76 files changed, 19883 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/24713-8.txt b/24713-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66de9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6391 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Stories of New Jersey, by Frank Richard
+Stockton
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Stories of New Jersey
+
+
+Author: Frank Richard Stockton
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2008  [eBook #24713]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF NEW JERSEY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by wainwra, Suzanne Shell, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 24713-h.htm or 24713-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/1/24713/24713-h/24713-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/1/24713/24713-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF NEW JERSEY
+
+by
+
+FRANK R. STOCKTON
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York--Cincinnati--Chicago
+American Book Company
+1896
+
+Copyright, 1896, by
+American Book Company.
+
+STO. OF N. J.
+W. P. I
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This volume of stories, composed of historical incidents, or material
+connected with the history of New Jersey, is not intended to be a
+record, even in a condensed form, of the rise and progress of the State.
+The stories are arranged chronologically, but there has been no attempt
+to give a complete and continuous account of events or epochs. The
+material for the stories has been collected from many sources; and the
+selections have been made with regard to the interest, the
+instructiveness, and as far as possible the novelty, of the matter
+chosen. There has been a constant endeavor, however, to present a series
+of historical incidents in a panoramic form, so that the reading of the
+stories in their regular succession would give an impressive idea of the
+discovery and settlement of the State, of its people, manners, and
+customs, and of its progress and achievements, as it was gradually
+evolved from the Indian region of Scheyichbi into the State of New
+Jersey.
+
+In these stories there is nothing imaginative or fanciful, except where
+a reference is made to the early imaginings and fancies of the
+aborigines. The stories are not founded on facts, but they are made up
+of facts carefully collected from the authorities referred to in the
+table of contents. Some of the stories are well known, but could not be
+omitted because of their representative character; but others, it is
+hoped, will be found familiar only to the professed student of history.
+The period of the stories extends from the earliest times of Indian
+tradition down to what may be called our own day; but as there was so
+much available matter, and so little space for it, and as there was no
+intention to give a comprehensive history of the State, it was deemed
+well to deal only with the incidents and people that have passed out of
+the boundaries of current history.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                      PAGE
+THE STORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF SCHEYICHBI; or, The Aborigines
+of New Jersey. (Period, prior to 1600.)                                  9
+
+  _Authorities_: MSS. regarding Indians. Rev. John Heckewelder.
+           "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+           "History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.
+
+THE STORY OF A PEACEMAKER. An Indian Woman's Friendly Act.
+(Period, 1632.)                                                         18
+
+  _Authority_: "History of New York." Brodhead.
+
+THE WINNING OF THE PRIZE; or, The English Ownership of New
+Jersey. (Period, 1664.)                                                 24
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.
+           "History of New Jersey." S. Smith.
+           "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+
+HOW SCHEYICHBI REALLY BECAME NEW JERSEY. (Period, 1609-1758.)           31
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." S. Smith.
+           "History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.
+           "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+
+FINS, RATTLES, AND WINGS; or, The Wild Animals of Early Days.           42
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." S. Smith.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "The Burlington Smiths." R. M. Smith.
+
+THE STORY OF A GIRL AND A HOGSHEAD. A Story of the Swedish
+Settlers. (Period, prior to 1655.)                                      51
+
+  _Authority_: "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+
+THE STORY OF PENELOPE STOUT. (Period, prior to 1669.)                   57
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." S. Smith.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. C. Mellick.
+
+THE SCHOOLMASTER AND THE DOCTOR. (Period, from 1693.)                   69
+
+  _Authorities_: "Colonial History of New Jersey." Grahame.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "History of Medicine in New Jersey." S. Wickes.
+
+THE SLAVES OF NEW JERSEY. (Period, 1626-1860.)                          83
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+A JERSEY TEA PARTY; or, The Burning of the Tea at Cohansey.
+(Period, 1774.)                                                         93
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+THE STORY OF A SPY. (Period, 1758-80.)                                 102
+
+  _Authority_: "Our Home," published in Somerville, N.J., 1873.
+
+A MAN WHO COVETED WASHINGTON'S SHOES; or, The Story of
+General Charles Lee. (Period, 1758-85.)                                117
+
+  _Authorities_: "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+           "Life of Lord Stirling." W. Duer.
+
+THE MAN IN THE "AUGER HOLE." From the Journal of Mrs.
+Margaret Hill Morris. (Period, 1776-82.)                               130
+
+  _Authorities_: "The Burlington Smiths." R. M. Smith.
+           "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+
+THE STORY OF TWO CAPTAINS. Captain Huddy and Captain
+Asgill. (Period, 1781.)                                                141
+
+  _Authorities_: "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+THE STORY OF TEMPE WICK. (Period, 1780.)                               155
+
+  _Authorities_: "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+           "Morris County History." W. W. Munsey.
+           "Authors and Writers Associated with Morristown." J. K. Colles.
+
+THE STORY OF FORT NONSENSE. (Period, 1776-80.)                         163
+
+  _Authorities_: "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+AN AMERICAN LORD. Lord Stirling of Basking Ridge. (Period,
+1726-83.)                                                              177
+
+  _Authorities_: "Life of Lord Stirling." W. Duer.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+MOLLY PITCHER. (Period, 1778.)                                         186
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+
+THE MORRISTOWN GHOSTS. A Story of 1788                                 193
+
+  _Authorities_: Pamphlet published in 1792. Anonymous.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+
+A JERSEYMAN AND HIS ROYAL CROWN. Joseph Bonaparte at Bordentown.
+(Period, 1815-39.)                                                     204
+
+  _Authorities_: "Encyclop�dia Britannica."
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Bordentown and the Bonapartes." J. B. Gilder.
+           "Joseph Bonaparte in Bordentown." F. M. Crawford.
+           "New Jersey Newspaper Clippings."
+
+THE DEY, THE BEY, AND SOME JERSEY SAILORS. The Barbary
+War. (Period, 1800-4)                                                  214
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of the United States Navy." J. F. Cooper.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+
+SEA FIGHTS WITH A NOBLER FOE. The War of 1812                          230
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of the United States Navy." J. F. Cooper.
+           "Field Book of the Revolution." B. J. Lossing.
+
+THE STORY OF THE TELEGRAPH AND THE STEAMBOAT. (Period,
+1787-1838.)                                                            239
+
+  _Authorities_: "Appletons' Dictionary."
+           "New Jersey Newspaper Clippings."
+           "American Inventors of the Telegraph." F. L. Pope.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+
+NEW JERSEY AND THE LAND OF GOLD. The Conquest of California.
+(Period, 1816-66.)                                                     246
+
+  _Authorities_: "Appletons' Dictionary."
+           "Biographical Encyclop�dia of New Jersey."
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF NEW JERSEY.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF SCHEYICHBI.
+
+
+The North American Indians, the earliest inhabitants of this country of
+whom we know anything definite, were great story-tellers; and their
+histories consist entirely of stories handed down from parents to
+children, or, more likely, from grandparents to grandchildren, for
+grandfathers and grandmothers are generally more willing to tell
+stories than fathers or mothers. And so these traditions, probably a
+good deal brightened by being passed along century after century, came
+down to the Indians who were first met by white people, and thus we have
+heard many of them.
+
+The stories told by the Indians inhabiting the country which is now the
+Middle States, all agree that their remote forefathers came from some
+region beyond the Mississippi River. Like the traditions of most
+nations, these go so very far back that they are vague and misty; but,
+as this gave the Indians a great opportunity for their imaginations, it
+is not wonderful that they improved it. These Indians believed that in
+the very earliest stages of their existence they were all animals, and
+lived in caves under the earth. They were hunters; but their game
+consisted of mice, and creatures of that sort. One of them accidentally
+discovered a hole by which he got out on the surface of the ground; and,
+finding it so exceedingly pleasant, it was not long before the whole of
+his tribe came out, and began life in the light of day.
+
+It may be supposed that these animals gradually changed to human beings,
+and built villages, and planted corn; but in one respect they did not
+change, nor have they changed at this present day. Many of them still
+call themselves after the names of animals; and now the greater part of
+the noted Indians of our country have such names as "Sitting Bull,"
+"Black Bear," and "Red Horse." But the stories say that all of the
+animals did not come out of their underground homes. Among these were
+the hedgehog and the rabbit; and so some of the tribes will not eat
+these animals, because in so doing they may be eating their family
+connections.
+
+Gradually the ancestors of the Indians who told their stories to the
+first settlers, and who afterwards called themselves the Lenni-Lenape,
+moved eastward, and after many years they reached the Mississippi River.
+By this time they had become a powerful body. But in the course of their
+journeys they discovered that they were not the earliest emigrants in
+this direction, for they met with a great tribe called the Mengwe, later
+known as the Iroquois, who had come from a country west of the
+Mississippi, but farther north than that of our Indians.
+
+We do not hear that these two great tribes of early Indians interfered
+with each other; but when the Lenni-Lenape investigated the other side
+of the Mississippi, they found there still another nation, powerful,
+numerous, and warlike. These were called the Alligewi, from which we
+have derived the name Allegheny. At first the latter tribe was inclined
+to allow the Lenape to pass the river; but after a time, finding that
+the newcomers were so numerous, they fell upon them and drove them back.
