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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Letters from Port Royal</p> +<p> Written at the Time of the Civil War (1862-1868)</p> +<p>Author: Various</p> +<p>Editor: Elizabeth Ware Pearson</p> +<p>Release Date: March 1, 2008 [eBook #24722]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTERS FROM PORT ROYAL***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Suzanne Shell, Diane Monico,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h1>LETTERS</h1> + +<h2>FROM</h2> + +<h1>PORT ROYAL</h1> + +<h2>WRITTEN AT THE TIME OF THE CIVIL WAR</h2> + +<h3>[1862-1868]</h3> + + +<h2>Edited by Elizabeth Ware Pearson</h2> + + +<h3>1906</h3> + + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p class="center">COPYRIGHT 1906 BY ELIZABETH WARE PEARSON</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="toc"> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#INTRODUCTION">xi</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1862</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1863</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1864</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1865</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1866, 1867, 1868</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Conclusion</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Footnotes</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_335">335</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p>With Commodore Dupont's capture, on November 7, +1861, of two earth forts which the rebels had recently +thrown up at Hilton Head and Bay Point, South Carolina, +the Sea Island region became Union territory. +The planters and their families having fled precipitately, +the United States Government found itself in +possession of almost everything that had been theirs, +the two chief items being the largest cotton crop ever +yet raised there, nearly ready for exporting, and several +hundred demoralized, destitute slaves, the number of +whom was daily being increased by refugees and +returned fugitives. The negroes were plainly a burdensome +problem, the cotton a valuable piece of property. +The first thing to do was obvious, and fortunately +the same "cotton-agents" who were despatched by the +authorities at Washington to collect and ship the property +were able, by employing negroes for the purpose, +to make a beginning towards solving the problem.</p> + +<p>In another month the next step was taken; the +Secretary of the Treasury sent down Edward L. Pierce, +of Milton, Massachusetts, as a special agent charged +with the duty of getting under way some method of +managing the negroes and starting a cotton crop for +1862. Mr. Pierce, who the summer before had had +charge of the contrabands at Fortress Monroe, did his +work quickly and well, and his suggestions for organization +were promptly adopted and put into practice by +the Government. Meanwhile he had written to "benevolent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> +persons in Boston," setting forth the instant +need of the negroes for clothing and for teachers, +meaning by the term "teachers" quite as much superintendents +of labor as instructors in the rudiments of +learning. The response to this appeal was immediate. +An "Educational Commission for Freedmen"<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> was +organized in Boston, New York and Philadelphia were +quick to follow, and on March 3, 1862, there set sail +from New York for Port Royal<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> a party of men and +women who were almost without exception inspired +purely by the desire to help those who had been slaves. +Government made them an allowance of transportation, +subsistence, and quarters; and, since few could +afford to give their services, the Commissions paid +them salaries of from $25 to $50 a month.</p> + +<p>There was a good deal of courage in what these +people did. The climate of the Sea Islands is unwholesome; +the rebels were more than likely, from across the +narrow Coosaw River, to invade the territory held by +Northern troops; it was not improbable that the negroes +might refuse utterly to work; it was not impossible +that they might wreak vengeance for their wrongs on +every white man who should try to control them. Furthermore, +as a rule these men and women knew little +of any kind of agriculture, and still less of the local +conditions under which they were to do their work,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> +or of the people with whom they were to deal. They +had, in fact, no other guides to action than enthusiasm +and good sense, and of the latter, in particular, they +carried widely differing amounts. Some, who went +supplied with too little of either, were back in their +Northern homes before summer was under way; the +majority, making what they could of the means, or +lack of means, at their disposal, had within the same +period of time got about thirty-eight hundred laborers +at steady work on fifteen thousand acres of corn, potatoes, +and cotton. For the first time in our history educated +Northern men had taken charge of the Southern +negro, had learned to know his nature, his status, his +history, first-hand, in the cabin and the field. And +though subsequently other Southern territory was put +into the hands of Northern men and women to manage +in much the same fashion, it was not in the nature of +things that these conditions should ever be exactly +reproduced. The question whether or not the freedman +would work without the incentive of the lash was settled +once for all by the "Port Royal Experiment."</p> + +<p>Of the many thousand letters that must have been +written by these people to their Northern homes, those +of one small group only are represented by the extracts +here printed. The writers were New Englanders and +ardent anti-slavery people; W. C. G. and C. P. W. were +Harvard men just out of college, H. W. was a sister +of the latter. A few of the later letters were written by +two other Massachusetts men, T. E. R., a Yale graduate +of 1859, and F. H., who remained on the islands +longer than the three just mentioned. All five are still +living. Richard Soule, Jr., now dead for many years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> +was an older man, a teacher, a person of great loveliness +of character and justice of mind. The principal figure +in the letters, Edward S. Philbrick of Brookline, who +died in 1889, was in one sense the principal figure in +the Sea Island situation. He began by contributing a +thousand dollars to the work and volunteering his services +on the ground, where he was given charge by Mr. +Pierce of three plantations, including the largest on the +islands; being a person of some means, with an established +reputation as an engineer and a very considerable +business experience, he was from the first prominent +among the volunteers. When, in the following year, he +became personally and financially responsible for a +dozen plantations, this prominence was increased a +hundredfold. Thus he found himself the victim of the +vituperation hurled by many Northern friends of the +blacks at the "professed philanthropists" who went to +Port Royal to "make their fortunes" out of the labor +of the "poor negro." The integrity of Mr. Philbrick's +motives stands out in his letters beyond the possibility +of misinterpretation. This record is a witness of what +sort of thing he and his kind were ready to do to redress +the wrongs of slavery.</p> + +<p>The extracts have been arranged in chronological +order, except in a few cases where chronology has +seemed less important than subject-matter. They tell +a complete story, the greater part of which falls within +the period of the Civil War. They give a vivid notion of +the life from the midst of which they were written; +of the flat, marsh-riddled country, in which few Northerners +saw any lasting charm; of the untidy, down-at-the-heels +plantations; of the "people," wards of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> +nation, childish, irritating, endlessly amusing; of the +daily toil of Northern men in managing farms and of +Northern women in managing households under +Southern and war-time conditions; of the universal +preoccupation with negro needs; of the friendly interchange +of primitive hospitality; of the underlying sense +in the writers' minds of romantic contrast between their +own to-day and the yesterday of the planters,—or a +possible to-morrow of the planters. It is not with matters +military or political that these letters deal. They +record the day to day experiences of the housekeeper, +the teacher, the superintendent of labor, and the landowner. +For this reason they form a new contribution to +the history of the Port Royal Experiment.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="THE_SEA_ISLANDS_OF_SOUTH_CAROLINA" id="THE_SEA_ISLANDS_OF_SOUTH_CAROLINA"></a><a href="images/image010.png"> +<img src="images/image009.png" width="600" height="458" alt="THE SEA ISLANDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA." title="THE SEA ISLANDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA." /></a> +<span class="caption">THE SEA ISLANDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA.</span> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>KEY TO MAP OF THE SEA ISLANDS OF<br /> +SOUTH CAROLINA</h3> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="key"> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Plantations</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherry Hill (T. A. Coffin)</span></td><td align='right'>16</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coffin's Point (T. A. Coffin)</span></td><td align='right'> 12</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corner (J. B. Fripp)</span></td><td align='right'> 5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eustis</span></td><td align='right'> 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alvirah Fripp (Hope Place)</span></td><td align='right'>18</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edgar Fripp</span></td><td align='right'> 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hamilton Fripp</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. B. Fripp (Corner)</span></td><td align='right'> 5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt. John Fripp (Homestead)</span></td><td align='right'> 8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt. Oliver Fripp</span></td><td align='right'>22</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas B. Fripp</span></td><td align='right'>9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fripp Point</span></td><td align='right'> 11</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frogmore (T. A. Coffin)</span></td><td align='right'> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Robert Fuller ("R.'s")</span></td><td align='right'>4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hope Place (Alvirah Fripp)</span></td><td align='right'>18</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Jenkins</span></td><td align='right'> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Jenkin</span></td><td align='right'>28</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha E. McTureous</span></td><td align='right'> 14</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">James McTureous</span></td><td align='right'> 15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mulberry Hill (John Fripp)</span></td><td align='right'>17</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Oaks (Pope)</span></td><td align='right'>3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oakland</span></td><td align='right'>6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine Grove (Fripp)</span></td><td align='right'>13</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pope (The Oaks)</span></td><td align='right'>3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"R.'s" (Fuller)</span></td><td align='right'>4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith</span></td><td align='right'>1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. White</span></td><td align='right'> 27</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Brick Church</span> (Baptist)</td><td align='right'>24</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">White Church</span> (Episcopal)</td><td align='right'>23</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">St. Helena Village</span></td><td align='right'>7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Fort Walker</span></td><td align='right'>26</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Fort Beauregard</span></td><td align='right'>25</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Camp of the First South Carolina Volunteers (Colonel Higginson)</span></td><td align='right'>1</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="LETTERS_FROM_PORT_ROYAL" id="LETTERS_FROM_PORT_ROYAL"></a>LETTERS FROM PORT ROYAL</h2> + +<h2>1862</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Arrival of the "missionaries" at Port Royal.—The household at Pine +Grove.—First impressions of the blacks.—General Hunter's attempt +to recruit a negro regiment.—The Planter episode.—The labor +situation.—Establishment at Coffin's Point.—Hunter's proclamation +of freedom.—Details of plantation work.—Lincoln's preliminary +proclamation of emancipation.—Unwillingness of the negroes +even to drill.—General Saxton's efforts to raise a negro regiment.—The +cotton crop of 1862.—Mr. Philbrick's plans for buying plantations.</i></p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. PHILBRICK</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, February 19, 1862.</i> Dear ——: I think you +will not be greatly astonished when I tell you that I +am off for Port Royal next week. I go under the auspices +of the Educational Commission to make myself +generally useful in whatever way I can, in reducing +some amount of order and industry from the mass of +eight or ten thousand contrabands now within our lines +there. Boston is wide awake on the subject, and I am +determined to see if something can't be done to prove +that the blacks will work for other motives than the +lash.</p> + +<p>The Treasury Department offer subsistence, protection, +transportation, and the War Department offer +their hearty coöperation to the work undertaken here by +private citizens, but can't take any more active part +at present for reasons obvious. They ridicule the idea<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +that these blacks can ever again be claimed by their +runaway masters, which is a satisfactory foundation for +our exertions in overseeing their labor and general +deportment.</p> + +<p>You don't know what a satisfaction it is to feel at +last that there is a chance for me to <i>do something</i> in this +great work that is going on.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letter describes the sailing of the first party +of superintendents and teachers.</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO MRS. PHILBRICK</h3> + +<p><i>New York City, Sunday, March 2.</i> We have a rather +motley-looking set. A good many look like broken-down +schoolmasters or ministers who have excellent +dispositions but not much talent. As the kind of talent +required where we are going is rather peculiar, the +men may be useful, but I don't believe there will be +a great deal of cotton raised under their superintendence.</p> + +<p><i>Str. Atlantic, March 5.</i> We all repaired to the +Collector's<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> house Sunday evening, and were sworn in +squads of half a dozen with our hands on the Bible, +after which our passports were made out and signed +by Mr. Barney in his library with the whole thirty-three +of us standing about.</p> + +<p>[The next morning] I found Collector Barney on the +pier with his Bible and papers, swearing in the rest of +the New York delegation. The last of the cargo was +slung aboard about eleven, and we started off at quarter +past, in a drizzling rain, freezing fast to everything it +touched. Our Boston party consisted of twenty-nine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +men and four women; the New York one of twenty-three +men and eight women, including those from +Washington, making sixty-four in all. At dinner (2 +<span class="smcap">p. m.</span>) we found some one hundred and twenty cabin +passengers, besides a lot of recruits, perhaps one hundred +in all, who live forward. The larger part of the +<i>Atlantic's</i> staterooms have been taken out to make +room for stowing troops or cargo, leaving enough for +only about half our number. These rooms were assigned +by the Steward and Mr. Pierce<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> to the ladies and the oldest +of us gentlemen; so I got one with Uncle Richard,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +for most of our party are quite youthful. Half a dozen +ladies sat on the bare deck (no other seats provided), +during most of the evening, singing Methodist hymns +and glory hallelujah till after nine o'clock. I have talked +with several of our party, and got slightly acquainted, +chiefly with Messrs. Hooper,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> G——,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> and Mack; also with +Mr. Forbes.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> There is a general medley of cabin passengers, +recruits, sutlers' and quartermasters' agents, and +crew, the latter not being dressed in uniform, but in +nondescript old garments such as can be found at any +old Isaac's shop. Those passengers who are outside +our party are coarse-looking and disagreeable,—Mr. +Forbes and Mr. Augustus Hurd of Boston being almost +the only exceptions. I had some talk with Mr. Pierce +yesterday about your coming on, and he said as soon as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +I found it advisable he would send you a pass, but I am +very glad you are not here now, for I don't believe these +ladies will find anything but bare boards to sleep on.</p> + +<p><i>Thursday evening, March 6.</i> We had a sort of lecture +from Mr. Pierce before dinner, consisting of some +very appropriate and sensible advice and suggestions, +expressed simply and with a good deal of feeling. Mr. +French<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> followed in his vein of honest, earnest Methodism. +He is the head of the New York delegation, and +a worthy man, though not so practical as Mr. Pierce.</p> + +<p>Our Boston party improves upon acquaintance, +and the longer I think of the matter the more wonderful +does it seem that such a number of disinterested, +earnest men should be got together at so short a notice +to exile themselves from all social ties and devote +themselves, as they certainly do, with a will, to this +holy work. It must and with God's help it <i>shall</i> succeed! +The more I see of our fellow-passengers and co-workers, +the more do the party from Boston stand eminent +in talent and earnestness, as compared with those +from New York, and I can't help thinking that the former +were more carefully selected. The Boston Commission +acted with more deliberation than that of New +York, and I think the result will be shown in the end. +But it's early to form any such opinions, and out of +place to draw any comparisons in disparagement of any +of our colleagues. We are all yoked together and must +pull together. The work is no trifle. It is Herculean +in all its aspects—in its reactive effects upon our country +and its future destiny, as well as in its difficulties.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +Yet never did men stand in a position to do more lasting +good than we, if we act with a single eye to the +object in view and pray God to guide us aright.</p> + +<p><i>Friday, March 7.</i> We waked this morning still adrift +off Port Royal Bar, where we had been tossing all night, +near the lightship. The wind was blowing cold and clear +from the northwest just as it does at home in March, +almost cold enough for a frost. We continued to drift +till the tide was near the flood, about noon, when a +pilot came out and took us in to Hilton Head. Here +in this magnificent harbour, larger than any other on our +coast, lay some fifty transports and steamers at anchor, +and here we dropped our anchor, almost directly between +the two forts<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> taken by Dupont last November. +These forts, by the way, are so inconspicuous as to be +hardly perceptible to a passer-by, and would certainly fail +to attract the attention of a person not on the lookout +for them. The shore is as flat as flat can be, sand-banks +and beaches being the only variety, backed by long dark +green masses of foliage of the pitch-pine, reminding +me forcibly of the coast of Egypt, with its sand and +palm forests. Yet even Egypt was sufficiently enterprising +to line its coast with windmills, while this state +has not yet arrived at a stage of civilization sufficiently +advanced to provide them. So, there being no water-power +and no steam, every negro grinds his peck of +corn in a handmill as in the year one. We came to +anchor about one <span class="smcap">p. m.</span> and have been waiting for the +necessary passes from the quartermaster to enable us to +proceed up to Beaufort, the only town in possession of +our forces. Here we lie in the still harbour under the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +splendid moon, surrounded by the regiments encamped +on the neighboring islands, with the prospect of another +day afloat, before we can begin to be distributed over +our field of labor.</p> + +<p>8 <span class="smcap">p. m.</span> The acting Provost Marshal has just come +aboard with our passports viséed, enabling us to land +here, but I don't care to do that to-night, there being +nothing but sand-banks to sleep on, while we have +tolerable berths aboard. To-morrow I may go, if there +is time before going upstream to Beaufort, though I +imagine there is little to see but sand and tents, which +look quite as well at a distance.</p> + +<p><i>March 8.</i> We spent the greater part of the day +transferring freight and baggage to the <i>Cosmopolitan</i>, +a white river-steamer. We got started at last about +three <span class="smcap">p. m.</span> The distance to Beaufort can't be more +than fifteen miles, and we had already made half of it +at a tolerable rate of speed when we ran aground in the +mud, about two hours before ebb tide. We were in the +middle of a creek called Beaufort River, between Cat +Island and Port Royal Island, whose flat shores did not +look very inviting. I fell to reading about cotton-culture +in my book, but some of our companions got a boat and +went ashore on St. Helena Island, bringing back their +hands full of beautiful flowers from some private garden, +peach-blossoms, orange-blossoms, hyacinths, fleur-de-lis, +etc. We succeeded in getting afloat about 9.30 <span class="smcap">p. m.</span> +and arrived at Beaufort about midnight, after poking +slowly along the crooked channel under the glorious +moonlight. On getting up in the morning, which we +did betimes, we found the deck slippery with hoarfrost, +and are told that it is the coldest night of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +winter. Somebody has told me that Beaufort was on +a bluff, and that its environments were not so flat as +the rest of the islands.</p> + +<p><i>Beaufort, Sunday, March 9.</i> But I can't find any +place over ten feet above tide-water, and no hill over +six feet high. So things are judged of by comparison. +We all went ashore soon after sunrise and walked about +the town, which is laid out in rectangular streets, lined +with pleasant but weedy orange-gardens and often +shaded by live-oak and sycamore trees, <i>i. e.</i>, when the +latter leave out, as they will soon. The soil is a fine +sand, very like ashes, and the streets are ankle-deep +with it already, wherever the grass doesn't grow. +Dilapidated fences, tumble-down outbuildings, untrimmed +trees with lots of dead branches, weedy walks +and gardens and a general appearance of <i>un</i>thrift attendant +upon the best of slaveholding towns, was aggravated +here by the desolated houses, surrounded by +heaps of broken furniture and broken wine and beer +bottles which the army had left about after their pillage. +Quantities of negro children lay basking in the +morning sun, grinning at us as we passed. We saw a +chain-pump in a yard and walked in to wash our faces, +there having been no chance on the steamer, and were +waited upon by an old negro, who brought us bowls, +soap, and towels. Mr. Pierce succeeded in getting us +some bread and coffee from one of the regiments, having +no time to go to headquarters. They were carried +to an old negro cabin in the remotest corner of the +town, where the coffee was made and served up in the +poultry-yard in our tin mugs.</p> + +<p>Our quarters are in a very fine house in the east end<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +of the town, bordering on the river, against which is +a garden wall, built of oyster-shells and mortar, there +being no stone to be had here.</p> + +<p>We are to wait here till our positions are assigned +to us by Mr. Pierce, which will be done in a few days. +He told me he wanted me to take the most important +one, which I suppose means Coffin's.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> I am to have +W—— G—— for my clerk and assistant. He is a very +agreeable, quiet fellow, and works like a beaver, but +like several others, is too young to take charge of the +organization of the labor to good advantage.</p> + +<p>There is something very sad about these fine deserted +houses. Ours has Egyptian marble mantels, gilt cornice +and centre-piece in parlor, and bath-room, with +several wash-bowls set in different rooms. The force-pump +is broken and all the bowls and their marble +slabs smashed to get out the plated cocks, which the +negroes thought pure silver. Bureaus, commodes, and +wardrobes are smashed in, as well as door-panels, to +get out the contents of the drawers and lockers, which +I suppose contained some wine and ale, judging by +the broken bottles lying about. The officers saved a +good many pianos and other furniture and stored it in +the jail, for safe-keeping. But we kindle our fires with +chips of polished mahogany, and I am writing on my +knees with a piece of a flower-stand across them for +a table, sitting on my camp bedstead.</p> + +<p>I am anxious to get to work, as I hope to in a few +days. Mr. Eustis<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> has gone to his plantation, a few<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +miles distant on Ladies Island, and Mr. Hooper is +spending a few days with him. The latter is to be +Mr. Pierce's private secretary at present.</p> + +<p><i>Beaufort, March 10.</i> I can't tell until I get settled at +my post what to say about your coming on here. If +my post should be exposed to any of the rebels' scouting-parties +you had better stay at home. I must say +it seems rather <i>near</i> to live within rifle-shot of their outposts, +as some of the plantations are.</p> + +<p><i>March 11.</i> We had a visit from the Provost Marshal +last evening. He has had a good deal to do with the +contrabands and came to give us some advice about +them. He thinks that rebel spies may come among us, +but don't apprehend any trouble, says we can govern +the negroes easily enough by firm and judicious treatment, +and says the officers in charge are very glad to +have them taken off their hands.</p> + +<p><i>Hilton Head</i>,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> <i>March 13.</i> This is a most desolate-looking +place, flat and sandy, and covered with camps +and storehouses for a mile along the river. A line of +intrenchments encloses the whole, some seven miles +long, resting on the river at each end. There is a long +wharf just built out to deep water, at the end of which +the <i>Atlantic</i> is discharging. This is the general dépôt +for stores for the whole army on the Atlantic coast and +the blockading fleet.</p> + +<p><i>March 14.</i> A fortnight has passed since I left Brookline, +without my being able to get at my work. This +loafing about and waiting upon the movements of Government +officials is the hardest work I ever tried to do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + +<p>If you can't come early in April you had better not +come at all, for it will be too hot for even me to live +on the plantations later than June 1. They say the +planters never lived on the plantations in summer +months, though they were acclimated, for fear of fevers. +Beaufort is the healthiest place on these islands and their +resort when leaving their plantations. Yet, if H—— W—— will +come with you, <i>and not without</i>, and you +think it will pay, come as soon as you can. I shall +probably be on Coffin's plantation then, about fifteen +miles east of Beaufort, on St. Helena Island, coast of +St. Helena Sound. This plantation is one of the most +secure from any interference from the rebels, so I don't +feel the slightest uneasiness on that score, for the whole +circumference of the island is picketed, and our forces +also occupy the opposite or northeasterly coast of the +sound.</p> + +<p>Now as to outfit. Not over $5 each in money, <i>silver</i>, +for you are supplied with transportation and food by +Government and there's nothing here to buy. Bed-sacks +and pillow ditto. Three umbrellas with light covers, +fly-paper, tin cups, bowls, and tea-pot, set of wooden +boxes for rice, sugar, and other stores furnished by army +rations. Spring-balance that will weigh about twenty +pounds, knife, fork, and spoons for each of you, <i>plated</i>, +thermometer, three pounds of tea in one of the boxes. +We now have plenty of rice, sugar, molasses, vinegar, +hominy, potatoes, coffee, and beans, from army stores, +and on plantations can get fresh lamb, mutton, chickens, +eggs, milk; so we shall fare better than I thought.</p> + +<p><i>Beaufort, March 17.</i> I don't think they would let +you take a servant; it's difficult enough to get you here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +alone, and there are plenty of servants here which you +are supposed to teach not only to read but—what is +more immediately important—to be <i>clean</i> and industrious. +If you feel any hesitation about coming in +contact with them you shouldn't come, for they are +sharp enough to detect apathy or lurking repugnance, +which would render any amount of theoretical sympathy +about worthless. Tell your father their nature +and disposition is nothing new to me. I was with them +in Egypt long enough to get pretty well acquainted, +and though these sons of Western Africa are not exactly +of the same stock as the Nubians, they are certainly +no more degraded or lazy. In fact, from what I have +already seen here I am agreeably disappointed. Think of +their having reorganized and gone deliberately to work +here some weeks ago, without a white man near them, +preparing hundreds of acres for the new crop! The +Irish wouldn't have done as much in the same position.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This comparison of the negroes with the Irish is made +by the letter-writers, as will be seen, more than once,—almost +always to the disadvantage of the Irish. +Forty years ago the Irish were still merely immigrants, +and, further, they were practically the only people in +this country who suggested comparison with negroes.</p> + +<p>The next letter is the first from W. C. G., whom Mr. +Philbrick has already mentioned as destined to be his +assistant.</p></div> + +<p><i>March 24. Coffin's Point.</i> It is the largest plantation +on the Islands, numbering in its full days over 250 +hands, or head, as the negroes call themselves.</p> + +<p>A large amount of cotton is still in store here, for +which the boat I hope will call this week; meanwhile<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +the cotton-agent<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> and a guard occupy the house with +us. The former has been on the place three or four +months in charge of a large district with several plantations; +he is a smart young fellow, very dashing and +jockey-like. We were received by the guard with +shouldered arms and by this agent, who did their best +to induce or rather bluff us into leaving the premises +and taking possession of another house; for we have +two plantations besides this,—estates belonging to +William Fripp's sons.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> We stayed, however, and are +now occupying two rooms, with plenty of furniture of +different kinds stored by the agent, probably for removal. +The whole business of our Commission and all +its agents are much disliked by the cotton-agents, partly +because they don't sympathize with our purposes,—partly +because we seem about to usurp their authority, to +which of course we do succeed.</p> + +<p>The cotton-agents have started the corn-planting +on most of the estates,—and almost everywhere the +whole condition of people and land is much better than +I expected to find it. The present state of a plantation +depends on the previous character and age of the people, +the influence of the drivers,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> and the circumstances +to which they have been exposed since the soldiers +came. If the people are on the whole old and steady, +if the drivers are intelligent and strong-minded, if their +masters have been humane and fatherly, and if they +have seen few soldiers,—then the work has usually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +been kept up pretty well and the negroes are still at +home and willing to go a-field,—and their condition +varies as those items vary. On the larger number, as +I have said, things are much better than I expected to +see them. As is proper, more attention has as yet been +paid to the <i>corn</i> lands, and very little to the cotton. +Two precious months have been lost for that crop. On +most of the plantations corn enough remains to last +through the next crop,—so there is little danger of +much suffering for want of food. But everything except +corn, and their own eggs and poultry, is wanting,—no +molasses, no sugar, no salt, no tobacco,—and +no clothing.</p> + +<p>On two of our three plantations things are doing +well, but this big Coffin place is in a very miserable, +demoralized condition. It used to be very successful +in cotton—and of late, especially, the hands have +been worked very hard. There are many <i>young</i> people—so +all the more likely to leave. They are within +a few miles of Bay Point opposite Hilton Head, so the +temptation to leave is very pressing, for smart fellows +can get money there,—one York with whom I was +talking yesterday got over $30 a month by cooking +for two or three messes; he is sick now and thinks he +had better come home for the good of his <i>soul</i>. And +perhaps as evil an influence as any was the early presence +of the guards from the 19th N. Y. V., a regiment +rather notorious for wild ways, I believe,—certainly +one which greatly injured these people by their talk +about <i>freedom</i> and no need of work, etc., and their +rampant deeds. We are therefore in a hard place here,—and +shall take pretty energetic measures and do the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +best we can. Mr. Philbrick has charge of the farming, +etc.,—I of the teaching. We were not all sent out +two by two; small plantations had single men. Some +men are expected to overlook several estates lying near +each other.</p> + +<p><i>March 29.</i> The women work much better than the +men, but very few are faithful. Nor can we hope for +any regularity and real improvement till we are delivered +from our cotton-agent and the influences which +emanate from him and his interests.</p> + +<p>The people are very discontented here, and as they +have logic and need on their side, it is hard to meet +their complaints. In fact, they can't be met,—very +few do full work, many half or none. They need <i>clothing</i> +very badly. They need salt and tobacco,—this +summer they need a little molasses and some bacon. +These things<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> they have been accustomed to receive +in stated quantities at stated times,—at Christmas, +and in April or May. If we could supply them simply +as they have been supplied by their masters, the +majority I think would be contented and would work +well. The <i>promises</i> to pay to which they have been +treated by the agents of the Government for the last +three months haven't kept them warm. The agent +here will probably soon give them some cloth in part +payment. Money they don't know the value of—and +especially now can't spend it to advantage; besides, +as I said, I think few desire it.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p><div class="blockquot"><p>The following fragment of a letter, from which the +date and the beginning are missing, was written from +Pine Grove at about this time; its subject is, of course, +the negroes.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p>They have not yet got any diseased appetite for alcoholic +stimulants, and are happy in their comparative +ignorance of such things.</p> + +<p>They are a simple, childlike people, almost ignorant +of malice, patient and easily influenced by an appeal +to their feelings. There is far less family feeling and +attachment to each other than among the ignorant +Irish, apparently, though I don't know how much allowance +to make for their being so much less demonstrative +in their emotions, and more inured to suffering. +They are most eminently a religious people, according +to their light, and always refer their sufferings to +Divine Providence, though without the stoical or fatalist +ideas of their Mohammedan brethren, whom I got +to know pretty well in Nubia and Egypt.</p> + +<p>We find it very difficult to reach any motive that +will promote cleanliness as a habit. It requires more +authority than our position gives us as employers to +make any police regulations very effectual in their +quarters. This plantation is the neatest one I have +seen anywhere in respect to their houses and yards, +but there is room for great improvement here. They +have the same dread of fresh air in sickness which is +common to poor people at home, but there is very little +sickness among them. Only one death has occurred +since we came here, among a population of 420, and +that was an infant. They place great trust in our doctors +and keep them pretty busy jogging about.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letter, the first from H. W., records her +arrival with Mrs. Philbrick.</p></div> + +<p><i>Beaufort, April 15.</i> The sail up was very beautiful, +the green beyond description brilliant, and now and +then the deeper shade of palmetto or live-oak. Some +of the plantations were very picturesque. Roses and +azaleas were plainly visible. An hour and a half, very +quickly passed, brought us to the wharf, where Mr. +Pierce and Mr. Hooper met us with the information +that we were to go to Mr. Forbes's, whither we walked +a long half-mile, a sentry at the street-corners, darkies +bowing in every direction, birds and the scent of +flowers filling the air, everything like a June day after +a shower. Mr. Philbrick hopes to be ready for us on +Saturday. A cotton-agent in his house prevents us from +going just yet to the Coffin house, but we shall be established +for the present on one of the smaller plantations +adjoining.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The letter that follows, written at Pine Grove several +days later, narrates the events of these days, beginning +with April 16, in Beaufort.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Pine Grove, St. Helena, April 21.</i> H.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> and Miss +Towne<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> carried the letters to the post-office, Caroline, +Mr. Forbes's chamber-girl, following to show them +the way there, take them to the schools and into some +negro quarters. They were derided by the soldiers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +they said, who called after them, "See the Southern +Aristocracy with their nigger behind them!" which +amused Caroline very much.</p> + +<p>Mr. Forbes took me in his open wagon, a tumble-down +affair he has from a negro to avoid the annoyance +of always having to make a requisition upon Government, +the only owner in these regions of anything, and +drove me down the river to a plantation<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> we had noticed +as we came up on the boat, and where there was a +cotton-gin Mr. Forbes wanted me to see. The greater +part of the way our road was shaded by woods on the +water-side, live-oaks with their ornamental moss, gum-trees +and pines with quantities of cat-brier and trumpet +honeysuckle in full bloom. The cotton-fields were unshaded, +of course, and very large, containing from one +to three hundred acres. We passed some freshly planted, +but most of them were covered with the old bushes, +dry and dead, at which I was much surprised until I +found that it was the habit to leave the fields as they +are after the cotton is picked, for a year, planting on +the same land only every other year. It makes dreary, +desolate-looking fields, for though a few weeds spring +up, no grass grows in this region, and they are brown +instead of green all summer. The Smith Plantation +is about five miles from town, the house in the centre +of a live-oak grove, beautiful and beyond description, +open underneath, and so hanging with moss that you +can scarcely see any leaves as you look up. A little +chapel on the place I got out to look at, made very +roughly of boards whitewashed, inside an earth floor +covered with straw, rough wooden benches, the pulpit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +and altar made in the same way, but covered entirely +with the grey moss, as we trim for Christmas. The +house looked rough and ordinary to us, as they all do, +except a few in the town; we did not go in. I believe +there are cotton-agents there attending to the ginning, +which process we saw in a little house by itself, where +a steam gin worked four stands tended by one hand +each. The funny thing was to see them pack the bales. +There was a round hole in the second-story floor and +a bag was fastened to the edges, into which a man +gets and stamps the cotton down. I saw it swinging +downstairs, but did not know what it was till, on going +up, I found a black head just above the floor, which +grinned from ear to ear with pleasure at the sight of +a white lady, and ducked and bobbed in most convulsive +fashion.</p> + +<p>We drove through the negro quarters, or "nigger-house," +as they themselves call the whole settlement, +and they flocked to the doors to look at us, bowing +and smiling as we went by. There were eight or ten +separate houses just raised from the ground so that the +air could pass underneath, and, as we looked in at the +doors, apparently with very little furniture, though in +some we saw chairs which were evidently Massa's. +Dirty and ragged they all were, but certainly no more +so than poor Irish, and it seemed to me not so +dirty.</p> + +<p>I saw palmetto-trees for the first time on this drive +near enough to know what they really looked like. +They stand alone in the cotton-fields like our elms in +a meadow, though there are fewer of them, and they +are stiff and straight. The Spanish dagger, looking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +like a miniature palmetto, was planted for hedges +round the garden and fish-pond. Mistletoe I saw for +the first time.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hooper came over in the morning [of the next +day] and told us he should come for us at 12.30, but it +was five before we got into the boat.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> The negroes +sang to us in their wild way as they rowed us across—I +cannot give you the least idea of it. Indeed, I can't +give you the least idea of anything, and you must not +expect it. The town looked very pretty from the boat, +some of the houses are large and quite imposing in +appearance. We found Mr. Pierce and his carriage +waiting for us, having been there without any dinner +since one o'clock. (This is the land of waiting, we have +discovered—patience is a virtue our Northern people +will have to learn here.) We drove at once to Pope's +plantation, passing Mr. Eustis on the way at his overseer's +house, bedaubed from head to foot with molasses, +which he had been selling all day to the negroes, +a pint to a hand. Here Mr. Philbrick was waiting with +his sulky (a two-wheeled jockey-cart), an ox-team for +the baggage, and a dump-cart in which he and H. +were to drive, while I drove the sulky alone in my glory. +But it was too late for us to think of driving ten miles +farther, so we laid our beds down and prepared for +another halt. The next morning Mr. Pierce sent us +home in his carriage.</p> + +<p>We reached here not long before two, and went to +work to try and muster up some dinner. I had a cup +and saucer, tumbler and three knives and forks, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +the rennet, which soon supplied one dish; the negroes +brought china in limited quantities; we opened a box +of sardines, and coffee, and, with the army bread we +brought from Beaufort, fried eggs, and hominy, made a +most excellent meal; a tablecloth, napkins, and silver +spoons forming some of the appointments. Joe, the carpenter, +young and handy, made a very good waiter, but +when he went out and cut a bough of sycamore and +began to brush the flies as we ate, it was almost more +than I could stand. Then we went to work to put +what things we had to rights, H. got her servant, and +moreover we had to receive and shake hands with any +number of negroes, who came flocking round us at +once, following the carriage as we drove up in true +Southern style, and coming into the house to satisfy +their curiosity.</p> + +<p>W. G—— was here and aided us with a will, and +about five o'clock I went with him to the praise-house,<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +where he has his school. The children were all assembled +by Cuffy, and he was teaching them when we +went in. Mr. G—— read in the Bible, substituting +words that they could understand, made a very simple +prayer, all kneeling, and then heard them their +letters and words for an hour, with a great deal of tact +and ability—strange words, you may think, to use +in such a connection, but you have little idea how<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +much it needs of both. We are not used to these people—it +is even very difficult to understand what they +say. They have been born and brought up just +here, in the most isolated way, for generations, with +no chance of improvement, and there is not a single +mulatto<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> on the place—they are black as the blackest, +and perfect children—docile, and with "faith enough +to live by," W—— G—— says. I find I have no +shrinking from them, and hope I shall be able to do +my part. I take this school off his hands—he has two +other plantations to teach on and has been working +like a beaver. I made my first attempt this afternoon +and got along comfortably. Flora, the house-servant +(that is, ours,—she is a field hand), took me on my +way to see the old mammas, and I went into several +of the cabins and came home with a present of nine +eggs!</p> + +<p>These houses are all built of hard pine, which is handsome +on the floors, but the rest of the woodwork is +painted, in this house an ugly green, which is not pretty +or cheerful. The walls are always left white. Clapboards +are unknown, but hard-pine boards, a foot or +more broad, are put on in the same way, and everything +outside is whitewashed. The place is very attractive-looking, +grapevines and honeysuckles and pine +woods near.</p> + +<p><i>April 25.</i> The house is raised high from the ground, +as all are here, and boarded in loosely underneath. +There is a circle of orange-trees round the house, and +roses in abundance, but no grass, which is dreary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +The quarters are a quarter of a mile off, and the praise-house +is near them, where I have school twice a day. +It is very interesting, and I enjoy it much, though of +course there is nothing to teach but the alphabet and +little words. They sing their letters very nicely now. +They are much better-mannered than the Irish, and +I have had no trouble as yet.</p> + +<p>Perhaps when I get to understanding things better +I shall be able to tell you some things they say. They +were uneasy till they discovered our first names, and +were pleased that mine was that of the "old Missus." +They have brought me presents of eggs two or three +times.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Pine Grove Plantation, April 22.</i> You see that we +have changed our home. The ladies have arrived. +The house is in better condition than that at Coffin's, +the people better disposed, and the locality is more +retired and does not boast of a cotton-agent. In a month +or two we shall probably move to our old quarters, if +it doesn't take longer to clean it. Miss W—— will +be a grand helper. It will be a pretty rough life for them, +and New England comforts and neatness and intelligence +will be sadly missed, but we certainly have +been well,—our table is the most refined thing on the +Island, I fancy.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Pine Grove, April 29.</i> Our days pass pretty much +after this fashion. Mr. Philbrick gets up about six, calls +me, and I obey, having stipulated for a full hour in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +which to dress. After we get downstairs it takes the +united efforts of most of the family to get the breakfast +on the table, and we are fortunate if we get up from +that meal by half-past eight. It generally consists of +hominy, very delicious eaten with either milk, butter, or +molasses, corn-cake, or waffles of corn-flour—the best +of their kind—concentrated coffee, chocolate, or tea, +army bread—when we can get it—crackers, when +we can't, and boiled eggs or fried fish, as the case may +be. The important operations of dish-washing and +arranging the rooms upstairs take longer than you can +imagine, and things are not always done when I go +to school at ten, which with our simple style of living +is rather a nuisance. H. begins to pity the Southern +housekeepers. This morning, after making the starch +in our little kitchen in the house, she waited about for +two hours, before she could get hold of one of the three +servants. They were all off at the kitchen, smoking and +talking and taking things easy. Joe was nominally +cleaning knives, Flora had gone to empty a pail of water, +and Sukey had no thought about her starched clothes!</p> + +<p>Well, I walk off to school, under the white umbrella +if the sun shines, dressed as warmly as I can if it does +not. My way lies between a row of large "Heshaberry" +trees, as the negroes call them; a corruption, +I suppose, of Asia Berry, as it is the "Pride of Asia," +in full blossom now, with scent something like our +lilac, but more delicate. On each side of these trees +are the corn-houses, stables, cotton-houses, and near +the house a few cabins for house-servants, and the +well. They stretch an eighth of a mile, when a gate +(left open) shuts off the nigger-house and field. Another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +eighth brings me to the cabins, which have trees +scattered among them, figs and others. The children +begin to gather round me before I get there, with +their bow and curtsey and "goo' mornin, Marm," and +as I go through the quarters I send them in to wash +their hands and faces. The praise-house reached, one +of the children rings the bell out of the door to summon +all, and they gather quickly, some to be sent off to +wash their faces—alas, they cannot change their +clothes, which are of the raggedest. But now enough +clothes have come to begin to sell, I hope to have a +better dressed set before long. I keep them in for about +two hours—there are about thirty of the little ones +who come in the morning, ten and under; all older +are in the field, and come in the afternoon, as they finish +work by noon always.</p> + +<p>I go back to lunch at half-past twelve, a cold one +generally, sometimes a few waffles or some hominy +for variety, but crackers, sardines, and blackberries +which we have in abundance now, make a refreshing +meal, with tea or coffee when we please. Shop<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> has +to be tended in the afternoon principally, and I sometimes +take a turn at it till I go off at half-past three to +school again. We use for shop the little room between +Mr. G.'s and the entry, selling out of the window over +a box for a counter, to the groups on the porch. It is +a funny sight and funny work for us, albeit interesting, +for they have had no clothes for a year, and buy eagerly. +Mr. Philbrick has not been able to let them have any +clothing before, as there has only been enough to give +a garment to one in ten, and they have been so used to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +being treated alike that their jealousy is very easily +roused, and it is a difficult matter to deal with them. +For the same reason the clothes have to be sold, the +money going back to the Commission, to be used again +for their benefit. It would be very much better if only +the goods were sent, for they prefer to make their own +clothes and all know how to sew.</p> + +<p>These people show their subserviency in the way +they put Marm or Sir into their sentences every other +word and emphasize it as the one important word, and +in always agreeing to everything you say. In school it +is rather annoying to have them say, "Yes Marm, +'zackly Marm," before it is possible for an idea to have +reached their brains.</p> + +<p>Flora, our housemaid, who is a character, has a +great deal of dignity and influence among the other +negroes, and takes the greatest care of us. She is most +jealous for what she considers our interests, and moreover +is quite an interpreter, though it is hard enough +to understand her sometimes. "Learning" with these +people I find means a knowledge of medicine, and a +person is valued accordingly. Flora wanted to know +how much "learning" Miss Helen<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> had had, and it was +a long time before I could make out what she meant.</p> + +<p>H. says she never saw me look so well, so you see +I thrive in spite of fleas, which have almost flayed me +alive. I understand what it means by eels getting <i>used</i> +to being skinned.</p> + +<p><i>May 1.</i> Took a ride through the quarters. We stopped +to see Doll and her week-old baby. H. had quite +a talk with Mily, the nurse, who told her it did them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +good to see white ladies about, and hoped we were going +to stay. She seemed very much disappointed when +H. told her we should be here [at Pine Grove] only +a short time longer. I think it does them good just to +have me walk through the quarters four times a day—they +always curtsey and say a word.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon, as I came out of school, Cuffy said, +"You promise to jine praise with we some night dis +week, Missus," so I told him I would go up in the evening +if Mr. G. would go with me. When we went up +after eight they were just lighting the two candles. I +sat down on the women's side next a window, and one +of the men soon struck up a hymn in which the others +joined and which seemed to answer the purpose of +a bell, for the congregation immediately began to assemble, +and after one or two hymns, Old Peter offered +a prayer, using very good language, ending every sentence +with "For Jesus' sake." He prayed for us, Massa +and Missus, that we might be "boun' up in de belly-band +of faith." Then Mr. G. read to them and made +a few remarks to which they listened very attentively; +then some hymn-singing, Cuffy deaconing out the lines +two at a time. Then some one suddenly started up and +pronounced a sort of benediction, in which he used the +expression "when we done chawing all de hard bones +and swallow all de bitter pills." They then shook hands +all round, when one of the young girls struck up one +of their wild songs, and we waited listening to them +for twenty minutes more. It was not a regular "shout,"<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +but some of them clapped their hands, and they stamped +in time. It was very difficult to understand the words, +though there was so much repetition that I generally +managed to make out a good deal, but could not remember +it much, still less the music, which is indescribable, +and no one person could imitate it at all. As +we walked home we asked Cuffy if they considered +the "shout" as part of their religious worship; he +said yes, that "it exercise the frame." Mr. G. told +him that some of the old people had told him they did +not like the shouts, or think them religious, but he said +old Binah did not object to them in the praise-house, +but she did not like the shout "out in de world," <i>i. e.</i> before +they joined the Church or came to "strive behind<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +the Elders." He makes his own hymns, "praying to +de Lord Jesus to teach him as he in de woods—jine one +word 'ginst toder." They were almost unintelligible +as he deaconed them out, but I daresay they were his +own, unconsciously caught, perhaps, in part from what +he had heard in the white people's church. The only +song I could remember ran somewhat after this fashion:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Oh, Jacob's ladder.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Climb high, climb higher!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh sodier of de jubilee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When you git dere 'member me,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh! sodier of de cross!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the introduction to "Slave Songs of the United +States," a collection made chiefly at Port Royal and +published in 1867, this particular song is set down as +spurious, that is, as being sung to a well-known "white +folks'" tune. But most of the negro music is described +as "civilized in its character, partly composed under +the influence of association with the whites, partly +actually imitated from their music. In the main it +appears to be original in the best sense of the word."</p> + +<p>The same writer goes on:</p> + +<p>"On the other hand there are very few which are of +an intrinsically barbaric character, and where this +character does appear, it is chiefly in short passages, +intermingled with others of a different character.... +It is very likely that if we had found it possible to get +at more of their secular music, we should have come +to another conclusion as to the proportion of the barbaric +element.... Mr. E. S. Philbrick was struck +with the resemblance of some of the rowing tunes at +Port Royal to the boatmen's songs he had heard upon +the Nile....</p> + +<p>"The words are, of course, in a large measure taken +from Scripture, and from the hymns heard at church; +and for this reason these religious songs do not by any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +means illustrate the full extent of the debasement of +the dialect." Of words funnily distorted through failure +to understand their meaning there are, however, many +examples. "Paul and Silas, bound in jail," was often +sung "Bounden Cyrus born in jail;" "Ring Jerusalem" +appeared as "Ring Rosy Land," etc., etc. "I never +fairly heard a secular song among the Port Royal freedmen, +and never saw a musical instrument among them. +The last violin, owned by a 'worldly man,' disappeared +from Coffin's Point 'de year gun shoot at Bay Pint.'"</p> + +<p>The negroes' manner of singing is pretty well suggested +by the following:</p> + +<p>"The voices of the colored people have a peculiar +quality that nothing can imitate; and the intonations +and delicate variations of even one singer cannot be +reproduced on paper. And I despair of conveying any +notion of the effect of a number singing together, +especially in a complicated shout.... There is no +singing in <i>parts</i>, as we understand it, and yet no two +appear to be singing the same thing—the leading +singer starts the words of each verse, often improvising, +and the others, who 'base' him, as it is called, strike +in with the refrain, or even join in the solo, when the +words are familiar. When the 'base' begins, the leader +often stops, leaving the rest of his words to be guessed +at, or it may be they are taken up by one of the other +singers. And the 'basers' themselves seem to follow +their own whims, beginning when they please and +leaving off when they please, striking an octave above +or below (in case they have pitched the tune too low or +too high), or hitting some other note that chords, so as +to produce the effect of a marvellous complication and +variety, and yet with the most perfect time, and rarely +with any discord. And what makes it all the harder to +unravel a thread of melody out of this strange network +is that, like birds, they seem not infrequently to strike +sounds that cannot be precisely represented by the +gamut, and abound in 'slides from one note to another, +and turns and cadences not in articulated notes.'"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<p>How the same songs could be sung equally well at all +sorts of work is explained by another writer,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> as follows: +"Of course the <i>tempo</i> is not always alike. On +the water, the oars dip 'Poor Rosy' to an even andante, +a stout boy and girl at the hominy-mill will make the +same 'Poor Rosy' fly, to keep up with the whirling +stone; and in the evening, after the day's work is done, +'Heab'n shall-a be my home' [a line from 'Poor Rosy'] +peals up slowly and mournfully from the distant quarters. +One woman—a respectable house-servant, who +had lost all but one of her twenty-two children—said +to me: 'Pshaw! don't har to dese yer chil'en, misse. +Dey just rattles it off,—dey don't know how for sing +it. I likes "Poor Rosy" better dan all de songs, but it +can't be sung widout a full heart and a troubled sperrit!'"</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Saturday, May 3.</i> Directly after breakfast I mounted +the pony, followed by Tom to open the gates. In this +way we proceeded to Fripp Point, the plantation which +belongs to this one. Just before we reached the Point, +Tom started my horse, and before I knew it I was on +the ground from the saddle's having turned under me. +The horse behaved perfectly well, and I mounted and +rode on towards the quarters (there is no white people's +house here), where I could see St. Helena Village +across the creek—a Deserted Village of a dozen or +more mansions with their house-servants' cabins behind +them, and two churches in a large pine wood, free +from underbrush, where there are only one mulatto +woman and her two children, belonging to this place,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +the sole occupants.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> The village is directly on the creek +on a bluff like that on which Beaufort is situated, about +eight feet high, and is the place where the white people +used to spend the summers for health and society—those +who did not go North to travel, or to Beaufort. +This Fripp family had a house in each place, besides +this one at Pine Grove. As he [Tom] walked alongside +the horse, I questioned him about the old family, +and found that it consisted of William Fripp and his +wife Harriet, their four sons and a daughter. The old +man they all speak of with respect as a "good marn." +Mass' Washington they represent as not liking the +war,<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> and papers have been found which prove this +true. Mass' Clan's was a doctor and very kind, and +lived at the village—"bes' young massa we hab." +Mass' Eden lived alone on this place, and was from all +accounts a very bad man. With only one meal a day, +he lived on whiskey, and, beyond his own control most +of the time, he used to "lick wus 'an fire." The tree +in the yard to which they were tied, their feet a foot +or more from the ground, while he used the raw cowhide +himself, has the nails in it now which prevented +the rope from slipping—Flora showed it to me from +my window. They do not talk much unless we question +them, when they tell freely. As I opened shop this +afternoon, old Alick, head-carpenter and a most respectable +man, opened the cupboard door in the entry,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +but when he saw our dishes shut it with an apology, +saving that it was an old acquaintance and he wanted +to see what it was used for now. "I get sixty lash +for makin' dat two year Christmas, and hab to work +all Christmas day beside." Well, Alick, those days +are over for you now. "Tank de Lord, missus, tank +de Lord."</p> + +<p>By afternoon my hip was swollen and painful. I did +not go downstairs again that night; but hearing them +laugh at the dinner-table over some experience of Mr. +G.'s, found it was this. He had been telling them [his +pupils] that it was necessary that they should be punctual, +study hard, and behave well in order to have a +good school, and talking to them Saturday night about +the fresh week that was coming, in which they must +try hard, asked what three things were necessary for +a good school. A question which was received in profound +silence, for it is almost impossible to make them +put that and that together, till one boy about nineteen +rose and said very solemnly, "Father, Son and Holy +Ghost!"</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Pine Grove, May 3.</i> Sunday, besides its other virtues, +in this place brings us bread, and an opportunity +to send and receive letters. Mr. Eustis takes a large +bag of loaves in his carriage, which are shared out to +hungry superintendents after service. Eustis's house +and his plantation serve as general caravanserai to our +whole establishment. His overseer house—a mile +from his own—is the dépôt for supplies for these outside +islands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + +<p>Our cotton-agent has at last paid off our plantations +and will probably say farewell this coming week. We +also have made a small payment to the hands of +$1.00 per acre for all the cotton they had planted up +to a certain date. The slight sum has had a very good +effect. Other things have aided it. The cotton-agent +paid them partly in goods. As soon as they had received +the money from him and ourselves, we opened +store, putting our goods at cheap prices. The stock +consisted of the clothes I brought with me, those which +K. sent me, and some pieces Mrs. Philbrick brought +with her, with some furnished by the Commission; +also a barrel of molasses, some tobacco, and shoes. +The "sweetening" and the clothing were at cheaper +prices than anything they have been accustomed to, +so they were greatly pleased and we have sold out +rapidly. The good effect is already quite noticeable,—but +they are by no means all clothed. The men and +boys, especially, stick to their rags. [The money] obtained +from our private boxes will be expended in buying +other articles for the negroes, to be sold again, or +distributed to them, as may seem best. A vast deal of +dissatisfaction among the people has been saved by +this method of distributing the clothing. The faithful +workers have all had money. All understand and like +the arrangement.</p> + +<p>I have made a rather elaborate explanation of all +this, because to some perhaps it will seem to be a strange +and suspicious operation.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The natural impulse to treat the negroes as objects +of charity was thus early found to be a mistaken one; +by the end of November the Government, too, had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +ceased to give them anything, the system of rations +having done, as is remarked in one of the letters, "too +much harm already." The time never came, however, +when there was not heard from the North abundant +criticism of the kind which H. W., in her letter of April +29, and W. C. G. here are trying to disarm, and the +superintendents had to outgrow their fear of being +blamed for "strange and suspicious operations."</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Sunday, May 4.</i> They had had a "Shout," which +I had heard distinctly at three o'clock in the morning +when I happened to wake up. They come from all the +plantations about, when these meetings take place for +the examination of new members, "prodigals and raw +souls," as 'Siah said, he being an elder and one of the +deacons. They do not begin till about ten o'clock +Saturday night, when the examinations commence +and the other services, after which they keep up the +shout till near daylight, when they can see to go home. +They admitted two this time, and, as Uncle Sam remarked, +"they say there is joy in Heaven over one sinner +that repenteth, so we rejoice over these souls that +have come in."</p> + +<p>A good many of the girls came up. They lay round +the floor or squatted about as I read and sung hymns +to them; they were very much surprised that I was not +afraid to sleep alone in such a big room—said Miss +Juliana and Miss Lynch, Mass' Sam and Mass' Willie and +their Mamma used to sleep there. These people do not +use any feminine adjective, and their "hims" are very +confusing sometimes. Harriet walked down to the house +behind me from school the other day for some sugar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +for a sick baby, and I asked her the name of a bird +that flew across our path. "Him de Red bird." I +thought the Red bird was all red, I said. "Him de +'oman bird, marm, de marn bird all red, him de 'oman +bird, marm." The girls hung round till the faithful +Flora appeared to "wash me down" with the tide. +Everything here depends on the tide; Susan will not +make butter when the tide is going out—it would take +it all day to come; and Flora would bathe the swelling +when the tide was going out, that it might carry it +with it.</p> + +<p>No letters when they came from church—four +weeks from home, and never a word.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon I walked out in the yard a few steps, +and it was pleasant and touching to see how eagerly +they watched me and passed the word, "Miss Hayiot's +comin'," with bow and curtsey, asking, "How you find +yourself to-day, Missus?" "Glad to see you on you +feet, marm."</p> + +<p><i>May 5.</i> I had the school come up to me on the piazza, +a plan I shall adopt for the future; it is cool and pleasant, +saves me a walk which will be warm by and by, +and also from the fleas of the praise-house. Louisa +came up to give me two eggs, carefully wrapped in +her apron. This makes over a dozen I have had brought +to me by my grateful pupils.</p> + +<p><i>May 6.</i> In the afternoon Flora brought me a letter +to read to her, which proved to be from her husband, +who is cook to some officers at Bay Point. I am quite +curious to see him—she is so fine and the children +are among the brightest here. Some soldier had written +it for him, and she was too pleased for anything at her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +first letter. It was signed "York polite," which she +told me was his title. I can't make out whether they +give each other surnames, and this is his, or whether +it is really a title, as she says, like "Philip the Fair."<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> +She told me what to say, and I wrote an answer for +her.</p> + +<p><i>May 8.</i> A Baptist minister, who came out with us +and has been appointed the pastor of the island, came +to lunch, went to the other plantations with Mr. Philbrick, +and has come back to spend the night. He had +been up to the praise-meeting by Uncle Peter's invitation. +He is very much puzzled what to do about the +religious feeling of these people and their habits and +customs. I hope he will let them alone.</p> + +<p><i>May 9.</i> Went up to the praise-house for school in +the morning; it is so hard to get the little things together +and then, like as not, they have <i>half</i> of them to be sent +back to wash their faces and hands. Asked the little +children questions, such as "What are your eyes +for?" "For see'long." "Teeth?" "For chaw'long," etc.</p> + +<p><i>Sunday, May 11.</i> In the morning a number of the +women had come up to the house to see us. It seems +they have always been in the habit of coming into the +yard on Sundays. Tira, Sim's wife, brought me three +little fish fried. The women said that all the people +here were born on the place, and no new hands had +ever been bought, only one sold, and his master allowed +him that privilege because his wife belonged in Charleston +and he wanted to belong to the same man.</p> + +<p>Flora said at lunch, as she brushed off the flies, that +her husband York was at work on the "main" (land),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +she did not know where, on a house, with five of their +carpenters, when the war broke out, or rather, before +the Fort here was "taken away," as they say, and that +then the white people had not food enough to feed the +blacks, and she is quite sure all her brothers and sisters +who were carried off were dead before this—starved. +York was five weeks getting back here, and arrived +about Christmas.</p> + +<p>Limus came for a reading-lesson, a man about fifty, +driver on one of Mr. Soule's plantations next this, who +comes over almost every day for me to teach him. He +has a wife here and grown children, and another on +the other plantation, the rascal. He is very smart and +learns well.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>Mr. Philbrick had business with Mr. Pierce, and +did not come home to dinner. But he got into more +business than he expected before he came back, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +I never saw a poor man show suffering more than he +did when he came in after ten o'clock and told us what +he had received orders to do the next day. While he +was at Mr. Pierce's, writing, young Hazard Stevens +came over with despatches from General Hunter<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> ordering +all the agents to send him in the morning all +the able-bodied black men between the ages of 18 and +45, capable of bearing arms, on the plantations. There +was no explanation whatsoever of the reasons for the +demand, no hint of what was to be done with them, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +nothing but our confidence in General Hunter's friendliness +to the race gave us a shadow of comfort. But +that would avail little to the negroes, who would lose +the confidence they are beginning to feel in white +men. Yet there was but one thing for us to do, and it +was with heavy, aching hearts that at midnight we +separated. Companies of soldiers were to be sent from +Beaufort in the night and distributed to the different +plantations to prevent the negroes from taking to the +woods, so that we were not surprised at being roused +about two hours after by thundering knocks at the +front door, echoing through all these empty rooms with +a ghostly sound. This proved to be Captain Stevens again, +alone, who had stopped to enquire the way to some +of the other plantations he had to notify, and say that +the soldiers would be here in about an hour. We had +scarcely got to sleep again before we all were roused +by their arrival, and eight men, a Captain and Sergeant +of the New York 79th Highlanders, tramped through the +house. Mr. Philbrick gave them a pail of water and +some hardtack, for they had had a long walk, and then +they stretched themselves on the floor of one of our +empty parlors as quietly as could be, considering themselves +in luxury. We slept as best we could the rest of +the night, and were up early to get the soldiers their +breakfast and get ready for the heart-sickening work. +You never saw a more wretched set of people than sat +down to our breakfast-table. I <i>could not</i> eat, for about +the first time in my life. Nothing had been said to any +one. Joe saw the soldiers on the floor when he opened +the house door in the morning, and wore a sober face +when we came down, but no one asked any questions,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +and we moved about, seeing to the breakfast, trying to +look as usual (and failing), getting out tobacco and +crackers to give the men on all these plantations when +they went off. It had been arranged that Mr. G. should +see to these two plantations after Mr. Philbrick had +taken part of the soldiers to Coffin's Point. When he had +gone, Mr. G. began on Joe before he went to the field +for the other hands—telling him that General Hunter +had work at Hilton Head for a great many black men, +that he did not know what for, but had received orders +in the night, and they must be obeyed and he must +march; he had to go at once to his house for his cap, +say good-bye to his wife and come to us to leave his will, +for he said he never expected to come back. We made +as light of the whole thing as we could, but did not dare +to say anything (as we knew nothing) which might make +them feel afterwards as if we had deceived them, for the +thing they dread is being made to fight, and we knew +that there had been men about trying to recruit for Hunter's +pet idea, a regiment of blacks. <i>One</i> man had been +obtained on this island! We told Joe that Mr. Philbrick +knew nothing about it and was going with them himself, +and gave him a letter Mr. Philbrick had written asking +for him to be returned as a personal favor, as he was a +house-servant. He did the same thing with each of the +drivers, for the good of the plantation crops. The men +were easily collected, ten here, and went off after all with +much less emotion than we expected; the soldiers behaved +admirably, delighted with the treatment they had +received, and cheering the negroes with tales of money +and clothes, treating them most kindly. Mr. Philbrick +called all the hands together at Coffin's and told them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +the simple fact, all that he himself knew, and named +the men who were to go, and the whole thing was accomplished +with much less <i>apparent</i> suffering than we +had supposed possible. Many of the men were not averse +to trying their hands at life in the world, for many of +their number have been and still are at work for officers, +etc., at Hilton Head and Bay Point, etc., with most +desirable pecuniary results, but they are afraid of being +made to fight. Flora, our heroine, said the women and +boys could take care of all the cotton and corn if the +men did have to go—that they did not trust many +white people, but they did trust Mr. Philbrick.</p> + +<p>The day passed in perfect quiet: the women finished +their work in the field, I kept school, Mr. G. came back +from the Point and after lunch took the driver's place, +sharing out the week's allowance of corn to the people, +while H. and I sat under the shade of the trees, watching +or talking to the women. Wil'by, Joe's wife, was the only +one who seemed really sad and heart-sick—all the rest +were as usual. Dr. Wakefield<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> came and recounted +his miseries while I set the tea-table, when, just as everything +was cleared away, Mr. G. came in, with his face +all aglow, to tell us that the drivers, Joe, and one or two +others had been sent back, and in a moment Joe appeared, +radiant with happiness. Mr. G. found he had +not seen his wife, so went to her cabin and told her the +ladies wanted her, and it was pretty enough to see her +simple delight as she caught sight of Joe in the doorway. +They both laughed nervously, then shook hands +shyly, and she curtseyed, then hid her face against the +wall, saying, "I so thankful I can't say a word," and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +pretty soon, "Oh Joe, I couldn't eat the hominy for +dinner;" and Joe, "I couldn't eat the biscuits, either, +that Mr. Philbrick gave me, had to gi' um away—and +then I was so glad, I didn't feel hungry till I got home." +We sent them off to eat hominy and be happy, and sat +down to write with lighter hearts ourselves.</p> + +<p>Mr. Philbrick soon appeared. He found Mr. Pierce +had been down to Hilton Head and found what he had +in part suspected to be the fact. General Hunter found +that the negroes misapprehended his wishes and ideas, +and he could not raise as many as he wanted, so had +resorted to these measures, meaning to give the men +an idea of the life and drill, and after a few weeks not +retain any who wished to return to their homes. All +the superintendents were indignant at the way the thing +was done, but it will not turn out so badly as we feared, +I trust. The people are used to being made to do things, +and are not in the least rebellious, as any white man +would have been. If we can have blacks to garrison the +forts and save our soldiers through the hot weather, +every one will be thankful. But I don't believe you could +make soldiers of these men at all—they are afraid, and +they know it.</p> + +<p>The cotton-agent left Coffin's Point to-day, so that +we can go there now whenever we can get the house +ready. Then we shall have horses and vehicles more at +our disposal; you may hear of our carriage and span +yet, but I shall hate to leave here. This moon is lovely, +and to-night the flats are covered with water by the full +moon tide, and the sea looks as if it came to our doors.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The opinion just expressed concerning the impossibility +of making soldiers from Sea Island negroes was,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +very naturally, the view that prevailed at this time among +the superintendents and teachers; in the extract that +follows it is stated with even more decision. As the +letters progress, the reader will see the development of +a complete change of mind on this point.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>May 27.</i> Negroes—plantation negroes, at least—will +never make soldiers in one generation. Five white men +could put a regiment to flight; but they may be very +useful in preventing sickness and death among our +troops by relieving them of part of their work, and they +may acquire a certain self-respect and independence +which more than anything else they need to feel, if they +are soon to stand by their own strength.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>May 13.</i> Old Peggy, the "leader" from Fripp Point, +came over, and Flora brought her to see the school. She +sat on the doorstep, very much interested and uttering +frequent ejaculations of "Oh Lord!" H. had her sewing-school, +and then I my regular session, with diminished +numbers. Hope the men took their books. Saw +Wil'by to-day and asked if she did not feel pretty well, +when Susan answered, "She feel pretty well, Missus, +but I don't; can't feel right with five boys all gone, not +so much as that (pointing off the end of her finger) left +of one of them; two carried off by Secesh, one with a +Captain of ours at Fort Pulaski,<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> not heard from since +Christmas, and now two gone yesterday." But she +seemed to feel, spite of her regrets, that if they could +help she was glad they should. Flora said old Peggy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +and Binah were the two whom all that came into the +Church had to come through, and the Church supports +them, and she contributed thirty-five cents to get her +some flannel for garments, which she had always been +used to till now. Of course we gave them to her.</p> + +<p><i>May 14.</i> Our new equipage with its two horses drew +up, and I got in, while H., shocked at the rags, cut out +the lining of the top of the buggy, showering me with +sand thereby. The buggy and horses were legacies from +Mr. S., the cotton-agent, who departed yesterday.</p> + +<p>There have been seven babies born on the three plantations +since we came, and thirteen since Mr. Philbrick +came, for which we have been able to supply but little +and that only on this place. The Master always provided +for the new babies two of each garment and half +a dozen diapers.</p> + +<p>I found that they had a most heart-rending time [at +Mr. Eustis' plantation] on Monday. The two companies +of soldiers coming over Sunday night had frightened +them, and they kept watch all along the creek through +the night of their own accord, for fear of Secesh. The +thing was not judiciously done the next morning, and +seems to have made a great deal of suffering which was +avoided here.</p> + +<p><i>May 15.</i> After lunch I walked down to the quarters +and stopped at all the cabins. Found two of the men +had already come back from Hilton Head and had eased +the minds of all the mothers and wives by the reports +which they brought back of comfortable quarters, good +food and clothing, confirming all our statements. I think +here a greater degree of confidence than ever will be +established by this painful episode. Mr. Philbrick says<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +they have not behaved so well at Coffin's Point as to-day +since he came. We walked down to the field to see them +hoeing corn in their own "nigger field"—what is +raised for the plantation, not their own private patches, +but that out of which their weekly peck comes, and +which therefore they will work on out of hours. Their +task<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> is done, often, by eleven o'clock.</p> + +<p>Went to see Binah. She is always very glad to see us, +and to-day reached to a little shelf at the foot of the bed, +off which she took a small tin pail and gave us three eggs—her +last. I remonstrated, but she said, "You gib me +ting, I say tank 'ee," so I picked them up and thanked her.</p> + +<p>Mr. Philbrick sent for the people to make the final +payment for cotton-planting, which is now finished, and +we stood at the window to watch them as they came up, +and help give out the money. One woman, who had +not done so much work, was disturbed at not getting as +much money as the others, and Mr. Philbrick could +not make her understand. Flora came to H. afterwards +and said, "You must excuse we niggers, we no sense, +and Mr. Philbrick <i>so</i> patient; all Secesh on these islands +couldn't make so much as he has with we."</p> + +<p><i>May 16.</i> Dr. Wakefield arrived with the news of the +rebel Flag-steamer's having escaped from Charleston +through the inside passages, passed Beaufort and gone<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +to Hilton Head. It was manned by blacks, who came +off at two o'clock night before last with their wives and +children, the officers having all gone ashore. It mounted +two guns, and had four others on board which were to +be taken<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> somewhere, passed Sumter with the right +signals, and Beaufort with a Federal flag, and was sent +back there again from Hilton Head. I should like to +have been in Beaufort. It is magnificent.</p> + +<p>The sales have been quite large, as Mr. Philbrick's +denims<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> have arrived, and the negroes had yesterday +their second payment. The cloth is sold at the wholesale +price, as it was bought. I am afraid they will never +get it as cheap again. Now we can give away the made +clothes with more freedom.</p> + +<p>Got old Peter to make me a piggin for fresh water in +my chamber; as they always carry everything on their +heads, a pail is no advantage. It is of a red color, and +very nicely made. When I gave it to Flora to fill, she +said, "him name Harriet"—whether intended as a +compliment to me or to the piggin I could not understand. +When we told Joe about the steamer, he exclaimed, +"Gracious! 'zackly, that done beautiful," and +kept exploding through the rest of dinner, "my glory," +"gracious," "smartest ting done yet."</p> + +<p><i>May 17.</i> H. called me out of school this morning to +see one of the crew of the <i>Planter</i>, the steamer that +ran off from Charleston. He proved to be a man from +McKee's plantation who had a wife and children at +Coffin's Point and had come round in a boat with a crew<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +and pass from General Stevens<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> to take them to Beaufort. +Almost all the men came from about here; David +had two brothers with wives at Coffin's Point who were +afraid to run the risk, and, though they belonged to the +crew, went ashore. The pilot first proposed the plan, +and they arranged a day or two beforehand with the +wives they had there, took them on board in boats I +think at two o'clock, passed Fort Sumter with the signal, +two long whistles and a short, and came round inside +the islands so that they did not encounter any of our +blockading fleet till they came off Otter Island, where +there is a vessel lying within sight of Coffin's Point. +Then they raised the Federal flag which was on board, +were boarded by our men and <i>cheered</i> as they passed +on their way. Beaufort was amazed at a steamer with +the Federal flag coming from that direction. The guns +were to be mounted between Sumter and Charleston +at the new Fort Ripley. David said they had made up +their minds to blow up the vessel rather than be taken—they +knew they should have no mercy. I hope the +men who stayed were not hung for not informing. He +said Charleston was "very interrupted," not a white +woman left in the town, as they were expecting an +attack from the Federals. He reports coffee at $1.50 a +pound, sugar 50 cents there, but I don't know how much +he is to be relied on; he was very quiet and modest—the +fireman; said he used to work in the field here, but would +"go furder" before he ever would do it again.