Jackson's address revived their courage; and when, on
+the 15th of May, Elijah Clarke rode into camp, restored to health
+and accompanied by one hundred fresh recruits, the confidence of the
+militiamen was fully renewed.
+
+It was at this time that General Pickens and "Light Horse Harry" Lee
+(the father of General Robert E. Lee) were ordered by General Greene to
+march on Augusta and capture that post When Lee reached the neighborhood
+of Augusta, he learned, from a party of light horse which he had sent on
+ahead to collect prisoners and gain information, that the annual royal
+present intended for the Indians had arrived at Fort Galphin, some
+distance below Augusta. The present comprised blankets, liquor, salt,
+small arms, powder, and ball. There was a great lack of these articles
+in the American camp, and Lee resolved to capture them. The supplies
+were so valuable, that Brown, the British commander, had sent two
+companies from Augusta to garrison Fort Galphin. This was the situation
+when "Light Horse Harry" arrived on the ground. The British in Augusta
+had not yet discovered his approach, and promptness was necessary.
+Leaving Eaton's battalion, the artillery, and the footsore men of the
+legion, to follow more slowly, Lee mounted a detachment of infantry
+behind his dragoons, and made a forced march to Fort Galphin.
+
+This point he reached on the 21st of May, 1781. The weather was
+extremely hot, and for miles the troopers and their horses had been
+unable to find a drop of water: consequently neither the men nor the
+animals were in a condition to make the attack when the command was
+brought to a halt under the pines that skirted the field surrounding
+the fort. The British within the fort were resting quietly, and were
+not aware that an enemy was at hand. A prompt and decisive movement was
+necessary; and when his men and horses had rested a little while, Lee
+dismounted the militiamen he had brought with him, and ordered them to
+make a demonstration against the fort on the side opposite the position
+he had taken. This famous commander reasoned, that, as soon as the
+militiamen appeared before the fort, the garrison would sally from the
+stockade. The militia would retreat, the garrison pursuing, and he would
+seize upon that moment to assault and capture the post left defenseless.
+To carry out this plan, Captain Rudolph (who was supposed to be some
+great general in disguise), with a detachment of picked infantry, was
+held in readiness to rush upon the fort; while the rest of the troops,
+supported by the dragoons, were placed where they could shield the
+militia from the pursuit of the British.
+
+The affair took place just as Lee had foreseen. The garrison sallied out
+to the attack. The militia, before making a show of resistance, began
+a retreat. The garrison gave pursuit. Captain Rudolph dashed across the
+field, and captured the fort without any trouble, The end came, when the
+militia rallied, and the foot soldiers and dragoons closed around the
+soldiers of the garrison. During the engagement the Americans lost one
+man from sunstroke. The enemy lost only three or four men. The rest,
+together with the valuable stores in the stockade, fell into the hands
+of the patriots.
+
+Following this successful affair, which was of more importance than it
+seems now to be, Lee formed a junction with General Pickens; and these
+two then joined their forces with those of Clarke, who commanded the
+Georgia militia, and the siege of Augusta began. The first movement
+was the capture of Fort Grierson, so called in honor of the man who
+commanded its garrison. Grierson, hard pressed, threw open the gates of
+the fort, and endeavored to escape. Thirty of his men were killed, and
+forty-five wounded and captured. Grierson was made a prisoner, but was
+killed by a Georgia rifleman. He was as cruel and vindictive as Brown
+himself. He was a monster who had made himself odious to the followers
+of Clarke. In his history, Captain McCall strongly hints that Grierson
+was shot by one of the sons of the aged Mr. Alexander, who had been made
+prisoner and dragged to Augusta tied to the tail of a cart. A reward
+was offered for information that would lead to the arrest of the man who
+shot Grierson, but the reward was never claimed. The whole army probably
+knew who had fired the fatal shot, and no doubt the commanders knew,
+but their knowledge was not official. No further notice was taken of the
+matter.
+
+The capture of Fort Grierson cheered the hearts of the besiegers, and
+gave them renewed courage. Fort Cornwallis was next invested. This
+stronghold was commanded by Colonel Brown himself, who was as bold as
+he was cruel. He was mean enough to expose to the American fire the aged
+Mr. Alexander and other unfortunate patriots who had long been held as
+prisoners. Captain Samuel Alexander commanded one of the companies close
+to the fort, and could see and recognize his venerable father, who had
+been placed in an exposed position by Brown.
+
+It is not necessary to describe all the events of the siege. Brown held
+out as long as he could, but was finally compelled to surrender. On the
+5th of June, 1781, Brown, with three hundred men, marched out of Fort
+Cornwallis, and that stronghold was immediately taken possession of by
+Captain Rudolph. A strong guard was detailed by the American commanders,
+to protect Brown from the just anger of the Georgia soldiers, under
+Clarke, Williamson, and Jackson. To insure his safety, he was carried
+to the quarters of "Light Horse Harry" Lee. The next day he and a few of
+his officers were paroled and sent down the river in charge of a party
+of infantry instructed to guard him. Ramsay, in his "History of the
+Revolution of South Carolina," says that Brown was recognized at Silver
+Bluff by Mrs. McKay, who thus addressed him: "Colonel Brown, in the late
+day of your prosperity I visited your camp, and on my knees supplicated
+for the life of my son; but you were deaf to my entreaties. You hanged
+him, though a beardless youth, before my face. These eyes have seen him
+scalped by the savages under your immediate command, and for no better
+reason than that his name was McKay. As you are now prisoner to the
+leaders of my country, for the present I lay aside all thoughts of
+revenge; but when you resume your sword, I will go five hundred miles to
+demand satisfaction at the point of it, for the murder of my son." The
+probability is that Mrs. McKay used no such stately language. No doubt
+she walked up to Brown, shook her finger in his face, and exclaimed,
+"You miserable villain! I can't get at you now; but if the day ever
+comes, I'll flay you alive for the murder of my poor boy."
+
+The fall of Augusta was received with rejoicings by the patriots
+everywhere, and the British and the Tories were correspondingly
+depressed. Men who had been overawed by the cruelty of the Tories, now
+came out boldly for the cause of independence, and the forces of the
+Americans were rapidly strengthened. Preparations were made for an
+aggressive campaign in Georgia by the Liberty Boys; and in this purpose
+they had the active aid and sympathy of General Greene, whose skill and
+ability as a commander were not greater than the wisdom he displayed in
+dealing with the people.
+
+In January, 1782, General Greene ordered General Anthony Wayne to take
+charge of the campaign in Georgia. At the same time he wrote a letter
+to Governor Martin that displays better than any document now extant
+the sagacity and conservatism that were the basis of General Greene's
+character and the source of his great success as a commander. "I cannot
+help recommending to your Excellency," he wrote to the governor of
+Georgia, "to open a door for the disaffected in your State to come
+in, with particular exceptions. It is better to save than to destroy,
+especially when we are obliged to expose good men to destroy bad. It
+is always dangerous to push people to a state of desperation; and the
+satisfaction of revenge has but a momentary existence, and is commonly
+succeeded by pity and remorse. The practice of plundering, which, I am
+told, has been too much indulged with you, is very destructive to the
+morals and manners of the people. Habits and dispositions founded
+on this practice soon grow obstinate, and are difficult to restrain;
+indeed, it is the most direct way of undermining all government, and,
+never fails to bring the laws into contempt, for people will not stop at
+the barriers which were first intended to bound them after having tasted
+the sweets of possessing property by the easy mode of plunder. The
+preservation of morals and an encouragement to honest industry should be
+the first objects of government. Plundering is the destruction of both.
+I wish the cause of liberty may never be tarnished with inhumanity, nor
+the morals of people bartered in exchange for wealth." This letter was
+intended to put an end to the war of extermination that the Tories of
+Upper Georgia had begun, and to prevent the patriots from carrying out
+their plans of revenge. The letter did great good. It was turned over
+to the Legislature by the governor, and thus made public; and its
+sentiments were taken to heart by hundreds who had suffered the most
+cruel wrongs at the hands of the Tories. General Greene's letter was
+also made the basis of two proclamations, both issued by the governor
+after conference with General Wayne. One opened the door to disaffected
+Georgians who might desire to return to the ranks of the republicans,
+and the other was addressed to the Hessian troops who had already
+begun to sympathize with the Salzburghers at Ebenezer. Stevens, in his
+"History of Georgia," says that many citizens who had been compelled
+from various reasons to seek protection under the British Government,
+and who had even joined the armies of the enemy, took advantage of the
+proclamation which referred to them, returned to their State allegiance,
+and joined the forces of General Wayne, where they proved their
+sincerity by making the most zealous efforts to merit the pardon and
+protection that had been promised them by the governor.
+
+After a brilliant campaign, lasting from January to July, 1782, General
+Wayne, assisted by Elijah Clarke, James Jackson, and other bold spirits
+who had never suffered the fires of liberty to go out in Georgia,
+cleared the State of the British. Savannah was occupied on the 11th of
+July, the keys having been surrendered to James Jackson. This was the
+end of British rule in Georgia.
+
+
+
+
+A NEGRO PATRIOT.
+
+[Illustration: A Negro Patriot 122]
+
+Along with the emigrants from North Carolina who first settled Wilkes
+County, there came a man named Aycock. He brought with him a mulatto boy
+named Austin. This boy passed as Aycock's slave; but when the conflict
+between the Liberty Boys and the Tories in that part of the country
+became desperate,--when the patriots were fighting for their lives as
+well as for the liberties of their country,--Aycock's neighbors called
+on him to do his part. According to all accounts, Aycock was not much
+of a warrior. His sympathies were with his liberty-loving neighbors;
+but his enthusiasm did not invite him to expose himself to the fire of
+musketry. It is said that he joined the neighbors, and strove to be a
+faithful militiaman, but he was in a state of constant fear. Governor
+Gilmer says of Aycock, that, from the time he was required to fight, he
+saw a terrible Tory constantly pointing a loaded gun at him. His alarm
+finally became so extreme that he offered as his substitute the mulatto
+boy Austin, who had then grown to be a stout and serviceable lad.
+
+Objection was made that Austin was a slave, and could not therefore be
+received as a soldier. At this, Aycock acknowledged that Austin was no
+slave; that, although he was a mulatto, he had been born free. This fact
+was made so clear to the patriots, that they willingly received Austin
+as a soldier, and he was mustered into the service under the name of
+Austin Dabney. He fought under Elijah Clarke, being under the command of
+Colonel John Dooly, who was afterwards so foully murdered by the Tories.
+Of all the brave men that fought under the heroic Clarke, there was none
+braver than Austin Dabney, none that did better service.
+
+He was in the battle of Kettle Creek, and was foremost among those who
+followed Clarke. Toward the close of this the bloodiest battle fought in
+Georgia between the patriots and Tories, Austin Dabney was shot through
+the thigh, and so dangerously wounded that he became a cripple for life.
+He was taken by his comrades to the house of a Mr. Harris, where he was
+carefully nursed until his wound healed. He was not able to do military
+duty after that, but he devoted himself to Harris and his family more
+faithfully than any slave could have done. It may be said of him that
+gratitude became the ruling passion of his heart.
+
+After the Americans had won their independence, and peace with it,
+Austin Dabney became prosperous. Being a quick-witted man, with an
+instinct for business, he accumulated property. He finally moved to
+Madison County, taking with him his benefactor and family, to whose
+wants and desires he continued to minister with as much devotion as he
+displayed at the beginning of his service. It was in Madison County
+that Austin Dabney became noted for his fondness for horse-racing. He
+attended all the races in the neighboring counties. He was the owner of
+some of the finest race horses to be found in the country; and such was
+his popularity, that he always found prominent men to stand for him.
+
+Shortly after he removed to Madison County, he received a pension from
+the United States Government. He sent Harris's oldest son to school,
+and afterwards to college. When the young man graduated from Franklin
+College, now the State University, Austin Dabney supported him while
+he studied law with Hon. Stephen Upson at Lexington, Oglethorpe County.
+When young Harris was undergoing his examination for admission to the
+bar, Austin Dabney stood leaning against the railing that inclosed the
+court, listening to the proceedings with great anxiety. When the young
+man was sworn in, and was shaking hands with the members of the bar,
+Austin, unable to control himself, burst into a flood of tears, happy
+that he had been able to make a gentleman of the son of the man who had
+nursed him so long and patiently while his wound was healing.
+
+When the public lands in Georgia were distributed among the people by
+lottery, the Legislature gave to Austin Dabney a lot of land in Walton
+County. The next year the voters of Madison County were in a condition
+bordering on distraction, being divided into Dabney and anti-Dabney
+parties. Austin had not been permitted to have a chance in the lottery
+with other soldiers of the Revolution. Consequently Stephen Upson, one
+of Georgia's most prominent men at that time, employed his influence
+with such effect that a law was passed giving Dabney a valuable lot.
+One of the members of the Legislature from Madison County voted for
+this law. At the next election the constituents of this member divided
+themselves into two parties, one faction indorsing the vote, and the
+other denouncing it. Those who denounced the vote did it on the ground
+that it was an indignity to white men for a mulatto to be put on an
+equality with them in the distribution of the public land, though, as
+Governor Gilmer bluntly puts it, not one of them had served his country
+so long or so well. Governor Gilmer, from whose writings all facts about
+Austin Dabney are taken, tells a very interesting anecdote about him. In
+order to collect the pension which the United States Government allowed
+on account of his broken thigh, Austin went once a year to Savannah.
+Once when he was on his way to draw what was due him, he fell in with
+Colonel Wiley Pope, his neighbor, who was also journeying to Savannah.
+They were very intimate and social on the road, and until they found
+themselves in the streets of Savannah. When they reached the fashionable
+part of the city, Colonel Pope observed to his companion that he was
+a sensible man, and knew the prejudices that prevented them from
+associating together in the city. Austin Dabney replied that he
+understood it very well, and with that he checked his horse and fell in
+the rear of Colonel Pope after the fashion of a servant following
+his master. Their way led them in front of the house of General James
+Jackson, who was at that time governor of the State. The governor was
+standing in his door at the time. Colonel Pope passed on unrecognized,
+but, chancing to glance around, he saw Governor Jackson run from the
+house into the street to greet Austin Dabney. The governor seized the
+negro's hand, shook it heartily, drew him from his horse, and carried
+him into the house, where he remained a welcome guest during his stay in
+the city. Colonel Pope (so Governor Gilmer says) used to tell this story
+with great glee, but owned that he felt put out when he realized, that,
+whilst he was a stranger at a tavern, Austin Dabney was the honored
+guest of the governor of the State. The explanation was, that Governor
+Jackson had seen Dabney's courage and patriotism tested on the field
+of battle, and he knew that beneath the tawny skin of the mulatto there
+beat the heart of a true man.
+
+Austin Dabney was always popular with those who knew of his services in
+the Revolutionary War. Governor Gilmer says that he was one of the
+best Chroniclers of the stirring events of that period. His memory was
+retentive, his understanding good, and he had a gift of description
+possessed by few. He moved to the land the State had given him, taking
+with him the family of the man who had nursed him. He continued to serve
+them while he lived, faithful to the end, and when he died left them the
+property he had accumulated.
+
+
+
+
+THE YAZOO FRAUD
+
+Some writers on the early history of Georgia have been under the
+impression that the speculation known as the Yazoo Fraud had its
+beginning in the efforts of General Elijah Clarke and his followers to
+settle on the Indian reservation lying west of the Oconee River; but
+this is not the case at all. General Clarke's movement was the result
+of an enterprise which was aimed against the Spaniards; and, though the
+facts have no real connection with the Yazoo speculation, they may
+be briefly told here, especially since Stevens, in his "History of
+Georgia," turns them all topsy-turvy.
+
+Genet was the first envoy sent to represent the wild and revolutionary
+republic of France,--the republic of Robespierre and the Jacobins. He
+represented, as well as any man could, the ideas and purposes of those
+who had wrought such havoc in France. He was meddlesome, wrong-headed,
+unreasonable, and bold with it all. He sailed from France in a
+ship which he commanded himself; and instead of going straight to
+Philadelphia (then the seat of government), where his business called
+him, he landed at Charleston in South Carolina. War was then pending
+between France and Spain; and Genet, after landing in Charleston, found
+ready sympathizers in the French Huguenots of South Carolina, and indeed
+in all those who had fought for American liberty. There were two reasons
+why the fiery appeals of Genet to the people of Carolina to take up
+arms against Spain were received enthusiastically. One was, that the
+Spaniards in Florida had been at constant war with the people of Georgia
+and Carolina, and had committed many crimes and depredations. The other
+was, that the people felt grateful to France for the aid she had given
+the American Colonies in their efforts to shake off the yoke of Great
+Britain.
+
+Genet's plan was to raise in this country an army large enough to seize
+the Spanish possessions in Florida, and to reconquer Louisiana. For
+the reasons stated, Genet found the people enthusiastic in favor of his
+enterprise. The enthusiasm was intense. It crossed the Savannah,
+and found General Elijah Clarke, with his strong nature and active
+sympathies, ready to embrace it. His military prestige in the South
+commended him to Genet as the man to lead the military enterprise
+against the Spanish settlements in the South. Accordingly he was given
+command of the army that was to be raised, and was made a major general
+in the French service with a pay of ten thousand dollars.
+
+Having secured a commander whose courage and resources in the field
+could be depended on, Genet went from Charleston to Philadelphia
+overland, stirring up sympathy for his enterprise and enlisting men. His
+success was greater than he had dreamed of. He found but one thing in
+his way, and that was the firmness and vigilance of George Washington.
+This great man set his face sternly against the project; but such was
+the enthusiasm of the people--artfully stirred by Genet, who was as
+accomplished as he was unscrupulous,--that a French party was formed.
+Genet took advantage of the formation of this party to arouse prejudice
+against Washington; and such was his success, that John Adams, who
+was afterwards President, says that there was a multitude of men in
+Philadelphia ready to drive Washington from the executive chair.
+
+A considerable army was raised, recruits reported to General Clarke from
+the Ohio River to the St. Mary's, and everything was ready for action.
+At that moment the heavy hand of Washington descended on the enterprise.
+The recall of Genet was demanded, the French party went to pieces,
+the project collapsed, and Elijah Clarke was left without resources,
+surrounded by a considerable force of men who had come at his bidding
+to take part in the attack on the Spanish possessions. These men were on
+his hands, expecting the fulfillment of promises that had been made to
+them. What was to be done? It was at this critical period that the eyes
+of General Clarke turned to the Indian reservation west of the Oconee.
+He marched his men to these lands, and took possession. He, and those
+who engaged in the movement for settling the lands, had risked their
+lives for their country on a hundred battlefields. They thought that
+the lands that had been claimed by the King belonged to those who had
+conquered the King's armies. They were right in principle, but wrong
+in action. The lands that had belonged to the King now belonged to
+the people, not as individuals, but as a corporate body,--to the whole
+people represented by the State government. These principles had not
+been made as clear by discussion in General Clarke's day as they have
+been made since. He engaged in no speculation. He boldly settled the
+lands, and was prepared to boldly hold his position. The settlement was
+made in 1794. On the 28th of July, Governor George Matthews issued a
+proclamation forbidding the settlement, and likewise directed one of
+the judges to issue a warrant for the general's arrest. At the Superior
+Court of Wilkes County, Clarke surrendered himself to the judge, who
+referred the case to the county justices. These judges made a decision,
+setting forth the fact that Elijah Clarke had surrendered himself into
+custody; that, being desirous to do speedy justice to the State as well
+as to the party charged, they had proceeded to maturely consider the
+case; and that after examining the laws of the State, and the treaties
+made and laws passed by the United States, they gave it as their
+"decided and unanimous opinion that the said Elijah Clarke be and
+is hereby discharged." Encouraged by this decision, General Clarke
+returned to his settlement with the intention of holding the lands; but
+finally both the Federal and the State governments moved against
+him, and he abandoned the enterprise. The policy that Clarke began in
+settling the Indian lands without regard to the rights of the savage has
+since become the policy of the government. It is not a wholesome
+policy, nor is it authorized by the moral or civil law; but it has been
+unblushingly carried out nevertheless.
+
+The Yazoo Fraud was a far different matter. The very name of it was
+foreign to Georgia. It was borrowed from the Indian name of a small
+stream which empties itself into the Mississippi River. When the
+Colony of Georgia was first settled, the land granted to Oglethorpe was
+described as lying along the Savannah River, extending southward along
+the coast to the Altamaha, and from the head waters of these rivers
+westward to "the South Seas." Afterwards Great Britain changed the line
+which he had established. She carried the boundary line of West Florida,
+a part of her possessions, higher up. The new line started from the
+Mississippi at the mouth of the Yazoo River, and ran due east to the
+Chattahoochee at a point near where the town of West Point now stands.
+As the upper boundary of British West Florida this line came to be known
+as the Yazoo line, and the country above and below it to an indefinite
+extent came to be known as the Yazoo country. No boundary can now be
+fixed to the region then known as the Yazoo country. At the close of
+the Revolutionary War, Great Britain made a treaty which has been
+interpreted as vesting in the United States and in Georgia the right
+and title to these lands, reaching from the Chattahoochee to the Yazoo
+River, and extending on each side of this line to a distance that has
+never been estimated.
+
+The Yazoo Fraud itself had a somewhat vague beginning. From the best
+information that can now be obtained, it may be said that it was set on
+foot in 1789, shortly after the close of the Revolution, by a sharper
+who was famous in that day. He was known as Thomas Washington, but his
+real name was Walsh. Washington, or Walsh, is described as being a very
+extraordinary man. He had fought in the service of Georgia, but he
+had the instinct of a speculator; and when the war was ended, he gave
+himself up to the devices of those who earn their living by their
+wits. He was a man of good address, and his air of candor succeeded in
+deceiving all whom he met. Those who dealt with him always had the worst
+of the bargain.
+
+When Washington, or Walsh, began to operate in Georgia through agents,
+he found the way already prepared for him. The War for Independence
+had barely closed, when certain individuals, most of them men of some
+influence, began to look on our Western possessions with a greedy
+eye. They had an idea of securing these lands and setting up a new
+government,--a sort of Western empire. To further their designs they
+began by forming themselves into an association called the "Combined
+Society," the members of which were bound to secrecy by oaths and other
+solemn pledges. The purpose of the Combined Society became known, and
+the force of public opinion compelled the members to disband. Some of
+them were men of aristocratic pretensions.
+
+Thus Washington, or Walsh, found a great many sympathetic people in
+Georgia. He was too well known in the State to undertake any scheme to
+which his name was attached: so he worked through an agent, a man named
+Sullivan. This man Sullivan had been a captain in the patriot army; but
+he had headed the Philadelphia mob which insulted Congress, and he was
+compelled to flee to the Mississippi to save his neck. When the old
+Congress went out, Sullivan felt free to return. He came to Georgia,
+representing, or pretending to represent, the Virginia Yazoo Company, of
+which the celebrated Patrick Henry was a member, and made application to
+the State Legislature for the purchase of the Western lands. Sullivan's
+description of the Yazoo lands was so glowing that another company
+was formed in Georgia. Some of the members of the new company formerly
+belonged to the Combined Society, but others were men of good standing.
+This company employed active agents; but no corrupt means were used so
+far as is now known, though some members of the General Assembly were
+interested. The efforts of the company were successful. Their act was
+passed, and the sale made. Immediately the people began to oppose the
+scheme, and to demand the repeal of the act The demand grew into a State
+issue, and the new Legislature declared the sale null and void.
+
+[Illustration: The Yazoo Scheme 134]
+
+For a while the land grabbers were quiet; but in 1794 it seemed to the
+most eager of the speculators that the time had come for them to make
+another effort to secure the rich Western lands that belonged to the
+State. They were evidently afraid, that, unless they made haste to get
+hold of the lands, the people's Legislature would divide them out or
+sell them to the Federal Government. So they formed another conspiracy,
+and this time they laid their plans very deep. Acting on the principle
+that every man has his price, they managed, by bribery and other
+underhanded schemes, to win the sympathy and support of some of the
+most prominent men in the State,--men whose names seemed to be far
+above suspicion. Some of the highest judges lent their aid to the land
+grabbers. Members of Congress were concerned in the scheme. Generals
+and other high officers of the militia took part in it. Nothing was left
+undone that was calculated to win the support of men who, up to that
+time, had enjoyed and deserved the confidence and respect of the
+State. The extent of the bribery and corruption that existed would be
+altogether beyond belief if the records were not left to show it. The
+swindlers were both bold and cunning, and in one way or another sought
+to win the support of all the leading men in the State. And they came
+very close to succeeding.
+
+The Legislature held its session in Augusta at that time; and while the
+Yazoo land sale was up for discussion, the agents of the land grabbers
+swarmed around it, coaxing, bribing, and bullying the people's
+representatives. Among these agents was a judge of the Supreme Court of
+the United States, from Pennsylvania, with twenty-five thousand dollars
+in his hands. There was a judge of the United States District Court for
+Georgia, paying shares in the land company for the votes of members. A
+United States senator from Georgia, James Gunn, who had neglected to
+return to his post of duty in Congress, was seen bullying members with a
+loaded whip, to secure their support for the land-sale scheme. A judge
+of the State courts was also present, with other prominent citizens,
+buttonholing the members of the Legislature, offering them shares,
+sub-shares, and half sub-shares to secure their votes. General James
+Jackson, who was then a United States senator from Georgia, was told by
+a prominent judge of the State that he might have any number of acres he
+pleased up to half a million, without the payment of a dollar, if he
+would use his influence in behalf of the corrupt schemes of the land
+grabbers. In reply, General Jackson said he had fought for the people of
+Georgia; that the land belonged to them and to their children; and that,
+should the conspirators succeed, he, for one, would hold the sale to be
+void. Many weak men in the Legislature were intimidated by threats; and
+some who could not be persuaded to vote for the sale, were paid to go
+home, and remain away from the Legislature.
+
+In this way the representatives of the people were persuaded and bribed
+to support the scheme of the land grabbers. In 1795 the bill was passed,
+selling to four companies--the Georgia Company, the Georgia
+Mississippi Company, the Upper Mississippi Company, and the Tennessee
+Company--thirty-five million acres of land for $500,000. Nothing was now
+wanting to complete the fraud but the signature of the governor. If he
+put his name to the bill, it became a law. If he refused to sign it,
+the scheme of the swindlers would fail. General George Matthews was the
+governor at that time, and, though two of his sons had been made members
+of the land-grabbing companies, it was hoped that he would refuse to
+sign the bill. The hope was justified by the fact that he had refused to
+sign a similar bill, and had given some very good reasons for it. It
+was known, too, that he was a man of great courage, and honest in his
+intentions; but the influence brought to bear on him was too great. His
+judgment was weakened by the clamor of the prominent men around him, who
+had become the paid agents of the swindlers. He resisted for some time,
+but finally agreed to sign the bill. The secretary of Governor Matthews,
+a man named Urquhart, tried to prevent the signing of the bill by
+working on the governor's superstitions. He dipped the pen in oil,
+thinking that when Matthews came to write with it, and found that the
+ink refused to flow, he would take it as an omen that the bill should
+not be signed. The governor was startled, when, after several efforts,
+he found the pen would not write; but he was not a man to let so
+trifling a matter stand in his way. He directed his secretary to make
+another pen, and with this he made the land-steal bill a law. By a
+stroke he made the bill a law, and also signed away his own popularity
+and influence. The people of Georgia never trusted him afterwards; and
+he left the State, finding it unpleasant and uncomfortable to live among
+those who had lost their respect for him. Yet no charge of corruption
+was ever made against him.
+
+When the people learned that the Yazoo Fraud had become a law, they rose
+up as one man to denounce it. Those who lived in the neighborhood of
+Augusta determined to put to death the men who had betrayed them. They
+marched to the legislative halls, and were only prevented from carrying
+out their threats by the persuasion of the small minority of the members
+that had refused to be coaxed, bullied, or bribed into voting for the
+Yazoo Fraud. But the indignation of the people continued to grow as
+they learned of the corrupt methods that had been employed to pass the
+measure. Meetings were held in every county; and public opinion
+became so strong that those who had voted for the Yazoo Fraud found it
+dangerous to remain in the State. A senator from Hancock County became
+so alarmed that he fled to South Carolina. He was followed by one of his
+neighbors, found in a lonely cabin at night, and shot to death. Except
+in one or two counties, the men who voted for the Yazoo Fraud were
+compelled to hide themselves until the anger of the people had cooled.
+
+In his "Sketches of the First Settlers of Upper Georgia," Governor
+George R. Gilmer tells a little story that will serve to show the state
+of feeling in Georgia at that time. After the Yazoo Fraud was passed,
+the people of the counties held indignation meetings. A meeting was
+called in Oglethorpe County, and on the morning of the day, a citizen on
+his way to town stopped at the gate of a neighbor to wait until he could
+get ready to go. The man who was getting ready was named Miles Jennings.
+The citizen, waiting, saw Mr. Jennings put a rope in his pocket.
+
+"What is that for?" the citizen asked.
+
+"To hang Musgrove!" replied Mr. Jennings, Musgrove being the name of the
+member of the Legislature.
+
+When the two neighbors arrived at the courthouse, all the people had
+assembled. Mr. Jennings hitched his horse and went into the crowd,
+pulled the rope from his pocket, and, holding it above his head where
+all could see it, cried out,--
+
+"Neighbors! this rope is to hang Musgrove, who sold the people's land
+for a bribe!"
+
+[Illustration: Rope to hang Musgrove 138]
+
+The words of Jennings and the sight of the rope made the people furious.
+Musgrove had been given a hint by Jennings's neighbor, and he had made
+good his escape. But for that, no human power could have saved him.
+
+The whole State was in a condition of excitement that is hard to
+describe. Grand juries made presentments, county and town meetings
+passed resolutions, and petitions were sent from hand to hand, and
+signed by hundreds of people. A State convention, called to alter the
+constitution, had been chosen to meet in May, 1795, but the members had
+been chosen at the same time that the members of the corrupt Legislature
+had been elected; and a majority of them had been "tarred with the same
+stick," as the saying goes. The presentments, resolutions, and petitions
+crowded so fast upon the convention, that it was decided to postpone the
+changing of the constitution to a time when the people were in a better
+humor. The convention referred all the papers it had received to the
+next Legislature, and adjourned in some confusion.
+
+This added to the excitement and anger of the people. They were in doubt
+how to act. Delay would give the land grabbers time to sell the lands
+they had secured through bribery and corruption. But whom could the
+people trust? They had been betrayed by many of their highest judges,
+by one of their United States senators, and by a large majority of their
+Legislature. A great many believed that all the powers of government had
+come to an end.
+
+During the troubled times of the Revolution it had been the custom of
+military officers having the confidence of the people to convene the
+Legislative Assembly when an emergency seemed to call for it. In the
+midst of their doubt and confusion, the people applied to General
+Twiggs, the senior major general, to convene the Legislature in order
+that action might be taken before the swindlers sold the lands they had
+obtained by fraud; but General Twiggs refused to act in a case in which
+he had no clear right and power, so the people remained for the time
+being without a remedy.