+
+But the Indians at that remote period must have been as doggedly
+determined to move eastward as are our pioneers to move westward; and
+they were not to be stopped by rivers, mountains, or savage enemies. The
+Lenape were not strong enough to fight the Alligewi by themselves, and
+so they formed an alliance with the Mengwe; and these two nations
+together made war upon the Alligewi, and in the course of time overcame
+them, and drove them entirely from their country.
+
+After years, or perhaps centuries (for there are no definite statements
+of time in these Indian traditions), the Mengwe and the Lenape, who had
+been living together in the country of the Alligewi, separated; and the
+Mengwe emigrated to the lands near the Great Lakes, while the Lenape
+slowly continued their progress eastward.
+
+They crossed the Alleghanies, and discovered a great river, which they
+called Susquehanna, and then they moved on until they came to the
+Delaware. This grand stream pleased them so much, that they gave it a
+name of honor, and called it the Lenapewihittuck, or "The River of the
+Lenape." Then they crossed the river and discovered New Jersey.
+
+Here they found a pleasant climate, plenty of game, and no human
+inhabitants whatever. They therefore appropriated it as their own, and
+gave it the name of Scheyichbi; and any one who endeavors to pronounce
+this name will be likely to feel glad that it was afterwards changed by
+the white settlers.
+
+Before this first discovery of New Jersey, the Lenni-Lenape had settled
+themselves in the beautiful and fertile country about the Susquehanna
+and the west shore of the Delaware, and here established their right to
+their name, which signifies "original people;" and if their stories are
+correct, they certainly are the original inhabitants of this region,
+and they discovered New Jersey from the west, and took rightful
+possession of it.
+
+It is a law of nations, founded then upon the same principles of justice
+as it stands upon now, that discovery by a nation, or the agent of a
+nation, of unknown lands entirely uninhabited, gives the discoverers the
+right to those lands; and, in accordance with that law, the Lenape
+became the discoverers and original owners of New Jersey.
+
+We will not now allude to the rights they then acquired to the country
+which is now Pennsylvania and other States, because we are confining
+ourselves to what relates to the country of Scheyichbi, the land where
+their eastward migrations ceased. Now, they could go no farther towards
+the rising sun, and they were satisfied to stop.
+
+These Lenape, or "Grandfather Tribe" as they were often called, were not
+merely cruel and ignorant savages: they had many admirable traits of
+character, and some of their manners and customs might well have been
+imitated by those who found them here.
+
+They had an admirable system of government; and at regularly appointed
+periods their wisest men met at the great "Council House" to make laws,
+and arrange the affairs of the nation. Their conduct in their councils
+was far more decorous and becoming than that we often hear of among
+legislators of the present day, whether they are met together in
+Congress, Parliament, or Reichstag. These chiefs, chosen for their
+wisdom and experience, treated each other with the highest regard and
+respect. When one of them arose to address his fellow-legislators, every
+man in the council room paid the strictest attention to what he said;
+and interruptions, jeers, and ridicule, such as legislators often make
+use of at the present day, were totally unknown among these grave and
+earnest Indians.
+
+There can be no doubt that the Lenape were superior to other Indian
+nations, and worthy of the proud title which they gave themselves; and
+in later years, when the river was named after Lord De la Warre, and
+they were called the Delawares, they were considered the noblest of the
+Indian tribes.
+
+I dwell upon the good qualities and high character of the Lenape,
+because it was from their main body that numerous tribes came across the
+Delaware River, and became the first Jerseymen, or, if any one likes it
+better, Scheyichbians. They settled in many pleasant places, building
+wigwam villages, many of which have since grown into modern towns, and
+still bear their old Indian names. In fact, the modern Jerseyman has had
+the good sense to preserve a great many of the names given to rivers,
+mountains, and villages by the first owners of the soil.
+
+But, after all, Scheyichbi was not sufficiently discovered and settled
+for the purposes of civilization, and its fertile soil waited long for
+the footsteps of the new immigrants. These came at last from the east.
+
+About the end of the fifteenth century there was a strong desire among
+the maritime nations of Europe to find a short passage to China and the
+East Indies. It was for that reason that Columbus set out on his
+expedition; but with his story we have nothing to do, for he did not
+discover the continent of North America, and in fact never saw it. But
+after John Cabot and his son Sebastian, then looking for a passage to
+Cathay in the interest of the King of England, made a voyage to North
+America, and had contented themselves with discovering Newfoundland,
+Sebastian came back again, and accomplished a great deal more. He sailed
+along the coast from Labrador to the southern end of Florida, and in the
+course of this voyage discovered New Jersey. He made a map of the whole
+coast, and claimed all the country back of it for the King of England.
+
+There is no proof that Cabot knew whether this country had inhabitants
+or not. He saw it from his ships; but he did not make any attempt to
+settle it, and thus establish a legal right to the soil. He simply
+declared it the property of the Crown of England, and it is upon this
+claim that England afterward based her right to the eastern coast of
+North America.
+
+And so New Jersey was discovered from the east.
+
+About a quarter of a century after Sebastian Cabot's voyage, the French
+took up the idea that they would like to discover something, and Francis
+I. sent an Italian mariner, named John Verrazano, across the Atlantic
+Ocean.
+
+After having sailed far enough, John Verrazano discovered the coast of
+North America, which he called "a new land never before seen by any man,
+ancient or modern." He took possession of it in the name of his king,
+and, in order to settle the matter, called the whole coast New France.
+There is reason to believe that Verrazano discovered the southern part
+of New Jersey, for in sailing northward he probably entered Delaware
+Bay.
+
+But it appears that New Jersey was not yet sufficiently discovered, and
+after having been left for a long time in the possession of its true
+owners, the Lenni-Lenape, it was again visited by Europeans. In 1609 the
+celebrated Henry Hudson, then in the service of the Dutch East India
+Company, started westward to try to find a northwest passage to China.
+In those bygone days, whenever a European explorer set out to find an
+easy passage to the East, he was very apt to discover New Jersey; and
+this is what happened to Henry Hudson. He first discovered it on the
+south, and partially explored Delaware Bay; then he sailed up the coast
+and entered New York Bay, and sailed some distance up the river which
+now bears his name.
+
+Hudson did more for New Jersey than any of the other discoverers, for
+his men were the first Europeans who ever set foot upon its soil. Some
+of them landed in the vicinity of Bergen Point, and were met in a
+friendly way by a great many of the original inhabitants. But the fact
+that he found here possessors of the soil made no difference to Hudson:
+he claimed the country for the Dutch. Five years afterwards, that nation
+made a settlement at New York, and claiming the whole of the surrounding
+country, including New Jersey, gave it the name of New Netherland.
+
+Thus was New Jersey discovered on the north; and after the efforts of
+four nations,--the Indians first, the English under Cabot, the French,
+and the Dutch (for Hudson was now in the service of that nation),--it
+may be said to have been entirely discovered.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF A PEACEMAKER.
+
+
+After the outside boundaries of New Jersey had been pretty thoroughly
+discovered, it was quite natural that some nations who laid claim to the
+State should desire to find out something in regard to its interior, and
+make settlements upon its soil.
+
+This was not done by the English, who had made the first claim to the
+land, but by the Dutch. In the early part of the seventeenth century,
+the West India Company of Holland sent out a ship containing the
+foundation for a little colony,--men, provisions, and all things
+necessary. They sailed into Delaware Bay; and the commander, Cornelius
+Jacobsen Mey, gave his name to Cape May. The expedition went up the
+Delaware River till they reached Timber Creek, probably not much more
+than ten miles from the spot where Philadelphia now stands. There they
+settled, and built a fort, which they called Fort Nassau. But this was
+not looked upon with favor by the Indians, and it was not long before
+the whole colony was destroyed.
+
+This unfortunate beginning of the white settlement of New Jersey did not
+deter the Dutch, who are a persevering and dogged people. About twelve
+years later, another Dutch commander, De Vries, sailed up the Delaware
+River, or, as the Dutch called it, the South River; his main object
+being to catch whales, very different from the Delaware fisheries of the
+present day. He set up a little colony on shore; but it appears that the
+Indians were very much opposed to this sort of thing, and this
+settlement was destroyed before long.
+
+But De Vries still kept up the whaling business; and in the course of
+time, getting out of provisions, he left his vessel, and sailed up the
+river in a small craft which was called the "Squirrel." He went up as
+far as the deserted Fort Nassau, and there anchored to trade with the
+Indians.
+
+It is quite plain that the Indians of New Jersey were now greatly
+concerned about the visits of white people to their shore; for they
+perceived that these newcomers were inclined to settle and occupy such
+places as pleased their fancy, without asking permission, or proposing
+to buy or to pay rent. All this was very disagreeable to the red men,
+who had never shown any disposition to open up their country to foreign
+immigration.
+
+When De Vries anchored, he was very well received; and about forty
+Indians came on board his yacht, and made a call upon him. They were
+dressed in their best, and, in order to make the visit more agreeable,
+they brought some of their musical instruments with them, and gave the
+Dutchmen a taste of Indian music.