</p> + +<p>To-day a quantity of bacon, which was sent from Philadelphia, +was given out to the hands on both the Fripp<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +plantations. There has been a good deal of trouble about +their working Saturday, and the bacon was only given +to those who went into the field to-day, I hope with good +effect. They have not done a third the usual work this +year, and it is hard to bring anything to bear upon them. +I hope Captain Saxton, who we hear is coming out as +head of the whole concern, will have sufficient authority +to settle some points which have been left to the individual +superintendents and with regard to which they +have not pursued the same course, making it very hard +for some.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Rufus Saxton, Captain in the United States Army, +had been a quartermaster at Hilton Head ever since +its capture. On April 29, 1862, he was assigned, as +Brigadier-General of Volunteers, "to take possession of +all the plantations heretofore occupied by the rebels" +in the Department of the South, "and take charge of +the inhabitants remaining thereon within the department, +or which the fortunes of the war may hereafter +bring into it, with authority to take such measures, make +such rules and regulations for the cultivation of the land +and for protection, employment, and government of the +inhabitants as circumstances may seem to require." +He was to act under the orders of the Secretary of War, +and, so far as the persons and purposes specified were +concerned, his action was to be "independent of that +of other military authorities of the department," and +in all other cases "subordinate only to the Major-General +commanding." Many of Saxton's orders are signed +"Brigadier-General and Military Governor," but of +course he was never a military governor in the sense in +which that term was used of Lincoln's military governors +of states. Doubtless Saxton was recommended for his +position by General Hunter, both being ardent anti-slavery +men.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Sunday, May 18.</i> Started [for church] directly after +breakfast in the buggy. It is the first time I have been +up, and I am glad to have seen the sight. The church<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> +is of brick, in a grove of very beautiful live-oak trees +wreathed with grapevines and hanging moss, under +which were tied every conceivable description of horse +and vehicle, from Mr. Pierce's six-seated carriage and +pair of fine Northern horses to the one-seated sulkies, +and mules saddled with cotton-bags. Just as we arrived +the people were all pouring out of church after Sunday +School, for a short intermission before the service. I +was very sorry to lose that part of the performances. +Mr. Hooper is superintendent, and they say has an +admirable faculty at interesting the children, who are +taught besides by the white people present in classes. +We had a pleasant chat with Miss W. and Miss Towne +and the gentlemen, most of whom do not meet at all +except once a week at church, and then the people were +collected again, and when they were seated, Mr. Pierce +summoned us, the four ladies, to an empty pew with +himself. The church is painted white inside, very plain, +with galleries, and filled full of black people,—doors, +windows and aisles. Dr. French had come over from +"Biffert," as they call it, and conducted the services. +He read a hymn through, "Am I a soldier of the Cross?" +etc., and then deaconed out two lines at a time, while<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +the negroes sang it in their peculiar, nasal manner, +one always leading. He preached them an admirable +sermon, familiar in its style. He told them of his visit +to the men who had been carried to Hilton Head, which +interested them very much and comforted them too, +I guess. Compared them to the Israelites coming out +of Egypt, as in a transition state in which everything +depended upon themselves—they must not behave so +ill that God would make them wander forty years in +the wilderness instead of reaching Canaan in eighteen +months. It was pleasant to see their interest—the +"elders" all sat under the pulpit and in the front seats, +and many would nod their heads from time to time in approbation, +equivalent to the "'zackly" and "jus' so" of +their every-day speech. They were all well dressed—a +few in gaudy toggery, hoopskirts, and shabby bonnets, +but mostly in their simple "head hankerchers" [which] +I hope they will never give up. Many of the men on the +road had their shoes in their hands to put on when they +got to church. Most of them wear none. The women, +many of them, came up to shake hands with us after +church and said they must come and see us. There +are no white ladies on the islands beside us and those +at Pope's (Mr. Pierce's).</p> + +<p>Mr. Hooper told us of General Hunter's proclamation +declaring all slaves free in South Carolina, Georgia, +and Florida.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> We got no letters or news from the North +of any sort, and are waiting anxiously to know how this +news is received there and what has happened since we +heard last. He promises free papers to all who enlist, +and gives each a chance to come home to his family if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +he concludes to do so. Expresses great regret that the +thing should have been done as it was, but I don't know +what he could expect, and it will be some time before +the impression will die out, particularly among the women. +The men are well contented there, and most of +them will stay, I daresay; there are over five hundred.</p> + +<p><i>May 19.</i> This evening Dr. Wakefield arrived with the +Doctor of the Roundhead Pennsylvania Regiment. Said +the pilot of the <i>Planter</i>, as he passed Fort Sumter +at daybreak, broke into the Captain's room, put on his +regimentals, and walked up and down the deck mimicking +the Captain's gait, so that if they should use +their glasses at Fort Sumter no suspicion should be +excited!</p> + +<p><i>May 20.</i> We are fortunate in being on a plantation +so far from town, the soldiers, and the influence of the +cotton-agents. At Coffin's Point the people have shown +the effects of having soldiers quartered there so long, +though they were a less simple and quiet sort than these +in Secesh times. The quarters here are the cleanest and +prettiest I have seen, though there is room for improvement.</p> + +<p>The day has been a very busy one. A large box of +Philadelphia clothing I overhauled, made a list of everything +in it, and with H.'s help rolled up half and packed +again to go to Coffin's Point. It is the last box of clothing +we shall have, I hope. We thought we should enjoy +the giving more things, now that the goods have come +by the piece which they prefer to buy, but they are so +jealous, and it is so hard to keep the run of so many +families so as to distribute the garments equally, that +it is hard work, and proves the wisdom of those who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +decided it was best to sell in the first place. The old +people and babies of course we give to entirely, <i>i. e.</i>, as +far as we have the means. I should like a box full of +baby-clothes and flannel for the old rheumaticky women, +whose garments are all worn out.</p> + +<p>Heard Joe tell Flora, "Don't call me 'Joe' again; +my name Mr. Jenkins." I find they all have surnames, +of one sort and another, a wife taking her husband's.</p> + +<p><i>May 22.</i> When they go into the field to work, the +women tie a bit of string or some vine round their skirts +just below the hips, to shorten them, often raising them +nearly to the knees; then they walk off with their heavy +hoes on their shoulders, as free, strong, and graceful as +possible. The prettiest sight is the corn-shelling on Mondays, +when the week's allowance, a peck a hand, is +given out at the corn-house by the driver. They all assemble +with their baskets, which are shallow and without +handles, made by themselves of the palmetto and +holding from half a peck to a bushel. The corn is given +out in the ear, and they sit about or kneel on the ground, +shelling it with cleared corn-cobs. Here there are four +enormous logs hollowed at one end, which serve as mortars, +at which two can stand with their rude pestles, +which they strike up and down alternately. It is very +hard work, but quicker than the hand process. After it +is all shelled, the driver puts a large hide on the ground +and measures each one's portion into his basket, and +men, women, girls, and boys go off with the weight on +their heads. The corn-house is in a very pretty place, +with trees about it, and it is always a picturesque sight—especially +when the sand-flies are about, and the children +light corn-cob fires to keep them off. The corn is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +ground by hand by each negro in turn for themselves; +it is hard work and there are only three hand-mills on +the place, but it makes very sweet meal and grits. The +negroes do not like the taste of that which is ground by +steam-mill at Beaufort; I suppose the heat of the stones +hurts it. The blacks at Hilton Head, who have had our +Indian-meal given them as rations, cannot eat the "red +flour."<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> They separate the coarse and fine parts after +it is ground by shaking the grits in their baskets; the +finest they call corn-flour and make hoe-cake of, but +their usual food is the grits, the large portion, boiled as +hominy and eaten with clabber.</p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO EDWARD ATKINSON</h3> + +<p><i>Pine Grove, May 25.</i> We received the Philadelphia +bacon and salt herring about a week ago and divided +it among the cotton-workers. I have also distributed +a part of the salt you sent. This allowance of bacon +was given once a fortnight and <i>weekly</i> at this season +by the different masters, and the quart of salt monthly. +Several plantations near Beaufort which had been +stripped of their corn by the army have been referred +to me for supplies. I have loaded three flat-boats from +the corn-barns here and at Coffin's, where there was +a surplus, sending off 285 bushels shelled corn in all. +The removal of this corn from my barns gave occasion +for some loud and boisterous talking on the part +of some of the women, and made the driver of this +plantation feel very sober, but I pacified them by telling +them the Government showed its determination +to provide for them by this very act, for here were several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +plantations on Ladies Island, destitute of corn, +which might have been fed with much less trouble +from the pile of bacon and herring recently received, +but that the Government did not consider <i>that</i> a just +division of good things, so they sent me a part of the +bacon and fish, and took my corn to feed the destitute. +Thereby, said I, you are all gainers, for you have corn +enough left to last till potatoes come, and you get the +bacon besides, for which you ought to be thankful. +The noisy ones stopped their clamor and the sensible +ones thanked me and hoped I would stay and +take care of them, saying they had about given up +hopes of seeing any more meat in their lives, and were +very thankful for even this bit to grease their hominy +with.</p> + +<p>The people are taking hold of the cotton-fields with +much more heart than I had feared, after the levy of +recruits two weeks ago. The cotton has been mostly +hoed once and is growing well under the favorable +weather. Some of the corn is five feet high and it is all +hoed and ploughed except the latest portion, which +was planted this month. A small portion of the cornfields +has been neglected, being the portions assigned to +some of the men who are absent. There were ten young +men belonging at Coffin's Point who escaped notice +on the day of the levy, but who, on learning that I had +called for them, came and delivered themselves up next +morning. I sent them on towards Beaufort and they +met Mr. Pierce on the road. He told them that General +Hunter did not want their service against their will, +and as they preferred to return home they did so. I +had just organized the whole gang anew after this,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +when Mr. S.,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> who I thought was gone for good, turned +up with an order to collect cotton on the mainland, +and requested me to let him have a boat's crew to explore +for two days. I told him the men were all organized +and at work, each on his own acre, but if he couldn't +get men elsewhere I should not refuse for such a short +time. The men came back on the third day without +Mr. S. and notified me that he had hired them (and +two more joined them, making twelve in all) to collect +cotton for a month or two on the neighboring territory +beyond our previous pickets, under protection of scouting-parties +detached for the purpose. The men were +offered fifty cents per day, and as I had no authority to offer +<i>anything</i> definitely, except, a house to live in and their +allowance of corn, I told them they were free to go +where they pleased, but advised them to stay. Of course +they all went off, but have been back twice since to +spend a night and have gone again this morning. They +are nearly all active young men and are pleased with +this roving sort of life, but you may imagine how fatal +such a state of things is to my efforts at organization, +and how demoralizing upon the general industry of +those remaining at home these visits of the rovers are, +to say nothing of the breaking up of old gangs and +abandoning allotments of land. Some of these men +who were about to go with Mr. S. told me their wives +would carry on their tasks while they were gone, and +I told them that if they would do so I would let them +avail themselves of the proceeds of their labor, but if +these patches should be neglected, I should assign them +to other men, and their planting labor would be forfeited.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +Thus far I find but one neglected patch, and +unless this is soon hoed by some of the friends of the +sick woman to whom it belongs, I shall have to assign +it to some one else. It is a common practice among +them to hire each other to hoe their tasks, when sickness +or other causes prevent them from doing it themselves, +so that most of the tasks of the lying-in women +are taken care of by sisters or other friends in the +absence of their husbands.</p> + +<p>The more I see of these people the more surprised +I am that they should have done so much as they have +this year without any definite promise of payment on +our part, and with so little acquaintance with us. The +course we have been obliged to pursue<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> would not have +got an acre planted by Irish laborers. I do not think it +the best course, but under the existing confusion it was +<i>only</i> one. If we were authorized to say that we could +pay a definite sum per one hundred pounds for cotton +raised, or a definite sum per month for certain services +performed, we might have accomplished much more, but +under the present arrangement I doubt if we can do the +usual work for next year's crop, <i>i. e.</i>, in preparing manure. +The only men left upon these plantations are the old +ones and they are not fit to cut the marsh-grass commonly +used for cotton manure. The only way I can +get the cornfields ploughed is by asking the drivers to +take the ploughs in their own hands, which they do +very cheerfully and with good effect, each one ploughing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +three or four acres per day. I do not think the +hands can be expected to work on all summer without +further payments of money or some equivalent. I wait +rather anxiously for the development of Captain or +rather <i>General</i> Saxton's instructions. He has not arrived +yet, but is daily expected.</p> + +<p>The two thousand five hundred yards of cloth you +sent me is all sold with the exception of about three +pieces, and paid for in cash; a few have said they +had no money and ask me to set it down in the book +for them to pay when they get money from the cotton. +I always trust them in this way when they desire it, +and find them very reluctant to run up a long score. +My willingness to trust them gives them confidence +that they will be paid for their cotton labor, and though +the "white folks" at Hilton Head are telling them +that the cotton crop is a mere speculation on our part, +I don't think they listen much to them. One man told +me to-day that nobody could cross the sill of my door +to harm me or my ladies while he could prevent it. +This same man was sent by his master, the day that +Hilton Head was taken, with a fleet of flat-boats, to +bring the secession soldiers away from their forts.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>W. C. G. says of the situation at this time:</p></div> + +<p><i>May 27.</i> Between the gradual settling of affairs, the +people's growing confidence in us and in the Government +as paymasters, and the absence of the unruly +men, the plantations are getting on quite nicely. The +land, both corn and cotton, has been divided and allotted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +to the hands,—so a new system of labor<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> is—on +our places—already inaugurated.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Monday, May 26.</i> Had quite a talk with Flora over +the bed-making; she asked me to hem her a muslin +head-hankercher which York had sent her from Hilton +Head, and re-string some beads which had come +too and been broken. I promised to do it, telling her +she would have things enough to remember me by—to +which she responded, "Neber forget you, long as I +hab breath for draw." I find they are all beginning +to feel badly at our leaving,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> now they know we shall +really go so soon.</p> + +<p>This is 'lowance day, and school is always late Monday +<span class="smcap">p. m.</span>, but to-day, as they were all together, after +they got through their corn, Ranty distributed some +salt and mackerel Mr. Philbrick had for them, which +kept them till six, our dinner-time, and they lost school +altogether, greatly to their regret. We went to the porch +to watch the groups, and as they passed us with their +baskets on their heads and fish wrapped in green leaves +in their hands, they all looked up and curtseyed, with +a "tank 'ee, Massa."</p> + +<p>When Flora came in with the tea just after, she was +muttering, "Neber see a marn so payshun as Mr. Philbri'," +and then, turning to H. as if she was afraid she +did not appreciate his virtue,—"Miss Helen, not two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +body in de worl' so payshun as him." I don't know +what had excited her admiration just then, but she +probably never saw a white man before who did not +swear, at least. For even her favorite Mass' Clan's she +does not consider as immaculate, though he would +"nebber drive nigger."</p> + +<p><i>May 28.</i> To the [Pine Grove] quarters to say good-bye +all round, stopping at each house. They seemed +quite sorry to have us go, expressing their regret by +presents of eggs. I filled my pockets and H. her hands; +then Mily held her apron and walked home with us; she +counted over three dozen in all. My children came in +the evening, and we went to bed early; and so passed +the last day at William Fripp's Pine Grove Plantation.</p> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, May 29.</i> Before ten the two carts +were ready, and Flora and Joe mounted one to help +us get to rights. Then H. and Mr. Philbrick went off +in the buggy with the span. I was to have gone in the +sulky, but harness fell short, and I had to wait till Tom +could come back with the mule-cart. So I collected +the children and had a last school for them, and when +Tom came, locked the door, mounted the sulky (with +the white umbrella) onto which the saddles had been +tied, and, followed to the gate by the whole tribe singing +"A, B, C," took my departure, the children shouting +as I bid them good-bye, "We come for see you!"</p> + +<p>As I drove up to the house [at Coffin's] the yard +really looked attractive, as it has some grass in it, though +I had not thought the house so. But a day's work has +made a vast change, and to-night it looks quite habitable. +It was built in good style originally, but it is very +old, and has been so abused by the negroes in the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +place, and then from having had soldiers living in it +for so many months, it is very shabby. It must have +been handsomely furnished, to judge from the relics, +for they are nothing more—rosewood tables, sideboards +and washstands with marble tops, drawers and +doors broken in and half gone, sofas that must have +been of the best, nothing left but the frame; no one can +conceive of the destruction who has not seen it. The +rooms are twelve feet high, and the lower story is more +than that from the ground. The air is delicious, and +we shall find the blinds which are on the second story +a luxury. I have my own little bed, bureau, marble-top +washstand, <i>three</i> chairs and a large wardrobe, to +say nothing of a piano, in my chamber, which is I +should think eighteen feet square.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>May 30.</i> Schools are getting on pretty well, I suppose,—slowly, +of course. A few are really bright,—a +few really dull; the larger part—like the same proportion +of white children—could creep, walk, or trot, +according to the regularity with which they are driven, +and the time devoted to their books. While we have +been living at Pine Grove, there have been five schools +daily, teaching about one hundred and forty scholars.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>May 30.</i> We have moved just in time, I guess, for +the weather will grow warmer now. Between eight and +eleven is the warmest part of the day; after that the sea-breeze +is sure to come up.</p> + +<p><i>May 31.</i> There is a line cut through the trees all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +across the islands so that they can see the light-house +from Beaufort. I asked Tom who cut it, as I rode over +the other day, and he said, "Yankee cut it." "Since +the Fort was taken?" "Long time ago." "The old +Masters cut it, then?" "No, Secesh neber cut down +trees, make nigger do it; poor white men cut 'em." +I finally came to the conclusion that it must have been +done by the Coast Survey. I daresay they think we +are all "poor white." Mary, a mulatto here, told Mr. +G. his clothes would be fifty cents per dozen for washing; +that she used to have seventy-five cents in Charleston, +"for real gentle folks!"</p> + +<p><i>Sunday, June 1.</i> H. called in Betty, Joe, and Uncle +Sam while she read, and after Mr. Philbrick had repeated +the Lord's Prayer, Uncle Sam of his own accord +offered a very simple, touching prayer. He is an Elder, +and as honest and true as "Uncle Tom" himself—a +genuine specimen of that class among the negroes, +which exists in reality as well as in story. The younger +ones do not seem to be quite so religious a class, though +perhaps they are too young to tell, for young married +men like Joe and Cuffy seem to have genuine principle, +and belong to the church. H. told Joe, when he +had been sulky for the first time, that she hoped he felt +better; she did not like to see him so. "Yes, Marm, +feel better now, Marm; you know de ole marn will rise +sometimes." And he told Mr. G. once that he should +not cry if his baby died, "'cause de Lord take him to +a better place—not punish him, 'cause he have no +sin;" but he said he should cry hard if Wil'by died, +because he knew she would be punished. (His wife is +not a "professor.")<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>June 2.</i> An officer from the gunboat off here came +ashore to see if he could hire some men, but Mr. Philbrick +told him that General Hunter had taken off more +than he could spare. The officer seemed to think that +Hunter would be recalled and the regiment disbanded<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>—in +which case Mr. Philbrick told him he did not +want the men and he might take what he needed. We +hear they are made sick by the change of diet; army +rations can't be very good for men who have lived on +hominy all their lives. He told us, moreover, a most +interesting piece of news; that the firing we heard the +other day was from the blockading fleet off Charleston, +which captured six and sunk three of a fleet of +English steamers, ten in number, laden with arms and +munitions of war, which were making an attempt to +run in to Charleston—thus letting only one escape. +I don't know whether it got in or off.</p> + +<p>A semiweekly <i>Advertiser</i> and <i>Tribune</i> of May 14th, +with full accounts of the taking of New Orleans and +the battle of Williamsburg, which we have not heard +about, and the splendid doings have roused me all up +to full war pitch again. We have been so peaceful I +could not realize all that was going on.</p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO EDWARD ATKINSON</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, June 3.</i> I suppose we shall lose General +Hunter, for even if not recalled I don't see how he +could stay after Lincoln's proclamation. I must say +I think his, Hunter's action, premature and uncalled +for. It seemed to me very like the tadpole resolution<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +in "Festina lente." In this case, too, the tadpoles were +quite out of our reach except the small number in these +islands, who had virtually shed their tails in course of +nature already. I have great faith in Lincoln and am +ready to leave the question with him. I think the effect +of Hunter's proclamation upon the slaves of these +states would be inconsiderable. They don't hear of +it, to begin with, and if they did they wouldn't care +for it. I am surprised to find how little most of these +people appreciate their present prospects. Once in a +while you find an intelligent man who does so, but the +mass plod along in the beaten track with little thought +about the future and no sort of feeling of responsibility. +They feel a sense of relief that no one stands to force +them to labor, and they fall back with a feeling of indifference +as to whether they exert themselves beyond +what is necessary to supply the demands of necessity. +No better result can be hoped for till the time comes +for each to see the reward for his labor. At present they +are working upon faith, without even a definite promise +as to what that payment shall be. Hunter's course +is of far greater importance in its effect upon the political +world in the North than in its immediate influence +upon the status of the negroes in the districts to +which it applies. The secret of such exploits as the +crew of the <i>Planter</i> have lately performed lies in the +fact that the men were forcibly taken from this region +last November and wanted to get back home again. +If their old home had been in Charleston, they would +not have left it at the risk they incurred. In short, I +don't regard the blacks as of any account in a military +light, for they are not a military race, and have not sufficient<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +intelligence to act in concert in any way where +firmness of purpose is required.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>June 5.</i> Mr. Philbrick brought one unwelcome letter—an +appointment from Mr. Pierce to Mr. G. to +some plantation at the other end of the island. He is +too valuable to be here. He is going to a hard place, +ten or twelve plantations, though with fewer negroes in +all than on these three.</p> + +<p>The mule-cart came up and was loaded with all Mr. +G.'s things, and by nine o'clock he took his departure +on horseback, in his red flannel shirt and palm-leaf +hat looking quite Southern and picturesque.</p> + +<p>[Later.] Here came my morning school, for the +first time, under Bacchus' conduct. I heard them singing +and went to the window to watch and see how he +was bringing them from the quarters. He is a cripple +in his hands, which turn backwards, and he has but +little control of his arms, but is much looked up to by +the other children. Of course he cannot do any work, +and Mr. G. has made him a sort of schoolmaster, and +he has always kept school when Mr. G. was away. He +manages them nicely, after his fashion—leaving them +in the midst if he happens to want to eat some hominy! +They never have regular meals, but each one eats hominy +when he happens to want it. Well, soldiers have been +stationed on the place, and Bacchus had got some notion +of drill, so he marched up the thirty-five children, +six or seven in a row, holding hands to keep them +straight, and with two of the oldest boys for captains +on each side to administer raps with their sticks if they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +did not keep in line, walking backwards himself to +oversee the whole company, with a soldier's cap on his +head, and shouting out his orders for them to sing +their different tunes all the way,—the funniest spectacle +himself imaginable.</p> + +<p><i>Monday, June 9.</i> Found that Bacchus' brother Lester +had been taken sick Sunday morning and died at night, +so he did not bring up the school. Just after dinner we +saw the people assembling at their burying-place,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> and +H. and I went down to witness the services. Uncle Sam +followed us, book in hand and spectacles on nose, reading +as he walked. As we drew near to the grave we +heard all the children singing their A, B, C, through +and through again, as they stood waiting round the +grave for the rest to assemble and for Uncle Sam to +begin. Each child had his school-book or picture-book +Mr. G. had given him in his hand,—another proof +that they consider their lessons as in some sort religious +exercise. We were joined at once by Mr. Philbrick, +and stood uncovered with the rest about the +grave, at the mouth of which rested the coffin, a rough +board one, but well shaped and closed. Uncle Sam +took off his hat, tied a red handkerchief round his head +and, adjusting his glasses, read the hymn through, and +then deaconed out two lines at a time for the people +to sing. He repeated the process with a second hymn, +when Abel made a prayer; then Uncle Sam read from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +the Burial Service and began his exordium, apologizing +for his inability to speak much on account of a sore +throat, but holding forth for about half an hour upon +the necessity for all to prepare for "dis bed," filling +his discourse with Scripture illustrations and quotations +aptly and with force, using the story of "Antoninus +and Suffirus" as a proof that God would not have +any "half religions"—that if anybody had "hid his +Lord's money in de eart' he must grabble for it before +'twas too late." He read from the service again, one +of the men throwing on earth at the usual place. When +they came to cover up the grave, the men constantly +changed hoes with those who had not handled them +before, that each might aid, women and old men stooping +to throw in a handful. Abel made another prayer, +they sang again and dispersed.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It was of this scene that W. C. G. wrote the following +lines:</p></div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><b>THE NEGRO BURYING-GROUND.</b><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">'Mid the sunny flat of the cotton-field<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Lies an acre of forest-tangle still;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A cloister dim, where the grey moss waves<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And the live-oaks lock their arms at will.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Here in the shadows the slaves would hide<br /></span> +<span class="i2">As they dropped the hoe at death's release,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And leave no sign but a sinking mound<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To show where they passed on their way to peace.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">This was the Gate—there was none but this—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To a Happy Land where men were men;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the dusky fugitives, one by one,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Stole in from the bruise of the prison-pen.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">When, lo! in the distance boomed the guns,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The bruise was over, and "Massa" had fled!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But <i>Death</i> is the "Massa" that never flees,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And still to the oaks they bore the dead.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">'Twas at set of sun; a tattered troop<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Of children circled a little grave,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Chanting an anthem rich in its peace<br /></span> +<span class="i2">As ever pealed in cathedral-nave,—<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The A, B, C, that the lips below<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Had learnt with them in the school to shout.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Over and over they sung it slow,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Crooning a mystic meaning out.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">A, B, C, D, E, F, G,—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Down solemn alphabets they swept:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The oaks leaned close, the moss swung low,—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">What strange new sound among them crept?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The holiest hymn that the children knew!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">'Twas dreams come real, and heaven come near;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Twas light, and liberty, and joy,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And "white-folks' sense,"—and God right here!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Over and over; they dimly felt<br /></span> +<span class="i2"><i>This</i> was the charm could make black white,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">This was the secret of "Massa's" pride,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And this, unknown, made the negro's night.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">What could they sing of braver cheer<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To speed on his unseen way the friend?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The children were facing the mystery Death<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With the deepest prayer that their hearts could send.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Children, too, and the mysteries last!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">We are but comrades with them <i>there</i>,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stammering over a meaning vast,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Crooning our guesses of how and where.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">But the children were right with their A, B, C;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In our stammering guess so much we say!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The singers were happy, and so are we:<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Deep as our wants are the prayers we pray.<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Captain Oliver Fripp's Plantation, June 9.</i> I came +here, in consequence of a letter received from Mr. +Pierce, asking me to take charge over some plantations +here. There is a Mr. Sumner here,—lately arrived,—who +is teaching. The place is quite at the other +end of the island from Coffin's Point. At present I am +by no means settled; it seems like jumping from the +19th century into the Middle Ages to return from the +civilization and refinement which the ladies instituted +at Coffin's to the ruggedness of bachelor existence.</p> + +<p><i>June 22.</i> In regard to danger of sickness, I hear +much about it,—but I think it is exaggerated. The +white overseer stayed on Edgar Fripp's Plantation—close +by—all summer. The planters generally went +to Beaufort or the Village, but I think very much as +we go out of town in summer. The summer was the +fashionable and social time here, when the rich people +lived together, gave parties, etc.</p> + +<p><i>July 6.</i> The people do not work very willingly,—things +are not so steady as they have become at Coffin's. +The district is even more exposed to the influence of +visits to and from the camps.</p> + +<p>We had quite a celebration for the people on the +Fourth. A stage was erected near the old Episcopal +church in a cool grove of live-oaks, all grey with long +trails of Southern moss. A large flag was obtained and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +suspended between trees across the road—it was good +to see the old flag again. The people had been notified +the previous Sunday, and I should think about a +thousand were present, in gala dress and mood, from +all parts of the island. When the ladies, the invited +superintendents from Port Royal, and the General +(Saxton)<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> had taken their seats, the people marched +up in two processions from each direction, carrying +green branches and singing. Under the flag they gave +three rousing cheers, then grouped around the stage. +The children from three or four of the schools marched +in separately. After a prayer and some native songs, +Mr. Philbrick, the General, and the <i>Times</i> reporter +addressed them, and then one of the old darkies got +on the stage and in an ecstasy of obedience and gratitude +exhorted them to share his feelings, I believe.</p> + +<p>For an hour and a half there was a general press for +the hard bread, herring, and molasses and water. When +everything was devoured, the superintendents rode up +to "the Oaks,"—Pierce's headquarters<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>,—and had a +collation. So much for Fourth of July. It was strange +and moving down here on South Carolina ground, +with the old flag waving above us, to tell a thousand +slaves that they were freemen,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> that that flag was +theirs, that our country now meant their country, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +to tell them how Northerners read the Declaration—"All +men are born free and equal." The people had +a grand time, they say, and seem really grateful for it. +It was a new thing for them, a Fourth of July for the +negro. In old times they worked, if with any difference, +harder than usual, while their masters met and feasted +and drank.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The rest of this extract is an expression—which +will be followed later by many like it—of the sense +that people in the North were getting too complacent +a notion of what had been done and what could be +done for the Sea Island negroes.</p></div> + +<p>Pierce's report<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> has too much sugar in it. His statements +are facts, but facts with the silver lining out. +The starving, naked condition of the blacks was much +exaggerated when we started to come down here.</p> + +<p><i>July 25.</i> On the whole, affairs conduct themselves +pretty quietly and regularly. The cases of discipline +are the most vexing and amusing. It is a peculiar +experience to be detective, policeman, judge, jury, and +jailer,—all at once,—sometimes in cases of assault +and battery, and general, plantation <i>squows</i>,—then +in a divorce case,—last Sunday in a whiskey-selling +affair; a calf-murder is still on the docket.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letter is the first from C. P. W., who went +to Port Royal early in July, on the same steamer with +Charles F. Folsom of Harvard, '62, who is often mentioned +in the letters that follow, and with several other +young Massachusetts men who had volunteered as +superintendents.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Beaufort, July 7.</i> We got our luggage into the Mayflower +and started for this place [from Hilton Head] +about six o'clock. It was droll enough to find a party of +Boston men taking a sail in the old Hingham boat up +Beaufort River under United States passes, to superintend +South Carolina plantations.</p> + +<p><i>July 15. Coffin's Point.</i> The nearest of my five plantations +is three miles distant, along the shore road, and +the four on that road extend about two miles; my fifth +is on the upper road, to Beaufort, about four and a half +miles from the Point. The roads are mere tracks worn +in the fields, sometimes through woods, like our wood +roads, only more sandy. In front of my plantations +there are bushes on the right-hand side, for some distance, +the field being bounded on the other side by woods. +Fields usually very long, sometimes three quarters of +a mile, divided across the road by fences, gates occurring +at every passage from one to another; the plantation +houses and quarters at an average of one third +of a mile from the road, paths through cotton-fields +leading to them. Imagine a perfectly flat country, relieved +by belts of trees, and intersected by rows of brush, +single trees standing here and there in the bare, hot +fields. Very little fresh water either in brooks or pools. +Salt-water creeks are to be crossed on the shore roads; +the richest lands in the adjoining meadows. A cotton-field +looks not unlike a potato-field, the rows higher and +more distinct, the plants further apart, usually two feet; +the rows five feet. Corn planted on rows like cotton. You +would be surprised to see the soil in which these flourish;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +beach sand, in many places, is the principal ingredient. +The fields are very much the colour of the sea-beach.</p> + +<p>We live on the fat of the land. We are allowed $5.24 +per month for rations, but I do not use even that. Rice, +sugar, and molasses are our principal draughts from +the Commissary.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The colonists referred to at the beginning of the next +letter were a thousand blacks from the island of Edisto, +which the United States Government, after taking, +had evacuated, as too troublesome to hold. The place +where they were quartered, as described in the first +sentence, was St. Helena Village.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>July 20.</i> The Secesh houses there are insufficient +to accommodate them all, and they stow themselves +in sheds, tents, and even in the open air, as best they +can. Many of them are to be distributed on plantations +where there are quarters; they will probably be +set to planting slip-potatoes and cow-pease.</p> + +<p>Everything needs personal supervision here; every +barrel or parcel must be kept under your eye from the +time it leaves the storehouse in Beaufort till it is put +in your mule-cart, on Ladies Island. Then you must +be at home when the team arrives and see everything +brought into the storeroom. There is a good deal of +red tape, too, at Beaufort, the untying and retying +of which is a tedious and vexatious operation.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> They +are becoming more strict here in Beaufort in several +respects; passes are needed by every one. There is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +a great deal of running to Hilton Head and Bay Point, +which is to be stopped as far as possible.</p> + +<p><i>July 30.</i> I ride right through the morning, from +nine till four, without suffering from the heat so much +as in one trip to town and back one of our warm, still +days at home. I have my white umbrella, there is usually +some breeze, often a very cool one; the motion of +the sulky puts me to sleep, but the heat of the sun has +not been oppressive more than once or twice on this +island. If I had attempted to follow all the directions +I received before leaving, concerning my health, I +should have been by this time a lunatic.</p> + +<p>Rust is such a common thing here that we get used +to it. Mrs. Philbrick's needles rust in her work-bag; +our guns, even after cleaning and oiling, are soon covered +with a thin coating. Food moulds here very rapidly, +crackers soften and dried beef spoils. Hominy, of +course, is the chief article of food. I think it tastes best +hot in the negro cabins, without accompaniment of +molasses, sugar, or salt.</p> + +<p>Our life here is, necessarily, very monotonous: the +hired people come and go, or we go and come to and +from them, and the mosquitoes and flies do very much +as we do. Mosquitoes are really a great annoyance at +times. They introduce themselves under the netting +at night in a very mysterious way, and wake us up early +with their singing and stinging. My theory is that those +that can lick the others get themselves boosted through +the apertures; the animal is smaller than ours at the +North. I think that they are unaccustomed to human +treatment; they will not be brushed away, and slapping, +if not fatal, only excites their curiosity. There is also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +a small fly which appears on warm days after a rain +in great numbers. Driving on my beat the other day, +and holding my umbrella in one hand and newspaper +scrap in the other, I was driven nearly wild by their continuous +attentions. It is very easy to read driving here; +the roads are so sandy that the horse has to walk a great +part of the way and one is glad to be able to employ +the weary hours with literature.</p> + +<p>This is the greatest country for false rumors that I +ever was in. Communication is very uncertain, nothing +but special messengers to bring us news from the outside +world. An occasional visit to Mr. Soule<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> or to +Beaufort enlivens the long weeks, and we welcome the +gathering at church on Sunday, with the gossip and +the mail and the queer collection of black beings in +gay toggery, as the great event of our lives. If it were +not for the newspapers, I might forget the time of year. +It is very amusing to be appealed to by a negro to know +how soon the 1st of August is; to tell them it is the 20th +of July gives them very little idea.</p> + +<p>I should like to look in upon you and bring you some +of the delicacies of the tropical clime, watermēlions, +as the "inhabitants" call them, rich and red; huge, +mellow figs, seedy but succulent; plump quails, sweet +curlew, delicate squirrels, fat rabbits, tender chickens. +We fare well here. If the wretched country only had +more rocks and less sand, better horses, more tolerable +staff officers,<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> and just a little more frequent communication<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +with New England, I should perhaps be content +to make quite a long stay, if I were wanted.</p> + +<p>I will only remark at present that I find the nigs +rather more agreeable, on the whole, than I expected; +that they are much to be preferred to the Irish; that +their blackness is soon forgotten, and as it disappears +their expression grows upon one, so that, after a week +or so of intercourse with a plantation, the people are +as easily distinguished and as individual as white people; +I have even noticed resemblances in some of them +to white people I have seen. They are about as offensively +servile as I expected. The continual "sur," +"maussa," with which their remarks are besprinkled +is trying, but soon ceases to be noticed. "Bauss" is +the most singular appellation, used by a few only.</p> + +<p>"M's Hayyet's brudder" passed through the Pine +Grove "nigger-house" one day and retired, after a distinguished +ovation, incubating, like a hen, upon a sulky-box +full of eggs. Promises to show Miss Harriet's picture, +not yet fulfilled, were received with the greatest +satisfaction.</p> + +<p>We have been making out our pay-rolls for May +and June; the blanks, delayed in the printing, have +just arrived. Red Tape. The money has been ready +a long time. We ought to pay for July at the same time. +This, understand, is only a partial payment, on account; +the full payment is to be made when the crop comes in.</p> + +<p><i>Aug. 7.</i> Last Friday Mr. Philbrick and I got our +money. The people generally took the payment in excellent +spirit. A few seemed surprised, not knowing +what to do with so much money; a few, of course, +grumbled at the amount, though a clear explanation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +was always understood and received with reasonable +satisfaction. I thought that one or two were disposed +to take advantage of the fact that I had not taken the +account of acres,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> and so tried to make a difficulty by +telling strange tales. But there was a great deal of +manliness and fairness shown, with a degree of patience +and foresight that was very gratifying.</p> + +<p><i>Aug. 16.</i> Perhaps the best way to give you a satisfactory +notion of "what my work is, how I like it," +etc., is to give an account of a day's work on my plantations.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 352px;"> +<img src="images/image076.png" width="352" height="66" alt="rude portal" title="rude portal" /> +<span class="caption">rude portal</span> +</div> + +<p>Thursday, Aug. 14. I allow Mr. Philbrick to have +his horse saddled first,—this was polite,—and as +soon as he is out of the gate—"Robert!"—"Surr!" +"Put my <i>smallest</i> horse into the sulky." I retire within, +and collect the necessary equipment for a day "out," +viz.: white umbrella, whip (riding, long enough for +sulky use), plantation-book, spring-balance (some rations +to be delivered), much stout twine, for mending +harness if need be, paper of turnip-seeds, two thirds of +a pound of powder, and one novel, "An Only Son," for +occupation during the first weary hour, consumed in a +three miles walk over a sandy road. The young horse, +caught at last,—our stud of four graze on the turfy acre +fenced in about the house,—is a little restive at first in +the unwonted restraint of the harness, but soon gets +broken in to steady work by the heavy roads. Somewhat +over an hour's slow progress brings me to the rude +portal which spans the entrance of the McTureous +estate. The houses of all the plantations on the Sea +Side road are to be found on the eastern, or left-hand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +as one rides towards Hilton Head. The character of +the fields and quarters between the road and the water +is very much the same on all the places. The "water" +is a creek, separating the island proper from salt-water +marshes and the higher islands outside, against which +latter the ocean itself beats. The distance from the road +to the creek averages half a mile. The quarters, universally +called "nigger-houses," are strung along the bank +of the creek, at about 100 feet from the water, on a ridge +between the water and the corn. The "big house" is +a two-story affair, old, dirty, rickety, poorly put together +and shabbily kept. Here lived old Mrs. Martha +E. McTureous, with a large household. The James +McTureous place—the other half of this one—is +all in one and the same field. On both these places the +houses are terribly out of repair, with wooden chimneys +and mud floors, the people dirty and suffering +from the effects of much confusion and discouragement +in the spring. Limus,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> their old driver, did much +mischief by striving to keep up the old system, and at +the same time neglected the place to go and earn +money for himself. Then they suffered severely from +the black draft, their four best men being taken, from +a population furnishing only "eight men working cotton," +and thirteen full hands in all. Arriving as I did +after all the mischief was done, I have had rather a +discouraging time with them.</p> + +<p>Entering the plantation, I am aware of old Nat. He +is hoeing pease. As I approach, he shouts, and comes +to the road, and lays before me a case of menace, ill +usage, and threatened assault. I inspected convalescent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +boy, ascertained what work had been done,—in +a general way, that is, learning that corn-blades had +been, and were being, stripped, that all the able-bodied +men were cutting marsh-grass for manure, that Tirah +had planted a task of cow-pease for the Government, +but had allowed them to go to grass,—whereupon, +after personal inspection of said task, with an injunction +to strip some corn which was getting dry, I drove +over to the James McTureous place. Having received +from Mr. Soule two packages of Swedish turnip-seed, +I enquired concerning the manner of planting, how +much seed was required for a task, etc. Dismounting +from the sulky, and leaving it in charge of a returned +volunteer (I like the sarcastic phrase), who was unwell +and therefore lounging under the trees in front of one +of the nigger-houses, I went forth to the field to count +the acres of Government corn with the driver. On the +way, I counted up the tasks of pease, slip, etc., to see +if they coincided with the account given me by the people. +Found one and a half of corn worthless, except +for fodder. Conversed concerning marsh-grass, found +another hook for cutting would be acceptable, gladdened +their hearts with promise of turnip-seed, and +drove off.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Not the least curious part of the curious state of +things described in the next paragraph is the matter-of-course +view of it taken by the youthful superintendent.</p></div> + +<p>By the way, Jim, driver on the James McTureous +place, used to be slave of Mr. Pritchard, residing in +Hunting Island,<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> which runs along just outside of St.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +Helena. He was a very cruel man,—there are stories +of his burning negroes,—so when the "guns fired at +Bay Point," as he couldn't run from his negroes, as +the other masters did, for lack of transportation, his +negroes ran from him, and settled among their friends +on St. Helena. When matters were established at Hilton +Head, Pritchard went and took the oath and got +a pass, and has since lived at home, supporting himself +by fishing and raising hogs. He often visits Jim +and others of his old slaves, getting them to go fishing +with him. Now one day last year, Jim and Mr. Pritchard +found a four-oared boat—I give Jim's story—on +the beach. Pritchard promised Jim half the +value of the boat, but has since refused to fulfill his +promise. Jim referred the matter to me. I told him +to send Pritchard up to me. I think there will be no +trouble, if Jim's story is straight.</p> + +<p>Cherry Hill, one of T. A. Coffin's<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> places, comes +next to McTureous'. Cherry Hill is one of the most +encouraging places I have. The people are of a more +sensible caste, old people, almost entirely, who see the +sense and propriety of right measures, and display a +most comforting willingness to work and be content, +though with less energy, of course, than younger men. +The place owes much of its success this year to Tony, +the driver, a person of great discretion, energy, and +influence. The ingenious method by which he induced +the people to plant more cotton than they wanted to is +entertaining, though a little troublesome to us in making +out the pay-roll. Mr. Palmer, Mr. Soule's assistant, +counted sixteen acres of cotton on the place. But<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +the several accounts of the people on the place added +up only fourteen and a half acres. In this perplexity, +Tony was appealed to, who explained the difficulty +thus. The land was laid off in rows, twenty-one to the +task, each row being one hundred and five feet long. +Tony staked off the tasks anew, throwing twenty-four +instead of twenty-one rows into the task, thus adding +twelve rows to every acre, which the people blindly +tilled, never suspecting but that they were having their +own way about their cotton.</p> + +<p>Mulberry Hill, owned by Captain John Fripp, is a +little place, with not many more hands than Cherry +Hill, but they are younger. The driver here is an extremely +nice person, hardly energetic enough, I should +think, for the old system, but a very quiet, gentlemanly +man, perfectly frank and open in his manner, and a +little superior in his conversation to those by whom he +is surrounded. He is much respected in the dark community. +It is to his bounty that I owe several huge +watermelons which I have brought home for our table, +besides several partial favors of the same kind, enjoyed +under his own roof.</p> + +<p>To these people I was to deliver one month's rations +of hard bread. It comes in fifty-pound boxes; and as +a day's ration is three quarters of a pound, and there +are thirty-one days in August, it requires but a simple +calculation to determine that each person entitled to a +full ration should receive twenty-three and one quarter +pounds, and that, one child being reckoned one sixth +of a grown person (monstrous, you will say, when eating +is concerned,—but such is law), one box must +be delivered to every two grown-persons-and-one-child.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +Having the people together, I took the opportunity to +enquire of them the number of tasks of cow-pease, slip-potatoes, +etc., they had planted, likewise the amount +of cotton they had hoed, "since Mr. Palmer took the +last account." It will be a great job making up the next +pay-roll. I hope the people won't lie worse than usual. +If they do, if the drivers should fail me, especially,—if, +as will probably happen, their own accounts, added +up, do not tally within several tasks with my count of +the whole, and if at the same time I shall be required +to make out the whole roll in two days, and both my +horses should have sore backs at once—you can imagine +what a comfortable, easy time I shall have of it.</p> + +<p>From Mulberry Hill, after looking at some doubtful +cotton in the field with the driver, Paris, and finally +setting it down as not properly hoed, I proceeded to +the next plantation, Alvirah Fripp's, commonly called +the Hope Place. It is the largest, the most distant, and, +in many respects, the toughest plantation I have. There +are a great many men of twenty-five to forty, "tough-nuts" +many of them, and all looking so much alike +that it is impossible to remember the name that belongs +to any one face, though all their names and all +their faces are familiar enough. I can see that it is a +great drawback to my obtaining their confidence to have +to ask one and another, as I ask, "how many tasks of slip +have you planted for the Government, and how many +for your own use?" to have to ask also, in variously +modified phrase, "What's your name?" Recognize a negro, +remember anything in which he has any interest, +and you have his confidence at once. I not only surprised +but made my fast friend a fellow on one of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +places by calling him by his name the second time +I saw him.</p> + +<p>The men on the Hope Place are not all of a poor +stamp, of course. The driver, Isaac, is my very ideal of +a nigger-driver on a large place, made alive. Strong of +body and up to all the dodges of the plantation life, +he shows the effect—not apparent, in such a disagreeable +manner at least, in Tony and Paris—of having +a good many rough fellows to manage. I do not think +he is liked on the place; I doubt his frankness; I think +he is somewhat disposed to kick against the new authorities, +disputing, <i>e. g.</i>, their right to take away "his" +horse, the little one Mr. Palmer and I foraged from +him the first day I came.</p> + +<p>Charles, the carpenter, is a man after my own heart. +He attracted me first by his dignified and respectful +demeanor, and by his superior culture. He has a little +touch of self-consideration. He, more than any other +negro I know, seems to me like a white person. I forget +his color entirely while talking with him, and am +often surprised, on approaching a black man, to recognize +Charles' features. I think he is a pretty able fellow,—I +should like to give him some regular employment +in his trade. It seems an imposition to expect +such a man to work cotton and corn.</p> + +<p>Beaufort is neither Bofort nor Boofort nor Biufort, +but Büft, the ü pronounced like the umlauted ü in German. +Sometimes one hears Biffut. Hooper, extremist in +ridicule, says Biffit. A letter of Mrs. Philbrick's went, +"missent," to Beaufort, N. C., which is, I believe, Bofort. +Had the pronunciation been written on the envelope, as +one hears it among the "black inhabitants," it would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +have gone to the Dead Letter Office, unless, by good +luck, the S. C. had brought it as far as Hilton Head.</p> + +<p>We get, first or last, a pretty good notion of one +another (you understand I am speaking of the white +population only), though we see very little of each other, +except when we are on adjoining plantations. The +Oaks is a rendezvous where we see each other at times; +we meet occasionally in Biffut; but church is the principal +meeting-house on the island, of course, and all +the gossip of the week is fully aired on Sunday.</p> + +<p>There is very little to tell about General Saxton, except +that it is a great pity that he does not come onto +the plantations himself and learn something, personally, +of their state and their wants. He was extremely surprised +the other day when Mr. Philbrick represented to +him the necessity of making the last payment promptly; +it was then twenty days behind time. A good deal +of ignorance is shown in various ways in the orders +sent from headquarters—<i>e. g.</i>, the order that has +been issued concerning marketing, nothing to be sold +on the plantations except by leave of the superintendents +and no boats to go to Hilton Head or Beaufort +without a "Market Pass" from the superintendent. +Until I hear that a guard is stationed [at Hilton Head],—which +I shall the day after it is done,—I shall not +order men to report to me before going over. I have +no idea of making a rule I cannot enforce.</p> + +<p>On the whole, our work is succeeding as well as the +disappointments and hindrances<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> of the year allow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +us to expect. A great deal will depend on the manner +and promptness of the next payments and the treatment +of the people at harvest-time.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Sept. 2.</i> There is one frightful contingency,—a +much talked of evacuation. Where the people will go, +I know not; but possibly to Hayti. In that case I presume +the superintendents will go with them,—I certainly +shall. General Saxton, I am sorry to say, goes +to-morrow in a gunboat—for his health. It leaves us +without a head and worse—renders evacuation all +the more likely. It is thought that his presence and +words prevented it several weeks ago. I doubt if he +comes back,—he is not satisfied with his work here, +does not enjoy it. It is properly the duty of a civilian, +who should have military rank merely to give him a +position. Saxton and his staff understand little or +nothing of the real wants of the plantations, and though +affairs have of course been improved by his presence +and authority, very little in proportion to our hopes +and our needs has been accomplished. We need a civilian, +who is a first-rate business man,—of force, of +forethought, of devoted interest in this undertaking. +But there is no use in writing this,—rather some harm.</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Sept. 6.</i> Things are in a state of suspension generally; +I confess that a decidedly azure hue has prevailed +during the last week. Talk of evacuation, General Saxton's +departure, threatened attacks, and even successful +forays on an island behind Hilton Head by the rebels,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +the increased inconvenience and vexation of red-tape-ism, +threatened changes in the policy to be pursued +towards the people in some minor matters, involving, +however, infringement of our authority with them, it +is feared, besides the breaking of promises already +made; the difficulty of getting them promptly and +properly paid, and of getting the value of their work +fairly estimated; the general inefficiency, ignorance, +and indecision of the authorities, wanting a defined +system and hampered by prejudice and ignorance and +selfishness,—all these things make the aspect of affairs +dark enough at times, and one gets discouraged +and disheartened and disgusted and disappointed, and +is ready to part and have nothing more to do with the +concern. When, in addition to actual evils, one feels +that there is a strong opposition to the enterprise, and +that the difficulties are made as vexatious as possible, +by jealous and hostile army officers, so that, in short, +the spirit of the stronger party here is against us; and +when, added to injury, one has to bear</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">"the law's delays,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The insolence of office, and the spurns,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which patient merit of th' unworthy takes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One almost swears his homeward voyage to make,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In the next steamer."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Ignorance and want of confidence are the two evils +which we suffer; want of confidence by the powers +in us, by us in the negroes. It is painful to note how +distrust must be the rule; how every one must take it +for granted that those under him are cheats and liars. +Hence the necessity of red tape, and its delays and vexatious +inconveniences. Mr. Philbrick says, "Working<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +for a Corporation is bad enough, but working for the +Government is very much worse." However, it wouldn't +be so bad if the Government officers knew enough +of the plantation work to do the proper thing at the +proper time, even though they use the red-tape method +in doing it. I believe I knew more after being two +weeks on my places than the Heads do at Beaufort +now about the details of the work.</p> + +<p><i>Sept. 9.</i> General Saxton went North last Friday. It +is more than hinted that his principal purpose is to obtain +greater powers for himself. Hunter has gone North +too, "in disgust," it is said, and General Brannan, who +is said to befriend the enemies of the United States, +and has given Saxton a deal of trouble, is left at the +head of the Department.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Brigadier-General John M. Brannan was in command +for a fortnight only, pending the arrival of Major-General +Ormsby M. Mitchel.</p></div> + +<p><i>Sept. 18.</i> The President having sent word not to +evacuate, you need not be anxious about us. I was a +little afraid that A. L. would give in to Hunter, evacuate +all but Hilton Head, and colonize the negroes from +the other islands; glad he has more sense.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Here follows a detailed account of the kind of magisterial +power which the superintendents found themselves +called upon to "assume," though they "had it +not."</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Sept. 23.</i> Alex sent Finnie here before breakfast to +request me to come over at once, for Cato was driving +his, Alex's daughter Rose, his own wife, out of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +house. I rode over after breakfast. Found the whole +plantation excited and on the <i>qui vive</i>. Cato had broken +up Rose's bedstead and thrown it out of doors and +bundled up all her things. I began to talk with him, +but he was very saucy and threatened to kill the first +man who interfered with him in "his own house." I +thought it quite time to test him, and taking hold of +his arm told him he must go home with me. He hung +back sulkily at first, but in a minute yielded and said +he would do so. I stepped out of the house and he after. +Caroline asked me to read her a letter from John at +Hilton Head, and while preparing to do so Cato dodged +about the house and made for the woods across the +cornfield. I cried out for him to halt, but he ran the +faster. I pulled out my revolver and fired two shots +over his head, but he only ran the harder, and never +stopped till he reached the woods. I then had a talk +with his father, old Toby, who "wished I had shot +him and stopped the confusion," and with Alex, both +of whom I enjoined to hold their tongues in future. +When halfway home Cato stood waiting for me in +the road, opening a gate as I approached, touched his +hat and said he was very sorry for what he had done +and was willing to go with me. I told him to follow +me to the house and I would talk with him. I found +him very humble. I reasoned with him, telling him I +was sure Rose's child was his and that he had done +her great wrong, that he ought not to listen to such +scandal after living peaceably with her for eight or nine +years. Cato said he hoped he should never do so again. +I told him that if I ever found him making any more +trouble here I should send him to work on Fort Pulaski.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Philbrick's next letter shows him trying to arouse +the slothful by "sharing out" a bale of white cotton +cloth, in bonus form, to the industrious.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Sept. 27.</i> I gave one yard for every task of cotton +hoed in July, requiring about 600 yards. The Coffin +people all got some, but about half the people on the +Fripp plantations had to go without, having neglected +the last hoeing. The people who were too lazy to hoe +their cotton in July looked rather glum, and those who +got their cloth laughed and looked exultant. Some people +here got twenty-two yards, and many got only two +or three, but all took it thankfully and seemed content +that they got any. Those who got so little will have +to buy more, which they are doing already. I sell it +at about half the price that is asked by our own quartermaster, +so I shall be liberally patronized. In dividing +up this cotton cloth I deducted from the shares of those +people to whom clothing was given last spring the +value of that clothing. The only cases were those of +Martha, Amaritta, and Rosetta, to each of whom Mr. +G. gave a dress. Rosetta's cotton was only <i>one</i> acre +and her share of cloth was therefore but four yards, +which was fully paid for last spring. So she got nothing +now. She didn't take it very kindly, and growled about +the dress being too small for her, so she couldn't wear +it, whereupon I offered to take it back, but I haven't +heard anything more about it. The more I see of these +people, the more I am opposed to the practice of <i>giving</i> +them anything except in payment for services actually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +performed. The cases of destitution are comparatively +very few.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>At this time some of the superintendents were trying +hard to instruct the negroes in military drill. A +young enthusiast on one of the Fripp places was very +proud of his little squad of black recruits, but found +their attendance on the daily drill amazingly irregular. +Apropos of his own efforts in this direction, Mr. Philbrick +pursues his letter as follows:</p></div> + +<p>I have tried in vain to get my young men together +to drill for self-defense; my twenty-five guns are lying +useless. One might as well think of a combination +among the Boston kittens to scratch the eyes out of all +the Boston dogs as to look for an insurrection in this +State, if the negroes on these islands are a fair sample +of those on the main. If there should be any insurrection +in the South, it will not be in this State. The +negroes in the sugar plantation districts are different, +I suppose, being, a larger portion of them, Kentucky +and Virginia born, torn from their old homes or sent +South for bad behavior, and therefore more revengeful. +But you know the people here are too timid to do +any fighting unless driven to it. If General Hunter had +not <i>forced</i> them into his regiment last May, we might +do more at drilling now. As it is, my men won't listen +to me when I talk about it; they only suspect me of +wanting to press them into service by stealth, and lose +what little confidence they have in my sincerity.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>C. P. W. opens the next letter with a melancholy +comparison between the autumnal glories of "home" +and the absence thereof on the Sea Islands of South +Carolina.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Oct. 3.</i> Here there are no stones but grindstones, no +elevation that can be called a hill except one mound, +forty feet long and ten feet high, and that is artificial. +The roads are sandy, the fields are broad and flat and +full of weeds, the water stands about in great pools, +not running off, but absorbing into the sandy soil.</p> + +<p>I find myself often using nigger idioms, especially +in conversation with them. It is often very difficult +to make them understand English, and one slips into +the form of speech which they can most easily comprehend. +O how deliciously obtuse they are on occasions! +A boy came to me for a curry-comb for a Government +mule this morning, which I was to send to the driver +on his place. While scratching my name on it, I asked +him if Jim had sent for some tobacco, as he said he +should. "Yes, sarr." "Did he send the money?" +"Sarr?" Repeated. "No, Sarr." "How much does he +want?" "Don't know, Sarr." "How can I send the +tobacco, if I don't know how much he wants?" "He +send for him, Sarr." "Did he send you for it?" "No, +Sarr." "Whom did he send?" "I dunno, Sarr." "How +will he get his tobacco?" "He come himself, Sarr." +"Where is he?" "Him at home, Sarr." "He is coming +to get it himself, is he?" "Sarr?" Repeated, in nigger +phrase. "Yes, Sarr." "Did Bruce send you for +anything beside the curry-comb?" "Yes, Sarr." "What +else?" "Sarr?" "Did Bruce tell you fetch anything +beside this?" "No, Sarr." "Is this all Bruce told you +to get?" "Yes, Sarr," with intelligence. "Go home, +then, and give that to Bruce. Good-morning."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> + +<p>This delay in payments is outrageous. It was bad +enough to pay for May and June work the second week +in August; but here is the work of July and August +unpaid for yet, and with no prospect of its being paid +for for six weeks to come.</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Sunday morning, Oct. 5.</i> The President's proclamation<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> +does not seem to have made a great deal of +stir anywhere. Here the people don't take the slightest +interest in it. They have been free already for nearly +a year, as far as they could see, and have so little comprehension +about the magnitude of our country and +are so supremely selfish that you can't beat it into their +heads that any one else is to be provided for beyond +St. Helena Island. After telling them of the proclamation +and its probable effects, they all ask if they +would be given up to their masters in case South Carolina +comes back to the Union. I tell them there is little +chance of such a thing, but a strong probability that +there will be a long, bloody war, and that they ought +to prepare to do their share of the fighting. I can't get +one man to come up and drill yet. They say they would +like to have guns to shoot with, but are afraid of being +sent off into the "big fight," though willing to fight +any one who comes onto this island to molest them. +Of course their defense would amount to nothing unless +they were organized and drilled. I do not, however, +feel any uneasiness about the rebels coming here. If +they came at all they would attack our forces at Beaufort<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +or Hilton Head, where I am confident they would +be whipped. Refugees continue to come in from the +mainland every week. They all agree in saying that +there are no troops left about here but boys, and that +it would be an easy matter to take Charleston now.</p> + +<p>I am anxious to get the winter clothing here before +next pay-day, so the people may buy it in preference +to the trash they see in the shops at Beaufort, etc. Nothing +is heard of our money yet. Some say that General +Saxton will probably bring it. I only wish he would +come; his picket-guard at St. Helena amuses itself +hunting cattle on the Fripp Point Plantation. As I have +no positive proof against them I can't do anything but +watch the cattle to prevent a repetition of it.</p> + +<p><i>October 7.</i> I received on Sunday a copy of President +Lincoln's proclamation. I now feel more than +ever the importance of our mission here, not so much +for the sake of the few hundreds under my own eyes +as for the sake of the success of the experiment we are +now trying. It is, you know, a question even with our +good President whether negroes can be made available +as free laborers on this soil. I, for one, believe +they can, and I am more than ever in earnest to show it, +for the importance of this question is greater than ever, +now that we are so near a general crash of the whole +social fabric in the Southern States. I don't think the +old masters will ever be successful in employing the +blacks, but I do believe that Yankees can be.</p> + +<p>Our people are picking the cotton very industriously, +and though they have only about one third of last year's +crop to gather, they are determined to make the most +of it, and allow none to waste. It is interesting to see<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +how much more economical of food they are this year +than formerly. Every family now feels the responsibility +of providing food for itself. The same rule should +be followed with all tools. I would make the men pay +a low price for every tool they want to use, and pay +wages enough to enable them to do so.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p> + +<p><i>Oct. 8.</i> I succeeded day before yesterday in getting +thirteen of the young men on this plantation to come +up and drill, but they did not come again yesterday. +I don't believe there is sufficient zeal among them to +enable them to go through the tedious routine of drill +with any regularity, unless held together by some +stronger motive than now exists. I find them rather +stupid. About half didn't know which their right foot +was, and kept facing to the left when I told them to +face to the right. They seemed to enjoy it, however.</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Oct. 9.</i> We need people at headquarters who understand +the details of plantation work. There is no +one now who knows anything about the plantations +except Hooper,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> and he knows very little. He confesses +and mourns at it himself; but he has done nothing but +go back and forth between the Oaks and Beaufort ever +since he came down. There is a general want of concerted +system on all the places. Each superintendent +has to do as he thinks best in all cases himself. General +plans are usually determined on just too late.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Oct. 14.</i> The steamer which brought your letter +brought also the General. It is said that he comes with +additional powers.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> This question will probably be +settled soon, as a difficulty has already arisen between +him and his old antagonist, Brannan, on a point of +authority, and our General has gone to Hilton Head, +probably to see Mitchel about it. This interference +of the military authorities with our work and our privileges +is going to make trouble. One of Mitchel's first +acts was to send to Judd, as Superintendent of Port +Royal Island, for 10,000 bushels of corn for army purposes. +Poor Judd had been rationing his people for +some time, owing to a lack of provisions occasioned +by the depredations of the soldiers. We have none +too much provision now, and any considerable drain +must throw the plantations, sooner or later, upon the +Government for support.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the next letter (October 21) Mr. Philbrick says +that the corn harvest, which is so light on St. Helena +as a whole that it will hardly feed the people in the +interval between old and new potatoes, will nevertheless +amount to a surplus at Coffin's, adding:</p></div> + +<p>I attribute the greater comparative success on my +plantations to my having abandoned the system of +working a common field early in the season.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> I now +measure the yield of each family's corn-patch separately, +with a view to pay them for it, if they have enough +for their support in their private fields, or to regulate +their allowance, if they need any, by the quantity they +raise.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> + +<p>We had a case of imprisonment here last week. I +learned that old Nat's boy, Antony, who wanted to +marry Phillis, had given her up and taken Mary Ann, +July's daughter, without saying a word to me or any +other white man. I called him up to me one afternoon +when I was there and told him he must go to church +and be married by the minister according to law. He +flatly refused, with a good deal of impertinence, using +some profane language learned in camp. I thereupon +told him he must go home with me, showing him I had +a pistol, which I put in my outside pocket. He came +along, swearing all the way and muttering his determination +not to comply. I gave him lodging in the +dark hole under the stairs, with nothing to eat. Next +morning old Nat came and expostulated with him, +joined by old Ben and Uncle Sam, all of whom pitched +into him and told him he was very foolish and ought +to be proud of such a chance. He finally gave up and +promised to go. So I let him off with an apology. Next +Sunday he appeared and was married before a whole +church full of people. The wedding took place between +the regular church service and the funeral, allowing +an hour of interval, however.</p> + +<p>Cato never went back to Rose as he promised. 'Siah +tells me he is afraid of his father, old Toby, who has +been in a state of chronic feud with Rose's father, old +Alex, and does all in his power to make trouble. Cato +has gone over to Pine Grove and begun to build a house. +I daresay he will take Rose into it bye and bye, when +it is done.</p> + +<p>I have been very busy lately weighing pease and +cotton and measuring corn. The latter is not very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +pleasant, for I have to stay in the corn-house and keep +tally from nine to three o'clock, and the weevils are +more numerous than were the fleas the first week we +came here to live. Mosquitoes are about gone, but we +have sand-flies again. No fleas yet that I am aware of.</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Oct. 23.</i> General Saxton returned, as you know, with +full powers from the President to raise one or if possible +five negro regiments. I think it will be difficult +to induce the men to enlist. Their treatment in the +spring and summer was such as to prejudice them +against military duty under any circumstances. They +were forcibly drafted, were ill-treated by at least one +officer,—who is a terror to the whole black population,—have +never been paid a cent; they suffered +from the change of diet, and quite as much from homesickness. +I think if their treatment in the spring had +been different, it would be possible to raise a regiment +on these islands; as it is, I think it will be surprising +if they fill a company from St. Helena. I think, too, +that it would be very difficult, under any circumstances, +to train them into fighting condition under six months, +and if they had at the first the prospect of coming into +actual conflict with the Secesh, the number who would +be willing to enlist would be extremely small. They +have not, generally speaking, the pluck to look in the +face the prospect of actual fighting, nor have they the +character to enlist for their own defense. They can +understand the necessity of their knowing how to defend +themselves, they acknowledge their obligations +to help the Yankees, and do their part in keeping the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +islands against their old masters; a good many of them +express their willingness to fight under white officers, +and some have intimated a desire to know something +of drill and how to handle a musket. But they are very +timid and cautious. They fear that when they have +learned their drill they will be drafted. They are very +reluctant to leave their homes to go and live on Hilton +Head or Port Royal, in camp, away from their families +and crops. The mere mention of "Captain Tobey," +with a hint that "General Saxton wants the black people +to help the white soldiers keep the Secesh off the +islands," sends them in panic into the woods. Mr. Philbrick +saw the General this morning, and was told that +if the regiment were not raised we should have to give +up the whole enterprise; that the President and the +people of the North were looking to the raising of this +regiment as a test experiment. That if it succeeded and +it was found that the negroes could and would aid the +Government, then the Government would be encouraged +to hold the islands, trusting not only that the +negroes could aid in defending them, but that as fast +as negroes were freed, they could be used effectively +against the rebels. Moreover, that the success of one +regiment here would make the President's proclamation +a more terribly effective weapon against the Southerners. +(There is no doubt that in many parts of the +South, especially on the Mississippi, the negroes are +much more intelligent than here. Those from the main +seem a superior class to those who have always lived +on the islands. The success of armed negroes of this +inferior class would indicate the danger of the masters +of other slaves of a higher class, when they learn that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +"all slaves of rebel masters who enter into the service +of the United States are forever free," with their families.)</p> + +<p>If, on the other hand, no black troops can be raised, +the General says that the Government will be discouraged +from attempting any longer to protect at such an +expense a people who cannot or will not aid in defending +themselves. I hope that General Saxton has not +held out too grand hopes of the success of this undertaking +to the President and to others at the North, and +I hope he is exaggerating the importance of the movement. +Perhaps the President wants to try his colonization +scheme on these people. He had better lose +a campaign than evacuate these islands and give up this +experiment. This experiment and the war must go on +side by side. I hope that before the war is done we +shall have furnished the Government with sufficient +facts to enable them to form a policy for the treatment +of the millions whom the conclusion of the war, if not +its continuance, must throw into our hands.</p> + +<p>I am very much afraid that the Government will +look too much to the material results of the year's occupation +for determining the success of free labor among +the slaves. They will neglect to take into account the +discouragements and drawbacks of the year. The +sudden reaction consequent upon the change from +slavery to what they hardly knew as freedom; the confusion +incident upon military occupation (and the contradictory +directions given concerning the year's crops); +the abundance of money where the cotton-agents and +officers were stationed, and the high wages promised +and often obtained, at Hilton Head and Beaufort; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +lateness of the cotton crop, the poorness of the seed, +the uncertainty and doubt and want of system in regard +to the management of the crops; the drafting of +the able-bodied men at a critical period, their hardships +and subsequent distrust and fear, or idleness +and insubordination; the changing of superintendents, +the fewness of both superintendents and teachers; and +lastly, the shameful delay in the payments, causing +distrust, carelessness, neglect of plantation work, and +in some few cases, suffering for want of the means to +purchase clothing. It is too bad to treat people so, and +it is wonderful how much they have done and in what +an excellent state they are, under these discouraging +circumstances. If they were assured of a market at +the end of the year, and sufficient money advanced +them to enable them to get "sweetening" and clothes +through the year, I would trust my plantations to go +right ahead, put their crops into the ground, and +insure to the Government a handsome surplus next +November.</p> + +<p>The cheerfulness and hopefulness of the people in +regard to next year's crops, and the interest they take +in their success, is surprising. "If we live to see," "if +God spare life," they say, "we will plant early, and +begin in time, and then you will see. O—yes, sar."</p> + +<p>Mr. Philbrick is appointed cotton-agent for this crop. +He is going to have the cotton ginned here, not at New +York. Good seed is scarce. The improved seed, the +result of many years' cultivation and selection, was +lost to the island by the policy of ginning last year's +crop in New York.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Oct. 27.