+
+From the very beginning of this scheme to defraud the people of the
+State, it had been bitterly opposed by General James Jackson, who was
+representing Georgia in the United States Senate. He denounced it in the
+Senate. He corresponded with the most eminent men in the State, he wrote
+to the newspapers, and in every possible way held up to the scorn and
+contempt of the public the men who were trying to defraud the State of
+its rich Western lands. On the other hand, the conspirators left nothing
+undone to injure the reputation of General Jackson. His character was
+attacked, and his life was several times threatened. As early as the
+spring of 1795, he took occasion in full Senate, and in the presence
+of General James Gunn (the Georgia senator who was representing the
+swindlers), to denounce the scheme as "a speculation of the darkest
+character and of deliberate villany."
+
+By his bold, even violent opposition to the Yazoo sale, General Jackson
+had made himself the leader of the people. Therefore in 1795, while he
+was still senator, many of the people requested him to resign, so that
+he might use his influence and great talents in bringing about the
+repeal of the obnoxious law. He tendered his resignation at once, and
+returned home. He was elected a member of the Legislature, and devoted
+all his time and all his energy to blotting out the odious law. He
+became a member of the committee appointed to investigate the means used
+to pass the law, and under his leadership the whole scandalous affair
+was probed to the bottom.
+
+In electing the new Legislature, the only issue was Yazoo and
+anti-Yazoo. The people were successful in electing men who favored
+the repeal of the law. There was no other business before the General
+Assembly until this matter was disposed of. The body was flooded with
+the petitions and remonstrances that had been sent to the convention.
+The Legislature had met in January, 1795. At once a day was set to
+"consider the state of the Republic." On that day the petitions and
+presentments were considered, and referred to a committee, of which
+General Jackson was appointed chairman. On the 22d of January the
+committee reported not only that the act was unconstitutional, but that
+fraud had been practiced to secure its passage. On these grounds they
+declared that the act was a nullity, and not binding on the people of
+the State.
+
+The bill declaring the sale void was drawn up by General Jackson. It
+passed both Houses by large majorities, and was signed by Governor
+Irwin. The feeling of the Legislature was so strong, that, after the
+Yazoo act had been repealed, it was decided to destroy all the records
+and documents relating to the corruption. By order of the two Houses a
+fire was kindled in the public square of Louisville, which was then the
+capital. The enrolled act that had been secured by fraud was brought out
+by the secretary of state, and by him delivered to the President of the
+Senate for examination. That officer delivered the act to the Speaker
+of the House. The Speaker in turn passed it to the clerk, who read the
+title of the act and the other records, and then, committing them to the
+flames, cried out in a loud voice, "God save the State and preserve her
+rights, and may every attempt to injure them perish as these wicked and
+corrupt acts now do!"
+
+The flames in which the records were burned were kindled by means of
+a sun glass, so that it might be truly said that fire came down from
+heaven to destroy the evidences of corruption. There is a tradition that
+when the officers of the State had met to destroy the records, an old
+man, a stranger to all present, rode through the multitude, and made
+his way to where the officials stood. Lifting up his voice, he declared,
+that, feeble as he was, he had come there to see an act of justice
+performed, but he thought the fire in which the records of corruption
+were to be destroyed should come from heaven. The people watched him in
+silence. He drew from his bosom with trembling hands a sun glass, and in
+this way burned the papers. Then, says tradition, the white-haired old
+man mounted his horse and rode away, and was never seen again.
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE MATTHEWS AND JOHN CLARKE.
+
+[Illustration: George Matthews and John Clarke 143]
+
+In giving the history of the Yazoo Fraud, mention has been made of
+General George Matthews, who was governor at the time, and who was
+compelled to leave the State because he had been persuaded to sign the
+bill. General Matthews was one of the most remarkable characters of his
+time. Governor Gilmer has drawn a very interesting portrait of him.
+It is not a pleasing picture in some respects, but it gives a very
+interesting glimpse of a man who in his day was one of the strongest
+characters in the State.
+
+He was the son of an Irishman named John Matthews, who settled in
+western Virginia in 1737. George Matthews began to fight the Indians at
+an age when most boys are at school. In 1761 the Indians attacked and
+murdered a family not far from his father's home. He heard the guns, and
+thought that a shooting match was going on. With some companions of his
+own age, he rode forward to join in the sport; but the youngsters saw
+the dead bodies of their neighbors lying in the yard where they had been
+left by the murderous savages, and at once turned their horses' heads
+and fled. They were not a moment too soon; for the Indians, who had
+been lying in ambush, rose and fired at the boys. Matthews had a narrow
+escape; for a bullet cut off the wisp of hair (known as a queue) that
+hung dangling from the back of his head. The danger that he had passed
+through, and the sight of his murdered neighbors, roused young Matthews
+to action. He collected a party of men, put himself at the head of them,
+followed and overtook the savages, and killed nine of their number.
+
+In the greatest battle that ever took place between the Virginians and
+the Indians, Matthews commanded a company, and bore a very conspicuous
+part. The battle took place at the junction of the Ohio River with the
+Kanawha, on what was called Point Pleasant. The fight began at sunrise,
+and was kept up all day, with no great success on either side. The
+Indians held their ground, and refused to give way before the most
+stubborn attacks of the Virginians. Near sundown, Matthews, with two
+other captains, made a strategic movement. The three companies were
+withdrawn from the battle. Out of sight of the enemy, they got into the
+bed of a creek. Hidden by the banks of the stream, they marched to the
+rear of the Indians, and from this point made an attack. The movement
+had been so cleverly carried out, that the savages were taken completely
+by surprise, and driven across the Ohio.
+
+Early in the Revolutionary War, General Washington, who knew well the
+value of the training Matthews had received on the frontier, ordered him
+and the regiment which he commanded to join the main army. He took part
+in the battle of the Brandywine; and at the battle of Germantown he
+led his regiment against the British opposing him, drove them back, and
+pushed on to the center of the town, where he captured a regiment of the
+enemy. Shortly after this, while engaged in a skirmish, his courage led
+him too close to the British. He was knocked down, severely wounded by
+a bayonet thrust, and taken prisoner. He was sent to the British prison
+ship in New York Harbor. He was there treated with so much cruelty that
+he appealed to his government for relief. In response to that appeal,
+Thomas Jefferson, who was then governor of Virginia, wrote him a
+personal letter, in which he said, "We know that the ardent spirit and
+hatred of tyranny which brought you into your present situation
+will enable you to bear up against it with the firmness which has
+distinguished you as a soldier, and look forward with pleasure to the
+day when events shall take place against which the wounded spirit of
+your enemies will find no comfort, even from reflections on the most
+refined of the cruelties with which they have glutted themselves."
+
+General Matthews was not exchanged until the close of the war. He then
+joined the Southern army under General Greene, and commanded the Third
+Virginia Regiment. While in the South, he bought a tract of land on
+Broad River, known as the Goose Pond. He settled there with his family
+in 1784. The fame he had won as a soldier made General Matthews at that
+time the principal man in Georgia. He was elected governor in 1786. When
+his term expired, he was sent to Congress. In 1794-95 he was again made
+governor; and it was at this time, that, contrary to all expectations,
+he was prevailed on to sign the Yazoo Act. No charge of corruption was
+ever made against him. No thief or swindler was ever bold enough to try
+to bribe such a high-spirited and fearless man. But excitement in
+the State ran so high, that General Matthews was ruined so far as his
+influence was concerned. He left Georgia, and never afterwards made the
+State his home for any long period.
+
+In 1811 a lot of runaway negroes, ruffians, and lawless men congregated
+in Florida in such numbers that they were able to get control of
+affairs. They formed a government of their own, and then petitioned
+the United States to make Florida one of their territories. President
+Madison appointed General Matthews the agent of the United States to
+negotiate with the "constituted authorities" for the annexation of
+Florida. General Matthews made a treaty with those who were in control
+of Florida; but Spain protested, and the President finally declared that
+the treaty had not been made with the "constituted authorities."
+
+General Matthews was not a learned man (he knew nothing of books),
+and he could not understand the fuss that was made over the term
+"constituted authorities." He became very angry with the President, said
+that that officer had a cowardly fear of Spain and Great Britain, and
+declared that he would go to Washington to "thrash" the President. He
+actually set out on that errand; but the fatigue and exposure which he
+had experienced in Florida, and the high state of excitement under
+which he labored, threw him into a fever while he was on his journey to
+Washington, and he died in Augusta in March, 1812.
+
+Previous to his Florida appointment, General Matthews had been nominated
+to be governor of the Territory of Mississippi by President Adams; but
+the opposition was so great that the President withdrew the nomination.
+When General Matthews heard of this, he promptly set out for
+Philadelphia to call the President to account. He rode to Mr. Adams's
+house, gave a loud knock on the door, and told the servant he wished
+to see the President. The servant said the President was engaged; but
+General Matthews bristled with anger at the bare thought that any man,
+even the President, could be engaged in any business more important
+than talking to George Matthews, late colonel of the Virginia line, and
+governor of the State of Georgia. Therefore he told the servant to go at
+once and tell the President that a gentleman wished to speak to him;
+and he added, that, if the message was not carried at once, the servant
+would find his head taken from his shoulders. General Matthews wore his
+Revolutionary sword and cocked hat, and he succeeded in convincing the
+servant that he was not to be trifled with. He was promptly admitted
+into the presence of Mr. Adams, and, with the touch of Irish brogue he
+had caught from his father, he made himself and his business known. He
+introduced himself, and then said to the President,--
+
+"Now, sir, I understand that you nominated me to the Senate of these
+United States, to be governor of the Territory of Mississippi, and that
+afterwards you took back the nomination. Sir, if you had known me, you
+would not have taken the nomination back. If you did not know me, you
+should not have nominated me to so important an office. Now, sir, unless
+you can satisfy me, your station as President of these United States
+shall not screen you from my vengeance."
+
+Mr. Adams at once made himself agreeable, for he had nothing but good
+will for the stanch Georgia Federalist. The outcome of the meeting was
+that the President promised to appoint the general's son John to be
+supervisor of the revenue, and this promise he carried out.
+
+Governor Gilmer, in his racy reminiscences of the people who settled
+in the Broad River region, draws an interesting portrait of General
+Matthews. He describes him as a short, thick man, with stout legs, on
+which he stood very straight. "He carried his head rather thrown back.
+His features were full and bluff, his hair light red, and his complexion
+fair and florid. He admitted no superior but General Washington. He
+spoke of his services to his country as unsurpassed except by those of
+his great chief. He wore a three-cornered cocked hat, top boots, a shirt
+full ruffled at the bosom and wrists, and sometimes a long sword at
+his side. To listen to his talk about himself, his children, and his
+affairs, one would have thought that he was but a puff of wind. Trade
+or talk of history with him, and he was found to be one of the shrewdest
+of men. Fight with him, and he never failed to act the hero. He was
+unlearned. He spelled 'coffee' k-a-u-g-h-p-h-y. He wrote 'Congress' with
+a K."
+
+When it is considered that he had small opportunity to train himself in
+any direction except rough fighting, General Matthews must be regarded
+as one of the most remarkable men of his time.
+
+Another remarkable man who figured largely in both the military and
+political history of the State was General John Clarke, son of the
+famous Elijah Clarke. John Clarke became a soldier in the Revolutionary
+War when a mere boy. He had followed his father to camp, and remained
+with him. He took part in many skirmishes; but at the battle of Kettle
+Creek, in Wilkes County, he distinguished himself by his coolness and
+courage. He fought through the war. He was made a lieutenant at sixteen
+years of age, and when the war ended he was a major. After the war he
+was made a brigadier, and then a major general of the militia. After
+aiding to run the British out of the State, and subduing the Tories,
+General Clarke turned his attention to the Indians. At the battle
+of Jacks Creek, in Walton County, in 1787, he greatly distinguished
+himself, having charge of one of the wings of the Georgia forces.
+
+It was natural that a man raised in camp, and brought up in the midst of
+the rough and tough elements that are collected together there, should
+possess qualities not calculated to fit him for the polite transactions
+that take place in drawing rooms and parlors. General Clarke's
+self-reliance was extreme. Having commanded men from the time he was
+sixteen, it was natural that his temper and his manners should be
+offensive, to some extent, to those who were not thoughtful enough to
+make due allowance for these things. It thus happened that when peace
+came, John Clarke's methods and practices made him many bitter enemies.
+On the other hand, the sterling qualities of his character made him many
+strong friends.
+
+Coming out of the war with neither trade nor profession, and with only
+the rudiments of an education, John Clarke was compelled to turn his
+attention to politics. With him politics was simply a modified form of
+war. He had never given any quarter to the Tories, and he gave small
+quarter to his political enemies. But he was as faithful to his friends
+in politics as he had been to the cause of American liberty. He was
+uncompromising, whether dealing with friends or enemies, and his temper
+was such that he regarded his opponents as his personal enemies. Of
+his political career, mention will be made in another place. It is
+sufficient to say that a quarrel he had with a judge divided the people
+of the State into two parties, and the contest between them was carried
+on for several years. The prejudices that sprang up in that contest
+lasted for more than a generation, and strong traces of them are to be
+found in estimates of General Clarke's character written long after he
+was dead.
+
+Only a man of the strongest character, and possessing the most
+remarkable qualities, could have made such a marked impression on the
+political history of a commonwealth.
+
+
+
+
+
+AFTER THE REVOLUTION.
+
+[Illustration: After the Revolution 152]
+
+The Revolution came to an end in Georgia when, on the 11th of July,
+1782, Savannah was taken possession of by the American troops under
+General Anthony Wayne. It ended for the whole country when, on the 30th
+of November of the same year, the treaty of peace was signed at Paris
+between the United States and Great Britain. The King of Great Britain
+acknowledged the independence of the Thirteen States, and declared them
+free and sovereign. This was a very happy event for the country, and
+had been long looked forward to by the people, sometimes doubtfully, but
+always hopefully.
+
+But the great victory that had been won found the people of Georgia
+prostrate. The little property that they possessed when the war
+began had either been spent in maintaining the struggle, or well-nigh
+destroyed by the raids of the British and Tories. In the larger
+communities of Savannah and Augusta, the citizens had the resources of
+trade and commerce to fall back on, but in the smaller settlements
+and rural districts the condition of the inhabitants bordered on
+destitution.
+
+At the time that Savannah was surrendered to the American troops, there
+was almost a famine in the land. The soldiers were without shoes, and
+sometimes they were without supplies. The crops were short on account
+of the lack of farmers. The condition of the people was quite as bad as
+that of the troops, especially when the disbanded militia returned to
+their homes. Houses, barns, and fences had been burned; stock and cattle
+had been slaughtered or driven away; and there was a great lack of even
+the necessities of life.
+
+But those whose energy and spirit upheld them through the long struggle
+for independence were not the men to surrender to the hard circumstances
+that surrounded them. They went to work as bravely as they had fought;
+and the sacrifices they made to peace were almost as severe, though
+not so bloody, as those they had made to war. Slowly, but surely and
+steadily, they reclaimed their waste farms. Slowly, but surely and
+steadily, they recovered from the prostration that the war had brought
+on their industries. Slowly, but surely and steadily, the people worked
+their way back to comparative prosperity. There may have been a few
+drones in the towns, but there were no idle hands in the country places.
+
+The men built for their families comfortable log cabins; and these,
+with their clean sanded floors, are still the fashion in some parts of
+Georgia. This done, they went about the business of raising crops, and
+stocking their farms with cattle. The women and children were just as
+busy. In every cabin could be heard the hum of the spinning wheel, and
+the thump of the old hand loom. While the men were engaged in their
+outdoor work, the women spun, wove, and made the comfortable jeans
+clothes that were the fashion; while the girls plaited straw, and made
+hats and bonnets, and in many other ways helped the older people. In
+a little while peddlers from the more northern States began to travel
+through Georgia with their various wares, some with pewter plates and
+spoons, and some with clocks. The peddlers traveled in wagons instead
+of carrying their packs on their backs, and in this way brought a great
+deal of merchandise to the State.
+
+As was natural, the political development of Georgia was much more rapid
+than its industrial progress. In January, 1783, Lyman Hall was elected
+governor. He was distinguished for the patriotic stand he took at the
+very beginning of the controversy between the Colony and the King. The
+Legislature met in Savannah after the evacuation of the town by the
+British; but it was so far from the central and upper portions of the
+State, and there was so much dissatisfaction among the people on this
+account, that in May Augusta was made the capital. In that town the
+General Assembly met July 8, 1783. Measures were at once taken to seize
+land, and confiscate the property of those Royalists who had lived
+in Georgia. This property was sold for the benefit of the public. In
+November of the same year a new cession of land was obtained from the
+Creek nation by treaty. This was divided into the counties of Franklin
+and Washington, and the land distributed in bounties to the soldiers of
+the war.
+
+It is worthy of note that about this time, when the State had hardly
+begun to recover from the effects of the war, the representatives of
+the people began to move in the matter of education. The Constitution
+of 1777 had declared that "schools shall be erected in each county, and
+supported by the general expense of the State." On the 31st of July,
+1783, the Legislature appropriated one thousand acres of land to each
+county for the support of free schools. In 1784, a short time after
+the notification of the treaty of peace, the Legislature passed an
+act appropriating forty thousand acres of land for the endowment of a
+college or university. A year later the charter for this university was
+granted; and the preamble of the act declares it to be the policy of the
+State to foster education in the most liberal way. It so happened that
+some of the provisions that had been made for public education were
+not carried out at once, and the people of the various settlements
+established schools of their own. Many of the best teachers of the
+country came to Georgia from the more northern States; and some of them
+won a reputation that has lasted to this day. Later, more than one
+of these teachers established schools that became famous all over the
+country. In this way the reign of the "old field schoolmaster" began,
+and continued for many years.
+
+[Illustration: Early Cultivation of Cotton 156]
+
+The people had been cultivating cotton on a small scale before 1791; but
+the staple was so difficult to handle, that the planting was limited.
+Those who grew it were compelled to separate the seed from the lint by
+hand, and this was so tedious that few people would grow it. But in
+1793, Eli Whitney, who was living on the plantation of General Greene,
+near Savannah, invented the cotton gin. The machine was a very awkward
+and cumbrous affair compared with the gins of the present day; but in
+that day and time, and for many years after, the Whitney was sufficient
+for the needs of the people. It was one of the most important inventions
+that have ever been made. It gave to the commerce of the world a staple
+commodity that is in universal demand, and it gave to the people of the
+South their most valuable and important crop. But for this timely
+invention, the cultivation of cotton would have been confined to the
+narrowest limits. The gin proved to be practicable, and it came into use
+very quickly. The farmers prospered, and gradually increased the cotton
+crop.
+
+The population also increased very rapidly. The rich lands were
+purchased and settled on by farmers from Virginia and the Carolinas. The
+colony that had been planted by Oglethorpe had never ventured very far
+from the seacoast. A few probably followed the course of the Savannah
+River, and made their homes in that region; but the people brought
+over by Oglethorpe were not of the stuff that pioneers are made of. The
+experience they had undergone in the mother country had tamed them
+to such a degree that they had no desire to brave the future in the
+wilderness. Adventures of that kind were left for the hardy North
+Carolinians and Virginians who first settled what was then known as
+Upper Georgia. After the Revolution, this tide of immigration increased
+very rapidly, and it was still further swelled by the profits that the
+Whitney gin enabled the planters of Georgia to make out of their cotton
+crops.
+
+The settling of Georgia began with the charitable scheme of Oglethorpe.
+The making of Georgia began when the North Carolinians and Virginians
+began to open up the Broad River region to the north of Augusta. It was
+due to the desperate stand taken by these hardy pioneers that Georgia
+continued the struggle for American independence. To Upper Georgia
+came some of the best families from Virginia and North Carolina,--the
+Grattons, the Lewises, the Clarkes, the Strothers, the Crawfords,
+the Reeses, the Harrises, the Andrewses, the Taliaferros (pronounced
+Tollivers), the Campbells, the Barnetts, the Toombses, the Doolys,
+and many other families whose names have figured in the history of
+the country. Here also settled James Jack, the sturdy patriot who
+volunteered to carry the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence to
+Philadelphia. The Congress then in session chose to shut its eyes to
+that declaration, but it was the basis and framework of the Declaration
+afterwards written by Thomas Jefferson.
+
+After the Revolution, when the Cherokees went on the warpath, the
+Virginia settlement was in a state of great alarm. Men, women, and
+children met together, and decided that it would be safer to camp in
+the woods in a body at night rather than run the risk of being burned to
+death in houses that they could not defend. They went into the depths
+of the woods and made an encampment. One night while they were around a
+fire, cooking their supper, suddenly the report of a gun was heard, and
+then there was a cry of "Indians!" The men seized their guns; but they
+hardly knew where to turn, or what to do. Suddenly a lad who had not
+lost his head emptied a bucket of water on the fire. This was the
+thing to do, but no one else had thought of it. The name of the lad
+was Meriwether Lewis. He went into the regular army, became the private
+secretary of President Jefferson, and was selected to head the party
+that explored the Territory of Louisiana, which had been bought from
+France. Meriwether Lewis selected for his companion Captain Clark, an
+old army friend and comrade. Leading the party, Lewis and his friend
+Clark left St. Louis, and pushed westward to the Pacific coast, through
+dangers and obstacles that few men would have cared to meet. The famous
+expedition of Lewis and Clark has now become a part of the history of
+the country. Lewis took possession of the Pacific coast in the name of
+the United States. There was a controversy with Great Britain some years
+afterwards as to the title of Oregon, but that which Lewis and Clark had
+established was finally acknowledged to be the best.
+
+Meriwether Lewis won a name in history because the opportunity came to
+him. His name is mentioned here because he was a representative of the
+men who settled Upper Georgia,--the men who kept the fires of liberty
+alive in the State, and who, after helping to conquer the British and
+the Tories, became the conquerors of the wilderness that lay to the west
+of them. From Wilkes, Burke, Elbert, and the region where Clarke and his
+men had fought, the tide of emigration slowly moved across the State,
+settling Greene, Hancock, Baldwin, Putnam, Morgan, Jasper, Butts,
+Monroe, Coweta, Upson, Pike, Meriwether, Talbot, Harris, and Muscogee
+counties.
+
+Some of the more adventurous crossed the Chattahoochee into Alabama, and
+on into the great Mississippi Valley and beyond. Their descendants live
+in every part of the South; and Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas have had
+Georgians for their governors, and their senators and representatives in
+Congress,--men who were descended from the Virginia and North Carolina
+immigrants. One of the most brilliant of these was Mirabeau B. Lamar,
+scholar, statesman, and soldier, the president of Texas when that
+Territory had declared itself a free and an independent republic.
+
+
+
+
+THE COTTON GIN.
+
+Brief mention has been made of Whitney's invention of the cotton gin.
+The event was of such world-wide importance that the story should be
+told here. Whitney, the inventor of the gin, was born in Massachusetts
+in 1765, in very poor circumstances. While the War of the Revolution was
+going on, he was earning his living by making nails by hand. He was such
+an apt mechanic that he was able to make and save enough money to pay
+his way through Yale College, where he graduated in 1792. In that year
+he engaged himself to come to Georgia as a private tutor in the family
+of a gentleman of Savannah; but when he reached that city, he found that
+the place had been filled.
+
+While in Savannah, Whitney attracted the attention of the widow of
+General Nathanael Greene, who lived at Mulberry Grove, on the river at
+no great distance from the city. Mrs. Greene invited the young man to
+make his home on her plantation. He soon found opportunity to show his
+fine mechanical genius, and Mrs. Greene became more interested in him
+than ever.
+
+The story goes, that soon after the young man had established himself on
+the Mulberry Grove Plantation, several Georgia planters were dining with
+Mrs. Greene. During their conversation the difficulty of removing the
+seed from the cotton fiber was mentioned, and the suggestion was made
+that this might be done by machinery. At this Mrs. Greene mentioned the
+skill and ingenuity of young Whitney, and advised her guests that he
+should be given the problem to solve. This advice was followed. The
+planters had a talk with the young man, and explained to him the
+difficulty which they found in separating the seed from the lint.
+
+At that time one pound of lint cotton was all that a negro woman could
+separate from the seed in a day; and the more cotton the planters
+raised, the deeper they got in debt. The close of the war had found them
+in a state of the utmost poverty, so that they had been compelled to
+mortgage their lands in order to get money on which to begin business.
+Cotton was the only product of the farm for which there was any constant
+demand; but, owing to the labor of separating the lint from the seed,
+it could not be raised at a profit. Thus, in 1791, the number of pounds
+exported from the South to Europe amounted to only about 379 bales of
+500 pounds each.
+
+When the planters went to Whitney with their problem, he was entirely
+ignorant of the whole matter. He knew nothing of cotton or of cotton
+planting; but he at once set himself at work. He made a careful study of
+the cotton plant. He shut himself in a room with some uncleaned cotton,
+and worked at his task during a whole winter. He made his own tools at
+the plantation blacksmith shop; and all day long, and sometimes far into
+the night, he could be heard hammering and sawing away.
+
+In 1793 he called together the planters who had asked him to solve the
+problem, and showed them the machine, which he called a cotton gin. When
+they saw it work, their surprise and delight knew no bounds. They
+knew at once that the problem had been solved by the young genius from
+Massachusetts. Little calculation was needed to show them that the
+cotton gin could clean as much cotton in a day as could be cleaned on
+a plantation during a whole winter. What before had been the work of a
+hundred hands for several months could now be completed in a few days.
+
+[Illustration: Whitney and his Cotton Gin 163]
+
+But it seems to be the fate of the majority of those who make wonderful
+inventions never to enjoy the full benefits of the work of their genius.
+Eli Whitney was not an exception to the general rule. While he was
+working on his cotton gin, rumors of it went abroad; and by the time it
+was completed, public expectation was on tiptoe. When the machine was
+finished, it was shown to only a few people; but the fact, of such
+immense importance to the people of the State, was soon known throughout
+the State, and the planters impatiently waited for the day when they
+would be able to put it in use.
+
+One night the building in which Whitney's cotton gin was concealed
+was broken into, ransacked, and the machine carried off. It was a bold
+robbery, and a very successful one. The inventor made haste to build
+another gin; but before he could get his model completed, and obtain
+a patent right to the invention, the machine had been manufactured at
+various points in the South by other parties, and was in operation on
+several plantations. Whitney formed a partnership with a gentleman who
+had some capital, and went to Connecticut to manufacture his gin; but he
+was compelled to spend all the money he could make, fighting lawsuits.
+His patent had been infringed, and those who sought to rob him of the
+fruits of his labor took a bold stand. The result of all this was, that
+the inventor never received any just compensation for a machine that
+revolutionized the commerce of the country, and added enormously to the
+power and progress of the Republic. Lord Macaulay said that Eli Whitney
+did more to make the United States powerful than Peter the Great did to
+make the Russian Empire dominant. Robert Fulton declared that Arkwright,
+Watt, and Whitney were the three men that did more for mankind than any
+of their contemporaries. This is easy to believe, when we remember that
+while the South shipped 6 bags of cotton to England in 1786, and only
+379 in 1791, ten years after the cotton gin came into use, 82,000
+bales were exported. The very importance of Whitney's invention made
+it immensely profitable for the vicious and the depraved to seize and
+appropriate the inventor's rights. These robberies were upheld by those
+who were anxious to share in the profits; and political demagogues made
+themselves popular by misrepresenting Whitney, and clamoring against
+the law that was intended to protect him. It was only by means of this
+clamor, half political and wholly dishonest, that the plain rights
+of Whitney could be denied and justice postponed. His invention was
+entirely new. It was distinct from every other. It had no connection
+with and no relation to any other invention that had been made. It stood
+alone, and there could be no difficulty whatever in identifying it. And
+yet Whitney had just this difficulty. In his efforts to prove that he
+was the inventor of the cotton gin, and that he was entitled to a share
+of the immense profits that those who used it were reaping, he had to
+travel thousands of miles, and spend thousands of dollars in appearing
+before Legislatures and in courts that denied him justice. The life
+of his patent had nearly expired before any court finally enforced
+his right, and Congress refused to grant him an extension beyond
+the fourteen years that had then nearly expired. Associations and
+combinations had been formed for the purpose of defrauding Whitney, and
+these were represented by the ablest lawyers that could be hired. It is
+no wonder that Whitney, in writing to Robert Fulton, a brother inventor,
+declared that the troubles he had to contend with were the result of a
+lack of desire on the part of mankind to see justice done. The truth is,
+his invention was of such prime importance that the public fought for
+its possession, and justice and honesty were for the moment lost sight
+of. At one time but a few men in Georgia were bold enough to go into
+court and testify to the simplest facts within their knowledge;
+and Whitney himself says, that in one instance he had the greatest
+difficulty in proving that the machine had been used in Georgia,
+although at that very moment three, separate gins were at work within
+fifty yards of the building in which the court sat. They were all so
+near, that the rattle and hum of the machinery could be heard from the
+court-house steps.
+
+In December, 1807, a judge was found to affirm the rights of Whitney
+under his patent. The judge's name was Johnson; and in his decision he
+said, "The whole interior of the Southern States was languishing, and
+its inhabitants emigrating for want of some object to engage their
+attention and employ their industry, when the invention of this machine
+at once opened views to them which set the whole country in active
+motion. From childhood to age it has presented to us a lucrative
+employment. Individuals who were depressed with poverty, and sunk in
+idleness, have suddenly risen to wealth and respectability. Our debts
+have been paid off. Our capital has increased, and our lands have
+trebled themselves in value. We cannot express the weight of the
+obligation which the country owes to this invention. The extent of it
+cannot now be seen."
+
+The language of the learned judge was high-flown; but he was a just
+judge, and he had a faint and glimmering idea of the real importance of
+this remarkable invention. It was a very simple affair. The principle
+came to Whitney in a flash, and he had a model constructed within ten
+days after the despairing planters had gone to him with their problem.
+But it may be doubted whether any other individual, by one simple
+invention, ever did so much for the progress and enrichment of human
+interests, and for the welfare and the comfort of the human race. This
+little machine made the agriculture of the South the strongest and the
+richest in the world, and gave to this section a political power that
+was for years supreme in the nation, and was only surrendered as the
+result of a long and exhausting war. By means of the cotton gin, towns
+and cities have sprung up, and a vast network of railways has been
+built; and yet the most that Whitney received was a royalty on his gin
+in North Carolina, and a donation of fifty thousand dollars from the
+State of South Carolina. In Georgia his right to his invention was
+stolen, and all that he got out of it was a number of costly lawsuits.