+
+The dress of some of these visitors was a surprise to De Vries and his
+men, of whom there were only seven on the yacht. It was winter time, and
+most of the Indians were arrayed in furs, but several of them wore
+jackets made in the English fashion. The visitors were very friendly,
+and urged De Vries to sail his vessel up a stream, now known as Big
+Timber Creek, which, they declared, was a much better place for trading.
+
+Now, according to some of the old histories, a woman appeared in the
+double character of peacemaker and guardian angel.
+
+Among the Lenni-Lenape, as well as the other tribes of North America,
+women often had a peculiar part to play in national and social affairs.
+If ever the services of a peacemaker were desired, that position was
+always given to a woman. It was considered derogatory to the dignity of
+a male Indian that he should at any time, of his own accord, desire
+peace. He and his enemy might both be thoroughly tired of fighting; but
+neither of them would lower himself in his own estimation, and in the
+estimation of his countrymen, by allowing any man to know the state of
+his mind.
+
+But he did not in the least object to tell his wife that he wanted to
+stop fighting; and she, very gladly in most cases, would confer with the
+wife of the other brave; and when they had concluded peace, the two men
+would immediately sit down together, smoke the calumet, and be good
+friends; and all this without the slightest loss of dignity.
+
+This method of making peace was pursued not only by individuals, but by
+nations. Very often women had this important political duty thrust upon
+them,--a duty for which they were probably very well qualified, for it
+is seldom that the women of a nation desire war.
+
+This national disposition in regard to peacemaking was once the occasion
+of a serious misfortune to the tribe of Lenni-Lenape. The tribes to the
+north, who had formed themselves into a powerful body called the Five
+Nations, had long been jealous of their neighbors the Lenni-Lenape, and
+contrived a plan to humiliate them, and render them less important in
+the eyes of the Indian world. Being at war with some other tribes, these
+Five Nations came to the Lenni-Lenape and pretended to desire peace, but
+stated that this was too important a case to be managed by women. They
+declared that this was a great work, which should be given only into the
+hands of a quiet, dignified, and honorable tribe, such as their great
+neighbors, and urged the Lenape to undertake negotiations for the
+cessation of hostilities.
+
+As all this seemed reasonable enough, the Lenape were at last persuaded
+to become peacemakers, and, as might be supposed, they were entirely
+successful; but they suffered for their kindness and good feeling. Ever
+afterwards they were looked upon by other Indian tribes as no better
+than women. In Cooper's novels there are references to the fact that the
+noble Lenape were sneered at as peacemakers and squaws.
+
+But we will now return to our guardian angel. It was after a visit of
+the Indians to the vessel of De Vries, that the peacemaking instinct
+took possession of the wife of one of the Indian chiefs; and quietly and
+stealthily, unperceived by her people, she managed to get on board the
+"Squirrel," when she informed the commander of the real object of his
+visitors, who had invited him to sail up Timber Creek. It was the desire
+of the Indians to destroy this company of white men; and the narrow
+stream where they wished to make the attempt was much better adapted for
+their purpose than the broad waters of the river.
+
+Wishing to prevent an encounter in which the sturdy Dutchmen would
+probably kill some of her countrymen before they themselves were
+destroyed, she had come to implore the whites not to run into the trap
+which had been set for them. She told them that the crew of an English
+shallop, which not long before had come to visit the place, probably
+from a ship afraid to venture higher up the river, had all been
+slaughtered, and that it was the jackets of these men that some of her
+countrymen were wearing.
+
+Like a sensible man, De Vries paid attention to this story, and did not
+venture into Timber Creek. Whether or not he rewarded the good woman who
+came to warn him of his danger, is not known; but his account of the
+affair places her in the position of one worthy of a monument by the
+women of the State.
+
+When the Indians came again to De Vries, he declared to them that his
+Great Spirit, or "Maneto," had revealed their wicked purposes, and that
+he would not sail up the Timber Creek, nor would he allow one of them
+upon his vessel; and, having ordered them all on shore, he dropped some
+distance down the river.
+
+This conduct doubtless inspired the Indians with great respect for the
+brave Dutchmen, and shortly afterwards the chiefs from nine different
+tribes came on board the "Squirrel" for the purpose of making a treaty
+of peace and commerce with the Dutch. All of these were now dressed in
+furs, which were their ordinary garments; but some of them were
+recognized as the same men who had formerly worn the jackets of the
+murdered English sailors. These, however, were just as cordial and
+friendly as any of the others, and there is no reason to suppose that
+they now intended treachery. The visitors sat down on the deck of the
+yacht, and held a regular council, and, with appropriate ceremonies,
+made presents of beaver skins to the whites, and solemnly concluded a
+treaty of friendship.
+
+
+
+
+THE WINNING OF THE PRIZE.
+
+
+After the importance of the discovery of North America came to be
+properly appreciated by the nations of Europe, the ownership was looked
+upon as a great national prize, and there were several nations who were
+anxious to play for it. This country, so readily approached by the
+Delaware, became attractive not only to kings and sovereigns, but to
+settlers and immigrants. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden granted a charter
+to a company called the West India Company, which was formed for the
+purpose of making settlements on the shores of the Delaware Bay and
+River, and commissioned them to take possession of this country, without
+the slightest regard to what the English sovereign and the Dutch
+sovereign had granted to their subjects.
+
+The Swedes came to Delaware Bay. They stopped for a while at Cape
+Henlopen; and then, of course, they sailed up the Delaware, when things
+soon began to be very disagreeable between themselves and the Dutch, who
+were there before them.
+
+The Swedes were a warlike set of people, and they held their ground very
+well. Besides making some settlements, they built a fort which they
+called Elsinburgh; and, if a Dutch ship happened to pass by that fort,
+it was obliged to strike its flag in token of submission to a superior
+power. The Indians, who were perhaps as much opposed to the Swedish
+settlement as they had been to those of other nations, do not appear to
+have been able to attack this fort with any success; and as for the
+Dutch, it is not certain that they even attempted it. So the Swedes at
+that time governed the passage up and down the Delaware, as the English
+now govern the passage through the Straits of Gibraltar.
+
+It was probably winter time or cool weather when the Swedes built their
+proud fort on the banks of that river which they now named "New
+Swedeland Stream;" but when the warm and pleasant days came on, and it
+was easy to travel from the interior to the river shore, and when the
+weather was so mild that it was quite possible to spend the nights in
+the woods without injury, there came an enemy to Fort Elsinburgh which
+proved far more formidable than the Indians or Dutch.
+
+The fort was surrounded; and frequent and violent attacks were made upon
+it, especially in the night, when it was almost impossible for the
+garrison to defend themselves. Many bloody single combats took place in
+which the enemy generally fell, for in bodily prowess a Swede was always
+superior to any one of the attacking force. But no matter how many
+assailants were killed, the main body seemed as powerful and determined
+as ever. In course of time the valiant Swedes were obliged to give way
+before their enemy. They struck their flag, evacuated the fort, and
+departed entirely from the place where they had hoped a flourishing
+settlement would spring up under the protection of their fort.
+
+The enemy which attacked and routed the Swedes was a large and
+invincible army of mosquitoes, against whom their guns, their pistols,
+their swords, their spears, and their ramparts afforded them no defense.
+After that, the deserted fort was known as Mygenborg, meaning Mosquito
+Fort.
+
+The Dutch looked with great disfavor on the Swedes, who continued to
+establish themselves at various points; and although they did not make
+an alliance with the body of natives who had driven these northern
+people away from Elsinburgh,--for a compact of that kind would be
+dangerous in many ways,--they took up the matter by themselves; and
+finally the Dutch, under their valiant Peter Stuyvesant, completely
+conquered the Swedes, and sent their leaders to Holland, while the
+ordinary settlers submitted to the Dutch.
+
+But this state of things did not continue very long; for the English,
+who, although they had not yet settled in New Jersey, had never given up
+their pretensions as the original discoverers, came in strong force,
+subdued the Dutch, occupied their principal town, New Amsterdam, and
+took possession of the country, including New Jersey.
+
+But it seemed to be a good deal easier to discover New Jersey than
+finally to settle its ownership. Now that the Dutch and the Swedes were
+disposed of, there arose difficulties regarding the English claims to
+the State. Early in the seventeenth century, Queen Elizabeth had granted
+an immense tract of land to Sir Walter Raleigh, which was called
+Virginia, and that included the whole of New Jersey. Afterwards Charles
+II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York, an immense tract of land,
+which also included New Jersey, and which was called New York. So what
+is now New Jersey was then at the same time both Virginia and New York.
+
+The Duke of York, who then owned New Jersey, leased the whole
+State--lands, forests, rivers, wigwams, Indians, fisheries, Dutch
+settlers, Swedish settlers, everything--to John Berkeley (Baron of
+Stratton) and Sir George Carteret for the sum of twenty nobles per year
+(thirty-two dollars of our money). Some authorities, indeed, state that
+the sum paid was much smaller.
+
+After a time, however, the claims of Virginia were withdrawn; and not
+only did Berkeley and Carteret enjoy undisturbed possession of the
+State, but they gave it a name, and called it _Nova C�saria_, or New
+Jersey, its name being given on account of Carteret's connection with
+the Isle of Jersey. The Latin name was used for a time; but the settlers
+preferred English, and so the name now stands. New Jersey was soon
+afterwards divided into two provinces,--East Jersey and West Jersey. The
+accompanying map shows the line of division between the two provinces,
+which was made in 1676. It ran from the southern end of what is now Long
+Beach, in Little Egg Harbor, to a point on the Delaware River. Two other
+lines of partition were afterwards made, both starting from the same
+point on the seacoast; one running somewhat to the west, and the other
+to the east, of the original line.