</i> When in Beaufort last Wednesday, I got +leave to pay off my people with my own funds, through +the paymaster, Mr. Lee. So he came here next day, +and I advanced the funds, $649. I sent Joe out to tell +the people to come and get their money, but they didn't +come with the usual promptness; bye and bye two +men came to sound the way, the rest held back. I +laughed at them and sent them off with the chink in +their pockets, after which the rest came fast enough. +They were evidently afraid of some trap to press them +into United States service as General Hunter did. I didn't +have the slightest difficulty in collecting what I had +advanced last September. Every one paid it cheerfully +and thanked us for what they got. This payment was +all in specie. I don't think I shall be refunded in coin, +and shall probably lose the difference, which is now +about $120, but I don't grudge them this. I had rather +let it go than see them paid in the paper currency which +they can't read or judge of. It will come to that bye +and bye, however, for I can't get any more coin here, +and half of this money may not come back again into +my hands.</p> + +<p>General Saxton is striving earnestly to fill up his brigade +with negroes, but finds it very slow work. The +people are so well off on the plantations they don't see +why they should go and expose themselves. Moreover, +the way they were treated last summer is not very +attractive to them. Many of their officers abused them, +and they were very generally insulted by every white +man they met. It will now require a good deal of time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +and very judicious, careful treatment to get rid of these +impressions, particularly as some of the very officers +who abused and maltreated the men are still in General +Saxton's confidence and have places in his new organization.</p> + +<p>I took this place<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> more because I want to see the +work properly done and to keep it out of the hands of +speculators and sharks than because I wanted the +position. It is a useful position, however, and I mean +to make it so.</p> + +<p>A meeting of superintendents<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> is to be held at the +Episcopal Church next Wednesday, which I shall attend, +and employ the occasion by trying to start some +more methodical system of employing the negroes +than heretofore.</p> + +<p><i>Nov. 2.</i> At the meeting we discussed several methods +of dealing with the corn crop, and several of the superintendents +reported that the negroes had raised hardly +enough corn to feed the plantation horses and mules +on when at work. The small yield of cotton was also +talked over and its causes discussed. I do not think it +will pay expenses even on this island. My own plantations +will yield about $5000 worth, when I expected +$15,000, a good share of my crop having rotted in the +pods during the rains in the early part of October and +another share having dropped off the plant before filling, +probably from lack of drainage after the heavy +July rains.</p> + +<p>After returning from the meeting I found a large +box of woolen goods forwarded by Edward Atkinson.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +I sold $100 worth the next day. Though providing for +their wants quite freely, the people seem more frugal +with their money than last summer, and I am glad to +see them so.</p> + +<p>As far as I can learn now there are very few gins able +to work<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> in the department. I have some very good +seed here and at Pine Grove which I think I can gin on +the spot. Mr. S.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> came and spent a night here. He +came to hire some men to go with him to pick up a lot +of stray timber on commission for the Government. +So my plans for ginning cotton here are postponed for +a while. I had flattered myself that we were fairly rid +of him, and the men were beginning to take an interest +in plantation work in his absence, but he turns up +again just as disagreeable as ever.</p> + +<p>There have been great exertions made the week +past to fill the ranks of the first negro regiment. A Rev. +Mr. Fowler has been appointed chaplain and is at +work recruiting, appealing to their religious feelings. +He spent two nights here and talked in the praise-house, +both evenings. The women came to hear him, +but the young men were shy. Not one came near him, +nor would they come near me when he was present.</p> + +<p>The last time I saw General Saxton he seemed to +think our whole destiny depended on the success of this +negro recruitment. It <i>is</i> certainly a very important matter, +but I think as before that it is doomed to fail here at +present, from the imbecile character of the people. I +thought while at work with Mr. Fowler that if I were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +to go as Captain I might get a company without trouble, +but I failed to get a single man when seriously proposing +it to them. If I had been able to raise a company +to follow me and the same men would not have +gone without me, I think I should have accepted General +Saxton's offer,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> but although I consider the arming +of the negroes the most important question of the day, +I don't feel bound to take hold unless I can give an +impetus to the undertaking. I think it would have been +attended with some degree of success a year ago at this +place, directly after the masters left, when the negroes +had more spite in them and had seen less of their facilities +for making money which they have enjoyed this +summer, and if General Hunter had not made his lamentable +blunder, the men would not have been disgusted +with camp-life at least, but it is difficult enough +to get any one of them to feel any pluck. We succeeded +in getting Ranty to promise to go, and he seemed quite +earnest, but when he came to start next morning he +suddenly found he had a pain in his chest! his heart +failed him and he backed square out. Next day he +came over here and, after begging some time for me +to give him a shirt, without success, offered me in payment +for it a counterfeit half-dollar which I had told +him a week ago was such, but which he had meantime +polished up and hoped to pass. So you see when a +man's heart fails him he will stoop to almost anything.</p> + +<p>We had four couples married after church to-day, +Andrew and Phœbe of Pine Grove among the rest. +Mr. Phillips tried to tie all four knots at one twitch, +but found he had his hands full with two couples at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +once and concluded to take them in detail. They all +behaved very well and seemed impressed with the ceremony, +so it certainly has an excellent effect. We also +had an address from Prince Rivers,<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> a black coachman +from Beaufort, who has been in General Hunter's +regiment all summer, and is of sufficient intelligence +to take a lively interest in the cause of enlistment. He +has been to Philadelphia lately and comes back duly +impressed with the magnitude of the country and the +importance of the "negro question," but has not sufficient +eloquence to get many recruits. Of course the +young men kept away from church and will keep away, +so long as the subject is discussed. They have made +up their silly minds and don't want to be convinced +or persuaded to any change.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> + +<p>You can imagine what a comfort it is to see Mr. G. +again and looking so well.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>W. C. G., he who in June spoke so lightly of the +dangers of the Sea Island climate, had been dangerously +ill during the summer and had been obliged to +go North for some weeks. In a letter written October +30 he refers to the death of one of the superintendents, +adding, "It greatly startled me." A month later another +of the superintendents died in the same house, which +later proved fatal to still a third white man. These +three were cases of typhoid, but the malarial fever of +the district not infrequently was as deadly; on October +30 General Mitchel himself died of it. The fact as to +the climate is expressed in one of the letters by the +statement that fevers were "common among the negroes" +and "universal among the whites." A letter +of Mr. Philbrick's, written early in October, speaks +of Captain Hooper's "indisposition" as having cut +down "the trio of tough ones" to himself and Mr. +Soule.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 7.</i> Everybody has been at work this week +digging their winter crop of sweet potatoes, planted +with slips in July. They bear famously on all three +of my plantations, yielding in some cases two hundred +bushels per acre. You know I told every man to plant +for his own family separately, so that each one takes the +potatoes home to his own yard and buries them, for +winter use. They dig a hole about four or five feet in +diameter and one foot deep, in which they pack the potatoes +and pile them up above ground in a conical heap +about four feet high. So when done they look like a +sort of overgrown muskrat's nest, or small wigwam.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +Large families have in some cases seven or eight of +these conical heaps in their back yards.</p> + +<p>The mellowing effect of the potato harvest upon +the hearts of the people is manifest. Yesterday was +a rainy day and the women kept straggling up here in +squads all day. Each one brought a basket of potatoes +on her head, from a peck to half a bushel, as a present +to me. Uncle Sam and Joe are making a cone of them +in the yard. Many of the children bring ground-nuts, +of which I now have half a bushel. They have raised +a good crop of them this year, and we amuse ourselves +evenings by roasting them in the ashes of our open +fire and munching them at leisure. I endeavor to +acknowledge all these good-will offerings in kind, by +making deposits of sugar or coffee in the baskets after +emptying the nuts.</p> + +<p>We live in the dining-room now, that being the only +room without broken glass, and even there I can't get +the thermometer above 60° with all the fire I can build.</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 8.</i> The only interesting event the day that I +was in Beaufort I was obliged to leave without beholding, +viz.: the mustering in of the first full company of +the new regiment,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> Captain James! They marched +through the streets just before I came away, making +a fine appearance. Many of them were in the first +regiment,<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> and the regularity and steadiness of their +marching was very creditable. They are a fine body of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +men. The regiment is filling fast, its friends are much +encouraged. A number of men from the regiment +(now numbering about four hundred) have been allowed +to return home for a few days, and I think they will +carry back quite a number with them.</p> + +<p>We have been in occupation just a year. The future, +with the prospect of sale, or removal, or renewed blunders +and mismanagement, is not very cheerful.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 15.</i> Our island work is acquiring a little more +system, but I'm not sure that the people are as good +as they were six months ago. Great mistakes have been +made, and I'm afraid the experiment so far only shows +the absolute necessity of avoiding errors which common +sense pointed out before any experience. Still, +my belief isn't altered that the slaves would speedily +become a self-supporting people, either by a system of +wise and humane care, or by the opposite method of +letting them alone to feel the misery consequent on idleness +and the comfort that with very many would at once +result from industry.</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 16.</i> I had a talk with General Saxton. He was +feeling very blue, had just been to Hilton Head to get +some tents for his new recruits of which he enlisted +about a hundred on his recent expedition to St. Mary's.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> +There are some 3000 tents in warehouse there, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +General Brannan<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> refused to open it for him, alleging +the advice of the Medical Department, which closed it +because yellow fever had been near it. Now it is notorious +that whenever one of General Brannan's men wants +anything from the same warehouse, he gives a special +order and it is opened for him, but not for General Saxton, +the <i>Abolitionist</i>. So the new recruits have to sleep in +open air these frosty nights, dampening their ardor somewhat. +General Saxton agreed with me that if there is no +more earnestness and sincerity among other army officers +than among the specimens we have had here, we should +all go to the dogs. His expedition was so successful that +he was in good spirits till balked by General Brannan. +The best item in it was that one of the rebel prisoners +taken was marched to Beaufort jail guarded by +one of his former slaves! The conduct of the negro +troops was very well spoken of by their officers, but +is the subject of a good deal of ribaldry among the white +soldiers at Beaufort, who exhibit a degree of hatred +really fiendish towards the black regiment, taking their +cue from their commanding officer, of course.</p> + +<p>We had a very interesting discussion on Wednesday +about the future management of the plantations. +I advocated the subdivision of the land, allotting to +each family what it could cultivate and measuring their +crops separately. Mr. Bryant, who came from Edisto +last June,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> preferred working the people in a gang +with a foreman, and paying them by the month. His +people had worked very well in that way, but it would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +be impossible to work the people on this island in that +way. They are too independent and too ignorant to +see the advantages of it, and too deceitful to enable any +foreman to discriminate between the lazy and industrious. +Such a system, with the insufficient force of white +foremen we could supply, would be only a premium +on deceit and laziness, and would fail to call out the +individual exertions of the people.</p> + +<p>The cotton crop will be worth, on this and Ladies +Island, about $40,000. I have stored twenty-five +thousand pounds stone cotton<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> on my plantations +which will be worth at least $4000. The Pine +Grove people have done picking and commenced +ginning this week. All the men take hold of it +readily. I can't find foot-gins enough here to gin +more than one fourth the crop, and I don't think it +worth while to gin by steam or horse-power, so remote +as we are from mechanical repair-shops. There are +several power-gins which might be readily fitted up +in time of peace, but now it would cost too much. The +engines have been appropriated to sawmills in some +cases, and worn out in others, while the belting and +other movable parts have all been stolen by the negroes.</p> + +<p>I have not yet decided whether or not to take care +of these plantations another year. General Saxton says +he don't think our relations with the people will be +disturbed by the tax-commissioners, but, if the estates +are offered for sale<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> as they expect to do, I don't see +how he is to help it. I think I should like to buy this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +one and see what could be done with the people. I +should not expect to make anything out of it. I don't +believe much can be made out of this generation by +free labor, nor out of the next without teaching them +to read, and am sorry so little has been done as yet in +the teaching department. It is difficult to get people +to stick to it, especially in summer and during the unhealthy +season.</p> + +<p>I have already started ginning on nine plantations +along this seaside road and shall succeed in saving on +the spot sufficient seed to plant this island, I think. +General Saxton has given me <i>carte blanche</i> as to ginning +and general management of the crop. It seems to +be his way to leave all details to his subordinates, whom +he holds responsible for a proper result. If I had the +same authority in New York I could save something +as compared with last year's crop, which was nearly +all eaten up by the brokers and agents and contractors, +through whose hands it passed, leaving but $200,000 +net proceeds from a shipment of about a million +dollars' worth.</p> + +<p>Mr. Lee has paid me the amount I advanced on my +plantation pay-rolls for July and August. I have finished +up my pay-rolls for September and October and +intend to get him to go and pay off my people for these +months with my funds when paying the other plantations +for June and July.</p> + +<p>In the prolonged absence of window-glass, I have +resorted to other expedients known to Irishmen, etc., +but can't keep the wind out of my chamber these frosty +nights by any amount of ingenuity. Shingles might +do it, but they are as difficult to obtain as the window-glass,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +and the towels won't stay put in a high +wind.</p> + +<p>We are very sorry to hear of Captain Hooper's serious +illness. He had kept up his strength so long on quinine +during the summer, that a break-down must be dangerous +now. I imagine that General Saxton misses his +indefatigable zeal and straightforward gentleness.</p> + +<p>I want to see what is to be done at the tax-sale and +what sort of a title is to be given. For I don't think I +shall stay here another year unless I can control my +men better than I have done, and I don't believe a +better control can be had with the long-delayed payments +rendered almost necessary by the lumbering +machinery of the Quartermaster's department.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letter is from C. P. W., and sets forth the +result of his cogitations on plantation methods.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 16.</i> The slip-potato crop is the only crop +by which to judge of the negroes' capacity to take care +of themselves. This crop they have, as a general rule, +raised entirely by themselves, and for their own consumption; +they found their own manure, and received +no help except the use (small) of the Government teams +on the place. The crop exceeds, on the average, one hundred +per cent. that raised by their masters,—I mean that +each man gets twice as much as he used to when they +worked and shared in common; and in some cases +the tasks bear twice as much. "They beer uncommon." +"If we live to see," all the crops next year, +under a management that will encourage and stimulate,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +will be proportionally as good as this 'tater crop. +One thing the people are universally opposed to. They +all swear that they will not work in gang, <i>i. e.</i>, all working +the whole, and all sharing alike. On those places +where the root 'taters were thus worked this year, the +crop did very poorly, and gave out long before its time. +Where the Government corn was thus worked, the +yield averages, I suppose, six to ten bushels, the nigger-field, +meantime, bearing twice as much, where +they had manure.</p> + +<p>Wherever the people have been able to look forward +to the result of the crop as beneficial to them, they have +shown industry, care, and energy in putting it through. +There is much laziness to be overcome in them, however; +even in tending their own crops they sometimes +neglect well-known precautions because they cost too +much trouble. But the best of them have carried their +own crops well, and their example is beneficial in stimulating +the lazier ones to exertion. There is a good deal +of emulation among them; they will not sit quietly +and see another earning all the money. And it is far +better to adapt the system to the intelligence of the +best than to treat them all, as one occasionally has to +treat one or two, in special matters, like mere children. +I am sure a large number of them could get through +the year without any pecuniary aid from Government, +on the simple assurance that they should be paid for +their crop when they had picked it. I am often urged +by the best of the people not to trouble myself about +the means of doing work, but just to tell them to do +the work, and expect to see it done, and not encourage +them to ask for help to do everything. "They kin do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +it, sir; don't you worry yeurself, sir; they kin find +herself, sir." They have not been working cotton for +nothing for so many years under their masters. They +recollect how their masters used to treat the land and +crops, and what treatment proved most successful. They +need supervision and direction constantly, if only to +prevent fighting when one says "I free," "I as much +right to ole missus' things as you," etc., and more than +all, they need the presence and conversation of a white +man, not only to elevate them, but to encourage and +stimulate them.</p> + +<p>There is but one opinion expressed. "We won't be +driven by nobody;" "I don't want no driving, either +by black man or white man." "We don't want de +whole valler of de cotton. De land belongs to de Gover<i>ment</i>, +de mule and ting on de place belong to de Gover<i>ment</i>, +and we have to 'spect to pay somef'n for um. +But you just pay us our share, accordin' as we make +crop, and if you live to see, Marsa Charlie, and God +spare life, you'll <i>see a crop on dis place next year</i>." +"There will be a difference in de land, sir, but we can't +help dat; each one work his own and do as well as he +kin." It is mere fortune that one is on one soil, another +on another, kept in better order, perhaps, by the +Secesh master.</p> + +<p>The negroes ought not to bear the burden of the loss +of their crop through any external cause, as the caterpillar, +drought, etc. The Government ought to stand +in the gap and bear the loss. But I should not tell the +negroes anything about such atonement before it is +made, else one would be overwhelmed with applications +from those who had become tired of cotton-hoeing,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +and a thousand plausible stories would be fabricated, +to show that this man or that was peculiarly +afflicted in his crop.</p> + +<p><i>Nov. 25.</i> The people have begun ginning cotton on +several places. The gins are of the rudest construction. +Two rollers, about the size of a spool of thread, +one above the other, horizontal, just touching, are +turned in opposite directions by two upright fly-wheels, +moved by a single treadle. The cotton, with the seed +in it, is presented to these rollers, which catch it and +draw it through, leaving the seed behind. Ginning is +considered "light work." Thirty pounds of the clean +cotton is considered a good day's work. It is pretty +severe for the knees. Women gin with the men. The +movement of "jump and change feet" when one knee +gets tired should be introduced into the ballet; it is +very elegant.</p> + +<p>We have been reduced to the old system of rationing.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> +For the last two months we have had liberty to +draw the value of the soldier's ration which is allowed +us, in any kind of food. Consequently everybody has +rushed for sugar, rice, candles, and molasses, disdaining +hard bread, salt beef, and such low fare. Of course +there was soon a deficiency of the better articles in the +Department, the Army Commissary at Hilton Head +declaring that we used up more candles and sugar than +any regiment; so we have got to draw soldier's rations +again, a few candles, a little dab of sugar, a big hunk +of salt food, and hard biscuit. They can be swapped +for duck and chickens, but what a bother to get them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Nov. 26.</i> I hear that Hunter's reappointment<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> causes +some dissatisfaction among the pro-slavery army officers +here, as might be expected.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 2.</i> It is now rumored that we are likely to receive +but little help from Congress this winter, and +that the Cotton Fund<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> is getting low. It is said that +the taking of Charleston would benefit us more than +anything else could; that any way we must take some +place on the main to attract attention and inspire confidence. +The black regiment may do something for +our interests. General Saxton is going to send a report +of the year's work to Headquarters, and it will doubtless +be laid before Congress. Commissioners, if appointed +to investigate the matter, would probably have +their notions of the character, ability, and prospects of +the "Universal Nigger" much revised, with additions +and corrections, before their investigations were completed. +You at the North know nothing about niggers, +nothing at all. When more is known of their powers +and capacity and character more attention will be paid +to the cultivation of free black labor.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letter again focuses attention on the white +population.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 29.</i> The wives are multiplying on St. Helena. +Since Mrs. Bryant came, two other superintendents +have made their houses homes,—one our Baptist parson,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +and the other a young fellow who went home +shortly before me to marry his betrothed on our salary +of $50 a month. Brave youth—in these times! One +man has brought his sister and established her as +the beauty of the island; one his mother; and one an +older sister, a perfect New England housekeeper, who +makes his home the paradise of mince-pies and family +bread.</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 10.</i> (At the Oaks.) I like the General<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> ever +so much. He is so simple—straightforward, and earnest, +so evidently pure and unselfish and so kind in his +manner.</p> + +<p>I rode down to Dr. Jenkins' with Mr. G., but found +all the "white folks" gone to Hilton Head. I visited +the cotton-house, where about a dozen of the people +were ginning cotton. They had just packed two bales +of it, which I ripped open to inspect, and found, as I +had feared, that it wasn't half cleaned. I left a note +for Mr. Bryant telling him I didn't want to send the +cotton off so and told his driver. Mr. B. was not acquainted +with the way the staple is usually prepared +for market, concerning which I had taken pains to inform +myself before leaving home, and the negroes had +taken the chance to shirk. I started off to take the tour +of Ladies Island and see their cotton. I visited about +a dozen cotton-houses during the day along the east +side of the island, and rode on to Cuthbert's Point to +sleep with Joe Reed and Mr. Hull. I found them +delightfully situated in a small house on Beaufort<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +River surrounded by a superb grove of live-oaks, clear +of brush and nicely kept. It is the finest situation that +I have found in the State, but the greater part of the +plantations on Ladies Island are miserably poor, being +the property of small proprietors who had not sufficient +capital to make planting profitable. The soil +is poor and the negroes for the most part have not sufficient +food on hand for the coming year. The cotton +crop is proportionally small and poor. No ginning +apparatus being found there, I shall have it all taken +to Beaufort for the steam-gins.</p> + +<p>Leaving Cuthbert's Point this morning, I rode with +Mr. Hull to the superintendents' meeting at the Episcopal +Church, about eighteen miles, and back here to +sleep. We have matured a plan of operations for the +employment of the negroes next year, at these meetings, +and it is to be presented to General Saxton for his +approval this week.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p> + +<p>I have made some further inquiries of Dr. Brisbane, +one of the tax-commissioners, about the sale of lands, +which is to take place on the first of February next. +He tells me it is to be a free sale and that the Government +warrants the title, subject, however, to redemption +by such proprietors as can prove themselves loyal +within one year. I think it highly important that the +welfare of these negroes should not be intrusted to +speculators, and have written to Dr. Russell<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> to see +if Boston people can't be interested, individually or +collectively, in buying these lands and employing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +laborers. I am ready to go into it as far as I am able +alone, and have offered my time in Boston to carry out +any plan they think best. If I can't get any coöperation, +I mean to buy some of the estates alone, if they +don't go very high, and carry them on by means of such +agents as I can get. I can find several first-rate men +among the superintendents here who would work for +me and do well, but I don't think I should care to stay +here next summer, for sanitary reasons if nothing more. +My experience here will enable me to act to good +advantage in carrying on any such undertaking, and +I hope to be of use in a permanent way to these people +with whom I have been thrown in contact this year. +I have given [to Dr. Russell] an exact statement, in +dollars and cents, of the expenses and products of my +three plantations this year, showing a profit to the Government +of about $2000,<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> besides providing a year's +supply of food to a population of four hundred and fifty +blacks, "big and little." This island is very much more +favorably placed than Ladies, Port Royal, or Hilton +Head Islands, which are all much exposed to the depredations +of the Union soldiers. I find on the north end +of Ladies Island the pickets are changed every little +while, and have killed nearly all the negroes' poultry. +The people don't dare to leave their houses, and take +all their hens into their houses every night. They shoot +their pigs and in one case have shot two working mules! +All these things are duly reported to General Saxton, but +it does no good. Two regiments have come to encamp<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +at Land's End on St. Helena, and Mr. Hammond says +they have burnt up a mile of his fences, and burn the +new rails just split out in the woods; they burn the +heaps of pine leaves raked up for manure and take +possession of all his cotton and corn houses. It is certainly +of no use to try to carry on any planting near +these fellows. They would steal all the crops if any +grew near them,<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> and if the whole military establishment +is to be transferred to this side the harbour, it is +of little use to try to do much on that end of the island. +Coffin's Point is, however, remote from all these disturbances, +and I hope it will remain so. I am anxious +to continue this free-labor experiment through a term +of years and under circumstances more favorable than +those under which we have this year been placed. I +do not see how I can do much good in any other way.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letter is the first from H. W. on her return +to Port Royal after spending the summer at home.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, Dec. 14.</i> As we drew near the Fripp +Point place at last, the people began to gather on the +shore to watch us, and when the boat stopped the people +were all on the banks, pressing forward, and Sammy +rushed into the water and took me ashore in his arms. +Then they got my trunks in the same manner, and +such a shaking of hands! "So glad for see you! Glad +for see you come back." Boys were sent off at once to +catch the mules to take me over, while I went into +'Siah's house to wait, and had some hominy and chicken,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +as I was very hungry. Everything was as neat as a +pin here—the children were kept out of the house +while I was eating, and then the hominy and chicken +were mixed and passed round among the women when +I had finished. Mr. Philbrick's sulky happened to be +over there to be mended, and as it was finished I drove +off in it, Sammy, Peter, and Tony on the mule-cart +with all my traps, and Chester following me. The +children all asked about school at once, and as I was +waiting I drew words for them to spell in the sand to +see how much they remembered.</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 14.</i> I am glad H. came, for Mr. Philbrick has +decided that he cannot attend to his plantations and +his cotton-agency at the same time, and needs some +one to take his place here. He thinks of buying the +place in the spring, when the lands are sold (Feb. 1), +and I have agreed to work it for him part of the time. +So that, as some one must take Mr. Philbrick's place, +and as the people had better have me than a stranger, +and as I had better become acquainted with them at +once, if I am to have charge of them in the spring, I +have decided to take the places off his hands, stay here +with H., and let my own plantations go to as good a +person as I can find. H. is most welcome and much +needed here; I am thankful to have her here, if only for +the children's sakes. The only difficulty is that she may +be devoured on her first visit to Pine Grove.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 16.</i> Had the children sent for to school. They +brought eggs, and were pleased enough to begin school +again.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 18.</i> Told the children yesterday that I wanted +them to bring me some corn "shucks," as they call +them, which are all left on the stalks in the fields. Mr. +Philbrick thought I could get enough to stuff a bed +with. I thought so too when the children all appeared +with sheets and bags full on their heads, some containing +two or three bushels!</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 20.</i> C. managed to get the piano downstairs +this morning before he went off. I went with him in +the double sulky as far as the cotton-house and then +made an expedition to the quarters, where I shook +hands with every man and woman to be seen, inspected +every new baby (there have been a dozen born since +I went away), visited Bacchus in his school, was kindly +greeted, though the people hardly knew me and I don't +know their names at all, was told that I looked "more +hearty" than when I went away, and returned with +two dozen eggs and the morning school at my heels.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Two dozen eggs at fifty cents a dozen was no mean +proof of affection!</p></div> + +<p><i>Dec. 21.</i> We started for church. C. rode his largest +horse and preceded or followed me in the double sulky, +an unpainted box with a seat in it, of Mr. Philbrick's +manufacture and quite "tasty" for these parts, on a +single pair of wheels; and though it is on springs the +exercise is not slight which one gets in driving over +these sandy, uneven roads.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Sunday evg. Dec. 21.</i> The cotton on this island is +nearly all ginned. I have not been able to start the +steam-gins in Beaufort yet—am waiting for authority +to use the steam, which comes from the condensing +boiler under the control of General Brannan's quartermaster. +I asked General Saxton about it the other day, +but he said he didn't know as they would let him have +it. The General feels very blue about his position here, +and I don't wonder. He declares he will not stay if he +is not sustained, and says that General Halleck<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> sympathizes +with Brannan and don't mean to let him be +removed.</p> + +<p><i>Wednesday evg.</i> I looked over the Coffin people's +cotton Monday and found it was not yet clean enough +to pack, so refused to weigh it, and set the women at +work picking over the whole of it again. Each woman +keeps her own pile—the same that she and her husband +raised.</p> + +<p>I find rumors here that General Saxton and staff are +to be relieved. General Saxton believes in his being +relieved, but no mail has come yet to confirm it.</p> + +<p>I want to keep R., G., C. P. W. and Bryant on plantations +which I may buy, and they are all anxious to +stay.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 22.</i> Joe doubled up and went off into convulsions +when C. mentioned to me at table that he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +been to call on Mrs. Jenkins (Wil'by) and did not find +her at home! I gave Joe a piece of gingerbread for +her the other day, and he informed me this morning +that she found it very "palatiable"! He inquired +how my "palate was satisfy" with some oysters he fried +for me the other day.</p> + +<p><i>Christmas.</i> C. took me in his double sulky to see +the Pine Grove people, driving first to the quarters +here, where I went into Bacchus' school and distributed +toys. I had also armed myself with a hundred +cents and several pounds of candy. At Pine Grove the +people crowded about to shake hands, and as I went +through the street, stopping at every house, they were +pleased as possible that I remembered their names. +They were very eager to know if I was not going to +teach school, the children all rushing home to wash +face and hands and dress themselves in their best, +after the old fashion, when I told them I wanted to +have them go to the praise-house. Flora followed me +about, as usual. I saw York for the first time. He is a +very fine-looking specimen of a thorough black, large, +manly, courteous, and straightforward.</p> + +<p>Once more in the old praise-house, I heard the children +spell, and then distributed toys among them, +with candy to the babies and grown people! and gave +to each of the girls who have been married since I left +a Bible with her name in it. All seemed honestly glad +to see me there—there was no mistaking their shining +faces. I was there two hours and then went to +Fripp Point, where I gave candy to all the grown people +and children, and a toy to each child. I do not know +all names and faces anywhere except at Pine Grove.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Dec. 26.</i> I was in the midst of school when Joe announced +two strangers on horseback. They were the +Quartermaster and Adjutant of the 1st S. C. V., come +for a dozen cattle to be roasted on New Year's Day at +General Saxton's grand celebration. C. and the officers +went off to select the cattle. They had a very long tramp +of it and did not get back till some time after dark. +They are very pleasant and gentlemanly and give a +charming impression of their intercourse with Colonel +Higginson, and of his with the regiment. They had +no "taps" Christmas Eve or night, and the men kept +their "shout" up all night. One of the Captains heard +a negro praying most fervently, contrasting their "lasty +Christymas and thisty Christymas," greatly to the +advantage of that in the "Yankee Camp" with "too +much for eat."</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 26.</i> The preparation of the cotton for ginning +goes on very slowly. I am out of all patience with some +of the superintendents. They are slower than the +negroes. I don't believe in putting Reverends in places +where prompt business men are required. Some of +them don't get through morning prayers and get about +their business till nearly noon, and then depend entirely +upon their black drivers for their information in +regard to plantation matters. I saw Captain Hooper for +a few minutes last evening and he relieved my mind +about General Saxton's removal. It seems it was all +a false report got up for a sensation by the <i>Herald</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 28.</i> I was in the midst of school when it was +announced that Mr. G. was coming. The children's +eyes glistened and they audibly expressed their delight, +but kept their seats very well till he was fairly +in the room and had shaken hands with one or two +near him; then their impatience could resist no longer +and they crowded about him with great delight, tumbling +over the benches in their eagerness to shake hands +with him. It was a very pretty sight.</p> + +<p>Mr. Philbrick has been entertaining us with an account +of his week's experience, which ended at church +to-day in a funny way. A couple came forward to be +married after church, as often happens, when Sarah +from this place got up and remarked that was her husband! +Whereupon Mr. Philbrick was called in from +the yard and promised to investigate and report. Jack +said he had nothing against Sarah, but he did not live +on the plantation now, and wanted a wife at Hilton +Head.</p> + +<p>General Saxton was at church to-day to invite the +people to camp Thursday, telling them that they need +not be afraid to go, as no one would be kept there against +their will. They are afraid of a trap, as they were at +the Fourth of July Celebration, but I hope a good many +will have the sense to go.</p> + +<p>Mr. Philbrick and C. are having an amiable comparison +of relative plantation work and which has +raised the most cotton. The cotton raised on these +places and C.'s and R.'s is more than half of that raised +on all the islands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Pine Grove house has been broken into and +the furniture we left there carried off. The way in +which those people have degenerated and these improved +since we moved here is a proof of how necessary +it is that they should have the care and oversight +of white people in this transition state. When we lived +there, that plantation was the best behaved and this +the worst; now the reverse is the case. The Point Plantation +has not been affected so much any way, as they +never had a "white house" and have the same excellent +driver.</p> + +<p>Finding that Maria, the old nurse, and some babies +were sick, I made a pilgrimage to the quarters, visited +the invalids and also Bacchus' school, and told the +people I hoped they would go to the Celebration at +camp. As I went through the long street, women were +washing outside their doors, sitting on their doorsteps +sewing or tending babies, while the smaller children +were rolling in the dirt. In one of the cabins I accidentally +encountered Sarah, the deserted wife, and +coming out found Grace, Jack's mother, holding forth +in her dignified way upon the subject, condemning her +son, quietly but earnestly. She turned to Sarah as she +came out and, gesticulating with her hands respectively, +said, "I take Becca in dis han' and carry her +to punishment, an' Sarah in dis right han' and carry +her to Christ." She is a "fine figure of a woman"—I +wish I could have drawn her as she stood. She did +more work than any one on the plantation on cotton +this year. Her husband was coachman and was taken +off by the overseer the day after the "gun was fire +at Hilton Head."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + +<p>Minda gave me an amusing account of a conversation +she heard between Mr. Cockloft, the overseer, +and his niece, Miss "Arnie," about the prospect of the +Yankees coming here, she telling him, when he was +expressing his gratification at the very large crop raised +last year, that he did not talk sense,—he was just +raising it for the Yankees. And when they had to run +off, in the midst of all the crying and dismay, she could +not resist telling him she was glad of it, to prove her +right. Minda said that she knew more than her uncle +because she had been to school, and had "high edicate." +They sent Henry to the other end of the island to see +if the forts were really taken, and he came back and +told them that they had better be off, for all the Yankee +ships were "going in procession up to Beaufort, solemn +as a funeral."</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 30.</i> My occupation was interrupted by the +arrival of William Hall,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> bag and baggage. You can +think of us as a household of three<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> pursuing our several +occupations, of which more hereafter.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> +<h2>1863</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Celebration of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation—The land-sales +of 1863, Mr. Philbrick's purchase of plantations—"Shop"—Visit +to Camp—Arrest of General Stevenson—Difficulties with +army officers—More drafting by Hunter—Encouraging signs +among the negroes—"The black draft"—The siege of Charleston—Assault +on Fort Wagner—Care of the wounded—Depredations +of the soldiers on the plantations—Interest in the former owners of +plantations—The "Plantation Commission" an informal civil +court—Negro speech and negro ways—Attacks on Mr. Philbrick +as a "speculator"—Discouraging signs among the negroes—Plans +of the Government for selling land to the negroes—The cotton crop +of 1863—The black draft again.</i></p></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The first letter of 1863 gives an account of the ceremonies +with which the Sea Islands celebrated the +Emancipation Proclamation. The place was the Smith +Plantation, on Port Royal Island, where the First South +Carolina had its camp.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 1, 1863.</i> We started [from R.'s] at ten o'clock +with four oarsmen, under a cloudless sky, which remained +undimmed through the day. The men sang +and we sang, as we wound our way through the marsh-bound +creek, reaching the Smith Plantation just as +the <i>Flora</i> was landing her first load from the Ferry. +We followed the crowd up to the grove of live-oaks +with their moss trimmings, which did not look so dreary +under a winter's sun, but very summer-like and beautiful. +The regiment, which had been drawn up at the +wharf to receive the guests from Beaufort, escorted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> +them to the platform in the middle of the grove, where +we found it—the regiment—in a circle round the +stand, where they remained quiet and orderly as possible +through the whole proceedings, which lasted about +three hours. Guests, white and colored, were admitted +within the line, and as ladies we were shown seats on +the platform. The general arrived in his carriage with +the Mission House<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> ladies.</p> + +<p>It is simply impossible to give you any adequate +idea of the next three hours. Picture the scene to yourself +if you can,—I will tell you all the facts,—but if +I could transcribe every word that was uttered, still +nothing could convey to you any conception of the +solemnity and interest of the occasion. Mr. Judd, General +Superintendent of the Island, was master of ceremonies, +and first introduced Mr. Fowler, the Chaplain, +who made a prayer,—then he announced that the +President's Proclamation would be read, and General +Saxton's also, by a gentleman who would be introduced +by Colonel Higginson. And he rose amid perfect +silence, his clear rich voice falling most deliciously on +the ear as he began to speak. He said that the Proclamation +would be read "by a South Carolinian to +South Carolinians"—a man who many years before +had carried the same glad tidings to his own slaves now +brought them to them, and with a few most pertinent +words introduced Dr. Brisbane, one of the tax-commissioners +here now, who read both proclamations +extremely well. They cheered most heartily at the +President's name, and at the close gave nine with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +will for General "Saxby," as they call him. Mr. Zachos +then read an ode he had written for the occasion, which +was sung by the white people (printed copies being +distributed, he did not line it as is the fashion in +these parts)—to "Scots wha hae." I forgot to mention +that there was a band on the platform which discoursed +excellent music from time to time. At this stage +of the proceedings Mr. French rose and, in a short +address, presented to Colonel Higginson from friends +in New York a beautiful silk flag, on which was embroidered +the name of the regiment and "The Year +of Jubilee has come!"</p> + +<p>Just as Colonel Higginson had taken the flag and +was opening his lips to answer (his face while Mr. +French was speaking was a beautiful sight), a single +woman's voice below us near the corner of the platform +began singing "My Country, 'tis of thee." It was +very sweet and low—gradually other voices about her +joined in and it began to spread up to the platform, +till Colonel Higginson turned and said, "Leave it to +them," when the negroes sang it to the end. He stood +with the flag in one hand looking down at them, and +when the song ceased, his own words flowed as musically, +saying that he could give no answer so appropriate +and touching as had just been made. In all the +singing he had heard from them, that song he had +never heard before—they never could have truly sung +"my country" till that day. He talked in the most +charming manner for over half an hour, keeping every +one's attention, the negroes' upturned faces as interested +as any, if not quite as comprehending. Then he +called Sergeant Rivers and delivered the flag to his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +keeping, with the most solemn words, telling him that +his life was chained to it and he must die to defend it. +Prince Rivers looked him in the eye while he spoke, +and when he ended with a "Do you understand?" +which must have thrilled through every one, answered +most earnestly, "Yas, Sar." The Colonel then, with +the same solemnity, gave into the charge of Corporal +Robert Sutton<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> a bunting flag of the same size; then +stepping back stood with folded arms and bare head +while the two men spoke in turn to their countrymen. +Rivers is a very smart fellow, has been North and is +heart and soul in the regiment and against the "Seceshky." +He spoke well; but Sutton with his plain common +sense and simpler language spoke better. He made +telling points; told them there was not one in that crowd +but had sister, brother, or some relation among the +rebels still; that all was not done because they were so +happily off, that they should not be content till all their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +people were as well off, if they died in helping them; +and when he ended with an appeal to them to above all +follow after their Great Captain, Jesus, who never was +defeated, there were many moist eyes in the crowd.</p> + +<p>General Saxton then said a few words, regretting that +his flag had not arrived as he intended, and introduced +Mrs. Gage, who spoke to them of her visit to St. Croix +and how the negroes on that island had freed themselves, +and telling them that her own sons were in the +army; she might any day hear of their death, but that +she was willing they should die in the cause and she +hoped they were ready to die too. Quartermaster Bingham +led the regiment in singing "Marching Along." +Mr. Judd had written a hymn which he and a few friends +sang. Judge Stickney spoke. The whole regiment then +sang "John Brown," and was dismissed in a few words +from the Colonel to the tables for the twelve roasted +oxen,<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> hard bread, and molasses and water, except +one company and certain corporals whom he mentioned, +who came to the foot of the steps to escort the +colors.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Duhurst was waiting to escort us to dinner +at his mess-table. We walked into the old fort, +part of the walls of which are still standing, made of +oyster-shells and cement, very hard still. It was built, +say the authorities, in 1562, half a century before the +Pilgrims landed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + +<p>Miss Forten<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> had a letter from Whittier enclosing +a song he had written for the Jubilee and which they +have been teaching the children to sing at church next +Sunday.</p> + +<p>After dinner we went up to the camp, and a very +nice-looking place it was. The tents only hold five, so +that there were a great many of them, making the +camp look very large. The officers' tents are in a row +opposite the ends of the streets, but with only a narrow +street between. The Adjutant took us into his, +which is a double one with two apartments like the Colonel's, +as his wife is coming out to live there and teach +the first sergeants to read, write, and keep their accounts. +As dress-parade was to come off at once, we stayed to +see that. Only the commissioned officers are white; the +uniform of the privates is the same as any others, except +that the pantaloons are red,<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> faces and hands +black! The parade was excellent,—they went through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +the manual, including, "load in nine times." There +were eighteen men absent without leave, a circumstance +not to be wondered at, as they had kept no guard all +day, and a negro thinks to go and see his family the +height of happiness. Colonel Higginson said, "Think +of a camp where there is no swearing, drinking, or card-playing +among the men,—where the evenings are spent +praying and singing psalms, and it is the first sound you +hear in the morning!" He is a strong anti-tobacconist, +but he lets the men have all they can get, and helps them +get it.</p> + +<p>We started just after sunset, and at the same time +with the band, who were rowed up to Beaufort as we +went across the river. They played "Sweet Home," and +the music sounded delightfully, but made Mr. Williams +exclaim, "Now that's too bad, when a fellow is going +to an old South Carolina whitewashed house, with a +broken table and chair in it!" Nevertheless, he was +very merry, and we had a fine row. The sunset was +perfectly clear, the sky retained its brightness for a long +time, and the moon was so bright that it did not grow +dark. Our delay made us against tide for the second +hour, so the negroes turned out of the main creek into +the narrow creeks among the grass, which at high tide +are deep enough, though very narrow. Our oars were +often in the "mash" on one side, but the men knew +their way and brought us safely through. They grew +very much excited as they rowed and sung, shouting +with all their might, and singing song after song the +whole way home. The singing while they row always +sounds differently from [that] at any other time to me, +though they always sing the same, religious songs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the following letter Mr. Philbrick begins by defending +himself against the charge of rashness in proposing +to buy land of which the legal title was so insecure as to +make it a most unsafe investment, and the geographical +situation such as to make it unfit for habitation by Northerners. +The point of view of his critic is amusingly different +from that of the good people who subsequently +accused him of buying with the expectation of making +large profits.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 2.</i> As to the title, the right of redemption expires +at the end of two years in all cases, and fifteen per +cent. interest must be paid by the redeemer before he +can take possession. Now I never thought of paying +more for these lands than the net value of two good +crops, and don't undertake it for the sake of making +money at all, but for the sake of carrying out to a +more satisfactory issue the present short-lived and unfairly +judged experiment of free labor, and for the sake +of keeping the people out of the hands of bad men. +You will of course admit that such an enterprise is +worthy of my assistance and worthy of the time of such +men as are now engaged in it. The health of every +white man who has lived on the seaward side of St. +Helena, from Coffin's Point to Land's End, has been +perfectly good, and that is where I intend to buy, if at +all, including perhaps the places under R.'s charge which +he wishes to retain, and those of Captain John Fripp +and Thomas B. Fripp, which could easily be managed +by a person living on Cherry Hill or Mulberry Hill, +directly adjoining them on the south.</p> + +<p>We had a flare-up with Ranty about the furniture left<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> +in the big house [at Pine Grove]. The people broke in on +Christmas and took out what we left there, appropriating +it to their private uses. I found Frank had the side-board +in his new house (the old carriage-house). I told +him to give it up and asked where the rest was. Mily +had taken the desk, for safe-keeping, and offered to deliver +it when wanted, but the bedsteads are not reported. +Ranty had locked up the large dining-table in the pease-house. +I blew him up for not reporting such things instanter, +and hired June to sleep in the big house nights +and be responsible for its safe-keeping. Otherwise the +doors and windows would soon disappear.</p> + +<p>The future of our country looks darker than ever. I +can't see much prospect of an improvement in the conduct +of the war, so long as the mass of our people do not +see in slavery the great cause of all the trouble. Neither +do I believe that the war will terminate slavery unless +the blacks will voluntarily take a part in it. The 1st Regiment +is at length filled here, by means of a great deal of +coaxing and the abandonment of St. Simon's Island,<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> +taking all the men for recruits. They have made two +raids upon the Florida coast, where they met with little +resistance and accomplished but little. If they can once +gain a footing on the mainland and add to their numbers +as they advance, they could easily carry all before them. +Any other race of men under the sun would do it, but I +doubt yet whether there is the requisite amount of pluck +in them to fall into such a scheme even when we are +ready to lead them. I feel as if this winter were the turning-point +of the whole question.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Captain Oliver's, Jan. 4.</i> Mr. Philbrick has very generously +offered to assist three or four of us poorer superintendents +in buying plantations. If we do not buy, the +occupation of most of us is probably gone. Government +will probably retain possession of many plantations from +the lack of purchasers,—but they will be the poorer ones +and those where the people will be subject to such influences +that our purposes will meet with little success. For +such plantations superintendents may be needed, but, +besides doing little good, their own position I think will +be very unpleasant. Nor do I think it unmanly to withdraw +from such plantations. The irregular wayward +life which the people on such places would probably lead +undoubtedly will help to develop their self-reliance, but +our style of development—that of regular, persistent +industry—is so wholly different, that I doubt the wisdom +of attempting to yoke the two styles together. In +one point experience confirms what theory would suggest,—that +their own increasing comfort or <i>misery</i> will +be a far stronger agent in the development of these people +than any amount of outside human effort.</p> + +<p>I think I shall accept Mr. Philbrick's offer. I wish to +stay down here, and I see no satisfactory way of so doing, +except by this arrangement. It may turn out disastrously,—so +be it; the Government will probably refund the +purchase-money in case the lands return to the Confederate +States either by capture or compromise. But with +success, I doubt if I should realize the amount of my +present salary and support. If the lands sell at a nominal +price, however, they are worth that risk. To stay in +the work is my object.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + +<p>I am having a pretty hard time at present. The people +are very wayward,—now they work and then they +stop,—and some stop before they begin. Several men +have been acting badly, too; I actually knocked a man +down the other day,—and think I did right,—for the +first time in my life. It very much hurts one's popularity +to be often severe,—and one's reputation with higher +authorities also, I fear. My places have the disadvantage—to +me—of being very near headquarters, and my +people have learned through a very unwise act—the +removal of a superintendent on the complaint of the +negroes—the benefit of appealing from me. I have +always been sustained—otherwise I should probably +have resigned; but it very much weakens my authority, +and, as I said, probably my reputation. But the worst +is that it discourages and dulls one for the work.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 7.</i> I went into Ellen's house to see her sick children. +It was her children who were so sick last summer, +and Nancy died. They had swollen throats and I promised +red flannel—then went all through the quarters +talking and giving to all the old women some of our +ration coffee and sugar. The women went on talking, +Louisa winding up with an attempt to solve the to +them great mystery—"Miss Hayiat, you not married? +when you going to be married? What, and you so +smairt?" C. says they are constantly asking him the +same question. "Oh, Mass' Charlie," said a woman to +him the other day, "if I was as pretty a woman as you +are a man I should be so glad!" I find I shall have to +give up going to the quarters if they insist upon giving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +me so many eggs—I had two dozen and a half given to-day—I +can't use them up so fast! I found C. in colloquy +with a man who came down to see if he could not +move here so as to be under him. "But how do you know +you shall like me?" said C., "and get along with me?" +"See it in your countenance, sar, first time I eber see +you!" Nat talked some time (he was a sort of Major +Domo here and kept the keys) about the necessity of +some white people's staying here, and of the people's +confidence in Mr. Philbrick and C. They are very +desirous that Mr. Philbrick should buy. "You see, sar; +you won't have no trouble 'bout cotton dis year—Mr. +Philbrick pay more money than any other man—de +people know now you here to see justice. People all +work cotton dis year. I don't care if you neber go 'way—like +you much."</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 8.</i> General Saxton said he was here on the Coast +Survey seven years ago, cut that gap through the trees +for his triangles, which caused us so much speculation +last spring,<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> and landing at the Point one day dined here +with Mr. Coffin.</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 12.</i> Just as we were going to sit down to lunch, +Tim came running up with a line from C. for his revolver, +which I sent. Tim said two of the men were fighting, so +Mr. Philbrick<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> took his pistol and went to see what was +the row, and soon came back to say that a former husband +of the woman who had been married the day before +at church had turned up, and C. had ordered him +off the place. It is a complicated story and I do not know +its merits and demerits. I wish C. would write it out as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +a specimen of that part of his business. It is equal to +Indian Cutchery.</p> + +<p><i>Jan 16.</i> Woke to find it very blowy and cold. The +changes seem to be as great here as in New England, of +their kind. It is funny to see how the people feel the cold. +I got no milk, because they could not milk in such weather, +and it was so warm the day before that all we had +soured. The children wore sheets over their shoulders +and handkerchiefs on their heads to school.</p> + +<p><i>Jan 17.</i> Went to the quarters to see the people, who +wondered to see me out such a cold day! Found those +who were out of doors on the sunny side of the street +against the houses to keep warm.</p> + +<p>This afternoon I had to sew up a bad cut in Hester's +arm. She sat all through school without a word to me, +and then I could not close the wound with sticking-plaster, +so there was no alternative. She behaved like a +Spartan—her black skin made it easier for me, but not +for her, I fancy. So much for my first attempt at surgery. +It was an ugly job.</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>The Oaks, Jan. 21.</i> I got a letter from Mr. Forbes, +who says he can raise $12,000 for land, etc., to put in my +hands, with the understanding that when I get tired of +managing the thing I shall close up and divide what shall +be left.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> So I shall certainly buy that end of the island,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> +provided the lands are sold, which in Boston they feel +very sure they will <i>not</i> be, and provided nobody else bids +over one dollar an acre or so.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 21.</i> C. was gone all day tramping over the Pine +Grove plantation to see and map out the land so as to +allot it for corn and cotton to the people for this year's +crop,—Flora's York for guide, who was much amused +at his maps. He brought me home as a present from Susan +half a dozen delicious sausages and a piece of fresh +pork, which is very nice here, as the pigs run wild and +feed on the potatoes left in the field, and other roots. +Having had to wait for my washing for over a week, as +Judy went first to Beaufort to see "him niece," a man +grown, who was sick and died, and then was too sick herself, +I hunted up some one else and had our washing done. +Housekeeping with such young things to look after as +Robert and Rose<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> only is not an easy or thoroughly +satisfactory proceeding, with so much else to see to in +this great house.</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 22.</i> Sam sent word that buckra and white lady +were coming. I went to the door. There stood Miss R., +Mrs. Clark, and Mr. De la Croix, and coming up the +path were the rest of their party, Mrs. Bundy, Mrs. Williams, +Mr. R., and, still on the beach, Mr. Williams and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> +Dr. Bundy shooting. I flew down to Uncle Sam to give +him potatoes, white and sweet, and rice and hominy, +telling him to have the tea-kettle boiling so that I could +give them a cup of coffee. We had eaten our last loaf +of bread that morning, so I mixed some griddle-cakes, +and Robert, who enjoyed the fun of so many people, set +the table and did very nicely, Rose running up and down +stairs with the hot flap-jacks. I don't wonder that country-people +eat "griddles" so much,—they are so much +easier and more quickly prepared than anything else. +But nothing is done quickly in this region, and all this +was a work of time, during which I entertained my guests +and they entertained themselves in the "shop," and +they became great purchasers. Then the boatmen who +had brought them came up for sugar and tobacco, and +Mr. De la Croix opened the new box for me, and they +were very much amused to see me diving into the depths +of the sugar-barrel and handling the tobacco at "eight +cents a plug!" They were very merry and jolly and +seemed to enjoy themselves,—certainly Mrs. Bundy +did at our piano, and we in hearing her. Robert and Rose +could not put the things on the table—they were fixed, +as soon as they entered the room, with delight. It was +funny work getting together dishes enough, but I made +out. My table was full and my guests hungry, though +they protested they only came for a call and did not want +any luncheon. We got up from table about three, I got +Dr. Bundy to take the stitches from Hester's arm and +dress it, and then they said they must be off,—they had +stayed too long already. And so it proved, for the tide +had gone out and the boat was high and dry on an oyster-bank! +They did not seem much distressed, and all betook<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +themselves to a walk towards the quarters, which they +visited in a body, to the delight of the people. I was informed, +"Miss Hayut, buckra-man on hos-bahck," and +Mr. Thorpe appeared on business with C.; as it never +rains but it pours, two officers from our blockading vessel +now landed, to see the pickets they were told were +here. They did not stay long, and then I went to find Dr. +Bundy and see what time they would get off. I found +they could not get away till seven, so began to make preparations +for tea. I knew my table would not be large +enough, and was quietly taking all the books and papers +off the big round one in the corner, when the ladies discovered +what I was about; they rose in a body and protested +they would not have any tea. But the gentlemen +equally protested I should do just as I chose, and set +them to work if I would, so they wheeled out the table +and Mr. De la Croix went with me to the milk-closet to +take down the shelves, which were the leaves. The table +is a monstrous great round one, solid mahogany, and +with its leaves in made my table-cloth look like a towel +on the grass, so we took to the bare boards. We sat down +twelve to a repetition of the lunch, with the addition of +Susan's pork and sausages, as our boys had had no dinner. +I could not persuade any of them to stay all night, +though I showed them that I had bed accommodations +for four, and sofas for more, to say nothing of a floor! +There was a little moon and they all got home safely—we +had a suspicion we might see them about midnight!</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 23.</i> In the midst of all the fun and frolic yesterday +there came a sudden pause, when Mrs. Williams +drew down the corners of her mouth and remarked, +"And this is a band of Missionaries!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> + +<p>I had the room in the basement cleaned to-day by +Samson's Betty. She is the woman whose old husband +turned up and gave C. so much trouble. This thing is +happening a good deal now, and must. A man who was +sold six years ago to Georgia came up from St. Simon's +with the troops not long ago to find his wife here married +again. He gave her leave to do so, however, when he was +sold off, so had nothing to say. To go back to Betty. I +gave her as careful directions as I could and left her to +her own devices. When I went to her once I found her in +the middle of the room with two great tubs of water, her +skirts all tied up to her knees, the floor swimming in water +which she was flinging about with a handful of shucks +<i>i. e.</i>, corn-husks! It would be easier to keep house in a +small country house at home and do my own work (minus +the washing) and live better than we do here. However, +I am very philosophical, and ignore dirt and irregularity.</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 24.</i> I had promised to go to the quarters and +rode down, C. walking by my side to take down the +amount of cotton and corn land each hand wished to +work this year. He stood with his back against a fence, +the "gang" collected in front of him, book in hand, +taking down the number of tasks each agreed to work, +talking to them about the crop, laughing with them +and at them. A not less unique picture certainly was +his sister riding his little horse, whose back her large +shawl nearly covered behind, in her ordinary dress and +hoops, stopping at door after door to look at this sick +baby, talk to that old woman; give a comb out of one +pocket and put an egg into another; dismount to show +Amaritta how to make yeast and raise bread, examine +some sore throats, go to Louisa's house and repeat the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +yeast operation there, then remount and proceed through +the street in the same style, only that now the flour and +warm water are brought to the door and she stirs on +horseback! Sunday is the "Quarter meeting-day"—over +a hundred are to be baptized and they want some +bread to carry, as they will have to stay all day. I ride +back through the overseer's yard, stop at her door to +speak to Judy, then have a talk with Abel, who wants +to know how I find Rose, says he knows character is +better than all the riches of this world, and that he was +taught and teaches his children not to lay hand on anything +that does not belong to them. I took her partly +because I knew it was a good family. Demus<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> attends +me, and I ride home followed by half a dozen little +boys who are coming up to school and run races by my +side. The wind has turned east, and a thick fog is driving +in visible clouds over the dreary cotton-fields, raw, +chilly, and disagreeable enough. I come out of school +wondering what I am going to have for dinner and what +for Sunday, knowing that Uncle Sam, whose daughter +Katrine is "going in the water," will probably be away +all day and that the R.'s are coming to spend Sunday. +You know there was trouble last summer about the +superintendents who were not Baptists remaining to +the Communion Service—there has been more since, +and the negro elders have become so excited about it +that they will not allow them to stay, so the R.'s did +not wish to go to church, and planned when we were +there at New Year's to come down here to spend that +Sunday. They told me when they were here Thursday<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +that they were coming, so I ought to have been ready, +but except my three loaves of bread I had made no +preparation, and was expecting them momentarily. +The Fates were propitious, however, for Minda sent +me a piece of fresh pork, and a note from Mr. Philbrick +said he would send us a piece of fresh beef for our +rations Sunday. I had just time to wash my hands when +my guests arrived. That is a process, by the way, which +I have to go through with, at the least, twice in an hour—sometimes +oftener than that in fifteen minutes—with +sand-soap and brush!</p> + +<p>There was a great church-going from this place, as +fourteen people were to be baptized, and Sam when he +was rigged was a sight, with his beaver over his head-hankercher. +Carts were in requisition to bring home +the wet clothes—Louisa told C. that she couldn't wear +hoops into the water and should be so cold she should +wear eight coats (they drop the petti-) and she couldn't +bring them all home. It was foggy and chilly, though the +sun came out at noon when the proceedings must have +been at their height, as the tide was high then. There +were one hundred and forty-nine dipped on this occasion.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next two letters are largely occupied with the +beginnings of the new working year.</p></div> + + +<h3>C. P. W. TO E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 25.</i> I went down to this nigger-house yesterday +morning, called the people up and told them what they +were going to get on their cotton besides the pay for +picking already paid, and then, after talking over +plantation matters a little, got their acres for next year.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +They seemed "well satisfy" with the additional payment, +fully appreciated the pay according to crop and +according to acre combined, and started on this year's +work with "good encourage." I suppose Mr. Forbes +and you are two bricks, serving as the beginning of a +good foundation for these people's prosperity.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Captain Oliver Fripp's, Jan. 26.</i> We are very busy +now on the plantations. A new system of labor to +inaugurate,—lands to allot,—grumbling to pacify +and idleness to check,—my hands—with nine plantations—are +perfectly overrunning. The worst of it +is that my people are in pretty bad disposition,—the +new system has been received with joy and thankfulness +in most parts of the island,—here with suspicion, +grumbling, and aversion. How far it is the fault of their +past and present superintendents, I cannot tell,—it +has been known as a hard district ever since we came +here,—but it must be our failing in some degree. I +devoutly hope that by the middle of February it will +be over as far as I am concerned. It is a little remarkable +that while the Abolitionists and negroes' friends up +North are striving so hard to have the sale postponed,<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> +we superintendents, without exception that I have +heard, are very desirous to have it effected. This +"superintendence" is a most unsatisfactory system,—temporary +and unprogressive in every element. Of +course, nothing else could well have been tried this last +year, and perhaps the time has not yet come to abandon +it. But we all think it has. I am satisfied that the sooner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +the people are thrown upon themselves, the speedier will +be their salvation. Let all the natural laws of labor, +wages, competition, etc., come into play,—and the +sooner will habits of responsibility, industry, self-dependence, +and manliness be developed. Very little, +very little, should be given them: now, in the first moments +of freedom, is the time to influence their notion +of it. To receive has been their natural condition. They +are constantly comparing the time when they used to +obtain shoes, dresses, coats, flannels, food, etc., from +their masters, with the present when little or nothing is +given them. I think it would be <i>most unwise and +injurious</i> to <i>give</i> them <i>lands</i>,—negro allotments; +they should be made to <i>buy</i> before they can feel themselves +possessors of a rod. There are some who are +now able to buy their houses and two or three acres of +land,—by the end of the year their number will probably +be greatly increased. These will be the more intelligent, +the more industrious and persistent. But <i>give</i> +them land, and a house,—and the ease of gaining as +good a livelihood as they have been accustomed to +would keep many contented with the smallest exertion. +I pity some of them very much, for I see that nothing +will rouse and maintain their energy but suffering.</p> + +<p>In regard to the immediate sale,—even should +speculators buy some plantations, I don't think the +people would suffer much oppression during the years +of their possession. It would be for their interest to +continue or increase the wages which Government offers,—and +probably many would let the places almost alone. +Should oppression occur, the negroes will probably have +an opportunity to move,—such cases would be closely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +watched and loudly reported,—and the people would +be all the more dependent on their own exertions. I +should think the great injury would come at the end of +the war, or whenever the speculators sell the lands: +then, instead of selling at low prices and in small lots +or of consulting the people's interest in any way, they +will simply realize the greatest advantage for themselves. +Other places, however, will be bought by friends +and by the Government,—on the whole, great good +would result to the people. Moreover, the work will +then have very much more value as a test of their +capacity and ambition,—as an experiment in American +emancipation.</p> + +<p>I feel that outside of directly spiritual labor, this +emancipation work is the noblest and holiest in the +country.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 27.</i> Both schools were very satisfactory. If +any one could have looked in, without the children's +seeing them, they would have thought we presented +quite an ordinary school-like appearance. I have a +blackboard with numerals and figures and the second +line of the Multiplication Table written on it, all of +which the oldest school know tolerably, but they make +sorry work trying to copy the figures on their slates. +I let them use them every day now, however, for they +must learn, by gradually growing familiar with the use +of a pencil, not to use it like a hoe. There are furrows +in the slates made by their digging in which you might +plant benny-seed, if not cotton!</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 29.</i> Am trying to teach the children how to tell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +time on the dial-plate of an old English clock, "Presented +by Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart.," as its face informs +you—one of the many valuable things demolished.</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 31.</i> Started directly after breakfast to spend the +day and night with H. We broke down, as usual, had +to stop and be tinkered up, so that William was late +for the ferry, and when we got to the Oaks avenue I +got out with my bag and basket and let him go on. I +trusted to fate to find some one to carry my traps for +me the mile up to the house. The drive was lovely, and +I found some people waiting by the roadside for Mr. +Soule, to get passes to go to Beaufort. A boy readily +took my things for me without promise of any payment. +On the walk I found he was one of the Edisto refugees +who are quartered at the village and supplied with +rations by Government, but he had left home with only +two pieces of hardtack in his pocket and without +breakfast. "Think we'll go back to Edisto, Missy?" +he asked most earnestly, hoping that a stranger would +give him some hope that he should see his home again. +He was a nice boy; as a general thing the Edisto people +are a better class of blacks, more intelligent and cultivated, +so to speak, but those brought from there were +then refugees from many other places.</p> + +<p>Mr. Philbrick brought word that the North Carolina +army<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> had arrived at Hilton Head, and we were excited +to know who of our friends had come.</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 1.</i> A message came back from Mr. Philbrick +that General "Saxby" was coming to dinner. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +General was decidedly blue about affairs here at present. +He wants to stop the sale of lands very much, +though, as he can control the sale so as to keep it out of +the hands of speculators, I hope the sale will take place. +You cannot understand how much we long to have the +sale over. If it could only have taken place a month +sooner it would have been all the better, as then the +purchasers could have stocked their places by the time +work began. As it is, the people have gone into the +fields without the necessary number of cattle or mules, +and with only their worn-out hoes; the Edisto people +who are now being distributed onto the plantations have +nothing. With the chance of giving up the control so +soon, Government has not supplied all that is necessary +and work bids fair to be as behindhand here as it was +last year. Where the people have gone to work at all—at +this end of the island—they have started with "good +encourage," but at other places it has been impossible +to get them to start any cotton, though they work corn. +This is partly due to the fact that this end of the island +is removed from the demoralizing effects of the camps, +and partly, too, to the confidence the people have in the +superintendents here, who have mostly been with them +steadily now for nearly a year. It seems to us on the spot +as if things could not go on another year as they are now, +and we long for February eleventh and things to be +settled. The auctioneer is at Washington trying, not to +have the sale postponed, but to have lands set apart and +given the blacks beforehand, and we dread lest any day +we should hear that it has been delayed. Some of the +blacks mean to buy—we don't wish them to till the +war is over, as our tenure here is too uncertain for them +to sink their money.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> + +<p>C. on horseback, I in the double sulky started homeward, +reaching home—and we agreed that it was certainly +homelike—by half past six. Rose came up +from her house acknowledging that though she wanted +to see me she could have waited till to-morrow, but her +mother made her come!</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 2.</i> The sale is a week from Wednesday. General +Saxton (proclaim it not from the house-top) says he +shall take the liberty to use the Cotton Fund to outbid +any troublesome speculators. Glory Hallelujah!</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 4.</i> Cold as ever again—can do nothing but try +to keep warm. Have a good fire in the school-room, +and quite a full school—those who stay away for the +cold being jeered at as not wishing to learn by the +others. I think they have done well for a year with +the amount of teaching they have had.</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 7.</i> Found C. was going to Pine Grove, so thought +I would go too, as I have not been to see them since +Christmas. I went round to see the people who were at +home; many of them had gone into the field, where C. +went to deal out the land to them. Then I followed him +in the sulky to bring him home, but when I reached the +field, Flora, who came running out to see me, crying +out, "my ole missus!" informed me that "Mass' +Charlie have much long jawing, people in confusion." +Mr. S.,<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> it seemed, had disturbed them about the land-sale, +and York vowed if anybody but Mr. Philbrick<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +or C. had the place he would pack up and go to New +York with his family. Went home alone, forced to +leave C. to walk. Found some of his old people waiting +for him—they are very much attached to him and he +to them—it is hard for him to give them up. One +man met him at church last Sunday, took off his hat, +rolled up his eyes, and remarked pathetically, "I goes +to sleep and dreams of you, Boss!"</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 8.</i> Dr. Russell sends me word that after March +1st my salary will be $20 instead of $25.</p> + +<p>We all went up to church this morning for the chance +of finding John L.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> there. We go to church to see our +friends, and generally manage to get there just as service +is over. If it were any good to the people we could +bear it, but they get stones, not bread, I am sorry to say. +We did not find any friends from the Twenty-Fourth.</p> + +<p>I shall hope to send you Colonel Higginson's report of +his expedition<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> with the Black Regiment, which was a +great success. Oh, if the formation of the regiment last +spring had only been differently managed! we should +have had a brigade by this time. January, who I wrote +you was taken from here one night as a deserter, and +who was found up his chimney, almost frightened to +death at going back, he was so badly treated before, +came for a day or two since he got back from the +expedition and told C. he would not take a thousand +dollars to leave now, he had such a good time.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p><div class="blockquot"><p>On February 10, the very eve of the eagerly awaited +day set for the land-sale, H. W. writes: "The cart +went up for rations, so I sent some sausages for H. and +got some cake at night, with a note saying the sale was +stopped." True to his extreme record as friend of the +negro, General Hunter had been the means of postponing +the sales, in the hope, as has been said, of eventually +turning most of the plantations into negro holdings, by +gift or the next thing to it. More will be heard of all +this shortly.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 14.</i> It is supposed that the postponement of +the land-sales till the allotment of lands is made will be +for a year at least. I expect to find the people, though +they are all members, will become profane immediately. +They are depending on a chance to buy or hire land.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>W. C. G. writes the next letter after having had a +talk with a friend in the Twenty-Fourth Massachusetts.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 17.</i> He seemed very well, more contented than +most of the soldiers and talking more rationally and +humanely than four fifths of those with whom I have +conversed. The troops will probably be here a month +or two at least, before any attempt is made in any direction. +The commanding generals have quarreled,<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> and +one has gone North; the troops are insufficient, the +enemy on the alert and strongly defended. The history +of the Department so far might read: the forts were +taken, one thousand-odd children were taught to read, +and one negro regiment was formed.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> Hunter seems<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> +to be a narrow, self-willed man—to me—who don't +know much about his affairs. At first the soldiers were +allowed to go wherever they pleased; consequently +they poured over our end of the island, confusion +coming with them. They cheated, they plundered, +they threatened lives, they stole boats, poultry, hogs, +money, and other property, they paid for dinners with +worthless Richmond money, taking good bills in +exchange. They behaved like marauders in an enemy's +country, and disgraced the name of man, American, or +soldier. The houses of one whole plantation they burnt +to the ground in the night. For three whole days and +far into the night I did nothing but chase soldiers and +ride about to protect the people. The consequence of +it all is that the soldiers are now tied up in camp pretty +firmly.</p> + +<p>The sales have been postponed to my and many +persons' great disappointment. And yet it does seem +absurd, in view of the increasing uncertainties of the +moment here, to sell land. But I am so heartily sick +and weary of this system! What I shall do if the lands +are not sold within a month or two, I don't know.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 19.