+
+After struggling for five years against the overwhelming odds that
+avarice and greed had mustered to aid them, Whitney turned his attention
+in another direction, and made a still more remarkable display of his
+genius. This part of his career does not belong directly to the history
+of Georgia, but it is interesting enough to be briefly recorded here.
+The United States Government was in want of arms, and this want various
+contractors had failed to meet. Through the influence of the secretary
+of the treasury, Whitney was given a contract to make ten thousand
+muskets at $13.40 apiece. He had no capital, no works, no machinery, no
+tools, no skilled workmen, no raw material. In creating a part of these
+and commanding the rest, he called into play an inventive genius, the
+extent of which must always excite wonder and admiration.
+
+Within ten years he created his own works, and invented and made his own
+tools, invented and made his own machinery. More than this, he invented
+and applied a wholly new principle of manufacture,--a principle that
+has done more to advance human industry and increase wealth all over the
+world than any other known effort of the human mind to solve material
+problems. He invented and developed the principle or system of making
+the various parts of a musket or any other complex manufactured
+article, such as the sewing machine, so absolutely uniform as to be
+interchangeable. This principle has been carried out in hundreds of
+thousands of different ways. It has entered into and become a feature of
+a vast range of manufactures. The principle was established by a series
+of inventions as wonderful as any that the human mind ever conceived,
+so that Whitney has been aptly called the Shakespeare of invention. His
+inventions remain practically unchanged. After ninety years of trial,
+they are found to be practically perfect.
+
+It was his peculiar gift to be able to convey into inanimate machinery
+the skill that a human being could acquire only after years of study and
+practice.
+
+It is almost like belittling the greatest of marvels to call it a
+stroke of genius. He made it possible for the most ordinary laborer
+to accomplish a hundred times as much in an hour, and with the most
+exquisite perfection, as a skilled laborer could accomplish in a day.
+
+On these wonderful inventions Whitney took out no patents. He gave them
+all to the public. In this way he revenged himself on those who had
+successfully robbed him of the fruits of his labor and genius in the
+invention of the cotton gin. Perhaps if he had been more justly treated
+in Georgia, he might have set up his works in this State, and this fact
+might have made the South the seat of great manufacturing industries.
+Who knows?
+
+
+
+
+SOME GEORGIA INVENTIONS.
+
+The credit of inventing the steamboat is by general consent given to
+Robert Fulton. Every schoolboy is taught that such is the case, and yet
+the fact is at least very doubtful. There is preserved among the papers
+in the Archives of Georgia a document that indicates, that, while Robert
+Fulton has won the credit for an invention that has revolutionized
+the commerce of the world, the real inventor may have been William
+Longstreet of Augusta, an uncle of General James B. Longstreet, and the
+father of Judge A. B. Longstreet, author of "Georgia Scenes." On the
+26th of September, 1790, William Longstreet sent the following letter to
+Edward Telfair, who was then governor of Georgia:--
+
+     Sir,--I make no doubt but you have heard of my steamboat
+     and as often heard it laughed at. But in this I have only
+     shared the fate of all other projectors, for it has
+     uniformly been the custom of every country to ridicule even
+     the greatest inventions until use has proved their utility.
+
+     My not reducing my scheme to practice has been a little
+     unfortunate for me, I confess, and perhaps for the people in
+     general, but until very lately I did not think that either
+     artists or material could be had in the place sufficient.
+     However, necessity, that grand science of invention, has
+     furnished me with an idea of perfecting my plans almost
+     entirely with wooden materials, and by such workmen as may
+     be got here, and from a thorough confidence of its success,
+     I have presumed to ask your assistance and patronage.
+
+     Should it succeed agreeable to my expectations, I hope I
+     shall discover that source of duty which such favors always
+     merit, and should it not succeed, your reward must lay with
+     other unlucky adventurers.
+
+     For me to mention to you all the advantages arising from
+     such a machine would be tedious, and, indeed, quite
+     unnecessary, Therefore I have taken the liberty to state in
+     this plain and humble manner my wish and opinion, which I
+     hope you will excuse, and I will remain, either with or
+     without approbation,
+
+     Your Excellency's most obedient and very humble servant,
+
+     William Longstreet.
+
+There are two features of this letter that ought to attract attention.
+One is that William Longstreet has the name of "steamboat" as pat as if
+the machine were in common use. The second is his allusion to the fact
+that his conception of a boat to be propelled by steam was so well known
+as to be noised abroad.
+
+Credit is sometimes given to John Fitch, who, it is said, invented a
+boat propelled by steam, that carried passengers on the Delaware River
+in 1787. An Englishman named Symington is said to have run a steamboat
+in 1801, while Robert Fulton's success was delayed until 1806. All these
+men have received credit for their efforts to benefit humanity, but
+history is silent in regard to William Longstreet. In one book about
+Georgia the remark is made that "James Longstreet is said to have
+invented the steamboat in 1793," but in this instance neither the name
+nor the date is correct.
+
+In old St. Paul's churchyard in Augusta there is a tombstone which
+bears the inscription, "Sacred to the memory of William Longstreet, who
+departed this life September 1, 1814, aged 54 years, 10 months, and
+26 days." Below this runs the pleasant legend, "All the days of the
+afflicted are evil, but he that is of a merry heart hath a continual
+feast." We are thus left to infer that William Longstreet was a man of a
+merry heart; and that fact is certified to by the cleverness with which
+his son, the author of "Georgia Scenes," has preserved for us some of
+the quaint characters that lived and moved and had their being on the
+borders of Georgia society directly after the Revolution.
+
+[Illustration: William Longstreet and his Steamboat 172]
+
+Being an inventor, a man of ingenious ideas, and somewhat ambitious of
+serving the public in that way, William Long-street certainly had need
+of a merry heart; for, as he himself says, the way of the projector
+is hard. The term itself is used in Georgia to this day to express a
+certain sort of good-natured contempt. Go into the country places and
+ask after some acquaintance who has not prospered in a worldly way, and
+the answer will be, "Oh, he's just a prodjikin around."
+
+It is certain that William Longstreet knew that steam could be used as
+a motive power long before it was so applied; and because he employed
+a good deal of his time in trying to discover the principle, he was
+ridiculed by his neighbors and friends, and the more thoughtless among
+them didn't know whether he was a crank, a half-wit, or a "luny." From
+all accounts, he was a modest, shy, retiring man, though a merry one. He
+had but little money to devote to the experiments he wished to make, and
+in this was not different from the great majority of inventors.
+
+For a long time Longstreet's zeal and enthusiasm attracted the attention
+of a few of his wealthy friends, and these furnished him such money as
+he wanted; but no very long time was needed to convince those who
+were spending their money that the idea of propelling a boat by steam,
+instead of by sails or oars, was ridiculous. Longstreet made many
+experiments, but he had not hit upon the method of applying the
+principle he had in mind: consequently his rich friends closed their
+purses, and left him entirely to his own resources. A newspaper
+publication, in giving some of the facts in regard to Longstreet's
+efforts, says that he and his steamboat were made the subject of a comic
+song:--
+
+          "Can you row the boat ashore,
+          Billy boy, Billy boy?
+          Can you row the boat ashore,
+          Gentle Billy?
+
+          Can you row the boat ashore
+          Without a paddle or an oar,
+          Billy boy?"
+
+Though he had failed many times, Longstreet was not disheartened. He
+continued his experiments, and at last succeeded in making a toy boat,
+which he exhibited to a few friends. His idea at this time, it seems,
+was not to construct a steamboat, but merely to convince some of his
+friends that steam could be used as a motive power. But in this he was
+not very successful. His toy boat did all that he wanted it to do; but
+his friends declared, that while steam might be used to move a small
+boat, it could never be used to move a large one. The experience of a
+new generation showed that there was one wise man in Augusta and a great
+many fools. Nevertheless William Longstreet determined to show that
+a large boat could be moved by a large amount of steam as easily as a
+small boat could be moved by a small volume.
+
+Now, while he was making his experiments; and trying to overcome the
+difficulties that presented themselves, Robert Fulton was living in
+Paris with Joel Barlow. He was in Paris when Napoleon became first
+consul. At that time he was experimenting with his diving boat and
+submarine torpedo. Napoleon was so much interested in this work that
+he gave Fulton ten thousand francs to carry it on. The inventor was
+in France in 1803 when Napoleon organized his army for the invasion of
+England. He was surrounded by influential friends, and he had money at
+his command.
+
+Compared with William Longstreet, Robert Fulton was "in clover."
+Longstreet was compelled to work without money, and in the midst of a
+community whose curiosity had developed into criticism and ridicule.
+Thus it was not until 1806 that he succeeded in completing a steamboat
+that would accommodate twenty or twenty-five persons. He went on board,
+accompanied by such of his friends as he could persuade, and in the
+presence of a curious and doubting crowd the first real steamboat was
+launched on the Savannah River. Some of the friends of those on board,
+feeling anxious for their safety if the "contraption" should explode,
+secured a skiff, and followed the steamboat at a safe distance, ready
+to pick up such of the passengers as might survive when the affair had
+blown to pieces. Longstreet headed the boat down the river, and went in
+that direction for several miles. Then he turned the head of the little
+boat upstream; and, although the current was swift, he carried his
+passengers back to the wharf, and several miles above.
+
+From that hour William Longstreet became a man of some consequence in
+the community. Those who had ridiculed him now sang his praises, and
+those who had doubted that steam could be used as a motive power were
+now convinced. His friends tried hard to get him to go to Washington and
+secure the benefits of a patent for his invention; but he persistently
+refused to take any steps to profit by the results of his genius, or
+indeed to make his invention known. His constant reply to all those who
+tried to persuade him to go to Washington was, that he had carried
+on his experiments simply to prove the truth of his theory to his own
+satisfaction, and to convince those whose respect he coveted that he was
+neither a fool nor a crank.
+
+Some of his friends and admirers were themselves preparing to go to
+Washington in behalf of the inventor, but they had put off their journey
+until the year after the exhibition was made in Augusta, and at
+that time they heard that Robert Fulton had exhibited his steamboat
+"Clermont" on the Hudson River. They then gave up their design, and
+William Longstreet continued to remain in the seclusion that was so
+pleasant to him.
+
+It is a noteworthy fact, that twelve years after William Longstreet made
+his successful experiments on the Savannah River, Georgia enterprise
+built, launched, and managed the first steamship that ever crossed the
+ocean. This great enterprise was organized in Savannah in 1818. The
+Georgia Company contracted to have the ship built in New York; and when
+completed, it was named the "Savannah." The vessel was finished and
+brought to Savannah in April, 1819. In May the steamship left Savannah
+bound for Liverpool. From Liverpool it went to St. Petersburg, and then
+returned to Savannah, having made the voyage in fifty days.
+
+The first sewing machine was invented by Rev. Frank R. Goulding, a
+Georgian who has won fame among the children of the land as the author
+of "The Young Marooners." He invented the sewing machine for the purpose
+of lightening the labors of his wife; and she used it for some years
+before some other genius invented it, or some traveler stole the idea
+and improved on it.
+
+Dr. Crawford W. Long, in 1842, when twenty-seven years of age, performed
+the first painless surgical operation that is known to history. In 1839,
+Velpeau of Paris declared that the attempts to find some agent by which
+to prevent pain in surgical operations was nothing less than chimerical;
+and as late as 1846 Sir Benjamin Brodie said, "Physicians and surgeons
+have been looking in vain, from the days of Hippocrates down to the
+present time, for the means of allaying or preventing bodily pain." And
+yet three years after the declaration of Velpeau, and four years before
+the statement of Sir Benjamin Brodie, the young Georgia physician had
+removed a tumor from the neck of a patient, and that patient had felt no
+pain.
+
+The story is very interesting. Dr. Crawford W. Long was born in
+Danielsville, Madison County, Ga., on the 1st of November, 1815. He
+graduated at the University of Georgia, studied medicine, and graduated
+at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania. He then
+went to Jefferson, Jackson County, where he opened an office, and
+practiced medicine for many years.
+
+[Illustration: Laughing Gas 177]
+
+In those days the young men living in the country districts, for want
+of something better to amuse them, were in the habit of inhaling
+nitrous-oxide gas, or, as it was then popularly known, "laughing gas."
+The young people would gather together, and some of them would inhale
+the gas until they came under its influence. The result was in most
+cases very amusing. Some would laugh, some would cry, and all in
+various ways would carry out the peculiarities of their characters and
+dispositions. Thus, if a young man had an inward inclination to preach,
+he would, under the influence of "laughing gas," proceed to deliver a
+sermon. As these "laughing-gas" parties were exhilarating to the young
+people who inhaled the gas, and amusing to those who were spectators,
+they became very popular.
+
+But it was not always easy to secure the gas. On one occasion a company
+of young men went to Dr. Long's office and asked him to make them a
+supply of "laughing gas." There was no apparatus in the office suitable
+for making it, but Dr. Long told the young men that the inhalation of
+sulphuric ether would have the same effect. He had become acquainted
+with this property of ether while studying medicine in Philadelphia.
+The young men and their friends were so well pleased with the effects
+of ether inhalation, that "ether parties" became fashionable in that
+section, as well as in other parts of the State. At these ether parties,
+Dr. Long noticed that persons who received injuries while under its
+influence felt no pain. On one occasion a young man received an injury
+to his ankle joint that disabled him for several days, and he told Dr.
+Long that he did not feel the slightest pain until the effects of the
+ether had passed off. Observing these facts, Dr. Long was led to believe
+that surgical operations might be performed without pain.
+
+Dr. Long's theory was formed in 1841, but he waited for some time before
+testing it, in the hope that a case of surgery of some importance--the
+amputation of an arm or a leg--might fall in his practice. On the 30th
+of March, 1842, Dr. Long removed a tumor from the neck of Mr. James
+M. Venable. On the 6th of June, the same year, another small tumor was
+removed from the neck of the same patient, and both operations were
+painless. Mr. Venable inhaled sulphuric ether, and the effect of it was
+to render him insensible to the pain of cutting out the tumors.
+
+Dr. Long had told Mr. Venable that he would charge little or nothing for
+removing the tumors under the influence of ether. The bill rendered
+for both operations amounted to $4.50; but, small as the bill was,
+it represented the discovery and application of ether in surgical
+practice,--one of the greatest boons to mankind. Up to that time no
+patient under the surgeon's knife had ever been able to escape the
+horror and pain of an operation.
+
+Dr. Long did not at once print the facts about his discovery. He wanted
+to make assurance doubly sure. He waited in the hope of having an
+important case of surgery under his charge, such as the amputation of
+a leg or an arm. But these cases, rare at any time, were still rarer at
+that time, especially in the region where Dr. Long practiced. He finally
+satisfied himself, however, of the importance of his discovery, but,
+having waited until 1846, found that at least three persons--Wells,
+Jackson, and Morton--had hit on the same discovery, and had made
+publication of it. Morton patented ether under the name of "Letheon,"
+and in October, 1846, administered it to a patient in the Massachusetts
+General Hospital.
+
+In 1844, Horace Wells, a native of Vermont, discovered that the
+inhalation of nitrous-oxide gas produces anaesthesia. He was a dentist.
+He gave it to his patients, and was able to perform dental operations
+without causing pain. Thus we may see how the case stands. Long produced
+anaesthesia in 1842; that is to say, he caused his patients to inhale
+sulphuric ether in that year, whenever he had a painful operation to
+perform, and in each case the operation was painless.
+
+In 1846, when the surgeons of the Massachusetts General Hospital
+performed painless operations on patients, after administering to them
+Morton's patented "Letheon," which was his name for sulphuric ether,
+there came about a great war of pamphlets, and it ended tragically.
+Long had never made any secret of the substance which he used. He gave
+information of it to all the surgeons and doctors with whom he came in
+contact; and he was not in any way concerned in the conflict that was
+carried on by Jackson, Morton, and Wells. He simply gathered together
+the facts of his discovery, proved that he was the first physician to
+perform painless operations in surgery, and that was the end of it so
+far as he was concerned.
+
+Wells became insane, and committed suicide in New York in 1848. Morton
+died in New York City of congestion of the brain. Jackson ended his days
+in an insane asylum.
+
+In Boston a monument has been erected to the discoverer of anaesthesia.
+The name of Crawford W. Long should stand first upon it, and should be
+followed by the names of Wells, Morton, and Jackson.
+
+[Illustration: Early Progress of the State 181]
+
+
+
+
+THE EARLY PROGRESS OF THE STATE.
+
+After the invention of the cotton gin, the progress of the people
+and the development of the agriculture of the State went forward very
+rapidly. The population began to increase. The movement of families from
+Virginia and North Carolina grew constantly larger. In Virginia, and
+in settled portions of North Carolina, it was found that the soil
+and climate were not favorable to the growth of the cotton plant:
+consequently hundreds of families left their homes in these States, and
+came to Georgia.
+
+When Oglethorpe settled the Colony, the charter under which he acted
+prohibited the introduction and use of negro slaves in the Colony. It
+is hard to say at this late day whether this portion of the charter was
+dictated by feelings of humanity, especially when we remember that
+in those days, and in most of the Colonies, there were many white
+people--men, women, and children--employed and used as slaves. From
+the very first, many of the Georgia colonists were anxious to introduce
+negro slaves, but the trustees firmly refused to allow it. There was a
+strong party in favor of introducing negroes, and those who opposed
+the movement presently found themselves in a very small and unpopular
+minority. By 1748 the excitement over the question had grown so great,
+that those colonists who were opposed to negro slavery were compelled to
+abandon their position. Rev. Mr. Whitefield, the eloquent preacher, had
+already bought and placed negro slaves at his Orphan House at Bethesda,
+near Savannah. The colonists had also treated this part of the charter
+with contempt. They pretended to hire negroes' homes in South Carolina
+for a hundred years, or during life. They paid the "hire" in advance,
+the sum being the full value of the slaves. Finally negroes were
+bought openly from traders in Savannah. Some of them were seized; but
+a majority of the magistrates were in favor of the introduction of
+negroes, and they were able to postpone legal decisions from time to
+time.
+
+Rev. George Whitefield, whose wonderful eloquence has made his name
+famous, and Hon. James Habersham, had great influence with the trustees;
+and it was mainly due to their efforts that the colonists were legally
+allowed to purchase and use negro slaves. Mr. Habersham affirmed that
+the Colony could not prosper without slave labor. Rev. Mr. Whitefield,
+on the other hand, was in favor of negro slavery on the broad ground of
+philanthropy. He boldly declared that it would be of great advantage
+to the African to be brought from his barbarous surroundings and placed
+among civilized Christians. When we remember what has happened, who
+can deny that the remark of the eloquent preacher was not more to the
+purpose, and nearer to the truth, than some of the modern statements
+about American slavery? What really happened (as any one may discover by
+looking into impartial history) was, that thousands of negroes who had
+been captured in battle, and made slaves of in their own country,
+were taken from that dark land and brought into the light of Christian
+civilization. Their condition, mentally and morally, was so improved,
+that, in little more than a century after White-field made his
+statement, the government of the United States ventured to make citizens
+of them. The contrast between their condition and that of the negroes
+who remained in Africa is so startling, that a well-known abolitionist,
+writing twenty years after emancipation, has described slavery as a
+great university, which the negroes entered as barbarians, and came out
+of as Christians and citizens.
+
+The efforts of the Colony to secure a repeal of the act prohibiting
+slavery were successful. The trustees in London concluded that it would
+be better to permit slavery, with such restrictions and limitations as
+might be proper, than to permit the wholesale violations that were then
+going on; and so in 1749 the colonists of Georgia were allowed by law to
+own and use negro slaves.
+
+Thus, when the cotton gin came fairly into use, slavery had been legally
+allowed in Georgia for nearly half a century. The rest of the Colonies
+had long enjoyed that privilege. The cotton gin, therefore, had a
+twofold effect,--it increased the cotton crop and the value of the
+lands, and it also increased the use of negro slaves. The Virginians and
+North Carolinians, who came to Georgia, brought their slaves with them;
+and the Georgians, as their crops became profitable, laid out their
+surplus cash in buying more negroes. The slave trade became very
+prosperous, and both Old England and New England devoted a large amount
+of capital and enterprise to this branch of commerce.
+
+As the population increased, and the cotton crop became more valuable,
+the demand for land became keener. To this fact was due the intense
+excitement kindled by the Yazoo Fraud in 1794. The cotton gin had been
+introduced the year before, and the people were beginning to see and
+appreciate the influence the invention would have on their prosperity.
+Instead of selling land to speculators, they wanted to keep it for
+themselves and children, or at least to get something like its real
+value.
+
+The cotton gin had increased not only the demand for negro slaves, but
+also the demand for land; and indirectly it was the cause of the various
+troubles the State had with the Indians after the close of the War for
+Independence. The troubles with the Indians also led finally to serious
+misunderstandings between the United States Government and that of
+Georgia. In May, 1796, a treaty was made between the United States and
+the Creeks. This treaty created some indignation among the people, and
+was denounced as an interference by the General Government with State
+affairs. The lands which the Indians ceded to the United States were a
+part of the Territory of Georgia, and the transaction gave rise to much
+discussion and considerable bad feeling.
+
+In ten years, from 1790 to 1800, the population in Georgia had increased
+more than eighty thousand. During the next ten years the increase in the
+population was more than ninety thousand. This increase meant a still
+greater demand for farm lands. Westward the Territory of Georgia
+extended to the Mississippi River. The agitation which began over this
+rich possession when the Yazoo Fraud was attempted, was kept up until
+1800, when Georgia appointed four of her most prominent citizens to
+meet with commissioners appointed by the United States; and settle all
+questions that had arisen. The result was, that Georgia ceded to the
+General Government all her lands belonging to the State, south of
+Tennessee and west of the Chattahoochee River. These lands were to be
+sold, and out of the proceeds the State was to receive $1,250,-000. It
+was also provided that the United States, at its own expense, should
+extinguish the Indian titles to the lands held by the Creeks between
+the forks of the Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, and that in like manner the
+General Government should extinguish the Indian title to all the other
+lands within the State of Georgia. Under this agreement, and the Indian
+treaty based upon it, nearly all of the lands lying between the Oconee
+and Ocmulgee rivers were opened up for occupation and cultivation.
+
+All the Territory of Georgia was looked upon by the people as a public
+domain, belonging to the State for distribution among the citizens. The
+lands east of the Oconee were divided among the people under the plan
+known as the "Head Right System." By this system every citizen was
+allowed to choose, and survey to suit himself, a body of unoccupied
+land. This done, he received a title called a "head right land warrant,"
+which was issued to him when he paid a small fee and a nominal price
+for the land. If no one had previously appropriated the same land, the
+warrant was his title. But much confusion arose in the distribution of
+titles, and serious disputes grew out of it. The poorer sections of land
+were neglected, and only the most fertile sections surveyed.
+
+When the lands west of the Oconee were acquired, the clumsy Head Right
+System was given up for what is known as the "Land Lottery System." "All
+free white males, twenty-one years of age or older, every married man
+with children under age, widows with children, and all families of
+orphan minors," were allowed to draw in the lottery. Lists of these
+persons were made out in each count, and sent to the governor. The
+lottery was drawn under the management of five responsible persons. The
+tickets to be drawn were marked with the numbers of the land lots, and
+these were put into boxes with numerous blanks. Those who were fortunate
+enough to draw numbered tickets were entitled to plats and grants of
+their lots, signed by the governor.
+
+The lots were not all of the same size. Some contained 202 1/2 acres,
+others 490 acres. Twelve months after the drawing was completed, the
+fortunate person was required to pay into the State treasury four
+dollars for every hundred acres contained in his lot.
+
+Many of those who had the good fortune to draw prizes in the
+land-lottery scheme paid the necessary amount of money, and received
+titles to their land lots; but many others neglected to pay in the
+money, and thus forfeited their titles.
+
+It has been said that the land hunger of the people at this time was
+both selfish and sordid; but if we come to look at the matter closely,
+selfishness is behind much of the material progress that the world has
+made. The selfishness of individuals is not more conspicuous than the
+selfishness of communities, commonwealths, and nations. In history we
+find the rumseller, the land grabber, and the speculator following
+hard upon the heels of the missionary. The selfishness of nations is
+frequently given the name of "patriotism," and rightly so, since it is a
+movement for the good of all.
+
+When Georgia had fairly begun to recover from the disastrous results of
+the War for Independence, the troubles that resulted in the War of 1812
+began to make themselves felt. France and England were at war; and the
+United States Government tried to remain neutral, giving aid to neither
+the one nor the other. But this was not pleasing to either of these
+great powers. Both were interested in the trade and commerce of this
+country, and both issued orders affecting American affairs. The United
+States resented the interference, and protested against it Great
+Britain, with an arrogance made bitter by the remembrance of her
+humiliating defeat at the hands of a few feeble Colonies, replied to the
+American protest, declaring that American ships would still be searched,
+and American sailors impressed into the service of the British, wherever
+found on the high seas. In 1807 a British man-of-war fired on an
+American merchant vessel as it was leaving harbor. Three men were
+killed, eighteen wounded, and four sailors seized. This outrage inflamed
+the whole country, and in December of that year Congress passed a law
+preventing American vessels from leaving their ports to trade with
+foreign nations. This law was deeply resented by the New England States,
+and they held at Hartford, Conn., the first secession convention that
+ever met in this country.
+
+[Illustration: British Impressement of Americans 188]
+
+Georgia was foremost among the States to denounce and resist the
+aggressive acts of Great Britain. In 1808 the Legislature sent an
+address to the President of the United States, approving the measures he
+had taken, and declared that the people of Georgia were strong in their
+independence, and proud of their government, and that they would never
+wish to see the lives and property of their brethren exposed to the
+insult and rapacity of a foreign power; but if the war should come, they
+would, in proportion to their number and resources, give zealous aid to
+the government of their choice.
+
+The British, meanwhile, made arrangements to force a cotton trade with
+Georgia and South Carolina, and for the purpose fitted out a number
+of vessels of from ten to fifteen guns each. These vessels were to
+be employed in opening the ports of Georgia and Carolina. A war brig
+anchored at Tybee, and two of its officers went to Savannah. When they
+had made known their purpose, they were peremptorily ordered away. They
+returned to their vessel and put to sea; but as they were leaving, they
+fired at a pilot boat in the harbor, and committed other outrages.
+
+This incident and others aroused the indignation of the people. The
+Legislature passed resolutions, addressed to the President of the
+United States, declaring that all hope of a peaceful termination of
+the difficulty had been lost, that the duty of the United States was to
+maintain its sovereign rights against the despots of Europe, and that
+the citizens of Georgia would ever be found in readiness to assert the
+rights and support the dignity of the country whenever called on by the
+General Government. By the time the treaty of peace was made, the day
+before Christmas in 1814, the war spirit in Georgia had been roused
+to the highest pitch by the numerous outrages committed by the Indian
+allies of the British.
+
+But the story of the Indian troubles belongs to a chapter by itself.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CREEKS AND THE CREEK WAR
+
+[Illustration: The Creek War 191]
+
+If all the stories of the troubles of the early settlers of Georgia with
+the Indians could be written out, they would fill a very large book. All
+the whites with whom the red men came in contact in Georgia were not as
+just, as generous, and as unselfish as James Edward Oglethorpe. On the
+other hand, not all the Indians with whom the whites had dealings were
+as wise and as honest as old Tomochichi. Consequently misunderstandings
+arose, and prejudices grew and developed. This was greatly helped by
+dishonest traders and speculators, who were keen to take advantage of
+the ignorance of the Indians.
+
+The controlling influence among the Indians in Georgia was the Creek
+Confederacy (or nation); and this, in turn, was practically controlled
+by the Muscogees.
+
+North of the Creeks, Broad River being the dividing line, lived the
+Cherokees, a nation even more warlike than the Creeks. The impression
+made upon the Indians by Oglethorpe and some of his more prudent
+successors, made them the strong friends of the British. Of course, the
+red men were unable to appreciate the merits of the quarrel between
+the Georgia settlers and King George: but, even if matters had been
+different, they would probably have remained on friendly terms with the
+Royalists; for Governor Wright, who was a wise as well as a good man,
+took great pains, when the Liberty Boys began their agitations against
+the Crown, to conciliate the Indians, and to show them that the King was
+their friend. What was known as "the royal presents" were promptly
+sent from England, and promptly delivered to and distributed among the
+Indians. The governor sent for the chiefs, and had conferences with
+them; so that when the Revolution began, the Upper and the Lower Creeks,
+and the Cherokees as well, were the firm friends of the British.
+During the Revolution, as we have already seen, they made constant and
+unprovoked attacks on the patriots, burning their houses, carrying off
+their cattle, and murdering their helpless women and children. These
+raids were continued even after the Americans had compelled Great
+Britain to recognize their independence, and hundreds of incidents
+might be given to show the ferocity with which the savages attacked the
+whites. In many cases the settlements were compelled to build stockades,
+in which the people took shelter, for safety as well as defense,
+whenever there was an alarm.
+
+On one occasion shortly after the close of the war, the Indians attacked
+the family of a man named William Tyner, who was living in what is known
+as Elbert County. Tyner himself was absent, and his family was entirely
+without protection. Mrs. Tyner was killed, the brains of her youngest
+child were dashed out against a tree, and another child was scalped and
+left for dead. A young boy named Noah, the son of Mr. Tyner, escaped in
+the general confusion, and hid himself in a hollow tree. This tree was
+for many years known as "Noah's Ark." Mary and Tamar, two daughters,
+were suffered to live; but the Indians carried them off to the Coweta
+towns on the Chattahoochee. These children remained with the Indians
+several years. John Manack, an Indian trader, saw them there, and
+purchased Mary. He then brought her to Elbert County, and afterwards
+made her his wife. He returned to the Indian nation shortly afterwards,
+and tried to purchase Tamar; but, as she was useful to the Indians in
+bringing wood and fuel for their fires, they refused to sell her. When
+Manack went away, an old Indian woman, who was fond of Tamar, learned
+that the Indians, suspecting the girl was preparing to escape, had
+decided to burn her at the stake. The old woman helped her to escape
+by providing her with provisions and a canoe. She also gave Tamar
+directions how to go down the Chattahoochee. By day the fleeing girl hid
+herself in the thick swamps along the banks of the river, and by
+night she floated down the river in her canoe. She finally reached
+Apalachicola Bay, took passage on a vessel, and shortly afterwards
+arrived at Savannah. Here she was assisted to her home in Elbert County
+by the citizens. She married a man named Hunt, and no doubt many of her
+descendants are still living in Georgia.