+
+After some changes in the proprietorship of the Colony, West Jersey came
+into the possession of twelve men, one of whom was the celebrated
+William Penn, whose connection with West Jersey began six years before
+he had anything to do with Pennsylvania.
+
+Penn and his colleagues gave West Jersey a purely democratic government,
+founded upon principles of justice and charity, in which the people
+themselves ruled. Full freedom in regard to religious views was insured;
+trial by jury was granted; and punishments were made as lenient as
+possible, with a view to the prevention of crimes rather than the
+infliction of penalties. The result of this was that for a long time
+there were no serious crimes in this Province, and the country was
+rapidly settled by thrifty Quakers anxious to live where they would have
+liberty of conscience.
+
+In the course of time, East Jersey also came into the possession of Penn
+and his eleven associates, and the number of proprietors was increased
+to twenty-four. At the end of the century the two provinces were united
+into one, and shortly afterwards they passed into the possession of the
+Crown of England, and became subject to the ordinary British laws. For a
+long time afterwards, however, the State was known as the "Jerseys."
+
+
+
+
+HOW SCHEYICHBI REALLY BECAME NEW JERSEY.
+
+
+A point in the history of New Jersey, more important in a moral point of
+view than that of its European ownership, was that of the purchase of
+the lands from the first and true owners, the Indians. As has been said,
+Berkeley and Carteret issued an injunction that the settlers should
+purchase their lands from the tribes which had lived upon them. This
+system was subsequently carried out until every foot of the land of the
+whole State was bought and paid for,--the first transactions of the
+kind, having taken place several years before Penn's treaty with the
+Indians in Pennsylvania.
+
+Up to the time when the country finally passed into the hands of the
+English, the Indians had resisted the attempts of the whites to settle
+among them; but now, finding that they were to be fairly dealt with, a
+better feeling arose, and the red men were content to dwell with the
+whites as friends and neighbors. Of course, all the settlers did not
+promptly pay for their lands, and there were some minor disputes from
+this cause; but in general the whites regularly purchased the land upon
+which they intended to make their homes, and in time all were obliged to
+do so. As may be supposed, very large prices were not paid for these
+lands; but the transactions were strictly honorable, because the parties
+on each side gave what they had, and all were satisfied with what they
+got.
+
+The payments for land frequently consisted partly of ready-made coats,
+kettles, and in some cases of jew's-harps. Tracts of land large enough
+for a town were sometimes sold for a barrel of cider. Now, this might
+appear rather a hard bargain for the Indians; but it must be considered
+that they had more land than they wanted, and no ready-made coats, or
+kettles, or jew's-harps, or cider.
+
+But it was not to be expected that the Indians would always be satisfied
+with their treatment; and in fact they had a good many grievances. As
+has been said, a settler sometimes established himself on a good piece
+of land without consulting the Indians of the neighborhood, or offering
+them payment, and in such cases there would be remonstrances from the
+red men. Then, again, the whites could not always understand the nature
+of Indian bargains. A man would buy a piece of land, and think that he
+owned not only the ground, but all that grew upon it, all that flew in
+the air above it, and everything that swam in its waters; and when the
+Indians, after having received payment for the farm, came there to hunt
+and fish, and strip the bark off the trees, the purchaser was apt to
+object.
+
+A notable difficulty of this kind occurred on Sandy Hook, where a man
+named Hartshorne had bought a tract of land from the Indians, and
+afterwards found, that, according to their ideas, he had no exclusive
+right to the fish, game, and timber of his new purchase; and he was
+especially made to understand that he had not bought the wild plums.
+This matter of the ownership of the plums afterwards became a source of
+considerable trouble, and was settled by Hartshorne paying to the chief
+of the neighboring tribe the sum of thirteen shillings, by which he
+acquired the entire right to the plums and all the other things on his
+land.
+
+The Indians had also a grievance of a different kind. There was a
+conference held in Burlington, between the Indians and the whites, in
+1678, which was convened on account of a complaint by the Indians that
+the English, in selling them some ready-made coats, had also sold them
+the smallpox. The temper of the Indians may be shown by one of their
+speeches on this occasion. A leading chief declared: "We are willing to
+have a broad path for you and us to walk in; and if an Indian is asleep
+in this path, the Englishman shall pass by him and do him no harm; and
+if an Englishman is asleep in the path, the Indian shall pass him by and
+say, 'He is an Englishman; he is asleep; let him alone; he loves to
+sleep!' It shall be a plain path. There must not be in this path a stump
+to hurt our feet. And as for the smallpox, it was once in my
+grandfather's time, and it could not be the English that could send it
+to us then, there being no English in the country. And it was once in my
+father's time, they could not send it to us then, neither. And now it is
+in my time, I do not believe that they have sent it to us now. I do
+believe it is the man above who has sent it to us." Soon after this, the
+two parties exchanged presents, and went away satisfied.
+
+For many years after this, there seem to have been few or no troubles
+between the Indians and the settlers of New Jersey. But matters changed
+about the middle of the next century; and when the Indian wars began in
+Pennsylvania, the red men of New Jersey showed symptoms of hostility to
+the whites. Matters grew worse and worse; and the Indians began to
+murder families, burn buildings, and carry away prisoners.
+
+This state of affairs grew so alarming that the Legislature took the
+matter in hand. They appointed commissioners to examine into the
+treatment of the Indians, and see if there were any good cause for their
+sudden enmity; and, after a conference with some of the chiefs, a bill
+was passed by the Legislature to put an end to a good many of the
+impositions of which the Indians complained. Among these was a habit of
+the whites of giving the Indians spirits, and then making bargains with
+them when they were not at all in a condition to do business of that
+kind. The Indians also complained of the practice of trapping deer, thus
+decreasing the game in the forests, and the occupation of land, without
+payment, by the settlers who were continually coming into the country.
+
+Another bill was passed appropriating �1600 to buy from the Indians the
+entire right to all the lands which they yet held in New Jersey. But as
+there was no desire to banish the Indians from their native land, one
+half of this sum was reserved as payment for a large tract of land, or
+reservation, which should be their home, and on which no white man would
+have any right to settle, whether he was willing to buy the land or not.
+When this had been done, it was necessary to submit the matter to the
+Indians; and a council was called at Burlington, at which were present
+the governor of the Province, and some of the most prominent Indian
+chiefs.
+
+At this conference there was a notable exhibition of Indian etiquette.
+The governor had called the Minisinks, a tribe of the Delawares, to meet
+him; and they had informed the Mingoians, who, with some other northern
+tribes, were then gathered together at the grand council fire at the
+forks of the Delaware, where is now Easton. This was done, because at
+that time the Mingoians considered themselves superior to the Delawares,
+from whom proper respect was due.
+
+One of the chiefs from the council fire was sent down to represent the
+Mingoians. After some speeches were made, he told the white governor
+that the Minisinks, being Delawares, were women, and were not able of
+themselves to make treaties, therefore he had come down to look into the
+matter. As his people were then holding a grand council fire at the
+forks of the Delaware, they did not wish to put it out and build another
+council fire on this side of the Delaware. The reason which he gave for
+this was figurative and Indian-like.
+
+He stated that the river roared and thundered, and made a great deal of
+noise; and, if the council were held on this side, the distant Indian
+nations who dwelt to the west of the Delaware could not hear what was
+said at the council, and therefore it would be unfair to them to hold it
+on this side of the river. He concluded with a cordial invitation to the
+governor and his party to meet the Indians at their own council fire.
+
+About a month afterward, the governor, with some members of the
+Legislature, and other white people from New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
+met over five hundred Indians at the forks of the Delaware in grand
+council. Some of the speeches on this occasion were very interesting. A
+chief of the United Nations, speaking for the Delawares, who, having
+made themselves women by becoming peacemakers, had no right to speak
+for themselves, addressed the council as follows:--
+
+"Brethren, we now remove the hatchet out of your heads, that was struck
+into it by our cousins the Delawares. It was a French hatchet they
+unfortunately made use of, by the instigation of the French. We take it
+out of your heads, and bury it underground, where it shall always rest,
+and never be taken up again. Our cousins the Delawares have assured us
+they will never think of war against their brethren the English any
+more, but will employ their thoughts about peace and cultivating
+friendship with them, and never suffer enmity against them to enter into
+their minds again."
+
+Another chief said: "Brethren, I speak in behalf of the younger
+nations,--those who are confederated with the Six Nations, the Cayugas,
+Oneidas, Tuscaroras, Tutaloes, Nanticokes, and Conoys. A road has been
+made from our country to this council fire, that we might treat about
+friendship; and as we came down the road, we saw, that, by some
+misfortune or other, blood has lately been spilt on it. Now, we make the
+road wider and clearer. We take the blood away out of it, and likewise
+out of the council chamber, which may have been stained. We wash it all
+away, and desire it may not be seen any more, and we take the hatchet
+out of your heads."