</i> You will see by this copy of the <i>Free South</i><a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> +the outrages that have been committed by the troops +who were landed at Land's End, but it can give you +but little idea of the outrages that have been committed +or the mischief done. Besides the actual loss to the +people,—and in many cases it has been their all,—the +loss of confidence in Yankees is an incalculable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +injury. The scenes some of the superintendents have +had to go through with are beyond description. Sumner +had a pistol put at his breast for trying to stop the +soldiers and protect the negroes, and Mr. Hammond, +when he went with General Saxton to tell Hunter of +what had been done under his very eyes on his own +plantations, burst into tears. It is disgusting that any +Massachusetts regiment should be mixed up with such +savage treatment, and that the Twenty-Fourth should +be is shameful in the extreme.</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 20.</i> To-day all the people were on the Bay +"drawing seine" when I came out of morning school, +and as that is a process I have wished to see I ran down +to the beach myself between whiles. Here was a droll +enough scene indeed. They had made one "drawing" +and were just casting the seine again as I walked along +for half a mile towards the drum-hole.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> The shell-banks, +which are exposed at low tide, were fringed with +small children with baskets and bags which they were +filling with oysters and conchs. Rose followed me as +guide and protector, jabbering away in her outlandish +fashion to my great entertainment, and was very much +afraid that the oyster-shells, over which she walked with +impunity with bare feet, would cut up my heavy leather +boots. I could go out to the very edge of one of these +curious shell-banks, and the seine was drawn up almost +at my feet. The net was laid on a boat which was hauled +out into the water by the men, who were up to their +waists, then dropped along its full length, which is very +great, and gradually hauled in shore again with two or +three bushels of fish in it, and any number of crabs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +which the children pick up very carefully and fling +ashore. There were about thirty men, and you would +have thought from the noise and talking that it was a +great fire in the country, with no head to the engine +companies and every man giving orders. They were +good-natured as possible, but sometimes their gibberish +sounds as if they were scolding. The boys, with +their pantaloons, or what answer for sich, rolled up to +their knees, were hauling at the rope or picking up the +crabs and making them catch hold of each other till +they had a long string of them. Another mode of proceeding +with them—for a crab-bite is a pretty serious +thing—is to hold an oyster-shell out, which they grab, +and then with a quick shake the claw is broken off, and +they are harmless. A large bass having been taken in +the haul I witnessed, it was laid at my feet for my +acceptance, and then, the girls following, most of the +boys staying to see the third drawing, I wended my +way back to school.</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 21.</i> Such steady shop that C. could not get off +very early and sold a barrel of flour before he departed. +Shop is a great nuisance, but I don't know what the +people would do without it and don't see how it can be +given up for a long time. They can't get things as cheap +anywhere else, but they cannot understand that it is +of no advantage to us. When I told them yesterday +they must not hurry me, for I had to put everything +down so as to keep a correct account to send to the +Quartermaster and people who sent the things, they +were quite surprised, and when in explaining the state +of the case to them I remarked that I was not even paid +for the trouble, Binah said she would not take the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +trouble then; and they can't understand that any one +should.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Other comments on this laborious shop-keeping are: +[Feb. 23]. What with sugar and dry goods upstairs, and +flour, pork, and salt down, it's busy, not to say nasty +work. [Apr. 9.] Mr. P.'s molasses fell short about $5.00 +on the barrel! Yet you can't convince the people he is +not making heaps of money, and I, too, for the matter +of that. [June 6.] A stranger the other day asked me +for a looking-glass that he might see how his new hat +looked, and then informed me that I ought to keep +lemonade for my friends! But such things are rare, +and so ludicrous that one doesn't mind.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 22.</i> I heard Uncle Sam read the first three chapters +of Genesis, which he translated into his own lingo +as he went along, calling the subtile serpent the most +"amiable" of beasts, and ignoring gender, person, and +number in an astonishing manner. He says "Lamb +books of life," and calls the real old Southern aristocracy +the gentiles! His vocabulary is an extensive +one—I wish his knowledge of the art of cooking were +as great!</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 25.</i> I was in full tide with my A B C's when I +saw two mounted officers pass the window. They presently +appeared at the door of the school-room, one of +them with a General's stars, addressing me and asking +about the school. But he did not introduce himself, and +I was in profound ignorance as to who it might be. +They came, apparently, to see the place, and while they +walked on the beach I got up what lunch I could. The +title had an immense effect upon Robert; when I told<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +Sam I must have the water boiled to give the General +some coffee, he opened his eyes as wide as the gate, and +Rose, who came to ask for the key of the corn-room +for him to feed the horses, was such a comical sight, as +she stared with mouth and eyes and then dropped a +curtsey in the middle of the room, that if any one had +been here I think I should have disgraced myself and +snickered! Unfortunately the dignitary did not see her.</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 26.</i> I had scarcely done breakfast when I was +called upon to serve in the shop for half a dozen men +from the blockading vessel off Otter Island, all negroes. +They come every once in a while and buy large amounts +of sugar and other little things. They evidently think +their patronage of great advantage to us.</p> + +<p>Five grown men have come in to swell the evening +school. I can't do much for them, as they don't all +know their letters, but they have books and I hope the +children will help them on out of school.</p> + +<p>Have I told you that the path to the beach has been +bordered with flowers for several weeks, jonquils and +narcissus, so far as I can make out, though unlike any I +ever saw before? They are in great profusion, and there +are a few snow-drops, very pretty, but a foot or more +high, and losing their charm in the height and strength. +The jasmine and hawthorn are just coming into blossom, +and I see what looks like a peach-tree in full bloom +in Sam's yard.</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 27.</i> C. came home before night, with the news +that the sales had begun<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> and that our fate would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +decided by next week probably. He brought no other +news of importance except that my unknown guest was +probably a General Potter<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> on Foster's staff. When I +came out of school this morning I found Rose asleep on +the rug in front of the parlor fire! She is quite a Topsy +in some things, playing all sorts of tricks with her voice +and actions, but I have never had reason to doubt her +truth or honesty in the smallest particular, since the +first, and I have been very watchful.</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 28.</i> Before I was up I heard a perfect babel of +tongues, a magpie chattering, which, on looking out +of the window, I found came from about twenty women +at work in our new garden getting out the "jint-grass," +swinging their great, heavy hoes above their heads. Dr. +Dio Lewis should have seen their gymnastics and the +physical development therefrom. It was a droll sight—red, +blue, and bright yellow in their costume, and such +a gabbling! Hindustanee is as intelligible as their talk +among themselves. How C. astonished a man who +was muttering away to himself the other day at the +Oaks by laughing at him and telling him he understood +Nigger as well as he!</p> + +<p>Old Deborah walked from Cherry Hill this morning,—she +has lately moved there from here,—and came +into the early school, which greatly delighted her. She +is Rose's grandmother, and heard her great-grandchild +reading to me, yet she is a smart old body and carries +on her own cotton this year. Her delight over Raphael's +angels—we have Mr. Philbrick's photographs of +them here—was really touching. "If a body have +any consider, 'twould melt their hairt,"—and she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> +tried to impress it upon Rose that she was a greatly +privileged person to be able to see them every day.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the next letter is described a visit to the camp of +the "North Carolina army" at Land's End.</p></div> + +<p><i>Sunday, March 1.</i> We started off in time to reach +church before the sermon was over, I in the sulky +with my things to stay all night,—if it should prove +practicable for me to go to camp, by staying at G.'s or +the Oaks. H. got into my sulky and we drove off, the +question to be decided after dinner. The road to-day +was lined with the jasmine in full bloom running over +everything. I was too late to see it last spring and as I +had not been out of the house for a fortnight the change +was very marked. Some trees are putting out fresh, +green leaves, the peach and wild plum-trees are all in +blossom. Our large field, too, had been "listed"<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> +since I passed through it last, and altogether things had +a very spring-like look. After dinner it was decided to +take the carriage and Northern horses, with Harry, and +make our expedition to the camp in style, escorted by +Mr. Sumner on horseback.</p> + +<p>Behold us, then, starting about ten in the morning, +Monday, March 2, driving for fifteen miles through +the woods, a perfect spring day, till, as we reached our +journey's end, we found the woods cut down and fields +cleared for the camps over an immense space. Tents +in every direction and masts beyond, looking very busy +and thriving. Real war camps, not such as we see at +Readville, for most of the regiments coming on such +an expedition, from which they expected to return<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +before this time, had only shelter tents, as few things +as they could possibly get along with, and their worst +clothes. There were men washing (with a bit of board +in a half of a barrel with a horse-brush!), cutting wood, +mending the road very much cut up with the army-wagons, +sticking down trees in front of their tents, and +in almost every camp we saw some men playing ball. +Horses and wagons, rough stables, and the carpenters +at work with plane and saw getting up comforts. The +Twenty-Fourth was at Land's End indeed, so we +passed through all the others before we came to it, each +additional one causing a louder and more wondering +exclamation from Harry at the sight of so many men, till +the oxen, evidently waiting to be slaughtered, and of a +size so vastly superior to those indigenous to these +regions, quite dumbfounded him.</p> + +<p>The Twenty-Fourth reached at last, we went at once to +James's tent, where he greeted us very kindly, and inviting +us in, went off for John. Glad as I was to see them at last, +it only made me doubly sorry that they should have +been so near us and unable to come down to the few +home comforts we could have offered them; but they +have both tried to get away in vain. We found the Twenty-Fourth +was in a very excited state over General Stevenson's +arrest;<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> and speaking of his release and return to +camp the day before, James said—"We gave him such a +reception as the Twenty-Fourth <i>can</i> give." The whole +North Carolina division were feeling very sore over the +quarrel between Hunter and Foster which has so unjustly,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +as they feel, deprived them of going under Foster on this +expedition, and over the general treatment of them and +their officers which they have received ever since they +came into this Department.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> This I heard from James +first, but more at length and in detail from the surgeon +afterwards. For as we drove home a gentleman passed +us on horseback, and we presently saw him racing +with Mr. Sumner, and then riding by his side. They +soon turned. Mr. Sumner introduced to me S. A. Green. +Mr. Sumner had never seen him before, but asked him +to join us at lunch at Mr. G.'s, where we were to stop +on our way.</p> + +<p>G. was expecting us, and such a dinner as he spread +before us! A little roasted pig, over which Mr. Sumner +grew pathetic as he described its baby-like appearance +before it was cooked, when Tamah, their invaluable +cook, brought it in to show them—potatoes, rice, etc., +and for dessert, trifle, cake, muffins, waffles of a most +excellent variety, and I don't know what. But the spice +of the dinner was a long and animated discussion over +the cause of General Stevenson's arrest and other matters +appertaining thereto. Dr. Green was present at +the time Stevenson had his discussion with Major Barstow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +and is reported to have said that he would rather +be defeated than gain a victory with the aid of black +soldiers,—and says that he said no such thing. The +question was asked as a leading one, and before General +Stevenson replied, Major Barstow exclaimed, "You +hear that declaration?" and went off and reported. +Pretty small business, anyway, though the General and +most of his officers apparently are not at all waked up +to the question, and oppose the idea of negro soldiers +very strongly. They seem to have been living for a +year with their old prejudices quietly slumbering—without +coming in contact with the subject and its +practical working as we have here, and so are not prepared +for the change of opinion which has been silently +advancing here. We did not think a year ago that these +people would make soldiers, though it might be a wise +measure to organize them for garrison duty to save the +lives of our men in a climate they could not bear well +and where no fighting would be necessary. Now it is +a matter of fact, not opinion, as Colonel Higginson's +report shows, that they will fight in open warfare, and +will succeed in a certain sort of expedition when white +men would fail, thus being too valuable an aid in +putting down the Rebellion for us to give way to the +prejudices of the mass of the soldiers. But I do not +think it strange those prejudices exist, and they can +only be removed by degrees.</p> + +<p>The sales are to go on—how glad I shall be when +the whole thing is settled! Dr. Brisbane thinks he has +proof that Mr. Coffin is in jail in Charleston for Union +sentiments,<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> so that he shall reserve his plantations for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +him. Mr. Philbrick may be able to lease them till the +war is over, but if we take Charleston and if Mr. Coffin +claims his own again, behold us! I don't know what the +negroes would do, at first, if they thought Mr. Coffin +was coming back to take possession of the lands—though +they all acknowledge that when he was here +there was no "confusion"—"that was all along de +overseer." I suppose, if they were not taken by surprise +and could understand matters, they would work for +him as well as any one else; but a great deal would +depend upon whom they had over them—they would +not work under Cockloft again "first." They will be +disappointed if Mr. Philbrick does not get this place.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>March 1.</i> The sale of lands, which was arrested by +General Hunter's order, has recommenced by authority +obtained from Washington. The generals commanding—Hunter +and Saxton—are both interested in terms +and regulations which will favor the negroes. I hear +they are both added as, in some way, joint commissioners +to those who have been acting in that capacity, +with full powers to retain all lands in Government +possession which may be wanted for military or educational +purposes.<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> What plan they may adopt is not +yet known; but we have already been called on for a +complete census of the population, with a view to a +land allotment of some kind. I pray it may not be by +<i>gift</i>. I used to dread the effects of immediate emancipation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +and think it was the duty of a Christian nation +to ease the passage from slavery to freedom with all +kinds of assistance; but I am nearly satisfied that the +best thing our Government can do, for the good of these +people themselves, is simply to offer and enforce their +acceptance of the advantages of civil law and education. +I should hope that for a time the relations of employer +and employed might be also watched and determined +by law,—but more than this, anything in the form of +<i>gifts</i> and <i>charity</i> will, I'm pretty sure, only relieve +momentary distress at the expense of their development +in manliness and independence. Very few will take a +responsibility which they can in any way avoid, and not +one in a thousand will refuse charity if offered, even +when there is no slightest need of it. At the same time, +they perfectly understand the rights of property, almost +superstitiously appreciate the advantages of education, +and will eagerly seize any opportunity they may have +of acquiring the one or the other. As to these island +people I feel no doubt that at least three out of five +of the present children will be able to read and write +when men and women, and that of the present generation +of grown people, half a plantation at least would +own land in their own right before four years had past,—if +they were permitted to buy. Then how much better +to throw them on themselves, to leave them to their +own ambition and intelligence, when they have so +much of both. Their inveterate suspicion of white +kindness, too, joined to their ignorance, so clog the +wheels of any system of charity like this of superintendence +that for this reason alone I think it should cease. +But they only too thoroughly comprehend the idea of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +<i>law</i>,—and are therefore well able to understand and +be grateful for beneficent law, which at once protects +and leaves them to themselves. "Let us alone"—the +cry of their masters—really belongs to them and is +their wisest demand.</p> + +<p>I am anxiously hoping to be freed from this place by +the sales and to return to my old neighborhood, and +there to be able to accomplish something. This is but +a stand-still experience, compared to our wishes. The +people advance in spite of it. I believe almost the only +real good I've done was to partially protect these people +for three days from the soldiers.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>March 5.</i> C. came home at night with the news that +the First South Carolina Volunteers started on an expedition<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> +to-day which Colonel Higginson considers +of very great importance, which will have very great +results, or from which they will probably never return. +Also that drafting has begun in Beaufort by Hunter's +orders.</p> + +<p>General Saxton has <i>passed his word</i> to the people +here that they shall not be forced into the army—I +don't see what is to be the upshot of it—they will lose +all confidence in us. Anywhere but here! Saxton himself +gave Colonel Montgomery<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> leave to draft in Florida +and Key West, but he had no need to—more recruits +offered than he could bring away with him. I don't +wish to find fault with my commanding general, but +I have yet to be shown the first thing Hunter has done<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +which I consider wise or fine. Saxton has had to go +down more than once and persuade him not to execute +his orders.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the following letter the reference to Mrs. Wolcott +and McClellan has to do with that visit to Boston of +the deposed general which was made such a triumphal +progress for him by the conservatives of the town. The +reference to Hallowell, who had a commission in the +Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts, the first colored regiment +raised by a state government, is interesting as further +evidence of the prejudice against negro troops.</p></div> + +<p><i>March 6.</i> C. brought me last night a long letter from +S. descriptive of Mrs. Wolcott's party, McClellan, the +fashions, and Hallowell's feeling at the position in +which he places himself in going into a negro regiment. +I wish he could see Colonel Higginson and his, but a +Northern black regiment will be a very different thing +from a Southern one—the men will have the vices of +civilization from which these are free. Colonel Higginson +is an enthusiast, but I do not see that he exaggerates +or states anything but facts.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Then follow specimens of the conversation of Robert +and Rose, with which may be put here two others, +really of later date.</p></div> + +<p>"Miss Hayiut, that your home?" Robert asked me +this morning, looking at some colored pictures of the +Crystal Palace I found in a <i>London News</i> and nailed +up in the entry yesterday! He's bound to go North +with Mass' Charlie. If he expects to live in such a mansion +I don't wonder he wishes to.</p> + +<p><i>Saturday, March 7.</i> If you could have seen Rose's astonishment +this morning when she comprehended that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +the clock was not alive! I made her tell me what time it +was, which she did successfully, and then, as she stood +gazing at the minute-hand "move so fast," I said, "Yes, +it is going all the time—it never stops." "No rest for +eat?" she said with the utmost innocence; and when I told +her it was not alive and did not need to eat, she was +quite sure the pendulum must be if the hands were not.</p> + +<p>[<i>March 10.</i><a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a>] Some instructions about cleaning up +led me to ask Rose if she liked dirt, to which she replied, +like a true Yankee, with the question, "Miss Hay't, +you like um? You no like um, I no like um." A little +while after, she got talking about "Maussa" and +Cockloft; when I asked what she would do if she should +see Mr. Coffin come here, she said, "I run," "dey +bad." Oh, no, not bad, I guess. "Miss Hay't" (you +have no idea how short it is, almost "Hat"), "you +shum? [see 'em] Well, you do'no; I shum, I know."</p> + +<p>[<i>Nov. 1.</i>] "I say praise for you, 'cause I mind you," +said Rose to me in her affectionate way this morning. +She tames slowly, as Mr. Soule and I thought when we +came home from riding this morning and saw her waiting +for us at the entrance of the path on the beach +turning somersaults on the sand! Her hands would +appear high in the air, when suddenly her heels would +be in their place! Yesterday morning she said: "Miss +Hayiut, you gwine let me go home to-day for wash?" +Yes, Rose, if you are a good girl. "Yes, <i>Ma'am</i>, me +gwine be good girl, my contans [conscience] say, 'Rose, +you be good girl, not make Miss Hayiut talk.'"</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To return to H. W.'s letter of March 7:</p></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> +<p>We drove up to church and heard the text read for +the first time! H. was not there, so we went there to +dinner again, probably for the last time, as we found +the places are really to be sold to-morrow. Mr. Philbrick +hopes to be through with collecting the cotton +in a fortnight, and then they will be able to come down +here, as he can go to Beaufort once a week for a night +or two until it is all ginned and shipped, and then they +will go home.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letters return to the all-absorbing matter +of the land-sales. The opening paragraph refers to +them and the way they were being managed, as well +as to the old question of negro character and negro +labor.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>March 8.</i> I should like to come home and make inquiries +among my friends concerning Port Royal matters. +I should like to take the part of an intelligent foreigner +desiring to obtain information concerning this +interesting experiment of free black labor. And when +I had heard and written down their description of this +enterprise, I should return to my friends here and read +for their entertainment. How we should laugh; I must +try it some day.</p> + +<p>When the lands are finally sold, a great many entertaining +questions will arise. Only the real estate will +be sold; what is to be done with the cattle, the mules, +the boats, the furniture, the carriages? How is the +Government to be repaid for what it has spent on this +year's crop? How are the reserved plantations to be +worked by the Government?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The sale having taken place at last on March 9, the +list with which C. P. W. begins his next letter is of +plantations reserved from sale by the Government.</p></div> + +<p><i>March 10.</i> The Oaks, Oakland, where Mr. Hunn's +Philadelphia Commission store is, Eddings Point, T. +B. Fripp, my two McTureous places, the Hope Place, +and a few others on the Sea Side road, about four at +Land's End, etc., etc. Mr. Eustis and a Mr. Pritchard, +living on Pritchard's Island, near Land's End, paid +taxes before the sale. (Most of the places reserved were +selected for the purpose of selling land to the negroes +next year, after this crop is in.)</p> + +<p>The General [Saxton] is afraid that some speculators +may interfere with the plan for this year which has been +started.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> He has made certain promises to the people +in regard to this year's crop, and he feels that he ought +to be able to impose some conditions on purchasers. +Of course he could not impose conditions under which +the lands should be sold, but he still may, as Military +Governor, enforce justice toward the people.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>March 10.</i> C. and Mr. Philbrick stopped at the +nigger-house to see and tell the people of the result of +the sale. At Fripp Point, which he also bought, the +people were as usual unmoved and apparently apathetic, +but here they were somewhat more demonstrative, and +slightly expressed their pleasure. All the places he most +cared for Mr. Philbrick was able to bid off, and two of +C.'s old places, which he wanted but did not expect to +get. So much is settled; but there is a great deal besides<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +that it will take a long time and a deal of trouble to +arrange—we don't know yet how much goes with the +plantations, or when possession will be given.</p> + +<p>The confirmation of the report that Hunter is going +to draft these people causes a great deal of feeling, as +Saxton has publicly promised them that they shall +not be forced to join the army. They seem to understand +that Hunter is in authority and Saxton can't help +himself, C. says, and so have no ill feeling towards the +latter; but they will hide, if possible, and it is hard to +feel that they have been so treated as to make them as +suspicious of a Yankee's word as they have always +been of a white man's. I think it right they should go +if they are needed,—the war is of more importance +even than the experiment of free labor,—but to have +them lied to so! Why was Hunter ever sent back +here?</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>March 14.</i> Mr. Philbrick has bought in all thirteen +plantations,<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> at an expense of about $7000: three places +for R., two for Wells, two for Hull on Ladies Island, +six places within five miles of this place. I remain here, +and shall probably assume Cherry Hill and Mulberry +Hill, my old places; G. comes to Pine Grove, and takes +that, the Point, and Captain John Fripp Homestead. +The people are all starting well, we are in excellent +spirits, and are in proper season for the crops; and "if +God spare life," "if nothing strange happens," "if we +live to see," we shall "<i>see</i> crop make, sir."</p> + +<p>This drafting business is simply folly. Hunter is an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +ignorant, obstinate fool.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> General Saxton is very much +opposed to the measure, especially after promising the +men again and again that they would not be taken +unless they were willing to go; but he says he has done +all he can to dissuade Hunter without any effect, and +if he should go further in the matter, either he or Hunter +would have to go home, and he is not willing at this +crisis to raise this additional difficulty. Hunter's order +was published in the <i>New South</i><a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> last Monday. For +a full week before the negroes had been anxiously questioning +us about this strange news that "they want to +take we to make soldiers." Up to Monday I was able +to tell them that I had heard such stories, but did not +believe them; but Tuesday night, when I got home, I +told them how matters stood, and they confessed that +for a full week before hardly a man on the plantation +under sixty years of age had slept in his bed. A strange +white face drives them from the field into the woods like +so many quails; they will not go to church, they will +not go to the Ferry. Two Sundays ago I happened to +ask one of the elders at church, to make talk merely, +how soon the next Society meeting took place at Pine +Grove. It was last Saturday evening. My question to +Demus was reported at the meeting, they immediately +became suspicious of some trap to catch them, they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +grew anxious, a cry arose that there were soldiers out +on the plantation, the men left the praise-house, and +the meeting, instead of continuing all night, broke up +about midnight with some confusion.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> They were +caught last year, they will not be caught again. They +cannot understand how it is that the Government, for +whom they have been working, and in whom they have +learned to place confidence as a protection, should wish +to interrupt their work here. It is a terrible discouragement +to them, just as they are starting their first fair +trial for themselves, to be forced, I do not say into the +military service, for very few will be caught, but forced +to abandon their crops, and skulk and hide and lead +the life of hunted beasts during all this precious planting +season. The women would be physically able to carry +on for some time the men's share with their own, but they +would be very much disheartened, and would need +constant encouragement. Under this terrible uncertainty +and fear, the work has begun to slacken. Even +the head men on the plantations are losing courage. +I make as light of the evil as I can, but I am always +met by the remark: "We are a year older than we was +last year, sir." Their trust in me is a little surprising. +They converse in my presence about their dodging life, +and I could easily take any ten of them I chose alone; +or, with the aid of one other, I could take the whole +plantation. "If we didn't trust to you, sir, we should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> +have to leave the plantation entirely; you are the only +person to protect we now, sir." It is hardly necessary +to remark that their confidence is not misplaced. Help +catch them? "I wouldn't do it first."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In accordance with Hunter's order, referred to +above, Saxton issued a general order to superintendents, +which bade them send to Captain Hooper a list of all +able-bodied freedmen between eighteen and fifty on the +plantations, and instructed them to urge the negroes to +enlist by appealing to "their reason, sense of right, +their love of liberty and their dread of returning to the +rule of their late masters," adding: "The General +Commanding expects to form a pretty correct judgment +of the comparative efficiency of the different superintendents +and the amount of influence for good they are +capable of exerting over their people, by the proportion +of the whole number subject to draft which they are +able to bring in without the aid of physical force." +Referring to this last sentence as a "mean insinuation," +C. P. W. goes on:</p></div> + +<p>For my people, I know there is about as much use in +asking them to enlist as in requesting my horse, a very +intelligent animal, to drink salt water. I hope they will +draft, they may possibly enlist, the loafers at Hilton +Head and Beaufort, and those whose proximity to +camps, or general worthless character, prevents them +from taking much interest in their crops. But these +men, who have been paid up in full for last year's crop, +and have seen that their crop, slim as it was, brought +them a fair compensation, are bound to show <i>a crop</i> +this year. Crop-raising is their business, their trade, +and they intend to show what they can do at it this +year for the Government, which protects them, for me, +who "see them justice" (they have a vague idea that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> +I reap a certain percentage from their crop—they say, +"You will have a bigger crop of cotton than Mr. Philbrick, +sir"—they also think that if I "overlook" four +hundred hands, I ought to get more pay than a man who +only sees to two hundred), and last, and principally, for +themselves. They have not been learning cotton-raising, +perforce, all these years for nothing. Now their +enforced knowledge comes out in tending a crop of +which they are to own a share, and the little tricks of the +trade, which had to be watchfully enforced in the old +time, are now skillfully produced, especially in the food +crops, which are more evidently their own. I let them +go ahead very much as they choose; I make regulations +for the good of all, as in the matter of carts, oxen, +etc., but the minutiæ I do not meddle with, except as +a matter of curiosity and acquirement of knowledge. +They work well, some of them harder than in the old +time; the lazy ones are stimulated to exertion for their +own benefit, the energetic ones <i>race like sixty</i>.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>March 13.</i> I had the sick people to visit, and C. was +going over to the <i>Kingfisher</i>, our blockader, for coal-tar +to plant corn with, so he went to the field and I was to +make my professional calls for the Doctor, and meet +him at the Creek at the nigger-house to take the row +with him. Just as I came out of school, however, two +officers of an Illinois regiment rode up to look about and +see what they could see, and asked if they could have +food for man and beast. So I left orders for some lunch, +dressed, and started on my tour. I went through the +quarters—not a man was to be seen. There lay the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> +boat, and the women were coming in from their work, +but said the men would not come till the officers had +gone—they were afraid of being taken. C. had to beg +the officers to go off the plantation, for he could not get +his crew. Not a man sleeps at night in the houses, +except those too old to be taken. They have made a +camp somewhere and mean never to be caught. There +is no question that they can hide; a slave here hid himself +for two years on one of the little islands, though +the whole district was after him; he finally came out +himself.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>March 14.</i> On March 9th the estates were at last +offered for sale. On our island two thirds were bidden +in by the Government and I presume they will remain +under the system of superintendence. The other third +was bought by Mr. Philbrick and two or three sutlers. +No agents of Southern owners and no dangerous +speculators made their appearance, to my knowledge. +Where any person evinced a desire to buy, the commissioners, +by their bids, forced an offer of one dollar per +acre and let the place go for that price. Several plantations, +perhaps one in five or six, were bidden in for +the special purpose of negro reservations; but in what +way they will be offered to the people is undecided. +Indeed, nothing is certain except that the sales have +been made and titles given. I should have bought only +two of my places in any case,—and that for the benefit +of the people,—but it happened that both were among +the number reserved. So I own none of the sacred soil.</p> + +<p>In regard to your questions concerning the condition<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> +and capabilities of the blacks, I hardly feel like writing +anything at length, my opinion, as far as it is made up, +is so short and decided. Every one says that these +island negroes are more ignorant and degraded than +the great majority of the slaves, and I feel no doubt that, +under conditions of peace, three years would find these +people, with but very few exceptions, a self-respecting, +self-supporting population. Almost everything about +them, even to their distrust and occasional turbulence, +has that in it which suggests to me the idea of capacity +and power of development. Their principal vices,—dishonesty, +indolence, unchastity, their dislike of responsibility, +and unmanly willingness to be dependent on +others for what their own effort might bring,—their +want of forethought and inability to organize and combine +operations for mutual benefit,—nearly all their +mental and moral weaknesses can be traced naturally +and directly to slavery,—while on the other hand, the +fact that at my close view I cannot make them out to +be characteristic traits confirms that opinion as to their +origin. Industry is very certainly the <i>rule</i>; there is +much idleness, but apply the spurs of which you +think a white man worthy, and you are sure to obtain +earnest and persistent exertion. Manliness and self-respect +are sufficiently strong and common to excite +an expectation of finding them. Instances of plan, contrivance, +forethought are very numerous; you are +constantly meeting "smart" fellows. Their eagerness +and aptitude in learning to read surprises every one. +Their memories are usually excellent, their power of +observation pretty keen, and their general intelligence +is in most striking contrast to the idea of chattel and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> +wonderfully harmonizes with that of man. I am only +stating the grounds on which I have hopes of their +development, not trying to describe their characteristics +or the course or limit of that development. The discussion +whether they will ever be equal to the white race +in anything seems to me to be entirely irrelevant to +everything. The only question of importance is whether +they can become a moral, self-supporting, and useful +part of our population, and of this I cannot feel the +slightest doubt. That they ever can leave the country I +regard as impossible, that they ever ought to leave it, as +ill-advised. That the period of transition will be one of +great difficulty and considerable suffering is certain. +The best heads and hearts in the country will find work +in it. As I think now, I would recommend no gradual +system of preparation and training. Strike the fetters +off at a blow and let them jump, or lie down, as they +please, in the first impulse of freedom, and let them at +once see the natural effects of jumping and lying down. +Then if the Government would simply provide or enforce +education, and with few laws but very many eyes +would watch over the new relations of laborer and +employer, I should trust that in ten years America +would again raise her head proudly among the nations. +But all this supposes that we gain our end and have the +work to do. Till the common head of the people understands +and the common heart of the people feels that +this <i>is</i> the work of the war, that Emancipation should be +the means, and not only the best means but the holy +<i>end</i> of the war,—I tremble, and fear neither our +strength nor God's help will give us the victory.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>March 20.</i> C. amused himself and us by making two +or three of my children who were waiting for school +read to him upside down, which they did as readily as +the right way.</p> + +<p>Just a year to-night since Mr. Philbrick spent his +first night in this house. He has been telling us about +it: a file of soldiers were drawn up at the gate and +refused him admittance till his credentials were examined; +now he is lord of the manor. I reminded the +children to-night that a year ago they did not know +their letters; now they are reading Hillard's Second +Reader for the second time.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The feat of reading upside down might seem to suggest +that they were reading Hillard's Second Reader +for the second time chiefly by the aid of memory!</p> + +<p>The next letter, written by Mr. Philbrick to a Northern +correspondent, was printed at the time on a broadside, +for distribution.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, March 20.</i> Just a year ago to-night +I entered this house for the first time. If our Northern +croakers could only be made to realize as we do here +the ease with which we have reduced a comparative +degree of order out of the chaos we found, and see how +ready this degraded and half-civilized race are to become +an industrious and useful laboring class, there would +not be so much gabble about the danger of immediate +emancipation, or of a stampede of negro labor to the +North.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> + +<p>We found them a herd of suspicious savages who +regarded their change of condition with fear and trembling, +looking at the cotton-field as a life-long scene of +unrequited toil, and hailing with delight the prospect +of "no more driver, no more cotton, no more lickin'." +They had broken up the cotton-gins and hidden the +iron-work, and nothing was more remote from their +shallow pates than the idea of planting cotton for +"white folks" again.</p> + +<p>Now they have, without the least urging, prepared +for planting some two hundred acres of cotton-land upon +this plantation, having spread on it sixteen hundred +ox-cart-loads of manure, and worked up every inch of +the ground with their hoes. They have also planted one +hundred and thirty acres of corn, and have begun +ploughing to-day, banking up into ridges with the +ploughs the cotton-land into which the manure had +been first hoed. The ploughs run over twenty acres +per day on this place. They were made at Groton, Mass., +and astonish the negroes by their efficiency.</p> + +<p>As a sample of the change of feeling in regard to +working on cotton, I will relate how I got the cotton +ginned on this and the various other plantations in this +neighborhood. I walked through the negro quarters +one day in December and told the people I would pay +them three cents per pound of clean cotton if they +would gin, assort, clean, and pack their cotton ready for +market. They said in reply their gins were all broken +up. I told them that was their own fault, and that, if +they wanted other people to gin their cotton and get +their seed away from the place, they would do so, and +so get all the money and leave them no good seed to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +plant. "Dat' so, Massa," said they, and I passed along. +The next time I came they had hunted up the broken +pieces of twenty-five gins, and patched them up, and +had ginned and packed all their cotton, in two weeks, +wanting to know what I would have them do next, +for they did not want to lie still and do nothing.</p> + +<p>So you see there is some satisfaction in being among +these people, although they are not exactly companions +for us.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>March 23.</i> C. came home to-night, having resigned +his position under the Government.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>H. W.'s next letter, after describing a drive towards +Land's End, narrates the events of her return trip as +follows.</p></div> + +<p><i>March 25.</i> I opened the first gate myself, then met a +man coming from his work, who took off his hat with +rather a surprised look at seeing a lady alone, and an +"Evening, Missus, how far you come from?" "From +Coffin's Point, and am going back again—Mr. Charlie's +sister." Whereupon another bow and a pleased grin +as I go on. Soon I met another man coming out into +the road with a piece of paper, which he asked me to +read to him. I took the precaution to ask him his name +before opening it, to be sure he had not another man's +pass, and then read him an autograph pass from General +Hunter for him to go to St. Helena and back to +Hilton Head, to see his wife. He was a servant of Hunter's +and <i>afraid of some trick</i>. He seemed satisfied, and +thanked me. When I asked him where his wife lived +and if he had seen her, he said, "Shum dere?" pointing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> +to a woman hoeing, towards whom he made his +way again. At the next gate I was cutting cherokee-roses +before opening it, when a slight sound behind +me attracted my attention to a boy on a mule who had +come noiselessly up, so I got into the sulky again, and +as he followed me along and I questioned him, found +he was coming here to see his "aunty." In a few minutes +a loud whistle attracted my attention and Sharper<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> +announced Mass' Charlie, who came cantering up behind +me. He had sent the boy with a note to me and +exemption-papers for the old and feeble on his places, +as he could not go home and had met the black soldiers +out taking the men for the draft. With Sharper +for attendant I drove on to Pine Grove, where I gave +C.'s note to William and the papers to distribute on both +the Fripp places while I went on to deliver those here. +Heard one man say to William that he wished his old +master was back,—he was at peace then. Poor fellows!</p> + +<p>By the time I reached our quarters it was bright +moonlight, and in that light I drove through the street, +read the names on C.'s papers and the contents to the +men named as they came out at Primus' knock. A +little group gathered about to hear what I had to say +as I explained to the men,—a sober, disturbed set, saying +nothing, but receiving the explanation with a sad +silence that went to my heart.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, March 31.</i> You see I write from my first +home. In truth it seems like a home. Mrs. Philbrick<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> +and Miss W., Mr. Philbrick, and Mr. Hall are here, +besides Mr. Folsom—of '62, Harvard—who is to be +my future house-mate. A week ago, after settling up +all business at Captain Oliver's, I resigned my place +of Government Superintendent, and last Friday came +down here. To-morrow we shall take up our quarters +at the "Pine Grove." I am going to take charge of the +two William Fripp places. The people are old friends. +I used to teach school for them. I think I shall like the +work here much better; the people are far better and +the locality less exposed to outside influences. It is +a much better opportunity for trying the experiment of +free black labor. I manage the places, Mr. Philbrick +supplies money to carry them on, and at the end of the +year, after deducting all expenses, we share the profits, +if any.</p> + +<p>The draft is either taking or frightening off most of +the men, but it should be made, I think.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>April 3.</i> Cæsar came home on a furlough, and it +was fun to see him in the street afterwards, surrounded +by a great gang, talking away as eagerly as possible. I +should like to have heard him, if I could have understood +him; he had had a "firs' rate time" and he and +January have been trying to get some of the men to go +back with them, but they can't succeed any better than +C. or Mr. Philbrick.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next few letters are entirely occupied with incidents +of the draft.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> +<h3>E. S. P. TO C. P. W. (IN BOSTON)</h3> + +<p><i>April 7.</i> Nothing has been done yet about enforcing +the draft on our island, but Captain Bryant<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> told +me yesterday he should probably strike the last of this +week, taking every point at once as near as may be. +Colonel Montgomery's regiment<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> are given him for +the purpose, with orders not to <i>shoot</i> except in self defense!</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>April 14.</i> The soldiers had been there [at Fripp Point] +in the night, but had only caught old Simon and Mike, +a boy of about fifteen, though one of them had shot at +Dan's Peter, about seventeen, and wounded him in +the head slightly. They went in squads all over this +end of the island except Pine Grove and here. They +got sixty men in all, most of them old, a waste of Uncle +Sam's money. Of course our people here are warned +and all off again. The white officer said they took what +men they could get without reference to the superintendents' +lists.</p> + +<p><i>April 15.</i> Hamlet's wife, Betsey, came to buy salt, +said her husband was carried off the other night and +she left with ten children and a "heart most broke, +shan't live long, no way, oh my Jesus!" My new cook's +husband was shot (and killed) as he ran away when +the Secesh tried to make him go with them—how are +they to understand the difference? Captain Dutch<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +says he thinks that six or eight have gone onto the +Main from this island; they openly say, some of them, +that they wish the old times were back again.</p> + +<p><i>April 23.</i> The men at Fripp Point are said to have fired +on the soldiers from their houses. They are very bitter +that negroes should be sent against them. They would +not mind white men, they say. R. has persuaded all his +men to go up to Beaufort,<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> and only a few were retained. +The rest have come back as happy as kings—no +more bush for them! I wish all would do the +same.</p> + +<p><i>April 29.</i> Mr. Philbrick went off to the wharf before +breakfast, and as he was coming back met Phillis on her +way to tell the men who were at work on it that the soldiers +had come. As we sat down to lunch we could see +the gleaming of the bayonets as they came through the +first gate, and Primus sent up to say that he was taken +and wanted Mr. Philbrick to come down. Mr. G. appeared +from Pine Grove, where they had taken only +two men, who will probably be let off. Soon William +appeared, saying they had been at the Point, too, but +had got no one. Mr. Philbrick rowed down to the +[Fripp Point] quarters and presently returned with +Captain Hoyt and Captain Thompson, who were very +tired, to lunch. They all received him very crustily and +coldly at first, but they were prejudiced against him +and vexed at their want of success, and I think it did +something towards removing ill feelings to see him. +When they reached the nigger-house here, where the +men [the soldiers], about fifty, had been waiting, they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +found they had tracked two men down through the +marsh from Fripp Point and caught them just here, +after shooting one. The people were in a wild state of +confusion. The soldiers had been telling our people +all sorts of stories—that they had orders to shoot +because Mr. Philbrick had said in Beaufort that he +had a battery here to defend his people, etc. They +came flocking round him, all women of course, and +all talking at once to try and get at the truth of things, +and Mr. Philbrick had to quiet them before he could +make out a word. Then Amaritta naturally stood forward +as spokeswoman to get "satisfaction," and they +were easily made to understand that the soldiers had +been telling lies, and their confidence in Mr. Philbrick +quieted them.</p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Beaufort, May 1.</i> We are led to admire more than +ever the cool discrimination of the General commanding +the Department. The other day some officer conceived +the idea that the superintendents of St. Helena +in general, and W. C. G. in particular, were opposing +the draft, <i>employing</i> able-bodied men, etc.; also that +shots had been fired at the black soldiers on his plantation. +It was so represented to General Hunter, and +he ordered on the spot that he should be arrested and +sent out of the Department. Fortunately Captain Bryant, +who was to have executed the order, was a man of +sense and consulted Captain Hooper, who told him +that General Saxton didn't want to spare Mr. G., and +that as he had no written orders he had better hold on. +The editor of the <i>Free South</i> has been amusing him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>self +by throwing out owlish insinuations to the effect +that speculators and others on St. Helena had better +take heed of General Hunter's orders, for the prospective +profits of a speedy fortune would hardly warrant +the risk, etc., etc.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next paragraph gives another version of the +search for black recruits.</p></div> + +<p>Captain Thompson came to Coffin's on Wednesday +with about fifty men. They caught no one but Primus, +who felt safe and didn't hide. If he had behaved himself +he wouldn't have been taken, but got into a passion +and talked so wild that he was taken out of punishment +for his impudence, and then held on the ground +that his influence must be against the draft, and as he +was foreman, his power must be considerable! Captain +Thompson pretended to have orders to shoot men running, +and scoured the Fripp Point place through Lieutenant +O. E. Bryant and some black soldiers. They +met no young men except Sancho and Josh, whom +they chased down into the marsh opposite Coffin +nigger-house, and then shot Josh. He was taken with a +bullet in his leg and a buckshot in his head, carried +to the village, and placed under Dr. Bundy's care. +Of course, Sancho was taken, too, and brought up to +camp. He had an Enfield rifle with him, and admits +that he fired it to "scare away the soldiers," after +Josh was hit, but not before. The black soldiers all say +he fired first, and no white man was present to see. +I came up to lay the matter before the General, but +he is not well. Captain Hooper has taken it in hand and +promises to investigate it. The Major of the Second<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> +Regiment<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> was down here, but I couldn't see him. +He may have given such orders to Thompson as he pretends. +They seem to have got enraged because they +couldn't find any men on those three plantations after +having been quartered at the village for two weeks, +and imputed their want of success to G. and myself. +I shouldn't be surprised if I am ordered out of the +Department at any moment.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Then comes the sequel.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>May 17.</i> Primus has come home. He deserted a week +ago and has been all that time getting here. He says +that he has not drilled but once since he was taken to +camp, that he has been sick all the time, but that he has +not been in the hospital. Of course, not being volunteers, +there is a great deal of shamming, and they have +to be very strict; in short, they pursue the old masters' +system of believing they lie until it is proved they have +spoken the truth,—a most elevating process! and he +had a large blister put on the back of his neck and was +kept in his tent. Finally Captain Hoyt took him to +Colonel Montgomery and told him that he thought +the man was really sick and not fit to be kept, but the +Colonel was very short with him and said drill was the +best cure for him. Then Primus ran away, and is now +in his bed here. Mr. Philbrick has seen him and says +it is impossible to tell whether he is sick or not, but he +understands fully the consequences of desertion, and +that Mr. Philbrick and C. cannot employ him again. +Mr. Philbrick told him that he should not inform<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> +against him, but that if the officers asked him if he had +come home he should have to tell them that he had. +"I know dat, massa, but I won't stay dere." He understands +that we are helpless. He says, and we have +learned in other ways, that all who were drafted have +been deserting. One day they brought in fourteen, and +the next day twelve of them had gone, and the next +the other two. They can't pretend to get them back +again, and of course the demoralization must be great. +It will be very bad for Primus now, if they do not take +him, to live on here an outlaw, working his wife's cotton +but not able to resume his plow or his old position in +any way—yet if he is taken again he will never make +a good soldier. The whole thing is wrong from the +foundation, and should be given up, and all those who +did not volunteer sent to their homes—if any are then +left in the regiments. Yet I don't see how that could +be done unless Hunter went off, and some other Major +General repealed his orders.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To return to matters of plantation management.</p> + +<p>C. P. W. had recently been sent home by Mr. Philbrick +to buy and send a schooner-load of provisions, +merchandise, etc., for the "store." He found himself +"an object of regard and curiosity," "engaged out +to dinner and tea to 'talk Port Royal' many days +ahead." Apropos of the things he bought for Coffin's +Point, he wrote:</p></div> + + +<h3>C. P. W. TO E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston</i>, [<i>April 27.</i>] I received permission from the +Secretary of the Treasury to ship the powder, shot, +saddle, bridle, tar, pitch, and rope, but I had to consign +these, with the hats, to General Saxton, from whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> +you will have to obtain an order for them. The tobacco, +shoes, rice, and buggy are not contraband. They were +going to stop the hats, on the ground that they were +"adapted for military uniforms," and I had to get a +"character" from one of my friends, a clerk in the +Custom House, and then assure the crusty old Collector +that the hats were not to be used for any illegal purpose, +before he would let them pass.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Pine Grove, May 17.</i> The schooner has but just come +round to Coffin's, and the rain has prevented our +plundering her with energy. But Friday I got up my +molasses and gave some out yesterday. You ought to +have seen the little ones dance as the mothers came +home with their piggins full. We are going to give +some molasses and bacon monthly for the present,—in +lieu of an increase of wages. Most of the proprietors +are offering rather better terms than the Government,—some +in money, others in a larger share of the crop. +We keep the Government scale of prices, but give them +the "poke" and "sweet'ning," and I think have touched +their sensibilities much more certainly thereby.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This same day Mr. and Mrs. Philbrick left Port +Royal and went home. The next extracts are from two +of H. W.'s letters, full of details about the home life +and the wonderful ways of the "people."</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>June 10.</i> As we drove up under the shade of a buttonwood-tree +[at Fripp Point] we found a group of children +under it, three or four boys and girls washing at wash-tubs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +others sitting round taking care of younger children. +They were just like children all over the world,<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> +playing and teasing each other, but very good-naturedly, +and as happy as you please. This weather the children +wear nothing but a shift or shirt, and the other day +Lewis and Cicero appeared in the yard entirely naked. +Aunt Sally, from Eddings Point, amused us with her +queer, wild talk a long time. The story is that she was +made crazy by her master's whipping her daughter to +death, and very sad it was to hear her talk, though it +was funny. She knows any number of hymns and parts +of the Bible, and jumbles scraps and lines from the +one with Genesis and Revelation in the most extraordinary +manner, talking about Mr. Adam and Madam +Eve, who brought her and her race all their woe, whom +she knows but will never forgive. She stands and reads +everything out of her "heart-book," which she says +tells her everything, looking all the time at her left hand, +which she holds out like a book. Her epithets against +her old master and the rebels were voluble and denunciatory +in the extreme, and she left us with many +warnings to remember "Det and de Jugment." I had +sent for the "Widow Bedotte," to whom I presented +some tobacco and who was very funny indeed. She is +in her right mind and delights in making herself agreeable. +I wish I could describe to you this extraordinary +specimen of humanity—a short little old body with +an intelligent face—all her wool carefully concealed +by an enormous turban, from beneath each side of +which hung four black strings, looking like an imitation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> +frisette of false curls, her odd figure enveloped in shawl +and cape, rubbing her hands nervously and sinking +into the floor, as it seemed, as she curtseyed to us +lower than I ever saw anybody go and get up again +straight. And then her conversation and manner were +as comical as her appearance.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Another characteristic of the "Widow Bedotte" +H. W. describes elsewhere.</p></div> + +<p>She prides herself upon her good manners, which +she says she gets because she belongs to the church, +which every now and then she joins again. She has +just done so here, so is full of extra flourishes.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On June 12 Hunter was replaced by Brigadier-General +Quincy A. Gillmore.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> Here follow comments +on Hunter's last acts before leaving, as well as on the +impression made by his successor.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>May 28.</i> Mr. Williams brought word that Hunter has +issued an order to all civilians to enter the army or leave +the Department! Twenty days' notice. You need not +be afraid of C.'s enlisting here; he wouldn't do it +"first." I don't think many of the superintendents +would now like to serve under Hunter. He imprisoned +two of them upon the evidence of their people without +inquiring into the matter, and ignored Saxton in the +most insulting manner. Mr. Hammond was released +by a court-martial with honor.</p> + +<p><i>May 30.</i> In the evening came a note from R. saying<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +that there was no danger from the draft for the superintendents, +but they would probably have to get exemption-papers.</p> + +<p><i>June 20.</i> C. came home after church Sunday with +the information that General Gillmore had given out +that he should carry out Hunter's orders, but that he +took the liberty of believing a white man as well as a +negro!</p> + +<p><i>June 24.</i> We hear but little about the new General. +He is General Saxton's junior in rank, but a fine engineer, +so it is supposed he was sent to conduct the siege +of Charleston.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The siege of Charleston,—another attempt, +"prompted more by sentiment than military sagacity," +to capture "the city in which the secession had +begun,"<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>—is the subject of the next dozen extracts. +The expedition failed to justify the high hopes that +accompanied it, yet one event in it has attained undying +fame.</p> + +<p>When, in the first week of July, all the troops left +Hilton Head, Land's End, and Port Royal Island, the +regiment followed with the keenest interest by the +writers of these letters was the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts +(colored), Colonel Robert G. Shaw.</p></div> + +<p><i>July 10.</i> It was strange to be waked this morning by +the incessant, thundering roar of heavy guns. It was +just at sunrise, and as I gradually woke to the full +realization of what it must be—though as it mingled +in my dreams, I was conscious that our masked batteries +had opened at last—it was very exciting to feel my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> +bed shake under me from such a cause. I could hear +the people talking excitedly in the yard. About seven +o'clock the heavy firing ceased, and we hoped that +Morris Island was ours. C. went to the beach and +reported a very heavy cloud of smoke resting in the +direction of "Town."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The following extract is a good specimen of the +groundless rumors, all with copious circumstantial +evidence, that infested the islands.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>July 11.</i> About ten o'clock came Juno's daughter +Fanny from "Pope's" to spend Sunday, bringing us +the apparently reliable intelligence that "Town taken." +It seemed too much to believe, but her story was this: +her aunt, Juno's sister, and one of Dr. Whitredge's +servants, is washing at Hilton Head and was there +yesterday, when a vessel came from Charleston with +the news and many people (prisoners, we infer), and the +first who came ashore were Mass' Alonso and Mass' +John, Whitredge, who said to her, "How d' ye!" She +says that five boat-loads put off to the Yankees and gave +themselves up. "Mass' John know too much to fight +'gainst de Yankee—him get college at de Nort'—him +say him got no nigger—him no gwine fight." It is +preposterous to write you all this. You will know +everything with certainty before this reaches you.</p> + +<p><i>July 12.</i> The good news was most welcome from +Vicksburg and Pennsylvania, and our attack on Morris +Island was successful, if Town was not taken; but +Colonel Higginson's attempt to reach the railroad was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +a failure,<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> and he was wounded, thought not, it is said, +badly.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The successful attack on Morris Island on July 10 +had resulted in the occupation of all the ground south +of Fort Wagner. On July 18 was made the famous +assault on the fort itself,—an assault hopeless from +the start,—in which the attacking column was led +by the Massachusetts negro regiment, its colonel at its +head.</p></div> + +<p><i>July 20.</i> C. came back with the terrible accounts +of the Charleston fight and the almost total destruction +of the Fifty-Fourth. Beaufort<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> is in amaze at the spirit +of "that little fellow, Colonel Shaw." Certainly it is +one of the most splendid things ever known in the annals +of warfare. I long to be doing, and not living so +at our ease here. C. offered everything, and Mr. Eustis +has been with Hallowell and James<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> all day. The +greatest want is of physicians—there is no proper +medical staff for the Department, and surgeons are +scarce. Drs. Bundy and Wakefield were sent for yesterday. +The officers are in the Fripp house, where the +Forbeses were.</p> + +<p>There has been very heavy firing again to-day. You +see we hear it all, though sometimes very faintly.</p> + +<p><i>July 24.</i> William took farewell of his schools and +came home, having received six dozen eggs as tokens +of regret—an ovation at his departure.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> He left them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +to go up to the sick and wounded to-morrow with contributions +from the people. All vegetables, etc., are +seized by the Provost and paid for, for the use of the +sick, and there is some one on this side the ferry to +receive the gifts. We send all we can, but it is unsatisfactory +not to be on the spot.</p> + +<p><i>July 25.</i> William is just off for Beaufort. He will +stay to watch to-night, if needed. But "no ladies" is +the cry.</p> + +<p>[Later.] William went to the hospital for the officers, +of which Dr. Bundy has charge, where he was set to +watch and administer to a very badly wounded captain +of the Forty-Eighth New York, Paxton by name. He +cannot live, and knows it, but bears his terrible wounds +with the utmost fortitude. William was with him Saturday +and Sunday, parts of the day, and G. and Wells +divided the night between them. Everything seems to +be well conducted, and the hospitals in good order. I +suppose the <i>Fulton</i>, which is expected daily, will bring +supplies and surgeons. Captain Hooper is invaluable—busy +as possible, as he always is—I don't know +what the Department would be without him. Yet he +found time to write me a long note to tell me about +the wounded, and that there was no doubt of Colonel +Shaw's death.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Beaufort, July 26.</i> Last night several of us passed in +Beaufort at the hospitals. The wounded have been +brought down and all the hospitals in Beaufort are full. +Wednesday we heard at the superintendents' meeting +that there was a great scarcity of fresh fruits and vegetables;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +so at the Thursday night praise I told the +people about it, and yesterday came up with nearly +two cartloads of provisions, most of it contributed by +the people. Another gentleman had done the same and +between us we supplied five hospitals. It is my first +experience in such work. It's surprising to see how +cheerful and jolly all the wounded are—all who have +any strength. A wound means home and a vacation to +many of them, and with few exceptions these men with +holes in them lie on their beds like boys waiting for the +word which gives them recess. To-night I shall try +to go to one of the colored hospitals.</p> + +<p>A boat is just in from Charleston. A cartel of exchange +had been agreed upon, by which all the wounded +on our side were to be exchanged for all the wounded +upon the other, so that reference to negro soldiers is +avoided. The negro soldiers appear to have received +the same care as the white; on the other hand, some +of the rebel officers told with much gusto how Colonel +Shaw's body had been thrown into a common pit and +those of two of his men tossed on top of him.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>July 31.</i> In at our open door walked Captain Hooper, +and with him Captain Rand of the First Cavalry, now +on General Saxton's staff. Captain Rand told us +that our wounded who came down from Charleston +had been miserably cared for—the rebels acknowledged +that they could not take care of them. The +surgeon said but one man had been properly operated +upon, and his wound had been dressed by one of the +navy surgeons, a prisoner. No men or officers of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> +Fifty-Fourth among them: they said the officers we +should hear of by way of Richmond; the men, I suspect, +are not. No one knows who are among the dead +or living—only that Colonel Shaw is dead, and probably +Cabot Russel. It is said to have been a very imposing +sight, when, in the midst of heavy firing from +every fort, battery, and gunboat on each side, the +<i>Cosmopolitan</i>, with the rebel wounded on board, her +hospital flag and flag of truce flying, steamed up toward +the city. Instantly every gun ceased, and white +flags appeared from each fort and ship till she had +passed, met the rebel steamer (a very fine one, which +had run the blockade in the morning!), exchanged her +wounded cargo, and returned.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To give complete the story of the siege of Charleston +as seen from St. Helena Island, some letters have +been included in advance of their chronological place +in the series. Therefore the next letter goes back to an +earlier date.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>July 3.</i> We were all standing at the back door when +a small crowd became visible at the first gate. We +watched to discover what it meant, as it was an unmistakable +"gang" drawing nearer. 'Siah's boy had +come over from the Point to tell C. that some white +soldiers were there from the village stealing corn, etc., +after the manner of the soldiers in this region, but so +far our plantations have been very free from such depredations +C. had just told Tony that he did not feel +well enough to go over, and that the men would be +gone before he could get there—and turning to Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +Soule he said that those Point men were just the men +to catch white soldiers, if they could do it, and he should +not be surprised if they did. The words were hardly +out of his mouth before the "gang" appeared, so you +may imagine we watched it with great curiosity as it +drew near. On they came, a compact body of people, +among whom we tried to discover some white faces. +Presently the gleaming of muskets was distinctly visible, +and as one of the men stepped forward and threw +the gate wide open for the company to pass through, +three white soldiers appeared in the front ranks. They +were all perfectly quiet, not a word was said; and as +C. ran down the steps to receive them and they came +to a halt, the men brought the muskets to the ground +and the women emptied their aprons of corn-shucks at +his feet, waiting quietly for him to do what he thought +right. I did not hear one loud or angry tone while I +stood listening as C. heard their story and then questioned +the soldiers. They were perfectly quiet, too,—young +fellows from the One Hundred and Fourth +Pennsylvania Volunteers, a new regiment,—and they +evidently thought that C. was a person of authority or +the blacks would not have marched them three miles +to him. He took from them their dirks and pistols, +and the musket which one of them had, and they +made no resistance—nor did they say a word when +he called to me for "three pair of hand-cuffs" (all +he brought down), and asked the three men from the +Point who had guns, if they would stay and guard +them all night. It was rather a troublesome elephant +and he did not quite know what to do with it now +it was in his possession. It was a good chance to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> +do something if he would be sustained, but General +Saxton has not conferred any magisterial powers<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> +on the superintendents yet, and if he undertook too +much and was not sustained, it would be worse than +nothing. At any rate, he would have to take them to +the village in the morning, so he decided to do so that +night, and went off with his prisoners and their guard, +driving his light sulky, and carrying the light arms, one +of the men taking the musket again. He did not use +the hand-cuffs.</p> + +<p>It was strange to see how very quiet and apparently +unexcited the people were. After the first few minutes +they came up to me to buy, and then all went off when +C. did, as quickly as possible.</p> + +<p><i>July 5.</i> When two buckra were reported as approaching +while we were at breakfast it turned out to be two +men from the village picket with a note from the Lieutenant +to C. I did not find out the sequel to the story +the other night, but it seems that C. and William crossed +the creek with the soldiers, only taking two men to +row. The blacks certainly behaved extremely well, +and Moll told the men they might have the corn, which +of course they refused to take. And as they went into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> +the boat a boy put in the watermelon they had taken, +saying, "B'longs to you, sah," but the man sent it ashore. +The coals were rather hot, I guess, and the men were +heartily ashamed of themselves and thoroughly penitent. +C. went with them to the mess-room and saw the +sergeant, who expressed great regret and said it was +the first time any of their men had been guilty of such +acts. The Lieutenant was away, and as C. drew paper +towards him to report the case in writing, they looked +very blank and begged him not to report. After some +consideration he concluded not to report them, as he +could not see the Lieutenant and they had behaved +so well about it, and told them he would not unless +some further acts of the kind were perpetrated by their +men. They were very grateful, but C. did not feel sure +that the Lieutenant would not hear of it. And so he +did, in some way; investigated the affair and sent the +men to Beaufort to be punished by the Commander +of the post, who is now not General Saxton but, as it +happens, is their own Colonel,<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> who is not likely to be +lenient towards them. The Lieutenant sent a note to +this effect to C. this morning, and also wished to know +what would repay the negroes for the damage done. +(The soldiers had already promised to make it good +to them, and were to have been paid off yesterday, but +their pay was stopped in consequence of this very occurrence.) +So the whole affair has ended very satisfactorily. +I am sorry for the poor fellows, for they will probably +suffer not so much for what they actually did themselves, +but to serve as an example to all other offenders.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>July 7.</i> Mr. Wells was to come at nine o'clock to the +wharf to take Mr. Soule<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> to Morgan Island, one of his +plantations. Mr. Wells appeared at the door to say +that he had a large sail-boat—it was only a half-hour's +sail to the island, and would not I go too. So I put up +a little lunch and C. had his horse saddled and down +to the wharf we went, and were soon at our destination. +The only white-house on the island now occupied +is on quite a bluff looking directly out to sea, +pleasantly shaded, with a fresh breeze all the time up +the Sound, and is a very healthy situation. But the +house is of the roughest description, without paint inside +or out, very much like a New Hampshire farmhouse +in the back-woods a quarter of a century ago, +but not so large, clean, or thrifty-looking, by any means. +Here we stopped to see an old man who was brought +from Africa when he was over twenty, and remembers +his life in his own country, from which he was sold +by his brother to pay a debt. Mr. Soule said he was +bright and talkative when he last saw him, but now +he is very much broken; and after sitting a few minutes +we went on to the driver's house, a great contrast in +neatness, and the gentleman left me in a rocking-chair +under the shade of the large Asia-berry tree in front +of the house, while they went off with Bacchus, the +foreman, to see the cotton-fields. Here I stayed for a +couple of hours, I should think, talking with Elsie, +Bacchus' wife, who was not in the field because she +had a headache, and very neat and nice she looked in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> +her calico gown. She has no children, but made up +for the want as far as she could by the number of chickens +and ducks she had round. By and bye she got up, +and picking up a piece of brick, pounded it up with +an axe, and began to clean a large knife, which I knew +meant watermelon. And when the gentlemen came +back, Bacchus brought out a small table and put a +melon on it which was almost large enough for a tablecloth; +then he produced plates, and Mr. Wells carved +the huge monster, which we nearly devoured. The air +and grace with which one of the men, who came up +to clear off the table for Mr. Wells to pay the people, +touched his hat with a bow and a scrape would not have +misbecome a Commencement Dinner or Wedding Party.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The keen interest which these Northern interlopers +took in everything that concerned the people into whose +shoes they had stepped, and their constant sense of +the strangeness and romance of their situation appear +in the extracts that follow. Again the chronology of +the letters has been somewhat disregarded.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>July 14.</i> G. came over here and spent the day. He +told us that a man who belonged on his place came +back with the troops on one of their late expeditions, +and told him that his master, T. J. Fripp, was killed +at Darien. He said he (Fripp) had been past here in +a boat and came back with his hands all blistered from +rowing; they had been hailed by the <i>Kingfisher</i>, but +told some story of having come from here, and escaped. +He said his master swore the Yankees were everywhere, +and that there was a light in every window of Tom +Coffin's house.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, Sept. 30.</i> I heard the other day that Captain +Boutelle of the Coast Survey, who used to enjoy +the hospitality of the planters of St. Helena, Edisto, +etc., was dining at Cambridge, Mass., with a classmate +of T. A. C.'s. The host inquired what had become of +the Captain's former friends, the South Carolina planters. +"Oh, they are all scattered and their property +ruined." "Well, what has become of my classmate, +Thomas A. Coffin?" "Oh, he is gone with the rest, +and his fine plantation is in the hands of that confounded +Abolitionist, Philbrick."</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>July 10.</i> William has been overhauling the old letters +and papers in the garret and has come across +many very interesting bits of information among them. +They are mostly very old. Old plantation books of +Mr. Eben Coffin, the first proprietor of the name of +this estate, dated 1800, containing lists of the slaves +of former generations, in which some of the oldest +here now, like Uncle Sam, are mentioned as two years +old; estimates for this house and the building in the +yard, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Aug. 5.</i> C. has found a spike of papers in the +old overseer house, on which he and Mr. Soule are +now expending their eyesight. Letters from Mr. Coffin +to Cockloft, etc. They have found out how much +he was paid for the year—also some references to +an exciting time on Frogmore where the overseer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> +seems to have mismanaged—somebody was shot and +there was a trial! We shall ask the negroes about +it all.</p> + +<p><i>Aug. 6.</i> I entertained myself to-day reading over +these same letters. It made me feel very queerly—they +were mostly written during the summer of 1860, +from Charleston and Newport. It seemed so short a +time ago, and every thing and person spoken of about +the plantation was so familiar. It seems that the overseer +of Frogmore, Benjarola Chaplin, was a bad man, +and, suspecting a boy and girl there of poisoning him, +had them tried and sentenced to be hung without letting +Mr. Coffin know anything about it. We find that +the sentence was not executed,—for Peter and Katy +are still living,—but don't know why they were pardoned, +though apparently there was no proof of their +guilt.</p> + +<p><i>Sept. 22.</i> This morning I had a call from Henry, +Mr. Coffin's old cook, a very intelligent mulatto who +wanted me to read some letters to him and then talked +a little while about Mrs. Coffin, to whom he seems very +much attached, and says he would serve her to the end +of his days. He and his wife would like to go North +to her, and he was very glad to hear from Captain Boutelle +that she was safe there; he says she suffered so +the last part of the time she was here, he could not bear +to look at her. "The first Mrs. Coffin was a very nice +lady, but she <i>succeed</i> her." He talks very well. He +was much pleased that I offered to write to her for him +sometime, and said he had not liked to ask any one to +do so for fear they should not think it right to have +anything to do with the old people—"but she's a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> +Nort' lady, you know, Ma'am, a beautiful lady, I would +serve her all my life."</p> + +<p><i>Sept. 27.</i> Have I told you of an interesting talk we +had from one Pompey, who said that it was the poor +whites in Beaufort who made the negroes "sensible" +about the war? That if it had not been for them he +should have believed his master and gone away with +him, but that they let him into the secret.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> He says that +[the poor whites] wished to stay, but were driven off +by the rich men, whom they hate, and are now in the +ranks fighting the rich men's battles. He has heard +several times from the Main, through his old fellow +servants who have run off, and mentioned two or three +of the old proprietors here who are now in jail for trying +to escape, among them Dr. Clarence Fripp, of whom +they all speak with great affection. He never wanted +to go, but was carried off by his brothers, one of whom, +Eddings, has since died.</p> + +<p><i>Oct. 15.</i> As soon after breakfast as Robert had finished +his regular work we mounted two pair of stairs +"to clear up the attic." Do you think you know what +that means? You have not the least idea. So far as +we can make out, this house was built in 1809, and I +think Robert dragged out from under the eaves the +original shavings. It was melancholy to see the spoiled +and demolished furniture which would be of so much +use to us now, bureaus without drawers, sofas with +only the frames, and those all broken, pieces of washstands +and bedsteads, etc.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It seems that such wonders were afterwards performed +in renovating this broken furniture that the +parlor became almost a parody of its ancient splendor.</p> + +<p>The letters now return to chronological order.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>July 18.</i> The cotton-fields are quite full of yellow +and pink blossoms. We rode through many cotton-fields, +and a pretty sight they were, some good, some +poor,—those belonging to the Government as a general +thing showing marked inferiority to those of the +"Concern."</p> + +<p>C. has been in the field all day, and has come home +with a strong feeling of how much the people in general +have gained and improved in the last year. There +are poor ones among them, of course,—some he says +he should like to send off the place, another year; but +the majority of the people are very much ashamed of +them, and for some time have been very anxious he +should go over the fields to see who "work for deir +money and who shirk." To-night he has been distributing +the pork and molasses and has refused the +bonus to those who have not done their work properly, +preferring to make the distinction here rather +than in the pay, and most of the delinquents have +appreciated the justice of the proceeding, only one +or two making any fuss at all, and the others were +very much ashamed of them. C. says he thinks that +school has improved the children, too, their manners +are improved, as have the grown people's,—less +cringing and subservient, but more respectful and +manly. Tim does not pull his forelock at every word<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> +he speaks, as he did last year, looking like a whipped +dog, but looks you full in the face and speaks out as +if he were not ashamed of himself, and is perfectly respectful +withal.</p> + +<p>The names of the people have often puzzled me as +to what they were originally intended for, and in taking +down the names of the children "Rode" puzzled +me completely, until old Maria, in talking of her "crop" +the other day, told me that one child was born in the +<i>road</i> on the way from the field the day "gun fire at +Bay Point, and I give him name o' Road"!</p> + +<p>I don't think any of the heirs will find that these +people are deteriorated when they redeem this property. +I only hope young Mass' Julian, who is in Europe, +will be glad to find them so far in training for free +laborers and be grateful that they are not ruined, as +some of the people are!</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Aug. 3.</i> The people say, all in good earnest, that the +best of the [cotton] crop (including nine tenths of it) +equals and excels the "Secesh own." There are a few +lazy, who have allowed their crop to grow grassy, and +some young ones, who need careful instruction or severe +admonition from the elder ones. But the large majority +are careful, faithful, honest, enthusiastic, and are doing +much better for themselves than they would have for +their "obershere." The people anxiously inquire for +cotton sheets to pick in. They are hiring hands now +to pick for them; some of them will be tight pushed +to save all their crop.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Pine Grove, Aug. 22.</i> We are all very busy, all day +and every day. And it is well that it is so, for in this +climate the only way to keep one's faculties from rust +is to keep them constantly in use. It is encouraging, +however, to find the good results of our labor so apparent. +I think our people are improving very fast, +and they are very contented and happy. (Next week +don't be surprised, however, to find the thermometer +lower.)