+
+There was once an Indian village in Troup County, on the west bank of
+the Chattahoochee, where the Indians who lived on the Alabama side of
+the river were in the habit of meeting before and after their raids upon
+the white settlements. Before the raids they would meet there to arrange
+their programme; and afterwards they would assemble at the village to
+count the scalps they had taken, dispose of their prisoners, and divide
+the spoils. On one occasion, after a very destructive raid into the
+white settlements, the Indians returned to this village, and began to
+celebrate the success with which they had been able to creep upon the
+settlements at dead of night, murder the unsuspecting whites, burn their
+dwellings, and drive off their horses and cattle. This time, however,
+the Indians had been followed by a few hundred men, under the leadership
+of General David Adams, who was at that time a major in the militia,
+and a scout. Major Adams had taken part in the closing scenes of
+the Revolution when quite a young man. When the Creeks renewed their
+depredations after the war, Major Adams, both as a scout and as a
+leader, fought the Indians with such success as to win distinction.
+
+He followed the Indians on this occasion with a few hundred men, who had
+volunteered to accompany him. His pursuit was not active. The men under
+him were not seasoned soldiers; and even if they had been, the force
+of Indians was too large to justify an attack. Major Adams followed the
+Indians in the hope that he and his men would find an opportunity to
+surprise them. The Indians marched straight for the village on the west
+bank of the Chattahoochee, about eight miles beyond the point where La
+Grange now stands. At this village, which was the central point of the
+Lower Creek nation at that time, there were many Indians--men, women,
+and children--awaiting the return of the raiders. It was in the late
+afternoon when they reached the village, and as the sun went down they
+began the celebration of their victories; and in this they were joined
+by the Indians, who had been waiting for their return.
+
+Major Adams had halted his command a few miles from the river, where he
+waited until night fell. He then advanced silently to the banks of the
+stream, which was not so wide that he and his men could not see the
+Indians dancing around their fires, and hear their whoops and yells. On
+one bank stood the men whose families and friends had been murdered; on
+the opposite shore, and almost within a stone's throw, the red murderers
+danced and howled in savage delight.
+
+For half the night, at least, the orgies were kept up by the Indians;
+but at last they grew weary of the song and dance. Their fires slowly
+died out, and there came a moment when the whites, who were watching and
+waiting, could hear nothing but the murmur of the flowing water, as it
+rippled over the shoals or lapped the bank. The time had come to strike
+a blow, if a blow was to be struck. It was characteristic of Major
+Adams, that, instead of sending one of his little party to find out the
+position of the village and its surroundings, so as to be able to make a
+swift, sudden, and an effective attack, he himself proposed to go.
+
+[Illustration: Major Adams scouting and Indian camp 197]
+
+It was a hazardous undertaking, and required a bold heart to undertake
+it. Major Adams knew there was a ford near the point where his men lay.
+The trail led into the river; but, once in the river, it was lost. He
+had to find the ford for himself, and it proved to be a very narrow and
+difficult one. It led in a direct line across the river nearly halfway,
+and then turned down the stream in an oblique direction. A part of the
+ford was over a slippery shoal. At some points the water was knee-deep,
+at others it was chin-deep.
+
+With great difficulty Major Adams reached the opposite bank in safety.
+The paths leading from the ford into the swamp that lay between the
+Indian village and the river were so numerous that the stout-hearted
+scout hardly knew which one to take. He chose one almost at random, and,
+after following it through the thick underbrush, he found that it had
+led him some distance below the village. He followed the margin of
+the swamp back again, and soon found himself in the outskirts of the
+village. There he paused to listen. A dog somewhere in the settlement
+barked uneasily and sleepily.
+
+Pushing forward, but moving with the utmost caution, Major Adams soon
+found himself in the center of the village. In every hut the Indians
+were sleeping; and, in addition to these, the ground seemed to be
+covered with warriors, who lay stretched out and snoring, their rifles
+and tomahawks within easy reach. The brave Georgian went through the
+village from one end to the other. Once a huge Indian, near whom he
+was passing, raised himself on his elbow, grasped his gun, and looked
+carefully in every direction. Having satisfied himself, he lay down,
+and was soon snoring again. Fortunately, Major Adams had seen the Indian
+stir, and sank to the ground near a group of sleeping warriors, where he
+remained until he was sure the savage was asleep.
+
+He had examined every point of attack and defense in the village, and
+was returning to the river, when he saw a pony tethered to a sapling.
+Thinking that the little animal would be able to find the ford without
+trouble, and could thus be used as a safe guide, Major Adams resolved
+to capture it. He approached the pony with that intention, but not until
+too late did he discover that it had a bell hung on its neck. The pony,
+frightened at the sight of a white man, broke the rope by which he was
+tied, and went scampering through the village, arousing and alarming
+warriors, squaws, children, and dogs with the jingling bell.
+
+At the sound of the bell, Major Adams knew that there would be a
+tremendous uproar in the village, and he made an instant rush toward
+the river, but soon found himself entangled in the briers and thick
+underbrush of the swamp. It was fortunate that he missed the path
+leading to the ford; for a party of Indians ran in that direction,
+either to catch the pony, or to find out whether they were about to be
+attacked. Some of them passed within a few feet of the spot where Major
+Adams stood.
+
+In a short time the Indians returned to the village, and it was not long
+before everything was as quiet and as peaceful as before the uproar.
+Major Adams, instead of hunting for the path, made his way directly
+to the river, slipped into the water, and swam straight across to the
+opposite bank. He soon found his men, and told them of his adventure
+and of the plans he had matured. Up to this moment he had been second in
+command. A colonel of militia was with the party, and it was his right
+to be the leader of the expedition; but now the men declared that they
+would cross the river under the leadership of no one but Adams. It was
+Adams or nobody; and the militia colonel, as gracefully as he could,
+yielded to the demand.
+
+Major Adams led the volunteers safely across the treacherous ford and
+into the Indian town. The surprise was complete. Scarcely a warrior
+escaped. The women and children were spared as far as possible, but the
+village was burned to the ground. In retreating from that point, which
+was the center of the famous Muscogee nation, Major Adams made long
+marches during the day, and camped without fires at night, and in this
+way brought his command out of the Indian country without the loss of a
+man.
+
+But Adams's excursion to the center of the Muscogee (or Creek) nation
+did not settle matters. The troubles continued. The temper of the people
+was not improved by the efforts of the United States Government to take
+affairs into its own hands. In some instances the agents of the General
+Government sought to stir up active strife between the people of the
+State and the Indians, and it was their habit to belittle the State
+government by speaking of it contemptuously before the Indians. In many
+instances the United States stepped in between the agents of the State
+and the Indians, and prevented settlements and treaties that would have
+been of lasting benefit to both the whites and the Indians. This was not
+due to any purpose or desire of the General Government to trample on the
+rights of the State, but grew altogether out of the folly of the agents,
+who wanted to put on airs and advertise their importance.
+
+In 1796 there was a treaty of peace arranged between the Creek nation
+and the United States. Three commissioners represented the General
+Government, and Georgia also had three present; but the business was
+conducted without regard to the wishes of the Georgia commissioners,
+and, as the commissioners thought, without regard to the interests of
+the State. Seagrove was the name of the agent representing the General
+Government at that time, and his attitude toward Georgia was not
+calculated to give the Indians any respect for the commonwealth. After
+the treaty was signed, General James Jackson, on the part of Georgia,
+made an eloquent speech, in which he showed that the Creeks had not
+faithfully observed the treaties they had made with the State. He
+exhibited two schedules of property which they had stolen, amounting in
+value to $110,000, and demanded its restoration. When General Jackson
+had concluded, one of the prominent chiefs of the Creeks remarked that
+he could fill more paper than Jackson showed with a list of outrages of
+the Georgians upon his people. There was something more than a grain of
+truth in this; but on that very account the Indians and the Georgians
+should have been allowed to settle their difficulties in their own way,
+without the interference of the United States.
+
+The result of the treaty at Coleraine, in 1796, was, that the Georgia
+agents were offended with Seagrove (the Indian agent for the United
+States), offended with the Indians, and displeased with the United
+States commissioners. To these last the Georgians presented a protest
+in which the Federal commissioners were accused of disregarding the
+interests of Georgia. Charges were brought against Seagrove, who, it was
+claimed, had influenced the Creeks not to cede the lands as far as the
+Ocmulgee. A bitter controversy grew out of this. It was, in fact, very
+nearly the beginning of the discussion that has continued from that day
+to this, in some shape or other, over the rights of the States and the
+power of the General Government. Pickett, in his "History of Alabama
+and Georgia," says that General Jackson, and Seagrove the Indian agent,
+became enemies, and afterwards fought a duel.
+
+Other treaties were made with the Creeks up to 1806, but all these were
+violated when the Indians became the allies of the British during the
+War of 1812. It is only fair to the Indians to say that the leader in
+whom they placed the greatest confidence was a man who for many years
+nourished hot resentment against the United States, and especially
+against Georgia. This man was General Alexander McGillivray, who became
+famous as an opponent of the Americans and the Georgians in all their
+efforts to come to a just, fair, and peaceable understanding with the
+Creeks.
+
+As has been stated, when the War of 1812 began, the Creeks became the
+allies of the British, and the attacks they made on the unprotected
+settlements were so numerous and so serious as to call for some action
+on the part of the General Government. In September, 1813, Congress
+called for a levy of Georgia troops, and, the State authorities ordered
+3,600 men to assemble at Camp Hope, near Fort Hawkins, on the Ocmulgee
+River. The ruins of Fort Hawkins may be seen to this day on the
+Ocmulgee, in the city of Macon.
+
+The men who assembled at Camp Hope were volunteers, and all eager for
+service. The command of this force fell to General John Floyd, who made
+haste to take charge, and endeavored to make arrangements for taking the
+field at once. He found his men assembled according to orders, and all
+anxious to be led against the hostile Indians. But the little army could
+not march. The Federal Government had failed to supply the necessary
+funds. What is called "red tape" stood in the way of prompt action. A
+dispute arose. Federal officials placed the blame on the contractors
+who were to furnish supplies, and the contractors placed it on the
+officials, who had failed to furnish the necessary money. While this
+dispute was raging, General Floyd, who was a brave and gallant spirit,
+applied to the State Legislature, then in session, for a loan of
+$20,000. The request was granted, and he was able to equip his troops,
+procure supplies, and march into the country of the Creeks, by the
+middle or latter part of November.
+
+Meanwhile the hostile Creeks had already challenged Georgia and begun
+their attack. On the 30th of August, seven hundred and twenty-five
+Creek Indians attacked Fort Mims on the Chattahoochee. The attack was as
+sudden as it was unexpected. It was made at twelve o'clock in the day,
+and the inmates of the fort were taken entirely by surprise. The savages
+massacred nearly three hundred men, women, and children in the most
+cruel manner. This horrible outrage spread consternation on the
+frontier, and aroused indignation in all parts of the country. Hundreds
+of frontier settlers fled from their homes, and sought safety in the
+more thickly settled regions.
+
+It was owing to this massacre that the troops commanded by General Floyd
+were called out. This active and energetic leader began his campaign
+by building a line of forts and blockhouses from the Ocmulgee to the
+Alabama River, and in this way completely protected the northern part of
+the State from invasion by the Creeks. General Floyd accomplished this
+work in spite of the failure of the United States officials to supply
+with provisions and transportation the troops they had called out.
+
+He completed his line of defense by building Fort Mitchell. Leaving a
+sufficient garrison in this fort, General Floyd placed himself at the
+head of nine hundred and fifty men, and marched on Autossee, one of the
+most populous towns of the Creek nation, situated on the left bank of
+the Tallapoosa River, and near the town of Tallassee, which was nearly
+as large. The distance from Fort Mitchell to Autossee was sixty miles,
+and General Floyd made it by forced night marches, resting his troops
+during the day. He was accompanied on this expedition by General William
+Mcintosh, the famous Indian chief, who led four hundred friendly Creeks.
+
+Arriving at Autossee and Tallassee at daybreak on the 29th of November,
+1813, General Floyd arranged and ordered a simultaneous attack on both
+towns. By nine o'clock the Indians had been defeated and driven from the
+towns, and their houses burned. Four hundred houses were burned, with
+all the provisions and stock. Two hundred Indians were killed, including
+the kings of both towns. The pipe which the old chief of Tallassee had
+smoked at a treaty forty years before, was taken and presented to the
+governor, who placed it in the executive office of the State Capitol.
+Eleven whites were killed, and fifty-four wounded; among them, General
+Floyd himself, who had received a ball in the knee early in the fight.
+He refused to have his wound dressed, and continued on horseback,
+directing his troops, until after the battle was over. He never entirely
+recovered from the effects of this wound. After the towns had been
+entirely destroyed, the troops returned to Fort Mitchell, having marched
+a hundred and twenty miles in bitter cold weather, and fought a severe
+engagement on five days' provisions.
+
+In January, 1814, General Floyd heard that the Upper Creeks had
+collected in great force at the Indian town of Hothlewaulee. By that
+time his wound had so far healed that he was able to ride a horse,
+and he determined to make an attack on the town. For this purpose he
+detached from the troops at Fort Mitchell a force of fifteen hundred
+men. The weather was cold, and the winter rains had so obstructed the
+roads that the troops found the march a weary and a difficult one; but
+they pressed on, nevertheless, cheered by the energy and enthusiasm of
+their gallant leader. They marched to within fifteen or twenty miles of
+the town, and there encamped. Between midnight and day a large body
+of Indians, led by the warrior Weather-ford and Colonel Woodbine, an
+English officer, attacked General Floyd's camp. His troops were taken by
+surprise, but they were not demoralized. They had been fighting for six
+months, and were seasoned to all the dangers of Indian warfare. Above
+all, they had a leader who possessed in a wonderful degree a genius for
+war.
+
+No sooner had the alarm been sounded than General Floyd rallied his
+little army, formed it in a square, the baggage in the center, and held
+the savages at bay until daylight. There was no faltering in any part
+of the line or on any side of the square. The dauntless courage of Floyd
+himself seemed to control every man, down to the humblest private. When
+day dawned, a charge was sounded, and Floyd's troops drove the Indians
+before them at the point of the bayonet. Within a quarter of an hour
+after the charge was made, the battle was won. The loss of the Indians
+was never discovered, as they had an opportunity to carry off their
+killed and wounded up to the moment the charge was sounded. Seventeen
+Georgians were killed, and a hundred and thirty-two wounded. Floyd's
+camp was known as Camp Defiance, but in the official report the fight is
+called the battle of Chalibbee. The attack was made on Floyd in order
+to prevent a junction between his troops and those of General Andrew
+Jackson, who was fighting the Indians in the lower part of Alabama. The
+result of the fight made a junction unnecessary; and shortly afterwards
+the term for which Floyd's Georgia troops had enlisted expired, and they
+were discharged.
+
+In 1814, when peace was declared between the United States and Great
+Britain, the Creeks remained quiet for some time.
+
+
+
+
+TWO FAMOUS INDIAN CHIEFS.
+
+Among the Indian leaders who made Georgia the scene of their operations,
+the most celebrated were General Alexander McGillivray and General
+William Mcintosh. If these men had been born and brought up among the
+whites, both of them would have won lasting renown. They possessed the
+energy and the genius: all they lacked was the opportunity to direct
+their gifts into channels that would have benefited humanity.
+
+Alexander McGillivray was one of the most remarkable men of his time,
+whether we regard him as a leader of the Indians or simply as an
+individual. His father, Lachlan McGillivray, being a lad of adventurous
+turn, ran away from a home in Scotland where he enjoyed all the
+advantages and comforts that wealth could give him, took passage on
+a ship bound for South Carolina, and shortly afterwards landed at
+Charleston. Wandering about in that city, and enjoying the sights that
+were new to his experience, he soon found himself in the suburbs of the
+city. There he found the headquarters of the Indian traders, who came to
+Charleston with their pack horses to carry merchandise of all kinds to
+the red men. One of these traders persuaded young McGillivray to go with
+him. His Scotch eye and mind were quick to appreciate the possibilities
+of this new business, and in a few years he became one of the most
+enterprising and prosperous of the Indian traders. He pushed his trade
+farther than any of his predecessors had ever dared to go. He went,
+indeed, to the neighborhood of Fort Toulouse. A few miles above that
+fort, where Wetumpka, Ala., now stands, he met Sehoy Marchand, a
+beautiful girl of about sixteen years. This girl was the daughter of
+Captain Marchand, who had commanded at Fort Toulouse, but who had been
+killed by his own soldiers in August, 1722. The soldiers rose against
+the officers of the garrison on account of the failure of France to
+forward money and supplies to the troops in her American settlement.
+The girl's mother was a Creek woman of the tribe of The Wind, the most
+powerful and influential family in the Creek nation. The young Scotchman
+fell in love with the dark-haired maiden, and she fell in love with the
+blue-eyed Scotchman, with his fair skin and red hair. Lachlan
+McGillivray built him a trading house on the Coosa, not far away, and
+soon married Sehoy, and carried her home. He became very wealthy. He
+owned two plantations on the Savannah River, which were well stocked
+with negroes, and stores filled with merchandise in both Savannah and
+Augusta. When Lachlan McGillivray's son Alexander reached the age of
+fourteen, he was carried to Savannah and placed at school, and in a few
+years was made a clerk in a counting-house at Savannah.
+
+But the humdrum business of buying, selling, and adding up long rows of
+tiresome figures, did not please him, and so he neglected his duties to
+read books, mainly histories. His father, taking the advice of friends,
+placed young Alexander under the tutorship of a clergyman in Charleston,
+where the lad learned Latin and Greek, and in that way became well
+grounded in what our dear old grandfathers called polite literature. But
+one day word came to the young man that the chiefs of the Creek nation,
+who were getting into trouble with the people of Georgia, were waiting
+for the moment when he, as a descendant of the tribe of The Wind, should
+return and take charge of the affairs of the nation. So he departed
+suddenly from Charleston, and turned his horse's head toward the
+wilderness.
+
+[Illustration: McGillavray joins the Indians 208]
+
+On his way to the Creek nation, he fell in with Leclerc Mil-fort, an
+adventurous Frenchman, who afterwards wrote a book of travels, and
+was made a general of brigade by Napoleon. Milfort married one of
+McGillivray's sisters, was made Tustenug-gee (or grand war chief), and
+was the right-hand man of his powerful brother-in-law. The first that
+was heard of McGillivray after he left Charleston, he was presiding at
+a grand national council of the Creeks at the town of Coweta on the
+Chattahoochee. When Alexander arrived among the Creeks, Colonel Tait of
+the British army was stationed on the Coosa, and he used all his tact
+and influence to prevail upon the young man to take the side of the
+English in the war that was then going on between the Colonies and
+the mother country. To this end Colonel Tait pursued McGillivray with
+attentions, loaded him with favors, and finally caused him to be given
+the rank and pay of a colonel in the army. The result was that the great
+chief was throughout the war devoted to the cause of the British.
+This would have been natural in any event, for his father was a stanch
+Royalist. During the war, McGillivray frequently acted in concert with
+the notorious Daniel McGirth, sometimes leading his Indians in person;
+but his main dependence was on his brother-in-law Milfort, who was
+possessed of the most daring spirit. McGillivray preferred to plan and
+engage in intrigue, which gave the remarkable powers of his mind full
+play.
+
+There is no doubt that the authorities of Georgia made a great mistake,
+after the war, in neglecting to win the friendship of McGillivray. Such
+a course would have prevented much suffering and bloodshed. The father
+of the great chief, Lachlan McGillivray, was living in Savannah at the
+close of the Revolution; and when the British were compelled to evacuate
+the city, he scraped together an immense amount of money and other
+valuables, and sailed for Scotland. He abandoned his plantations and
+negroes, in the hope that his wife and three children might be permitted
+to inherit them; but the Georgians confiscated the whole of the valuable
+estate, and thus the Creek leader had another reason for entertaining a
+bitter prejudice against the Whigs.
+
+The result was, that until the day of his death, which occurred in
+1792, he succeeded in baffling all the efforts of the Federal and State
+authorities to come to an understanding with the Creek nation. He was
+perhaps the most accomplished diplomat in the country,--a veritable
+Talleyrand, able to cope with the most distinguished statesmen among the
+Americans. Such of his letters as have been preserved do not suffer by
+comparison with the writings of even the greatest of the Americans. The
+most of these depended on a stately and scholarly diction to attract
+attention. McGillivray paid little regard to diction; but his letters
+possess the distinction of style, and in this particular but one
+American writer can be compared to him,--Benjamin Franklin. There is,
+in fact, a modern touch and flavor about McGillivray's letters that
+even the writings of Franklin do not possess. He wrote thus to
+Andrew Pickens, who had addressed him on behalf of the United States
+Government:--
+
+"When we found that the American independence was confirmed by the
+peace, we expected that the new government would soon have taken some
+steps to make up the differences that subsisted between them and the
+Indians during the war, to have taken them under their protection
+and confirmed to them their hunting grounds. Such a course would have
+reconciled the minds of the Indians, and secured the States their
+friendship, as they considered your people their natural allies. The
+Georgians, whose particular interest it was to conciliate the friendship
+of this nation, have acted in all respects to the contrary. I am sorry
+to observe that violence and prejudice have taken the place of good
+policy and reason in all their proceedings with us. They attempted to
+avail themselves of our supposed distressed situation. Their talks to us
+breathed nothing but vengeance, and, being entirely possessed with the
+idea that we were wholly at their mercy, they never once reflected that
+colonies of a powerful monarch were nearly surrounding us, to whom, in
+any extremity, we might apply for succor and protection, and who, to
+answer some ends of their policy, might grant it to us. However, we yet
+deferred any such proceeding, still expecting that we could bring them
+to a true sense of their interest; but still finding no alteration
+in their conduct towards us, we sought the protection of Spain, and
+treaties of friendship and alliance were mutually entered into; they
+guaranteeing our hunting grounds and territory, and granting us a free
+trade in the ports of the Floridas.
+
+"How the boundary and limits between the Spaniards and the States will
+be determined, a little time will show, as I believe that matter is
+now on foot. However, we know our limits and the extent of our hunting
+grounds. As a free nation, we have applied, as we had a right to do,
+for protection, and obtained it. We shall pay no attention to any
+limits that may prejudice our claims, that were drawn by an American
+and confirmed by a British negotiator. Yet, notwithstanding we have
+been obliged to adopt these measures for our preservation, and from real
+necessity, we sincerely wish to have it in our power to be on the same
+footing with the States as before the late unhappy war, to effect which
+is entirely in your power. We want nothing from you but justice. We want
+our hunting grounds preserved from encroachments. They have been ours
+from the beginning of time, and I trust that, with the assistance of our
+friends, we shall be able to maintain them against every attempt to take
+them from us."
+
+Undoubtedly McGillivray was unscrupulous, and the probability is that
+he was mercenary; but such charges may be brought against some of the
+ablest men who have figured in history. When all is said, the fact
+remains that Alexander McGillivray was one of the most accomplished and
+ingenious of the politicians of his time. If he had been on the side of
+the whites, and had managed their interests with the skill and ability
+which he displayed in behalf of the Creeks, history would have written
+him down as a great statesman. It was only by an accidental suit at law
+that some of his most characteristic letters were brought to light; but
+those that have been rescued from oblivion show that in wielding the
+pen he was more than a match for the many able men who corresponded with
+him.
+
+In September, 1789, Washington sent General Andrew Pickens, with three
+other commissioners, to treat with McGillivray. They found the great
+chief at Rock Landing, on the Oconee, with two thousand Creek warriors,
+where he had been encamped more than a week. The Indian camp was on the
+western bank of the river. The commissioners pitched their tents on the
+eastern bank. They were received by McGillivray with great courtesy.
+Everything progressed favorably, so much so that the commissioners read
+to the assembled chiefs a copy of the treaty which they had drawn up.
+This treaty was all in favor of the whites. The Indians were offered
+no equivalent for the terms proposed. It is worthy of note that Andrew
+Pickens wholly dissented from the terms of the proposed treaty. He knew
+that the Indians would have to be paid for the valuable land which the
+Georgians were then cultivating in the neighborhood of the Oconee, and
+the commissioners had been advised by the Federal authorities to pay
+for these lands. McGillivray broke up his encampment and retired to
+the Ocmulgee, nor could he be induced at that time to renew the
+negotiations.
+
+President Washington was urged by the Georgia delegation in Congress to
+declare war against the Creeks, and this indeed was his first impulse;
+but when he found, from a careful estimate, that the expenses of such
+a war would amount to fifteen millions of dollars, he prudently gave
+up the idea. He took the matter in hand in a more conservative way. He
+appointed Colonel Marinus Willett a secret agent to visit Mc-Gillivray,
+and urge him to visit President Washington in New York. In this Colonel
+Willett was entirely successful. Accompanied by McGillivray and a number
+of the leading men of the Creeks, Willett set out on his return journey.
+At Guilford Court House, McGillivray attracted great attention on
+account of a very pathetic incident that occurred there some years
+before. A man named Brown had been killed by the Creeks, and his wife
+and children captured and made slaves. Their unfortunate condition came
+to the notice of Alexander McGillivray, and, as he had done in the case
+of many other captive white women and children, he paid their ransom and
+redeemed them from slavery. He maintained them at his house for over a
+year, and finally assisted them to return to their friends. Mrs. Brown,
+hearing that McGillivray had arrived, went to see him. At that moment
+he was in the courthouse, the center of a large assembly of ladies
+and gentlemen who had gathered to pay their respects. But this was no
+obstacle to Mrs. Brown. She rushed through the assembly, and, in a flood
+of tears, expressed her gratitude to him for saving her life and the
+lives of her children. She also expressed her strong admiration for his
+character.
+
+In due course, McGillivray arrived in New York, where he was treated
+with great consideration. He had long private conferences with
+Washington and other officials of the government, and was finally
+induced to make a treaty which was satisfactory to the United States,
+and would have been satisfactory to Georgia if it had been carried out,
+but in fact the terms of it were never fulfilled. While in New York,
+McGillivray made a secret treaty with Washington, a fact that was not
+discovered for many years. It provided, that after two years from date
+(August, 1790) the commerce of the Creek nation should be carried on
+through the ports of the United States, and in the mean time through
+the present channels; that a number of chiefs of the Creeks and of the
+Seminole nation should be paid one hundred dollars a year each, and
+be furnished with handsome medals; that the United States should feed,
+clothe, and educate Creek youth at the North, not exceeding five at one
+time; and that Alexander McGillivray should be constituted agent of the
+United States, with the rank of brigadier general, and the pay of twelve
+hundred dollars a year. In 1792, McGillivray was a British colonel, an
+American brigadier general, an agent of the United States, and an
+agent of Spain. This extraordinary man died in Pensacola on the 17th of
+February, having been seized with a fatal illness while returning from
+one of his plantations on Little River in Putnam or Baldwin.
+
+Another famous Creek was General William Mcintosh, a half-breed. His
+father was Captain William Mcintosh, and his mother was an Indian
+of unmixed blood. He was not so brilliant a man intellectually as
+McGillivray; but he had a native force of character, and an inborn sense
+of justice, that McGillivray seems to have been a stranger to. History
+tells us little enough of Mcintosh, but that little is all to his
+credit. Almost from the days of Oglethorpe, there were two parties in
+the Creek nation, and the issue on which they divided was the
+treatment that should be accorded to the whites. The party division was
+geographical as well as political. The Upper Creeks, living upon the
+Alabama, Coosa, and Tallapoosa rivers, were not present at the Coweta
+town when James Oglethorpe treated with the Lower Creeks in August,
+1730. At that time they were under the influence of the French, and
+afterwards they sought the protection of the Spaniards. They refused to
+recognize any of the treaties made by the Lower Creeks with the English,
+and the great body of them remained to the end the bitter enemies of
+the Georgians. On the other hand, the majority of the Lower Creeks
+were friendly with the English from the days of Oglethorpe; and that
+friendship continued, with but few interruptions, down to the days of
+Governor Troup.
+
+Now, McGillivray, in his day and time, represented the Upper Creeks
+of the Tallapoosa country and their policy, while William Mcintosh
+represented the Lower Creeks of the Coweta country and their policy. The
+division in the Creek nation was so serious, that, when the Upper Creeks
+took sides with the British in the War of 1812, they found themselves
+opposed in the field by a large party of Lower Creeks under the command
+of Mcintosh. Thus, at the battle of Autossee, William Mcintosh led a
+large band of Lower Creeks against those who were making war on the
+whites. He made himself so conspicuous in that affair, that General
+Floyd mentions him in the official report of the battle.
+
+The treaty at Indian Spring, and the results that followed, cannot be
+clearly understood unless we bear in mind the political differences that
+existed between the Upper and the Lower Creeks. The Creek chiefs and the
+commissioners met at Indian Spring on the 15th of February, 1825. The
+chiefs and warriors of the Upper Creeks declared that no treaty could
+be made for a cession of lands, and on the night of the 11th they went
+home. On the 12th a treaty was signed with the Mcintosh party. Colonel
+John A. Crowell, agent for the Creek Indians, sent a letter to the
+secretary of war, in which he declared that the treaty was in direct
+opposition to the letter and spirit of the instructions to the
+commissioners; but the treaty was sent to Washington, and was ratified
+on the 3d of March, 1825. When the Indians of the Upper Creeks and their
+party learned that the treaty had been ratified, they became very much
+excited. Mcintosh and his party went to Milledgeville, and told the
+governor that they expected violent treatment at the hands of the
+Upper Creeks. They begged the protection of the State and of the United
+States, and this was promised them.
+
+Out of this treaty grew a very serious conflict between the Federal and
+State governments. After a good deal of discussion, the President asked
+Congress to reconsider the treaty of Indian Spring, and presented a
+new one as a substitute, which was ratified and proclaimed; but popular
+indignation ran so high in Georgia, that Governor Troup felt justified
+in paying no attention to this new treaty. He proceeded to carry out the
+terms of the Indian Spring treaty. Charges were brought against Crowell,
+the Indian agent. The governor informed T. P. Andrews, the special
+agent, that he would hold no further correspondence with him. The
+conduct of General Gaines had been such that Governor Troup requested
+the Federal Government to recall, arrest, and punish him. In 1826 the
+State Legislature declared that the attempt to repeal the treaty of
+Indian Spring by the substitution of another treaty was illegal and
+unconstitutional. In September, 1826, Governor Troup ordered the
+districts ceded by the treaty of Indian Spring to be surveyed. When the
+Indians complained of this, the secretary of war wrote to Governor Troup
+that the President felt himself compelled to employ all the means under
+his control to maintain the faith of the nation by carrying the treaty
+into effect, meaning the treaty made at Washington, and intended to be
+a substitute for the Indian Spring treaty. In his reply, Governor Troup
+declared that he would feel it to be his duty to resist to the utmost
+any military attack which the President of the United States should
+think proper to make upon the Territory, the people, or the sovereignty
+of Georgia. "From the first decisive act of hostility," he wrote to the
+secretary of war, "you will be considered and treated as a public
+enemy. You have referred me, as the rule of my conduct, to the treaty
+of Washington. In turn I refer you to the treaty of prior date and prior
+ratification, concluded at the Indian Spring."