+
+The governor of New Jersey also addressed this council, particularly
+urging them to require the Indians who had taken away prisoners to
+return these unfortunate people to their homes. In answer to this, one
+of the great chiefs of the United Nations made a speech to the
+Minisinks and the Delawares, in which he gave them a good scolding for
+not having returned these prisoners before; for it seemed that they had
+promised to do so.
+
+The council continued several days; and the Minisinks promised
+faithfully that they would search all the towns in their territory for
+prisoners, and return them to their own people. This matter having been
+settled, Governor Bernard made a formal proposition to buy all the lands
+which the Indians still retained in New Jersey; and, after a good deal
+of consultation, the chiefs of the United Nations advised the Minisinks
+and Delawares to accept the terms which were offered. After much talk,
+it was done, the necessary papers were signed, and the State of New
+Jersey was formally bought from its Indian owners.
+
+After this great matter had been settled, the tract of land which was to
+be set apart for the occupation of the Indians of the State, south of
+the Raritan River, in Burlington County, was purchased. It consisted of
+three thousand acres, which reached to the seacoast. There was plenty of
+fishing on it, and there were wild lands and forests, in which game
+abounded. Here the Indians could live as they pleased after their
+old-fashioned fashions, and never need fear disturbance by white men.
+Here they removed, and here they did live, apparently perfectly
+satisfied; and after this there were no further Indian troubles in New
+Jersey.
+
+The Indians on this reservation came to be known as the Edge-Pillocks,
+and in course of time considerable civilization crept in among them. It
+is a proof of this, that one of them, who took the name of Stephen
+Calvin, kept a school, and that his son Bartholomew went to Princeton
+College, and afterwards taught school. It is said that in his school
+there were as many white scholars as Indians.
+
+In 1801 these Edge-Pillock Indians were invited by the Mohicans of New
+York to leave their New Jersey home and come and live with them. In
+their invitation the Mohicans said they would like them "to pack up your
+mat and come and eat out of our dish, which is large enough for all, and
+our necks are stretched in looking toward the fireside of our
+grandfather till they are as long as cranes."
+
+The Edge-Pillocks sold their reservation, had the money invested for
+them in United States stocks, and went to join the Mohicans. After that,
+both tribes decided to buy land in Michigan, and the Edge-Pillocks
+disposed of their stocks to pay for their share.
+
+But our New Jersey Indians did not fare well in the West. Their fortunes
+did not prosper, and they grew poorer and poorer, until in 1832 their
+numbers decreased to about forty. Feeling the pressure of poverty, their
+Indian disposition suggested to them a remedy. They remembered, that,
+although they had sold their reservation, nothing had been said in the
+deeds concerning the game and the fish on the property; and they chose
+to consider that these still belonged to them. They therefore sent
+Bartholomew Calvin, who was now their oldest chief, to New Jersey to ask
+the Legislature to buy these remaining rights. The Legislature promptly
+agreed to do this, and appropriated two thousand dollars, which was the
+sum Bartholomew named, to buy of the Indians all their remaining rights
+of every kind in New Jersey.
+
+This act may be considered as one of kindness and charity to the former
+owners of the land, rather than as an act of justice, because there is
+no doubt, that when the Indians sold the reservation, and invested the
+proceeds, they intended to sell every deer, fish, bird, and mosquito on
+the whole tract. But it is an honor to the Legislature of that day that
+it was willing to make happy the last days of the New Jersey Indians by
+this act. That the Indians appreciated what had been done, may be seen
+from the following extract from a letter from Bartholomew Calvin:--
+
+     "Upon this parting occasion I feel it to be an incumbent duty to
+     bear the feeble tribute of my praise to the high-toned justice of
+     this State in dealing with the aboriginal inhabitants. Not a drop
+     of our blood have you spilled in battle, not an acre of our land
+     have you taken but by our consent. These facts speak for
+     themselves, and need no comment. They place the character of New
+     Jersey in bold relief,--a bright example to those States within
+     whose territorial limits our brethren still remain. Nothing save
+     benisons can fall upon her from the lips of a Lenni-Lenape."
+
+But the love of their old home did not die out entirely in the hearts of
+all the Edge-Pillock Indians, who emigrated, first to New York, and then
+to Michigan. There was one Indian brave and his squaw, who, after living
+at Oneida for some time, began to long again for the old hunting ground
+in New Jersey; and, before the rest of their tribe went West, these two
+came back to Burlington County, and established themselves in a little
+house near Mount Holly. Here these two Indians lived for about twenty
+years; and when they died, they left a daughter, a tall powerful woman,
+known in the neighborhood as "Indian Ann," who for many years occupied
+the position of the last of the Lenni-Lenape in New Jersey.
+
+She lived to be more than ninety years old; and her long straight black
+hair, her copper-colored skin, and bright eyes, gave the people of the
+neighborhood a good idea of what sort of people used to inhabit this
+country before their ancestors came over the sea. She had many true
+Indian characteristics, and loved to work in the open air better than to
+attend to domestic matters in the house. Even when she was very old, she
+would go into the woods and cut down trees as if she had been a man. She
+did not die until December, 1894; and then the people who had known her
+so long gathered together at her funeral, and buried the last of the
+Indians of New Jersey.
+
+Thus Scheyichbi, the land of the Indians, became truly and honestly New
+Jersey, the land of the English settlers; and to this State belongs the
+honor of having been the first in the Union in which the settlers
+purchased and paid for the lands on which they settled, and in which the
+aboriginal owners were so fairly treated that every foot of the soil not
+purchased of them by individuals was bought and paid for by the
+government of the State.
+
+
+
+
+FINS, RATTLES, AND WINGS.
+
+
+When the first settlers came to New Jersey, they found in that country
+plenty of wild animals, some of them desirable, and some quite
+otherwise. In the first class were great herds of red deer (especially
+in the central portion of the State), beavers, hares, and squirrels,
+and, among the dangerous kinds, bears, panthers, wolves, wild cats, and
+rattlesnakes. There were also many foxes, which were a great injury to
+the poultry yards of the settlers. Some of these creatures were so
+troublesome, that bounties were paid for the heads of panthers, foxes,
+and some other animals.
+
+The white settlers found New Jersey a capital hunting ground. Nothing,
+however, that is told about hunting in the early days of New Jersey
+equals the accounts which are given of the fishing in the waters of that
+State. Soon after the settlement of Burlington, one of the townspeople
+wrote to his friends in England, describing the manner in which the
+people fished in that place.
+
+The Delaware abounded in fish, and in the spring it swarmed with
+herring. When the early Burlingtonians wanted to catch herring, they did
+not trouble themselves about nets, or hooks and lines, but they built in
+the shallow water near the shore a pen, or, as they called it, a
+"pinfold," made by driving stakes into the sand so as to inclose a
+circular space about six feet in diameter. On the side toward the open
+water an aperture was left; and a big bush was made ready to close this
+up when the proper time came. Then the fishermen waded into the water,
+carrying with them great birch bushes. Sweeping the water with these,
+they slowly advanced toward the pinfold, driving swarms of herring
+before them, and so surrounding the frightened fish, that they had no
+way of escape, except by rushing through the entrance of the pinfold.
+Into the inclosure the shining creatures shot,--pushing, crowding, and
+dashing over each other,--until the pen was packed with fish, almost as
+closely jammed together as sardines in a tin box. Then the bush was
+driven down into the opening; and all that it was necessary to do, was
+to dip into the pinfold and take out great handfuls of fish. In this way
+bushels of herring could be procured at one time.
+
+It is not to be supposed that in those days game fishing flourished to
+any extent; that is, sportsmen did not go out with rods and flies to
+catch little fish one at a time, when it was so easy to scoop them up by
+dozens.
+
+Shad, too, were very abundant in those days, but not so highly valued as
+now. In fact, it is stated that when the settlers became more numerous,
+and the herring fewer, these fish were held in higher repute than shad;
+so that, when a man bought one hundred herring, he was expected to take
+ninety-five herring and five shad, or something in that proportion, shad
+being then rather a drug in the market.
+
+In those early days there were denizens of the waters on the shores of
+New Jersey very much more valuable than herring, shad, or any other of
+these finny creatures, no matter in what dense throngs they might
+present themselves. These were whales, of which there were numbers in
+Delaware Bay, and even some distance up the river. When the Dutch De
+Vries first came into these waters, he came after whales; and even at
+the present day one of these great water monsters occasionally
+investigates the western coast of New Jersey, generally paying dear for
+his curiosity.
+
+There were a great many snakes, many of them rattlesnakes, especially in
+the hilly country. The early settlers had a curious way of making
+themselves safe from these creatures. When they were going to make a
+journey through the woods or along wild country, where they expected to
+find snakes, they would take with them several hogs, and drive these
+grunting creatures in front of them. Hogs are very fond of eating
+snakes, and as they went along they would devour all they met with. It
+did not matter to the hogs whether the snakes were poisonous or
+harmless, they ate them all the same; for even the most venomous
+rattlesnake has but little chance against a porker in good condition,
+who, with his coat of bristles and the thick lining of fat under his
+skin, is so well protected against the fangs of the snake, that he pays
+no more attention to them than we to the seeds of a strawberry when we
+are eating one.