</p> + +<p>A great step has lately been taken. On the whole +the people have been growing more lawless this year; +to remedy the evil, civil law has just been introduced. +The first Commission<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> was appointed a few days ago, +and as I am one of its members, it gives occupation +for another day or two days of a week. I hope it will +be able to do much good; at all events it will be abundantly +supplied with cases. This life is very narrowing,—we +talk nothing but negro, we think nothing but +negro; and yet it develops a man at almost every point. +From house-carpenter to Chief Justice is a long way. +And in one who uses the opportunity aright it develops +patience and faith marvelously, but through many +failures.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Aug. 15.</i> Just as we got up from the dinner-table, +a woman came running up for C. because the people +were fighting. Poor thing! she was dreadfully frightened +and had run the whole way with her baby in her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> +arms and looked as if she had just stepped out of the +river. I don't know what the trouble was—it was the +tongues of the women, and they fired shells and tore +each other's clothes in a most disgraceful way, much +to the mortification of the better part of the community. +Jealousy is the foundation of a great deal of trouble +among them, and there is often too much foundation +for it.</p> + +<p><i>Aug. 31.</i> Mr. Soule had planned to go to Beaufort +and see the General, and C. wished especially to get +permission to turn all the young men from outlaws +into private citizens by employing them and paying +them regularly, for he could not help their aiding their +wives and being employed by each other, a species of +evasion which was eminently calculated to give them +high ideas of the power and value of the law in the hands +of the present authorities—C. helpless, and they doing +as they pleased! It looked like rain, however, and +they gave it up for that day.</p> + +<p><i>Sept. 1.</i> We had breakfast very early, and Mr. Soule +and C. went off, to discover as usual that our clock was +about an hour fast! I thought I would go out and dine +and see how Mr. G. was, as he had had a fever turn. +So I mounted and started alone on my expedition, after +carefully locking the house. It was cloudy and cool, +but I found my beast beastly hard, so had to content +myself with a walk. It was very pleasant, as I rode +along, to see how brightly the people looked up to +bow and speak. First old Richard in the overseer-yard, +watching the arbors, as they are called—the frames +where the cotton is spread out to dry; then men and +women coming from the field with great sheets of cotton<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> +on their heads which made them almost unrecognizable, +little Susie staggering under such a pile that I +saw she never could get it onto her head again alone as +she was, if I asked her to put it down and run back +to open the gate for me, so after more than one trial I +succeeded in opening it for myself. Then I took my +sack off and rode in my white jacket, putting the sack +round the pummel and fastening it there by the extra +stirrup which, as the only saddle we had for a long +time, was rigged onto it for Mr. Philbrick and still +remains, a relic of our early, barbarous days. But in +a canter I lost it off, and had to call a child to pick it +up for me. Then Miller came along, going out to help +his "old woman" pick cotton, and walked by my side +talking of the fine crop, and that next year there would +not be land enough for the people—"dey work better +nor Secesh time—encouragement so good!" He was +as bright and jolly as you ever saw any honest farmer +when his crops were in fine condition, and as we came +in sight of Phillis and Katy, his wife and daughter, and +Amaritta in a task just behind them, the latter called +out to him, "Hi! Hi! bru' Miller, where you go? my +back mos' broke!" as if it were the pleasantest news +in the world. He answered, "Oh, I go walk, I got +people pick my cotton," with such a hearty ha! ha! as +did me good to hear. Many of the men laugh just like +little children—Abel does. Next came Nancy, Peg, +and Doll, Demus' mother and sisters, and such a nice +family—the bright, smiling faces they raised to me +and the cheerful "Hahdy, Missus," was worth seeing +and hearing, and when Nancy sent Peg running after +me to open the gate I was "fighting" with, she looked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> +so bright, strong, and handsome as she strode along +so splendidly, her dress caught up at the waist and let +down from the shoulders, that I wished I could daguerreotype +her on the spot.</p> + +<p>I found Mr. G. in a very decided chill on the sofa in +front of the parlor fire. I stayed an hour or two, and +then, the fever coming on quite severely and affecting +his head a good deal, I rode home as fast as possible to +signal for Dr. Westcott.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> I could not get through the +cotton-field, however, without being stopped two or +three times by applications for "suthin" for this child's +boils or that one's sore eyes, all of which I referred to +the house, where I afterwards administered to the best +of my knowledge—one of my constant occupations.</p> + +<p>Mr. Soule and C. came back, with no news from +Charleston, having found the General and his staff just +starting on a visit to the scene of action, but C. had +obtained permission to employ the men and made +them very happy the next day by telling them so.</p> + +<p><i>Sept. 5.</i> I have been endeavoring to instill habits +of cleanliness into Rose and in many ways have succeeded—she +has regular days when she goes home to +wash, changes her "linen" twice a week, takes a warm +bath every Saturday, and keeps her head and feet in a +condition to which they were strangers previously. I +can see, too, that it has had a decided effect upon her +sisters. One of the important items has been pocket-handkerchiefs, +with which I provided her, and she has +to keep them in her pocket. For two or three days lately +she has forgotten this essential article, and I finally told +her that if it was forgotten the next day I should have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> +to send her home for it. I had forgotten all about it, +till, the next morning when she came to pour the water +into my tub for me, a most inordinate snuffling betrayed +the absent wipe. "Rose, where's your pocket-handkerchief? +have you forgotten it again?" No answer, but +a hiding of the head under her arm like a duck, which +often takes place when she is in fault. "Then, Rose, +put the coffee on, sweep the parlor, and go home for it." +This elicited, "me no gwine home," a pert rejoinder I +could not understand, till on calling her to me I saw +by her face how excessively green I had been. I reprimanded +her with a sober face as she again repeated +"me no gwine home," at the same time untwisting the +handkerchief from about her waist, but when she had +left the room I should have shaken the bed, if that had +been my style of laughter. Robert is a great wag in +his way, though we do not see so much of his fun, as, +having been used to the house in "Secesh time," he +is utterly undemonstrative before white people and is +only gradually thawing into a little more communicativeness. +But we overhear him sometimes talking with +the others. A most entertaining but not quite so pleasant +exhibition of it (and C. and I could not help laughing +at Rose and Hester's good-natured, amusing +account) was his riding after the two girls one day +when he had been out for the horses, extolling himself +and insisting that they should call him "Maussa" or he +would ride them down, with his spurs on! Hester gave +in, but Rose wouldn't—"him too mannish!"</p> + +<p>There is a great deal of tyrannizing over each other. +"Mind now, min', run quick or I knock you,"—or +"kill you dead" it is as likely to be,—is an ordinary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> +method of getting anything done, while "cursing," as +they call calling names, etc., is one of the hardest things +I have to contend with in school, they are so quick to +interpret any look or act into an offense and resent it +on the spot with word or blow.</p> + +<p><i>Sept. 9.</i> I had a long talk with some of my big +girls who had been very noisy and fighting—they do +"knock" each other most unmercifully, and I can't +instill any better notions into them. "Anybody hurt +you, you <i>'bleeged</i> to knock 'em," is the universal response, +and they have no idea of letting any difficulty +be peaceably settled.</p> + +<p>The definite reply which these people require to the +ordinary salutation of Hahdy? or Huddy? into which +it has degenerated here, is very amusing, and a corresponding +inquiry is expected in return, to which +they give the most minute answers. "Good morning, +Hacklis (Hercules), how are you to-day?" "Stirring, +tank you, Ma'am, how youself?" and if I had a headache +I should no more think of saying "pretty well" +than if I were being cross-questioned at the bar—the +inquiry is so sincere and expects such a particular +reply. "Dunno, Missus—tank de Lord for life," is +a common rejoinder, as well as "Not so well, tank you, +ma'am."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This is as good a place as any for some more examples +of negro speech and negro ways. The sayings +of Rose, in particular, were a constant source of interest +and amusement. H. W. writes that she "tells me +everything, in her simplicity, even to the fact that her +father has silver money which he keeps buried, and +that her mother sends her to the pen for milk before it +comes up here!"</p></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> +<p>[<i>May 16.</i>] Rose commented, "You lub Miss Helen," +and then in a few minutes, "Miss Helen lub you. +All two (both). I love Miss Helen, too. Miss Helen +one <i>nice</i> buckra. You more rough 'long er Miss +Helen. Miss Helen <i>so</i> softle—when him touch me I +no feel 'um—me feel you—you so strong." All this +with inimitable gesture and expression and a "leetle" +and "middling-sized-bear" voice that was inexpressibly +droll.</p> + +<p>[<i>May 17.</i>] As I sat down to write this morning, Rose +came in to dust. "Miss Hy't, you gwine write Norf?" +Yes, Rose. I told her that little Robert sent me the +pictures and a letter from little Mary. It pleased her +very much, and she said she wanted to see them. "Me +lub Robert and Mary." Thinking I should like to get +at some of her notions, I asked her, What do you mean +by love, Rose? "Me dunno—brothers and sisters." +Don't you love any one else, Rose? "Me dunno." +Why, you said yesterday that you loved Miss Helen, +and just now that you loved Robert and Mary. "Me +lub dem." By this time the top of her head was in contact +with the floor, when she suddenly raised herself +to a kneeling posture and pointing up, said a moment +after, "Me lub God," and in a few minutes, as if she +were quoting, "An dem dat foller arter Christ." What +do you mean by that, Rose? "Me dunno," and I found +she had not the least idea. Presently she enumerated +Mass' Charlie, Mass' Willyum, and Mister Philbrick +in her category, and then went on with her dusting. +By and by she said—"Miss Hyut, me no say your +name." No, Rose. "Well, me lub you an' Miss Helen +de <i>morer</i>."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mr. Thorpe has a boy, Strappan, who is even more +noted than my Rose, and who has given some remarkable +answers to questions which Mr. Thorpe puts to +him, and which he takes down verbatim. The only one +I know is his definition of Love. "Arter you lub, you +lub, you know, boss. You can't broke lub. Man can't +broke lub. Lub stan', he ain't goin' broke. Man hab +to be berry smart for broke lub. Lub is a ting stan' jus' +like tar; arter he stick, he stick. He ain't goin' move. +He can't move less dan you burn um. Hab to kill all +two arter he lub, 'fo you broke lub."</p> + +<p>[<i>Aug. 15.</i>] This morning Rose was sewing with me +in my chamber, and, as she is very apt to, got talking +about the time when they ran away from the "robbers" +and the Yankees first came. It is always interesting, +and I wish I could give you her language, +though it would be little without her emphasis and +expression. The first time she saw a Yankee—"Great +dairdy!" she said, "So Yankee stan'?" I don't think +she knew what sort of an animal to expect.</p> + +<p><i>Sept. 15.</i> When Rose came into my room this morning, +she came up to my bed to ask how I was and +express her contrition that she did not stay all night +with me! "Me couldn't sleep, me think all night +Miss Hayiut sick, me should stay long him—when I +go bed, me say, 'Hester, Miss Hayiut sick, I oughter +stay wid her;' Hester say, 'Come, go 'long me, take +you shum,' but me wouldn't go den!" She is very +trying sometimes, but full of character, as you see, +and it is hard to know just how to deal with her. I am +afraid of being too lenient to her and so spoiling her, +or too stern, for fear I <i>should</i> spoil her, and so losing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> +her affection, which ought to be the controlling influence. +With all their subserviency, which I am happy +to say is disappearing, they have little idea of obedience.</p> + +<p><i>Sept. 17.</i> This morning there was no milk, as in this +benighted region if it rains they don't "pen cow" at +night, and for the same reason Abel did not catch one in +the field this morning that we might have a drop for +breakfast!</p> + +<p>[<i>Oct. 19.</i>] The doctor wanted some wormwood, and +thinking I had heard the people speak of it, I asked +Elsie. "Me dunno, me dunno nothing; me jis' born +yestiddy!" she answered.</p> + +<p>[<i>Nov. 16.</i>] Rose came to tell me this morning that +there was no milk. Henry had dropped the bucket +(from his head) and spilled it all. "See Henry here." +Why, Henry, where did you spill the milk? I asked in +dismay; but he looked blank till she interpreted for +him—"Which side de milk churray?" (throw away). +<i>How</i>, <i>when</i>, and <i>where</i> they do not use or know the +meaning of. <i>Which side</i>, is <i>where</i>—<i>What time</i>, <i>when</i>—but +they do not understand a sentence with <i>how</i> in it.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next four extracts give a good idea of Mr. Philbrick's +letters to his superintendents and of the far-sighted, +honest thought which he put on his Port Royal +undertaking. The first was written in the summer; +the others appear in their proper place in order of time.</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, July 28.</i> If you can induce some old man +who is a good judge, I would let him pick select cotton +all through the season for seed, going over the whole +field, or such parts of it as he finds the best cotton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> +culling the best pods from the best plants. In this way +you can get seed enough to plant some acres next +year, which would yield enough for the whole plantation +another year and of a superior quality. This is the +way the most intelligent planters got up their famous +varieties of seed, and we ought to be able to use as +much brains as they did. Perhaps you can get some +refugee to do this, without giving offense to the mass, +but he must be a good judge.</p> + +<p>I hope you will not feel it your duty to enlist in the +army, for I consider your position there a very useful one +and difficult to replace. I don't mean useful merely to +the people with whom you come in contact, but politically, +upon the solution of the great social, political +problem which we have got to solve, viz., the worthiness +and capacity of the negro for immediate and unconditional +emancipation. I intend to publish the results +of this year's operations next winter and want to +be able to show that we have raised cotton at a lower +price per pound than the former proprietors did, counting +the interest upon their capital invested in negroes +as a part of their expenses, which is no more than just.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This point, as regards the raising of cotton by free +labor, Mr. Philbrick did successfully make later, as will +be seen (see page <a href="#Page_265">265</a>). Another inducement to Northern +capital to come South was offered by him at this time +in a letter which appeared in the Boston <i>Daily Advertiser</i> +on July 20. It was entitled "A New Market for +Manufactures," and tabulated the results of his operations +in the "shop" during the fifteen months of its +existence so far. Between March, 1862, and March, +1863, for instance, a population of four hundred and +twelve had spent there $3047; during the months of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> +May and June, 1863, a population of nine hundred +and thirty-three had spent $3800; the articles bought +had included a variety of dry goods, provisions, hardware, +etc., almost all of which supplied needs entirely +new to the blacks. The letter concluded: "It may +readily be seen that a considerable demand may arise +for the articles above-named and others of kindred nature, +when a population of some millions shall be in +a position to apply their earnings to the supply of their +rapidly increasing wants. Should not the manufacturing +interests of the North be awake to this?" This +letter, written for the express purpose of bringing +means of civilization to the blacks, was taken by many +Northern friends of the negro as proof that its writer's +motive was to exploit the black race for the benefit of +the white. Of course, Mr. Philbrick knew perfectly +well to what misconstruction he exposed himself when +he told the public that there was profit to be made on +the old plantations. The following letter was written +in reply to a warning from C. P. W. on this very head.</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, Sept. 24.</i> I don't agree with you about avoiding +publicity for our enterprise. I hold that the pecuniary +success we are likely to meet with is the very best +reason why the whole thing should be made public, for +it is the only sort of success which can make our enterprise +a permanent thing and take it off the hands of philanthropic +benevolence, which, though well enough for a +spurt, can never be relied on to civilize the four millions +of darkies likely to be on our hands. If we succeed financially, +it will prove that free labor is self-sustaining, and +that the blacks are capable of becoming a useful laboring +class immediately after leaving their masters' hands, +and this fact is of vast importance. If we attempt to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> +keep quiet, we shall incur with much more justice the +accusation of being mere speculators than if we make +the most of our success by bringing it before the public +as a political experiment, of great influence upon our +future social system, thus giving the public the full +benefit of the experiment. The fact is just this. Negro +labor has got to be employed, if at all, because it is <i>profitable</i>, +and it has got to come into the market like everything +else, subject to the supply and demand which may +arise from all kinds of enterprises in which it chances to +be employed. It is not likely that it can be protected on +a large scale by the amount of disinterested philanthropy +which happens to be present on the Sea Islands, but if it +can be open to private enterprise, by an occupation of +lands free from unnecessary restrictions and under a +proper sense of the security of property, it can afford to +<i>lose</i> some of the Methodism now bestowed upon it at +Beaufort. We want first to prove that it is profitable, +and then it will take care of itself.</p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Sept. 24.</i> Limus' seine was shipped in the schooner. +I have not yet ordered any for 'Siah, for I thought it +would be too late for him to use it this year, and he had +better wait and see if Limus' seine was all right. Moreover, +entre nous, I don't believe it will do him any good +to spend his time a-fishing. It has a sort of excitement, +like gold-digging, which unfits a man for steady, plodding +industry, witness Limus. Now the present demand +for fish will not be permanent. After the war the +negroes will have to fall back upon field-labor for a +living, and it will be better for them if in the meanwhile<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> +they do not acquire a distaste for steady labor +and get vagrant habits. I would talk this over with +'Siah and ask him in serious mood if he really thinks +best to spend so much money in fishing-gear, when he +could buy land with it by and bye.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Here begins again the rambling narrative of plantation +happenings.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Sept. 26.</i> C. was very busy paying for cotton, and +we found him on the piazza, sitting at a little table with +the drawer full of money and the gang of women standing +and sitting about at the foot of the steps, while he +called them up one at a time. He paid old Nancy first, +asking her how much she thought it was. "Me dunno, +Massa, you knows." As much as ten dollars? "Oh +yes! Massa, I tink you gib me more nor dat." Fifteen, +perhaps? Five for you, Doll, and Peg, each? "Yes, +Massa, I tink so." And it was pleasant to see the corners +of her mouth go as he counted out $48—which +she took in perfect quietness and with a sober face, a +curtsey and "Tank'ee, Massa." Sinnet was more +demonstrative than anybody, lifting up hands and eyes, +and ending with "Tank de Lord; I mus' go praise." +Amaritta drew for her gang $78—they have picked +over three thousand pounds. C. paid out over $1000.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>H. W. further reports that when C. told old Grace +he had weighed altogether a bale for her, "Good God!" +she cried, "me lib to raise bale o' cotton! Come along, +Tim, less get some vittle."</p> + +<p>The next letter is Mr. Tomlinson's reply to one +from W. C. G., in which he had complained of negroes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> +who refused to pay their "corn-tax,"—a rent in kind +for their private patches of corn-land,—and had suggested +their expulsion from the plantation as the best +remedy.</p></div> + + +<h3>REUBEN TOMLINSON<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Sept. 30.</i> I have just read yours on the "corn question." +I have told Government Superintendents, when +the people refuse or neglect to bring their corn to the +corn-house, not to interfere with them until it is all +broken in;<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> then to tell them how much is expected +from them, and give them a certain length of time to +bring it in. If it is not done, get a "guard" from the +"Jail," and go to their houses and take it. Of course +the superintendent is to use a sound discretion in +making his demand, making due allowance for failure of +"crop," etc. Your plan is in my opinion open to serious +objections as a matter of <i>expediency</i>. I have no doubt +that there are people on your places whom you would +be well rid of. If you can endure them patiently a little +while longer, I think it will be to your advantage to +do so. The Government is commencing at once the +erection of a large number of houses, and after they +are finished those turbulent and unruly people may +be disposed of without the scandal and excitement +which would otherwise accompany their removal. +After this season is terminated, you can refuse any +longer to employ such persons, and the Government +having then provided homes for them, there will be +no longer an excuse for boring you with them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Philbrick's advice was as follows:</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p>I am not surprised at the prospect of some meanness +about the corn-tax. The negroes would be a marvelous +race if it were not so. If any difficulty is +encountered in collecting the tax, I should take it out +of their pay at $1.50 per bushel, which is about what it +costs me to send corn there.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Oct. 13.</i> Mr. G., who had just come from the Point, +told me a very nice thing about the men there. It seems +that a few weeks ago Mr. Tomlinson made an address +to them at church about there being five church-members +in jail for shooting cattle, and after he got through, +'Siah, the foreman and elder of the Fripp Point Plantation, +rose and indorsed what he had said, adding +that the thing had never happened on his place. That +very week an ox was shot there, and Mr. G. has been +unable to find out who did it, all the men protesting +that they did not know. So to-day he called them all +up and talked to them, and then spoke of the ox and +asked them what they thought they ought to do. One +man rose and proposed to pay for it—another seconded +the motion, and they passed the resolution to do so by +a vote of sixteen against two! Mr. G. was very much +pleased, and gave notice that if the perpetrator of the +deed would come to him and confess within four days +he should be let off without paying the fine.</p> + +<p><i>Oct. 20.</i> Thomas seemed much better, but very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> +weak, and asked me if I would not give him some liquor! +I asked if he had ever been in the habit of drinking it, +and he said yes, that he bought it by the pint at camp! +He belongs to the First South Carolina Volunteers, Colonel +Higginson's Regiment. It is dreadful to think of +such means of civilization being introduced among +these poor people. It made me heartsick.</p> + +<p>While I was dressing for dinner C. came up to ask +me if I had "any prejudice against color," as he had +asked the steward of the <i>Wabash</i><a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> to dine, "a Boston +boy who speaks English as well as you do." We found +him a very bright, intelligent young fellow and very +modest and unassuming withal—gave his name only +as "Joseph" both to Mr. Soule and C. He had come +foraging for the Admiral, and as C. found him waiting +for the people to come from the field, he took him +about with him and brought up at the house. He was +on board the <i>Mohegan</i> when Port Royal was taken +and had then just come from the coast of Africa where +they had taken Gordon, the slave-pirate, on board +the barque <i>Ariel</i>, and he gave us a most interesting +account of the whole affair, as he went on board with +the Captain when he ordered the hatches to be opened +and the nine hundred blacks were discovered. C. says +he overheard Amaritta say to him, "You free man? I +t'o't so, when I see you walk wi' buckra," and old +Grace, when he asked her if she had any eggs, answered, +"No, Maus—my dear," her first impression +being that as he walked "wid buckra" she must be +respectful, and then remembering that she must not +say "Maussa" to a black man. He is black as Robert,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> +but with Saxon features. Speaking of Henry, he asked, +"Is he short and stout and about my complexion?" +Henry is almost white!</p> + +<p><i>Oct. 22.</i> Limus is full of amazement at the men of +the Fifty-Fifth<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> and could not express his surprise at +their walking up to their post-office kept by a black +man, and opening their letters to read "just like white +men!" They don't know what to make of educated +blacks,—it upsets all their ideas on the relative position +of the two races! I expected some remarks from +Rose about our sable guest—she was not here, but +the next day she began: "That stranger man eat up +here? Which side him eat?" In the dining-room with +us. "Him free man?" Yes, he was born in Boston. +"Him read and write?" Yes, as well as I can. This +made her open her eyes, and when I told her that in +Boston there were schools for the black children to go +to just like those for the white children, where they +could learn the same things, she departed with a very +quiet, "Yes, Ma'am."</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Oct. 24.</i> Nothing happens here now, so that even +this delightful country, with its charming variety of +scenery and its delicious climate, its bracing air, its +sparkling streams, its richness of autumnal tints, the +ever-varying play of light and shade upon the steep +hillsides and through the green valleys often cease to +charm. For myself, I may say that even the continual +excitement incident to the task of weighing cotton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> +selling sugar, or counting rails, not to mention the no +less important duty of seeing that my hat is not stolen +from my head, or the shingles off my roof,—even these +interesting and exciting occupations sometimes grow +wearisome, and fail to afford that continued gratification +and satisfaction to enjoy which is the object of a +life in this Department. Although the statement seems +absurd, I must nevertheless affirm, that it is more +bother to take care of a plantation of one hundred and +twenty working hands than it is to exercise that number +in the "School of the Company;" and that the +satisfaction derived from the faithfulness and honesty +of perhaps thirty is hardly sufficient to atone for the +anxiety and distrust with which one regards the remaining +ninety, who lie by habit and steal on the least +provocation, who take infinite pains to be lazy and +shirk, who tell tales of others, of which themselves are +the true subjects, and from whom all the artifices of +the lawyer cannot draw a fair statement of fact, even +when it is obviously for their own interest to tell the +whole truth. "Wherefore he is called the everlasting +Niggah."</p> + +<p>I have had my grumble, and I feel better. What I +have said "has truth in it, only distorted." I am not +actually miserable, though one might draw that inference +from these remarks. The fact is that, the novelty of this +life having worn off after fifteen months of the "useful +experience," the life, as was to be, and was expected, +loses something of its satisfaction, and one is more open +to the effect of the vexations and annoyances than when +the interest was fresh and the work new and untried. +It is not so much that one is annoyed by the work itself,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> +but the imperfections of the system under which +we are obliged to work grow more clear and are continually +presented in various forms. The only satisfactory +thing would be to reconstruct the system on +the plantation, first, by turning off all the hands not +wanted; second, by adopting a new system in regard +to the privileges and compensation of the people. The +privileges are, free houses, free land for provision crops, +free use of wood, and, with certain restrictions, of the +animals and implements. I should do away with these +privileges, making them pay house-rent and land-rent, +making them pay for their wood, if of certain qualities, +and for the use of teams and implements—for their +own work. Then I should increase their wages, with +fixed prices for the various kinds of work. I should +wish to be able to discharge any one whose work did +not suit me, and remove him from the plantation. +These reforms cannot possibly be instituted now, and +can never be, probably, on this island. In the meantime, +if the people were only honest and truthful, other +matters would be of comparatively little account, but +they are the most provoking set, in this respect, that +you can easily conceive. They are almost incorrigible.</p> + + +<h3>REUBEN TOMLINSON TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Oaks, Oct. 30.</i> I have appointed you one of a "Commission" +of three, to meet in the "Study" at R.'s +place on Wednesday, November 4, at 10 <span class="smcap">a. m.</span> The first +case that will probably come before you will be that +of the disputed ownership of a "boat," now in the +possession of one "Limus," purveyor to General Gillmore, +but which is claimed by "Barkis," who lives at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> +Hilton Head. Both the parties have been to see me, +and Barkis is not "willin'" to give up his claim.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 8.</i> I found C. had two men locked up in separate +rooms downstairs—there had been some trouble, +and one, who was half drunk, had used a knife. One +man he let go, the other is still shut up, and sent to see +me this evening. It is dreadful to have such things +happening, but it will do good for the people to find +that there is some law over them.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Early in November Mr. Philbrick went down to +Port Royal again to gin and export his cotton crop.</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO MRS. PHILBRICK.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, Nov. 10.</i> Arrived here about 6. I +found people in the field picking cotton at R.'s places, +and found on nearly all my fields the cotton still green +and blossoming, while on most of the Government +plantations the grass had stopped its growth long ago +and the crop was about over. I find old Frank (the +wily) in confinement in the harness-room for some row +among the people last Sunday, awaiting trial. Oh, the +horses, how they do look! A few months among our +Northern fixings make everything look so wretched +down here.</p> + +<p>There is a circular just issued by General Saxton, +pointing out the plantations which are to be sold to +the negroes, and advising them to stake out their claims +and build cabins on them as preëmptors, which will +not attract many of my people, I think. The McTureous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> +places, T. B. Fripp's, Hamilton Fripp's, and others +are to be so sold, as soon as the necessary surveys are +made. I doubt the policy of this sort of thing until the +time shall have passed for the redemption of the land +by the old owners, though none may ever appear to redeem. +I am afraid some rows may arise from the difficulty +of fixing and recording boundaries among a lot +of negro squatters, should there be many such.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>These plantations, about to be sold at auction to +negro preëmptors, were those which had been reserved +for this purpose from the sale of March 9, 1863 (see +p. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>). The order of the President (dated September +16), from which General Saxton got authority for his +circular just mentioned, also provided for the sale at +auction of about twenty plantations in lots not to exceed +three hundred and twenty acres. This latter provision, +which might possibly result in preventing many +negroes from owning any land at present,—since the +plantations reserved for them alone were not large +enough for all,—presently brought about infinite +trouble, through disagreement among the authorities.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 15.</i> The people are quite disturbed about General +Saxton's new order, which Mr. French and Judge +Smith have been trying to explain to them at church;—in +vain, apparently,—for some of the most ignorant +of our people thought they should be obliged to buy +land, and came to C. in distress at leaving the plantation. +Others we hear are selecting their lots, but now +comes General Gillmore's order to stop all sales; I am +afraid these poor people, who hate all change and "confusion," +will have their brains hopelessly confused.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 18.</i> General Saxton has given orders that all +work on the plantations<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> in preparation for next year's +crop shall be stopped, for he expects to give them up +either to the purchasers or the tax-commissioners very +soon. The tax men are here, as amicably disposed towards +each other as cat and dog, and as they are not +remarkable for their efficiency in matters of business, +I do not think it very likely that they will accomplish +much this winter. They have two parties of surveyors +at work, but they don't seem to be doing much but +chop vines and sail about the creeks in boats.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Pine Grove.</i> [<i>Sept. 23.</i>] I think you would be quite +astonished at the refinement and homelikeness of our +parlor. Bright table-cloths, a most elegant couch lately +developed,—a comfortable old sofa, pictures all around, +a fancy bookcase almost full of books,—a glass-topped +secretary with an ample supply of pigeon-holes and +writing arrangements,—papers lying around loose,—and +a wood fire burning in the big chimney-place,—won't +that do for philanthropists? One door opens +into a large dining-room,—the windows upon a portico, +looking out upon the creek winding among the green +marsh grass, with broad water and islands in the distance. +For contrast now and then a pig squalls vigorously +under the house,—for it is getting cold now and +the pigs eagerly seek the shelter of the "big house."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> +It is in vain to try to keep them out, though I've had +a fence built round the house.</p> + +<p><i>Nov. 14.</i> I shall have to take to contraband pants, +I'm afraid, as I did last winter. The negroes can hardly +hold me to be of gentle kind, when they see me doing +their own work in their own clothes. I wish you would +come down to see me, if it is only, by the sight of a white +cravat and shining beaver, to convince them that I am +a "boss" born. You shall have your fill of clearing up +and improving, too; I need just such energy to make +respectable my own premises. At present they are the +pigs' playground, except on Sundays, when a lot of +the plantation urchins are allowed very quietly to peep +in at the windows and learn manners from white folks. +At present a young fellow, who has lately waked up +from a slouch into a man, is patiently leaning against +the sill, waiting, I suppose, for his lesson.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 26.</i> We sat down to dinner—sixteen +Massachusetts people, six ministers' sons. +Mr. Folsom and William Allen, Miss R. and Mr. G. +went home; all the rest spent the night, and no one on +a sofa. We wondered what was the last [dinner-party] +as large that had dined in this old house, but Robert +says he never saw such a large party here—Mr. Coffin +used to give his dinners in Charleston.</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 26.</i> We got to R.'s house, where he told us he +had been helping Mr. Wells all day before in boating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> +his cotton from Morgan Island to his home place.<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> +There was about $3000 worth on the island, and he +did not choose to expose the rebels to any further temptation +in regard to it. It seems that Tuesday morning +the cow-minder had gone out to the pen with his milk-pail +and never returned. Search being made, the milk-pail +and his jacket were found, and some new tracks +of shoes on the beach, also traces of a bivouac breakfast +and marks of a boat's keel on the Coosaw River +beach. Nothing more is known than this. The presumption +is that a scouting party had come over Coosaw +River and bivouacked on the beach, hauling up +their boat, and that, seeing this poor man in the morning, +they gobbled him up and cleared out as they came. +He was an Edisto man, of considerable intelligence, +and it is hoped his information will not be so reliable +as the rebels might wish. Mr. Wells immediately informed +Captain Dutch and got Mr. R. to help him +boat over his cotton. Captain Dutch sent a guard to +patrol the island and sent his little schooner up opposite +Morgan Island in Coosaw River as an outpost.</p> + +<p>We had an immense rush at the store yesterday, four +hundred and sixty odd dollars during the day here. R. +and Wells have taken over fifteen hundred dollars in +the three days after opening their goods. Amaritta +bought over forty dollars' worth at once, and poor +Juliana staggered off with a load on her head that she +could hardly carry. The trunks go like smoke, so do +the firkins and other domestic wares.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 1.</i> Uncle Nat, who has carried the plantation +keys for forty years, giving out all the allowance for +people and creatures, and has done no field work for that +length of time, has had an acre and a half of cotton this +year, and has raised the largest proportion, six hundred +pounds seed-cotton per acre, of any one on the place. He +lives at Pine Grove with his wife, but plants here for old +association's sake, and the other day, when C. made the +last cotton payment, he gave Nat's money to his sister, +Nancy. The next morning Nat was up here early and +took his hat off to the ground to C. "Came to thank +you for what you send me yesterday, Sar—much +obliged to you, Sar (with another flourish and scrape). +I well sat-is-<i>fy</i>, and jest as long as the Lord give me +life and dese ole arms can do <i>so</i> (imitating the motion +of hoeing), I work cotton for you, Sar!"</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 5.</i> Our cotton crop is about all in, though some +people are still in the field gleaning. They glean very +carefully now, and don't allow a single pod to escape +them. I have about one hundred gins now in running +order, and expect to have fifty more, all going in another +week.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 10.</i> I rode down to see the work. It was a busy +scene—a whipper on each arbor with a child atop to +fill the machine, which is used to lash the dirt out of +the cotton before ginning and make it easier to gin;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> +then the gins were all at work—the women were sorting—the +men packing—potato-vines were being +brought in to be weighed, carts and oxen carrying seed—altogether +such a busy piece of work as one does +not often see here.</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 10.</i> We were surprised by a green carryall coming +down the road drawn by some army horses, hay-fed +and round. The passengers were a Mr. Paige, a +correspondent of the <i>Tribune</i>, and his friend, a Mr. +Baldwin from Cleveland. I had met them in one of +my trips between Hilton Head and Beaufort, and after +answering several questions asked them to come and +see me, but I didn't think they would take the pains. +Mr. Paige asked questions enough to pump me dry +while here, but I don't believe he will be much the +wiser, for he asked some three or four times over. I +took them down to the praise house in the evening and, +Uncle Sam being ill of "fever and pain in head," I +helped with the hymns and read a chapter from the +Bible. Old Aaron and George prayed, Doll's Will told +off a hymn from memory, and George repeated one, +as I think, from his own brain, putting in all the couplets +he could remember, and hunting over his brain +for each one while they were singing the last. My visitors +were very much interested, and were chiefly pleased +with the earnestness and simplicity of their worship, +remarking that they were fortunate in not being bothered +with doctrine. I am afraid they didn't get much of +an idea of our schools, for the only girl they asked to +spell happened to be Caroline, whom they met in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> +street. She is only half-witted, you know, and didn't +do her teachers much credit. I should like to see what +Mr. Paige has to say about our doings in the <i>Tribune</i>. +I asked him not to mention the name of this plantation, +for I didn't want to call the attention of the Coffin +family upon us any more than I could help. He asked +me for the names of any superintendents and teachers +here, but I told him they didn't care to be brought +before the public.</p> + +<p>I was curious to know how much cotton could be got +from a certain amount of seed. I ginned just five pounds +of cotton and had thirteen pounds of seed left, being over +a peck, for it weighs forty-four pounds to the bushel. +The people were very much amused to see me gin so +long, and wondered that I had the strength for it. You +know they consider us rather effeminate in regard to +strength, but I did not find it nearly so hard work as I +supposed. It is not half as hard as mowing.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 13.</i> Mr. Wells had his cotton about half ginned +when there came a posse of men from the First South +Carolina Regiment, without a white officer, to hunt after +deserters on his plantation. They met the men they +wanted and shot them all three in broad daylight; one +is badly wounded and may not recover, but the others +probably will. After shooting one man they were going +away to leave him, and Mr. Wells went and took care +of him and sent him to the hospital.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 17.</i> The people were all at work ginning cotton, +and the new mechanic Nero, whom we found at the +White place, was putting the engine in order. This engine +serves as a moral stimulus to keep the people at +work at their hand-gins, for they want to gin all the cotton<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> +by hand, and I tell them if they don't get it done by +the middle of January I shall gin it by steam. The result +will probably be that there will be little left for the steam-engine +to do. But it will do no harm to put it in order +and then I can grind corn with it next summer. The +weight of all my cotton is now 287,790 pounds<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> in seed. +The samples which I sent to Liverpool were appraised +there as worth forty-eight to fifty pence, which, if exchange +remains as high as at present, would make our +crop worth $100,000 in Liverpool. This is as much as I +had ever estimated I should realize from it.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 323px;"> +<img src="images/image237.png" width="323" height="159" alt="Old Coffin trademark" title="Old Coffin trademark" /> +<span class="caption">Old Coffin trademark</span> +</div> + +<p><i>Dec. 17.</i> The cotton packing continues; twelve bales +are already prepared for the market, stamped with +the old Coffin trademark. The initiated know what +it means, but I doubt if any one else would +recognize the significance of the headless and footless +box!</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 27.</i> The children came up about half-past two +o'clock on Christmas afternoon [to see the tree], but +being told not to come until sunset they hung around +outside the gate till Mr. Hall was ready for them. About +dusk they were all marshaled in by classes, and we all +helped distribute the presents. The children seemed +struck aghast with the brilliant sight, and when William +Hall wished them all a Merry Christmas, they threw up +their hands and shouted with all their might. It wasn't<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> +a cheer, but more like a yell, evidently in answer to his +good wishes. The presents were taken with the usual +apathy shown on such occasions, and as soon as they +had time they began to compare them with each other +and some to complain how they didn't get enough.</p> + +<p>Yesterday morning we made our preparations for +Hunting Island. It was a fine day, wind east, and rather +warm. We had four negro oarsmen. Seven white folks +made up the load, including Mr. Eustis. We landed on +the Island just as G.'s boat did. After unloading our +grub and firing off our guns to dry them and let the deer +know that we were coming, we scattered about in various +directions in search of game. I then went to see the +ruins of the lighthouse in the middle of the point, a few +rods from each beach. It was a brick structure and must +have been over one hundred feet high in order to overlook +the pine trees about it. There is nothing left now +but a mass of brick and rubbish about forty feet high, +covering an acre of ground. It was blown up by the +rebels at the beginning of the war, and they did the +work thoroughly. Great blocks of granite and plates of +iron lay bedded in between the masses of brick-work, +some of which are still coherent in masses, and several +feet in thickness. It is the first real ruin I ever saw in +this country. The keeper's house close by has been all +torn to pieces by the negroes for rebuilding their own +cabins and corn-houses.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next extracts tell of more raids for soldiers, fresh +despair, and renewed hope that they might at last be +stopped.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p> +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 27.</i> On getting up this morning the people were +found all in a hubbub. The soldiers had been there in +the night, some fifty strong, and had carried off not only +Cæsar, a deserter, Abel's son, but also old Miller, Tony, +and Jonas and David, neither of whom had ever belonged +to any of the regiments. Of course all the people +were enraged, and justly, for they have been assured +by General Saxton over and over again during several +months past that they needn't be afraid of any more +drafting, for it was all over. As soon as we had done +breakfast I walked down to the quarters to see what +facts I could gather. It seemed they [the soldiers] had +come by rowboats to the village creek, thinking they had +got to our creek, and landed at Fripp Point. There +they found no deserters, for there were none, but took +all the men they could find, viz.: Pompey's boy Isaac, +Fortune's boy Jimmy, and Alick's boy January. They +got old Dan to show them the way to Coffin's and came +along the road, arriving just after praise-meeting; they +set a guard all about the houses and shot at every man +that tried to run away, catching the men named above +and carrying them off. Tony and Jonas got away at +Fripp Point, but they carried off the others. C. and I got +into our little boat with Jim to help, and rowed around +to the village in hopes to find the party still there, but +they had gone, carrying Dr. Hunting's cook. So we +rowed back and ate our dinner in disgust. This raid will +break up my ginning on this end of the island and put it +back at least two weeks, for the men are so scared that +they won't dare to go to work, and the women can't do +much without them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 27.</i> Mr. Philbrick has gone up to-night to see +General Saxton, and Mr. Eustis says that if he can't (or +won't) stop it, he shall write to Washington. It is the +unauthorized work of the officers whose commissions +perhaps depend upon their keeping full ranks.</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 28.</i> I rode off for Coosaw Fort on Ladies Island, +where the pickets are. I found Captain Bryant at camp. +He was very pleasant and told me that the descent upon +Coffin's Point Saturday night was not made by his orders, +but by one of Colonel Higginson's captains. The +men were brought to him, however, and he discharged +all who didn't want to enlist. So I came off content.</p> + +<p>The holidays and the hunt for deserters have so broken +up the labor that nothing of any consequence can be +done now till after New Year's, when I hope the work +will move on smoothly again.</p> + +<p>[<i>Jan. 1, 1864.</i>] My errand to Beaufort on Tuesday +was not very successful. I could find neither Colonel +Higginson nor General Saxton. So I had to content myself +with writing to the latter an account of how the soldiers +had been behaving here. On getting back, I found +the people more quiet than I had expected. The return +of the men from camp had reassured them, and most of +them have gone to work again.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The year closes with W. C. G.'s reflections on the +progress of the "Port Royal Experiment."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p> +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 27.</i> We are busy ginning and packing. Both men +and women are hard at work, and till 3 o'clock <span class="smcap">p. m.</span> the +scene is almost one of Northern industry. There is more +noise, less system and steadiness. Now and then two or +three break out into a quarrel, in which they excel all +other people I ever saw with their tongues,—tremendous +noise, terrible gestures, the fiercest looks,—and perhaps +by evening they are friends again. Meanwhile the +others sit still at their work, listening to it as a matter in +the common course of things,—and will tell how <i>they</i> +love peace and quiet; it will be their own turn next! In +all their faults,—passion, lying, stealing, etc.,—they +are perfectly conscious of the sin; and the same ones +whom it would be impossible to stop, except by force, +in their tempests of rage, will when quiet talk as sensibly +of their folly as any one could desire. They seem to +have a very delicate conscience without the slightest +principle. That this want of principle is not innate and +not their own fault, I think is proved by their consciences +remaining true. Their state of morals I should say is decidedly +better than it was under slavery,—less of licentiousness, +lying, and stealing,—and more general manliness +and self-respect. But they are very far behind, in +character as well as intelligence, and I suspect that most +abolitionist views of their character are exaggerated in +their favor. It increases the need and it does not decrease +the interest of helping them, to think so. Many a +talking abolitionist would be disgusted into indifference, +and many a hearty hater of the talk would be surprised +into interest and favor, if they lived here for six months.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> +It's pretty hard sometimes to find your best men lying +to you, or your most trusty people ungrateful and distrusting +you,—and then again a light breaks out where +you thought there was neither fuel nor fire. The most +encouraging symptom is the clearly increasing influence +which the best of the people are acquiring,—so that +there certainly is a <i>general</i> improvement.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p> +<h2>1864</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The land-sales of 1864, contradictory orders—Discontent among the +negroes about wages—Small-pox on the plantations—The +chattel sale—Labor contracts for the season—Newspaper attacks +on Mr. Philbrick—The raid on Morgan Island—Mr. Philbrick's +plans for the future—The black draft—Red tape—Approach +of Sherman and the battle of Honey Hill.</i></p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 3.</i> I don't know how low the thermometer +would have stood out of doors here. R.'s was at 19°. +The one in our parlor was at 28° some time after lighting +the fire.</p> + +<p>You will probably in due course of time see the tintypes +of Rose and Demus. Old Judy and Minda got +theirs taken some time since, but there has been no +opportunity of sending them to you. As they went up +all by themselves, the arrangement of their toilet was +original; hence a display of jewelry rather more characteristic +than tasteful.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The subject of the approaching land-sales now becomes +the all-important topic.</p></div> + +<p><i>Jan. 20.</i> There was notice given for all the people +to meet at St. Helena church on Sunday last to hear +the President's new instructions about land-sales. These +new orders were obtained, as nearly as I can learn, +by Father French, who went to Washington at General +Saxton's request to urge the matter. The plan defeats<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> +that of Dr. Brisbane, who meant to sell at auction.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> +Now, as you will see by the papers, all the lands that +were bid in by the United States are offered at private +sale, to black or white, in lots of twenty or forty acres +at a uniform price of $1.25 per acre, like Western public +lands, with the privilege of preëmption, but to those +only who have resided on lands belonging to the Government +for at least six months since the occupation +of the island by our forces. So this gives all the superintendents +and teachers a chance to buy as well as +the negroes, but excludes all new-comers. I found +Dr. Brisbane as much disturbed as it is possible to +conceive.</p> + +<p>Of course I stayed over with Mr. R. another night +to attend the church. It was a fine morning, and we +found a pretty large attendance, both black and white. +Parson Phillips was there and opened the services. +Mr. French followed, urging them to go ahead at once +and locate their lots. General Saxton followed, saying +but little, but urging them not to sleep till they had +staked out their claims.</p> + +<p>Father French begged leave to differ, for he wanted +them to respect the Sabbath. Mr. Hunn followed, saying +they had better do it <i>to-day</i>, for it was no worse to +drive stakes Sunday than to keep thinking about it. +He condoled them on the small pay they had been getting +from Government and private speculators, saying, +"What's thirty cents a day in these times for a +man who has to maintain himself and his family?" +(Great sensation among negroes, and a buzz, with +mutterings of "that's so," etc.). Then a paymaster<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> +made a spread-eagle speech. Then Colonel Ellwell was +called out by Mr. French. Then Judge Smith mounted +the pulpit and explained to the negroes the meaning +of preëmption, how it was formed of two Latin words. +Colonel Ellwell contrived to mystify the people a little as +follows. After expatiating on the goodness of President +Lincoln, he said he was so kind he had even offered pardon +to the rebels, and perhaps we should see their old +masters back here some day, with a whole county of +scoundrels to swear they had always been loyal Union +men, etc. The whole fandango lasted till nearly three +o'clock, and then we had the usual amount of shaking of +hands, etc., outside. I lost no time in finding Mr. Hunn +and informing him that I had paid an average of over fifty +cents a day through the whole season of working cotton. +If he had been a younger man, I should have said, as +I thought, that it was not a true kindness to these ignorant +people to say anything tending to make them discontented +with the rates of pay that had been established +with a good deal of care by men who had been +quite disinterested and well calculated to judge of such +things. In fact, I might have told him, what I certainly +believe, that a much higher rate of pay than they have +been receiving would tend to diminish the amount of +industry rather than to stimulate it, by rendering it too +easy for them to supply their simple wants. I held my +peace, however, and was content to hear him apologize, +disclaiming any intention of referring to me in what +he had said, etc., and admitting that my case was an +exception, adding that he didn't suppose I should be +<i>allowed</i> by Government to pay higher rates than those +established by General Saxton! We were accompanied<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> +home from church by Mr. Eustis, and Mr. R. came as +far as G.'s. They all met here Monday, in a pouring +rain, to talk over the subject of wages for the coming +year. It was concluded to pay in money entirely instead +of in molasses and bacon, believing that the days +of rationing in any form had passed, and that the negroes +would be better pleased to handle all the money +and spend it as they pleased. So we raise the pay of +cotton hoeing from twenty-five cents to thirty-five +cents per old task, and add five cents more, making it +forty cents, besides the premium on the weight of crop, +which remains as before, making the average wages +about sixty or sixty-five cents for cotton work, which +we think none too high for the present prices of dry +goods, etc. Of course, the smart hands earn more than +this in a day, for they do one and one-half times or twice +as much per day as they used to, and these prices are +based upon the old master's day's work or task. I have +some men who gin fifty pounds a day and earn their +dollar, while they never ginned more than thirty pounds +for their master. I spent most of the day with G. on +his plantations, talking with him and his people about +the prospect of success with the new system. I haven't +yet found a single man on any of my places who wants +to risk buying land. They all say they had rather stay +where they are and work for me. The more intelligent +foresee many difficulties in owning land, such as +having no access to marsh, or woodland, no capital +for live-stock, plows, harness, carts, etc., and they don't +like the idea of having to wait a whole year to get their +reward for planting the cotton crop. The people seemed +highly satisfied to work on and well pleased with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> +prospect of higher nominal wages to talk about, and +slightly higher in reality, with the privilege of spending +them as they wish.</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 27.</i> Last Friday I made an expedition to Eddings +Point in our little boat. Arriving about one +o'clock, and leaving the boat in charge of the boys, +I walked up to Mr. Wells' house on the Mary Jenkins +place, about one and one-quarter miles. I went down +to the nigger-house to see the people. I found the people +in a state of confusion about buying land. They +had got the impression at church from the earnest way +in which they were urged to buy, that they <i>must</i> buy +land <i>nolens volens</i>, and wanted to have my consent to +stay where they were and work for me as long as they +pleased! Of course I laughed and told them they were +welcome to stay as long as they wished and behaved +well. They seemed "well satisfy" with this, and all +in good humor.</p> + +<p>I stayed at home Monday to see Mr. Hull, who came +down with another big boat-load of cotton for our people +to gin. They had finished ginning what he brought +last week in two days. As soon as his boat came to the +landing near Nab's house, the people made a rush for +the cotton, the men carting it and the women carrying +the bags on their heads and hiding it, so they might have +some of it to gin. It was like rats scrambling for nuts.</p> + +<p>Mr. B. has a letter from Secretary Chase, urging +that a bale of free labor cotton be sent to the Sanitary +Fair at New York, and I offered to present a bale for +the purpose. It will be worth about five hundred dollars; +but is not a very great contribution, considering +that we have two hundred of them nearly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p> + +<p>I see that my letter to Alpheus Hardy<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> is going the +rounds, being copied in Providence <i>Journal</i> and New +York <i>Evening Post</i>, with a few blunders as usual. Did +you notice the expression "extend the arm of charity" +was printed "area" instead of "arm," making a very +absurd appearance? The Providence <i>Journal</i> put in +an extra cipher, multiplying my figures by ten. In order +to correct this blunder, which was a serious one, making +the cotton cost ten times as much as I stated, I wrote +to the editor, giving him some more information about +my crop, for the benefit of the Providence cotton spinners.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a></p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 29.</i> Outside of our plantations, the people for +once are excited with good reason. In the most awkward, +incomplete, bungling way the negroes are allowed +to preëmpt twenty and forty acre tracts; so everybody +is astir, trying to stake out claims and then to +get their claims considered by the Commissioners.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> +These gentlemen meanwhile are at loggerheads, the +land is but half surveyed, and everything is delightfully +confused and uncertain. Still it is the beginning +of a great thing,—negroes become land-owners and +the door is thrown open to Northern immigration. +Years hence it will be a satisfaction to look back on +these beginnings,—now it is very foggy ahead and +very uncertain under foot.</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 4.</i> Sunday morning I met the whole female +population on the road, coming to church. It was baptism +day, and the women had all put on their best +dresses, their summer muslins and turbans, making a +fine show. On arriving at the Captain John Fripp +gate, by the avenue, I found a knot of young men seated +there, with one of their number reading to the rest from +the Testament. I asked them why they didn't go to +church with the women! They said they had heard +that "soldiers had come to catch we," and "we were +scary." Poor fellows, what a strange life of suspense +they are leading! General Gillmore has ordered a complete +census of the islands, black and white men included, +for enrollment on the militia lists, and no white +citizen is allowed to leave the Department until after +it is found whether he is wanted for military service, +<i>i. e.</i>, after a draft.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Having got the cotton all shipped, Mr. Philbrick +prepared to go home, but he was not to leave without +receiving from his employees more than one expression +of their growing consciousness of power.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p> +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 9.</i> The women came up in a body to complain +to Mr. Philbrick about their pay,—a thing which has +never happened before and shows the influence of very +injudicious outside talk, which has poisoned their minds +against their truest friends. The best people were among +them, and even old Grace chief spokeswoman. It is very +hard, but not to be wondered at in the poor, ignorant +creatures, when people who ought to know better are so +injudicious,—to use the mildest term the most charitable +interpretation of their conduct will allow. I don't +see what is to be the end of it all, but at this rate they +will soon be spoiled for any habits of industry.</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 14.</i> As we went to the back steps to see Mr. Philbrick +off, we found the people collecting with eggs and +peanuts for him to carry. He told them that he could +not carry the eggs to Miss Helen, but would tell her. +Then Grace begged his pardon for her bad behavior and +complaining the other day, and, collecting all the eggs +which he had refused, told C. they were for him, and +sent them by Rose into the house. She, with the other +women, had complained of C. to him, and I suppose she +meant it as a peace offering.</p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, Feb. 22.</i> I regretted that you were not present +at the pow-wow after church on the 14th. Mr. Tomlinson +talked very "straight" to Pompey and others about +their having no right to live on my land without working +for me at fair rates. He expressed his opinion very freely +about the fairness of our prices and told them they must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> +go and hunt up another home or work for us at these +rates. I promised to sign a "pass," which you can do +for me, promising to Pompey or any other man who +works for us that as soon as he gets a piece of land of his +own, gets a deed of it, and gets it fenced in, we will sell +him a cow at cost, but I would not agree to allow their +cows to run at large on the plantation, and Mr. Tomlinson +said I was perfectly right. During the confab I overheard +mutterings among the crowd such as "we shan't +get anything," "it's no use," etc., serving to convince +me that the whole subject would be quietly dropped unless +stirred up by some such men as J. H. and F. J. W. +again. Considering the prospect of high prices of molasses +and bacon, etc., I think we may find it advisable +to pay fifty cents all summer for what we had promised +forty. But would do nothing about it till I have made +my purchases of molasses, etc., and know just how the +thing will stand.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>An unexpected danger in the shape of an epidemic of +small-pox made its appearance in the middle of the winter +and lasted for two or three months.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p>[<i>Jan. 29.</i>] Mr. Philbrick vaccinated all the children +here last year, and the few cases we have had have been +among those grown persons who were vaccinated many +years ago, and have all been very mild. It may run +through the place, but it is not likely to be violent, and +the quarters are too far off to expose us.</p> + +<p><i>Feb. 26.</i> Rose came up as usual, but had such hot fever +that I sent her home to add one more to the sick list there, +where all but one have "the Pox," taken from Hester.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> +I expected Rose would not escape. Moreover, Uncle +Sam now has it, so Robert may give out in a few weeks; +but no one has been very ill, and no one yet has died here. +It seems to be a milder form than that which appeared +at the Oaks and at Mr. Eustis', where a number have +died, or else they give them more air here, which is I +believe the fact. I do not go to the quarters now at all. +I can do no special good in going, and they send to me +for what they want.</p> + +<p>[<i>March 21.</i>] Monday morning just after breakfast Rose +came into the parlor with a funny expression on her face +and asked me if I had been into the kitchen. "Well, +Aunt Betty got de Gove<i>ment</i> lump, for true; I shum yere +and yere," pointing to her chin and cheek. So I went +downstairs, and there was Betty on the floor, fairly in +for the small-pox. I find the people call it "Govement +lump," and those who have it "Union," those who +don't "Secesh," while the fever which precedes the +eruption goes by the very appropriate name of "Horse +Cavalry!"</p> + +<p><i>March 9.</i> In the evening, a little after nine o'clock, the +air was suddenly filled, as it seemed to me, with a strange +wild, screaming wail. At first I thought it must be the +mules; but it rose and fell again and again in such +agony, as I thought, that Mr. Soule and William went +out to investigate, while I opened the window to listen +more distinctly. It seemed to come from Uncle Sam's +house, and though now more subdued I thought it the +sobbing of strong men, and that I could distinguish +Titus' and Robert's voices. But the gentlemen soon +came back, saying that there were evidently a good many +people in Uncle Sam's house having a merry time. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> +said that was strange, for he was not well, and that it +sounded so like distress to me that I should think, if I +supposed him sick enough, or that they ever manifested +grief so audibly, that he had suddenly died. Several +times before I went to bed I thought I heard the same +sound, though more subdued. As I went upstairs to bed +there began, at first quite low, then swelling louder with +many voices, the strains of one of their wild, sad songs. +Once before when Uncle Sam was sick they have had +their praise-meeting up there, for he is the Elder. But +it was not praise-night, and as the hymn ceased and I +could distinguish almost the words of a fervent prayer, +I was quite sure that, as is their custom, they were sitting +up and singing with the friends of the dead,—all +of the plantation who were not watching with the sick +in their own homes. And so it proved. The night was +wild and stormy, but above the tempest I could hear, as +I woke from time to time, the strangely "solemn, wildly +sad strains" which were continued all the night through. +At sunrise they ceased and separated; the air of their +last hymn has been running in my head all day. Then +came the stir in the house—Robert making fires—I +knew his step—and then Betty at my bedside to ask +about the breakfast. "And Bu' Sam dead too," was her +quiet remark when her business was done. "I dunner if +you yeardy de whoop when he gone."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This practice of sitting up all night with the dying, +H. W. justly enough condemns as "heathenish:" "The +houses cannot hold them all, of course, and they sit +round out-of-doors in the street, the younger ones often +falling asleep on the ground, and then they 'hab fever.'" +But of course it was useless to expostulate with them;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> +to their minds the omission of the watch would be a mark +of the greatest disrespect.</p> + +<p>The next two extracts furnish further comments on +the mismanagement preliminary to the land-sales.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 22.</i> Did you know we had long ceased to be philanthropists +or even Gideonites? We are nothing now +but speculators, and the righteous rail against us. A +great crowd of our brethren have just come down to be +present at the late sales. Mr. Philbrick and the purchasers +of last spring paid about $1.00 or $1.25 per acre; +now prices run from $5.00 to $27.00 per acre.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> There has +been the most disgraceful squabbling among the tax-commissioners, +General Saxton, Rev. Mr. French, and +other authorities. The people are the victims. At first +most of the lands were to be sold at auction in large lots; +that brought in white settlers—and only a little was +for negro sales. Then one commissioner sends up to +Washington, gets orders for a Western preëmption system, +and with a grand hurrah the negroes were told to +go and grab the lands. The other commissioners then +throw all possible obstacles in the way till they can +get dispatches up to Washington too, and the answer +comes back,—Preëmptions don't count, sell by auction.—And +so!—This is a precious Department of +ours.</p> + +<p><i>March 14.</i> The past two months have been full of +unpleasant work,—the people were unsettled, discontented, +and grumbling. I hope their growling is nearly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> +over, and look for quieter times soon. The disputes +among the tax-commissioners have been very unintelligible +and prejudicial to them. On some places I +understand that the negroes refuse to have anything to +do with the new proprietors. On others they have agreed +to work, and the year as a whole will probably witness +much more industry than either of the last two.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>At about this time an appraisal was at last made of +the "chattel property" which had been found on the +plantations, with a view to selling it at auction. Of +course Mr. Philbrick and his superintendents, who had +been using these things ever since they came into possession, +desired, in most cases, to buy them. At the Fripp +Point auction the negroes showed their ungracious, not +to say ungrateful spirit, by bidding against W. C. G. +and actually buying all the mules, oxen, and cows away +from him. In looking forward to the auction at Coffin's +Point; where the movables alone had been appraised +as worth more than Mr. Philbrick had paid for the entire +place, H. W. writes:</p></div> + +<p><i>March 6.</i> We were doubtful how far the behavior +of the Fripp Point people might affect ours, though C. +was quite confident there would be no trouble—and +moreover expected a good many outsiders, as R. said +Beaufort people had been inquiring all through the +week when the sale was to take place here, with the significant +remark, "Coffin's Point's the place!" and we +knew if they did come things would be run up very high. +So that it was impossible not to feel a most uncomfortable +anxiety all day.</p> + +<p><i>March 7.</i> Monday morning the first thing I heard +was Mike in excited tones calling to C. that the Fripp +people were coming over "to buy everything out de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> +gate"—that they would leave everything on top Massa +Charlie, but that he must not let the stranger black +people get anything.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Fortunately Mike's fears proved to be exaggerated, +and Massa Charlie got practically everything that he +wanted.</p> + +<p>The next letter, from Mr. Philbrick to W. C. G., is +concerned with several different matters. The last paragraph +will serve to introduce a number of extracts all +concerned with criticisms directed against Mr. Philbrick +by Abolitionists and negroes.</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, March 24.</i> I hope no cases of merchandise will +be opened without carefully comparing contents with +the invoices, and if any errors are found they should +be reported immediately. I am sorry to see that a considerable +deficit was found in some of the stores, which +I can only account for on the supposition of theft. I +think sufficient care has not been taken to guard against +theft from carts on road. The value of the property +lost is not a matter of so much consequence as the demoralization +to the thief and to others who are encouraged +to similar practices by his example. I don't think +the negroes one bit worse in this respect than the laboring +classes of other countries, and not nearly so bad +as the lower classes in all large cities. But we ought +to be very careful how we expose them to temptations +which they are not strong enough to resist, till such +time as they acquire more self-respect than they are +likely to in this generation.</p> + +<p>I shall not be able to make any dividend to the shareholders +this year. After paying my advances and settling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> +with superintendents, there will not be any surplus +over the needs of the current year.</p> + +<p>Mr. F. J. W. has been quite talkative and rides his +hobby to death,<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> concerning the rights of the negro to +have land for nothing, etc., etc., expatiating upon the +tyranny of the newly forming <i>landed aristocracy</i>, the +gigantic speculators who are grinding the negro down, +etc., etc., ad libitum. He held forth on these topics at +length at a meeting of the Educational Commission +about two weeks ago, and succeeded in making Professor +Child and some others believe that the whole +labor of the Commission for two years past had been +wasted or overthrown by the recent changing policy, +which had ousted them out of their promised rights +and cast them out upon the merciless open jaws to +devour them alive, etc., etc.</p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>April 18.</i> Just now it would seem as if the Sea Islands +were to be abandoned to the negroes and wild +hogs. I had heard some things of General Birney<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> +before which led me to regard him as having injudicious +sympathies, and should not be surprised at any +time to have him send you home as a "fraudulent coadjutor" +of an unrighteous speculation, upon the representation +of Pompey and John, if they should happen +to gain an audience after dinner some day. Joking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> +aside, however, I think it would be a good plan to get +Colonel S. to retract some of his nonsense, and I have +no doubt he will do it at your request, for he is one of +the most good-natured and well-intentioned men in the +world. He is very likely to have said what the negroes +say he did, indiscreetly, of course, and without dreaming +what effect it might have. If the people continue +to refuse to receive their money, as I don't believe they +will long, I would consult Mr. Tomlinson about it. I +think he will sustain us in anything reasonable. I think +if Mr. Tomlinson were to tell John or Pompey that +they would not be allowed to take any of their cotton +and would be severely punished if they attempted it, +it would have a good effect. Any way I think the matter +will blow over soon. It is not strange that the negroes +should act like fools when they have such examples +before them as we see nowadays.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>April 18.</i> At night came Mr. Soule from Beaufort +with an account of the investigations going on there +concerning the tax-commissioners before Judge Smith, +an agent sent by the President for the purpose. +Mr. Soule found that he had also been commissioned +to look into the affairs of our "concern," as the Fripp +Point men had sent a petition to the President to be +relieved from Mr. Philbrick's oppression! Mr. Soule +and Mr. Tomlinson both saw Judge Smith, and had +some talk with him at the meeting, which was a public +one, and he was invited to come down here, see Mr. +Soule's books and investigate all the charges thoroughly. +Whoever drew up the petition (of course it had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> +done by a white man, but who we could not tell, for his +name as witness had been omitted in the copy given +Judge Smith) had so overshot the mark that it was +palpably absurd to all who knew the facts, and happily +Mr. Soule had found Judge Smith to be a fair-minded, +able, clear-sighted person, who could not have dust +thrown in his eyes.</p> + +<p><i>April 21.</i> Sat waiting the arrival of Judge Smith, +when about one o'clock Robert called to me that a carriage +was coming. To my amazement, instead of the +Judge alone or with only a friend, a great vehicle with +four white horses and "sofas inside,"<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> as Rose said, +dashed up to the front door with four gentlemen, Mr. +Tomlinson and Mr. G. being on horseback besides. +Of course I had to fly round about my dinner and get +up tables large enough to seat thirteen people. By three +dinner was ready and my guests at table—a very +pleasant company: Judge Smith, a round, smooth-faced +<i>gentleman</i> between fifty and sixty, active and +wide-awake; Judge Cooley, the new tax-commissioner, +a Westerner and also very pleasant. Judge Smith +took Mr. Soule's statement before dinner, and afterwards +Mr. G.'s, all simply facts and with no waste of +words. C. was not questioned at all. Then Mr. G. +went over to the Point for the men there, for, though +the Judge was satisfied that Mr. Philbrick was not a +scoundrel and all of us aiders and abetters of his iniquities, +we knew the men there would never be satisfied +with the statement from any of us or Mr. Tomlinson, who +had been talking to them for two hours that morning. +Poor things, they are much more sinned against than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> +sinning. They came flocking over so closely upon Mr. +G.'s heels as to get here nearly as soon as he did, and +the session of the Court began by the examination of +John Major before tea, the others crowding about the +door and filling the piazza, quiet and orderly, but eager +listeners. Not a single one of our people came up. John +Major is a discontented, conceited fellow, who has +never worked for Mr. Philbrick, though his wife and +children have, and he headed the petition. It was +splendid to see how quickly the Judge saw through him, +when he has been only a week in the Department, and +could hardly understand what he said; but he showed +the man pretty plainly what he thought of him, telling +him, when he said the Government could not find +him out [know him] that it <i>had</i> found him out, that it +had his name in Washington, and that if he thought +Secesh times were so much better, the Government +loved him so well it would let him go back to his old +master! After tea came 'Siah and Pompey, two very +different men,—intelligent, hard-working, and honest, +the former particularly truthful and reliable, men whom +we all respect,—and it was a fine sight to see these +men, only two years out of slavery, respectfully but +decidedly standing up for what they thought their +rights in a room full of white people. 'Siah only said +that he thought he ought to have fifty cents for what +he is now paid forty for<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> (about four hours work), but +that he had given his word to Mr. Philbrick for this +year and he would stand by it. He says he never signed +the paper, or saw it, but that he answered the question +the two officers asked him and told his name.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> +Pompey afterwards stated that the two officers asked +who owned the adjoining plantations and that one,—and +that on being told that Mr. Philbrick had bought +them all, said: "Then we need not go any further"—which +looks like malice aforethought. The paper was, +apparently, written at Hilton Head and there signed +with the men's marks—if so, it is a forgery. Pompey's +great difficulty seemed to have arisen from a misunderstanding +of statements made by Mr. Philbrick, in +which he considered that Mr. Philbrick took back his +word, and so he had lost confidence in him and was +ready to appeal to any one who promised to see him +righted and relieved from his "confusion." He says, +and all the men say so too, that Mr. Philbrick promised +when he bought the land to sell it to them when the +war was over for what he gave for it, and that when +he was here last he told them he should ask them ten +dollars an acre. This they all stand to, and cannot be +convinced they have made a mistake, but have lost +their faith because he has broken his word,—and +outsiders have fanned the flame, telling them that if +they did not work for Mr. Philbrick for what he chose +to pay them,—and that he was paying them nothing,—he +would turn them out of their homes, and more +to the same effect. It was a most interesting occasion, +and it was pleasant to feel that there was a man of so +much sense in the Department. He tried to pacify the +men, and then privately told Mr. Soule that he should +advise Mr. Philbrick to pay the fifty cents.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next day the gentlemen departed, Mr. Tomlinson +going to the smaller Philbrick plantations to +make the newly-ordered written contracts with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> +people. By the terms of a circular issued April 1 by +General Saxton, each superintendent was ordered, +before April 15, to make to his general superintendent +and to sign a statement of the agreement existing between +himself and his laborers. The general superintendent +was then ordered to visit the plantation, explain +the contract to the negroes, and affix to it the +names of all who agreed to the terms of it; any laborer +who objected to the terms was warned to leave his employer +or stay with him at his own risk. H. W. records +the reception given to Mr. Tomlinson by the Pine +Grove people.</p></div> + +<p><i>April 22.</i> They were silenced, but not convinced, but +agreed for this year. Mr. Tomlinson had trouble with +the people at Mr. Folsom's and Mr. Harrison's both. +He had meant to do the job here, but could not, as C. +was away. C. did not expect any difficulty, and I suspect +that he was right, for just after all had gone, two +of our men, "Useless" Monday, the stuttering cow-minder, +and Hacklis, the sulkiest-looking man on the +place, came up and, with the brightest smiles and +cheeriest manner, began to ask me so earnestly how +I was, that I felt as if I were not honest if I did not +mention that I had a slight headache. "Mebbe de confusion +make you sick, sorry for dat. Not one our +people come up yere. We bery sorry for dat,"—and +much more of regret, and assertion that "so long as +Mass' Charlie on de place dey satisfy." Old Monday +wished to know if the milk satisfied me, and was very +much delighted when I told him that if he had not sent +some up the night before I should have had none for +the gentlemen's breakfast, and kept exclaiming, "I +glad for dat," as if he had wished to express his sympathy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> +by deeds as well as words. Then Hacklis said, +"Come, let's go," as if they had come up simply to +assure me that our people would give no trouble. I was +touched.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The end of the story was a month later.</p> +</div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>May 27.</i> Mr. Tomlinson came home last night with +C. and Mr. Soule to spend the night and make the +contract with the people, so C. sent word to them to +assemble in the cotton-house yard before they went +to their work, and he and Mr. Tomlinson went down +before breakfast, so that they need not be interrupted +in their work. They were gone so long that we began +to fear some trouble—indeed C. said he expected +some "jawing," and that it would be strange if this +was the only place where there was none; but not a +word was said—the people apparently are so ashamed +of the conduct of the women when Mr. Philbrick was +here and so indignant with the "Fripp People" that +they are on their best behavior.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Early May.</i> We have been having a funny time with +our people lately. One of my plantations is decidedly +ahead of all the others in intelligence and energy. They +were so energetic about March 1 as to get a petition +sent up to President Lincoln, praying for redress against +their various oppressions. The matter was referred +to some gentlemen coming down here to make other +investigations, and two or three weeks ago they pretty +thoroughly examined our affairs. I believe the result<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> +was pretty satisfactory. The originators of the movement +were two dissatisfied men who have given me +great trouble. There was much reason for some of +their feeling, but very little for their complaints. As +a result of the whole affair, however, I believe we all +think it would be politic to increase our wages still +more. At present we pay rather less than some, but +our cheap stores far more than make up the difference. +This, however, the people, instead of appreciating, +only make the subject of more complaint.</p> + +<p>When that was nicely settled, I made the discovery +that both plantations had thought it proper to plant +a great deal of corn among my cotton. I had given +them corn-land for themselves, but they, in pursuance +of a Secesh custom of planting a little corn between +the cotton rows, had done so to an outrageous extent. +And they in many cases refused to take it out. The +truth is here,—that we are rather more in the power +of the negroes than they in ours. I shall insist on every +grain being out, but actually shall probably have to +do it myself. Well—such disputes are almost the only +excitement I have; better some, perhaps, though unpleasant, +than none.