+
+The President issued orders that the surveyors appointed by the State
+be prosecuted. Governor Troup thereupon ordered the proper officers, in
+every instance of complaint made of the arrest of any surveyor, to take
+all necessary and legal measures to effect their liberation, and to
+bring to justice all the parties concerned in such arrests, as violators
+of the peace and personal security of the State. He also ordered
+the major generals of the militia to hold the various regiments and
+battalions in readiness to repel any hostile invasion of the State. But
+no acts of violence were committed. The surveyors were not arrested, the
+surveys were made, and the lands ceded by the treaty of Indian Spring
+were divided by lottery in 1827.
+
+The Upper Creeks, who had always been unfriendly to the Georgians,
+were so angry at the signing of the treaty of Indian Spring, that they
+determined to assassinate General William Mcintosh. They had never
+forgiven him for leading his party of Lower Creeks against them in the
+campaign that was made necessary by the terrible massacre of Fort Mims,
+and they now determined to rid themselves of him at once and forever.
+
+We have seen that General Mcintosh, and his party of Lower Creeks,
+suspecting that an attack would be made on them by the powerful tribes
+on the Tallapoosa, went to Milledgeville to beg the governor to protect
+them. Protection was promised, but never given. Meanwhile the Upper
+Creeks held a secret council, and selected a hundred and seventy of the
+boldest warriors in the nation to murder Mcintosh. They marched in the
+most cautious way. They reached the neighborhood of Mcintosh's home,
+and concealed themselves, to wait for night to fall. About sundown, or
+a little before, the Indians saw from their hiding place two persons
+riding along a trail. One was Mcintosh, and the other a man named
+Hawkins, who had married one of Mcintosh's daughters. It would have been
+an easy matter for the savages to have killed Mcintosh at this time; but
+they had made up their minds to kill him upon his own premises, so that
+his blood might stain the land that had been granted him by the State.
+While still in sight of the men who had been sent to slay him, Mcintosh
+bade Hawkins good evening, wheeled his horse, and rode back on the trail
+toward his home. Although he was now alone, the Indians would not kill
+him. They had fixed up a different plan, and they carried it out.
+
+Before dark the Indians gathered together a supply of "fat lightwood,"
+as the resinous pine was called. This they split into convenient length,
+and made up into three bundles to be carried on the backs of their
+warriors. They remained hidden within half a mile of Mcintosh's house
+till three o'clock in the morning, and then silently and swiftly marched
+to the place. They had taken along with them a man named James Hutton to
+act as interpreter, the reason for this being that Mcintosh was in the
+habit of entertaining travelers.
+
+It was to be Hutton's duty to assure such as might be found there that
+they would not be disturbed in any manner. Guests of Mcintosh were
+commonly lodged in an outhouse in the yard; and Hutton, accompanied by
+two Indians, went to this building to see who might be sleeping there.
+They found a peddler in one bed, and Chilly, a son of General Mcintosh,
+in another.
+
+Young Mcintosh, as if instinctively understanding the nature of the
+visit, sprang from the bed and leaped out at a window. He was fired upon
+by the Indians, but was not touched, and succeeded in making his escape.
+The peddler was nearly scared out of his wits; but his pack of goods
+was removed to a place of safety, and the house in which he had been
+sleeping was soon in flames.
+
+[Illustration: Indian Attack 220]
+
+Meanwhile most of the Indians had surrounded Mcintosh's house, and
+torches of the fat pine were used to set it on fire. The red men danced
+around the burning building, yelling, and crying out, "Mcintosh, we have
+come, we have come! We told you if you sold the land to the Georgians
+we would come. Now we have come!" At the first alarm Mcintosh had
+barricaded his front door. He stood near it; and when it was broken
+down, he fired upon his assailants. At that moment, one of his firmest
+friends, Toma Tustenuggee, who had thrown himself upon the party at the
+door, fell on the threshold, riddled with bullets. General Mcintosh then
+retreated to the second story with four guns, which he continued to fire
+from the windows.
+
+The flames drove him from the second story to the first floor again. He
+fought bravely to the end, but was soon compelled to expose himself to
+the fire of his enemies. He fell to the floor, pierced by many bullets,
+and was dragged into the yard by his heels. He breathed defiance to
+the last, and was finally stabbed to death. After this savage deed, the
+Indians plundered the houses, killed such cattle as they could find,
+and committed other outrages. A small party of the Indians had followed
+Hawkins the evening before. His house was surrounded about daybreak the
+next morning, and he was ordered to come out. He refused, and defended
+himself the best he could; but he was finally taken prisoner and tied,
+until the fate of Mcintosh was known. Then he was murdered, and his body
+thrown into the river near where he lived. The Indians marched back
+to the Tallapoosa country with the scalps of these unfortunate men.
+Mcintosh's scalp was suspended from a pole in the public square of
+Ocfuskee, and young and old danced around it with shouts of joy.
+
+General Mcintosh was a cousin of Governor Troup, being the son of
+Governor Troup's uncle, Captain William Mcintosh, who was frequently on
+the Chattahoochee before the breaking-out of the Revolution.
+
+
+
+
+REMOVAL OF THE CHEROKEES.
+
+When Georgia had begun to recover its breath, after the difficulties
+with the Creeks, the people had time to discover that they had a much
+more serious problem to deal with in the Cherokee nation, which occupied
+all the northwestern portion of the State. Those who mingled thrift with
+their benevolence, and had the courage to think about the future of
+the whites as well as the future of the savages, thought that both
+ends would be attained by making a permanent settlement for the Indians
+beyond the Mississippi River. Those whose benevolence was a mixture of
+sentimentality and romantic misinformation thought the Indians ought
+to be left where contact with the whites would tend to civilize
+and Christianize them. Consequently there were two parties to the
+discussion, and a good deal of practical selfishness at the bottom of it
+all. There used to be an old song running in this wise,--
+
+     "All I want in this creation,
+     Is a pretty little wife and a big plantation
+     Away up yonder in the Cherokee nation,"--
+
+and this song no doubt represented the real feeling behind the whole
+matter. The big plantation was what was really wanted. At the same time
+it should not be forgotten that it was for the benefit of the Indians as
+well as the whites that they should be settled in a section where they
+would remain undisturbed. This policy has been proven by time to be the
+true one.
+
+Travelers and romancers have done no end of harm by exalting the Indian
+character, covering up its faults, and exaggerating its merits. Romance
+has made great heroes of the Indians; but in the whole history of the
+red men, so far as it has been faithfully chronicled, the names of the
+Indians of unmixed blood who are worth remembering can be counted on the
+fingers of two hands.
+
+Sequoia, or George Guess, who invented the Cherokee alphabet, was the
+grandson of a white man. This invention, however, was a very remarkable
+achievement, and it is worthy of a word here. Sequoia was altogether
+illiterate. He could neither write nor speak English, but he saw that
+the whites could talk with each other by means of pieces of paper. So
+he set himself to work to examine his own language. He found that sixty
+monosyllables could be so combined as to represent every word in
+the Cherokee language, and for each of these syllables he formed a
+character. Many of these characters were taken from an English spelling
+book which he managed to get hold of. Some are Greek characters, and
+others are letters of the English alphabet turned upside down; but
+each character in the Cherokee alphabet stands for a monosyllable. It
+happened, too, from the structure of the Cherokee language or dialect,
+that the syllabic alphabet is also in the nature of a grammar; so that
+those who know the language by ear, and master the alphabet, can at once
+read and write. Owing to the extreme simplicity of this system, it can
+be acquired in a few days. Some have learned it even in one day. Thus
+it happened that the Cherokees, who were at the beginning of one year
+ignorant and illiterate, had become in the course of a few months able
+to read and write their own language. They accomplished this without
+going to school, and without expense of time or money.
+
+This curious and useful invention is dwelt on here because it stands
+alone. The Indian grandson of a white man remains to-day the only man,
+in the long history of the aborigines, who has done anything for the
+real and lasting benefit of his race.
+
+When the people of Georgia insisted on the removal of that nation to the
+Far West, the Cherokees were neither better nor worse than the rest of
+the Indians. Some of the half-breeds had indeed begun to put on the airs
+of civilization, and many of them had put off their barbarian garbs; but
+from time to time they gave evidence that contact with the whites had
+only whetted their savage appetites for cruelty. The Indian in Cooper's
+novels and the Indian in real life are two different creatures. They
+were tall and straight because they refused to do manual labor. The
+drudgery was left to the women, who hoed the corn when at home, and
+carried the burdens when the warriors were moving about. They cultivated
+the passion of revenge. Those who know them best have declared in
+a thousand ways that they never found in the red men any solid
+substantial, or agreeable quality. They were brave, but so is a bulldog.
+
+There is no wonder that Georgia wanted to get rid of them as neighbors.
+The people showed their anxiety in this matter when, in 1802, they
+conveyed to the United States Government all the valuable lands that now
+form the States of Alabama and Mississippi; the consideration being that
+the General Government would secure from the Indians, and open up to
+settlement, the lands which they then held in the State. In 1808 the
+Cherokees asked the United States to allow them to examine the public
+land west of the Mississippi, and, if pleased, to settle on it.
+Permission was given, and the Cherokees sent a party to explore
+the lands. The country suited them so well that many of the Indians
+emigrated at once. The General Government thus had an opportunity to
+carry out the contract of 1802, but failed to do so. It had another
+opportunity in 1814, when the conquered Creeks sued for peace. The
+General Government had the right to demand of them the cession of the
+land they occupied in Georgia. Instead, it took land in Alabama, which
+it sold for its own benefit.
+
+And so the matter went on from year to year, and the people waited
+patiently; for they had become aware, from costly experience, that one
+of the prices they have to pay for popular government is the occasional
+rule of the political demagogue.
+
+In 1827, when the people of Georgia began to grow restive under the
+failure of the government to carry out its contracts, the Cherokees
+had declared themselves to be an independent state. They had their own
+printed constitution and code of laws. So that here in the limits of
+Georgia there were three governments going on at one and the same
+time. The United States prohibited any person from settling on Indian
+territory, or trading with any Indian, without a special license from
+the proper authority. In addition to this, the State of Georgia had
+found it necessary to extend her criminal courts over the Cherokee
+territory, in order to protect her own citizens.
+
+The half-breeds among the Cherokees were very shrewd and unscrupulous.
+They had caused some of their tribe to take possession of lands ceded
+to Georgia by the Creeks, and in this way sought to add confusion to the
+discussion that was then going on. The Indians took possession by force.
+They were armed and painted, and led by Chief Ridge. Fourteen or fifteen
+houses were burned by these savages, and the white women and children
+were left exposed to the weather, the ground being covered with snow.
+
+The great trouble with the Cherokees then and afterwards was, that the
+government of their nation had fallen into the hands of half-breeds,
+whose education only gave them fresh opportunities to gain wealth
+and power at the expense of the rest of the tribe. They owned trading
+houses, big plantations, numbers of slaves, had charge of the ferries,
+and controlled all the traffic between the whites and the Indians. As
+these half-breeds became wealthier, the rest of the tribe became poorer.
+They had forsaken their primitive habits and customs, and taken up those
+of the most depraved whites who lived among them. It is worthy of note
+that the most progressive spirits among the Cherokees were in favor
+of emigration beyond the Mississippi. The leaders of this party were
+natives of unmixed blood, who saw that the control of the corrupt
+half-breeds was carrying the nation to ruin. Several of these leaders
+were waylaid and shot down by the agents of those whose policy they were
+opposing. The alarm in some sections was very great. The citizens met,
+and adopted resolutions requesting the government to station troops at
+suitable points, for the protection of the lives and property of the
+whites and friendly Indians.
+
+Under an act of the Legislature, a body of militia had been organized,
+under the name of the "Georgia Guard." It was the duty of the Guard to
+protect the citizens of Georgia and the friendly Cherokees. John Howard
+Payne, the famous author of "Home, Sweet Home," was arrested by this
+Guard. The poet was traveling among the Cherokees for information, and
+was no doubt ignorant of the state of feeling then existing. He was
+finally suspected by the vigilant Georgia Guard of writing improper
+papers. He had been seen making notes, and when he was arrested his
+papers were searched. The commander of the Georgia Guard, Colonel
+William N. Bishop, reported to the governor that he had examined some
+of Mr. Payne's papers, and found some very improper and indiscreet
+statements about the President, the government, and the State
+authorities, and many bitter remarks concerning Cherokee matters.
+Evidently, Colonel Bishop was of the opinion, that, while a politician
+or a newspaper editor might be allowed to indulge in improper and
+indiscreet statements about Presidents and other public men, a poet
+had no such rights. But the colonel finally discharged Mr. Payne from
+custody, and the very foolish proceeding was condemned by a resolution
+of the General Assembly.
+
+In 1835 two parties had developed in the Cherokee nation. One was in
+favor of removal to the Western lands, and the other was opposed
+to removal. John Ridge headed the removal party, and John Ross the
+opposition. In February of that year these men went to Washington at
+the head of deputations, and entered into negotiations with the General
+Government. After a great deal of talk, excitement, confusion, and
+trouble, the Cherokee people finally concluded to hold a meeting at Red
+Clay in October, 1835. There was a good deal of angry feeling between
+those of the Cherokees who were in favor of a treaty of removal and
+those who were opposed to it. Major Ridge, John Ridge, and David Vann
+were impeached for holding opinions contrary to those held by the
+Cherokee authorities. On the other hand, many of those in favor of
+removal met, and passed resolutions, in which they declared that their
+people could not prosper in the midst of a white population, and that,
+while they loved the lands of their fathers, and would leave the place
+of their birth with regret, they considered that it would be better to
+become exiles than to submit to the laws of the State.
+
+At the Red Clay meeting, arrangements were made for discussing with the
+United States authorities the terms of a treaty of removal. The Ross
+party was still violently opposed to removal. John Ross, the leader of
+this party, was only one fourth Indian, the other three fourths
+being Scotch and American. Ross was very shrewd and thrifty, and had
+accumulated a great deal of property, with the prospect of accumulating
+more. He had many sympathizers and admirers in all parts of the country.
+It seems to have been thought a wonderful thing in that day, that a man
+one quarter Indian should be able to read and write English, and make
+political speeches. When everything had been arranged for the final
+treaty, and while negotiations were going forward, Ross and his party
+put an end to them, and went to Washington, where they hoped to delay
+matters. But the Ridge party met the United States commissioners at New
+Echota on the 21st of December, 1835, according to appointment, and on
+the 29th the treaty was concluded. On May 23, 1836, it was ratified.
+
+By the terms of this treaty, the Cherokees, in consideration of the sum
+of five million dollars, relinquished all claims to lands east of the
+Mississippi. In addition to the money to be paid, they were to receive
+seven million acres of land west of the Mississippi. Should this
+territory be found to be insufficient, the United States, in
+consideration of five hundred thousand dollars, was to convey to them
+an additional body of land. The land thus granted was not to be included
+within the limits of any State at any future time. The Cherokees were
+guaranteed protection against domestic strife and foreign enemies, and
+it was provided that the tribe should be entitled to a delegate in the
+House of Representatives whenever Congress passed a law to that effect.
+The United States authorities were to remove the Cherokees to their new
+homes, and to provide for their support for one year after they were
+settled. There were other provisions, all in favor of the Cherokees. The
+Indians were to be removed within two years after the ratification of
+the treaty.
+
+Ross, and other leaders opposed to removal, had gone to Washington.
+While there they were informed, by Major Ridge and others, of the treaty
+at New Echota. Ross refused to make any reply to the communication, but
+tried to make a new treaty. He was told that he could not be received to
+make a new treaty. The attitude of the Ross party, together with certain
+threats that had been made by their followers, led many citizens
+of Georgia to believe that the Indians opposed to removal would, in
+accordance with their character and history, revenge themselves by
+making night attacks on the unprotected people. Consequently those most
+likely to be the victims of such attacks petitioned the governor for
+arms, ammunition, and troops; and these petitions were granted. A
+battalion of militia was raised, and placed at Lashley's Ferry on the
+Coosa River, with orders to keep the Cherokees in check, and also to
+prevent the Creeks from coming into Georgia. Many of the Cherokees were
+disarmed; and five hundred muskets, with ammunition, were sent into
+Cherokee County, for the use of the people in the event of any hostile
+movement on the part of the Indians.
+
+The State of Georgia was to take possession of the territory ceded by
+the treaty on the twenty-fourth day of May, 1838, and the military were
+got in readiness for removing the Indians. General Scott, of the United
+States army, called on the governor of Georgia for two regiments, and to
+this call there was a prompt response. By the 18th of May enough men had
+arrived at New Echota, where the troops were to assemble, to organize a
+regiment; and on the morning of the 24th the troops took up the line of
+march for the purpose of collecting the Indians. This continued until
+the 3d of June, when the troops and the Indians started for Ross's
+Landing on the Tennessee River. About fifteen hundred Indians had been
+collected by the Georgia troops, and these troops were then dismissed
+from the service of the United States.
+
+The rest of the work was done by the regular army, which, being
+divided into small detachments, went about the Cherokee country, making
+prisoners of family after family, and carrying them to the camps. The
+most careful arrangements had been made to prevent cruelty or disorder,
+and there has never been any complaint as to the manner in which the
+troops performed their duty. Nearly the whole nation had been gathered
+into camps by the end of June. At that time some of the Indians began
+their march to the West; but the great body of the tribe, fourteen
+thousand in number, did not begin their westward journey until
+September, owing to the hot weather. Every arrangement that could be
+suggested was made for the comfort of the Indians in their march; but
+from May, when the removal began, to the time when the last company had
+completed its journey, more than four thousand persons died.
+
+One year afterwards, on the 22d of June, 1839, Major Ridge, John Ridge,
+and Elias Boudinot, all of whom had taken an active part in negotiating
+the treaty of removal, were assassinated.
+
+Since their removal the Cherokees have prospered to a greater extent
+than any other Indian tribe. They have a government of their own,
+flourishing schools, and books and newspapers printed in their own
+language. It is the only tribe of American Indians that has shown any
+desire or ability to share in the benefits of civilization.
+
+
+
+
+THE BEGINNING OF PARTIES IN GEORGIA.
+
+The first serious political division in Georgia after the Revolution had
+a very curious beginning. There is always, of course, a division among
+the people on great public questions as they arise. But the War of the
+Revolution had so solidified public sentiment that nothing occurred to
+jar it until the Yazoo Fraud created some division. Even then public
+sentiment was so overwhelmingly opposed to the sale of the lands to
+the speculators, that the few who favored it were not numerous nor
+respectable enough to be called a party.
+
+On the 24th of February, 1806, Mr. Josiah Glass, having come all the way
+from North Carolina in search of a Mr. Robert Clary, went to the town of
+Sparta with a warrant which he requested Judge Charles Tait to indorse.
+This Judge Tait did in due form. The warrant was for negro stealing,
+and was directed against Mr. Robert Clary. Mr. Clary was arrested by
+Mr. Josiah Glass in Washington County, and was carried to Greene County
+Superior Court. On the first day of the court, Mr. Josiah Glass wrote
+a letter to Judge Tait, and requested him to attend, and take the
+examination of a man then in his custody, who would make confessions
+highly interesting to the State and the United States. Judge Tait,
+accompanied by Squire Oliver Skinner, attended that night, and took
+a part of the confessions of Mr. Robert Clary, and completed them the
+following night. Then he gave Mr. Josiah Glass a certified copy of the
+same to take with him to North Carolina, to which State he was taking
+Mr. Robert Clary, on a warrant charging him with negro stealing.
+
+Now, it seems that the warrant against Clary was merely intended as
+a scheme to get him to North Carolina to testify against a man named
+Collins. History has suppressed the confessions made by Mr. Robert
+Clary; but it is certain that they contained a most offensive charge
+against General John Clarke, whose patriotic services in behalf of the
+people during the Revolution gave him great fame and popularity. No
+sooner did John Clarke hear of this affair than he proceeded to act with
+his usual promptness. When he learned the particulars about the taking
+of the affidavit at night, he at once jumped to the conclusion that
+he had been made the victim of a conspiracy. There had been some
+disagreement between him and Hon. William H. Crawford; and as Judge
+Tait had been the partner of Mr. Crawford, and was his firm friend,--for
+Crawford was a man great enough to command and deserve friends,--General
+Clarke suspected that Clary and Glass had been made tools of to damage
+his reputation. General Clarke acted at once. He presented a memorial to
+the Legislature, making certain charges against Judge Tait with respect
+to the taking of the "dark-lantern affidavits," as they were called by
+his friends. The Legislature found, as it ought to have done, that the
+charges made in the memorial of General Clarke were unsupported by fact
+or evidence. In the very nature of things, it could not be shown that
+an honorable judge of the Superior Court of Georgia, in certifying to an
+affidavit containing the confession of a mere adventurer, was engaged
+in a conspiracy; but the question with which General Clarke had to
+deal was, how did the offensive and malicious matter, contained in
+an affidavit taken by a judge and one witness at night, become public
+property? If General Clarke had been a more thoroughgoing politician, he
+would have found a better way to confound his enemies than that which he
+adopted; but he was deeply wounded by a foul charge made at night, and
+put in circulation by means of nods and winks and whispers. His first
+recourse was to the Legislature, consequently it had the effect of
+strengthening both his friends and his enemies. His friends were
+indignant at the action of the Legislature. His enemies professed to
+be astonished that arrogance should fly so high as to bring before the
+Legislature unfounded charges against a judge of the superior courts.
+
+The legislative record is not as full as it might be. There was
+something behind the Clary business that does not appear on the records
+of the House and Senate. General Clarke wrote a pamphlet entitled "A
+Legacy for My Children," in which, according to Judge Garnett Andrews
+(see "Reminiscences of an Old Georgia Lawyer"), the matter of his
+memorial to the Legislature is differently stated. According to Judge
+Andrews, who bases his authority on General Clarke's pamphlet and on the
+testimony of those who were familiar with the facts, Clary was arrested
+and carried before Judge Tait on a charge of stealing horses. Clary
+charged General Clarke with complicity. Mr. Crawford was the prosecuting
+attorney. General Clarke accused Judge Tait and Mr. Crawford with
+instigating Clary to make the charge.
+
+The truth seems to be, that Clary, knowing the differences that existed
+between these distinguished men, sought to help his own case by making
+the charge against General Clarke, and that the latter was quite ready
+to believe that his two opponents had originated the charges for the
+purpose of doing him a mortal injury. Feeling assured of the justice
+of his cause, he appealed to the Legislature. This failing, he took the
+matter into his own hands. He challenged Mr. Crawford, shot him through
+the wrist, and then challenged him again. A little later, cantering
+along a street in Milledgeville on his fine sorrel horse, General Clarke
+saw Judge Tait before him in a sulky. He spurred his horse forward, and
+laid his whip across the judge's shoulders two or three times.
+
+[Illustration: General Clarke whips Judge Tait 237]
+
+These events created great excitement throughout the State. There had
+already been controversy and division caused by the duel between Mr.
+Crawford and Van Allen, a cousin of President Van Buren, and at that
+time attorney-general of the State. Van Allen was killed; and there was
+a great controversy in Georgia, in consequence, as to who was right
+and who was wrong. This excitement became furious in the course of the
+contest between Clarke and Crawford. Crawford was fortunately lifted out
+of it by being made a United States senator in 1807. His distinguished
+career afterwards is well known. He was minister to France, secretary of
+the treasury, Vice-President of the United States, and would have been
+elected President but for reports circulated throughout the country that
+he had been stricken down with a fatal illness. But the contest between
+the Clarke and Crawford parties continued to rage. Whatever issue the
+Clarke men were favorable to, the Crawford men opposed. Whatever scheme
+the Clarke men suggested, the Crawford men fought. There was nothing
+polite about the contest. People who wore gloves pulled them off.
+In cold weather the voters were warm, and in hot weather they were
+steaming. The contest went on before elections, and was kept up with
+just as much energy after elections. No vote could settle it, and no
+success could quiet it. It was in the nature of a political squabble,
+covering the whole State, dividing districts, counties, cities, towns,
+villages, settlements, beats, crossroads groceries, and families. It
+was a knock-down-and-drag-out fight, in which hair pulling, gouging, and
+biting were allowed.
+
+While Crawford was advancing step by step in national politics, his
+party in Georgia took up George M. Troup, one of the most brilliant and
+aggressive men in the State. The contest had been going on for twenty
+years when Troup came upon the scene, in 1830, as a candidate
+for governor. He had been a member of the State Legislature, a
+representative in Congress, and a United States senator: therefore in
+1820, when he was nominated for governor by the Crawford party, he was
+ripe in experience. He was forty years old, and full of the fire and
+energy that marked his whole career. The Crawford party now became the
+Troup party, and the contests that followed were the most exciting
+that ever took place in the State before, or that have ever taken place
+since.
+
+At that time the General Assembly elected the governor, the people
+selecting members favorable to the candidates they preferred. As the
+result of the first campaign between the Clarke and Troup parties,
+General John Clarke was elected by a majority of thirteen legislative
+votes. When Governor Clarke's term expired, he was again opposed by
+Troup, and was again elected, but this time by a majority of only two
+legislative votes. In 1823, Matthew Talbot represented the Clarke party,
+but was defeated by Troup. In 1825, General Clarke again entered the
+contest. The election was no longer in the hands of the Legislature, but
+was by popular vote. Governor Troup's treatment of the Indian question,
+and the firm stand he had taken in favor of the rights of the State, had
+materially increased his influence, and he was elected over Clarke by a
+majority of 683 votes.
+
+Curious to relate, the old Clarke party became the Union party, and
+in 1840 was the Democratic party. The Crawford party became the States
+Rights party, and in 1840 was the Whig party. Such was the evolution of
+parties in Georgia.
+
+
+
+
+A QUEER CASE.
+
+[Illustration: A Queer Case 241]
+
+A very queer, not to say mysterious case, was brought to trial in Jones
+County in 1837, at the April term of the Superior Court. It has had no
+parallel in Georgia before or since, and had none in any other country,
+so far as the present writer is aware, until the celebrated Tichborne
+case was brought to trial in England a few years ago. The Bunkley case
+created quite as much excitement, and caused quite as much division in
+public opinion in Georgia, as the Tichborne case did in England.
+
+Jesse L. Bunkley belonged to a good family in Jones County, and when
+he came of age would have fallen heir to an estate worth forty thousand
+dollars. An effort was made to give him all the advantages of education,
+but these he refused to accept. He was a wild boy, and was fonder
+of wild company than of his books. He went to school for a while in
+Eatonton, but got into some scrape there and ran away. He was afterwards
+sent to Franklin College, now the State University, where he entered the
+grammar school. Such discipline as they had in those days was irksome to
+young Bunkley, and he soon grew tired of it. He left the college, and,
+after roving about for a while, returned to his home in Jones County.
+In his twentieth year, 1825, being well supplied with money, he left his
+home for the purpose of traveling. He went to the Southwest, and in that
+year wrote to his mother from New Orleans.
+
+No other letter was received from him during that year or the next, and
+in 1827 word was brought to Jones County that Jesse Bunkley was dead.
+The rumor, for it seems to have been nothing more, was regarded by the
+family as true. At any rate, no attempt was made to investigate it.
+Jesse was the black sheep of the family; he had been away from home a
+good deal; his conduct when at home had not been such as to commend
+him to the affections of his people; and his mother had married a third
+husband, a man named Lowther: consequently the vague news of the young
+man's death was probably received with a feeling of relief. There was
+always a probability that such a wild and dissipated youngster would
+come to some bad end; but with his death that probability ceased to
+be even a possibility, and so, no doubt with a sigh of relief, young
+Bunkley's people put aside the memory of him. He was dead and buried.
+Those who survived him were more than willing to take the care and
+trouble of managing the estate which young Bunkley would have inherited
+had he returned and claimed it.
+
+But in 1833, Major Smith of Jones County received a letter purporting to
+be from Jesse L. Bunkley, and it related to matters that both Smith and
+Bunkley were familiar with. In December, 1833, Mrs. Lowther, his mother,
+received a letter from a person claiming to be her son Jesse. The letter
+was dated at the New Orleans prison. It appears from this letter that
+the family of Bunkley had already taken steps to disown the person who
+had written to Major Smith, and who claimed to be Jesse Bunkley. The
+letter to Mrs. Lowther was very awkwardly written. It was misspelled,
+and bore no marks of punctuation; and yet it is just such a letter
+as might be written by a man who took no interest in his books when a
+schoolboy, and had had no occasion to look into them or to handle a pen.
+He said in this letter that he wrote to convince his mother that he was
+her own child, though it appeared that she wished to disown him. This,
+he declared in his awkward way, he knew no reason for, unless it was on
+account of his past folly. He then went on to relate some facts about
+the family and his own school days. The mother did not answer this
+letter, because, as she said afterwards on the witness stand, she did
+not consider that it was from her son. She was satisfied, she said, that
+the letter was not in her son's handwriting.
+
+The person claiming to be Jesse L. Bunkley reached Jones County some
+time afterwards. His case, in the nature of things, excited great public
+interest. Hundreds of people who had known Jesse recognized him in this
+claimant. On the other hand, hundreds who had also known Bunkley when
+a boy failed to recognize him in the claimant. Meanwhile those who had
+charge of the Bunkley property took prompt action. They went before the
+grand jury, and had the claimant indicted for cheating and swindling;
+and thus began the celebrated case of the State against Elijah Barber,
+alias Jesse L. Bunkley.
+
+The claimant came to Jones County in 1836, was indicted in that year,
+and his case was brought to trial in the Superior Court in April, 1837.
+A great deal of time was taken up in the investigation. More than one
+hundred and thirty witnesses were examined. Ninety-eight, the majority
+of these being disinterested persons, declared that they believed
+the claimant to be an impostor. More than forty disinterested persons
+declared under oath that they believed the claimant to be Jesse L.
+Bunkley, and the majority of these last witnesses had known Bunkley long
+and intimately.
+
+The efforts of the prosecution were directed to showing that the man
+claiming to be Jesse Bunkley was in reality Elijah Barber, who in
+1824-25 was a wagoner who hauled lumber from Grace's Mill near Macon,
+who was also known in Upson County, and who had served in the Florida
+war. Some of the witnesses who had never known Bunkley recognized the
+claimant as a man who had called himself Barber. Some of the witnesses
+who had known Jesse from his boyhood testified that they recognized the
+claimant as Bunkley on sight. Bunkley had various scars on his face,
+neck, and body. The claimant exhibited all these to the jury. One of the
+witnesses remembered that Bunkley bore the marks of a snake bite on one
+of his legs. The claimant immediately showed these marks. Hundreds of
+questions had been put to the claimant to test his memory. A great many
+he answered correctly, a great many others he failed to answer; but his
+replies to all vital questions were wonderfully clear and satisfactory.
+The jury was out but a short time before it returned, bringing in a
+verdict of guilty; and the claimant was sentenced to the penitentiary,
+where he served out his term.