+
+Rattlesnakes were in fact the most dangerous wild animals with which the
+early settlers had to contend; for they were very numerous, and their
+bite, if not treated properly at once, was generally fatal. The Indians,
+who well knew the habits of the snake, were not nearly as much afraid of
+it as were the whites.
+
+In order to protect one's self against these creatures, unless there are
+too many of them, it is only necessary to make noise enough to let the
+snake know that some one is approaching, and it gets out of the way as
+fast as possible; or, if it has not time to do this, it coils itself up
+and springs its rattle, thus giving notice that it is on hand, and ready
+to strike.
+
+It has often been said that the snake's rattle is for warning to birds
+and other animals; but this is now known to be a mistake, for when a
+snake rattles, it strikes its victim almost at the same time, if it has
+a chance.
+
+It is now believed that the rattle is used to attract the attention of
+birds and other small creatures; and when they turn, and look into the
+eyes of the terrible serpent, they are so overcome with terror that they
+cannot fly away, and soon become its prey. This is commonly called snake
+charming; and a great many instances of it are related by people who are
+in the habit of telling the truth, and who have seen a snake charm a
+bird which could have flown away just as well as not, had it not been
+for the terrible attraction of those great eyes, which drew it nearer
+and nearer, until at last it found itself in the jaws of a snake.
+
+The Indians did not give this significance to the rattle: they believed,
+as many people now do, that it was merely used as a warning. So, when an
+Indian met with a snake which rattled before he came up to it, he took
+it to be a snake of honest, straight-forward principles, who wished to
+deceive nobody, and therefore gave fair notice of its presence. Such a
+serpent was never molested. But if a snake rattled after an Indian had
+passed, the red man went back and killed the creature, on the ground
+that it was a sneak and a coward, which had neglected to give warning to
+the passer-by.
+
+A farmer living in Cumberland County tells a story about having
+discovered an island in a swamp, which so abounded in snakes, that he
+and some of his neighbors conceived the idea that this was the place
+where they made their headquarters, and from which, in summer time, they
+wandered to forage upon the country. The farmers waited until winter
+before they made an attack upon this stronghold; and then they came and
+dug up the ground, knowing that these reptiles always pass the cold
+season in a torpid state underground.
+
+It was not long before they came to what might be called in these days a
+cold-storage vault. This was a flat-bottomed cavity, filled to the depth
+of about three inches with clear spring water; and in this water were
+packed away a great number of snakes, evenly laid side by side, so as to
+take up as little room as possible. The majority of these creatures were
+rattlesnakes; but there were black snakes among them, and one large
+spotted snake. Besides these, there were, as the narrator expressed it,
+at least a peck of spring frogs; these having probably crawled in to
+fill up all corners and vacant places. All these reptiles were of
+course dormant and insensible, and were easily destroyed.
+
+There is another story which gives even a better idea of the abundance
+of rattlesnakes in the new colony. In a quarry, from which the workmen
+were engaged in getting out stone for the foundations of Princeton
+College, a wide crack in the rocks was discovered, which led downward to
+a large cavity; and in this cave were found about twenty bushels of
+rattlesnake bones. There was no reason to believe that this was a snake
+cemetery, to which these creatures retired when they supposed they were
+approaching the end of their days; but it was, without doubt, a great
+rattlesnake trap. The winding narrow passage leading to it must have
+been very attractive to a snake seeking for retired quarters in which to
+take his long winter nap. Although the cave at the bottom of the great
+crack was easy enough to get into, it was so arranged that it was
+difficult, if not impossible, for a snake to get out of it, especially
+in the spring, when these creatures are very thin and weak, having been
+nourished all winter by their own fat. Thus year after year the
+rattlesnakes must have gone down into that cavity, without knowing that
+they could never get out again.
+
+The great rivals, in point of numbers, to the herring and other fish in
+the rivers of New Jersey (and the snakes in their winter quarters
+underground), were the wild pigeons in the air. Several times in the
+year the settlers would be visited by vast flocks of these birds, which
+came in such numbers as to shut out the light of the sun, as if they
+had been clouds in the sky. They would remain in one place for a few
+days, and then pass on. As it was unnecessary to use hooks and lines to
+catch a few fish out of the multitudes which swarmed in the streams, so
+it was hardly worth while to waste powder and shot on the vast flocks of
+pigeons which visited New Jersey in those days. When they came to roost
+in the forests, they could be knocked down with poles and stones; and
+thousands and thousands of them were thus obtained by the men and boys,
+and very good eating they were.
+
+There was a summer in which the settlers were very much astonished by
+the advent of a vast army of invaders to which they were not at all
+accustomed. These were locusts, probably of the kind we now call
+seventeen-year locusts; and the people were amazed to see these
+creatures come up out of the ground, clad in their horny coats of mail,
+which they afterwards cast off, when they appeared as winged creatures.
+
+They could not understand how insects encumbered by such hard, unwieldy
+shells, could penetrate to such distance below the surface of the earth;
+for they did not know that each one of these locusts came from a little
+worm which had dropped into the ground many years before, and which had
+worked its way down to a great depth, and then, about a sixth of a
+century afterward, had reappeared on the surface as a hard-shell locust,
+ready to split its back, get out of its shell, spend a few days flying
+about in the summer air, lay its eggs in the twigs of trees, and then,
+having fulfilled all its duties on this earth, to die.
+
+Although the farmers probably supposed that their crops would be eaten
+up by this vast horde of locusts, no great injury was done to them; for,
+as we now know, the seventeen-year locusts do not appear upon earth to
+destroy crops and vegetation, being far different from the
+grasshopper-like locusts which in our Western countries sometimes
+devastate large sections of farming lands. The twigs of the trees, which
+had been punctured in order that the eggs might be deposited, recovered
+their life, and put forth their leaves again when they had ceased to act
+as insect incubators.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF A GIRL AND A HOGSHEAD.
+
+
+Settlers came to New Jersey in various ways. Their voyages were
+generally very long, and it often happened that they did not settle at
+the place for which they had started, for there were many circumstances
+which might induce them to change their mind after they reached this
+country.
+
+But there was one settler, and a very valuable one too, who came to New
+Jersey in an entirely original and novel fashion. She was a girl only
+sixteen years old, and a Swede. There is no reason to suppose that she
+wanted to come to America; but circumstances made it necessary that she
+should get out of Sweden, and this country was a very good place to come
+to. It is said that this girl, whose surname we do not know, but who was
+called Elizabeth, was a connection of the Swedish royal family; and, as
+there was great trouble at the time between different factions in the
+land, it happened that it was dangerous for Elizabeth to remain in
+Sweden, and it was very difficult to get her away. It is quite certain
+that she was a person of importance, because it was considered
+absolutely necessary to keep the authorities from knowing that she was
+about to sail for foreign lands.
+
+There are people at the present day who, when they first go on board an
+ocean steamer, are very much surprised and disgusted at the small size
+of the stateroom they will have to occupy during the voyage; but if they
+could have seen the accommodations with which Elizabeth was obliged to
+content herself, they would not look with such contempt upon a room in
+which three persons can sleep, leaving space to move about.
+
+The people who had Elizabeth's passage in charge conceived the idea that
+the safest way to get her on board the vessel, which was waiting at the
+dock, would be to ship her as freight. So she was put into a large
+hogshead, and securely fastened up, and then carried on board. She must
+have been a girl of a good deal of pluck, for the vessel was not to sail
+for several days, and she must remain in the hogshead all that time, as
+the officials of the port might come on board at any moment and discover
+her, if she should get out of her hiding place. I have no doubt that she
+was supplied with three or four meals a day through the bunghole.
+
+Not only was Elizabeth's precious self thus duly consigned to America as
+if she had been ordinary merchandise, but a great many of her valuable
+possessions, jewels, clothes, etc., were also shipped to accompany her.
+In the course of time, and it must have been a dreary time to this poor
+girl, the ship moved out of the dock, and started on its voyage across
+the North Sea, and then over the Atlantic to the new country. Not until
+the vessel was well out of sight of land, and free from danger of being
+overhauled by a vessel of the Swedish navy, did Elizabeth come out of
+her barrel and breathe the fresh sea air.
+
+At that time, early in the seventeenth century, a good many vessels
+crossed the Atlantic, and most of them must have made safe and
+successful voyages; but it so happened that the ship in which Elizabeth
+sailed was not a fortunate craft. When she reached the far-stretching
+Jersey coast, dangerous even now to mariners who know it well, this
+vessel was overtaken by storm, and soon became a hopeless wreck.
+
+It might have been a very good thing if Elizabeth had concluded to end
+her voyage as she began it. If she had put her valuables into her
+hogshead, and then had jumped in herself and had asked some of the
+sailors to fasten her up, there is no doubt that she would have floated
+ashore, if she had known how to keep the open bunghole uppermost,--which
+no doubt she did,--and would have saved all her possessions. If one must
+float through stormy waves and great breakers, there is no safer way to
+do it than in a hogshead, as has been proved by the man who in that way
+navigated the fierce rapids at Niagara. But Elizabeth did not go back to
+her hogshead. She took her chances with the rest of the people on
+board, and with them was cast on the shore of New Jersey.