</p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, May 3.</i> As soon as I can get complete information +from Liverpool about my claim on the +insurance company,<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> I shall settle with them and be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> +ready to settle with yourself, G., and Folsom. Are you +not ashamed to put in your own private pocket the +proceeds of the hard labor of the poor abused negro? I +think you cannot have read the <i>Tribune</i> and <i>Independent</i> +lately, or you would not be so depraved.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The sarcastic allusion in this last letter to the <i>Tribune</i> +and the <i>Independent</i> refers to two letters which +had lately appeared in those papers respectively, the +one signed "J. A. S.," the other anonymous. Both +were from Beaufort, and both attacked Mr. Philbrick +for a letter which he had recently written (February +24) to the New York <i>Evening Post</i>. This letter was +the presentation which he had planned to make proving +from his own experience that it was possible to +raise cotton cheaper by free labor than had been possible +by slave labor.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> In it Mr. Philbrick had also stated +his belief that the land-sales would be an injury to the +negro if they enabled him to buy at $1.25 an acre land +which was already worth much more and would, after +the war, rise still higher in value, for such purchases +would be made largely as speculations, and would +destroy all incentive to labor. The points of attack +selected by the writers in the <i>Independent</i> and the +<i>Tribune</i> were Mr. Philbrick's rate of wages,—why +did he not pay his hands $2.50 a day?—his views +on the land-sales, which, they said, showed his desire +to make of the negroes an "agricultural peasantry," +as dependent upon great landed proprietors as ever +they had been in their days of slavery, and the course +he had pursued relative to his own purchases in land. +"His own statements of his intentions induced the +almost universal belief that he desired to buy land +for the purpose of testing the industrial capabilities<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> +of the negroes, and when they had justified his confidence +in this respect, that he would sell them the lands +in small allotments at the cost to himself." His actual +performance now, on the other hand, was to put the +price of his lands "further from their reach than +before," fixing it "according to the increased value +which their labor and proved capacity have given +them." To these three accusations Mr. Philbrick +made reply in two letters. First, as to the auction-sales, +he agreed "that the good faith of the Government +should have been kept in regard to the promised homesteads, +however we may differ in opinion as to the +expediency of making the promise at this time." +Second, as to his scale of wages, he maintained that, on +his plantations, "whenever the amount of work done +in a day approaches the standard of a day's work in the +North, the wages also approach the limit of Northern +wages, under similar conditions."<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> Third, as to his +alleged promise to sell his land to negroes at cost, he +said, "I am not aware that I have ever committed +myself to any definite plans for disposing of this land; +for I have not been able to digest or mature any plan +satisfactory to myself."<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a></p> + +<p>There is nothing vital in these two letters of Mr. +Philbrick's which is new to the reader of these pages. +They are based on his firm belief that it was no kindness +to the negro to make discriminations in his favor.</p> + +<p>Mr. Philbrick's message to his superintendents +about the increased pay demanded by 'Siah and +Pompey, and his advice to W. C. G. in the matter of +corn planted between the rows of cotton were as +follows:</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, May 18.</i> I have already written expressing +my assent to the rise of wages at any time when you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> +shall all agree, and also write C. P. W. to-day that I +should at any time assent to any change in the management, +sustained by the unanimous approval of the +corps upon the spot, without waiting to hear from me. +You can avail yourself of the change to get rid of the +corn in cotton-fields. I hope you will not pull it up +yourself. I think such a step would lose more in dignity +than you would gain in consistency of purpose. We +must expect these people will take any undue advantage +of us they think they can do with impunity, but I +think such cases can be more readily reached through +their pocket nerves than their moral sensibilities. +Moreover, it is always better to do nothing in which +we should not be sustained by the authorities, whose +tender sympathies are not always judicious, as you +know. I would not allow a hill of corn in the cotton-field, +<i>i. e.</i>, I would not pay the extra price till it is +pulled up.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letter shows that the freedmen were waking +up to their rights in more ways than one.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>May 19.</i> We had a queer scene here on Tuesday. +It is probably the first time that the slaves—contrabands—freedmen—have +asserted themselves our +fellow-countrymen by claiming the right of voting. A +meeting was called in Beaufort to elect delegates to +the Baltimore convention.<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> It was assumed that we +could stand for the sovereign state of South Carolina, +and so we sent her full complement of sixteen representatives,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> +and furnished each with an alternate. There +are hardly thirty-two decent men in the Department, +it is commonly believed. A large half of the meeting +consisted of blacks, and <i>four black delegates were chosen</i>, +Robert Small<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> among them; the others I believe were +sergeants in the South Carolina regiment. At one +time there was considerable excitement, and white +paired off against black,—but on the whole both +colors behaved very well.</p> + +<p>The whole affair will be laughed at by the North, and +it is hardly probable that the delegates will be received. +I hope they will.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In this hope W. C. G. was to be disappointed. Not +one of the delegates was received.</p> + +<p>With a group of H. W.'s letters the story goes back +to home life.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Sunday, May 8.</i> I have been wanting to see a Baptism +performed as it is here in the creek, and as there was +to be one to-day C. arranged yesterday for us all to go +up. We had a lovely drive, reaching the bridge by the +church just as the Baptism began, and, sitting in the +wagon where we could see and hear everything, we +witnessed the whole ceremony and saw the vast crowd +that had collected for the same purpose. As the last +came up out of the water the people began to sing, and +we moved with the crowd towards the church, which +was presently filled, as many more people outside sitting +about. We sat for about four hours, through all +the services. The minister soon changed his clothes and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> +came in, but in the meantime the people sung. Mr. +Parker took occasion in his sermon to express very +liberal views towards other denominations of Christians, +and then invited "all members of sister churches +to remain to the Communion service." There has been +so much talk and trouble about this, and all who were +not Baptists have been so vigorously excluded,<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> that +we were very glad to see the new minister take a different +ground, and remained gladly. While the deacons +were arranging the Table, those who chose went out, +after which the elders went to the doors to call them +back. "Member, member, what you keep de church +waitin' for?" and again the church was filled, floor +and gallery,—I never saw such a sight,—but the +minister's earnestness and the general seriousness of +the people made it unlike a spectacle, and a serious, +most interesting occasion. Then there was a collection +taken up in the elders' hats, the people making change +while old Robert would attempt to persuade them to +leave the whole bill! Then two couples were severally +married, not both at once after Mr. Phillips' heathenish +fashion, pronouncing them all husbands and wives!</p> + +<p><i>May 16.</i> I found that the Court was to meet here at +nine o'clock. Mr. Soule asked me to be present, and I +listened all day to the examination of the various witnesses. +It was very interesting; but it was very sad to see +how little dependence could be placed upon their word. +Men and boys took the oath one after the other and then +lied as if they had sworn to do so. Their ingenuity was +wonderful, and we had to come to the conclusion that +if those who we supposed spoke the truth had been on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> +the other side they would have lied as badly as the others. +It has now become very important to carry the case +through and discover if possible who have perjured +themselves, as they must learn how important it is for +them to speak the truth. But little additional light was +thrown by the labor of to-day, and they adjourned at +night till Thursday, at Pine Grove.</p> + +<p><i>May 19.</i> The court sat at Pine Grove, but though +the moral certainty was very great, it was almost impossible +to convict on the evidence, because they lied so.</p> + +<p>A man came in great excitement to tell us that the +rebels had made a raid during the night onto Morgan +Island and carried off all the people. F. and R. immediately +took the sailboat and went over to the gunboat +to let them know.</p> + +<p><i>May 22.</i> F. went to church to find out about the poor +Morgan Island people, and heard from Mrs. Wells that +eleven people, men and women, had been carried off by +fifteen Secesh—three of Hamilton Fripp's sons were +among them. They took all the clothes, money, and eatables +they could find, and told the people that they were +living well and earning forty cents a day while their old +mistress was starving and had no one to work for her, +and they thought it was time they went to take care of +her. One man escaped after his hands were tied, and +one woman refused to get into the boat, and they knocked +her down and left her. They have frightened poor Mrs. +Wells pretty effectually by saying they should like to +carry Mr. Wells off on the points of their bayonets. +"That man that pays them forty cents a day." A +picket has been stationed there and another on Eddings +Point.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>May 27.</i> My "seamster," Maria, has a little girl +who she sent me word should be my little chambermaid, +and she wished me to name her. Her youngest child, +Noble, I did not know, he is such a great boy, and I remarked +that he was bigger than Cicero was two years +ago. "Too much, Missus, him lick Cicero now," and +she explained that it was because he was a Yankee child, +and then she and Rose enlarged upon the general superiority +of the Yankee children, who could all "lick" all +the Secesh children of twice their years! It was very +funny, but I daresay there is some truth in it, as the +women only work when they feel able to do so, and +moreover they all have a greater variety of food.</p> + +<p>The boys returned from the gunboats with full accounts +from the officers of the disgraceful abandonment +of the expedition<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> and its complete failure, owing in +the first place to the drunkenness of an officer and then +to the failure of common sense. General Foster has +arrived<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a>—I hope he will prove to be somebody; this +poor Department seems doomed. General Birney seems +to have shown as little sense in this matter as on the negro +question.</p> + +<p><i>May 31.</i> To dine at Pine Grove, stopping on the +way to see if I could find any of Pierce Butler's<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> people +among the St. Simonians who have settled on the deserted +plantation of Hamilton Fripp. Found one woman +who was nursery-maid at Mr. Hazard's, who she said +was a cousin of "Butler's;" she remembered him well +and his two daughters, also Mrs. Butler. "She was a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> +very great lady—a <i>very</i> great lady, and a most beautiful +lady—slender-like: she tell Mr. Butler if he give +up the slavery, she would likes to live there, but she +couldn't stan' that; but he wouldn't 'grees to that, +so she goes 'way and she get a dewoce. Oh, but she could +ride hos'!" She said that Mr. Butler was a very kind +master to his servants indeed, "but sometimes he have +bad overseer."</p> + +<p><i>June 15.</i> Rode through the quarters to tell the people +myself that I was going home for a visit. "But you +comin' back dough—arter we get use' to you you mustn't +lef' we—and you sarvice to we when we sick too +much." "Hi!" said old Betty, "you brudder an' sister +been eat you like one oyshter!" "Dey tink you like +one angel come down," said old Judy, "and they no +ben see you so long time."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The long letter that comes next is perhaps the most +interesting and convincing of all that Mr. Philbrick +wrote.</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, July 8.</i> Your long letter has received due attention, +but I do not yet feel as if it would be advisable +to sell lands any sooner than I had always intended, viz., +at the end of the war. I agree with you that the present +system is unsatisfactory and annoying, tending to develop +the evil as well as the good that is in the negro +character. I had about concluded to propose next winter +something like the following plan, but don't think it +good policy to promise <i>anything</i> now for two reasons: +first, such promises would be distorted and misrepresented +by the negroes among themselves in the interim,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> +so that when the time comes, nothing but dissatisfaction +and growling would result; second, because something +may turn up in the meantime to change my mind as to +what is best. My rough plan is to sell to the people at +cost all live-stock and implements we could spare,—nearly +the whole,—for which they can doubtless pay +cash next winter. Then divide the lands among them +to be used as they see fit for the remainder of the war, +they to pay either a certain share of the cotton they raise, +say one half, or a certain amount of cotton, annually. +(Don't like this last.) A small farm to be reserved on +large plantations to be sold to or worked by some white +settler, who can devote his time there and act as our agent +to look after our rights, and if possible work a little cotton +on his own account, experimenting and introducing improved +methods of culture. It might be almost impossible +for such a man to get labor, but there will be some negroes +too dependent in their habits to want to wait a year +for their pay and some old people and widows who would +prefer wages paid monthly. This white man's farm is, +however, not a necessary part of the plan, and if labor +can't be got, of course it wouldn't succeed. Teachers +and store-keepers to be kept on the ground at our expense, +who will look after the houses they live in and do +whatever else they can to keep things straight.</p> + +<p>Another plan is to sell life-leases to the negroes, instead +of the fee simple, disposing of the lands you propose +to sell. This occurred to me as a means of avoiding +the terrible and disastrous confusion which it will be next +to impossible to avoid after a term of years, if the fee +should be conveyed, when the purchasers die and sell or +change land as they will to a certain extent in time. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> +is bad enough to trace a title and find out whether it is +good for anything here in systematic New England, +and difficult enough, too, to fix boundaries and maintain +them against encroachments; but it makes my +orderly bones ache to think of a time when, after some +men now purchasing land shall die, leaving two or +three sets of children, some born under wedlock and +some not, some not their own but their wives' children, +some even of questionable parentage, and some who +were never heard of before, all claiming a slice of the +deceased man's land, and of course all claiming the +best. Suppose it was bounded by a "stake and stones" +as of old here, minus the stones which are absent; suppose +some of the claimants think best to set up a new +stake where one has gone to decay, and suppose they +are not over exact in placing it; or suppose, as is more +than likely, their neighbor thinks the new stake encroaches +on him and pulls it up entirely, stamping on +the hole and putting it in according to his own ideas, +etc., etc., ad infinitum. Now, as you must admit that +all this is likely to occur, and worse too, would such a +state of things tend to bring about a healthy and rapid +development? Any one who has watched the minute +subdivision of lands among the French peasantry +knows that after a few generations a man has not land +enough to live on or work economically, and hence a +vast amount of time and energy is wasted in France +for lack of organization;—that, too, where they have +an administration of justice the most minute and exact +to be found in the whole world, an organization of the +judiciary which reaches to every man's case, however +minute or inconspicuous. The life-lease system would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> +avoid these troubles, but would be open to this objection, +a serious one, too, viz., the negro ought to feel that in +building up a home for himself, it shall be a home for +his children, for he has too little of the feeling of responsibility +for his offspring, which is one of the best stimulants +to good order and civilization.</p> + +<p>The future value of the lands is a question I don't +think of much consequence, neither is the question of +profit to the present holders to be considered, when +conflicting with the future welfare of the community. +If we only had clearness of vision, the wisdom to see +what would really be best for the masses, I sincerely +believe that it could readily be adopted without in any +way prejudicing the present profits of the holders. You +speak of the probability of having less cotton planted +for us in case your plan is followed. I shouldn't consider +that of <i>any consequence whatever</i>, except that, as a +general thing, the amount of cotton planted will always +be a pretty sure index of the state of industry of the +people, and their industry will always be the best measure +of their improvement. It might take them some +time to find out that cotton was the best thing for them +to work on, but present prices are fast teaching them +this fact.</p> + +<p>The objection noted above against a life-lease is a +serious one, and perhaps sufficient to balance those +future annoyances likely to grow out of selling the +fee.</p> + +<p>I do not agree with you in what you say of the <i>unnatural</i> +dependence of these people. I don't see any +people on the face of the earth of their rank in civilization +who are so independent as they are.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p> + +<p>I don't see the justice of the claim to the soil now +made in their behalf by Mr. J. A. Saxton<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> and others, +and with which you seem to sympathize somewhat. +The fact is that no race of men on God's earth ever +acquired the right to the soil on which they stand without +more vigorous exertions than these people have +made. This is apparently the wise order of Providence +as a means of discipline, or the misfortune of man, as +a consequence of his failings, perhaps both; but I cannot +see why these people should be excepted from the +general rule. If they <i>have</i> acquired the necessary +qualifications to be benefited by becoming landholders, +then there is no reason for delay; but here is the very +point of difference between us, whether they would be +in the long run so benefited.</p> + +<p>As to price, I never considered the question of profit +to myself or those I represent as of consequence in +fixing the price. It is no doubt an expression of this +kind which gave rise to the general belief, claimed by +some whites as well as blacks, that I would sell at cost, +"was bound" to do so, etc. It did not occur to those +who so believed that I could have any good or disinterested +reasons for selling for more than cost. It may +be difficult to fathom one's own motives in such cases, +but I can say honestly that I do not believe in the success +of a system of selling to any people any property +whatever for less than its market value, with a view to +confer a lasting benefit upon them. That is, I think the +immediate ease which such a course would confer +would beget idleness and unthrifty habits when compared +with a system by which every man should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> +required to pay full price. No man or race of men +ever truly appreciate freedom who do not fight for it, +and no man appreciates property who does not work +for it, on the same terms with those around him. I +think they would be better off for paying ten dollars +an acre for land, if the land is worth it, rather than one +dollar, because they would use the land for which they +had paid full price more economically, would be likely +to get more out of it, and would be taught a feeling +of independence more readily than by being made the +recipients of charity.</p> + +<p>In this case, however, we have a complication of +circumstances entirely unique. We have a number of +people who have bought land at a rate fixed by Government, +and a certain amount of "discouragement" +would ensue if our people were charged more per acre +than their neighbors for similar land. They couldn't +be expected to see the justice of such an arrangement, +and it is difficult for us to explain why it should be so. +This is a very strong argument for selling cheap, for +we should avoid any course which we should not be +able to easily prove just, when dealing with such a +defenceless people. Of course there would be a grand +howl among the so-called philanthropists at the mention +of any plan on my part of selling at any rate above +cost, witness the sensation produced by my letter to +the <i>Evening Post</i>; but I don't care much for that, +and ought not to care at all. We couldn't sell the land +as you propose<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> without calling forth a similar howl<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> +from this sickly sympathy, which would have me sell +all the land and would accuse me of a tendency to +aristocracy if I retained any lands to be disposed of +otherwise. Of course the negroes wouldn't be satisfied +either. I don't expect to satisfy them by any course +which would be consistent with common sense. I think +it possible that I may fall into such a plan as you suggest +after I get down there next winter. In the meantime +I don't want to make any promises.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next three letters are full of the irritation engendered +by unintelligent orders from official superiors.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>July 17.</i> Do people look with any interest toward this +Department, either for military achievement or civil +improvement? The former require better men—generals—than +we are blessed with; the latter may come,—after +the war.</p> + +<p>Do people expect much of the negro of Port Royal? +Let them expect. It is amusing to hear M. W.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> She +understands all the peculiarities of affairs down here +with wonderful quickness and penetration; I have +learned to respect her judgment and opinion. To +hear her rail at these people, and slip out sly hints about +the conduct of the "friends of the freedman" is a treat.</p> + +<p>Rose was sitting disconsolately on the wood-box the +other evening; I began chaffing her about her melancholy +looks. She did not say much, but presently she +asked if I had heard from Miss Harriet again; I told +her no, and she heaved a big sigh, and asked when she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> +would come back. "Mass' Charlie, no one <i>know</i> how +I miss Miss Hayyut. If my own <i>mudder</i> go Nort', I no +miss her mo'." I asked her if she missed Miss Harriet +more than I missed my "farmly," whom I hadn't seen +for so many months. She couldn't tell. "Ebry man +hab e own feelin'."</p> + +<p><i>Aug. 17.</i> The unexpected opportunity to send off +my letter was the visit of one Lewis Keller, from +the provost marshal's office at Hilton Head; he came +down to make inquiries concerning deserters, able-bodied +men, etc., etc. He also obtained a map of the +island, with plantations marked thereon. The provost +marshal, I am sorry to say, is conceited, opinionated, +and wanting in common sense and discretion. He has +ideas which, if founded on anything, rest on reports +only, and very vague reports too. He thinks, or rather +(as the notion, once in his head, must stick there) he +is certain, that there is communication between the +negroes who buy at our stores and the rebels; that there +is a camp of deserters (black and white) on Hunting +Island, and that these deserters are employed in carrying +supplies to the main; that the proximity of our +stores to the rebel country is a dangerous state of things, +not only inciting the rebels to come over, but likely to +supply them with all they want if they do come. Also +he thinks that the negroes have no business to have +guns. Also he does not see what they can want with +all the stuff sent on the <i>Kelley</i>. Now the <i>Kelley</i> arrived +just before the regulations which allowed plantation +supplies to enter insurrectionary districts. The treasury +agent at once offered to permit the <i>Kelley's</i> cargo +to come on shore. The provost marshal, who by this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> +time appeared to be very willing to "help us all he +could," took the invoice to General Foster, and came +back with permission to land all of some things, one +half the dry goods, one third only of the grocery supplies, +flour, bacon, etc. We shall probably have to sell +the rest at Hilton Head. Very provoking. Some of the +supplies were small enough as they were; what is left +will be about a mouthful apiece all around; <i>e. g.</i>, one +hundred and eighty barrels of flour came; my share +would be about thirty-five. I could have sold twenty-five +whole barrels, and peddled out the rest in six weeks. +My share of sixty barrels will be about twelve! The +provost marshal could not see what the people wanted +of so much provision. Yet he has at his office the census +of all these plantations, besides a written statement +prepared by Mr. Soule of the amount bought at these +stores within the last six months and the lists of purchases +over five dollars at a time (we have to keep these +lists, as one condition of keeping store).</p> + +<p>Besides restricting the quantity of goods, all the +stores are to be closed except those at R.'s and Folsom's. +I may sell what I have on hand, but not take +in anything more. Ignorance, stupidity, and conceit.</p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, Aug. 24.</i> The recent assumption of authority +by the military officials seems to have extinguished the +Treasury Department in Port Royal. It is a difficult +case to reach, for this officious intermeddling bears the +semblance of earnest and zealous watchfulness of the +public interests. Any representations at Washington +will avail nothing, so long as Colonel H. cherishes the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> +idea, or pretends to, that it is not for the public welfare +to have us sell bacon and 'lasses at Coffin's Point. +Any permission from the Treasury Department which +would appear to him as too lenient would only give +him another chance to exercise his authority, which +tickles his vanity and makes him appear a big man. +A difference of opinion between him and myself would +hardly be listened to at Washington, so long as it is +upon a subject on which his superiors think him qualified +to judge better than myself. Suppose the Secretary +of the Treasury were to allow goods to be taken from +Hilton Head without restriction, General Foster and +Colonel H. would still think the rebels would get them, +and, having the power in their own hands, would not +be likely to allow us to avail ourselves of any such privileges. +I should like to have the question asked him, +"How the Coffin's Point people are to get supplies?" +If we are forbidden to keep a store there, it certainly +cannot be forbidden us to send a wagon-load of goods +there for the supply of that plantation whenever needed, +which will answer our purposes well enough. In order +to avoid any trap-springing by parties who might +think it a smart thing to tell Colonel H. we had not +discontinued the store, it would be best to have a plain +talk with him on the subject. We don't want to <i>keep store</i>, +but supply the plantations, and need not keep +any considerable stock on hand at these "exposed" +points.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next group of letters returns to the subject of +negro recruitment. By this time various Northern +States, in despair of finding enough men at home to +make out the number of recruits required of them by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> +the general Government, were getting hold of Southern +negroes for the purpose, and their agents had appeared +in the Department of the South, competing for freedmen +with offers of large bounties. At the same time +General Foster made up his mind that all able-bodied +negroes who refused to volunteer, even under these +conditions, should be forced into the service. If the +conscription methods of the Government up to this +time had not been brutal, certainly no one can deny +that adjective to the present operations. Yet it will be +seen that experience has tempered the indignation of +the superintendents, though not their distress.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Aug. 9.</i> Lieutenant-Colonel Rice, agent for Massachusetts, +has come. After looking about a little, he does +not think the prospect of getting recruits <i>very</i> brilliant, +but his agents are at work in Beaufort streets, and may +pick up a few men. He intends to send native scouts +on to the main to beat up recruits; $35 a man is +offered for all they will bring in. Colonel Rice intended +to come down here to-day, but had to go and see +General Foster and Colonel Littlefield,<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> Superintendent +of Recruiting. (He—Colonel L.—calls it recruiting +to conscript all he can lay hands on.) There is to be, +not a draft, but a wholesale conscription,<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> enforced +here. Lieutenant-Colonel Strong of the First South +(Thirty-Third United States Colored Troops)<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> enrolled +all colored men last month. It is possible, if the men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> +can be made to understand this, that a few can be +induced to volunteer, but I hardly think that many +will be secured, either by enlistment or draft. Colonel +Rice comes down here this week. Mr. Soule (just +returned from Beaufort) describes him as a pleasant +man, simple in manner, with great good sense, shrewd +enough, and of an inquiring turn. He has gone right +to work, not bidding for men, but offering the whole +bounty, etc., at once, and at the same time he is trying +to find out all he can about things and people here. I +long to "shum" and keep him over night.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Sept. 23.</i> I'm glad to say that my plantations have +at last contributed their share to the regiment. With +two or three exceptions all my young men have gone,—twenty, +more or less,—which has deprived me of at +least half my stock of labor. They are carrying out the +draft with excessive severity, not to say horrible cruelty. +Last night three men were shot,—one killed, one +wounded fatally, it is thought, and the other disappeared +over the boat's side and has not been seen +since,—shot as they were trying to escape the guard sent to +capture all men who have not been exempted by the +military surgeons. The draft here is a mere +conscription,—<i>every</i> able-bodied man is compelled to serve,—and +many not fit for military service are forced to work +in the quartermaster's department.</p> + +<p><i>Oct. 12.</i> You ask more about the draft. The severity +of the means employed to enforce it is certainly not to +be justified, nor do the authorities attempt to do so,—<i>after</i> +the act is done. The draft here is carried on by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> +military, not civil, powers. We have no civil laws, +courts, officers, etc. Consequently the only way in +which public operations can be accomplished is by +issuing a general order and instructing the provost +marshals to see it carried into execution. The only +agents to be employed are necessarily soldiers, and the +only coercion is necessarily that of guns and arbitrary +arrests. The state of society—as far as regards the +draft and also many other things—is one in which +most men conspire to escape the voice of the law; so +that, when such unfortunate occurrences happen as +the late shooting affair, there seems to be nothing for +it but indignation and sorrow, and perhaps an examination +into the circumstances to discover if they justified +recourse to such extreme action: <i>e. g.</i>, the shooting +seems to have stopped further proceeding in the draft. +If there were any civil power here, such things would +be as unjust and horrible as they seem. As it is, each +case has to be weighed by itself and may prove better +than it seems. The Massachusetts recruiting agents, +of course, have nothing to do with enforcing the draft. +But their presence seems to have increased its activity +and their bounty contributes to its success. Nearly all +my men have gone voluntarily (<i>i. e.</i>, felt they must go, +and, for the bounty offered, concluded to go without +violence), and all are constantly writing home letters +expressive of great satisfaction.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The letter following from T. E. R. (one of Mr. +Philbrick's superintendents, frequently referred to in +these letters as "R."), gives a capital idea of the pleasures +of living under military rule.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p> +<h3>T. E. R. TO C. P. W. (AT HOME ON A VISIT)</h3> + +<p><i>St. Helena Island, Oct. 17.</i> An order was issued +just before or about the time you left to take away all +the boats, to prevent intercourse with the rebels; so +they attempted to enforce it, but, after the first day, +boats all went out into the <i>mash</i> or up on dry land in +the bush, and then alas for <i>General Order</i> or any other +man. Several applications were sent to General Saxton +in reference to the matter, and these he forwarded to +Foster, and he let his dignity down easily by permitting +all the boats taken to be returned and all not taken +to be retained, on the presentation to the provost +marshal of <i>triplicate</i> certificates describing the owner +(age, height, color of eyes, hair, complexion, and occupation), +describing boat (a pine dugout), certifying to +the strict loyalty and <i>good citizenship</i> of the owner, +signed by general superintendent, and approved by +general commanding. Isn't that red tape to perfection? +They never went to Coffin's to take the boats, nor +did they ever go there to get soldiers—strange, when +it is thought by many that there is nearly a regiment on +that plantation. Perhaps they feared <i>Coffin's Battery</i>.<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letter is from H. W., at the time of her return +with C. P. W. to Port Royal.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, Nov. 12.</i> There had been so much +delay and uncertainty over our arrival that Rose had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> +gone home, but Rodwell stopped to tell her we had come +as he went down with the cart, and she exclaimed, +"Pray day come for me go see Miss Hayiut." In the +morning she came early into my chamber, bright and +eager. I knew Robert was black as the ace of spades, +but they both of them did look blacker than anything +I ever saw before, but it was good to see them.</p> + +<p>The next group of extracts is again occupied with +the everyday events of plantation life.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 12.</i> As usual I managed to miss the last mail. +Now that the W.'s and their party have returned, perhaps +we may be assisted into greater punctuality. Fortunately +for us they live farther from the human race +by two and a half miles than ourselves, and can't reach +it without passing within half a mile of our house. +Politeness usually obliges them to come up and take +our budget. We live on our friends in a great many +ways here. Without attempting any system or intending +to set a wrong world right, we realize all the best fruits +of socialistic communities. If any one has anything +good, he is expected to enjoy only a small piece himself; +and most things that are done have a reference to our +united, not to any individual interest. Our own geographical +location is such that we are peculiarly fitted to +receive the benefit of this interchange of good offices,—while +we can hardly reciprocate as we ought to.</p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 19.</i> Alden and I were put on Plantation Commission +work as soon as we got here, had a session<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> +Wednesday and tried several cases. The untrustworthiness +of these people is more apparent and troublesome +than ever. I feel as if it would not be safe +to allow them to gin the cotton—it seems certain that +a great deal of it would be stolen. Their skill in lying, +their great reticence, their habit of shielding one another +(generally by silence), their invariable habit of +taking a rod when you, after much persuasion, have +been induced to grant an inch, their assumed innocence +and ignorance of the simplest rules of <i>meum</i> +and <i>tuum</i>, joined with amazing impudence in making +claims,—these are the traits which try us continually +in our dealings with them, and sometimes almost make +us despair of their improvement—at least, in the present +generation. It is certain that their freedom has +been too easy for them,—they have not had a hard +enough time of it. In many cases they have been "fair +spoiled."</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 27.</i> Rose is a trump. She does all my cooking +neater and better than I have ever had it done—makes +bread and biscuit and puddings as well as I +could myself, and until this morning, with our help, of +course, has done the chamber-work too. With those +three children I have got along as well as I could ask. +I begin to appreciate what and how much they have +learned the last two years.</p> + +<p>[<i>Dec. 11.</i>] Over seventy children at Sunday School. +I had a very nice time with them indeed, and was much +struck with their progress in general intelligence. Their +eager, intelligent faces and earnest attention and interest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> +in all I said to them were a great contrast to anything +they would have manifested two years ago. Indeed, I +could not have talked to them, and they would not have +understood me if I had, in anything like the same way +that I did to-day.</p> + +<p><i>Nov. 23.</i> We saw Mrs. Vaughn, who seems to find +life here very hard, and repeats the inevitable experience +of all those who have ever had anything to do +with the blacks previously, that these are the most +degraded and barbarous of their race in the country.</p> + +<p>We met C. Soule and Captain Crane,<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> with their two +servants, coming down to spend Thanksgiving. We had +a right pleasant evening. Captain Crane played and +sung, and we were very glad to hear the piano, and he +to touch one.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 27.</i> On Thanksgiving Day we gathered together +all our friends,—all our "set," at least,—and sat +down, twenty-six of us, together, to eat turkeys and pies. +It was a rather formidable thing to attempt, with negro +servants and St. Helena supplies, but we had quite a +good time, and have done our duty in giving the party. +It is probably the last time that we'll all meet together. +Those who are to stay next year are all bemoaning their +fate; together we have had a very courteous and friendly +circle,—rather peculiarly so for such a rough kind of +life and surroundings,—and the loss of so many as +will go will probably rob the work here of much of its +pleasantness.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>War, in the person of the triumphant Sherman, was +again drawing near, and the two young officers of the +Fifty-Fifth had barely celebrated Thanksgiving with +the people from home when they were summoned to +take their part.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Nov. 28.</i> C. brought word that all the troops had +been sent to Savannah to meet Sherman, and that citizens +were on guard at Beaufort.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 1.</i> To-night comes C. from Beaufort with news +of the Grahamville fight.<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> It is said we have been twice +repulsed, and the fight is not over.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 2.</i> A cart came down from R.'s and brought a +note from him to the effect that Captain Crane, who +was with us such a short time ago, has been killed in the +fight at Grahamville, but that C. Soule was unhurt.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 3.</i> The rumors with regard to the expedition +are various and contradictory, but the impression seems +to be that we have been whipped, but hold on and have +intrenched at Grahamville. Mr. and Mrs. Soule are +cheerful and brave, but very anxious, and it makes +our hearts sink to hear the guns as we do. Pray God +we may succeed this time and Sherman may come +through. It will be such a day as has not been seen in +this Department since Dupont took the place.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 4.</i> We have repulsed the enemy since we intrenched, +and deserters say Sherman is coming.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 6.</i> Captain Crane found that his company was +left behind at Morris Island, but begged so to go,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> +that Colonel Hartwell<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> took him on his staff, sending a +Captain Gordon, who had just come from the North, +to take charge of his company. Colonel Hartwell was +wounded and Captain Crane killed in one of the first +charges, in which our troops were repulsed, so that +Captain Crane's body was left in the hands of the +enemy. To-night we hear that ten thousand troops have +come from Fortress Monroe to reinforce us, and deserters +tell of Sherman's advance and successes. You +may imagine we are all on the <i>qui vive</i>, and anxious, +for we hear all the firing.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 11.</i> Savannah is in Sherman's hands and Pocotaligo +in Foster's. We hope and trust this is no South +Carolina rumor.</p> + +<p><i>Dec. 15.</i> To-night Mr. Soule brings word that Sherman +breakfasted with Foster yesterday morning, on a +boat that came to Beaufort to-day.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Just after Christmas Mr. Philbrick went back to Port +Royal to see to shipping his cotton.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Dec. 28.</i> Arrived this evening. No fellow passengers +that I knew. Most of them were Sherman's officers who +had left him at Atlanta for various reasons and now +come to join him. Very pleasant men, with a degree +of hearty good sense and whole-souled patriotism that +was truly refreshing.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p> +<h2>1865</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The Georgia refugees—Sherman's army at Beaufort—Discontent +of the negroes about wages—W. C. G.'s work at Savannah for the +refugees—Return home of most of the letter-writers—The death +of Lincoln, its effect on the negroes—End of the war and return of +the planters—Stealing of cotton by the negroes—Superintendents +"demoralized on the negro question."</i></p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 1.</i> Yesterday morning I had a talk with Mr. H.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> +in the yard, where he is at work framing the school-house. +I like him very much. He is a somewhat rare +combination of a refined gentleman, without much +education, but very well informed and wide awake, and +a modest and quiet industry with the most practical +common sense. He is truly interested in the negroes, +without the least bit of sentimental or ill-advised sympathy. +He is very glad to come here and take charge, +and I think he is the best superintendent I have had +here at all.</p> + +<p>I saw some of the people who came about the house +by chance during the day, and who seemed truly glad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> +to see me. They have got quite over the land-fever, +and say they prefer to work along as they have, wherein +they begin to show sense. Rose is still the only cook +and does very well, except that she sometimes bakes +potatoes longer than she boils hams, etc., etc. I suspect +H. helps her put things together somewhat. The +Christmas tree was to have been last evening, but the +rain prevented. C. P. W. has gone up to bring down +Mr. Eustis and his two ladies to dine. The house being +an elastic one, I suppose it can be made to hold several +more people than at present, if they will only bring +their own blankets. The old diet of sweet potatoes and +hominy, ham, fresh pork, and waffles, holds its sway +yet, with grunnuts in the evening, of course.</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 2.</i> At sunset we all adjourned to the cotton-house, +where the tree was all ready to be lighted. It +was a very pretty sight, and after we had let the children +in I sent word that the grown people might come +and see, if they liked. Then, before anything was cut +down, the children sang a number of the songs I have +taught them, standing in classes, the smallest in front, +their little eager faces irresistibly comic. The older +people soon filled up the building, making rather a +crowd, and a less manageable one than the children +alone; but they were pleased at the sight, and when the +noise became overpowering, I could stop it for the time +being by starting a song, which the children would +instantly catch up. Then I let the children sing some +of their own songs in genuine, shouting style, a sight +too funny in the little things, but sad and disagreeable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> +to me in the grown people, who make it a religious act. +It is impossible to describe it—the children move +round in a circle, backwards, or sideways, with their +feet and arms keeping energetic time, and their whole +bodies undergoing most extraordinary contortions, +while they sing at the top of their voices the refrain to +some song sung by an outsider. We laughed till we +almost cried over the little bits of ones, but when the +grown people wanted to "shout," I would not let them, +and the occasion closed by their "drawing" candy +from C. as they passed out. I daresay this sounds +pleasant, and I know they all had a good time; but if +you could have looked in, you would have thought it +Bedlam let loose!</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The "Georgia refugees" referred to in several of the +subsequent letters were hundreds of negroes who had +followed Sherman's army northward. "They are said," +says C. P. W., "to be an excellent set of people, more +intelligent than most here, and eager for work. They +will get distributed onto the plantations before a great +while."</p></div> + +<p><i>Jan. 6.</i> Miss Towne gave us quite an interesting +account of the Georgia refugees that have been sent +to the Village. The hardships they underwent to march +with the army are fearful, and the children often gave +out and were left by their mothers exhausted and dying +by the roadside and in the fields. Some even put their +children to death, they were such a drag upon them, +till our soldiers, becoming furious at their barbarous +cruelty, hung two women on the spot. In contrast to +such selfishness, she told us of one woman who had +twelve small children—she carried one and her husband<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> +another, and for fear she should lose the others +she tied them all together by the hands and brought +them all off safely, a march of hundreds of miles. The +men have all been put to work in the quartermaster's +department or have gone into the army, and the families +are being distributed where they can find places +for them.</p> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 8.</i> Miss Towne told some amusing stories of +the Georgia refugees. Some of them, being very destitute, +were bemoaning their condition, and wishing they +had never left their old plantations, feeling rather +abashed at the responsibility of taking care of themselves. +The old Edisto people, who have been there a +year or two, encourage them, saying, "Look 'o we," +"We come here wi' noffin at all," "Now we have money +for cotton and all the tater and hominy we can eat," etc. +One woman said, "Bress the Lord, I have striven and +got enough to give <i>seven</i> gowns to these poor folk." +So it seems they do what they can for the new-comers. +I guess these Edisto people, who have their own recent +destitution fresh in mind, are more kind than the natives +of St. Helena, who are rather inclined to be jealous of +the new-comers, who make the labor market rather +easier than before.</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 6. Monday.</i> I had a talk with the people, who +came up to see me in a crowd in the forenoon. They +seemed jolly, and had no complaints to make about +the past, but wanted higher wages for the future. I +talked with them very quietly for an hour, told them +I would give higher wages if I felt sure the price of cotton<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> +a year hence would pay me as well as the past +crop,<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> and told them if they wanted to share this risk +with me, I would give them a share of the cotton for +their wages. They all objected to this except one or +two of the men, who said they would like such an +arrangement, but their <i>families</i> couldn't wait so long +for their money. On the whole they preferred wages, +and therein showed their sense, I think. I find that +when my last cargo arrived in the <i>Redwing</i>, the people +who had worked for me had their pockets full of money +and bought what they wanted, but the men who had +been cultivating cotton on their own hook looked on +with envious eyes and empty pockets, creating a very +general impression in favor of the <i>wages system</i>. Under +this impression, I think they will fall to work gradually +at similar wages to what I have been paying, but will +probably lie idle a few weeks to think about it, in hopes +I will offer more.</p> + +<p><i>Tuesday morning.</i> I heard that the schooner was at +Fuller Place to take our cotton. We have been at it +ever since till yesterday noon, when we put in the last +we had, nearly filling her up. There was about half of +it negro cotton, brought from one hundred and seventy-six +different proprietors, for whom I act as agent in +forwarding and selling it. I drove over to spend the +night at Mr. Wells' house on Wednesday. He had +gone to Morgan Island to receive and stow away some +one hundred and fifty Georgia refugees, which were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> +expected by a steamer from Beaufort. After he had +waited for them all day, they arrived about sunset, and +he spent half the night there in the rain, stowing them +in houses and getting their baggage up from the steamer, +which lay at anchor in the river discharging into small +boats. They came from the shore counties near to Savannah, +and brought a good deal of truck, beds, and +blankets, and some rice and peas. Mr. Wells gave +them rations for a week, and I suppose will continue to +do so, for they can't get anything to eat till next harvest +in any other way. The able-bodied have all been taken +either by the rebels or our Government for fatigue +duty and quartermaster service, so those who come here +are all women, children, or cripples, such as we had +before. They will doubtless be so glad of a home, however, +that they will do a good deal of work. Of course +it is not an economical class of labor, for it takes too +much land to feed the non-workers to allow a great deal +to be planted in cotton. In the morning I walked out +with Mr. Wells and sold him both the plantations of +which he has had charge for me, viz., the Jenkins place, +where he lives, for $1600 or $10 per acre, and Morgan +Island for $1200, or about $5 per acre, which is +more than any one would have given a few weeks ago, +when we couldn't get a negro to stay there for fear of +the rebels. I daresay he may do very well with it now, +but it is a vexatious thing to get rations to them in such +an out-of-the-way place, and, after all, young Mr. Fripp +may make them another visit some night and carry off +some more negroes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FROM C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 8.</i> Howard's<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> corps came to Beaufort early +last week, and carpenters and engineers have been +busy putting the Shell Road<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> to the Ferry in order and +building a bridge across the Ferry. It looks as if a move +were to be made towards Charleston or the interior +soon. Beaufort presents a lively spectacle; the Western +soldiers are rough, unkempt customers, whose hair, +falling over their shoulders, suggests vows of abstinence +from the shears till they shall have accomplished a great +work. The first few days of their stay in Beaufort were +marked by acts more amusing to the soldiers than to +the owners of property "lying round loose." The first +night was chilly, and three thousand feet of lumber +furnished bonfires at which the soldiers of the "movable +army" warmed themselves. Shopkeepers do a tremendous +business, and their shops look "fair dry;" but +they do not always get pay for their goods, but are requested +to look on the battlefield for their money. The +troops were paid off just before leaving Atlanta, and are +"flush." Bread is very scarce. The troops fared very +well on the march,—one continued Thanksgiving +through the richest part of Georgia.</p> + +<p>The schooner <i>Horace</i> for New York, with the rest +of our cotton and the first of the negroes', is loaded. +The negroes' crops did not turn out very well, as a +general rule; want of manure and careless working +being the principal causes; the caterpillar did a great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> +deal of damage. They seem somewhat discouraged at +the prospect of having to wait so long for their money; +but the advance paid them on shipping the cotton (a +dollar a pound of ginned cotton) will be a great help +to those who have done well.</p> + +<p>It is an excellent thing for the property here that +Mr. H.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> is here to keep it in repair. He is a regular +trump, the best man down here. I feel more contented +at leaving the place with him than with any one here.</p> + +<p>If I could have a place down here all to myself, and +have what help I wanted, I think I should stay another +year and try the experiment on a little different plan. +But, as Mr. Folsom said one day, when we agreed that it +would be pleasant to stay and hard to leave, "But, after +all, one must remember that one has an immortal soul."</p> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 11.</i> Mr. Soule, coming from R.'s, tells us that a +salute fired the day before was for Stanton's arrival, +come to confer with Sherman.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next paragraph suggests that the Secretary of +War had come for something besides a conference with +Sherman; at any rate, he took speedy action in one +important direction.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 18.</i> We stopped at Miss Towne's new school-house +to see them all in it, and found to our pleasure +that General Howard was addressing the children. +General Saxton, too, was there, in his new major-general's +straps. I was very glad to see General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> +Howard, who has superseded General Foster here. +He has a very nice face indeed, and his one arm seemed +to make quite an impression on the children. Stanton +has been investigating the conscription business, and +Foster's removal is the result, apparently, while Saxton +has been promoted.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next letters, Mr. Philbrick's last from Port +Royal, contain various pieces of Sea Island news, +chiefly in connection with his plans for the next year +and his difficulties with his laborers.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM E. S. P.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 9.</i> I started for Coffin's Point, meeting a long +procession of the people on the way to church. More +than half the number were in sulkies or some sort of +go-carts, with all sorts of animals pulling them, mostly +quadrupeds that had once been horses,—and some +might still bear that name. I had to stop and shake +hands every few rods, of course. I have spent most of +the day at Fripp Point, with Mr. York. Mr. G. had not +been able to collect the rent of corn-land there, to be +paid in corn, most of the men refusing to pay. He had +withheld enough from their pay to cover the amount +of corn due. I took over the money due, with the pay-roll +and corn-list. After a long talk on the part of +Pompey and John Major and others, which I listened +to patiently, most of them still refused to bring their +corn. But I felt pretty sure that when some began +they would all do it, and so opened the door of the +corn-house and told the willing ones to bring in their +corn. Jack came first, then Katy, Louisa, and Moll. +Pretty soon John Major came along with a cart-load,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> +and all the rest followed but Pompey. Then I began +to pay off the women for ginning and preparing their +cotton. All went smoothly except that Celia wanted +her "yellow-cotton-money"<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> "by himself," and as I +couldn't tell exactly how much the "yellow-cotton-money" +was, I had to take her money all back and tell +her to go over and see Mr. G. After paying the others, +however, Celia came up and concluded to take her +dues. They all took their money excepting Pompey, +who stoutly refused, and I came off without paying +him. Then came the talk about next year. I introduced +Mr. York as having leased the plantation for the year, +which fact was received with less dissatisfaction than I +expected; but when it came to talk about prices, which +I left for Mr. York to settle, they all demanded <i>a dollar +a task</i>, evidently having been preparing their minds for +this for some time back. Then followed the usual +amount of reasoning on my part, enlarging upon the +future uncertainty of prices of cotton, etc., but we made +little or no impression on them. They had evidently +been listening to an amount of talk about the wealth +I had acquired at their expense, and felt aggrieved +that they were not making money as fast as those who +planted their own cotton, on Frogmore and other +places. I told them that the proceeds of last year's +crop had all been expended by me in carrying on this +year's work, but they wouldn't believe it. John Major +said he knew very well they had been jamming the +bills into that big iron cage (meaning my safe at R.'s) +for six months, and there must be enough in it now to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> +bust it! It had been raining for the last half-hour pretty +steadily, and we finally withdrew, the choir of hands +hanging about me, singing out "A dollar a task!" "A +dollar a task!" as we went off.</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 15.</i> I went out and introduced Mr. Jackson +on Tuesday morning to the Pine Grove people, who +expressed very little surprise or feeling of any kind, but +met him with the same cry which had greeted me and +Mr. York at the Point about <i>a dollar a task</i>. I left him +with them and rode over to Cherry Hill with old Mr. +Waters. The Cherry Hill people received us very well. +Tony had a long list of grievances to relate, for Mr. +Folsom had had him in jail for a fortnight for refusing +to bring out his cotton, raised for me, which he kept +in his own house. I listened quietly, and then told +Tony I couldn't go behind the decision of the court, but +if he had any other matters in dispute with Mr. Folsom +he had better come up to the house in the evening and +we would talk them over together; but he never came, +probably from a sense of guilty conscience.</p> + +<p>Primus and Mike and several other negroes were +there [in Beaufort], buying horses from officers and +men in Sherman's army, titles very uncertain, for they +mostly belong to the quartermaster. I advised them not +to buy a horse till the ownership was certified by an +officer, but they were too much in a hurry for that and +hooked on to the first quadruped they could find offered +for sale. The fact is that thousands of horses are +attached to this army which are picked up by the +privates in their march through Georgia, and which +these privates pretend to own, and sell without authority, +pocketing their money as fast as they please.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> +Some of them are very good horses, and some are not. +The town was crowded with the army, on a general +leave to ramble about, and new troops continually +arrive. One entire corps marched over Port Royal +Ferry yesterday, and two more army corps are said +to be following. Some twenty steamers arrive daily at +Beaufort direct from Savannah, bringing the troops and +wagons, artillery and animals. So you can imagine what +a confusion appears in the streets as they disembark +and march out to camp. The greater part of the whole +army seems to be coming around this way and marching +over the Ferry towards Pocotaligo. Secretary Stanton +is said to have arrived from Savannah at Beaufort last +evening. It seems that Primus and the other negroes +were about to get their new horses over the Ferry, when +the provost marshal sent down a guard to seize men and +animals, and marched them all off to the guard-house +for the night. The horses will probably be taken away +from them and the men allowed to pursue their way +this morning, with more sense and less money than they +came with. I don't pity them much, for they were fairly +warned, and their eagerness to own horses, for which +they pay from $200 to $300 each, is perfectly absurd.<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Later.</i> An interesting scene has just taken place. +May's Comba knocked at the door and asked me to +come out in the entry a minute. Thinking there might +be some domestic trouble, though she looked smiling, +I went out and found about twenty women (representative +women) about the door. Comba disappeared in +the mass with a giggle, and old Grace spoke up, about +as follows: "I'se come to you, sir"—pause—"I'se +been working fer owner three years, and made with +my chillun two bales cotton last year, two more this +year. I'se a flat-footed pusson and don't know much, +but I knows those two bales cotton fetch 'nough money, +and I don't see what I'se got for 'em. When I take +my leetle bit money and go to store, buy cloth, find it +so dear, dear Jesus!—the money all gone and leave +chillun naked. Some people go out yonder and plant +cotton for theyself. Now they get big pile of money +for they cotton, and leave we people 'way back. That's +what I'se lookin' on, Marsa. Then when I come here +for buy 'lasses, when Massa Charlie sell he sell good +'lasses, then when Mister W. sell he stick <i>water</i> in 'em, +<i>water enough</i>. Molasses turn thin, but he charge big +price for 'em. Now I'se done working for such 'greement. +I'se done, sir." Whereupon chorus of women +join in like a flock of blackbirds all talking at once. +After a while I got a chance to say about as follows: +"If any one wants to work on this plantation I will give +them so and so (naming terms), but if any one don't +like my wages, they may go and find better, but they +can't use my land to plant their corn and 'tater on. +That's my rule." Chorus interrupts with discordant +shouts: "I stay right here, sir—I will work this land<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> +for myself, sir—I will sell the cotton," etc., etc. +Amaritta and Petra stood silent all this time, and finally +Amaritta quietly asked me to repeat my terms, which I +did. She repeated them after me word for word, but +said nothing more, only nodded and grunted a sort of +assent. The chorus became wilder and more noisy, and +I walked off into the house. Presently Demus came +to the door and said Amaritta wanted to see me by +heself. So I went to the door, and Amaritta called Tilly, +Petra, and one or two others. Thus said Amaritta: +"I'se work for you dis lass year, sir, what I was able. +I been sick, you know, wi' small-pox and didn't get +much strength all summer, but I don't mind much +what them people say, sir, they'se got no manners. +Now you say you'll give so and so (carefully repeating +my terms). Well, sir, I'se come to say I'se 'gree for +work. I 'speck to work, sir. I want to lay my bones in +dat air bush (pointing to cemetery), and don't want +to go nowhar else; that's what I wanted to say, sir." +Then the other two or three women chimed in with +smiling faces and said the same in fewer words, and +so I bid them good-morning. I told them, too, that if +some of those people who made so much noise didn't +look out, they would get turned off the place, just as +Venus and her gang got turned off last year. The fact +is, they are trying to play brag, as such people often +will; but they will all go to work in a few days, I feel +sure.</p> + +<p><i>Jan. 17.</i> Mr. Folsom went over to Port Royal Island +with Mr. G. on Sunday, taking their own horses, and +rode over Sherman's pontoons at Port Royal Ferry, +without a challenge, and then up the mainland as far<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> +as Pocotaligo Bridge, around which the 17th Army Corps +is encamped, in full possession of the railroad. Mr. G. +called here an hour ago on his way back, and told some +of his experiences. He says they were taken for "Secesh" +by our own troops, all the way, just as we all +are in Beaufort, for the officers themselves seem to be +hardly aware that we are all Yankees, taking us for +the old residents of the island, made loyal by our experiences.</p> + +<p>Every one wonders what brought Secretary Stanton +here. He seems to have done something, at any rate, +viz., hauled General Foster over the coals severely for +his negro conscription last summer, promoted General +Saxton to a brevet major-general, with enlarged +powers; and, report says, put General Howard in place +of General Foster. The newspapers will tell you all I +know, and more, too, without doubt. Mr. Tomlinson, +who was about disgusted with things here as he found +them when he came back from the North, and had +concluded to go to Philadelphia to take some position +offered him there by the Philadelphia committee, now +thinks he will remain here,—for which I am very glad. +Very few men could be so useful as he in this place; +for though he has a weak spot on the question of negro +character, he has a vast deal of good sense in detail, +and is perfectly unimpeachable in his stern regard for +justice, never allowing himself to be <i>used</i> in any way +for the furthering of the designs of interested parties. +No one who has not spent some time under martial +law knows how hard it is and how <i>rare</i> for men in +office to follow such a course, unswerved by either +flattery or ambition.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Jan. 22.</i> General Saxton came over to the St. Helena +church last Sunday, and set all the Edisto people into +a stew by telling how he was going to send the black +troops there to defend the islands, and how they might +all go back to their "old homes," etc., forgetting that +they were not natives of Edisto, but only refugees when +there, and that they were now more comfortably settled +here than they were there in 1862. The Georgia +refugees are coming along by hundreds and thousands, +and he "wanted to make room for them," etc. Of +course the Edisto people all say the General has ordered +them to pack up and he will carry them back, etc. So, +many refuse to work, but pack up and sit still, waiting +for the General to come along and tote them across the +sound! The Georgia negroes are a superior-looking set +to those of these islands. Many are taken in outbuildings, +etc., and have given a good start to labor by +giving the impression that if the old residents don't +work, <i>somebody else will</i>. They have gone to work for +Mr. York at Fripp Point, and here for Mr. H., and all +along the road generally. George Wells has got over +a hundred Georgians on Morgan Island doing well, +and I guess the rebs won't trouble him, they are too +busy.</p> + +<p>Mr. Tomlinson is to take the place on General +Saxton's staff formerly held by Captain Hooper, but +without military rank. C. F. Williams is to take Mr. +Tomlinson's place here.</p> + +<p>We hear by your letter the list of the passengers lost +on the <i>Melville</i>. All our worst fears are confirmed, and +you were right in supposing that it was our acquaintances +who were lost. This miserable steamer I once<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> +talked of coming on, by her previous trip, but gave it +up when I found her character.</p> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Jan. 23.</i> I think I suggested in a previous letter the +possibility of my staying here. Sherman's operations +have opened a wider sphere for negro work and thrown +a great number of refugees into our hands. And his +approaching campaign will have a similar effect. +General Saxton has been appointed "Inspector General," +with control of all negro affairs from Key West +to Charleston and thirty miles inland. The first thing +proposed is to recolonize Edisto and the other deserted +Sea Islands with the refugees, and men are wanted to +assist in their settlement. I have been offered a situation +of this kind, or rather the General has simply +asked a few of us to stay, and Mr. Tomlinson, Folsom, +and myself will all remain for the present at least. I +know nothing more than this, but I look forward to a +rough life, something like our first year here. I shall +probably go to Edisto in a day or two. There will be +no danger from attack, etc., as a regiment is to be stationed +there. The island is described by all as the +finest and healthiest of all the Sea Islands.</p> + +<p>If there is any movement afoot in Boston for the +assistance of the negro refugees that Sherman's operations +throw into our hands, it can be of the greatest +benefit. The efforts three years ago were made chiefly +for persons left in their own homes, and with their own +clothing and property, besides their share of the plunder +from their masters' houses. And in many cases too +much was given. But now hundreds and thousands<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> +are coming in, shivering, hungry, so lean and bony +and sickly that one wonders to what race they belong. +Old men of seventy and children of seven years have +kept pace with Sherman's advance, some of them for +two months and over, from the interior of Georgia; +of course little or nothing could be brought but the +clothing on their backs and the young children in arms. +Since their arrival in comparatively comfortable quarters, +great sickness has prevailed, and numbers and +numbers have died. The Government gives them +rations, and has tried to give out clothing. But if +clothes, cooking utensils, etc., can be sent by Northern +friends, nowhere can generosity be better extended.</p> + +<p><i>Savannah, Feb. 16.</i> As you see, my destination has +been changed. General Saxton needed a kind of colonization +office here, and I am sent as an assistant. How +long this will continue my headquarters I don't know. +I am writing in a very large and fine house formerly +occupied by Habersham, rebel. It is full of fine furniture. +Our office, too, is one of the City Bank buildings. +The prices are regal, too—$15 per week for board, <i>e. g.</i></p> + +<p><i>Mar. 7.</i> The work at the office continues the same +in kind, and the stream of waiters increases. We hope +to send quite a company off to some of the more distant +islands before long, but are terribly embarrassed for +want of transportation. First, no steamer! then no +coal! And when one can be had, the other can't. General +Saxton is still, as ever previously, left to get round +on one leg. His work is of course always inferior in +importance to the needs of the military service, so there +is never an absence of reason for refusing him what he +wants. "Bricks!—without straw," has so far been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> +the usual fortune. Soon a gentleman is going out +towards the Ogeechee to report numbers and condition +there. It seems to be a Central Asia, from the population +that swarms in for rations. Compared with those +who apply, few are allowed them. No one who can +show a finger to pick with and reports an oyster to pick, +is allowed to come on the Government for support.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Here follows the last letter from G., written three +months later, not long before he came away.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Savannah, June 9.</i> Our business has slacked greatly, +and is now mainly kept up by recent refugees from the +up-country. We have stopped more than half the rations, +and almost every family within a dozen miles has been +represented at the office and been furnished with the +proper papers. But slavery still exists in the interior +and is spending its last moments in the old abominations +of whipping and punishing. Of course it is nearly +dead,—the people know they are free and the masters +have to own it,—but the ruling passion is strong in +death.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>W. C. G. left the South in June; H. W. and C. P. W. +had gone several months before him. The letters written +at intervals during the next two years are mostly +addressed to the latter by F. H. and T. E. R. They +report the gradually changing conditions and increasing +difficulties of plantation superintendence.</p></div> + + +<h3>R. SOULE, JR., TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, April 29.</i> Mr. H. is getting on pretty +smoothly, though he has occasionally to take a dose of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> +what Mr. York calls "Plantation Bitters," in the shape +of complaints, faithlessness, and general rascality on +the part of the "poor negroes."</p> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G. (IN SAVANNAH)</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, May 1.</i> You will see by the papers all about +the fall in prices. The Liverpool cotton men had lost +twelve millions sterling upon the depreciation of their +cotton in store before they heard of the fall of Richmond +and Lee's surrender. There is a terrible panic there, +and some of the best firms are failing. After things have +come to an equilibrium, and the manufacturers begin +to buy cotton for spinning, there will be a demand for +ours, but it may take several months, for they haven't +got to the bottom of the trouble yet.</p> + +<p>The affairs at St. Helena seem to be progressing +quietly. The chances are that all the cotton we raise +this year will cost nearly if not quite as much as we +shall get for it. I advanced a dollar a pound on the +negroes' cotton, you know, and it has cost me about +twenty-five cents a pound more to gin it, etc., etc., while +I am offered less than a dollar. Query: how much +commission shall I get for doing the business?</p> + + +<h3>T. E. R. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>St. Helena, May 6.</i> The Coffin's Pointites had a gay +old blow-out over at church, owing to Mr. Williams' +telling them that they must pay Mr. Philbrick for pasturing +their horses. They called Mr. P. a thief, robber, +liar, and everything else that was bad.</p> + +<p>The death of Lincoln was an awful blow to the +negroes here. One would say, "Uncle Sam is dead,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> +isn't he?" Another, "The Government is dead, isn't +it? You have got to go North and Secesh come back, +haven't you? We going to be slaves again?" They +could not comprehend the matter at all—how Lincoln +could die and the Government still live. It made them +very quiet for a few days.</p> + +<p>Secesh are coming back quite freely nowadays and +looking about as much as they please: Old Ben and +young Ben Chaplin, several of the Pritchards, and Captain +Williams, that owned a plantation on Ladies Island.</p> + +<p>The negroes begin to clamor about the final payment +for their cotton, and we have to tell them that the +probabilities are that there will not be any more. Then +they think we have cheated them, and so the world goes +in South Carolina. Rather a thankless task.</p> + + +<h3>F. H. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's, May 21.</i> The honesty of this people and +their disinterested benevolence are as apparent as ever. +Please don't exaggerate these valuable qualities, either +in the papers, to the Educational Commission, or in +your private conversation; because it is better that +those who are interested in the welfare of these people +should not be deceived into the notion that they are so +nearly perfect as to need no further expenditure of +benevolent effort. Of course, we know the great danger +of your wreathing your account of them in roses and +laurel. One's enthusiasm is so excited in their behalf +by a few years' residence here, that his veracity is in +great danger of being swamped in his ideality, and +his judgment lost in his admiration. So pardon my +warning to you.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p> + +<p>The McTureous lands have recently been sold, and +about every family upon this place has got its five or +ten acres. I tell them they had better move or build +houses upon their lots and be independent of "we, us, +and co." But the idea seems to meet with little favor. +A good many of them are expecting these lands to be +offered to them the coming year, now that the war is +about over, Dr. Brisbane, General Saxton, and others +assuring them that such was Mr. Philbrick's promise +when he bought them. I think there would be some +important advantages to white proprietors as well as +black laborers, if they had some ten acres of land of their +own,—at least enough to raise their own provisions +upon, and to keep their own hogs and horses upon. +Such an arrangement would rid us of many annoyances, +and help define the rights of each party.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"G.'s article," referred to in the next letter, was entitled +"The Freedmen at Port Royal," and appeared +in the <i>North American Review</i> for July, 1865.</p></div> + + +<h3>R. SOULE, JR., TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, Sept. 10.</i> G.'s article is well written +and interesting. He was evidently disposed to report +as favorably as possible for the negroes, while at the +same time he seems to have suspected that the reader +would be a good deal impressed by the darker shades +of his sketch, and the conclusion of the whole is: There +is ground for hope, but the case is a pretty desperate +one. A conclusion to which, I confess, my own +observation and studies lead me, whichever way I +turn.</p> + +<p>The furor among the negroes here just now is to have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> +a Union Store, and they are contributing their funds +for this purpose. They propose to put up a building +for the store near Smallwood's Bakery (at the corner +where village road branches from main road), and to +make Mr. Smallwood President of their Corporation! +This project will probably have one good effect in the +end, namely, to open their eyes to see some things +which nobody can make them see now.</p> + + +<h3>F. H. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, Sept. 18.</i> Cotton is opening well now, +but we have rather unfavorable weather for picking +and drying. The caterpillars have finally run over a +good deal of ground, doing some damage, hard to tell +how much.</p> + +<p>R. thinks he don't care to try the experiment of +cotton-raising again—the risks and vexations are so +great. I find that feeling quite general here this year +among planters. William Alden says it is his last +year. I doubt whether he pays expenses this season. +His cotton is late, and now the caterpillars are destroying +it.</p> + + +<h3>F. H. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Sept. 24.</i> Much of my time has been occupied of late +in service on Plantation Commission. The most important +case is still on trial,—that of the stealing of twelve +hundred pounds of seed cotton from Mr. De Golyer. +There is a "cloud of witnesses"—a very dark one—and +it is hard, as yet, to discern in it any glimmering +of truth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>T. E. R. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>St. Helena Island, Sept. 25.</i> With the dry weather +of July and the wet weather now, with the worm, we +shall lose a third sure of our crop, if not more.</p> + +<p>The negroes on the island are very quiet—all +absorbed in a scheme of establishing a "St. Helena +Protective Union Store," J. Smallwood, President. +They have got the frame out and on the ground. I +have a great deal of curiosity to see the working of the +thing, for they never did succeed in the North among +intelligent white people. If they can read and write, or +<i>keep a Union Store, I think they ought to have the right +of suffrage</i>.</p> + +<p>Nearly all the Secesh are back in Beaufort, confidently +expecting that they will get their land back in season +to plant next year.</p> + +<p>All the Georgians will go back this fall, but all the +people Fuller<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> <i>took</i> with him (excuse me, I should say +<i>went</i> with him) will return here in a few weeks. Fuller +hasn't any cotton this year, only corn and potatoes. +When he returned from here he told them the people +down here were very poor and in miserable condition; +nevertheless, they seem willing to come down and +share the misery of freedom to staying up there with +Fuller in comfort. At the time he was here, 17th of June, +he never had said a word to the people with him that +they were free, and did not until they made a plan +among themselves to go up to him in a body and make<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> +him tell them. Then Fuller took the old driver one +side and told him he wanted him and all the people +to stay with him and plant another year, and wanted +him to use his influence to persuade the people to stay. +So next morning he called them all up and had them +stand on his right hand, and as he called their names he +wanted those who were willing to stay with him another +year to step over to his left hand. So he commenced +with Old Gib, the driver (January's father). He +turned right round and walked towards the negro +quarters. Fuller says, "Why, Gib, you will stay, won't +you?" "No, Sir." Then he went through the whole +list, and every one marched straight home and none to +his left hand, much to his disgust.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next extract reports E. S. P.'s final decision as +to the price for which he should offer land to the negroes.</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></h3> + +<p><i>Boston, Oct. 5.</i> C. F. Williams has gone down to finish +surveying my land, and will cut up and sell for me to +the negroes about as much land as they have been in +the habit of using,—good, arable land, at $5 per acre, +where they are not already provided.</p> + + +<h3>R. S., JR., TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, Oct. 9.</i> I have no reason to complain +of my people for any extraordinary delinquencies, for +they have worked as well as we shall probably ever be +able to get these negroes to work; but I have frequently +had occasion to be vexed at their slow, shiftless habits +and at their general stupidity. It is a very great trial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> +to any Northern man to have to deal with such a set +of people, and I am satisfied that if Northerners emigrate +to the South and undertake agriculture or anything +else here, they will be compelled to import white laborers. +In the first place, they will not have the patience +to get along with the negroes, even if there were enough +of these freedmen to do all the work. But, in the second +place, there will not be one quarter enough of them to +supply the demand there will be for laborers when the +uncleared land at the South is brought under cultivation. +The old slaveholders could never get hands enough, +and yet they cultivated only about one tenth of the land +that is fit for cotton.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It need hardly be said that this prophecy has not yet +been fulfilled.</p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G.</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, Oct. 15.</i> I have had a letter from Charleston +written by a lawyer on behalf of Captain John Fripp +and his three daughters! The writer says but little about +his legal rights, but appeals to my "sense of justice +and generosity," to see if some compromise can't be +made. He doesn't say exactly what he wants, but +intimates that both parties could profit by such an +arrangement and save the vexations of a law suit. I +don't see exactly what he has got to give, except his old +title, which he probably values a good deal higher than +I do. I wrote him telling him I was hampered in acts +of "generosity" by the fact that the present title was +not in me alone, but that about a dozen other gentlemen +were interested, and asked him to make us a definite +proposition. You may see by the papers that General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> +Howard is sent by the President to see if he can reconcile +the claims of the negroes on Edisto and other islands +with those of the former owners who clamor to be reinstated +in their position. I guess General Howard will +have a tough job. I don't envy him.</p> + +<p><i>Nov. 21.</i> There is a large number of old planters +who are offering their lands at very low rates, and so +many tempting chances are offered to Northern men. +The tide of emigration southward doesn't yet set very +strong, however. I think the great drawback is the +feeling that the South is still intolerant of Yankees. +The rabble and the young men are still clinging to the +hope that they are going to have their own way about +managing the nigger, somehow or other, as soon as +they get rid of the United States forces, and they know +very well that Yankees who come among them will not +agree with them about the best way of "making him +work," for they won't believe that he will ever work +till he is <i>made</i> to. Now, to tell the truth, I don't believe +myself that the present generation of negroes will work +as they were formerly obliged to, and therefore the race +will not produce so much cotton in this generation as +they did five years ago. The change is too great a one +to be made in a day. It will take many years to make +an economical and thrifty man out of a freedman, and +about as long to make a sensible and just employer out +of a former slaveholder. It is not at all likely that the +Southern community will tax itself to educate the negro +yet for a good while, and I have my doubts whether the +system of education thus far carried on through the +benevolence of Northern and English communities can +be kept up much longer. It is a laudable and a noble<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> +work, but I fear it can't be sustained after the novelty is +over. There seems to be a lethargy creeping over our +community on this subject, which is very hard to shake +off. The feeling is somewhat general that the negro must +make the most of his chances and pick up his a, b, c's +as he can. Moreover, there is a mass of ignorance in the +South under <i>white</i> skins, which is likely to give us more +immediate trouble, politically, than the ignorance of +the negro, for that latter is not as yet armed with the +suffrage. Of course there is not much enthusiasm +about sending teachers South to teach the poor whites, +so the negro suffers from the magnitude of the undertaking, +from his remoteness from view, and the general +disposition among mankind to let everybody hoe their +own weeds so long as they don't shade one's own +garden.