+
+[Illustration: The Bunkley Trial 245]
+
+This verdict and sentence settled the case in law, but it remained as
+unsettled as ever in the public mind. The writer of this has heard it
+discussed on more than one occasion among old ladies and gentlemen who
+knew Bunkley, and who saw the claimant; and, without exception, they
+declared that the verdict of the jury was cruelly unjust.
+
+And yet, if any wrong was done, Bunkley himself was to blame for it.
+Being a young man of fortune and of the fairest prospects, he owed it to
+himself, his family, his friends, and to society at large, to become
+a good citizen, so that his ample means might be properly employed.
+Instead of that, he became a rowdy and a rioter, spending his days and
+his nights in evil company and in dissipation. If the claimant in this
+mysterious case was really Jesse Bunkley, it may be said of him that his
+sins had found him out.
+
+
+
+
+GEORGIA WIT AND HUMOR.
+
+The wit and humor of Georgia stand by themselves. They have no
+counterpart in any other section of the country. Many attempts have been
+made to imitate them, but there is always something lacking. The flavor,
+the "bouquet," the aroma, is gone. The sun, the soil, the air, and
+even the spring water, seem to have something to do with it. Just what,
+nobody knows. Wit and humor are elusive,--they are unsubstantial. On the
+other hand, the Georgia watermelon is something solid. It may be handled
+and felt. It may be "thumped" and "plugged" and tested. Those who know
+what a watermelon is and should be, know that there is none to compare
+with the melons that are grown in Georgia, no matter what the variety.
+The same may be said of the wit and humor that belong to Georgia. An old
+man--Uncle Tom Norris he was called, on account of his gray hairs--was
+once heard to say (speaking professionally), "Let me clap a drop of
+the low-wines to my tongue, and I'll tell you what branch the fire was
+kindled on." He was a distiller, and knew his business. One need not
+be an expert to say the same of Georgia humor. It is almost possible to
+tell the very militia district in which it originated. It carries not
+only the flavor, but the color.
+
+For a hundred years Georgia has remained the most democratic part of the
+country. The sons of the richest men were put in the fields to work
+side by side with the negroes, and were thus taught to understand the
+importance of individual effort that leads to personal independence.
+It thus happened that there was a cordial, and even an affectionate,
+understanding between the slaves and their owners, that perhaps had no
+parallel elsewhere. The poorer whites had no reason to hold their heads
+down because they had to work for their living. The richest slave owners
+did not feel themselves above those who had few negroes or none. When
+a man called his neighbor "Colonel," or "Judge," it was to show his
+respect, nothing more. For the rest, the humblest held their heads as
+high as the richest, and were as quick, perhaps quicker, in a quarrel.
+
+The Virginians and North Carolinians who settled in the Broad River
+region intermarried, and spread out over middle Georgia. Those who were
+not akin were bound to each other by ties of long acquaintanceship; but
+the homogeneousness of the people, complete and thorough as it was, was
+not marked by any monotony. On the contrary, character and individuality
+ran riot, appearing in such strange and attractive shapes as to puzzle
+and bewilder even those who were familiar with the queer manifestations.
+Every settlement had its peculiarities, and every neighborhood boasted
+of its humorist,--its clown, whose pranks and jests were limited by
+no license. Out of this has grown a literature which, in some of its
+characteristics, is not matched elsewhere on the globe; but that which
+has been preserved by printing is not comparable, either in volume or
+merit, with the great body of humor that has perished because of the
+lack of some one industrious enough to chronicle it.
+
+One of the most perfect types of the Georgia humorist was the late John
+M. Dooly. Judge Dooly was a remarkable man in other respects, but it is
+his wonderful fund of humor that has made his name famous in Georgia and
+throughout the country. It has been told in these pages how Colonel John
+Dooly was dragged from his bed by the Tories and murdered. This Colonel
+Dooly was the father of John M., who was hid under the bed when the
+Tories dragged his father out and murdered him. It might be supposed
+that such an event would have a tendency to give a boy a very serious
+view of life. Judge Dooly's views were no doubt serious enough; but they
+were overwhelmed and overpowered by a temperament which found cause for
+laughter in almost every person and passing event, and was the cause of
+innocent mirth in others.
+
+Judge Dooly was born in what he called the "Dark Corner" of Lincoln
+County, which had not then been cut off from Wilkes. After the murder of
+his father, the family was left in poverty. When he went to Washington,
+the county seat of Wilkes County, to read law with Mr. Matthews, the
+clothes he wore were in such a condition that he was compelled to
+confine himself to the office in the daytime. He was very poor and
+very bright. Old people who knew him when a boy, described him to Judge
+Garnett Andrews as "a sallow, piney-woods-looking lad." "Piney-woods
+people" was the local name for the tackies, the clay eaters, the
+no-accounts, that had settled about on the poorer lands in that section
+of Georgia, and given themselves over to thriftlessness for good and
+all. But young Dooly had that within him which made him superior to the
+conditions and limitations of poverty. Apart from his remarkable gift of
+humor, he had a native brilliancy of mind that gave him an easy mastery
+over the principles of law that he found in the books. He was admitted
+to the bar in 1798, and was immediately successful as a lawyer. His
+education had been limited to that which he found in the "old field
+schools," and in that day they were not of the best; but such a mind as
+his needed only the rudiments, the rest came as by instinct.
+
+[Illustration: Judge Dooly 250]
+
+Judge Dooly was not a student while practicing at the bar. He had
+thoroughly mastered the principles, the groundwork, of the law; and his
+mind, as logical as it was brilliant, fitted these principles to every
+case he had charge of. His love of humor, and his fondness for the
+society of those who preferred fun and frolic, placed many temptations
+in his way, and some of these he did not always resist; but the faults
+he had were the faults of the time in which he lived, the faults of the
+society in which he was brought up and by which he was surrounded. Judge
+Dooly has been described by a contemporary as having a large head,
+with a bold, high forehead, heavy eyebrows, prominent nose, a small
+compressed mouth, and large, vivid, sparkling eyes, which, when the
+spirit of humor had possession of him, illuminated his countenance as if
+an electric battery were in play.
+
+On one occasion, Judge Dooly had been challenged by Judge Tait,--the
+same Judge Tait who had made himself so obnoxious to General John
+Clarke. Judge Tait had a wooden leg; and Judge Dooly, in replying to the
+challenge, referred to this fact, and said he did not think they could
+fight on equal terms. He hoped his refusal would not be interpreted as a
+reflection on the misfortunes of Judge Tait. This reply made Judge Tait
+more indignant than ever. He wrote a severe reply, suggesting to Judge
+Dooly that his refusal to fight was the result of cowardice rather than
+a desire not to shed the blood of an unfortunate cripple. In answer to
+this insinuation, Judge Dooly declared boldly that he was ready to fight
+his adversary on anything like equal terms. He announced that he would
+meet Judge Tait anywhere, on any day, and exchange a shot with him,
+provided he (Judge Dooly) was allowed to stand on the field of honor
+with one leg in a bee-gum! The bee-gums of that day were made of
+sections of hollow trees. Naturally this remarkable proposition made
+Judge Tait madder than ever, and he wrote to Judge Dooly that he
+intended to publish him as a coward. Judge Dooly calmly informed Judge
+Tait by letter that he had no sort of objection to the publication,
+provided it was at Tait's expense. He declared, that, for his part, he
+would rather fill a dozen newspapers than one coffin. These unexpected
+strokes of humor disarmed the anger of Judge Tait, and set the whole
+State in a roar. They did more: they cleared the political atmosphere,
+and took the edge off of party rancor, which was at that time very
+fierce and keen.
+
+Once, when dining at a public table, Dooly said something or did
+something to irritate Major Freeman Walker. The latter, remarking that
+he had borne with the liberties taken by Judge Dooly quite long enough,
+said he proposed to resent them then and there. The attack on his
+feelings had been made in public, and he proposed to resent it in
+public. Seizing a chair, he advanced on Judge Dooly. The judge seized a
+carving knife, and braced himself for defense. Several gentlemen caught
+hold of the judge to prevent him from using the knife, while only one
+held Major Walker. Surveying the scene, Judge Dooly calmly remarked,
+"Gentlemen, one of you will be sufficient to prevent me from doing any
+mischief. The rest of you had better hold Walker." The explosion that
+this remark created put even Major Walker in good humor, and he and the
+judge settled their differences in the most amiable and rational manner.
+
+When the Legislature passed severe laws against gaming, Judge Dooly
+enforced them rigidly. Some of the gamblers were brought to trial and
+fined, and others were only saved from arrest by the fact that they kept
+out of the way when court was in session.
+
+But one night in Washington, Wilkes County, after the judge had been
+holding court all the week and had closed the term, he went to his room
+in the hotel and made all preparations to retire. He had barely settled
+himself in bed, when he heard a noise in an adjoining room, and soon
+discovered that a game of faro was going on. The noise disturbed him so,
+that he dressed himself, went to the room, and told the players, that,
+having tried all legal methods to break them up, and failed, he was
+now determined to try another plan. He thereupon seated himself at the
+table, and before the night was spent broke the bank. He then told the
+gamblers to clear out, and be more careful in future how they interfered
+with the court.
+
+Once when sitting up late at night, trying a very complicated case, the
+sheriff voluntarily placed on the bench beside the judge a small pitcher
+half filled with toddy. When he had finished the toddy, the judge called
+to the officer, "Mr. Sheriff, fetch in some more water out of the same
+spring." A murder case was once tried before him. The point in the case
+was whether the prisoner had shot in self-defense. There was a good deal
+said by the lawyers about the right to shoot. The jury, intending to
+justify the prisoner, brought in this verdict: "The prisoner has a right
+to shoot." When this verdict was read to the court, the judge held up
+his hands in pretended alarm, and cried out, "Mr. Sheriff, don't let him
+shoot this way!"
+
+A story is told of Judge Dooly and Tom Peter Carnes, another rare
+humorist, that fairly illustrates the statement made in the beginning
+of this chapter in regard to the plain and democratic character of the
+people who settled Middle Georgia. Dooly and his friend Carnes were
+traveling to court, having gone without breakfast in order to be up and
+on their way at an early hour. At last they reached the place where they
+were to get breakfast, and called for it with some show of impatience.
+The lady of the house, however, was in no hurry. She said that they
+should have breakfast the moment Charles came. So she called for
+Charles, blew the horn for Charles, and finally sent for Charles. When
+Charles put in an appearance, the two travelers found that he was a big
+negro, so black and fat that he fairly glistened when the sun shone on
+him. Naturally Dooly and Carnes were surprised. They were still more
+surprised when the negro's mistress said in a coaxing tone, "Now,
+Charles, I do wish you would sit down and let the gentlemen eat, as they
+are in a hurry to go to court." Charles didn't like so much company;
+but he finally sat down to the table, on which there was a big bowl of
+clabber, three "hunks" of corn bread, and three pewter spoons. "Now,
+Charles," said the woman, "do eat, and then the gentlemen will begin."
+Making the best of the situation, and somewhat enjoying the humor of it,
+Dooly and Carnes sat down at the table and began to eat. Carnes shook
+his big spoon at the negro, and cried out, "Now, Charles, you must
+spoony on your own side;" and he kept on warning him, "Spoony on your
+own side, Charles, spoony on your own side." The two lawyers ate until
+Charles's spoon began to make raids on their side of the bowl, and then
+they abandoned the feast to him and went on their way.
+
+A landlord of a hotel, having heard some of the lawyers, among them
+Judge Dooly, bragging about the toothsomeness of a baked pig they had
+tasted, probably at Milledgeville during the session of the Legislature,
+concluded that he would surprise and please them by having something in
+that line himself.
+
+He was either ignorant or ill-advised; for, instead of baking a suckling
+pig, he roasted a half-grown pig, stuffed him, put an apple in his
+mouth, and stood him upon his stumps in a dish. In those days the seat
+of honor at the head of the hotel table was reserved for the judge of
+the court At the head of the table Mr. Pig was placed, facing Judge
+Dooly's seat. The judge and the lawyers came in, sat down, and ate
+dinner in comparative silence. They were overawed by Mr. Pig. Though
+the carving knife lay handy, and the landlord and his wife were watching
+with impatience and uneasiness to see what the lawyers would say when
+they had tasted this particular roast pig, no one dared to touch it. At
+supper Mr. Pig was still standing defiantly in his place. He presided at
+every meal during the day following. On the morning of the second day,
+when Judge Dooly came to the table, Mr. Pig was in his old position.
+Thereupon the judge bowed to him gravely. "Good-morning, sir!" he said.
+"I am afraid you have lost your appetite, seeing you have not eaten that
+apple yet. I presume you are tired attending court.--Mr. Sheriff, you
+may discharge him on his own recognizance, until court in course, seeing
+we shall have no further use for him at this session, and return him the
+thanks of the court for his prompt and faithful attendance."
+
+[Illustration: The Roast Pig 255]
+
+Judge Dooly was a member of the Clarke party; but on one occasion,
+when he was a candidate for reelection to the judgeship of the northern
+circuit, some of the Clarke men declared that Governor Troup's warlike
+message was an evidence that he was mad. Judge Dooly made the comment,
+"If he is mad, I wish the same mad dog that bit him would bite me." This
+happy remark came to the ears of the Troup men in the Legislature, and
+it so pleased them that they put an end to all opposition to the judge
+in the election.
+
+Judge Dooly was one of the most charitable of men. He once refused to
+give alms to an unfortunate woman in Savannah, and the refusal haunted
+him all his life He declared that it taught him never to let Satan cheat
+him out of another opportunity to help the unfortunate; that he had
+determined to err on the safe side ever after.
+
+Just before he died, a friend called to ask after his condition. His
+reply was that he had a bad cold without any cough to suit it. And so,
+humor bubbling from his lips to the last, there passed away, on the 26th
+of May, 1827, the rarest humorist that Georgia, the especial mother
+of humorists, has ever produced. Judge Dooly had a humor that was as
+illuminating as it was enlivening. It stirred to laughter or it moved to
+tears, according as this wonderful man chose to direct it.
+
+A great deal of the humor that originated in Georgia has been printed
+in books. We find it in Judge Long-street's "Georgia Scenes," in Major
+Jones's "Travels," in Colonel Richard Malcolm Johnston's "Stories
+of Georgia Life," and in other volumes that have attracted public
+attention. But the best of it has been lost. It originated when the
+lawyers were riding about on horseback or in buggies from court to
+court, and tradition has only preserved a small part of it.
+
+
+
+
+SLAVERY AND SECESSION.
+
+The dispute over slavery, which had been going on for many years, grew
+furious in 1850; and its fury increased until, in 1860-61, it culminated
+in the secession of the Southern States from the Union. Some of those
+who have written the history of the secession movement contend that
+slavery had little or nothing to do with the matter; that the South
+seceded because the North had refused to grant her people their rights
+guaranteed under the Constitution. This is true as far as it goes; but
+the fact remains, that secession and the war grew out of the efforts of
+the abolitionists of the North, and those who sympathized with them, to
+keep slavery out of the Territories, and to prevent the new States then
+forming from becoming slave States. There is no doubt that these efforts
+were illegal and unconstitutional; and yet, in the minds of those who
+made them, constitutionality was not a sufficient excuse for slavery,
+which, whatever might be its political status, was morally wrong: that
+is to say, they believed that such a wrong as slavery could not be
+justified by paper constitutions and the like. Some of the more extreme
+abolitionists of the North were just as ready to secede from the Union
+that recognized slavery as the Southerners were to break up a Union
+whose constitutional guaranties meant nothing.
+
+It must be borne in mind that the antislavery movement began in the
+South. While slavery was in full blast both North and South, Thomas
+Jefferson, the greatest political leader the South has ever produced,
+was at the head of an emancipation movement, and in all parts of the
+South there were men whose minds revolted at the possibilities that
+swarmed about human slavery. Georgia was the only one of the Original
+Thirteen Colonies in which slavery was prohibited, and we have seen
+how this prohibition was repealed at the demand of the planters. Seven
+Northern States, finding slavery unprofitable, abolished the system,
+and a majority of the slaves were sold to the Southern States. But the
+emancipation movement went on in the South. There were more than fifty
+thousand free negroes in Virginia in 1856, and there were a great many
+in Georgia. A number of planters in Georgia, the most prominent among
+them being Alfred Cuthbert, emancipated their slaves, and arranged to
+send them to Liberia.
+
+Nevertheless the invention of the cotton gin did more to strengthen
+the cause of slavery than all other events combined. It became more
+profitable than ever to own slaves; and in this way, and on this
+account, all the cotton-growing States became interested in the system.
+They had the excuse not only that slavery was profitable, but
+that self-interest combined with feelings of humanity to make it a
+patriarchal institution. And such, in fact, it was. It is to the glory
+of the American character and name, that never before in the history of
+the world was human slavery marked by such mildness, such humanity, as
+that which characterized it in the United States.
+
+But all such considerations as these, as well as the moral objections
+to slavery of any sort, humane or cruel, were lost sight of in the great
+controversy that grew so furious in 1850. In that controversy some of
+Georgia's ablest men took part,--men who were famous as statesmen all
+over the country. There were Alexander H. Stephens, who afterwards
+became the Vice-President of the Confederacy; Robert Toombs, whose fiery
+and impetuous character and wonderful eloquence made him a man of mark;
+Howell Cobb, who was speaker of the House of Representatives; Herschel
+V. Johnson, who was a candidate for Vice-President on the ticket with
+Stephen A. Douglas in 1860; Benjamin H. Hill, who was just then coming
+into prominence; and Joseph E. Brown, whose influence on the political
+history of the State has been more marked than that of any other
+individual.
+
+The controversy growing out of the slavery question became so warm that
+it led to the breaking-up of parties in 1850. Stephens and Toombs,
+who had been Whigs, united with Howell Cobb, who was a Democrat. Other
+Southern Whigs united under the name of the American party. At the North
+the Whigs either joined the Republican party or united with the American
+party. The spirit of disunion was rampant in all parts of the South.
+In Georgia the Legislature had called a State convention, and a great
+effort was made by some of the politicians to commit the State to
+secession. Both Toombs and Stephens were strong Union men, and they
+opposed the spirit and purpose of the call for the convention.
+The speeches that Toombs had made in Congress were garbled by the
+newspapers, and he was made to appear as favoring immediate secession.
+He made short work of that scheme, however. He returned to Georgia in
+the fall of 1850, and immediately began one of the most extraordinary
+campaigns that has ever taken place in the State. He was in the prime
+of life. His fiery energy, his boldness, his independence, and his
+dauntless courage, were in full flower. He took issue with what seemed
+to be the unanimous sentiment of the State. He declared that the call
+for the convention had dishonored the State. He sent out a ringing
+address to the people, urging the South to stand by the Constitution and
+the laws in good faith.
+
+By the time the convention was held, the efforts of Toombs, supplemented
+by those of Stephens and other conservative men, had turned the tide of
+disunion. Whigs united with Democrats. When the returns of the election
+were made known, it was found that a large majority of the members
+were for the Union. "With no memory of past differences," said Toombs,
+"careless of the future, I am ready to unite with any portion or all of
+my countrymen in defense of the integrity of the Republic." So it was
+that the convention met, and adopted what is known in our political
+history as "The Georgia Platform." This platform said that Georgia held
+the American Union secondary in importance to the rights and principles
+it was bound to perpetuate; that, as the Thirteen Colonies found union
+impossible without compromise, the thirty-one of that day would yield
+somewhat in the conflict of opinion and policy, to preserve the Union;
+that Georgia had maturely considered the action of Congress in adopting
+the compromise measures, and, while she did not wholly approve that
+action, would abide by it as a permanent adjustment of this sectional
+controversy; that the State would in future resist, even to the
+disruption of the Union, any act prohibiting slavery in the Territories,
+or a refusal to admit a slave State into the Union.
+
+Thus the Union was saved in 1850 by the very man who had been charged
+with trying to break it up. The eyes of the whole South were turned to
+Georgia during that campaign; and when the people, under the leadership
+of Toombs, Stephens, and Howell Cobb, voted to save the Union, the tide
+of disunion was turned everywhere. The Georgia platform was made the
+platform of the constitutional Union party in the Southern States. In
+Mississippi, Henry S. Foote, the Union candidate, defeated Jefferson
+Davis for governor. The action of Georgia strengthened the Union
+sentiment in all parts of the country.
+
+For a while the situation was secure and satisfactory; but, in the
+nature of things, this could not last. The politicians were busy while
+the people were asleep. The Know-nothing party sprang up in a night,
+and divided the people again; and in Congress the slavery discussion was
+renewed with extreme bitterness over the bills to admit the Territories
+of Kansas and Nebraska as States. This controversy was even more
+exciting than that which resulted in the Compromise Laws of 1850.
+Following close upon this agitation came John Brown's raid into
+Virginia, and his attack on Harpers Ferry. In ordinary times this raid
+would have been regarded with contempt by the Southern people. It was
+a ridiculous affair,--the act of a man who had worked himself up into
+a frenzy of folly. If the people themselves had not been influenced by
+passion cunningly played on by the smaller politicians in both sections,
+poor old John Brown would not have been regarded as a murderer by the
+South nor as a martyr by the North. He would have been an object of pity
+to the sensible men of both sections.
+
+But the state of public opinion was such at that time, that this
+ridiculous venture of a crazy old man was a tremendous shock to the
+South. It contributed more largely than any other event to alarm the
+people of this section, and to turn their minds to secession as a relief
+from, and a remedy for, such attacks upon the peace and good order of
+society. It was a great stimulant to those who had long been in favor of
+disunion, as well as to those at the North who were ready to get rid of
+slavery by violence. Following this raid, public opinion both North and
+South became so violently agitated, that the voices of conservative men
+could not be heard above the storm. It was the hour of the agitator and
+the extremist, and they made the most of it. The Democratic Convention,
+to nominate a candidate for President and Vice-President, met in
+Charleston on the 23d of April, 1860, and remained in session until the
+second day of May. The confused state of public opinion was shown by the
+turbulent division in that convention.
+
+At a moment when the wise men of the Democratic party, or of any party,
+ought to have taken hold of affairs and made their influence felt, they
+seemed to be unequal to the occasion. The members of the convention
+could not agree, and the body adjourned to meet in Baltimore. But the
+division continued and grew wider. The differences could not be settled.
+One faction nominated Douglas and Johnson, and the other nominated
+Breckinridge and Lane. The result was the election of Lincoln and Hamlin
+as the candidates of the Republican party.
+
+[Illustration: Georgia Politics 264]
+
+In Georgia three of the ablest men still stood for the Union,--Alexander
+H. Stephens, Herschel V. Johnson, and Benjamin H. Hill. But they were
+unable to stem the tide. The vote of the State for members of the
+convention that passed the ordinance of secession showed a majority
+of only thirteen thousand for disunion; but Toombs, Thomas R. R. Cobb,
+Howell Cobb, and others seized the advantage that events gave them, and,
+in a whirlwind of passion, swept aside all the arguments and appeals
+of the more conservative men. But, of all those who were in favor of
+secession, Toombs was at that time the most powerful and influential.
+He so managed matters in Congress as to make the secession of Georgia
+follow the inevitable failure of measures that he proposed in that body.
+
+With the people of the South, and indeed with the people of the whole
+country, divided between three parties, the election of a Republican
+candidate was a foregone conclusion. Following this came secession, with
+all the terrible disasters of a war in which the South could not have
+hoped to succeed if reason and common sense had ruled. If the South
+had fought for her constitutional rights in the Union and under the
+old flag, the result might have been different. She would have had
+the active sympathy and support of that large and influential body
+of Northern men who were sincerely anxious to see the terms of the
+Constitution faithfully carried out. But disunion was more than these
+constitutional Democrats could stand. Daniel Webster had solidified
+their love for the Union, and no consideration of party could affect it.
+
+The course of the South, considering all that was involved, should have
+been conservative; but it was not. It is perfectly well known now that
+Abraham Lincoln was willing to sacrifice the abolition party on the
+altar of the Union. He was prompt to announce his policy in this
+respect. But secession came, and with it came the doom of slavery. That
+all was ordered by Providence, it would be foolish to deny; and yet it
+is impossible not to regret the great sacrifice of blood and treasure
+that was demanded by the unhappy war that followed secession.
+
+
+
+
+THE FARMER BOY OF GADDISTOWN.
+
+In 1857, when Bob Toombs was looking after his large landed possessions
+in Texas, and bringing the squatters to terms, he received a letter
+from one of his political friends, announcing that the Democratic State
+Convention had adjourned after nominating Joseph E. Brown as a candidate
+for governor. Toombs was traveling with a party of friends, and to one
+of them he read the letter. Then in a dazed way he asked, "Who is Joe
+Brown?" His friend knew no more about Joe Brown than Senator Toombs did,
+and all the way home the travelers were puzzling themselves with the
+question, "Who is Joe Brown?" They were destined to find out; for the
+convention that nominated Joe Brown for governor brought to the front
+in Georgia politics one of the most remarkable men the State has ever
+known.
+
+Shortly after his return to Georgia from Texas, Toombs was compelled to
+meet Joe Brown to consult in regard to the details of the campaign in
+which both were interested. It must have been an interesting meeting. It
+was as if Prince Charlie and Cromwell had met to arrange a campaign.
+It was a meeting between Puritan and Cavalier. Toombs was full-blooded,
+hotheaded, impetuous, imperious. Joe Brown was pale, angular, awkward,
+cold, and determined. It was as if in a new land the old issues had been
+buried. Toombs was a man of the people, but in his own way, and it was
+a princely and a dashing way. Brown was a man of the people, but in
+the people's way; and it was a cold, calculating, determined, and
+common-sense way. Howell Cobb had written to Toombs to go to the aid of
+Brown, expressing a fear that the nominee, being a new and an untried
+man, would not be able to hold his own against Ben Hill, who was the
+candidate of the American or Know-nothing party for governor. So the
+dashing and gallant senator sought out the new and unknown Democratic
+candidate for governor, and had a conference with him. Toombs found the
+young man strangely cold and placid, and yet full of the determination
+that martyrs are made of. He found that Joe Brown had already mapped
+out and arranged the plans for his campaign, and the more experienced
+politicians saw nothing to change in them. They were marked by
+shrewdness and sagacity, and covered every detail of party organization.
+This was satisfactory; but how could the young man sustain himself on
+the stump against such a speaker as Ben Hill, who, although a young
+man, was a speaker of great force and power? Toombs thought it would be
+better to meet Hill himself, and he started out with that purpose;
+but when he heard Joe Brown make two or three speeches, and saw the
+tremendous effect he produced on the minds of the audiences that
+assembled to hear him, the older campaigner went home, satisfied that
+young Brown needed no instruction and no coaching in the difficult art
+of influencing the people and winning their votes.
+
+The personal history and career of Joseph E. Brown should be studied by
+every ambitious boy in the land, especially by those who imagine they
+cannot succeed because they lack opportunities that money and friends
+would obtain for them. From 1857 to the close of the war, and after,
+the political history of Joe Brown is the history of the State; but that
+history, attractive as it is, is not so interesting as his struggle
+to make a name for himself in the world. Joseph E. Brown was born in
+Pickens County, South Carolina, and was the eldest of eleven children.
+His family was English. His grandfather fought manfully against the
+British and Tories in the Revolutionary War. His father fought under
+Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812, and was at the battle of New
+Orleans on the 8th of January, 1815.
+
+Joe Brown was born in 1821. His parents were not so well off as to be
+able to send the lad continuously to school as he grew up. He had to
+"take his chances." He was compelled to work in the fields in season,
+and was permitted to go to school only when there was nothing for him
+to do on the little farm. He did farm labor from the time he was eight
+until he reached the age of nineteen, and the schooling he had received
+was only of the most haphazard kind.
+
+Before he was grown, his father moved from South Carolina into Georgia,
+settling in Union County, near a little valley named Gaddistown. Up to
+this time, though young Brown was nineteen years of age, he had learned
+nothing but reading, writing, and arithmetic, and very little of
+these. He was now compelled to work harder than ever. Settling in a new
+country, and on new land that had to be cleared before it would yield a
+crop, the Browns had as much as they could do to get the farm in order
+in time for the planting season; and in this severe work, Joseph E.,
+being the eldest son, was the chief reliance of the family. He had a
+pair of small steers with which he plowed; and when he wasn't plowing
+on the farm, he was hauling wood and butter and vegetables to the small
+market at Dahlonega, and taking back in truck and trade some necessary
+article for the family. In this way he learned the lessons of patience,
+self-control, and tireless industry that all boys ought to learn,
+because they are not only the basis of content and happiness, but of all
+success.
+
+When Joe Brown was twenty years old, his father allowed him to seek an
+education. All he could do for the industrious and ambitious boy was
+to give him his blessing and the yoke of steers with which he had been
+plowing. With these young Brown returned to South Carolina and entered
+an academy in Anderson district He gave the steers for eight months'
+board, and went into debt for the tuition fee. In the fall of 1841 he
+returned to Georgia and taught school for three months, and with the
+money he received for this he paid for the schooling he had gone in debt
+for. He returned to the Carolina academy in 1842, and went into debt not
+only for his schooling, but for his board. His patience and his untiring
+industry enabled him to make such rapid progress that within two years
+he had fitted himself to enter an advanced class in college. But the
+lack of means prevented him from entering college. Instead he returned
+to Georgia and opened a school at Canton, Cherokee County. He opened
+this school with six pupils, and the number rapidly increased to sixty,
+so that he was able in a short time to settle the debts he had made
+in Carolina. He taught school all day, and at night and on Saturdays
+devoted himself to the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1845,
+and was at once successful. He made no pretense of oratory; but his
+simple and unpretending style, his homely and direct way of putting
+a case, and his faculty of applying the test of common sense to all
+questions, were as successful with juries as they afterwards proved to
+be with the people; and before the people he was irresistible.
+
+[Illustration: Joe Brown and his Steers 270]
+
+But he was not yet through with his studies. A friend advanced him
+the money necessary to enter the Law School of Yale; and there, from
+October, 1845, to June, 1846, when he graduated, he took the lead in all
+his classes, and had time to attend lectures in other departments of
+the college. He returned home, began active practice, and was soon
+prosperous. He became a State senator, and was afterwards made a judge
+of the superior courts.