+
+This shore was absolutely wild and bare, and what became of the others
+who reached it, we do not know; but Elizabeth eventually wandered off by
+herself, alone and lost in a strange land. If the people who had been so
+much concerned about her connection with the Swedish throne had been
+able to see her then, they would have been perfectly satisfied that she
+would give them no further trouble. How she lived during her days of
+wandering and solitude is not told; but when we remember that New Jersey
+is noted for its berries and for its clams, and that it was probably
+summer time when she was cast ashore (for mariners would generally
+calculate to arrive at the settlement in good weather), we may give a
+very good guess at Elizabeth's diet.
+
+It was not very long before she found that there was another wanderer in
+this desolate and lonely place. She met with a white hunter named
+Garrison; and very much surprised must he have been when his eyes first
+fell upon her,--almost as much surprised, perhaps, as if he had come
+upon a stranded hogshead, with a human voice calling through the
+bunghole to be let out.
+
+When a possible heiress of a royal crown meets with a solitary hunter,
+probably poor and of no family to speak of, her reception of him depends
+very much upon surrounding circumstances. In this case, those
+circumstances induced Elizabeth to look upon Garrison with more favor
+than she had ever looked upon a king or noble, for there is no doubt
+that she would have perished on that wild and uninhabited coast if she
+had not met with him.
+
+Of course, the hunter gladly undertook to guide this Swedish girl to a
+settlement; and the two started off on their long tramp. It is not at
+all surprising that they soon began to like each other, that it was not
+long before they fell in love, and that in course of time they were duly
+married. If she had ever thought of a marriage with a high-born Swede,
+Elizabeth gave up all such notions when she entered her hogshead, and
+left all her proud hopes behind her.
+
+This young couple--one of royal Swedish blood, the other a hardy hunter
+of the New World--settled near Bridgeton, and there they flourished and
+prospered. Elizabeth lived to be ninety-five years old. She had ten
+children, and in 1860 it was computed that her descendants numbered at
+least a thousand. That any of these considered themselves better than
+their neighbors, because it was possible that they might have a drop or
+two of royal blood in their veins, is not likely; for but few American
+families would care to base their claims of social superiority upon such
+a very diluted foundation as this. But they would have good reason to
+trace with pride their descent from the plucky girl who started for
+America in a hogshead, and who was able to land alone and unassisted on
+the Jersey coast in a storm, and to take care of herself after she got
+ashore.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF PENELOPE STOUT.
+
+
+In the early days of New Jersey, the Dutch settlers suffered very much
+from Indian hostilities. It was at the time that New Amsterdam,
+afterwards New York, was in the possession of the Dutch, that a ship
+came from Holland, bringing passengers who intended to settle in the new
+country. The ship was unfortunately wrecked in the neighborhood of Sandy
+Hook; but all the passengers managed to save themselves, and reached the
+shore.
+
+Among these was a young couple whose names we do not know, except that
+the wife's maiden name was Penelope Van Princis. Her husband had been
+very sick during the voyage; and getting ashore through the surf from
+the wreck could not have been of any benefit to him, for, after he had
+reached dry land, he felt even worse than he had upon shipboard, and
+needed all the attention his wife could give him.
+
+Although the passengers and crew of this vessel had reached the shore,
+they did not by any means consider themselves in safety; for they were
+very much afraid of the Indians, and desired above everything to make
+what haste they could toward New Amsterdam. They therefore started away
+as soon as possible. But Penelope's husband was too sick to go any
+farther at that time, and his wife was too good a woman to leave her
+husband in that lonely spot; and so these two were left behind, while
+the rest of the company started for New Amsterdam, promising, however,
+that they would send help to the unfortunate couple.
+
+The fears of these immigrants in regard to the Indians were not without
+foundation; for the main party had not long departed, when a band of red
+men, probably having heard in some way of the wreck of the ship,
+appeared upon the scene, and discovered poor Penelope and her sick
+husband. It is unfortunately the disposition of most savages to show
+little pity for weakness and suffering, and the fact that the poor young
+man could not do them any possible harm had no effect upon them, and
+they set upon him and killed him; very much as a boy would kill a little
+harmless snake, for no reason whatever, except that he was able to do
+it.
+
+Then they determined to kill Penelope also, and, attacking her with
+their tomahawks, they so cut and wounded her that she fell down bleeding
+and insensible. Having built a fire, these brave warriors cooked
+themselves a comfortable meal, and then departed. But Penelope was not
+killed, and, coming to her senses, her instincts told her that the first
+thing to do was to hide herself from these bloodthirsty red men: so,
+slowly and painfully, she crawled away to the edge of a wood, and found
+there a great hollow tree, into which she crept.
+
+This made but narrow and doleful quarters for a wounded woman, but it
+was preferable at that time to the blue sky and fresh air. She did not
+leave the tree until nightfall, and then she made her way to the place
+where the fire was still glimmering; and by great care, and with what
+must have been painful labor, she kept this fire from going out, and so
+managed to get a little warmth.
+
+In this way, living in the tree the greater part of the time, and
+depending for food chiefly upon the fungous excrescences and gum which
+grew on the outside of it,--for she was not able to go in search of
+berries and other food,--poor Penelope lived for a few days, with her
+dead husband on the beach, and her almost dead self in that cavern-like
+tree. The hours must have passed mournfully indeed to this young woman
+who had set out for the New World with such bright hopes.
+
+That she survived her terrible hardships was due entirely to the
+existence of the danger she most feared; that is, the reappearance of
+the Indians. On the second morning, nearly famished and very weak,
+Penelope was making her way slowly over the ground, endeavoring to find
+something she could eat, or a little dew in the hollow of a leaf, that
+she might drink, when suddenly there came out of the woods two tall
+Indians, who, naturally enough, were much surprised to find a wounded
+white woman there alone upon the seashore.
+
+Penelope gave herself up as lost. There was nothing now for her to do
+but to submit to her fate. It was a pity, she thought, that she had not
+been slain with her husband.
+
+But the Indians did not immediately rush at her with their tomahawks:
+they stood and talked together, evidently about her, with their fierce
+eyes continually fixed upon her. Then their conversation became more
+animated, and it was soon plain that they were disputing. Of course, she
+did not then know the cause of their difference of opinion; but she
+found out afterwards that one of them was in favor of killing her upon
+the spot, and the other, an older man than his companion, was more
+mercifully inclined, and wished to carry her off as a prisoner to their
+camp.
+
+At last the older man got the better of the other one; and he, being
+determined that the poor wounded woman should be taken care of, took her
+up and put her on his shoulder, and marched away with her. That an
+Indian should be able to perform a feat like this is not at all
+surprising; for when one of them shoots a deer in the forest, though
+many of those animals are heavier than Penelope was, he will put it on
+his back and carry it through the forests, perhaps for miles, until he
+reaches his camp. And so Penelope, as if she had been a deer wounded by
+some other hunters, which these men had found, was carried to the Indian
+camp.
+
+There she was taken care of. Food and drink were given her. Her wounds
+were dressed and treated after the Indian fashion. In due course of time
+she recovered her health and strength, and there--living in a wigwam,
+among the women and children of the village, pounding corn, cooking
+food, carrying burdens as did the Indian women--she remained for some
+time, not daring even to try to escape; for in that wild country there
+was no place of safety to which it was possible for her to flee.
+
+Although there was a good deal of bad feeling between the Indians and
+the whites at that time, they still traded and communicated with each
+other; and when, in the course of time, it became known in New Amsterdam
+that there was a white woman held as a prisoner in this Indian camp,
+there was every reason to suppose that this woman was the young wife who
+had been left on the seacoast by the survivors of the wreck.
+Consequently some of the men who had been her fellow-passengers came
+over to the Indian camp, which was not far from where Middletown now
+stands. Here, as they had expected, they found Penelope, and demanded
+that the Indians should give her up.
+
+After some discussion, it was agreed that the matter should be left with
+Penelope herself; and the old Indian who had saved her life went to
+her,--for of course, being an inferior, she was not present at the
+conference,--and put the question before her. Here she was, with a
+comfortable wigwam, plenty to eat and drink, good Indian clothes to
+wear, as well treated as any Indian woman, and, so far as he could see,
+with everything to make her comfortable and happy; and here she might
+stay if she chose. On the other hand, if she wished to go to New
+Amsterdam, she would find there no one with whom she was acquainted,
+except the people who had rowed away and left her on that desolate
+coast, and who might have come in search of her a long time before if
+they really had cared anything about her. If she wanted to live here
+among friends who had been kind to her, and be taken care of, she could
+do so; if she wanted to go away and live among people who had deserted
+her, and who appeared to have forgotten her, she could do that.
+
+Very much to the surprise of this good Indian, Penelope declared that
+she should prefer to go and live among people of her own race and
+country; and so, much to the regret of her Indian friends, she departed
+for New Amsterdam with the men who had come for her.
+
+A year or two after Penelope had gone back to New Amsterdam, being then
+about twenty-two, she married an Englishman named Richard Stout, who
+afterwards became an important personage. He, with other settlers, went
+over to New Jersey and founded a little village, which was called
+Middletown, not far from the Indian camp where Penelope had once been a
+prisoner. The Indians still remained in this camp, but now they appeared
+to be quite friendly to the whites; and the new settlers did not
+consider that there was anything dangerous in having these red
+neighbors. The good Indian who had been Penelope's protector, now quite
+an old man, was very friendly and sociable, and often used to visit Mrs.