</p> + +<p>I hear that General Howard went to Edisto with the +view of reconciling the squatter negroes with the claims +of the former owners, as requested by the President, +but that the task was rather difficult, as you may imagine; +and though the former owners had promised to +"absorb" the labor, and provide for the negroes' wants, +etc., they found the negroes had ideas which they were +not quite prepared for, and, in short, got so disgusted +with the prospect of getting the said negroes to work +for them under the new order of things that they did +not seem so anxious to "absorb" them as before, and +as General Howard did not feel like driving off the +negroes to put the old owners in possession, he left things +pretty much as he found them,<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> except that the old +owners, who went there confidently expecting to have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> +all their own way, went off with a flea in the ear. I +have nothing more from the Charleston lawyer, but +Mr. Tomlinson reports that Charleston lawyers told him +they didn't see how to get around our tax-titles, though +they would doubtless carry them into court as soon as +they have courts, and give the lawyers plenty of work.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p> + +<p>Dr. Clarence Fripp began to practice medicine on +St. Helena, living with John Major, but afterwards +got a contract surgeon's berth from General Saxton, +and is now in the Village, next door to his old house, now +occupied by Miss Towne! He made a professional +visit at Coffin's Point and dined with them!</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A picture of Clarence Fripp on his return to St. +Helena, and a glimpse of his situation from his own +point of view, are given in a letter to the New York +<i>Nation</i> from Dennett, a special correspondent (see +page <a href="#Page_320">320</a>). Dennett writes that, among the Northern +soldiers and traders in the hotel at Hilton Head, there +was also "a person who had the easily distinguishable +appearance and manners of a South Carolinian. This +gentleman, a person of some fifty odd years old, dressed +tolerably well in a suit of grey clothes, with a large +display of crumpled linen at the collar and cuffs of his +coat, sat before the stove smoking, and talking very +freely about his present poverty and his plans for the +future." After explaining that he had left St. Helena +when Dupont forced an entrance, leaving his plate and +furniture behind, and that his plantation had been sold, +Dr. Fripp set forth the situation in which he now found +himself. "Some Massachusetts man had bought it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> +and he didn't know when he'd get it back.... Up in +Greenville he soon spent all his money to support his +family, but if he'd had money he couldn't have saved +his property. How was he to come back inside the +Yankee lines and pay the tax? The Commissioners +knew very well it couldn't be done; the sale was a perfectly +unfair thing." In coming back now to Beaufort, +he said "he hoped to be able to pick up a little medical +practice; but if his profession failed him, he supposed +his son and himself could put up a cabin somewhere in +the vicinity, and get fish and oysters enough to live on." +He even talked of circulating a handbill at Greenville +asking for money for his needs, and Dennett adds: +"This gentleman, it is currently reported, has made +several visits to the plantation which he formerly +owned, and the negroes living there have collected for +his use nearly a hundred dollars."<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a></p></div> + + +<h3>T. E. R. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>St. Helena, Dec. 10.</i> Your letter has been a reminder +of my duty, but cotton ginning is my only excuse. It +has proved much more of a bore this year than usual, +for it is nothing but <i>tief, tief</i>, all the time. We do not +get more than one fifth<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> of the weight of seed cotton +after it is ginned, and the probabilities are that they +steal the balance; but we are perfectly helpless, for we +cannot prove it against any of them. I have had about +a bale of cotton stolen at the "Oaks" since I put it in +the cotton-house. I can assure you there is nothing to +be made this year.</p> + +<p>We had a call from Dennett (correspondent of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> +<i>Nation</i>) on his Southern tour, a few weeks ago. He +said he was disappointed in not getting better reports +of the negroes here on these islands, for he had been +looking forward to this place, feeling sure he should +find something good to offset the many evil reports he +had heard of them all the way down through the country. +He thinks Mr. Soule and Mr. H. very much +demoralized on the negro question.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p> + +<p>General Gillmore was removed for being unfriendly +to Freedmen's Bureau, and General Sickles is now in +command. He told Saxton<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> to let him know what was +wanted and he should have it, so things are moving on +very smoothly now. Tomlinson<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> has been on a trip +through South Carolina to see what the condition of +the people was and at what points he could establish +schools. They have them started in nearly all the principal +points. He says the whites do not know that +they have been whipped yet, and many of the negroes +don't know they are free.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Bryant has opened a pay school [at T. B. +Fripp's], older scholars paying one dollar per month +and young ones fifty cents. She has about sixty scholars. +Alden has opened a store on the place.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p> + +<p>The negroes' Union Store is raised and covered, but +I guess will never be stocked.<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p> + + +<h3>R. S., JR., TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, Dec. 17.</i> I suppose you have heard +that our plantation operations here this year have been +a failure. Nobody has raised more than half a crop. +The drought in the early part of the summer and the +caterpillar in August and September contrived to +diminish the yield. Most of the planters, however, +thinking that two bad seasons will not come in succession, +are making vigorous preparations for next year in +the way of gathering marsh-grass and mud. I have +about concluded to sell or to lease Mulberry Hill, and +if I succeed in doing either I shall probably go home +about the first of February.</p> + +<p>There is a universal feeling of dissatisfaction, not to +say disgust, with our colored brethren here at the present +time, on account of the extraordinary development +of some of their well-known characteristics. They are +stealing cotton at a fearful rate. Captain Kellum of +Dathaw lost a whole bale a few nights since, and to-day +Mr. Williams, who has just come down from R.'s, +tells us that the cotton-house has been broken into +and one packed bale cut open and about one hundred +pounds taken out of it and carried off! This bale belonged +to Mr. York. We none of us feel secure against +these depredations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p> + +<p>Two of the thieves at Coffin's Point were caught +with ginned cotton in their houses, Peter Brown and +William White. Before Mr. Towne could apprehend +them they escaped to the main. Another, Jonas Green, +had cotton-seed hid away in his corn-house. He was +caught, and a Plantation Commission sentenced him to +two months' imprisonment. This is the first fruit of +making land-owners of the negroes. While they raise +cotton of their own and no restraint is put upon them +in making sale of what they bring to market, it is impossible +to ferret out their robberies in most cases. Such +rascality on the part of the negroes is more discouraging +than caterpillars and drought.</p> + + +<h3>F. H. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's, Dec. 26.</i> I expect my sojourn at Coffin's +Point is nearly closed. The attractions of the place or +the people are not sufficient to keep me here another +year. The climate is bad enough, the general "shiftlessness" +of the people is disgusting enough; but when +I see that the disposition to steal the crop is very general, +that the people have done and can do it with +impunity, I am discouraged about cotton-raising here. +I believe they have not taken any of ours since it has +been packed, but large quantities of it before. And as +they all raised cotton on McTureous<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> for themselves, +they could mix and secrete it very successfully.</p> + +<p>Mr. Soule has this moment learned that his cotton-house +has been entered and cotton stolen, but to what +extent has not been determined.</p> + +<p>I think Mr. Soule will be glad to get away from this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> +"Sodom." He is too good a man to be worn out by the +barbarians of this latitude.</p> + + +<h3>R. S., JR., TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, Dec. 31.</i> How well Grant appears in +everything he writes as well as in everything he does! +In the <i>Weekly Advertiser</i> just received by me, I find +his report of his recent Southern tour,<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> and, if I mistake +not, he intimates pretty clearly that General Saxton +has not managed his Department judiciously.</p> + +<p>Mr. Philbrick has made an effort to sell the most of +the plantations. As yet, however, no purchaser has +appeared, and he has now about concluded to dispose +of them as follows: to lease Fuller Place to N., R., and +W. (the new firm who have purchased the stock on hand +in store), and Cherry Hill<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> to Mr. Waters, to intrust +the management of Homestead to the latter gentleman, +and that of Coffin's Point to Mr. H. for account +of E. S. P., and to let Mr. Williams sell the whole of +Corner<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> and Fripp Point to negroes. I have leased +Mulberry Hill to Mr. Waters.</p> + +<p>Negroes continue to steal cotton, and we continue +to be helpless against their depredations.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p> +<h2>1866—1867—1868</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mr. Philbrick's sales to the negroes—Persistent discouragement +with the negroes—H. W.'s visit to Coffin's Point in 1868—Tribute +of the negroes to Mr. Philbrick.</i></p></div> + + +<h3>E. S. P. TO W. C. G. [IN EUROPE]</h3> + +<p><i>Boston, Jan. 12, 1866.</i> The Freedmen's Aid Societies +have all consolidated, and lately have united with the +big Orthodox society for helping refugees, the latter +class being no longer so needy except that the poor +whites need education as much as the blacks, and I +have made up my mind that we can't help the blacks +much except by helping poor whites at the same time. +The combination enlarges the begging field immensely, +and by putting white and black schools under the same +control will give negro schools a sort of footing which +they wouldn't otherwise have, after our troops get +scarce. The old feeling has already blossomed out +and borne fruit in Louisiana, where all the freedmen's +schools have just been extinguished or snuffed out at +a single pinch, except in New Orleans city, one lady +teacher being shot through the head.</p> + +<p>A sweeping order has mustered out over a hundred +generals of the Volunteer Army, General Saxton among +the rest. I don't know who takes his place in the +Freedmen's Bureau. This institution will probably be +continued by Congress with enlarged powers, but it is +but a drop in the bucket, after all.</p> + +<p>C. F. Williams is busy sharing out land. He sells the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> +whole of Fripp Point in small lots to the negroes of both +places, and some others from outside. The whole place +measures only four hundred and sixty acres, bought +for seven hundred and fifty, and the Captain John +Fripp place is only four hundred and sixty instead of +one thousand for which I bought it! By the way, the +old man is dead, leaving his three daughters in poverty, +to earn their living as they best may. Julian Coffin has +visited Mr. Soule, etc., asking leave to go into his old +room, to take some of his father's old books, and left +after a few hours, since which none of us have heard +anything further of them.</p> + +<p>There seems to be less law than ever there. I am +about making representations at Washington to see if +I can't get some improvement.</p> + +<p>I lost about $2800 on the negro cotton ginned in +New York, and paid over about $2500 on account of +the cotton which they ginned there! I also lost some +$2000 on cotton taken from Mr. —— in Beaufort, he +turning out a knave. Our crop of 1864 paid our Company +a profit of about $19,000. I shall just about pay +expenses on the crop of 1865, not much more, I think. +The caterpillar and the drought didn't leave much +cotton.</p> + + +<h3>T. E. R. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Feb. 3, 1866.</i> I am a <i>gentleman of leisure</i> and, like +most every one else here, am living on the interest of +what I have lost. I am no longer a member of the noted +firm of N., R., and W. We dissolved January 1, and +N. and W. continue the business at the old stand. I +decided that there was not salt enough for three certainly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> +There is no money here to speak of, and what +there is will go to Beaufort where there is liquor sold +or given away. I have also given up cotton-planting; +it is not a very lucrative business when it brings only +sixty-six cents.</p> + +<p>I made arrangements with Mr. Pope to still occupy +this half of the house free of rent until August, if I +wished, and was calculating on having a rich time +seeing a native plant cotton with these island negroes, +but alas, my hopes are all blighted, for every blessed +soul but one man and his wife has moved away and +will not work for him; so he has decided not to move +here until after we are gone. He has sent one man here +who was an old servant and has been with him all the +time, and he is very industrious, works from morn until +night; it is quite refreshing to see him. Pope was the +only one of the natives who bid off places at auction<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> +that came to time in paying up; so the places were put +up again and bought by Northern men.</p> + +<p>The present planters are in a dubious frame of mind +these days over the prospect for another year, for it is +very hard to bring wages down, and one cannot get his +money back at the present price of cotton, so most of +them will work on shares;<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> but that is a sure way of +running a place all out, for the people will not manure +it sufficiently to keep it up. Mr. Eustis is always good-natured, +and is about the only man here who is not +utterly demoralized on the negro question.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>F. H. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Coffin's Point, Feb. 16, 1866.</i> Really the people have +met with a great change of late, since I have sent away +Anthony Bail. They love and respect me <i>hugely</i>, which +I hope will last another whole week.</p> + +<p>Dr. Oliver and Captain Ward, who have bought +"Pine Grove," have taken the usual disgust for the +people. They have got it bad; say they would not have +bought here had they imagined half of the reality. +They have some friends who would have bought +Coffin's Point if they could have made a favorable +report of the people. But they tell them not to think +of buying to use the labor that is now here. I say the +same when I say anything about it, though I have no +friends who think of buying here.</p> + + +<h3>T. E. R. TO C. P. W.</h3> + +<p><i>May 21, 1867.</i> I don't suppose we shall be able to +make any new additions to your collection of negro +songs.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> They sing but very little nowadays to what +they used to. Do you remember those good old days +when the Methodists used to sing up in that cotton-house +at Fuller's? Wasn't it good? They never sing +any of them at the church, and very few in their praise-meeting.</p> + +<p>Crops on the island are looking worse than I ever +saw them at this season before.</p> + +<p><i>We are all American citizens</i> now, and there has been +an effort to form a Republican party, but it has not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> +succeeded very well yet. They are too suspicious to be +led by the whites, and there is not sense enough in +themselves to go ahead.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The last extract in the series is from a letter written +by H. W. exactly one year later, when she made a +trip to Port Royal, staying with Miss Towne and Miss +Murray at St. Helena Village. The tardy tribute of +the negroes to Mr. Philbrick makes the story complete.</p></div> + + +<h3>FROM H. W.</h3> + +<p><i>Thursday, May 21, 1868.</i> When I inquired at breakfast +if I could have Jacob's horse for the day, I found +that, as he was in use for the crop, Miss Towne had +already had her horse put singly into their rockaway +for school, and Miss Murray's into the chaise for my +use. So when they started for school, I followed along +in company as far as the end of the Village road, where +Mr. N. now has a store, and, turning on to the more +familiar road, soon found myself crossing the creek +over Mr. Philbrick's bridge,—one of the very few in +decent repair,—and on my way to Captain John +Fripp Homestead. The entire absence of gates, and as +a consequence of pigs, or <i>vice versa</i>, made my drive an +easy one, and I did not have to get out once. It had +seemed hot early, but light clouds and a fresh breeze +kept it cool all day. I turned up the familiar avenue +to Folsom's, after passing through one field in which +the houses are still, though more scattered. The avenue +was clean and trim, and the house corresponded,—a +new piazza and steps all freshly painted, fresh +paint inside, and paper on the walls made everything<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> +look uncommonly spruce. The schoolroom +is now the parlor, and my sofa and cushion grace it +still!</p> + +<p>Mr. Alden met me very cordially at the foot of the +steps, and I went in to see the other occupants, Mr. and +Mrs. Waters and their son. I had a pleasant call and +talk, and then, refusing their earnest invitation to spend +the day, as Coffin's Point was my one object, I pursued +my lonely way. Trees cut down, and houses +moved and built in the middle of the field, with the +absence of fences, gates, and pigs, were the most noticeable +changes, and I drove along, meeting no one, +until I came to the pine woods on the right opposite +old Frank's ground, just before you turn into the Pine +Grove field. The woods were all thinned out, logs +lying in every direction. Hoeing the corn planted there +were two women I thought I recognized, and, walking +the horse, I leaned forward to see who was the man +further on. Then I stopped and asked him whose the +land was he was working, when he began an account +of how "it used to be McTureous and Mr. Thomas +Coffin buy 'em,"<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> which I cut short with—"Yes, I +know that, but is it your own now? What is your name?" +"My name Able, ma'am; dis lan' mine, yes, ma'am"—and +then—"Oh! my Lord! Der Miss Hayiut, an' +me no know um!" and he dropped his hoe and came +scrambling and running to the road. Sarah and Elsie, +whom I had just passed, and Martha further on, came +out at his call, grinning and pleased, and then he and +Martha began directly upon what I had done for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> +Rose,<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> their gratitude, and willingness that I should +keep her forever. Then they talked of how hard +the last year or two had been, and there were many +reiterations of "Ebery word Mass' Charlie and Mr. +Philbrick tell we come true." "Tell 'em tousan howdy +over for we—long too much for shum. We fin' 'em +out now."</p> + +<p>A few steps more brought me into the Pine Grove +field, and I turned towards the house, followed by half +a dozen small children, only one of whom I knew or +knew me,—little Abigail. Towards the house whom +should I come upon but Flora and her Sarah, a great +girl. She was pleased as could be, but told me I should +find no one at the Grove. Old Monah was dead, and +all the old people had bought land and lived at the +Point. They were working for Mr. Ward, glad enough +to earn a little ready money for food. I went on to see +Mrs. Vaughn, and as she had not come up from school, +walked down to the praise-house, seeing no one I +knew but old Binah.</p> + +<p>School had dispersed, so I walked back to the house, +and dined there, and then for Coffin's Point. Once +inside the line—for the gate is not—I met the familiar +breeze of the Big Pasture, but its altered face. +The houses are back as far as the creek on one side +and the woods on the other,—two or three quite large +and with piazzas,—the praise-house near the corner of +the wood. I was a long time passing through it, for they +all dropped their hoes and came down to shake hands. +I got Uncle George to follow along with hammer and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> +nails to mend the chaise, as the floor was so broken I +could not put my feet on it, and the bag of oats had +dropped through on the way. I had tied the halter to +the dasher and wound it round the bag, so there was +no loss. The dilapidation was a pleasing reminiscence +of old times, and George was pleased enough to earn +a quarter by patching it up. Then I drove on to the +house, where are only a Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair left in +charge. Mrs. S. was very polite, and asked me up into +our old parlor, which did not look as pleasant as in the +old time. Garibaldi was out at pasture, so I could not +have the ride I coveted while my horse was eating his +dinner. As I had never been into the schoolhouse +since it was finished, I borrowed the key and walked +down to it. As I pulled the rope to hear the sound of the +unused bell, Robert came in, quiet as ever, but greatly +pleased, and asking many questions about Mass' +Charlie and Mr. and Mrs. Soule. I found the people +were coming up to be paid, so I went back to the yard +and stood there as they came up to the schoolroom +door, across which was the old school table, with +Primus behind it, and Mr. Sinclair, looking over his +list. Then I walked on the beach, and Robert put my +horse in and I drove off.</p> + +<p>Mike had followed me up the road, loud in his +regrets for the "good ole times when Mass' Charlie +and de fust gang white people been here." "Mr. +Philbrick de fustest man in de worl'. General Bennett<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> +couldn't—couldn't—fetch de fust feathers round +his heart!" whatever that may be.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CONCLUSION" id="CONCLUSION"></a>CONCLUSION</h2> + + +<p>When the end of this record is reached, undoubtedly +the feeling uppermost in the mind of the reader is one +of disappointment. At first blush one is ready to believe +that the members of the little colony, in proving the +free negro capable of raising cotton to good advantage, +had still more completely proved him unfit for freedom. +Yet the more one reflects on the story, the more +plainly one sees that the discouraging state of things +described in the later letters was merely the inevitable +result of Emancipation, and would have been the same +had any other race been concerned, whatever its characteristics. +The ferment of Freedom worked slowly in +the negroes, but it worked mightily, and the very sign +of its working was, as a matter of course, unreasonableness, +insubordination, untrustworthiness. This result +might have been foreseen, and probably was foreseen. +It was not a pleasant thing to contemplate, nor is it +pleasant to read of, but it proved nothing as to the +powers and possibilities of the negro people. It is not +probable that any of the "missionaries," however discouraged, +came to think that the black man was too +stupid or too dishonest to become a self-respecting +member of society. Nor does it appear that W. C. G. +was justified in fearing that their efforts were worse +than wasted, inasmuch as the negro might have acquired +manhood more rapidly if left to himself from +the start. They had established two facts, the very +foundation-stones of the new order in the South; that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> +the freedman would work, and that, as an employee, +he was less expensive than the slave. Their reward was +not in any one's gratitude, but in their own knowledge +that they had served their unfortunate fellow-beings as +far as, at the moment, was possible. And it must not +be forgotten that some stayed on, putting their energies +where there was no question, even, of waste or of ingratitude. +There is no telling the service done for the +Sea Islands by the education that has been given to it +these forty years, or indeed by the mere presence of the +women who have devoted their lives to this service.</p> + +<p>Looking at the letters as a whole, perhaps the reader +finds that the chief impression they have made upon +him is that of profound respect for the negro wisdom +shown by the writers. Keenly as they felt the past +suffering and the present helplessness of the freedmen, +they had the supreme common-sense to see that these +wrongs could not be righted by any method so simple +as that of giving. They saw that what was needed was, +not special favor, but even-handed justice. Education, +indeed, they would give outright; otherwise they would +make the negro as rapidly as possible a part of the +economic world, a laborer among other laborers. All +that has happened since has only gone to prove how +right they were.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES:</h2> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Later "The New England Freedmen's Aid Society."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The name Port Royal, in ante-bellum days used only of the island +on which Beaufort is situated and of the entrance to the Beaufort +River, was given by the United States Government to the military +post and the harbor at Hilton Head, and to the post-office there. +Hence the Sea Island district came to be referred to in the North as +"Port Royal."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Collector Barney of the Port of New York.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Edward L. Pierce (see Introduction).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Richard Soule, Jr.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Edward W. Hooper, afterwards for many years Treasurer of Harvard +College.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> G. is W. C. G. of these letters.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> John M. Forbes, who had hired a house at Beaufort for a few +months.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Rev. Mansfield French had already spent some weeks at Port +Royal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Thrown up by the island planters after the outbreak of the war.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Thomas A. Coffin's large plantation at the eastern end of St. +Helena Island.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> F. A. Eustis of Milton, who was part owner of the plantation in +question.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Mr. Philbrick had gone down to Hilton Head again to see about +his luggage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See page v.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Pine Grove and Fripp Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> The drivers, negroes holding a position next below the white overseers, +were found by the Northerners still keeping the keys and trying +to exert their authority.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> For clothing their masters had been in the habit of giving them +material for two suits a year; a pair of blankets every few years made +up the sum of gratuities.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Mrs. Philbrick.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Miss Laura E. Towne of Philadelphia. She never returned to +live in the North. The school she started in 1862 is still in existence, +under the name of the Penn Normal, Industrial, and Agricultural +School.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Known as the Smith Plantation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The ferry to Ladies Island, across which ran the road to St. Helena +Island and Mr. Philbrick's plantations.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> The plantation "praise-house," as the negroes' church was called, +was often merely "a rather larger and nicer negro hut than the others. +Here the master was an exemplary old Baptist Christian, who has +left his house full of religious magazines and papers, and built +his people quite a nice little house,—the best on this part of the +Island." +</p><p> +(Letter of W. C. G., April 22, 1862.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Pine Grove was in this respect an exception among the Sea Island +plantations.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Mrs. Philbrick.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> "The true 'shout' takes place on Sundays or on 'praise'-nights +through the week, and either in the praise-house or some cabin in +which a regular religious meeting has been held. Very likely more +than half the population of the plantation is gathered together. Let +it be the evening, and a light-wood fire burns red before the door to +the house and on the hearth.... The benches are pushed back to +the wall when the formal meeting is over, and old and young, men +and women, sprucely-dressed young men, grotesquely half-clad field-hands—the +women generally with gay handkerchiefs twisted about +their heads and with short skirts—boys with tattered shirts and +men's trousers, young girls barefooted, all stand up in the middle +of the floor, and when the 'sperichil' is struck up, begin first walking +and by-and-by shuffling round, one after the other, in a ring. The +foot is hardly taken from the floor, and the progression is mainly due +to a jerking, hitching motion, which agitates the entire shouter, and +soon brings out streams of perspiration. Sometimes they dance silently, +sometimes as they shuffle they sing the chorus of the spiritual, and +sometimes the song itself is also sung by the dancers. But more frequently +a band, composed of some of the best singers and of tired +shouters, stand at the side of the room to 'base' the others, singing +the body of the song and clapping their hands together or on the knees. +Song and dance are alike extremely energetic, and often, when the +shout lasts into the middle of the night, the monotonous thud, thud +of the feet prevents sleep within half a mile of the praise-house." +(New York <i>Nation</i>, May 30, 1867.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Miss Lucy McKim, in a letter to the Boston <i>Journal of Music</i>, +November 8, 1862.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> This old woman Mr. Philbrick had found "keeping guard over +her late master's household goods—<i>i. e.</i>, selling them."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> A few weeks earlier than this, one of the drivers told Mr. Philbrick +that Washington Fripp had just been shot near Charleston +for refusing to enlist.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> A "title" was a negro surname of whatever derivation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> The following description of Limus and his subsequent doings +is copied from a letter of W. C. G.'s (June 12, 1863), which was printed +by the Educational Commission in one of a series of leaflets containing +extracts from Port Royal letters: +</p><p> +"He is a black Yankee. Without a drop of white blood in him, he +has the energy and <i>'cuteness</i> and big eye for his own advantage of a +born New Englander. He is not very moral or scrupulous, and the +church-members will tell you 'not yet,' with a smile, if you ask whether +he belongs to them. But he leads them all in enterprise, and his ambition +and consequent prosperity make his example a very useful +one on the plantation. Half the men on the island fenced in gardens +last autumn, behind their houses, in which they now raise vegetables +for themselves and the Hilton Head markets. Limus in his half-acre +has quite a little farmyard besides. With poultry-houses, pig-pens, +and corn-houses, the array is very imposing. He has even a stable, +for he made out some title to a horse, which was allowed; and then +he begged a pair of wheels and makes a cart for his work; and not +to leave the luxuries behind, he next rigs up a kind of sulky and bows +to the white men from his carriage. As he keeps his table in corresponding +style,—for he buys more sugar ... than any other two +families,—of course the establishment is rather expensive. So, to +provide the means, he has three permanent irons in the fire—his +cotton, his Hilton Head express, and his seine. Before the fishing +season commenced, a pack of dogs for deer-hunting took the place +of the net. While other families 'carry' from three to six or seven acres +of cotton, Limus says he must have <i>fourteen</i>. To help his wife and +daughters keep this in good order, he went over to the rendezvous +for refugees, and imported a family to the plantation, the men of +which he hired at $8 a month.... With a large boat which he owns, +he usually makes weekly trips to Hilton Head, twenty miles distant, +carrying passengers, produce and fish. These last he takes in an immense +seine,—an abandoned chattel,—for the use of which he pays +Government by furnishing General Hunter and staff with the finer +specimens, and then has ten to twenty bushels for sale. Apparently +he is either dissatisfied with this arrangement or means to extend his +operations, for he asks me to bring him another seine for which I am +to pay $70. I presume his savings since 'the guns fired at Bay Point'—which +is the native record of the capture of the island—amount to +four or five hundred dollars. He is all ready to buy land, and I expect +to see him in ten years a tolerably rich man. Limus has, it is +true, but few equals on the islands, and yet there are many who follow +not far behind him."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Major-General David Hunter, who on March 31 had taken command +of the newly created Department of the South, consisting of +the states of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Dr. Wakefield was physician for that end of St. Helena Island.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> On Cockspur Island, Georgia.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> As the quarter-acre "task," which was all that the planters had required +of their slaves each day, had occupied about four or five hours +only, it will be seen that the slaves on the Sea Islands had not been +overworked, though they had been underfed. Like the "task," the +"private patches" were also an institution retained, at E. L. Pierce's +suggestion, from slavery times, with the difference that their size was +very much increased—often from a fraction of an acre to ten times +that amount.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> By the rebels.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> He had already had sent down from the North a quantity of +articles to sell to the negroes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Brigadier-General Isaac I. Stevens, then at Beaufort, commanding +the Second Division.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> The "Brick Church" was a Baptist Church which had always +been used by both blacks and whites. Less than a mile away stood +the "White Church," Episcopalian,—closed since the flight of the +planters.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Issued May 9, and on May 19, nullified by President Lincoln.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> South Carolina corn is white flint corn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> The cotton-agent who had been at Coffin's Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> The Government not only had made no definite promise of payment, +but it was of course unable to bring to bear on the negroes any +compulsion of any sort. They worked or not, as they liked, and when +they liked.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The old system of labor—the system in force in slavery times—had +been the "gang system," the laborers working all together, +so that no one had continuous responsibility for any one piece +of land.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> For Coffin's Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> As a result of Lincoln's proclamation of May 19 (see p. <a href="#Page_50">50</a> n.), +the regiment, all but one company, was disbanded in August.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> This burying-place was "an unfenced quarter of an acre of perfectly +wild, tangled woodland in the midst of the cotton-field, halfway +between here [the 'white house'] and the quarters. Nothing +ever marks the graves, but the place is entirely devoted to them." +</p><p> +[From a letter of H. W.'s, June 5, '62.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Saxton's first general order, announcing his arrival, is dated +June 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> E. L. Pierce had changed his headquarters from "Pope's."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> From the first the anti-slavery Northerners at Port Royal had +had no hesitation in telling their employees that they were freemen. +Indeed, they had no choice but to do so, the tadpoles on these islands, +as Mr. Philbrick said, having "virtually shed their tails in course of +nature already."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Pierce's second report to Secretary Chase on the Sea Islands, +dated June 2, 1862.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> "We have to spend more than half our time," writes Mr. Philbrick +in September, "getting our limited supplies."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Richard Soule, Jr., was General Superintendent of St. Helena +and Ladies Islands, and was living at Edgar Fripp's plantation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> The first of many references to the frequent lack of sympathy +shown by army officers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> That is, the account had been taken before he came South.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> The term "Hunting Island" was applied to several of the outside +islands collectively.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Thomas Astor Coffin, of Coffin's Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> The chief "hindrance" was, of course, the late date at which +work on the cotton crop had been started; the land should have been +prepared in February, and the planting begun at the end of March.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> The preliminary proclamation of emancipation, dated September +22, 1862.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> It will be seen that this excellent idea was not adopted by the +authorities.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Edward W. Hooper served on Saxton's staff, with the rank of +Captain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> He came with authority to raise negro troops.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> As Saxton's agent to collect and ship the cotton crop. See p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> The superintendents of the Second Division of the Sea Islands.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> The negroes had broken the cotton-gins by way of putting their +slavery more completely behind them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Again the cotton-agent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Evidently the offer of a captaincy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Of Prince Rivers, who became color-sergeant and provost-sergeant +in the First South Carolina Volunteers, Thomas Wentworth +Higginson, its colonel, writes: "There is not a white officer in this +regiment who has more administrative ability, or more absolute authority +over the men; they do not love him, but his mere presence +has controlling power over them. He writes well enough to prepare +for me a daily report of his duties in the camp; if his education +reached a higher point, I see no reason why he should not command +the Army of the Potomac. He is jet-black, or rather, I should say, +<i>wine-black</i>; his complexion, like that of others of my darkest men, +having a sort of rich, clear depth, without a trace of sootiness, and +to my eye very handsome. His features are tolerably regular, and +full of command, and his figure superior to that of any of our white +officers, being six feet high, perfectly proportioned, and of apparently +inexhaustible strength and activity. His gait is like a panther's; I +never saw such a tread. No anti-slavery novel has described a man of +such marked ability. He makes Toussaint perfectly intelligible; and if +there should ever be a black monarchy in South Carolina, he will be +its king." (<i>Army Life in a Black Regiment</i>, pp. 57, 58.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> "These heaps are, <i>lucus a non</i>, called holes." C. P. W.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> The First South Carolina Volunteers (colored), Thomas Wentworth +Higginson, colonel.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Usually referred to as the "Hunter Regiment."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> A town very near the extreme southern point of the Georgia +coast.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> After Mitchel's death, Brannan again acted as head of the Department, +till General Hunter's return in January, 1863.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> To the Dr. Jenkins plantation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Stone or seed-cotton is unginned cotton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Of course on almost all the plantations no taxes had been paid, +so that the Government was at liberty to sell them at auction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> That is, of drawing their own rations.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> General Hunter did not actually arrive until January. See note 1 +[now Footnote 75], p. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> The $200,000 (mentioned on page <a href="#Page_110">110</a>) received by the Government +for the crop of 1861.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Saxton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> This plan of operations was adopted by General Saxton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Dr. LeBaron Russell, of the Committee on Teachers of the Educational +Commission.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Taking the plantations as a whole, the Government lost in 1862 +the whole $200,000 which it had cleared from the planters' big cotton +crop of 1861.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> On Port Royal Island "whole fields of corn, fifty acres in extent, +have been stripped of every ear before hard enough to be stored."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Henry W. Halleck, since July 11 General-in-Chief of the Army, +with headquarters at Washington.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Another young Harvard graduate, cousin of H. W., come to teach +the two Fripp schools.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Mr. Philbrick had changed his residence to the Oaks.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> An institution situated in Beaufort, managed by the New York +Commission.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Of Corporal Sutton Colonel Higginson says: "If not in all respects +the ablest, he was the wisest man in our ranks. As large, as powerful, +and as black as our good-looking Color-sergeant, but more heavily +built and with less personal beauty, he had a more massive brain and +a far more meditative and systematic intellect. Not yet grounded +even in the spelling-book, his modes of thought were nevertheless +strong, lucid, and accurate; and he yearned and pined for intellectual +companionship beyond all ignorant men whom I have ever met. I +believe that he would have talked all day and all night, for days together, +to any officer who could instruct him, until his companion, +at least, fell asleep exhausted. His comprehension of the whole problem +of slavery was more thorough and far-reaching than that of any +Abolitionist, so far as its social and military aspects went; in that +direction I could teach him nothing, and he taught me much. But +it was his methods of thought which always impressed me chiefly; +superficial brilliancy he left to others, and grasped at the solid truth." +(<i>Army Life in a Black Regiment</i>, p. 62.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Mr. Philbrick describes the feast: "I walked about for a half +hour watching the carving, which was done mostly with <i>axes</i>, and +the eager pressing of the hungry crowds about the rough board tables, +by which each ox was surrounded. The meat didn't look very inviting."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Miss Forten was of partly negro blood. H. W. says of her elsewhere: +"She has one of the sweetest voices I ever heard. The negroes +all knew the instant they saw her what she was, but she has been +treated by them with universal respect. She is an educated lady."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> When General Hunter, bent on raising his negro troops, asked +the Secretary of War for 50,000 muskets, "with authority to arm such +loyal men as I find in the country, whenever, in my opinion, they can +be used advantageously against the enemy," he added: "It is important +that I should be able to know and distinguish these men at +once, and for this purpose I respectfully request that 50,000 pairs of +scarlet pantaloons may be sent me; and this is all the clothing I shall +require for these people." (Hunter to Stanton, April 3, 1862.) Of +the privates of the First S. C. V., when clothed in these trousers, +Colonel Higginson writes: "Their coloring suited me, all but the +legs, which were clad in a lively scarlet, as intolerable to my eyes as +if I had been a turkey." (<i>Army Life in a Black Regiment</i>, p. 7.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> On the Georgia coast.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Mr. Philbrick was staying at Coffin's for a few days.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> The agreement made on April 8, between Mr. Philbrick and +fourteen gentlemen, all but one of Boston, provided that Mr. Philbrick, +in whose name the land should be bought and who should have +complete responsibility for managing it, should, after paying the subscribers +six per cent. interest, receive one fourth of the net profits. +Mr. Philbrick was to be liable for losses and without the right to call +for further contribution; on the other hand, no subscription was to be +withdrawn unless he ceased to superintend the enterprise. On his +closing the business, the net proceeds were to be divided <i>pro rata</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Joe having gone back to his trade of carpenter, the domestic +force now included a boy and a girl (daughter of Abel and sister of +Hester), marvelously ignorant, even for a Sea Island field-hand. +Uncle Sam, Robert's father, was acting as cook.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> A boy lately added to the corps of house-servants at Coffin's +Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> From unwillingness to see the land owned by any one but negroes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> A detachment from the Eighteenth Army Corps, under Major-General +John G. Foster, had come to help in the operations against +Charleston.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> The new postmaster for Beaufort.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> A cousin in the 24th Massachusetts, which had come to Land's +End as part of the "North Carolina army."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> For lumber up the St. Mary's River, which separates Georgia +from Florida.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> The history of the Department had been defined as "a military +picnic."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> A paper published at Beaufort.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Haunt of the drum-fish.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> The War Department ordered the sales to go forward, leaving +the restrictions to be arranged by Hunter, Saxton, and the Commissioners +in charge. See p. <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Brigadier-General Edward E. Potter, Foster's Chief of Staff.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> That is, hoed over again and new furrows made for the next crop.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Brigadier-General Thomas G. Stevenson, originally colonel of +the Twenty-Fourth Massachusetts, was arrested by General Hunter +and soon after released.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> The immediate cause of this trouble was a disagreement about +the extent of Hunter's authority over Foster and his command while +they were in the Department of the South, but the underlying difficulty +was that Foster and his officers distrusted Hunter as an anti-slavery +zealot. +</p><p> +Finding that the operations against Charleston could not go forward +immediately, Foster returned to North Carolina within a few +days after his arrival in the Department of the South. His troops remained, +so restive under Hunter's command that Foster's whole staff +was presently sent back to North Carolina for alleged insubordination.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> This report turned out to be a mistake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> That is, the revenue from the cotton on certain plantations was +used for these purposes. A plantation thus devoted to the educational +needs of the people was called a School Farm.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> To capture Jacksonville, on the St. John's River, Florida.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Of the Second South Carolina Volunteers (colored).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> The bracket is used for unimportant dates which are out of their +chronological place.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Two of the thirteen were merely leased.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> H. W., commenting more mildly, says (Mar. 18): "He certainly +has not a clear idea of what the superintendents and teachers are doing, +and unfortunately classes them as in opposition to himself,—as preferring +the agricultural to the military department. This I do not think +is the case, but they most of them feel his want of wisdom in dealing +with the subject, which has made his own especial object as well as +theirs harder to accomplish."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> A short-lived newspaper published in the Department.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> H. W. describes another service that was broken up by this fear +of the draft: "[May 2.] At church yesterday a squad of soldiers with +their officer came from Land's End to the service, when a general +stampede took place among the men, and women too, jumping from +the windows and one man even from the gallery into the midst of the +congregation."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> The boy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Captain J. E. Bryant, of the Eighth Maine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> The Second South Carolina Volunteers (colored).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Of the <i>Kingfisher</i>, the blockader.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> To be examined, adjudged not "able-bodied," and given exemption-papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Second South Carolina Volunteers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> A noticeable thing about the children of slaves was that they had +no games.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> In the words of the order the command of the Department was +taken from Hunter and given to Gillmore "temporarily."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Rhodes' <i>History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850</i>, +vol. iv, p. 332.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Colonel Higginson had been sent up the South Edisto River, to +cut the railroad at Jacksonboro.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Whither the wounded had been brought.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Edward N. Hallowell and Garth Wilkinson James, Major and +Adjutant of the Fifty-Fourth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> For the North.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> A few weeks later (July 15) General Saxton authorized the general +superintendents to appoint plantation commissions, or courts +for the administration of justice. The people eligible for these commissions +were Government plantation superintendents and Mr. Philbrick's +six plantation superintendents, and they were instructed "that +in cases where immediate arrest is in their opinion necessary, the +plantation superintendents, and the persons above named, are hereby +authorized themselves to make arrests of civilians upon the plantations. +But they must exercise this power with great discretion, and +will be held responsible for any abuse of it."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Colonel W. W. H. Davis was in command of the post at Beaufort +during Saxton's temporary absence.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> R. Soule, Jr., now one of Mr. Philbrick's superintendents, who, +upon the departure of the Philbricks, had come to live at Coffin's +Point.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> The rebel masters had told their slaves that the Yankees intended +to sell them "South,"—that is, to Cuba or the Gulf.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> On board the <i>Kingfisher</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> A Pennsylvanian, General Superintendent for St. Helena and +Ladies Islands, since Richard Soule had resigned that position.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> That is, gathered.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Admiral Dupont's flag-ship.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> The Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts Volunteers (colored), which was +in camp at Port Royal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Meaning, of course, plantations belonging to the Government.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> The "Mary Jenkins" place.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Two hundred and sixty-five thousand pounds was "about as +much as there was raised in the whole Department" in 1862.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> A letter dated December 28, 1863, inclosing $100 for the relief +of families of freedmen. The letter gives figures that prove the success +of the free labor experiment on Mr. Philbrick's plantations, and +concludes as follows: "I mention these things to show how easy it +is to render the negroes a self-supporting and wealth-producing class +with proper management; and I, at the same time, fully appreciate +the duty imposed upon us as a nation to extend the arm of charity +where the unsettled state of the country renders industry impossible +until time is given to recognize and force to protect it. We are more +fortunately situated than the people of the Mississippi valley, and +have got the start of them."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> A letter dated January 25, 1864, and printed in the Providence +<i>Journal</i> on February 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Land on the Sea Islands is now worth $15 an acre,—$20 if it is +near a road.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> F. J. W. was in Boston at the time.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> William Birney, Brigadier-General and Commander of the Post +at Beaufort during one of Saxton's absences, had, on March 30, issued +an order to the effect that in all cases the negroes were to be left in +possession of the land they claimed as theirs.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> An ambulance.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Cf. E. S. P.'s letter of February 22, p. <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Early in April the steamer <i>City of New York</i>, carrying sixty-one +bales of Mr. Philbrick's cotton, was wrecked in Queenstown harbor. +The cotton was insured for $1.50 a pound, but would have brought +more in the market.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>. The idea was by no means new. Frederick Law Olmstead +had devoted a great deal of space to proving the truth of it, and +indeed had quoted many planters who admitted that, as a system of +labor, slavery was expensive.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> (Dated April 26, in the <i>Independent</i>.) On St. Helena to-day it is +always possible to hire men for common work at fifty cents per day.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Dated May 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> The National Union Convention which met on June 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> The hero of the <i>Planter</i> episode; see p. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> One of many minor raids, very likely up the Combahee River.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> As General commanding the Department of the South.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Husband of Fanny Kemble.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Compare J. A. S. on p. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Evidently G.'s suggestion was practically for the plan Mr. Philbrick +did in fact adopt finally, that of selling some of his land to negroes +and some to white men. The price at which he sold to the negroes +was determined by the ideas here expressed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> A mulatto, educated in the North, who had gone to help at Port +Royal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Colonel Milton S. Littlefield, Twenty-First United States Colored +Troops.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Foster's order was dated August 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> "The First South," as the First South Carolina Volunteers was +always called by the negroes, had in the spring been enrolled among +the United States Colored Troops as the Thirty-Third Regiment.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Both in the Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts Volunteers (colored).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> The battle of Honey Hill (near Grahamville), fought November +30.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Of the Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> F. H. was to take charge of Coffin's Point on C. P. W.'s leaving +permanently for home a few weeks later. In connection with Mr. +Philbrick's words about him and in preparation for his own letters, +it is worth while to record something he had written in the autumn: +</p><p> +Oct. 7. St. Helena. I am slowly recovering from my three weeks' +sickness,—more buoyant and hopeful than ever before. I seem to +have a new birth, with new aspirations, and new views—particularly +in regard to life and its duties and prospects among the freed +people of South Carolina. +</p><p> +If <i>God</i> is not in it, then I am laboring under hallucination.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> The crop of 1864 had cost Mr. Philbrick about $1.00 a pound, +and he thought it quite possible that the crop of 1865 might not fetch +more than that in the market. It will be seen that his fears were more +than justified.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> General Oliver O. Howard.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> The only thoroughfare by land from Beaufort to Charleston. +At Port Royal Ferry it crosses the Coosaw.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> F. H.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> "Yellow cotton" was cotton which for any reason had been +stained in the pod.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Concerning this horse-buying fever Mr. Philbrick has elsewhere +an amusing anecdote: +</p><p> +[Jan. 8.] The latest case of destitution I have heard of was the case +of old Robert at the Oaks, cow-minder,—you remember him. He +and old Scylla applied to Mr. Tomlinson for rations, pleading utter +poverty. It turned out next day that Robert and Scylla's husband +were in treaty for Mr. Fairfield's horse, at the rate of $350! They +didn't allege <i>inability</i> to pay the price, but thought they would look +around and see if they couldn't get one cheaper. I daresay it will +end by their buying it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Fuller, of Fuller Place, who had succeeded in keeping with him +on a plantation elsewhere the negroes he had induced to accompany +him when the war broke out.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> In Europe.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> By President Johnson's instructions.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> The original owners of the Sea Island plantations were subsequently +reimbursed by Congress for their loss (minors receiving again +their actual land); but inasmuch as the sums paid them did not +include the value of their slaves, they considered the payment inadequate.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> New York <i>Nation</i>, November 30, 1865.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> The cotton when ginned should have weighed between one +third and one quarter as much as it weighed before ginning. See p. <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> In one of his letters to the <i>Nation</i> (December 14), Dennett quotes +Richard Soule as saying that he thought the past four years had encouraged +and confirmed the faults of the negro. "Demoralized on +the negro question," therefore, seems to mean, not that Richard Soule +and F. H. were finding the negro worse than they had thought him, +but that they considered that present conditions were rapidly making +him worse.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> General Saxton was Assistant Commissioner for South Carolina +under the Freedmen's Bureau.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Reuben Tomlinson had been made State Superintendent of Education.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> The Union Store was finished, stocked, and operated, but its +life was brief. From the first, its vitality was sapped by the claim +of the stockholders to unlimited credit; then a dishonest treasurer +struck the death-blow.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> This was Grant's famous "car-window" report, in which he +stated his belief that "the mass of thieving men at the South accept +the situation in good faith."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Mr. Waters bought Cherry Hill and lived there for a short time.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> "Corner" was the Captain John Fripp place.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> At the auction referred to, the Government offered for sale the +plantations which had been reserved for the support of schools.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> A negro who worked a plantation "on shares" was independent +of the owner, merely paying a rent in cotton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Afterwards used as the nucleus of <i>Slave Songs of the United +States</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Before the war.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Rose had been living with H. W. in the North, and was now at +Port Royal with her, also on a visit.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> General Bennett was managing Coffin's for the owner, who had +bought it of Mr. Philbrick.</p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> + + +<p> +Aaron, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Abel, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>, <a href="#Page_66"><b>66</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>, <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Abigail, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Abolitionists, hostility to.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See <a href="#Army_Officers">Army Officers</a>; <a href="#Hunter">Hunter</a>; <a href="#Saxton">Saxton</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Advertiser, Boston</i>, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_219"><b>219</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Africa, <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alden, William, <a href="#Page_286"><b>286</b></a>, <a href="#Page_313"><b>313</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alex, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_87"><b>87</b></a>, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alick, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Allen, William, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Amaritta, <a href="#Page_88"><b>88</b></a>, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Andrew, <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Anti-slavery people, hostility to.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See <a href="#Army_Officers">Army Officers</a>; <a href="#Hunter">Hunter</a>; <a href="#Saxton">Saxton</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Antony, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Ariel</i>, The, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Army Corps,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_17"><b>17</b></a>th, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_18"><b>18</b></a>th, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a> n.</span><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Army_Officers" id="Army_Officers"></a>Army Officers, hostility of, to anti-slavery people, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a>, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_308"><b>308</b></a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#hostility_of_army_officers_to">Negroes, hostility of army officers to</a>; <a href="#Hunter">Hunter</a>; <a href="#Saxton">Saxton</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Army Life in a Black Regiment</i>, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_131"><b>131</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +"Arnie," Miss, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Atkinson, Edward, <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a>, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_101"><b>101</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Atlanta, Georgia, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Atlantic</i>, The, <a href="#Page_2"><b>2</b></a>, <a href="#Page_9"><b>9</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +B——, Mr., <a href="#Page_247"><b>247</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bacchus, <a href="#Page_64"><b>64</b></a>, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>, <a href="#Page_121"><b>121</b></a>, <a href="#Page_123"><b>123</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bacchus, foreman of Morgan Island, <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a>, <a href="#Page_204"><b>204</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bail, Anthony, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baldwin, Mr., <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baltimore Convention, 1864, <a href="#Page_267"><b>267</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baptisms, <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_146"><b>146</b></a>, <a href="#Page_249"><b>249</b></a>, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barkis, <a href="#Page_228"><b>228</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barnard, James M., <a href="#Page_162"><b>162</b></a>, <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barney, Hiram, <a href="#Page_2"><b>2</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barstow, Major, <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a>, <a href="#Page_164"><b>164</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bay Point, <a href="#Page_13"><b>13</b></a>, <a href="#Page_29"><b>29</b></a>, <a href="#Page_35"><b>35</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_73"><b>73</b></a>, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beaufort, N. C., <a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beaufort, S. C., <a href="#Page_6"><b>6</b></a>, <a href="#Page_9"><b>9</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>, <a href="#Page_39"><b>39</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>, <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a>, <a href="#Page_54"><b>54</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_71"><b>71</b></a>, <a href="#Page_72"><b>72</b></a>, <a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>, <a href="#Page_83"><b>83</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_93"><b>93</b></a>, <a href="#Page_98"><b>98</b></a>, <a href="#Page_100"><b>100</b></a>, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a>, <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>, <a href="#Page_128"><b>128</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_134"><b>134</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_155"><b>155</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_170"><b>170</b></a>, <a href="#Page_175"><b>175</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>, <a href="#Page_202"><b>202</b></a>, <a href="#Page_207"><b>207</b></a>, <a href="#Page_211"><b>211</b></a>, <a href="#Page_221"><b>221</b></a>, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>, <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>, <a href="#Page_267"><b>267</b></a>, <a href="#Page_282"><b>282</b></a>, <a href="#Page_283"><b>283</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_295"><b>295</b></a>, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>, <a href="#Page_314"><b>314</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>, <a href="#Page_327"><b>327</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beaufort River, <a href="#Page_6"><b>6</b></a>, <a href="#Page_71"><b>71</b></a>, <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beaufort Sound, <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beauregard, Fort, <a href="#Page_5"><b>5</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Becca, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ben, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bennett, General, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Betsey, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Betty, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_252"><b>252</b></a>, <a href="#Page_253"><b>253</b></a>, <a href="#Page_272"><b>272</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Betty, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Biffert," <a href="#Page_49"><b>49</b></a>, <a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Binah, <a href="#Page_27"><b>27</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_157"><b>157</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bingham, Quartermaster-General, <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Birney, William, Brig.-Gen., <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Black Draft. See <a href="#Draft_Black">Draft, Black</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boston, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_220"><b>220</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_226"><b>226</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>, <a href="#Page_256"><b>256</b></a>, <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a>, <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>, <a href="#Page_272"><b>272</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>, <a href="#Page_316"><b>316</b></a>, <a href="#Page_325"><b>325</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Boston_syndicate" id="Boston_syndicate"></a>Boston syndicate, <a href="#Page_140"><b>140</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_275"><b>275</b></a>, <a href="#Page_316"><b>316</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boutelle, Captain, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brannan, John M., Brig.-Gen., <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brisbane, Dr., <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a>, <a href="#Page_164"><b>164</b></a>, <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, Peter, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bryant, Captain J. E., <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bryant, Lieutenant O. E., <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bryant, Mr., plantation superintendent, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a>, <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bryant, Mrs., <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bundy, Dr. Francis, <a href="#Page_142"><b>142</b></a>, <a href="#Page_143"><b>143</b></a>, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bundy, Mrs. Francis, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_142"><b>142</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burying-place, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_66"><b>66</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Butler, Pierce, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>, <a href="#Page_272"><b>272</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Butler, Mrs. Pierce. See <a href="#Kemble">Kemble, Fanny</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Cæsar, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Caroline (1), <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_17"><b>17</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Caroline (2), <a href="#Page_87"><b>87</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Caroline (3), <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cat Island, <a href="#Page_6"><b>6</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cato, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_87"><b>87</b></a>, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Celia, <a href="#Page_300"><b>300</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chaplin, Benjarola, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charleston, S. C., <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_63"><b>63</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_164"><b>164</b></a>, <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>, <a href="#Page_198"><b>198</b></a>, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>, <a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>, <a href="#Page_316"><b>316</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege of, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>-<a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chase, Salmon P., <a href="#Page_70"><b>70</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_247"><b>247</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chattel sales, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>, <a href="#Page_256"><b>256</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cherry Hill, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_80"><b>80</b></a>, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chester, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Child, Professor F. J., <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Christmas,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1863, <a href="#Page_237"><b>237</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1864, <a href="#Page_292"><b>292</b></a>, <a href="#Page_293"><b>293</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Church, Brick (Baptist), <a href="#Page_49"><b>49</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Church, White (Episcopal), <a href="#Page_49"><b>49</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_68"><b>68</b></a>, <a href="#Page_101"><b>101</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cicero, <a href="#Page_192"><b>192</b></a>, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>City of New York</i>, The, <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Clarke, Mrs., <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Climate of Sea Islands, <a href="#Page_10"><b>10</b></a>, <a href="#Page_68"><b>68</b></a>, <a href="#Page_73"><b>73</b></a>, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a>, <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>, <a href="#Page_110"><b>110</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_140"><b>140</b></a>, <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coast Survey, <a href="#Page_60"><b>60</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cockloft, overseer, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>, <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_169"><b>169</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cockspur Island, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin, Eben, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin family, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin, Sir Isaac, Bart., <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin, Julian, <a href="#Page_209"><b>209</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin, Thomas Astor, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>, <a href="#Page_164"><b>164</b></a>, <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_204"><b>204</b></a>, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin, Mrs. T. A., <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin trademark, <a href="#Page_237"><b>237</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Coffin's Battery," <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin's Point, <a href="#Page_8"><b>8</b></a>, <a href="#Page_10"><b>10</b></a>, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_13"><b>13</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_29"><b>29</b></a>, <a href="#Page_40"><b>40</b></a>, <a href="#Page_42"><b>42</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a>, <a href="#Page_54"><b>54</b></a>, <a href="#Page_58"><b>58</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_68"><b>68</b></a>, <a href="#Page_71"><b>71</b></a>, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_88"><b>88</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_180"><b>180</b></a>, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>, <a href="#Page_281"><b>281</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>, <a href="#Page_291"><b>291</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Comba, <a href="#Page_303"><b>303</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Combahee River, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +"Concern."<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See <a href="#Boston_syndicate">Boston Syndicate</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Contracts with negroes, <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cooley, Judge, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coosaw, Fort, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coosaw River, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Corn Crop of 1862, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_13"><b>13</b></a>, <a href="#Page_54"><b>54</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_101"><b>101</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Corner," <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Cosmopolitan</i>, The, <a href="#Page_6"><b>6</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cotton-agents, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href="#Page_18"><b>18</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_98"><b>98</b></a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#S">Mr. S</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cotton crop,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1861, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_110"><b>110</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1862, <a href="#Page_13"><b>13</b></a>, <a href="#Page_54"><b>54</b></a>, <a href="#Page_57"><b>57</b></a>, <a href="#Page_83"><b>83</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_99"><b>99</b></a>, <a href="#Page_101"><b>101</b></a>, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_237"><b>237</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a> n.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1863, <a href="#Page_151"><b>151</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_209"><b>209</b></a>, <a href="#Page_211"><b>211</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>, <a href="#Page_234"><b>234</b></a>, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>, <a href="#Page_237"><b>237</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1864, <a href="#Page_295"><b>295</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1865, <a href="#Page_313"><b>313</b></a>, <a href="#Page_314"><b>314</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cotton Fund, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cotton-gins broken by the negroes, <a href="#Page_102"><b>102</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_181"><b>181</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Court."<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See <a href="#Plantation_Commission">Plantation Commission</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Crane, Captain W. D., <a href="#Page_288"><b>288</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crystal Palace, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cuffy, <a href="#Page_20"><b>20</b></a>, <a href="#Page_26"><b>26</b></a>, <a href="#Page_27"><b>27</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cutchery, Indian, <a href="#Page_140"><b>140</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cuthbert's Point, <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Dan, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Darien, <a href="#Page_204"><b>204</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dathaw, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +David, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, Col. W. W. H., <a href="#Page_202"><b>202</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +De Golyer, Mr., <a href="#Page_313"><b>313</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +De la Croix, Mr., <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_142"><b>142</b></a>, <a href="#Page_143"><b>143</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Deborah, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Demus, <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Demus, elder, <a href="#Page_173"><b>173</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dennett, Mr., <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Department of the South, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_114"><b>114</b></a>, <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a>, <a href="#Page_173"><b>173</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_193"><b>193</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>, <a href="#Page_227"><b>227</b></a>, <a href="#Page_237"><b>237</b></a>, <a href="#Page_249"><b>249</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_261"><b>261</b></a>, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>, <a href="#Page_278"><b>278</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Doll, <a href="#Page_25"><b>25</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Draft_Black" id="Draft_Black"></a>Draft, Black, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a>-<a href="#Page_42"><b>42</b></a>, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_54"><b>54</b></a>, <a href="#Page_77"><b>77</b></a>, <a href="#Page_96"><b>96</b></a>, <a href="#Page_99"><b>99</b></a>, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>-<a href="#Page_175"><b>175</b></a>, <a href="#Page_176"><b>176</b></a>, <a href="#Page_177"><b>177</b></a>, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>-<a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_211"><b>211</b></a>, <a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_249"><b>249</b></a>, <a href="#Page_281"><b>281</b></a>-<a href="#Page_284"><b>284</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drivers, <a href="#Page_8"><b>8</b></a>, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_40"><b>40</b></a>, <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_78"><b>78</b></a>, <a href="#Page_80"><b>80</b></a>, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Duhurst, Lieut., <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dupont, Commodore S. F., <a href="#Page_5"><b>5</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dutch, Captain, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Eddings Point, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_192"><b>192</b></a>, <a href="#Page_247"><b>247</b></a>, <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Edisto, <a href="#Page_318"><b>318</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Edisto_refugees" id="Edisto_refugees"></a>Edisto refugees, <a href="#Page_72"><b>72</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_151"><b>151</b></a>, <a href="#Page_294"><b>294</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Educational Commission for Freedmen<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(Boston), <a href="#Page_1"><b>1</b></a>, <a href="#Page_4"><b>4</b></a>, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_33"><b>33</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(New York), <a href="#Page_4"><b>4</b></a>, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a> n.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(Philadelphia), <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Eggs, donations of, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_35"><b>35</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>, <a href="#Page_121"><b>121</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Egypt, <a href="#Page_5"><b>5</b></a>, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_28"><b>28</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ellen, <a href="#Page_138"><b>138</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ellwell, Col., <a href="#Page_245"><b>245</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Elsie, <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a>, <a href="#Page_204"><b>204</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Elsie, at Coffin's Point, <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Emancipation celebration, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>-<a href="#Page_134"><b>134</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Emancipation, Preliminary Proclamation of, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Emancipation, Proclamation of, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eustis, F. A., <a href="#Page_8"><b>8</b></a>, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a>, <a href="#Page_32"><b>32</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_238"><b>238</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_246"><b>246</b></a>, <a href="#Page_292"><b>292</b></a>, <a href="#Page_327"><b>327</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eustis Place, <a href="#Page_252"><b>252</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Evacuation of Sea Islands, <a href="#Page_84"><b>84</b></a>, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_98"><b>98</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Fanny, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fairfield, Mr., <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Ferry, from Port Royal Island to Ladies Island, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_128"><b>128</b></a>, <a href="#Page_173"><b>173</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to mainland, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Festina Lente</i>, <a href="#Page_63"><b>63</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Finnie, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +First South, see <a href="#South_Carolina_Vols">S. C. Vols., 1st Regt.