+
+When the Democratic Convention met in Milledgeville in 1857, for the
+purpose of nominating a candidate for governor, it had so many popular
+candidates to choose from, and these candidates had so many and such
+strong friends, that the members found it impossible to agree on a
+man. A great many ballots were taken, and there was a good deal of
+"log-rolling" and "buttonholing," as the politicians call it, on behalf
+of the various candidates by their special friends. But all this did no
+good. There was a deadlock. No one of the candidates was able to obtain
+a two-thirds majority, which, according to Democratic law, was the
+number necessary to a nomination. Twenty-one ballots had been taken with
+no result, and the convention had been in session three days. Finally
+it was decided to appoint a special committee made up of three delegates
+from each congressional district. It was the duty of this committee to
+name a candidate on whom the convention could agree. When this committee
+retired, it was proposed that a ballot be taken, each committeeman
+writing the name of the candidate of his choice on a slip of paper, and
+depositing the slip in a hat. This was done; but before the ballots were
+counted, Judge Linton Stephens, a brother of Alexander H., stated that
+such a formality was not necessary. He thereupon moved that Judge Joseph
+E. Brown of Cherokee be selected as the compromise man, and that his
+name be reported to the convention. This was agreed to unanimously, and
+Joseph E. Brown was nominated; and yet, if the written ballots had
+been counted, it would have been found that Alfred H. Colquitt, who
+afterwards became so distinguished in Georgia, had been nominated by
+the committee. He received a majority of one of the written ballots
+when they were afterwards counted through curiosity. Twenty-three years
+later, Colquitt, who was then governor, made Joseph E. Brown a United
+States senator under circumstances that aroused strong opposition, and
+immediately afterwards Brown aided Colquitt to a reelection in one of
+the bitterest contests the State has ever witnessed.
+
+The unexpected nomination of Brown by the convention of 1857 introduced
+into State politics the most potent element that it had ever known. The
+nomination, surprising as it was, was not half so surprising as some
+of the results that have followed it. At the moment the convention
+nominated him, Joe Brown was tying wheat in one of his fields near
+Canton, in Cherokee County. He was then judge of the Blue Ridge Circuit;
+and on the day that his name was placed before the Democratic Convention
+at Milledgeville, he had returned home. After dinner he went out into
+his farm to see how his men were getting on. He had four men cutting
+wheat with cradles, and he found the binders very much behind. About
+half-past two o'clock he pulled off his coat and ordered the binders to
+keep up with him. It was on the 15th of June, 1857. The weather was very
+warm, but he kept at work all the afternoon. About sundown he went home,
+and was preparing to bathe, when a neighbor, who had been to Marietta
+and heard the news, rode to his house and told him about the nomination,
+which had been made at three o'clock that afternoon. Telling about the
+incident afterwards, Joe Brown, with a twinkle in his eye, said that he
+had heard that a good many men were anxious to buy that wheat field,
+so as to have an opportunity to tie wheat in it while a nominating
+convention was in session.
+
+The great majority of the people of the State were as much puzzled about
+Joe Brown as Toombs was. Either they had not heard of him before, or
+they had forgotten him. In those days a man who made a reputation in the
+Cherokee country was not known to the rest of the State for a long time.
+The means of communication were slow and uncertain. But the whole State
+found him out just as Toombs did. He was prompt to begin the campaign.
+Toombs had already left the Whig party, and was acting with the
+Democrats. Stephens had left the Whigs, but had not become a Democrat.
+He was an Independent. He was, as he expressed it, "toting his own
+skillet." Ben Hill was Joe Brown's opponent, and these two met in debate
+before the people on two or three occasions. It was thought at first
+that Mr. Hill had the advantage of the tall and ungainly candidate from
+Cherokee, but the end of the contest showed that the advantage was all
+the other way. Mr. Hill was a man of very marked ability. He was one
+of the few good speakers who could write well, and one of the few
+fine writers who could speak well. He had courage, he had wit, he had
+learning, he had eloquence; he had everything, in fact, to attract
+popular approval and entice a popular following; but somehow, and until
+the very latest years of his life, he fell far short of being a popular
+idol. He was showy and effective before a mixed crowd, he never failed
+to attract applause, and it was supposed that Brown was making a losing
+campaign; but the campaign was going just the other way. Hill, in
+the course of his discussion, said hundreds of things that the
+people applauded; while Brown said hundreds of things that the people
+remembered, and carried home with them, and thought over. Joe Brown was
+not only a man of the people, but a man of the country people; and
+he pleased the city people who had formerly lived in the country. The
+result of the campaign was that Know-nothingism was buried out of sight
+in Georgia. Joe Brown was elected by more than ten thousand majority,
+and the Democratic majority in the Legislature was overwhelming.
+
+Although he was only thirty-six years old when he became governor, the
+people began to call him "Old Judg_ment_." This was due no less to his
+peculiar gift of hard common sense than to his peculiar pronunciation.
+His speech and his ways were "countrified," and they remained so all
+the days of his life. His voice was not musical, and he had a peculiar
+drawling intonation, which, if it had been a little more nasal, would
+have been an exact reproduction of the tone and manner of the Down-east
+Yankee. He shared these peculiarities with hundreds of the descendants
+of the Puritans who settled in the mountains of East Tennessee and North
+Georgia. He had no wish for the luxuries of life; and though he lived
+comfortably, he never, even when by close economy he had accumulated one
+of the largest fortunes in Georgia, cared to live finely. He was a plain
+man at first and a plain man at last, always temperate, industrious, and
+economical.
+
+His term of office in the governor's chair was for two years, and at
+the end of that time he had almost entirely remolded and refashioned his
+party. He had stamped his own personality and character upon it, and it
+became in truth and in fact the party of the people,--the common people.
+In his management of State affairs he had introduced the plain business
+methods suggested by common sense; he dispensed with all unnecessary
+officials; he shook off all the hangers-on; he uprooted all personal
+schemes: so that when the time came to nominate a man to succeed him, it
+was found that the people had no other choice. His party thought of no
+other name.
+
+The year of Joe Brown's second nomination, as we have seen, was the year
+that witnessed John Brown's ridiculous raid into Virginia. The people of
+the South, however, thought it was a very serious matter, and the people
+of Georgia were not different from those of the rest of the South. Some
+very wise men allowed themselves to be led away by their passions. Even
+Joe Brown, as Alexander Stephens once said, "tucked his judgment under
+the bed" for the time being. Back of the indignation created by the John
+Brown raid was the unconfessed and half-formed fear that the Northern
+abolitionists would send their agents to the South and organize a negro
+insurrection. Many of the Southern people remembered the horrors of San
+Domingo, and there was a vague and an undefined but constant dread that
+such a rising of the blacks would take place in the South. But there
+never was any such danger in Georgia. The relations between the slaves
+and their masters were too friendly and familiar to make such an
+uprising possible. The abolitionists did send agents to the South to
+stir the negroes to rebellion, and some of them came to Georgia, but
+in every instance their mission became known to the whites through the
+friendliness of the blacks. There was always some negro ready to tell
+his master's family when the abolition agents made their appearance.
+Still the people resented to the utmost the spirit that moved certain
+so-called philanthropists of the North to endeavor to secure the freedom
+of the negroes by means of the torch and midnight murder.
+
+Consequently in 1859, when Joe Brown was nominated for governor the
+second time, the people were greatly stirred. Sectional feeling ran
+high. In that year began the active movement that led to secession and
+the civil war. If all our statesmen had been as wise as Mr. Stephens
+and Mr. Hill, war would have been averted. Slavery itself, in the very
+nature of things, was doomed. It had accomplished its providential
+mission. It had civilized and christianized millions of savages who had
+been redeemed from slavery in their own land. It had justified its own
+ends, and would have passed away in good time, no matter what compromise
+may have been made.
+
+Mr. Stephens and Mr. Hill were opposed to secession. They were for
+fighting, if there must be a fight, in the Union, and this was the true
+policy. For a while the people of Georgia were earnestly in favor
+of this; but the efforts of the abolitionists to stir the negroes to
+insurrection, and the inflammatory appeals of some of the leading
+men, led them to oppose a policy which was at once just, wise, and
+considerate. Even Joseph E. Brown, cool, calculating, placid, and not
+easily-swayed by emotion, became a disunionist, demonstrating once again
+that beneath the somber and calm exterior of the Puritan is to be
+found a nature as combative and as unyielding as that which marks the
+Cavalier.
+
+Joe Brown was reelected in 1859, and did everything in his power as
+governor to hasten the event of secession. The National Democratic
+Convention met in Charleston, and the meeting showed that the
+differences between the Democrats could not be settled; and it so
+happened, that, while the South was opposed by the solid and rapidly
+growing Republican party, the people of the South were divided among
+themselves. What is most remarkable, the people of the South, after
+making the election of the Republican candidate certain by dividing
+among themselves, seemed to be amazed at the result. In some instances
+county meetings were held in Georgia, and resolutions sent to the
+Legislature declaring the election of Lincoln and Hamlin "a violation of
+national comity." Nothing could show more clearly that the minds of the
+voters were upset.
+
+On Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union, and the event
+was made the occasion for great rejoicing by the secession element in
+Georgia. Bonfires were kindled, guns were fired, and people seemed to
+be wild with enthusiasm. Georgia did not secede until Jan. 19, 1861; but
+Governor Brown did not wait for that event. He committed the first overt
+act of the war. He seized Fort Pulaski, on the Savannah, Jan. 3, 1861.
+
+On the 22d of January, ten cases of muskets belonging to a firm in Macon
+were seized by the New York police after they had been placed on board a
+vessel. Governor Brown sent a telegram to Governor Morgan, demanding
+the release of these arms. Governor Morgan hesitated some time before he
+made any response. Meanwhile, Governor Brown waited three days, and then
+ordered the seizure of every ship in the harbor of Savannah belonging to
+citizens of New York. Two brigs, two barks, and a schooner were seized
+and held by the State troops. When this seizure was made known, Governor
+Brown received official notification that the arms had been released. He
+therefore ordered the release of the vessels. But when the agents of the
+Macon firm made an effort to get the arms, they were refused. Promptly
+Governor Brown seized other vessels, and caused them to be advertised
+for sale.
+
+This was merely the beginning of those greater events that cast a shadow
+over the whole country. The farmer boy of Gaddistown was reelected
+governor in 1861, and continued to hold the office until 1865.
+
+
+
+
+GEORGIA IN THE WAR.
+
+[Illustration: Georgia in the War 279]
+
+When the Southern Confederacy was organized at Montgomery, Ala., there
+was great enthusiasm all over the South, especially in Georgia; and this
+feeling kept up until the State had given to the Confederate armies
+a hundred and twenty thousand soldiers, twenty thousand more than its
+voting population. By reason of the fame and number of its public men,
+Georgia had a controlling influence in the organization of the new
+government. Howell Cobb was president of the convention of the seceded
+States that met in Montgomery on the fourth day of February, 1861;
+and it is well known that the convention itself was in favor of making
+Robert Toombs president of the provisional government that was there
+formed. Mr. Toombs, however, expressly forbade the use of his name.
+The Georgia delegates then concluded to support Jefferson Davis of
+Mississippi for president, and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia for
+vice-president.
+
+Only a few men doubted that the South would conquer the North, and
+among these was Herschel V. Johnson. There was an idea abroad, that one
+Southerner could whip a dozen Northerners. Nobody knows how this idea
+got out, nor why the absurdity of it was not plain to all; but the
+newspapers were full of it, and the speech makers insisted on it so
+roundly that the people began to believe it. One orator declared that he
+could take one company of "Southrons," arm them with popguns, and run a
+regiment of Yankees out of the country. Another stated that he would
+be willing to drink all the blood that would be shed as the result
+of secession. It is said that both of these orators were asked for an
+explanation by their constituents after the war was over. The first
+said that the reason he didn't run the Yankees out of the country with
+popguns was because they wouldn't fight that way. The second one, who
+had promised to drink all the blood, said that exposure in camp had
+interfered with his digestion, and his appetite wasn't as good as it
+ought to be.
+
+At this time and afterwards there was an overwhelming sentiment in favor
+of the Union in some parts of North Georgia. The people of that section
+had few slaves, and the arguments in favor of the protection of slavery
+in the Territories did not appeal to them: consequently they were
+opposed to secession. There was but one thing that prevented serious
+trouble between these Union men and the State government, and that
+was the fact that Joe Brown was governor. He knew the North Georgians
+thoroughly, and he knew precisely how to deal with them. General
+Harrison W. Riley, a leading citizen of Lumpkin County, declared that
+he intended to seize the mint at Dahlonega, and hold it for the United
+States. This threat was telegraphed to Governor Brown by some of the
+secession leaders in that part of the State, and they appealed to him to
+send troops to Dahlonega at once, and seize the mint by force. But the
+governor knew Riley and the people of North Georgia too well to make any
+show of force. He knew that any such demonstration would excite sympathy
+for Riley, and inflame the Union sentiment there.. So Governor Brown
+wrote to some of Riley's friends, telling them what he had heard, and
+saying that he had known General Riley too long, and had too high an
+opinion of his good sense and patriotism, to believe the report. At the
+same time the governor informed the superintendent of the mint that the
+State of Georgia now held that institution. The superintendent said he
+was willing to act under the orders of the governor.
+
+At Jasper, the county seat of Pickens County, the feeling of loyalty to
+the Union was very strong. The delegate from that county to the State
+convention had refused to sign his name to the ordinance of secession.
+Soon after the State had seceded, the citizens of Jasper planted a pole,
+and raised on it a United States flag, and kept it floating there for
+several weeks in open defiance of the Confederate and State authorities.
+This was an event to be delicately handled. The slightest mistake would
+have created a state of feeling in North Georgia that would have given
+no end of trouble during the whole war. But the Union flag floating in
+Pickens County irritated the rest of the State; and hundreds of appeals
+were made to Governor Brown to send troops to Jasper, and have the flag
+taken down by force. To these appeals he made but one response, and then
+turned a deaf ear to all criticism. "Let the flag float there," he said.
+"It floated over our fathers, and we all love the flag now. We have only
+been compelled to lay it aside by the injustice that has been practiced
+under its folds. If the people of Pickens desire to hang it out and keep
+it there, let them do so. I shall send no troops to interfere with it."
+
+While this wise management on the part of Governor Brown did not change
+the sentiments of the Union men of North Georgia, it prevented any
+serious outbreak, and kept them soothed and quieted throughout the war.
+Matters were managed differently in East Tennessee; and the result
+was, that the Union men of that section went into the business of
+bushwhacking, and created a great deal of trouble. While Governor Brown
+exercised authority without regard for precedent, the time and the
+occasion being without precedent, he was very wise and very prudent in
+meeting such emergencies as those that arose in North Georgia.
+
+By the time the election for governor came on, Joe Brown had aroused a
+good deal of opposition. He had had a controversy with the Confederate
+authorities because the latter had enrolled troops from Georgia without
+first making a requisition on the governor. He had seized several
+cargoes of salt which the speculators had been holding for higher
+prices. There was at that early day, and all during the war, a salt
+famine in the South. The farmers found it difficult to save their meat,
+owing to the scarcity of salt. It is a curious fact, that, when the
+famine was at its height, a pound of salt was worth a pound of silver.
+Foreseeing this famine, a great many shrewd business men had laid in
+large stocks of salt, storing it about in large warehouses in different
+parts of the State. They were about to realize immense fortunes out of
+the sufferings of the people, when Governor Brown stepped in and seized
+all the salt the State authorities could lay hands on, and prohibited
+the shipment of the article out of the State. The Legislature afterwards
+came to the support of the governor; but if the matter had been
+discussed in the Legislature in advance of the action of the executive,
+the speculators would have had timely notice, and the State authorities
+would have found no salt to seize.
+
+[Illustration: The Salt Famine 284]
+
+This salt famine was almost as serious as any result of the war, and
+it hung over the State until the close of the contest. In thousands of
+instances the planters who had been prodigal of salt before the war, dug
+up the dirt floors of their smokehouses, and managed to extract a small
+supply of the costly article. The Legislature was compelled to
+organize a salt bureau, and for that purpose half a million dollars was
+appropriated. The State, in self-defense, took into its own hands the
+monopoly of manufacturing salt and of distributing it to the people.
+
+The next difficulty with which the people of Georgia had to contend was
+the Conscription Act. This act passed the Confederate Congress in April,
+1862. It had been recommended by Mr. Davis in a special message, and
+Congress promptly passed it. Nobody in Georgia could understand why
+such a law had been recommended, or why it had passed. It was the most
+ruinous blunder of the Confederate Government during the war. If such a
+law was necessary, it showed that the Confederacy had fallen to pieces.
+If it was not necessary, its enactment was a stupendous piece of
+folly; and such it turned out to be. Under the last call for troops
+for Confederate service, Governor Brown had no difficulty in furnishing
+eighteen regiments. He could have gone on furnish ing troops as long as
+there was any fighting material left in the State; but as soon as the
+Conscript Act went into operation, the ardor of the people sensibly
+cooled. The foolish law not only affected the people at home, but hurt
+the army in the field. It was a reflection on the patriotism of the
+whole Southern population. The law was the occasion of a controversy
+between Governor Brown and President Davis, in which Brown, in the
+nature of things, had a decided advantage; for the Conscript Act wiped
+out the whole theory of State rights, on which the people of the South
+depended to justify secession. But Georgia did not stand in the way of
+the law. It was enforced, and the terms of its enforcement did the work
+of disorganization more thoroughly than the hard times and the actual
+war were doing it.
+
+In March, 1863, the governor issued a proclamation convening the
+Legislature in special session to discuss the subject of bread. This was
+a very important subject at that time. In his message, the governor said
+that the time had come for the farmers to raise bread instead of cotton.
+He also laid before the Legislature' the reports of the distribution of
+the fund of two and a half millions of dollars for the support of the
+indigent families of soldiers. These reports showed what havoc the war
+had created among the people of a State which, not much more than two
+years before, was one of the most prosperous in the country. The fund
+had been distributed among more than eighty-four thousand people.
+Of this number, about forty-six thousand were children, twenty-four
+thousand were kinswomen of poor living soldiers, eight thousand were
+orphans, four thousand were widows of dead soldiers, and five hundred
+were soldiers disabled in service. Governor Brown, out of his own barn,
+gave the people of Cherokee County four thousand dollars' worth of corn.
+These events show the straits to which the people had been reduced by
+two years of actual war.
+
+It should be borne in mind, however, that the people had to fight the
+Union army in front, and the speculators and extortioners in the
+rear. Governor Brown tried hard to make the lives of this latter class
+entirely miserable, and he succeeded in a way that delighted the people.
+Wherever he could get his hands on a speculator or extortioner, he shook
+him up. He made many seizures, and confiscated the hoards of a great
+many men who had influence with some of the newspapers; and in this way
+life in the State was made almost as exciting as the experience of the
+soldiers at the front.
+
+In 1863, Governor Brown wanted to retire from office. The strain on
+his health and strength had been very severe, and he felt that he was
+breaking down. He wanted to make Toombs, who was then a general in the
+army, his successor. But Brown's friends insisted that he should make
+the race. The public opinion of Georgia and of the whole South
+insisted on it. So he became a candidate for a fourth term. He had two
+opponents,--Joshua Hill, who had been a strong Union man; and Timothy
+Furlow, who was an ardent secessionist and a strong supporter of the
+Confederate administration; but Governor Brown was elected by a large
+majority over both candidates.
+
+The war went steadily on, and during the year 1864 Georgia became the
+battle ground,--the strategic point. This fact the Union commanders
+realized very early, and began their movements accordingly. Virginia
+was merely the gateway to the Confederacy, but Georgia was very near
+the center of its vitality. This was shown by the fact that when Atlanta
+fell, and Sherman began his destructive march to the sea, it was known
+on all sides that the Confederate Government was doomed. This movement,
+strange to say, was hastened by the Confederate authorities. General
+Joseph E. Johnston, one of the greatest commanders of the war, was
+removed at a critical moment, when his well-disciplined army had reached
+Atlanta. He was ordered from Richmond to turn his army over to the
+command of General Hood, and within a very few days the fate of
+the Confederacy had been decided. Hood at once ordered an attack on
+Sherman's lines. He was repulsed, and then compelled to evacuate the
+city. General Sherman detached General Thomas from his main army to
+follow Hood on his march toward the Tennessee, and moved across the
+State to Savannah. Within a very few months thereafter the war was
+brought to a close. Colonel I. W. Avery, in his "History of Georgia,"
+says that on the thirty-first day of December, 1864, one dollar in gold
+was worth forty-nine dollars in Confederate money. The private soldier
+received eleven dollars of this money for a month's service. He could
+buy a pound of meat with his month's pay. He could buy a drink of
+whisky, and have one dollar left over. With four months' pay he could
+buy a bushel of wheat. General Toombs once humorously declared that
+a negro pressman worked all day printing money, and then until nine
+o'clock at night to pay himself off. There was a grain of truth in this
+humor,--just enough to picture the situation as by a charcoal sketch.
+
+
+
+
+A DARING ADVENTURE.
+
+On the 12th day of April, 1862, the anniversary of the firing on Fort
+Sumter by the Confederates, a passenger train pulled out of the old car
+shed in Atlanta. It was a "mixed" train, being composed of three freight
+cars, a baggage car, and the passenger coaches. The train started
+from Atlanta at an early hour, arrived at Marietta about daylight,
+and stopped at Big Shanty, about seven miles north of Marietta,
+for breakfast. At Marietta, early as the hour was, quite a crowd of
+passengers were waiting to take the train. This excited no remark. There
+was a good deal of travel and traffic on the State Road at that time,
+for it was the key to the Confederacy--the one artery that connected the
+army at the front with its source of supplies.
+
+The conductor of the train was Captain William A. Fuller, of Atlanta.
+Captain Fuller's title was not one of courtesy. He was a captain in the
+Confederate Army, on detached service. The engineer in charge of the
+locomotive was Jeff Cain. Mr. Antony Murphy, an employee of the road,
+was also on the train. At Big Shanty the passengers were allowed
+twenty minutes for breakfast, but the train men were in the habit of
+dispatching their meal a little quicker than this, so as to see that
+everything about the locomotive was shipshape when the conductor tapped
+the bell. Captain Fuller, sitting at a table near a window, had a
+full view of the train. He had hardly begun to eat before he saw the
+locomotive (the now famous "General") and the three freight cars pull
+out, and heard the gong sound as the cord snapped. He rose instantly and
+rushed from the breakfast room, followed by Engineer Cain and Antony
+Murphy. He saw the "General" going at full speed up the road with
+three freight cars attached. Without hesitation Captain Fuller started
+after the flying train on foot, followed by Cain and Murphy. Hundreds of
+soldiers were idling about the station. They had no idea what was taking
+place. They thought either that the locomotive had been carried up the
+track to take on or leave a freight car, or that some practical joker
+was playing a prank. They showed their enjoyment of the situation by
+laughing and cheering loudly when Captain Fuller, followed by Engineer
+Cain and Mr. Murphy, started after the "General "on foot.
+
+[Illustration: Capture of the Locomotive 289]
+
+The locomotive had been captured, and had the plan of its captors been
+successful, a paralyzing, perhaps a fatal, blow would have been struck
+at the Confederacy. The way the capture had come about was this: Early
+in 1862 the Federal commanders planned an advance on Chattanooga; but
+the fact that stood in their way was, that at various points along the
+line of railroad leading from Atlanta to Chattanooga, Confederate troops
+had been posted: consequently the moment an advance on Chattanooga was
+made, soldiers and war supplies could be hurried forward to the relief
+of the city. It was General Mitchell of the Federal army who planned the
+advance; and it was J. J. Andrews, an active spy in the Union service,
+who planned a raid by means of which it was intended to burn the bridges
+on the road north of Marietta, cut the telegraph wires, and thus destroy
+for a time the lines of transportation and communication between Atlanta
+and Chattanooga, and make the capture of the last-named point an easy
+matter. Andrews suggested to General Mitchell that a party of bold men
+could make their way to a station on the Western and Atlantic Railway
+(called the State Road because it was owned by the State), capture a
+locomotive, and then steam towards Chattanooga, burning the bridges and
+cutting the telegraph lines as they went along. Although there seemed
+to be small chance for the success of such a daring adventure, General
+Mitchell gave his consent to it, agreeing to pay Andrews sixty thousand
+dollars if he succeeded. To aid him, Andrews was allowed to select a
+number of young men who had already made a reputation in the Federal
+army for intelligence and bravery.
+
+There were twenty-four men in this small expedition when it started for
+Chattanooga. They were under the command of Andrews, who was a tall,
+handsome man with a long black beard. He was cold, impassive, and had
+the air of one who is born to command. He was bold as a lion, and never
+once lost his coolness, his firmness, or his decision. He and his men
+pretended to be Kentuckians who had become disgusted with the Lincoln
+government and were making their way South, where they might find more
+congenial company than that of the ardent Union men who were their
+neighbors at home. This story was plausible on the face of it, for many
+Southern sympathizers had fled from Tennessee and Kentucky when the
+Federals began to take possession of those sections.
+
+Andrews and his men tramped southward more than a hundred miles before
+they reached Chattanooga. Before going into that city, they divided into
+smaller squads, and all but two succeeded in eluding guards, sentinels,
+and patrols, and passing into the town. They left Chattanooga on a train
+bound for Atlanta, buying tickets for Marietta. They reached Marietta in
+safety, and went to different hotels for the night. They had arranged
+to meet again at four o'clock the next morning and take the north-bound
+train. Two of the men were not called by the clerk of the hotel at which
+they stopped: consequently they overslept, and their companions had to
+go on without them when the train arrived. They had learned that Big
+Shanty had no telegraph office, and that it was a breakfast station. At
+that point Andrews determined to capture the locomotive. It was not long
+before the brakeman put his head in at the door of the car and yelled
+out, "Big Shanty! Twenty minutes for breakfast!"
+
+Andrews and his men looked out of the windows of the car as the train
+drew up at the station, and the sight they saw was not calculated to
+make them feel certain of success. Opposite the station was a field
+covered with the tents of soldiers, and in and around the station
+thousands of soldiers were loitering and standing about. When the train
+stopped, Andrews, the leader, and Knight, an engineer who had come with
+the party, rose and left the coach on the side opposite the depot, and
+went to the locomotive, which they found empty. They also saw that the
+track was clear. Andrews and Knight then walked back until they came to
+the last of the three box cars. Andrews told his engineer to uncouple
+the baggage car from the box car, and then wait for him. Knight did as
+he was told, while Andrews walked leisurely back to the passenger coach,
+opened the door, and said quietly, "Now is our time, boys! Come on!"
+
+The men rose at once and went out of the coach. Knight, as soon as he
+saw them coming, climbed into the locomotive, cut the bell rope, and
+stood with his hand on the throttle, waiting for the word. Andrews stood
+near the locomotive, and motioned with his hand for the men to get into
+the box cars, the doors of which were slid back. All the men were now in
+the box cars except Andrews, Knight, and another engineer named Brown,
+who ran forward and climbed into the locomotive. While this was going
+on, a sentinel stood within half a dozen yards of the train, but he
+had no idea what was occurring. Andrews gave the signal to go ahead.
+Instantly Knight pulled the throttle valve open, and the locomotive
+started forward with a jerk. It went puffing and snorting out of Big
+Shanty without let or hindrance.
+
+But the train had not gone very far before the speed of the locomotive
+began to slacken. The fire in the furnace refused to burn, and the
+steam was low. While the engineer was trying to discover what was wrong,
+Andrews ordered the men to cut the telegraph wire and tear up a rail
+from the track. By the time the rail had been torn up and the wire
+cut, the engineer had discovered that the dampers of the fire box were
+closed. With these open, the boiler began to make steam again, and
+the locomotive was soon rattling over the rails once more. It was
+the intention of Andrews to run the captured train on the time of the
+regular passenger train, so that he would have only one train to meet
+and pass before reaching the Resaca River, where he intended to burn the
+bridge. This done, it would have been an easy matter to burn the bridges
+over the Chickamauga. This crooked stream winds about the valleys so
+unexpectedly, and in such curious fashion, that the railroad crosses it
+eleven times within a few miles. These eleven bridges Andrews intended
+to burn as he went along, and then he would not fear pursuit. His
+success seemed to be certain.
+
+The captured locomotive, an old-fashioned machine with a big heavy
+smokestack, went clanking and clattering along the road, and reeling
+and rumbling through the towns, dragging after it the three box cars
+containing the men whom Andrews had brought with him. After passing
+a station, the locomotive would be stopped and the wire cut. When the
+train reached Cassville, wood and water were running low, and a stop was
+made to get a fresh supply. The doors of the box cars were closed, and
+the men inside could not be seen. The station agent at this place was
+very inquisitive. He wanted to know why so small and insignificant a
+freight train was running on the time of the morning passenger train.
+Andrews promptly told the agent that the train was not a freight, but an
+express, and that it was carrying three cars of gunpowder to Beauregard.
+The agent believed the story, and furnished Andrews with a train
+schedule.
+
+[Illustration: Tearing up the Rails 295]
+
+From Cassville the distance to Kingston was seven miles, and at that
+point a freight train was to be passed. When Andrews reached the place,
+he found that the freight had not arrived. He therefore switched his
+train into a siding to wait for the freight train, and repeated his
+powder story for the benefit of the inquisitive. When the freight
+arrived, he saw that it carried a red flag. This meant another train
+was on the road. After another long half hour's wait, the second freight
+train came in sight, and Andrews was dismayed to see another red flag
+displayed. The railroad men said another train was following. The men
+on the captured train were compelled to wait more than an hour. To those
+shut up in the box cars this was a very trying time. They had no means
+of knowing what had happened, or what was about to happen, until Knight,
+the engineer, found an opportunity to saunter by and tell them what the
+trouble was. At the end of an hour the long wait was over. The freight
+trains had passed, and the captured locomotive, dragging the box cars,
+went swiftly out of Kingston. A short distance beyond, the usual stop
+was made, and the wires cut An attempt was made to tear up the track by
+some of the men, while others loaded the box cars with railroad ties.
+While engaged in this work, the men heard the screaming whistle of
+a locomotive in full pursuit. They were more than amazed: they were
+paralyzed. If a pursuing locomotive had sprung out of the ground at
+their feet with a full head of steam on, they could not have been more
+astonished. They had just passed three freight trains headed in the
+opposite direction, and now here was a pursuing locomotive coming
+after them at full speed, and with a full head of steam on. Making one
+spasmodic effort, they broke the rail they were trying to tear up.
+
+Reaching Adairsville, Andrews and his men found that the passenger train
+had not arrived. But it was no time for waiting. They resolved to take
+every chance. The engineer had orders to send the locomotive along at
+full speed. He was very willing to do this. Calhoun was nine miles away,
+and if that station could be reached before the passenger train left,
+all would be well; if not, there was danger of a collision. But Andrews
+took all the chances. The throttle of the locomotive was pulled wide
+open, and the train started so suddenly and so swiftly that the men in
+the box cars were thrown from their feet. The distance to Calhoun was
+nine miles, and the train bearing Andrews and his men made it in seven
+minutes and a half,--pretty swift traveling, when it is remembered that
+the track was full of short curves, and not in the best condition.
+
+As the locomotive neared Calhoun, Engineer Knight gave several loud
+blasts on the whistle; and it was well he did so, for the passenger
+train had just begun to pull out of Calhoun on its way to Adairsville.
+If the whistle had been blown a moment later than it was, the passenger
+train would have been under full headway, and the signal would not have
+been heard; but the passenger train had just begun to move, and was
+going slowly. The whistle was heard, and the engineer backed his train
+to Calhoun again. But when Andrews and his men arrived, they found a new
+difficulty in the way. The passenger train was such a long one that the
+rear end blocked the track. Andrews tried to get the conductor to move
+on to Adairsville and there meet the upbound passenger train; but that
+official was too badly scared by the danger he had just escaped to take
+any more chances, and he refused to budge until the other train should
+arrive. This would be fatal to the plans of Andrews, and that bold
+adventurer made up his mind that the time had come for force to be used.
+The conductor was finally persuaded to allow Andrews to go ahead with
+his powder train. He ran a little more than a mile beyond Calhoun,
+stopped his train, ordered the wire cut and another rail torn up. While
+they were busily engaged in this work, they were both amazed and alarmed
+to see a locomotive approaching from the direction of Calhoun. They had
+only bent the rail, and were compelled to leave it and get out of the
+way of their pursuers.
+
+Andrews and his men were bold and intrepid, even reckless; but the man
+who had charge of the pursuit had all these qualities and more. Captain
+Fuller was possessed of an energy and a determination that allowed
+nothing to stand in their way.
+
+We have seen how Captain Fuller sprang from the breakfast table at Big
+Shanty, and went running after the flying locomotive. Engineer Jeff Cain
+and Mr. Murphy followed after. The soldiers loitering about the station
+laughed and cheered at the queer spectacle of a conductor giving chase
+on foot to his locomotive which, with a part of his train, was running
+away under a full head of steam. All of Captain Fuller's energies were
+aroused to their highest pitch, and he easily distanced his companions.
+He ran fully three miles, and then came upon a squad of section hands
+who had been engaged in repairing the track. They were now very much
+excited. The captured locomotive had stopped with them long enough for
+the men on the box cars to seize all their tools and cut the telegraph
+wire, being careful to take away about fifty feet, so that the wire
+could not be promptly joined. From the demoralized section hands Captain
+Fuller learned of the number of men on the locomotive, and was given
+reason to suspect that they were Federals in disguise. The section hands
+had what was then called a pole car, a small affair which they pushed
+with poles from point to point. It had been derailed to make way for the
+up passenger train. Conductor Fuller had it lifted upon the track,
+and then debated with himself as to whether he should go back for his
+engineer, Jeff Cain, who, with Mr. Antony Murphy, had been left far
+behind. Concluding that it would be well to have his engineer with
+him, Captain Fuller pressed some of the section hands into service, and
+pushed down the road the way he had come, going more than a mile before
+he met Cain and Murphy. Once on the old hand car, Captain Fuller turned
+and again began the pursuit as energetically as before, although he knew
+that valuable time had been lost. Something of their leader's energy
+and dauntless spirit was imparted to the men with him, and they made
+tolerable speed with the pole car; but, suddenly, while they were poling
+along at a great rate, the car tumbled from the track. They had now come
+to the place where the would-be bridge burners had torn up the first
+rail. The pursuers were not hurt by the fall. They jumped to their feet,
+pushed the car over the obstruction, and were soon on their way again,
+going even more rapidly than before. In this way the pursuit led by
+Captain Fuller came to Etowah Station. Here he found the old "Yonah," a
+locomotive belonging to the Mark A. Cooper Iron Works. The "Yonah" was
+a superannuated engine, but Captain Fuller pressed it and its crew into
+his service. The rickety old "Yonah" seemed to enter into the spirit of
+the pursuit, for the distance to Kingston--thirteen miles--was made in
+twelve minutes.
+
+As Andrews and his men had been delayed at Kingston for more than an
+hour waiting for the freight trains to allow him to pass, the pursuers,
+led by Captain Fuller, arrived at Kingston only ten minutes after the
+raiders left. The tracks were crowded with these freight trains when the
+"Yonah" arrived, and Captain Fuller saw at a glance that the locomotive
+would be of no further service in the chase. He leaped from the engine,
+and ran about two miles to the north angle of the Rome railway, where
+he knew he would find the locomotive of the Rome road standing at this
+hour. He pressed the engine and crew into service, and again took up the
+pursuit of the fleeing raiders.
+
+Andrews and his men, in the meantime, had stopped and loaded their box
+cars with old cross-ties and discarded rails These they began to throw
+out of the rear end of their hindmost car as a measure of safety. They
+did not suspect pursuit at this time, but they took the precaution
+to obstruct the track in this manner. Six miles north of Kingston the
+raiders stopped and tore up several rails. Captain Fuller rode on the
+pilot of his engine, and removed such of the obstructions as were not
+knocked off by the cowcatcher.
+
+When Captain Fuller reached the point where the rails had been removed,
+his locomotive was useless. But his blood was now up. He abandoned the
+engine, and ran on foot towards Adairsville, where he knew he would find
+a through freight train. In fact he met it after he had run about three
+miles, flagged it down, reversed it, and carried it back to Adairsville.
+There, taking the engine, tender forward, with its crew, he renewed the
+pursuit. The locomotive was run at an extraordinary rate of speed;
+but Captain Fuller felt it to be his duty to ride on the bumper of
+the tender, a precarious position even when there is no danger of
+obstructions. Beyond Calhoun, Andrews and his men stopped to cut the
+telegraph wire and tear up more rails. They had pried a rail above the
+stringers when they heard the pursuing locomotive, and saw it rounding
+a curve half a mile away. They scrambled into their cars in a hurry,
+leaving the rail bent but not removed. Captain Fuller saw the bent rail,
+but he had also seen the game, and he allowed his engine to be driven
+over it under a full head of steam.
+
+From this point the chase was the most thrilling and reckless of which
+there is any record. Andrews resorted to his old trick of dropping
+cross-ties, but he soon saw that this would not do. Then he uncoupled
+one of his box cars. Captain Fuller picked it up, and pushed it ahead.
+Andrews uncoupled another. This was served the same way, and at Resaca
+the cars were run on a siding. The "General," commanded by Andrews,
+was now forward, with one car, while the "Texas," commanded by Captain
+Fuller, and driven by Peter Bracken, was running tender forward, with
+Fuller standing on the brake board, or bumper. The locomotives were
+about evenly matched. Both had five-foot ten-inch drivers, and both were
+running under all the pressure their boilers could carry.
+
+All thought of danger was lost sight of. The pursued had no time to
+hatch any scheme calculated to delay pursuit. The pursuers forgot to
+look for obstructions. On one side it was capture or die; on the other
+it was escape at all hazards. The people of the towns and villages
+through which the road passes knew not what to make of the spectacle.
+Before they could recover from the surprise of seeing a locomotive with
+one box car dash wildly past the station, they were struck dumb with
+amazement by the sight of another locomotive thundering by, tender
+forward, a tall man standing on the bumper and clinging to the brake
+rod.
+
+They were going at a terrific rate of speed, but Peter Bracken, the
+brave engineer of the "Texas," knew his locomotive so well, and handled
+her with such a nice eye for her weak as well as her strong points,
+that the pursuers gradually shortened the distance between them and the
+raiders. The "General" was a good locomotive in its day and time, but
+it was in unfamiliar hands. Any locomotive engineer will tell you that a
+man must be thoroughly acquainted with his machine, and somewhat in
+love with it to boot, to get the best speed out of it, when speed is
+necessary.
+
+The raiders were pushed so closely that they soon found it necessary to
+abandon their engine and car. Three miles north of Ringgold, they slowed
+down a little, and, seizing a favorable opportunity, tumbled out, and
+fled through the woods in all directions. It might be supposed that
+Captain Fuller would be satisfied with recapturing his locomotive, which
+was in all respects a remarkable achievement. But he had other views. He
+knew that there would be no safety for the road with the bridge burners
+at large, and so he made up his mind to be satisfied with nothing less
+than their capture. In passing through Ringgold, three miles back, he
+had noticed a company of militia drilling in an old field. So he sent
+word to the commanding officer by his engineer, Peter Bracken (who, with
+his fireman, took the two locomotives back to Ringgold), to mount his
+men as promptly as possible, and join in the chase of the fugitives.
+This message dispatched, Captain Fuller and two of his men, Fleming Cox
+and Alonzo Martin, ran into the woods after the fleeing raiders.
+Jeff Cain, the engineer of the "General," had been left with the Rome
+locomotive. Mr. Antony Murphy remained in the chase until the "General"
+was recaptured, and returned to Ringgold with the two locomotives.
+
+All the raiders were caught and imprisoned. Andrews was known to be a
+spy, and he, with seven of his men who could establish no connection
+with the Federal army in any branch of the service, was hanged.
+Six escaped, and made their way to the Federal lines. The rest were
+regularly exchanged.
+
+Perhaps those that were hanged deserved a better fate. They were brave
+to recklessness, and were engaged in the boldest adventure of the war.
+Their scheme was most skillfully planned, and courageously undertaken,
+and if it had succeeded,--if the bridges had been burned and the door
+of the Confederate granaries closed,--the result would have been what
+it was when Sherman, with a large army, and at the sacrifice of many
+men and much treasure, closed the State Road to the Confederates in
+Virginia.
+
+Andrews and his men came near accomplishing, by one bold stroke, pretty
+much all that Sherman accomplished in crippling the Confederates. It was
+only by the merest chance that they had such a man as Captain Fuller to
+oppose them. If they had arrived at Marietta the day before or the day
+after, the probability is that they would have succeeded in their daring
+venture. Captain Fuller was more than the equal of Andrews in all those
+qualities that sustain men in moments of great emergency, and greatly
+his superior in those moral acquirements that lead men to take risks and
+make sacrifices on behalf of their convictions, and in the line of their
+duty.
+
+
+
+
+THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD.
+
+The people of the State had not recovered from the chaos and confusion
+into which they had been thrown by Sherman's march to the sea, when the
+news came that Lee had surrendered in Virginia, and General Joseph E.
+Johnston (who had been restored to his command) in North Carolina. Thus
+a sudden and violent end had been put to all hopes of establishing a
+separate government. General Sherman, who was as relentless in war as
+he was pacific and gentle when the war was over, had, in coming to terms
+with General Johnston, advanced the theory that the South never had
+dissolved the Union, and that the States were restored to their old
+places the moment they laid down their arms. This theory was not only
+consistent with the views of the Union men of the North, but with
+the nature and character of the Republic itself. But in the short
+and common-sense cut that Sherman had made to a solution, he left the
+politicians out in the cold, and they cried out against it as a hideous
+and ruthless piece of assumption on the part of a military man to
+attempt to have any opinions after the war was over. Any settlement that
+left the politicians out in the cold was not to be tolerated. Some of
+these gentlemen had a very big and black crow to pick with the South.
+Some of them, in the course of the long debate over slavery, had had
+their feelings hurt by Southern men; and although these wrangles had
+been purely personal and individual, the politicians felt that the whole
+South ought to be humiliated still further.
+
+The politicians would have been entirely harmless if the life of
+President Lincoln had been spared. During the war, Mr. Lincoln was
+greatly misunderstood even at the North; but it is now the general
+verdict of history, that, take him for all in all, he was beyond all
+comparison the greatest man of his time, the one man who, above all
+others, was best fitted to bring the people of the two sections together
+again, and to make the Union a more perfect Union than ever before. But
+unfortunately Mr. Lincoln fell by the hands of an assassin, and never
+had an opportunity to carry out the great policy of pacification which
+could only have been sustained at that time by his great influence, by
+his patience, that was supreme, and by his wisdom, that has proved to be
+almost infallible in working out the salvation of the Union. After Lee's
+surrender, the interests of the South could have sustained no severer
+blow than the death of Lincoln. His successor, Andrew Johnson, was a
+well-meaning man, but a very narrow-minded one in some respects, and a
+very weak one in others. It is but justice to him to say that he did his
+best to carry out Lincoln's policy of pacification, and his failure was
+no greater than that of any other leading politician of his time would
+have been.
+
+It would be impossible to describe the condition of the people at this
+time. There was no civil law in operation, and the military government
+that had been established was not far-reaching enough to restrain
+violence of any sort. The negroes had been set free, and were supported
+by means of a "freedmen's bureau." They were free, and yet they wanted
+some practical evidence of it. To obtain this, they left the plantations
+on which they had been born, and went tramping about the country in the
+most restless and uneasy manner.
+
+[Illustration: The Negroes Freed 306]
+
+A great many of them believed that freedom meant idleness, such as they
+had seen white folks indulge in. The country negroes flocked to the
+towns and cities in great numbers, and the freedmen's bureau, active
+as its agents were, had a great deal more than it could attend to. Such
+peace and order as existed was not maintained by any authority, but grew
+naturally out of the awe that had come over both whites and blacks at
+finding their condition and their relations so changed. The whites could
+hardly believe that slavery no longer existed. The negroes had grave
+doubts as to whether they were really free. To make matters worse, a
+great many small politicians, under pretense of protecting the negroes,
+but really to secure their votes, began a crusade against the South in
+Congress, the like of which can hardly be found paralleled outside of
+our own history. The people of the South found out long ago that the
+politicians of the hour did not represent the intentions and desires of
+the people of the North; and there is much comfort and consolation to
+be got out of that fact, even at this late day. But at that time the
+bitterest dose of reconstruction was the belief that the best opinion of
+the North sustained the ruinous policy that had been put in operation.
+
+The leading men of the State were all disfranchised,--deprived of
+the privilege of voting, a privilege that was freely conferred on the
+negroes. A newspaper editor in Macon was imprisoned, and his paper
+suppressed, for declaring, in regard to taking the amnesty oath, that
+he had to "fortify himself for the occasion with a good deal of Dutch
+courage." The wife of General Toombs was ordered by an assistant
+commissioner of the freedmen's bureau to vacate her home with only two
+weeks' provisions, the grounds of the order being that the premises were
+"abandoned property," and, as such, were to be seized, and applied
+to the uses of the freedmen's bureau. The superior officer of this
+assistant commissioner, being a humane and kindly man, revoked the
+order.
+
+These were the days when the carpet-bagger and the scalawag
+flourished,--the camp followers of the Northern army, who wanted money
+and office; and the native-born Southerner, who wanted office and money.
+There is no doubt that the indignities heaped on the people led to acts
+of retaliation that nothing else could excuse; but they were driven
+to desperation. It seemed, in that hour, that their liberties had been
+entirely withdrawn. Governor Brown, who had formerly been so popular,
+was denounced because he advised Georgians to accept the situation. He,
+with other wise men, thought it was a waste of time and opportunity to
+discuss constitutional questions at a moment when the people were living
+under bayonet rule. Joe Brown's plan was to accept the situation, and
+then get rid of it as quickly as possible. Ben Hill's plan was to
+fight it to the last. There was a fierce controversy between these
+two leaders; and such strong expressions were used on both sides, that
+General Pope made them the subject of a curious letter to his commander
+in chief, General Grant.
+
+General Pope seemed to be afraid that war was about to break out again,
+and he assumed charge of everything. He removed and appointed mayors of
+cities, solicitors, and sheriffs. He closed the State University because
+a student made a speech which was in effect a defense of civil law.
+After a while the general said he would reopen the institution if the
+press of the State would say nothing about the affair. In 1867, General
+Pope ordered an election to be held for delegates to a State convention.
+The polls were kept open five days, and voters were allowed to vote
+in any precinct in any county upon their making oath that they were
+entitled to vote. The convention met, but, in the nature of things,
+could not be a representative body. Thousands of the best and most
+representative men of the State were not allowed to vote, and thousands
+of other good men refused to take part in an election held under the
+order of a military commander: consequently, when the convention met,
+its membership was made up of the political rag-tag-and-bobtail of
+that day. There were a few good men in the body, but they had little
+influence over the ignorant negroes and vicious whites who had taken
+advantage of their first and last opportunity to hold office.
+
+The authority of this convention was not recognized by the State
+government, and this contest gave rise to a fresh conflict between the
+State officials and the military dictators who had been placed over
+them. The convention needed money to pay its expenses, and passed an
+ordinance directing the treasurer of the State to pay forty thousand
+dollars for this purpose to the disbursing officer of the convention.
+General Pope issued an order to the treasurer to pay this amount. The
+treasurer declined to pay out the money, for the simple reason that
+he was forbidden by law to pay out money except on an order or warrant
+drawn by the governor, and sanctioned by the comptroller general.
+
+About this time General Meade was appointed to rule in Georgia in place
+of General Pope, and he found this matter unsettled when he took charge.
+So he wrote to Governor Jenkins, and requested him to draw his warrant
+on the treasury for forty thousand dollars. The governor could find no
+authority in law for paying over this sum, and he therefore refused.
+But civil government was not of much importance to the military at that
+time; so, when he had received the governor's letter, General Meade drew
+a sheet of paper before him, called for pen and ink, and issued
+"General Order No. 8," in which the announcement is made that "the
+following-named officers are _detailed for duty_ in the district of
+Georgia: Brevet Brigadier General Thomas H. Ruger, Colonel 33d Infantry,
+_to be Governor of the State of Georgia_; Brevet Captain Charles F.
+Rockwell, Ordnance Corps U. S. Army, _to be Treasurer of the State of
+Georgia_."
+
+In this way the rag-tag-and-bobtail convention got its money, but it
+got also the hatred and contempt of the people; and the Republican
+party,--the party that had been molded and made by the wise policy of
+Lincoln,--by indorsing these foolish measures of reconstruction, and
+putting its influence behind the outrages that were committed in the
+name of "loyalty," aroused prejudices in the minds of the Southern
+people that have not died away to this day. Some of the more vicious
+of the politicians of that epoch organized what was known as "The Union
+League." It was a secret political society, and had branches in every
+county of the State. Through the medium of this secret organization,
+the basest deception was practiced on the ignorant negroes. They
+were solemnly told that their old masters were making arrangements to
+reenslave them, and all sorts of incendiary suggestions were made to
+them. It was by means of this secret society that the negroes were made
+to believe that they would be entitled to forty acres and a mule for
+voting for the candidates of the carpet-baggers.
+
+The effect of all this was to keep the blacks in a constant state of
+turmoil. They were too uneasy to settle down to work, and too suspicious
+to enter into contracts with the whites: so they went wandering about
+the State from town to town and from county to county, committing all
+sorts of crimes. As the civil system had been entirely overthrown by the
+military, there was neither law nor order; and this condition was very
+seriously aggravated by the incendiary teachings of The Union League.
+The people, therefore, in some parts of the South, offset this secret
+society with another, which was called the "Ku Klux Klan." This
+organization was intended to prevent violence and to restore order
+in communities; but the spirit of it was very frequently violated
+by lawless persons, who, acting in the name of the "Klan," subjected
+defenseless negroes to cruel treatment.
+
+There is no darker period in the history of the State than that of
+reconstruction. The tax payers were robbed in the most reckless way,
+and the rights of citizens were entirely disregarded. Even when the
+Republican Congress, responsive to the voice of conservative Northern
+opinion, turned its back on the carpet-bag government of Georgia,
+these men made a tremendous effort to extend their rule unlawfully. The
+carpet-bag Legislature was in session three hundred and twenty-eight
+days, and cost the State nearly one million dollars; whereas the cost of
+legislation from 1853 to 1862, nine years, was not nine hundred thousand
+dollars. In one year the State Road took in a million dollars and a
+half; and of this immense sum, only forty-five thousand dollars was paid
+into the treasury. Added to this, the road had been run into debt to the
+amount of six hundred thousand dollars, and it had been run down to
+such an extent that five hundred thousand was needed to place it in good
+condition.
+
+During this trying period, Joseph E. Brown, who had been so popular
+with the people, was under a cloud. He had advised accepting the
+reconstruction measures in the first instance, so that they might be
+carried out by men who had the confidence and the esteem of the State;
+but this wise proposition brought upon his head only reproaches and
+abuse. The public mind was in such a state of frenzied uneasiness, the
+result of carpetbag robbery and recklessness, that the people would
+listen to no remedy except passionate defiance and denunciation. When
+the name of Brown was mentioned only as a handle of abuse, Benjamin H.
+Hill became the leader and the idol of the people. When, in 1870, Hill
+issued an address declaring that the reconstruction must be accepted by
+the people, he was at once made the object of the most violent attacks.
+But Brown was right in 1864, and Hill was right in 1870, and the people
+were wrong. They paid dearly for their blindness in the wrongs imposed
+on them by men who were neither Republicans nor reconstructionists at
+heart, but public plunderers.
+
+In 1871 the carpet-bag government began to totter. The governor left the
+State, and staid away so long that the State treasurer, a man of stern
+integrity, refused to pay warrants that were not signed by a resident
+governor. Finally the governor returned, but almost immediately
+resigned. In a short time the real representatives of the people took
+charge of affairs, and since that time the State has been in a highly
+prosperous condition.
+
+
+
+
+"THE NEW SOUTH"
+
+When the people of Georgia had once more gained control of their State
+government, the political tempest that had been raging slowly quieted
+down. A pot that has been boiling furiously doesn't grow cool in a
+moment, but it ceases almost instantly to boil; and though it may cool
+slowly, it cools surely. There was not an end of prejudice and unreason
+the moment the people had disposed of those who were plundering them,
+but prejudice began to lose its force as soon as men had the opportunity
+to engage in calm discussion, and to look forward hopefully to the
+future. In the midst of bayonet and carpet-bag rule, the State could
+not make any real progress. It is only during a time of peace and
+contentment that the industrial forces of a community begin to display
+their real energy.
+
+No State in the South had suffered so severely as Georgia during the
+war. She placed in the field more than a hundred and twenty thousand
+soldiers,--twenty thousand more than her voting population at the
+beginning of the war. The taxable wealth of the State in 1867 was more
+than four hundred and eighty-one millions less than it was in 1861,--a
+loss of more than three fourths. After the reconstruction period,
+all the State had to show, in return for the treasure that had been
+squandered by the carpet-bag politicians, was a few poorly equipped
+railroads that had been built on the State's credit. In some instances
+railroad bonds were indorsed when there was no road to show for them;
+in others, bonds were issued in behalf of the same road under different
+names; so that the people lost by fraud as much or more than the amount
+of improvement that had been made. The "developers" who had connected
+themselves with the bayonet administration were much more interested in
+"developing" their own private interests than they were in developing
+the resources of the State.
+
+But when the bayonet administration had been driven out, not less
+by Northern opinion, which had become disgusted with the reckless
+dishonesty that was practiced under the name of republicanism, than by
+the energetic opposition of all good citizens of the State, there came a
+welcome end to the bitter controversy that had been going on. The fierce
+rancor and prejudice that had been aroused gradually died out; so that
+in 1872, shortly after the State had been rescued from misrule, Horace
+Greeley, the great abolition editor, received in Georgia a majority of
+more than seventy-one thousand votes over the straight-out Democratic
+candidate. This, more than any other event, showed the improving temper
+of the people, and their willingness to make compromises and concessions
+for the purpose of restoring the Union and burying the spirit of
+sectionalism.
+
+With this improved temper there came an improvement in the material
+conditions of the State. Free negro labor was a problem which the
+planters had to meet. For a time it presented many difficulties. It
+was hard to make and enforce contracts with the negroes, who had been
+demoralized and made suspicious by The Union League and by the harsh and
+unjustifiable acts of men who acted under the name, but not under the
+authority, of the Ku Klux Klan. But gradually all these difficulties
+were overcome. The negroes settled down to work, and with them a good
+many white men who had been left adrift by the fortunes of war and the
+prostration of industries. This vast change was not brought about in a
+day or a month, or even in a year, but was the gradual outgrowth of a
+bitter feeling,--the slow awakening to the fact that matters were not as
+bad on a better acquaintance as they had seemed. There was, of course,
+the negro problem; but the wiser men soon saw that this problem, such
+as it was, would settle itself sooner or later. The result was that
+everybody began to take a day off from politics occasionally, and devote
+themselves to the upbuilding of the resources of the State.
+
+At first, and for several years, the negro problem seemed to be a very
+serious matter indeed. All the statesmen, all the politicians, all the
+historians, and all the newspaper editors, discussed it morning, noon,
+and night for a long time. Some wanted it settled one way, and some
+another. At the North the men who had indorsed and approved the bayonet
+governments of the South thought that laws ought to be passed giving the
+negroes social equality with the whites. Finally a compromise was made
+with what is called the "Civil Rights Law," which was intended to give
+the negroes the same privileges at the hotels, theaters, and other
+public places, that the whites had. The Northern politicians pretended
+to believe that the efforts they were making were for the benefit of the
+negroes, though no doubt the majority of them knew better. Of course,
+the Southern people resisted the pressure thus brought to bear by
+the Northern sectionalists, and the result was what might have been
+expected. The condition of the negro was made more uncomfortable
+than ever, and the color line was more closely drawn. To show how
+shortsighted the politicians were and are, it is only necessary to call
+attention to one fact, and it is this: that while the Civil Rights Law
+has kept negroes out of public places both North and South, they ride
+on the street cars side by side with the white people, and it frequently
+happens that an old negro woman who comes into a crowded car is given
+a seat by some Southerner who has tender recollections of his negro
+"mammy."
+
+[Illustration: Streetcar in the South 318]
+
+It is worthy of note, that while the politicians on both sides were
+fighting the shadows that the "negro problem" called up, the problem was
+solving itself in the only way that such vast problems can be settled
+in the order of Providence,--by the irresistible elements of time and
+experience. A great deal of misery, suffering, and discontent would have
+been spared to both races, if, after the war, the conservative men of
+the North had either insisted on the policy that Abraham Lincoln
+had mapped out, or had said to the pestiferous politicians who were
+responsible for carpet-bag rule, "Hands off!" No doubt some injustice
+would have been done to individuals if the North had permitted the
+negroes to work out their political salvation alone, but the race itself
+would be in a better condition every way than it is today; for outside
+interference has worked untold damage and hardship to the negro. It has
+given him false ideas of the power and purpose of government, and it
+has blinded his eyes to the necessity of individual effort. It is by
+individual effort alone that the negro race must work out its destiny.
+This is the history of the white race, and it must be the history of all
+races that move forward.
+
+When Georgia, with the rest of the Southern States, had passed safely
+through the reconstruction period, the people, as has been seen, found
+themselves facing new conditions and new possibilities. Slavery had been
+abolished utterly and forever; and wise men breathed freer when they
+saw that a great obstacle to progress and development had been
+abolished with it. Instinctively everybody felt that here was cause for
+congratulation. A few public men, bolder than the rest, looking out on
+the prospect, thanked God that slavery was no more. They expected to be
+attacked for such utterances, but they were applauded; and it was soon
+discovered, much to the surprise of everybody, that the best sentiment
+of the South was heartily glad that slavery was out of the way. Thus,
+with new conditions, new prospects, and new hopes,--with a new fortune,
+in fact,--it was natural that some lively prophet should lift up his
+voice and cry, "Behold the New South!"
+
+And it was and is the new South,--the old South made new by events;
+the old South with new channels, in which its Anglo-Saxon energies may
+display themselves; the old South with new possibilities of greatness,
+that would never have offered themselves while slavery lasted. After
+these hopes, and in pursuit of these prospects, Georgia has led the way.
+Hundreds of miles of new railroads have been built in her borders since
+the dark days of reconstruction, hundreds of new factories have been
+built, immense marble beds and granite quarries have been put in
+operation, new towns have sprung into existence, and in thousands of new
+directions employment has been given to labor and capital. In short, the
+industrial progress the State has made since 1870 is more than double
+that of the previous fifty years.
+
+It was natural, that, out of the new conditions, new men should arise;
+and, as if in response to the needs of the hour and the demands of the
+people, there arose a man who, with no selfish ends to serve and no
+selfish ambition to satisfy, was able to touch the hearts of the people
+of both sections, and to subdue the spirit of sectionalism that was
+still rampant long after the carpetbag governments in the South had been
+overthrown by the force of public opinion. That man was Henry Woodfin
+Grady. He took up his public work in earnest in 1876, though he had been
+preparing for it since the day that he could read a school history. In
+that year he became one of the editors of the "Atlanta Constitution,"
+and at once turned his attention to the situation in which his State
+had been left by the war, and by the rapacity of those who had come into
+power by means of the bayonet. Whether he used his tongue or pen, the
+public soon found out that he had control of that mysterious power which
+moves men. Whether he wrote or whether he spoke, he had the gift and
+the inspiration of eloquence; and from first to last he could never be
+induced to use this great gift for his personal advancement, nor could
+he be induced to accept a political office. With a mind entirely sincere
+and unselfish, he addressed himself to the work of restoring unity
+between the North and South, and to putting an end to the sectional
+strife which the politicians were skillfully using to further their own
+schemes. He was asked to be a United States senator, and refused; he was
+asked to be a congressman, and refused. For the rest, he could have had
+any office within the gift of the people of Georgia; but he felt that
+he could serve the State and the South more perfectly in the way that he
+had himself mapped out. He felt that the time had come for some one to
+say a bold and manly word in behalf of the American Union in the ear of
+the South, and to say a bold and manly word in behalf of the South in
+the ear of the North. He began this work, and carried it on as a private
+citizen; and the result was, that, though he died before he had reached
+the prime of his life, he had won a name and a popularity in all parts
+of the country, both North and South, that no other private citizen had
+ever before succeeded in winning.
+
+It was Henry Grady that gave the apt name of "The New South" to the
+spirit that his tireless energy and enthusiasm had called from the dark
+depths of reconstruction. Of this spirit, and the movement that sprang
+from it, he was the prophet, the pioneer, the promoter. He saw the South
+poor in the midst of the most abundant resources that Providence ever
+blessed a people with, and he turned aside from politics to point them
+out. He saw the people going about in deep despair, and he gave them the
+cue of hope, and touched them with his own enthusiasm. He saw the mighty
+industrial forces lying dormant, and his touch awoke them to life.
+He saw great enterprises languishing, and he called the attention of
+capital to them. Looking farther afield, he saw the people of two great
+sections forgetting patriotism and duty, and reviving the prejudices and
+issues that had led to the war, and that had continued throughout
+the war; and he went about among them, speaking words of peace and
+union,--appealing to the spirit of patriotism which held the Northern
+and Southern people together when they were building the Republic, when
+they stood side by side amid the sufferings of Valley Forge, and when
+they saw the army of a mighty monarch surrender to the valor of American
+soldiers at Yorktown. With the enthusiasm of a missionary and the
+impetuous zeal of an evangelist, he went about rebuking the politicians,
+and preaching in behalf of peace, union, and genuine patriotism.
+
+Such was the mission of Henry W. Grady, and the work that he did will
+live after him. "The New South" will cease to be hew, but the people
+will never cease to owe him a debt of gratitude for the work that he did
+in urging forward the industrial progress of this region, and in making
+peace between the sections. He was the builder, the peacemaker.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Stories Of Georgia, by Joel Chandler Harris
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF GEORGIA ***
+
+***** This file should be named 24728.txt or 24728.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/7/2/24728/
+
+Produced by David Widger
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.