</a><br /> +<br /> +Flora, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_23"><b>23</b></a>, <a href="#Page_25"><b>25</b></a>, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>, <a href="#Page_35"><b>35</b></a>, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_40"><b>40</b></a>, <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_52"><b>52</b></a>, <a href="#Page_58"><b>58</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_123"><b>123</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Flora</i>, The, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Florida, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Folsom, Dr. Charles F., <a href="#Page_70"><b>70</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>, <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>, <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Folsom's Place, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Forbes, John M., <a href="#Page_3"><b>3</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_17"><b>17</b></a>, <a href="#Page_18"><b>18</b></a>, <a href="#Page_140"><b>140</b></a>, <a href="#Page_147"><b>147</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Coosaw, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort on Smith Plantation, <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Forts Walker and Beauregard, <a href="#Page_5"><b>5</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Forten, Charlotte, <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fortress Monroe, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fortune, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Foster, John G., Maj.-Gen., <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>, <a href="#Page_162"><b>162</b></a>, <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a>, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_281"><b>281</b></a>, <a href="#Page_282"><b>282</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fourth of July, <a href="#Page_68"><b>68</b></a>-<a href="#Page_70"><b>70</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fowler, Rev. Mr., <a href="#Page_102"><b>102</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frank, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Free South, The</i>, <a href="#Page_155"><b>155</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Freedmen at Port Royal, The</i>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Freedmen's Aid Societies, <a href="#Page_325"><b>325</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Freedmen's Bureau, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>, <a href="#Page_325"><b>325</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +French, Rev. Mansfield, <a href="#Page_4"><b>4</b></a>, <a href="#Page_49"><b>49</b></a>, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_130"><b>130</b></a>, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Alvirah, plantation of, <a href="#Page_81"><b>81</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Dr. Clarence, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_207"><b>207</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Eddings, <a href="#Page_207"><b>207</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Eden, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Edgar, plantation of, <a href="#Page_68"><b>68</b></a>, <a href="#Page_74"><b>74</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Hamilton, <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plantation of, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sons of, <a href="#Page_296"><b>296</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Harriet, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp house in Beaufort, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Captain John, <a href="#Page_316"><b>316</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">daughters of, <a href="#Page_316"><b>316</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plantation of, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_249"><b>249</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Juliana, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Lynch, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Captain Oliver, plantation of, <a href="#Page_68"><b>68</b></a>, <a href="#Page_137"><b>137</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp Point, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_30"><b>30</b></a>, <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_88"><b>88</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_123"><b>123</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>, <a href="#Page_200"><b>200</b></a>, <a href="#Page_224"><b>224</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Sam, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, T. B., plantation of, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, T. J., <a href="#Page_204"><b>204</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Washington, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fripp, William, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sons of, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fripp, Willie, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frogmore, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>, <a href="#Page_300"><b>300</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fuller, Rev. Robert, <a href="#Page_314"><b>314</b></a>, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fuller Place, <a href="#Page_295"><b>295</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Fulton</i>, The, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Funeral, negro child's, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>, <a href="#Page_66"><b>66</b></a>, <a href="#Page_67"><b>67</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +K. G., <a href="#Page_33"><b>33</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +W. C. G., <a href="#Page_3"><b>3</b></a>, <a href="#Page_8"><b>8</b></a>, <a href="#Page_20"><b>20</b></a>, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_24"><b>24</b></a>, <a href="#Page_26"><b>26</b></a>, <a href="#Page_27"><b>27</b></a>, <a href="#Page_32"><b>32</b></a>, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>, <a href="#Page_40"><b>40</b></a>, <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_64"><b>64</b></a>, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>, <a href="#Page_66"><b>66</b></a>, <a href="#Page_88"><b>88</b></a>, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a>, <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_147"><b>147</b></a>, <a href="#Page_161"><b>161</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_189"><b>189</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>, <a href="#Page_204"><b>204</b></a>, <a href="#Page_211"><b>211</b></a>-<a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>, <a href="#Page_224"><b>224</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>, <a href="#Page_238"><b>238</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_246"><b>246</b></a>, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>, <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_300"><b>300</b></a>, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>, <a href="#Page_333"><b>333</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href="#Page_20"><b>20</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_32"><b>32</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_57"><b>57</b></a>, <a href="#Page_84"><b>84</b></a>, <a href="#Page_107"><b>107</b></a>, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_137"><b>137</b></a>, <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_177"><b>177</b></a>, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>, <a href="#Page_210"><b>210</b></a>, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>, <a href="#Page_231"><b>231</b></a>, <a href="#Page_241"><b>241</b></a>, <a href="#Page_248"><b>248</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>, <a href="#Page_267"><b>267</b></a>, <a href="#Page_277"><b>277</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_283"><b>283</b></a>, <a href="#Page_286"><b>286</b></a>, <a href="#Page_288"><b>288</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>, <a href="#Page_308"><b>308</b></a>, <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +W. C. G., article by, in <i>North American Review</i>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +W. C. G., poem by, <a href="#Page_66"><b>66</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Gage, Mrs., <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gang system, <a href="#Page_58"><b>58</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a>, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_112"><b>112</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +George, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Georgia, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_308"><b>308</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Georgia_refugees" id="Georgia_refugees"></a>Georgia refugees, <a href="#Page_293"><b>293</b></a>, <a href="#Page_294"><b>294</b></a>, <a href="#Page_295"><b>295</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>, <a href="#Page_314"><b>314</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gettysburg, battle of, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gib, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gillmore, Q. A., Brig.-Gen., <a href="#Page_193"><b>193</b></a>, <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>, <a href="#Page_228"><b>228</b></a>, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>, <a href="#Page_249"><b>249</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gordon, Captain, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gordon, slave pirate, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Government, U. S., <a href="#Page_1"><b>1</b></a>, <a href="#Page_9"><b>9</b></a>, <a href="#Page_10"><b>10</b></a>, <a href="#Page_14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href="#Page_17"><b>17</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a>, <a href="#Page_56"><b>56</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_57"><b>57</b></a>, <a href="#Page_72"><b>72</b></a>, <a href="#Page_78"><b>78</b></a>, <a href="#Page_81"><b>81</b></a>, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_98"><b>98</b></a>, <a href="#Page_99"><b>99</b></a>, <a href="#Page_102"><b>102</b></a>, <a href="#Page_112"><b>112</b></a>, <a href="#Page_113"><b>113</b></a>, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_137"><b>137</b></a>, <a href="#Page_148"><b>148</b></a>, <a href="#Page_149"><b>149</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_151"><b>151</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_174"><b>174</b></a>, <a href="#Page_175"><b>175</b></a>, <a href="#Page_177"><b>177</b></a>, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_231"><b>231</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>, <a href="#Page_245"><b>245</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>, <a href="#Page_277"><b>277</b></a>, <a href="#Page_282"><b>282</b></a>, <a href="#Page_296"><b>296</b></a>, <a href="#Page_308"><b>308</b></a>, <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>, <a href="#Page_327"><b>327</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Grace, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>, <a href="#Page_303"><b>303</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grahamville, S. C., <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grant, U. S., Lieut.-Gen., <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Green, Jonas, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Green, Dr. S. A., <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Gun fire at Bay Point," <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_209"><b>209</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +H——, Col., <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_281"><b>281</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +F. H., <a href="#Page_291"><b>291</b></a>, <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, <a href="#Page_291"><b>291</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>, <a href="#Page_313"><b>313</b></a>, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Habersham, Mr., <a href="#Page_308"><b>308</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hacklis, <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Halleck, Henry W., Maj.-Gen., <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hall, Wm., <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>, <a href="#Page_201"><b>201</b></a>, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_216"><b>216</b></a>, <a href="#Page_237"><b>237</b></a>, <a href="#Page_252"><b>252</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hallowell, Col. E. N., <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hallowell, Col. N. P., <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hamlet, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hammond, Mr., <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_156"><b>156</b></a>, <a href="#Page_193"><b>193</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hardy, Alpheus, <a href="#Page_248"><b>248</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harriet, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Mr., <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harry, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_162"><b>162</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hartwell, Col. A. S., <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hayti, <a href="#Page_84"><b>84</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hazard, Mr., <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henry, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>, <a href="#Page_207"><b>207</b></a>, <a href="#Page_226"><b>226</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Herald</i>, Boston, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hester, <a href="#Page_140"><b>140</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_142"><b>142</b></a>, <a href="#Page_214"><b>214</b></a>, <a href="#Page_217"><b>217</b></a>, <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Higginson, Col. T. W., <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a>, <a href="#Page_130"><b>130</b></a>, <a href="#Page_131"><b>131</b></a>, <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_134"><b>134</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>, <a href="#Page_164"><b>164</b></a>, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hilton Head, <a href="#Page_5"><b>5</b></a>, <a href="#Page_6"><b>6</b></a>, <a href="#Page_9"><b>9</b></a>, <a href="#Page_13"><b>13</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_40"><b>40</b></a>, <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_42"><b>42</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_48"><b>48</b></a>, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a>, <a href="#Page_57"><b>57</b></a>, <a href="#Page_71"><b>71</b></a>, <a href="#Page_73"><b>73</b></a>, <a href="#Page_77"><b>77</b></a>, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_83"><b>83</b></a>, <a href="#Page_84"><b>84</b></a>, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_87"><b>87</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_98"><b>98</b></a>, <a href="#Page_107"><b>107</b></a>, <a href="#Page_114"><b>114</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_175"><b>175</b></a>, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>, <a href="#Page_261"><b>261</b></a>, <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_281"><b>281</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Honey Hill, S. C., <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Hooper, Captain E. W., <a href="#Page_3"><b>3</b></a>, <a href="#Page_9"><b>9</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a>, <a href="#Page_49"><b>49</b></a>, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_93"><b>93</b></a>, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a>, <a href="#Page_111"><b>111</b></a>, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_175"><b>175</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>, <a href="#Page_198"><b>198</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hope Place, <a href="#Page_81"><b>81</b></a>, <a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Horace</i>, The, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horse-buying, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Howard, O. O., Maj.-Gen., <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>, <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>, <a href="#Page_317"><b>317</b></a>, <a href="#Page_318"><b>318</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hoyt, Capt., <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_189"><b>189</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hull, Mr., <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hunn, Mr. J., <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>, <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Hunter" id="Hunter"></a>Hunter, David, Maj.-Gen., <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_38"><b>38</b></a>, <a href="#Page_39"><b>39</b></a>, <a href="#Page_40"><b>40</b></a>, <a href="#Page_42"><b>42</b></a>, <a href="#Page_48"><b>48</b></a>, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_63"><b>63</b></a>, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_89"><b>89</b></a>, <a href="#Page_100"><b>100</b></a>, <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a>, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_155"><b>155</b></a>, <a href="#Page_156"><b>156</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_162"><b>162</b></a>, <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_173"><b>173</b></a>, <a href="#Page_175"><b>175</b></a>, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hunter Regiment, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_96"><b>96</b></a>, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a>, <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hunting Island, <a href="#Page_78"><b>78</b></a>, <a href="#Page_238"><b>238</b></a>, <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hunting, Dr., <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hurd, Augustus, <a href="#Page_3"><b>3</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Indemnity, for slave-owners, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Independent</i>, The, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Irish, compared with negroes, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_18"><b>18</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_56"><b>56</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Isaac, <a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jack, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Mr., <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jacksonboro', <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jacksonville, Fla., <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +James, Capt., <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +James, G. W., Adjt., <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +January, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>, <a href="#Page_181"><b>181</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jenkins, Dr., plantation of, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jenkins, Mary, plantation of, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>, <a href="#Page_247"><b>247</b></a>, <a href="#Page_296"><b>296</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jim, <a href="#Page_78"><b>78</b></a>, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_90"><b>90</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jimmy, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Joe, <a href="#Page_20"><b>20</b></a>, <a href="#Page_23"><b>23</b></a>, <a href="#Page_39"><b>39</b></a>, <a href="#Page_40"><b>40</b></a>, <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_52"><b>52</b></a>, <a href="#Page_60"><b>60</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_100"><b>100</b></a>, <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_123"><b>123</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +John, <a href="#Page_87"><b>87</b></a>, <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +John, Major, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_300"><b>300</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_317"><b>317</b></a>, <a href="#Page_318"><b>318</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jonas, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Joseph, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Josh, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Journal of Music</i>, The Boston, <a href="#Page_30"><b>30</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Journal</i>, Providence, <a href="#Page_248"><b>248</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Judd, Mr., Gen. Supt. of Port Royal Island, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a>, <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Judy, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_272"><b>272</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Juliana, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +July, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +June, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Katrine, <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Katy, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Katy, at Frogmore, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Keller, Lewis, <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Kelley</i>, The, <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kellum, Capt, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Kemble" id="Kemble"></a>Kemble, Fanny, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>, <a href="#Page_272"><b>272</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Kingfisher</i>, The, <a href="#Page_176"><b>176</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_204"><b>204</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +L——, John, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_162"><b>162</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ladies Island, <a href="#Page_8"><b>8</b></a>, <a href="#Page_9"><b>9</b></a>, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_54"><b>54</b></a>, <a href="#Page_72"><b>72</b></a>, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_223"><b>223</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Land-sales" id="Land-sales"></a>Land-sales, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_111"><b>111</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_137"><b>137</b></a>, <a href="#Page_140"><b>140</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_147"><b>147</b></a>, <a href="#Page_148"><b>148</b></a>, <a href="#Page_151"><b>151</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_155"><b>155</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a>, <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_170"><b>170</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_177"><b>177</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_231"><b>231</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>, <a href="#Page_245"><b>245</b></a>, <a href="#Page_246"><b>246</b></a>, <a href="#Page_247"><b>247</b></a>, <a href="#Page_248"><b>248</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a>, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>, <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>, <a href="#Page_277"><b>277</b></a>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>, <a href="#Page_327"><b>327</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Land's End, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_155"><b>155</b></a>, <a href="#Page_161"><b>161</b></a>, <a href="#Page_162"><b>162</b></a>, <a href="#Page_174"><b>174</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lee, Mr., paymaster, U. S., <a href="#Page_100"><b>100</b></a>, <a href="#Page_110"><b>110</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lee, R. E., Gen., <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lester, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, <a href="#Page_192"><b>192</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Dio, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lieutenant, of 104th Pa. Vols., <a href="#Page_200"><b>200</b></a>, <a href="#Page_201"><b>201</b></a>, <a href="#Page_202"><b>202</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Limus, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a>, <a href="#Page_77"><b>77</b></a>, <a href="#Page_221"><b>221</b></a>, <a href="#Page_226"><b>226</b></a>, <a href="#Page_228"><b>228</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, Abraham, <a href="#Page_48"><b>48</b></a>, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_63"><b>63</b></a>, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_91"><b>91</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_96"><b>96</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_98"><b>98</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a>, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_245"><b>245</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Littlefield, Milton S., Col., <a href="#Page_282"><b>282</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>London News</i>, The, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Louisa, <a href="#Page_35"><b>35</b></a>, <a href="#Page_138"><b>138</b></a>, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>, <a href="#Page_146"><b>146</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +L'Ouverture, Toussaint, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +McClellan, George B., Maj.-Gen., <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKee's plantation, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKim, Lucy, <a href="#Page_30"><b>30</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +McTureous Plantation, <a href="#Page_76"><b>76</b></a>, <a href="#Page_77"><b>77</b></a>, <a href="#Page_78"><b>78</b></a>, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mack, David, <a href="#Page_3"><b>3</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maria, nurse, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_209"><b>209</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maria, seamster, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Market for manufactures, A new</i>, <a href="#Page_219"><b>219</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marriage of negroes, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>, <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martha, <a href="#Page_88"><b>88</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mary, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_216"><b>216</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mary Ann, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Massachusetts Vols.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">24th Regt., <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>, <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_156"><b>156</b></a>, <a href="#Page_162"><b>162</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54th Regt., <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_198"><b>198</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">55th Regt., <a href="#Page_226"><b>226</b></a>, <a href="#Page_288"><b>288</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a> n.</span><br /> +<br /> +May, <a href="#Page_303"><b>303</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Mayflower</i>, The, <a href="#Page_71"><b>71</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Melville</i>, The, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Methodism, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a>, <a href="#Page_221"><b>221</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mike, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>, <a href="#Page_256"><b>256</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mily, nurse, <a href="#Page_26"><b>26</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Minda, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>, <a href="#Page_146"><b>146</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mission House, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mitchel, Ormsby M., Maj.-Gen., <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a>, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Mohegan</i>, The, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moll, <a href="#Page_201"><b>201</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monah, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monday, "Useless," <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monroe, Fortress, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Montgomery, Col., <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_189"><b>189</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morgan Island, <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a>, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>, <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>, <a href="#Page_295"><b>295</b></a>, <a href="#Page_296"><b>296</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morris Island, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mulberry Hill, <a href="#Page_80"><b>80</b></a>, <a href="#Page_81"><b>81</b></a>, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murray, Ellen, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +N. R. & W., Firm of, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nancy, <a href="#Page_138"><b>138</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nancy, old, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>, <a href="#Page_234"><b>234</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nat, <a href="#Page_77"><b>77</b></a>, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Nation</i>, The New York, <a href="#Page_26"><b>26</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>-<a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +National Union Convention, <a href="#Page_261"><b>261</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Negro Burying Ground, The</i>, <a href="#Page_66"><b>66</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Negroes" id="Negroes"></a>Negroes of Sea Islands,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">characteristics of, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_23"><b>23</b></a>, <a href="#Page_25"><b>25</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>, <a href="#Page_76"><b>76</b></a>, <a href="#Page_81"><b>81</b></a>, <a href="#Page_99"><b>99</b></a>, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_138"><b>138</b></a>, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_177"><b>177</b></a>, <a href="#Page_214"><b>214</b></a>, <a href="#Page_215"><b>215</b></a>, <a href="#Page_241"><b>241</b></a>, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">compared with Irish, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_18"><b>18</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_56"><b>56</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">compared with negroes elsewhere, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_89"><b>89</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_288"><b>288</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">condition of, in 1862, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_13"><b>13</b></a>, <a href="#Page_14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_70"><b>70</b></a>, <a href="#Page_181"><b>181</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contracts with, <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cotton-gins destroyed by, <a href="#Page_102"><b>102</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_181"><b>181</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dishonesty of, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>, <a href="#Page_227"><b>227</b></a>, <a href="#Page_241"><b>241</b></a>, <a href="#Page_242"><b>242</b></a>, <a href="#Page_256"><b>256</b></a>, <a href="#Page_269"><b>269</b></a>, <a href="#Page_287"><b>287</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>, <a href="#Page_313"><b>313</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">food of, <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a>, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_73"><b>73</b></a>, <a href="#Page_93"><b>93</b></a>, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">future of, <a href="#Page_317"><b>317</b></a>, <a href="#Page_318"><b>318</b></a>, <a href="#Page_334"><b>334</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gratuities to, <a href="#Page_14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href="#Page_33"><b>33</b></a>, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_52"><b>52</b></a>, <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a>, <a href="#Page_58"><b>58</b></a>, <a href="#Page_80"><b>80</b></a>, <a href="#Page_88"><b>88</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_148"><b>148</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_166"><b>166</b></a>, <a href="#Page_179"><b>179</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_246"><b>246</b></a>, <a href="#Page_276"><b>276</b></a>, <a href="#Page_277"><b>277</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>, <a href="#Page_334"><b>334</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">health of, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a>, <a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a name="hostility_of_army_officers_to" id="hostility_of_army_officers_to"></a>hostility of army officers to, <a href="#Page_74"><b>74</b></a>, <a href="#Page_85"><b>85</b></a>, <a href="#Page_101"><b>101</b></a>, <a href="#Page_164"><b>164</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">industry of, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_48"><b>48</b></a>, <a href="#Page_55"><b>55</b></a>, <a href="#Page_111"><b>111</b></a>, <a href="#Page_156"><b>156</b></a>, <a href="#Page_175"><b>175</b></a>, <a href="#Page_181"><b>181</b></a>, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_209"><b>209</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">independence of, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_275"><b>275</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intelligence of, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_60"><b>60</b></a>, <a href="#Page_63"><b>63</b></a>, <a href="#Page_74"><b>74</b></a>, <a href="#Page_76"><b>76</b></a>, <a href="#Page_90"><b>90</b></a>, <a href="#Page_93"><b>93</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_112"><b>112</b></a>, <a href="#Page_166"><b>166</b></a>, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_169"><b>169</b></a>, <a href="#Page_174"><b>174</b></a>, <a href="#Page_241"><b>241</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intemperance of, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_327"><b>327</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as land-owners (see also <a href="#Land-sales">Land-sales</a>), <a href="#Page_272"><b>272</b></a>, <a href="#Page_276"><b>276</b></a>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">language of, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_25"><b>25</b></a>, <a href="#Page_26"><b>26</b></a>, <a href="#Page_27"><b>27</b></a>, <a href="#Page_28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href="#Page_35"><b>35</b></a>, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_90"><b>90</b></a>, <a href="#Page_123"><b>123</b></a>, <a href="#Page_157"><b>157</b></a>, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>, <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage of, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>, <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">names of, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_52"><b>52</b></a>, <a href="#Page_209"><b>209</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">petition of, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>-<a href="#Page_261"><b>261</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>, <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">religion of, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_20"><b>20</b></a>, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_26"><b>26</b></a>, <a href="#Page_27"><b>27</b></a>, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>, <a href="#Page_66"><b>66</b></a>, <a href="#Page_67"><b>67</b></a>, <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_146"><b>146</b></a>, <a href="#Page_193"><b>193</b></a>, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">singing of, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a>, <a href="#Page_28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href="#Page_29"><b>29</b></a>, <a href="#Page_30"><b>30</b></a>, <a href="#Page_134"><b>134</b></a>, <a href="#Page_253"><b>253</b></a>, <a href="#Page_292"><b>292</b></a>, <a href="#Page_293"><b>293</b></a>, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as soldiers, <a href="#Page_42"><b>42</b></a>, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_63"><b>63</b></a>, <a href="#Page_89"><b>89</b></a>, <a href="#Page_91"><b>91</b></a>, <a href="#Page_93"><b>93</b></a>, <a href="#Page_96"><b>96</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_100"><b>100</b></a>, <a href="#Page_102"><b>102</b></a>, <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a>, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a>, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>, <a href="#Page_164"><b>164</b></a>, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treatment of, by masters, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>, <a href="#Page_32"><b>32</b></a>, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>, <a href="#Page_207"><b>207</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wages of, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_56"><b>56</b></a>, <a href="#Page_57"><b>57</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>, <a href="#Page_85"><b>85</b></a>, <a href="#Page_91"><b>91</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_99"><b>99</b></a>, <a href="#Page_100"><b>100</b></a>, <a href="#Page_110"><b>110</b></a>, <a href="#Page_111"><b>111</b></a>, <a href="#Page_112"><b>112</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>, <a href="#Page_147"><b>147</b></a>, <a href="#Page_148"><b>148</b></a>, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>, <a href="#Page_234"><b>234</b></a>, <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>, <a href="#Page_245"><b>245</b></a>, <a href="#Page_246"><b>246</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>, <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a>, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>, <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_267"><b>267</b></a>, <a href="#Page_294"><b>294</b></a>, <a href="#Page_295"><b>295</b></a>, <a href="#Page_300"><b>300</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_303"><b>303</b></a>, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nero, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Orleans, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_325"><b>325</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>New South, The</i>, <a href="#Page_173"><b>173</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +New York Vols.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">19th Regt., <a href="#Page_13"><b>13</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">48th, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79th, <a href="#Page_39"><b>39</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nile, songs on the, <a href="#Page_28"><b>28</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Noble, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>North American Review</i>, The, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +North Carolina Army, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_161"><b>161</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nubia, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Oakland, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Oaks, The, <a href="#Page_69"><b>69</b></a>, <a href="#Page_83"><b>83</b></a>, <a href="#Page_93"><b>93</b></a>, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ogeechee River, <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Oliver, Dr., <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Olmstead, Frederick Law, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Otter Island, <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Paige, Mr., <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Palmer, Mr., <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_81"><b>81</b></a>, <a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paris, <a href="#Page_81"><b>81</b></a>, <a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parker, Rev. Mr., <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>, <a href="#Page_269"><b>269</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paxton, Capt., <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peg, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peggy, Old, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Penn Normal, Industrial, and Agricultural School, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>, <a href="#Page_334"><b>334</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pennsylvania Volunteers,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roundhead Regt., <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104th Regt., <a href="#Page_200"><b>200</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Peter, Uncle, <a href="#Page_26"><b>26</b></a>, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peter, on Frogmore, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Petition of negroes, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>-<a href="#Page_261"><b>261</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>, <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Petra, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a>, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Philbrick, Edward S., <a href="#Page_14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_24"><b>24</b></a>, <a href="#Page_28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a>, <a href="#Page_39"><b>39</b></a>, <a href="#Page_40"><b>40</b></a>, <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_42"><b>42</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_58"><b>58</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_64"><b>64</b></a>, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>, <a href="#Page_69"><b>69</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>, <a href="#Page_76"><b>76</b></a>, <a href="#Page_83"><b>83</b></a>, <a href="#Page_85"><b>85</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_99"><b>99</b></a>, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a>, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>, <a href="#Page_121"><b>121</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_137"><b>137</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>, <a href="#Page_146"><b>146</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_158"><b>158</b></a>, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>, <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_170"><b>170</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_176"><b>176</b></a>, <a href="#Page_177"><b>177</b></a>, <a href="#Page_180"><b>180</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_189"><b>189</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_201"><b>201</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>, <a href="#Page_216"><b>216</b></a>, <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>, <a href="#Page_219"><b>219</b></a>, <a href="#Page_220"><b>220</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_249"><b>249</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>, <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a>, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>, <a href="#Page_256"><b>256</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_261"><b>261</b></a>, <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>, <a href="#Page_284"><b>284</b></a>, <a href="#Page_291"><b>291</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Letters from, <a href="#Page_1"><b>1</b></a>, <a href="#Page_2"><b>2</b></a>, <a href="#Page_4"><b>4</b></a>, <a href="#Page_5"><b>5</b></a>, <a href="#Page_6"><b>6</b></a>, <a href="#Page_7"><b>7</b></a>, <a href="#Page_9"><b>9</b></a>, <a href="#Page_10"><b>10</b></a>, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a>, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_88"><b>88</b></a>, <a href="#Page_91"><b>91</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_93"><b>93</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_100"><b>100</b></a>, <a href="#Page_101"><b>101</b></a>, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a>, <a href="#Page_107"><b>107</b></a>, <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_140"><b>140</b></a>, <a href="#Page_180"><b>180</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>, <a href="#Page_219"><b>219</b></a>, <a href="#Page_220"><b>220</b></a>, <a href="#Page_221"><b>221</b></a>, <a href="#Page_224"><b>224</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_231"><b>231</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>, <a href="#Page_234"><b>234</b></a>, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>, <a href="#Page_237"><b>237</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_247"><b>247</b></a>, <a href="#Page_248"><b>248</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_249"><b>249</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>, <a href="#Page_256"><b>256</b></a>, <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>, <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a>, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>, <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>, <a href="#Page_272"><b>272</b></a>, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_291"><b>291</b></a>, <a href="#Page_294"><b>294</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>, <a href="#Page_316"><b>316</b></a>, <a href="#Page_317"><b>317</b></a>, <a href="#Page_325"><b>325</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Philbrick, Mrs. E. S., <a href="#Page_3"><b>3</b></a>, <a href="#Page_4"><b>4</b></a>, <a href="#Page_10"><b>10</b></a>, <a href="#Page_11"><b>11</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a>, <a href="#Page_20"><b>20</b></a>, <a href="#Page_23"><b>23</b></a>, <a href="#Page_25"><b>25</b></a>, <a href="#Page_33"><b>33</b></a>, <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_58"><b>58</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>, <a href="#Page_73"><b>73</b></a>, <a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_161"><b>161</b></a>, <a href="#Page_170"><b>170</b></a>, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_216"><b>216</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Phillips, Rev. Mr., <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>, <a href="#Page_269"><b>269</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Phillis, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_212"><b>212</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Phœbe, <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pierce, E. L., <a href="#Page_3"><b>3</b></a>, <a href="#Page_4"><b>4</b></a>, <a href="#Page_7"><b>7</b></a>, <a href="#Page_8"><b>8</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a>, <a href="#Page_38"><b>38</b></a>, <a href="#Page_42"><b>42</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_49"><b>49</b></a>, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_54"><b>54</b></a>, <a href="#Page_64"><b>64</b></a>, <a href="#Page_68"><b>68</b></a>, <a href="#Page_69"><b>69</b></a>, <a href="#Page_70"><b>70</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pine Grove Plantation, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_15"><b>15</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_23"><b>23</b></a>, <a href="#Page_26"><b>26</b></a>, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_60"><b>60</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>, <a href="#Page_88"><b>88</b></a>, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>, <a href="#Page_102"><b>102</b></a>, <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>, <a href="#Page_123"><b>123</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_173"><b>173</b></a>, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_210"><b>210</b></a>, <a href="#Page_231"><b>231</b></a>, <a href="#Page_234"><b>234</b></a>, <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>, <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Plantation_Commission" id="Plantation_Commission"></a>Plantation Commission, <a href="#Page_201"><b>201</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_210"><b>210</b></a>, <a href="#Page_228"><b>228</b></a>, <a href="#Page_269"><b>269</b></a>, <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>, <a href="#Page_286"><b>286</b></a>, <a href="#Page_313"><b>313</b></a>, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Plantation Bitters," <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Planter</i>, The, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_63"><b>63</b></a>, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Pocotaligo, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pompey, <a href="#Page_207"><b>207</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>, <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>, <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_261"><b>261</b></a>, <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_300"><b>300</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Poor Rosy," <a href="#Page_30"><b>30</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pope, Mr., <a href="#Page_327"><b>327</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pope's plantation, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a>, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Port Royal, <a href="#Page_1"><b>1</b></a>, <a href="#Page_4"><b>4</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href="#Page_70"><b>70</b></a>, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_226"><b>226</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_278"><b>278</b></a>, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Port Royal Bar, <a href="#Page_5"><b>5</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Port Royal Experiment, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_98"><b>98</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_170"><b>170</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_180"><b>180</b></a>, <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>, <a href="#Page_219"><b>219</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_241"><b>241</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Port Royal Ferry, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a>, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Port Royal Island, <a href="#Page_6"><b>6</b></a>, <a href="#Page_69"><b>69</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_128"><b>128</b></a>, <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Post</i>, The N. Y. Evening, <a href="#Page_248"><b>248</b></a>, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>, <a href="#Page_277"><b>277</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Potter, Edward E., Brig.-Gen., <a href="#Page_158"><b>158</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a>, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Preëmption system, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>, <a href="#Page_245"><b>245</b></a>, <a href="#Page_248"><b>248</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a>, <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>, <a href="#Page_318"><b>318</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prices, war-time, <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Primus, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_189"><b>189</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a>, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prisoners, exchange of, <a href="#Page_198"><b>198</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pritchard, <a href="#Page_78"><b>78</b></a>, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pritchard's Island, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pulaski, Fort, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_87"><b>87</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +T. E. R., <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_193"><b>193</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>, <a href="#Page_246"><b>246</b></a>, <a href="#Page_284"><b>284</b></a>, <a href="#Page_313"><b>313</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>, <a href="#Page_314"><b>314</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +"R.'s," <a href="#Page_128"><b>128</b></a>, <a href="#Page_228"><b>228</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_300"><b>300</b></a>, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +R., Miss, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rand, Capt., <a href="#Page_198"><b>198</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ranty, <a href="#Page_58"><b>58</b></a>, <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Raphael, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rations to negroes, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>, <a href="#Page_80"><b>80</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_246"><b>246</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to whites, <a href="#Page_10"><b>10</b></a>, <a href="#Page_20"><b>20</b></a>, <a href="#Page_23"><b>23</b></a>, <a href="#Page_32"><b>32</b></a>, <a href="#Page_72"><b>72</b></a>, <a href="#Page_114"><b>114</b></a>, <a href="#Page_146"><b>146</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Readville, <a href="#Page_161"><b>161</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rebel raids, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>, <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>, <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>, <a href="#Page_296"><b>296</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Red tape, <a href="#Page_72"><b>72</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>, <a href="#Page_85"><b>85</b></a>, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reed, Joe, superintendent, <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Refugees.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See <a href="#Edisto_refugees">Edisto Refugees</a> and <a href="#Georgia_refugees">Georgia Refugees</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Republican party, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rhodes, J. F., <i>History of the United States</i>, <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rice, Lt.-Col., <a href="#Page_282"><b>282</b></a>, <a href="#Page_283"><b>283</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richard, <a href="#Page_211"><b>211</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richmond, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ripley, Fort, <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rivers, Sergeant Prince, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a>, <a href="#Page_130"><b>130</b></a>, <a href="#Page_131"><b>131</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Road, <a href="#Page_209"><b>209</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robert, <a href="#Page_76"><b>76</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_142"><b>142</b></a>, <a href="#Page_158"><b>158</b></a>, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_207"><b>207</b></a>, <a href="#Page_214"><b>214</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>, <a href="#Page_252"><b>252</b></a>, <a href="#Page_253"><b>253</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_286"><b>286</b></a>, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robert, old, <a href="#Page_269"><b>269</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Rodwell, <a href="#Page_286"><b>286</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rose, Alex's daughter, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_87"><b>87</b></a>, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rose, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_142"><b>142</b></a>, <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_156"><b>156</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a>, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>, <a href="#Page_161"><b>161</b></a>, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>, <a href="#Page_214"><b>214</b></a>, <a href="#Page_215"><b>215</b></a>, <a href="#Page_216"><b>216</b></a>, <a href="#Page_217"><b>217</b></a>, <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>, <a href="#Page_226"><b>226</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>, <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>, <a href="#Page_252"><b>252</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>, <a href="#Page_278"><b>278</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>, <a href="#Page_287"><b>287</b></a>, <a href="#Page_292"><b>292</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rosetta, <a href="#Page_88"><b>88</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Russel, Cabot, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Russell, Dr. LeBaron, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +S——, Col., <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="S" id="S"></a>S——, Mr., cotton-agent, <a href="#Page_12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href="#Page_14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href="#Page_33"><b>33</b></a>, <a href="#Page_42"><b>42</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_55"><b>55</b></a>, <a href="#Page_102"><b>102</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +S——, postmaster at Beaufort, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Croix, <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Helena Island, <a href="#Page_6"><b>6</b></a>, <a href="#Page_10"><b>10</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_74"><b>74</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_78"><b>78</b></a>, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_91"><b>91</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_96"><b>96</b></a>, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>, <a href="#Page_135"><b>135</b></a>, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_223"><b>223</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>, <a href="#Page_288"><b>288</b></a>, <a href="#Page_294"><b>294</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>, <a href="#Page_314"><b>314</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Helena Sound, <a href="#Page_10"><b>10</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Helena Village, <a href="#Page_30"><b>30</b></a>, <a href="#Page_68"><b>68</b></a>, <a href="#Page_72"><b>72</b></a>, <a href="#Page_201"><b>201</b></a>, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. John's River, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Mary's, <a href="#Page_107"><b>107</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Mary's River, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Simon's Island, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sally, Aunt, <a href="#Page_192"><b>192</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sam (Uncle), <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>, <a href="#Page_66"><b>66</b></a>, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>, <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_145"><b>145</b></a>, <a href="#Page_146"><b>146</b></a>, <a href="#Page_158"><b>158</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a>, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>, <a href="#Page_252"><b>252</b></a>, <a href="#Page_253"><b>253</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sammy, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Samson, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sancho, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sanitary Fair, N. Y., <a href="#Page_247"><b>247</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sarah, of C. Pt., <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_126"><b>126</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sarah, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sarah, Flora's, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Savannah, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_296"><b>296</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a>, <a href="#Page_308"><b>308</b></a>, <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Saxby," Gen., <a href="#Page_130"><b>130</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Saxton" id="Saxton"></a>Saxton, J. A., <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>, <a href="#Page_276"><b>276</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Saxton, Maj.-Gen. Rufus, <a href="#Page_48"><b>48</b></a>, <a href="#Page_57"><b>57</b></a>, <a href="#Page_69"><b>69</b></a>, <a href="#Page_83"><b>83</b></a>, <a href="#Page_84"><b>84</b></a>, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_93"><b>93</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_96"><b>96</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_98"><b>98</b></a>, <a href="#Page_100"><b>100</b></a>, <a href="#Page_101"><b>101</b></a>, <a href="#Page_102"><b>102</b></a>, <a href="#Page_103"><b>103</b></a>, <a href="#Page_107"><b>107</b></a>, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a>, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_110"><b>110</b></a>, <a href="#Page_111"><b>111</b></a>, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_116"><b>116</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a>, <a href="#Page_130"><b>130</b></a>, <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_151"><b>151</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_156"><b>156</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_173"><b>173</b></a>, <a href="#Page_175"><b>175</b></a>, <a href="#Page_187"><b>187</b></a>, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_193"><b>193</b></a>, <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>, <a href="#Page_198"><b>198</b></a>, <a href="#Page_201"><b>201</b></a>, <a href="#Page_202"><b>202</b></a>, <a href="#Page_211"><b>211</b></a>, <a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_231"><b>231</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>, <a href="#Page_245"><b>245</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a>, <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>, <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>, <a href="#Page_308"><b>308</b></a>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>, <a href="#Page_325"><b>325</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schools, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_20"><b>20</b></a>, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_24"><b>24</b></a>, <a href="#Page_32"><b>32</b></a>, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_60"><b>60</b></a>, <a href="#Page_149"><b>149</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a>, <a href="#Page_180"><b>180</b></a>, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_273"><b>273</b></a>, <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>, <a href="#Page_334"><b>334</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +School Farm, <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Scylla, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Sea Islands, <a href="#Page_42"><b>42</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_70"><b>70</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_71"><b>71</b></a>, <a href="#Page_89"><b>89</b></a>, <a href="#Page_90"><b>90</b></a>, <a href="#Page_128"><b>128</b></a>, <a href="#Page_221"><b>221</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>, <a href="#Page_334"><b>334</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sea Side Road, <a href="#Page_76"><b>76</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Secesh," <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_72"><b>72</b></a>, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>, <a href="#Page_113"><b>113</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_252"><b>252</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a>, <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>, <a href="#Page_314"><b>314</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Secesh children," <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seed-cotton, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Shares," <a href="#Page_327"><b>327</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sharper, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shaw, Col. R. G., <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shell Road, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sherman, W. T., Maj.-Gen., <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_293"><b>293</b></a>, <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>, <a href="#Page_308"><b>308</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Shop" id="Shop"></a>Shop, <a href="#Page_24"><b>24</b></a>, <a href="#Page_33"><b>33</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_57"><b>57</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_142"><b>142</b></a>, <a href="#Page_157"><b>157</b></a>, <a href="#Page_158"><b>158</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_219"><b>219</b></a>, <a href="#Page_220"><b>220</b></a>, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>, <a href="#Page_264"><b>264</b></a>, <a href="#Page_273"><b>273</b></a>, <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_281"><b>281</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shout, <a href="#Page_26"><b>26</b></a>, <a href="#Page_27"><b>27</b></a>, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>, <a href="#Page_292"><b>292</b></a>, <a href="#Page_293"><b>293</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Siah, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>, <a href="#Page_221"><b>221</b></a>, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>, <a href="#Page_224"><b>224</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sickles, D. E., Maj.-Gen., <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sim, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Simon, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sinclair, Mr., <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sinclair, Mrs., <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sinnet, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Slave Songs of the United States</i>, <a href="#Page_28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Slip-potato crop. See <a href="#Sweet_potato_crop">Sweet potato crop</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Small, Robert, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Small-pox, <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>-<a href="#Page_253"><b>253</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smallwood, Mr., <a href="#Page_313"><b>313</b></a>, <a href="#Page_314"><b>314</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, Judge, tax-commissioner, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_245"><b>245</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, Judge, Special Agent, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith Plantation, <a href="#Page_17"><b>17</b></a>, <a href="#Page_128"><b>128</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Soldiers, <a href="#Page_38"><b>38</b></a>, <a href="#Page_39"><b>39</b></a>, <a href="#Page_92"><b>92</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_118"><b>118</b></a>, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_155"><b>155</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>-<a href="#Page_202"><b>202</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Soule, Capt. C. C., <a href="#Page_89"><b>89</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Soule, Richard, Jr., <a href="#Page_3"><b>3</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a>, <a href="#Page_74"><b>74</b></a>, <a href="#Page_78"><b>78</b></a>, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_169"><b>169</b></a>, <a href="#Page_200"><b>200</b></a>, <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a>, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_211"><b>211</b></a>, <a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>, <a href="#Page_223"><b>223</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_261"><b>261</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>, <a href="#Page_269"><b>269</b></a>, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_283"><b>283</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Soule, Mrs. R., <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +South Carolina, <a href="#Page_50"><b>50</b></a>, <a href="#Page_53"><b>53</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_91"><b>91</b></a>, <a href="#Page_267"><b>267</b></a>, <a href="#Page_290"><b>290</b></a>, <a href="#Page_291"><b>291</b></a>, <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="South_Carolina_Vols" id="South_Carolina_Vols"></a>South Carolina Vols.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1st, <a href="#Page_102"><b>102</b></a>, <a href="#Page_104"><b>104</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>, <a href="#Page_107"><b>107</b></a>, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_128"><b>128</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a>, <a href="#Page_130"><b>130</b></a>, <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a>, <a href="#Page_134"><b>134</b></a>, <a href="#Page_136"><b>136</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>, <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>, <a href="#Page_282"><b>282</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">officers of, <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a>, <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a>, <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">2d, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">officers of, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_189"><b>189</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stanton, E. M., Secretary of War, <a href="#Page_48"><b>48</b></a>, <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stevens, Hazard, <a href="#Page_38"><b>38</b></a>, <a href="#Page_39"><b>39</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stevens, Brig.-Gen. Isaac I., <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stevenson, Thomas G., Brig.-Gen., <a href="#Page_162"><b>162</b></a>, <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a>, <a href="#Page_164"><b>164</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stickney, Judge, <a href="#Page_132"><b>132</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stone-cotton, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Store.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See <a href="#Shop">Shop</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Strappan, <a href="#Page_217"><b>217</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strong, Lt.-Col., <a href="#Page_282"><b>282</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sumner, Arthur, <a href="#Page_68"><b>68</b></a>, <a href="#Page_156"><b>156</b></a>, <a href="#Page_161"><b>161</b></a>, <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sumter, Fort, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_47"><b>47</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Superintendence, system of, <a href="#Page_101"><b>101</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_137"><b>137</b></a>, <a href="#Page_147"><b>147</b></a>, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_228"><b>228</b></a>, <a href="#Page_272"><b>272</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Superintendent, typical day of, <a href="#Page_76"><b>76</b></a>-<a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Superintendents, duties of, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meetings of, <a href="#Page_101"><b>101</b></a>, <a href="#Page_108"><b>108</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Susan, <a href="#Page_23"><b>23</b></a>, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sutton, Corp. Robert, <a href="#Page_131"><b>131</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<a name="Sweet_potato_crop" id="Sweet_potato_crop"></a>Sweet potato crop, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a>, <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>, <a href="#Page_111"><b>111</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Tamah, <a href="#Page_163"><b>163</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Task, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +Tax-commissioners, <a href="#Page_109"><b>109</b></a>, <a href="#Page_117"><b>117</b></a>, <a href="#Page_129"><b>129</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_231"><b>231</b></a>, <a href="#Page_248"><b>248</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a>, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_320"><b>320</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thanksgiving Day,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1863, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1864, <a href="#Page_288"><b>288</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, <a href="#Page_224"><b>224</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Capt. Thomas, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_188"><b>188</b></a>, <a href="#Page_189"><b>189</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thorpe, Mr., <a href="#Page_143"><b>143</b></a>, <a href="#Page_217"><b>217</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tilly, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tim, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Times</i>, The New York, <a href="#Page_69"><b>69</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tira, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Titles," <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_52"><b>52</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Titus, <a href="#Page_252"><b>252</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Tobey," Captain, <a href="#Page_97"><b>97</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Toby, <a href="#Page_87"><b>87</b></a>, <a href="#Page_95"><b>95</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tom, <a href="#Page_30"><b>30</b></a>, <a href="#Page_31"><b>31</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Tom, Uncle," <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tomlinson, Reuben, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>, <a href="#Page_224"><b>224</b></a>, <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_261"><b>261</b></a>, <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>, <a href="#Page_302"><b>302</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>, <a href="#Page_321"><b>321</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, <a href="#Page_223"><b>223</b></a>, <a href="#Page_228"><b>228</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tony, driver, <a href="#Page_79"><b>79</b></a>, <a href="#Page_80"><b>80</b></a>, <a href="#Page_82"><b>82</b></a>, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Towne, Laura E., founder of Penn School, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_49"><b>49</b></a>, <a href="#Page_293"><b>293</b></a>, <a href="#Page_294"><b>294</b></a>, <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_319"><b>319</b></a>, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Towne, Mr., <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Treasury Department, <a href="#Page_1"><b>1</b></a>, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_281"><b>281</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Treasury, Secretary of, <a href="#Page_70"><b>70</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_247"><b>247</b></a>, <a href="#Page_281"><b>281</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Tribune</i>, The New York, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>, <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Union Store, <a href="#Page_312"><b>312</b></a>, <a href="#Page_314"><b>314</b></a>, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +United States Colored Troops,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21st Reg't., <a href="#Page_282"><b>282</b></a> n.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">33d Reg't. See <a href="#South_Carolina_Vols">S. C. Vols., 1st Reg't.</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Vaughn, Mrs., <a href="#Page_288"><b>288</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Venus, <a href="#Page_304"><b>304</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +C. P. W., <a href="#Page_70"><b>70</b></a>, <a href="#Page_121"><b>121</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_123"><b>123</b></a>, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_138"><b>138</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_143"><b>143</b></a>, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>, <a href="#Page_146"><b>146</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>, <a href="#Page_157"><b>157</b></a>, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a>, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_176"><b>176</b></a>, <a href="#Page_177"><b>177</b></a>, <a href="#Page_180"><b>180</b></a>, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_189"><b>189</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_193"><b>193</b></a>, <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>, <a href="#Page_200"><b>200</b></a>, <a href="#Page_201"><b>201</b></a>, <a href="#Page_202"><b>202</b></a>, <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a>, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_210"><b>210</b></a>, <a href="#Page_211"><b>211</b></a>, <a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>, <a href="#Page_214"><b>214</b></a>, <a href="#Page_216"><b>216</b></a>, <a href="#Page_220"><b>220</b></a>, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>, <a href="#Page_228"><b>228</b></a>, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_234"><b>234</b></a>, <a href="#Page_239"><b>239</b></a>, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>, <a href="#Page_255"><b>255</b></a>, <a href="#Page_256"><b>256</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>, <a href="#Page_267"><b>267</b></a>, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>, <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>, <a href="#Page_286"><b>286</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_291"><b>291</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_292"><b>292</b></a>, <a href="#Page_293"><b>293</b></a>, <a href="#Page_303"><b>303</b></a>, <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>, <a href="#Page_332"><b>332</b></a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, <a href="#Page_71"><b>71</b></a>, <a href="#Page_72"><b>72</b></a>, <a href="#Page_73"><b>73</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>, <a href="#Page_76"><b>76</b></a>, <a href="#Page_84"><b>84</b></a>, <a href="#Page_86"><b>86</b></a>, <a href="#Page_90"><b>90</b></a>, <a href="#Page_93"><b>93</b></a>, <a href="#Page_94"><b>94</b></a>, <a href="#Page_96"><b>96</b></a>, <a href="#Page_105"><b>105</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_106"><b>106</b></a>, <a href="#Page_111"><b>111</b></a>, <a href="#Page_114"><b>114</b></a>, <a href="#Page_115"><b>115</b></a>, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>, <a href="#Page_146"><b>146</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_170"><b>170</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_190"><b>190</b></a>, <a href="#Page_209"><b>209</b></a>, <a href="#Page_226"><b>226</b></a>, <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>, <a href="#Page_282"><b>282</b></a>, <a href="#Page_286"><b>286</b></a>, <a href="#Page_293"><b>293</b></a>, <a href="#Page_297"><b>297</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +H. W., <a href="#Page_10"><b>10</b></a>, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>, <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>, <a href="#Page_120"><b>120</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_278"><b>278</b></a>, <a href="#Page_279"><b>279</b></a>, <a href="#Page_286"><b>286</b></a>, <a href="#Page_309"><b>309</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a> n.;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, <a href="#Page_16"><b>16</b></a>, <a href="#Page_21"><b>21</b></a>, <a href="#Page_22"><b>22</b></a>, <a href="#Page_25"><b>25</b></a>, <a href="#Page_30"><b>30</b></a>, <a href="#Page_34"><b>34</b></a>, <a href="#Page_35"><b>35</b></a>, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_46"><b>46</b></a>, <a href="#Page_49"><b>49</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_52"><b>52</b></a>, <a href="#Page_58"><b>58</b></a>, <a href="#Page_59"><b>59</b></a>, <a href="#Page_60"><b>60</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>, <a href="#Page_64"><b>64</b></a>, <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>, <a href="#Page_119"><b>119</b></a>, <a href="#Page_121"><b>121</b></a>, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a>, <a href="#Page_124"><b>124</b></a>, <a href="#Page_125"><b>125</b></a>, <a href="#Page_127"><b>127</b></a>, <a href="#Page_128"><b>128</b></a>, <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_138"><b>138</b></a>, <a href="#Page_139"><b>139</b></a>, <a href="#Page_140"><b>140</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_144"><b>144</b></a>, <a href="#Page_149"><b>149</b></a>, <a href="#Page_150"><b>150</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>, <a href="#Page_153"><b>153</b></a>, <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>, <a href="#Page_155"><b>155</b></a>, <a href="#Page_157"><b>157</b></a>, <a href="#Page_158"><b>158</b></a>, <a href="#Page_160"><b>160</b></a>, <a href="#Page_161"><b>161</b></a>, <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>, <a href="#Page_169"><b>169</b></a>, <a href="#Page_170"><b>170</b></a>, <a href="#Page_171"><b>171</b></a>, <a href="#Page_173"><b>173</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_174"><b>174</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_176"><b>176</b></a>, <a href="#Page_180"><b>180</b></a>, <a href="#Page_182"><b>182</b></a>, <a href="#Page_184"><b>184</b></a>, <a href="#Page_185"><b>185</b></a>, <a href="#Page_186"><b>186</b></a>, <a href="#Page_189"><b>189</b></a>, <a href="#Page_191"><b>191</b></a>, <a href="#Page_193"><b>193</b></a>, <a href="#Page_194"><b>194</b></a>, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>, <a href="#Page_199"><b>199</b></a>, <a href="#Page_204"><b>204</b></a>, <a href="#Page_205"><b>205</b></a>, <a href="#Page_206"><b>206</b></a>, <a href="#Page_207"><b>207</b></a>, <a href="#Page_208"><b>208</b></a>, <a href="#Page_210"><b>210</b></a>, <a href="#Page_211"><b>211</b></a>, <a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>, <a href="#Page_215"><b>215</b></a>, <a href="#Page_216"><b>216</b></a>, <a href="#Page_217"><b>217</b></a>, <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>, <a href="#Page_222"><b>222</b></a>, <a href="#Page_224"><b>224</b></a>, <a href="#Page_226"><b>226</b></a>, <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>, <a href="#Page_230"><b>230</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>, <a href="#Page_234"><b>234</b></a>, <a href="#Page_237"><b>237</b></a>,</span><br /> +240, <a href="#Page_250"><b>250</b></a>, <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>, <a href="#Page_252"><b>252</b></a>, <a href="#Page_253"><b>253</b></a>, <a href="#Page_258"><b>258</b></a>, <a href="#Page_259"><b>259</b></a>, <a href="#Page_262"><b>262</b></a>, <a href="#Page_263"><b>263</b></a>, <a href="#Page_268"><b>268</b></a>, <a href="#Page_269"><b>269</b></a>, <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>, <a href="#Page_271"><b>271</b></a>, <a href="#Page_272"><b>272</b></a>, <a href="#Page_285"><b>285</b></a>, <a href="#Page_287"><b>287</b></a>, <a href="#Page_288"><b>288</b></a>, <a href="#Page_289"><b>289</b></a>, <a href="#Page_292"><b>292</b></a>, <a href="#Page_293"><b>293</b></a>, <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_329"><b>329</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +W——, Miss, <a href="#Page_49"><b>49</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Wabash</i>, <a href="#Page_225"><b>225</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wagner, Fort, assault on, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wakefield, Dr., <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>, <a href="#Page_51"><b>51</b></a>, <a href="#Page_196"><b>196</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +War Department, <a href="#Page_159"><b>159</b></a> n.<br /> +<br /> +War, Secretary of, <a href="#Page_48"><b>48</b></a>, <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_298"><b>298</b></a>, <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ward, Captain, <a href="#Page_328"><b>328</b></a>, <a href="#Page_331"><b>331</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Walker, Fort, <a href="#Page_5"><b>5</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington, <a href="#Page_122"><b>122</b></a> n., <a href="#Page_151"><b>151</b></a>, <a href="#Page_165"><b>165</b></a>, <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>, <a href="#Page_243"><b>243</b></a>, <a href="#Page_254"><b>254</b></a>, <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>, <a href="#Page_280"><b>280</b></a>, <a href="#Page_281"><b>281</b></a>, <a href="#Page_326"><b>326</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Waters, Mr., <a href="#Page_301"><b>301</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>, <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Waters, Mrs., <a href="#Page_330"><b>330</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wells, George, <a href="#Page_172"><b>172</b></a>, <a href="#Page_197"><b>197</b></a>, <a href="#Page_203"><b>203</b></a>, <a href="#Page_204"><b>204</b></a>, <a href="#Page_232"><b>232</b></a>, <a href="#Page_233"><b>233</b></a>, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>, <a href="#Page_247"><b>247</b></a>, <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>, <a href="#Page_295"><b>295</b></a>, <a href="#Page_296"><b>296</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wells, Mrs. Geo., <a href="#Page_270"><b>270</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Westcott, Dr., <a href="#Page_213"><b>213</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, William, <a href="#Page_323"><b>323</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +White Place, <a href="#Page_236"><b>236</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whitredge, Alonso, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whitredge, John, <a href="#Page_195"><b>195</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whittier, J. G., <a href="#Page_133"><b>133</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Widow Bedotte," <a href="#Page_192"><b>192</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Will, <a href="#Page_235"><b>235</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wil'by, <a href="#Page_41"><b>41</b></a>, <a href="#Page_43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href="#Page_61"><b>61</b></a>, <a href="#Page_123"><b>123</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williams, C. F., <a href="#Page_134"><b>134</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_193"><b>193</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>, <a href="#Page_315"><b>315</b></a>, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>, <a href="#Page_324"><b>324</b></a>, <a href="#Page_325"><b>325</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williams, Mrs., <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_143"><b>143</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williams, F. J., <a href="#Page_251"><b>251</b></a>, <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williams, Capt., <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williamsburg, battle of, <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wolcott, Mrs. J. Huntington, <a href="#Page_168"><b>168</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +York, Mr., <a href="#Page_299"><b>299</b></a>, <a href="#Page_300"><b>300</b></a>, <a href="#Page_306"><b>306</b></a>, <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>, <a href="#Page_322"><b>322</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +York, Polite, <a href="#Page_13"><b>13</b></a>, <a href="#Page_36"><b>36</b></a>, <a href="#Page_37"><b>37</b></a>, <a href="#Page_58"><b>58</b></a>, <a href="#Page_123"><b>123</b></a>, <a href="#Page_141"><b>141</b></a>, <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Zachos, Mr., <a href="#Page_130"><b>130</b></a>.<br /> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcriber's Notes</h3> + +<p>Inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, and grammar +are due to the dialects and preferences of the various letter writers.</p> + +<p>The Sea Islands of South Carolina <a href="#THE_SEA_ISLANDS_OF_SOUTH_CAROLINA">map</a> originally spanned two pages and +had some text and lines cut off in the map's center. Therefore, the +exact position of No. 17, the shape of the contour lines, and "brick +yard" from the partial "bri— yar—" were best-guessed.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_61">61</a>: Charleson changed to Charleston (cents in Charleston).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_64">64</a>: sufficent changed to sufficient (sufficient intelligence).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_76">76</a>: The illustrated symbol was originally on the line of text +following the words: rude portal.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_79">79</a>: assisttant changed to assistant (Mr. Soule's assistant).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_158">158</a>: itle changed to title (The title had an immense effect).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_237">237</a>: The illustrated symbol was originally on the line of text +following the words: Coffin trademark.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTERS FROM PORT ROYAL***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 24722-h.txt or 24722-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/2/24722">http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/7/2/24722</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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