+Stout. This friendship for the woman whom he had saved from death seemed
+to have been strong and sincere.
+
+One day this old Indian came to the house of Mrs. Stout, and, seating
+himself in the room where she was, remained for a long time pensive and
+silent. This rather unusual conduct made Penelope fear that something
+had happened to him; and she questioned him, asking him why he was so
+silent, and why he sighed so often. Then the old man spoke out and told
+her that he had come on a very important errand, in which he had risked
+his own life at the hands of his tribe; but, having saved her life once,
+he had determined to do it again, no matter what might happen to
+himself.
+
+Then he told her that the good will of the Indians toward their white
+neighbors had come to an end, and that it had been determined in council
+that an attack should be made that night upon this little village, when
+every person in it--men, women, and children--should be put to death,
+the houses burned, and the cattle driven away. His brethren no longer
+wanted white people living near them.
+
+Of course, this news was a great shock to Penelope. She had now two
+little children, and she could not get far away with them and hide, as
+she herself had once hidden from Indian foes. But the old man told her
+that she need not be afraid: he could not save all the people in the
+village, but he was her friend, and he had arranged to save her and her
+family. At a certain place, which he described so she could not fail to
+find it, he had concealed a canoe; and in that she and her husband, with
+the children, could go over to New Amsterdam, and there would be plenty
+of time for them to get away before the Indians would attack the place.
+Having said this, and having urged her to lose no time in getting away,
+the old Indian left.
+
+As soon as he had gone, Penelope sent for her husband, who was working
+in the fields, and told him what she had heard, urging him to make
+preparations instantly to escape with her. But Mr. Stout was not easily
+frightened by news such as this. He pooh-poohed the whole story, and
+told his wife that the natives over there in their camp were as well
+disposed and friendly as if they had been a company of white settlers,
+and that, as these red men and the whites had lived together so long,
+trading with each other, and visiting each other with perfect freedom,
+there was no reason whatever to suppose that the Indians would suddenly
+determine to rise up and massacre a whole settlement of peaceable
+neighbors, who had never done them any harm, and who were a great
+benefit to them in the way of trading. It would be all nonsense, he
+said, to leave their homes, and run away from Indians so extremely
+friendly and good-natured as those in the neighboring camp.
+
+But Penelope had entirely different ideas upon the subject. She
+thoroughly believed in the old Indian, and was sure that he would not
+have come and told her that story unless it had been true. If her
+husband chose to stay and risk his life, she could not help it; but she
+would not subject herself and her children to the terrible danger which
+threatened them. She had begged her husband to go with her; but as he
+had refused, and had returned to his work, she and her children would
+escape alone.
+
+Consequently she set out with the little ones, and with all haste
+possible she reached the place where the canoe was moored among some
+tall reeds, and, getting in with the children, she paddled away to New
+Amsterdam, hoping she might reach there in time to send assistance to
+Middletown before the Indians should attack it.
+
+When Farmer Stout found that his wife had really gone off, and had taken
+the children with her, he began to consider the matter seriously, and
+concluded that perhaps there might be something in the news which the
+old Indian had brought. He consequently called together a number of the
+men of the village, and they held a consultation, in which it was
+determined that it would be a wise thing to prepare themselves against
+the threatened attack; and, arming themselves with all the guns and
+pistols they could get, they met together in one of the houses, which
+was well adapted for that purpose, and prepared to watch all night.
+
+They did not watch in vain, for about midnight they heard from the woods
+that dreadful war whoop which the white settlers now well understood.
+They knew it meant the same thing as the roar of the lion, who, after
+silently creeping towards his intended victim, suddenly makes the rocks
+echo with the sound of his terrible voice, and then gives his fatal
+spring.
+
+But although these men might have been stricken with terror, had they
+heard such a war cry at a time when they were not expecting it, and from
+Indians to whom they were strangers, they were not so terrified at the
+coming of these red men with whom, perhaps only the day before, they had
+been trading buttons for venison and beans. They could not believe that
+these apparently mild and easy-going fellows could really be the
+terrible savages they tried to make themselves appear.
+
+So Richard Stout and his companions went boldly out, guns in hand, to
+meet the oncoming savages, and, calling a parley, they declared that
+they had no intention of resting quietly, and allowing themselves and
+families to be slaughtered and their houses burned. If the Indians, who
+had so long been their good neighbors, were now determined to become
+bloody enemies, they would find that they would have to do a good deal
+of hard fighting before they could destroy the village of Middletown;
+and, if they persisted in carrying on the bloody job they had
+undertaken, a good many of them would be killed before that job was
+finished.
+
+Now, it had been very seldom that Indians who had started out to
+massacre whites had met with people who acted like this; and these red
+men in war paint thought it wise to consider what had been said to them.
+A few of them may have had guns, but the majority were armed only with
+bows and tomahawks; and these white men had guns and pistols, with
+plenty of powder and ball. It would clearly be unsafe to fight them.
+
+So, after discussing the matter among themselves and afterwards talking
+it over with the whites, the Indians made up their minds, that, instead
+of endeavoring to destroy the inhabitants of Middletown, they would
+shake hands with them and make a treaty of peace. They then retired; and
+on the following day a general conference was held, in which the whites
+agreed to buy the lands on which they had built their town, and an
+alliance was made for mutual protection and assistance. This compact was
+faithfully observed as long as there were any Indians in the
+neighborhood, and Middletown grew and flourished.
+
+Among the citizens of the place there were none who grew and flourished
+in a greater degree than the Stout family. Although Penelope bore upon
+her body the scars of her wounds until the day of her death, it is
+stated, upon good authority, that she lived to be one hundred and ten
+years old; so that it is plain that her constitution was not injured by
+the sufferings and hardships of the beginning of her life in New
+Jersey.
+
+Not only did the Stouts flourish in Middletown, but some of them went a
+little southward, and helped to found the town of Hopewell; and here
+they increased to such a degree that one of the early historians relates
+that the Baptist Church there was founded by the Stouts, and that for
+forty-one years the religious meetings were held in the houses of
+different members of the Stout family, while, at the time he wrote, half
+of the congregation of the church were still Stouts, and that, all in
+all, there had been at least two hundred members of that name. So the
+Baptist Church in Hopewell, as well as all the churches in Middletown,
+owed a great deal to the good Indian who carried poor Penelope to his
+village, and cured her of her wounds.
+
+
+
+
+THE SCHOOLMASTER AND THE DOCTOR.
+
+
+Of course, it was not long after New Jersey began to be settled and
+cultivated, before there were a great many boys and girls who also
+needed to be cultivated. And if we are to judge their numbers by the
+families of Elizabeth, who started for the New World in a hogshead, and
+of Penelope, who began her life here in a hollow tree, there must have
+been an early opportunity for the establishment of flourishing schools;
+that is, so far as numbers of scholars make schools flourishing.
+
+But in fact it does not appear that very early attention was given in
+this State to the education of the young. The first school of which we
+hear was established in 1664; but it is probable that the first settlers
+of New Jersey were not allowed to grow up to be over forty years old
+before they had any chance of going to school, and it is likely that
+there were small schools in various places of which no historical
+mention is made.
+
+It is admitted, however, by the historians of these early days of New
+Jersey, that education was not attended to as it should have been; and
+we read that in 1693 an act was passed to "establish schoolmasters
+within the Province, 'for the cultivation of learning and good manners
+for the good and benefit of mankind, which hath hitherto been much
+neglected in the Province.'"
+
+These early schools were not of a very high order; the books used by
+younger scholars being what were called hornbooks, which were made by
+pasting upon a board a piece of paper containing the alphabet and some
+lessons in spelling, and covering the whole with a very thin sheet of
+horn, which was fastened on the board as glass is fastened over a framed
+picture. Thus the children could see the letters and words under the
+horn, but were not able to deface or tear the paper. It was difficult to
+get books in those days, and a hornbook would last a long time.
+
+We can get a pretty good idea of the character of the schools from an
+account given of the establishment of the first school in Newark, where
+the town authorities made a contract "with Mr. John Catlin to instruct
+their children and servants in as much English, reading, writing, and
+arithmetic, as he could teach."
+
+But the people of New Jersey prospered well, and the Colony soon became
+noted as one in which there was comfort and good living; and therefore
+it is natural that when the people really could afford to apply their
+time, thought, and money to objects higher than the tillage of farms and
+the building of houses, they went to work earnestly to give their young
+people proper opportunities for education, and we find that they were
+inclined to do this as earnestly and thoroughly as they had been in the
+habit of doing other things.
+
+In consequence of this disposition, what is now Princeton College was
+founded in 1746. This institution was first called the "College of New
+Jersey," and was established at Elizabethtown. It was in its early days
+a very small seat of learning; for, when the Rev. Mr. Dickinson was
+appointed to be its president, the faculty consisted entirely of
+himself, and his only assistant was an usher. There were then about
+twenty students in the college.
+
+In about a year the president died; and the college was then removed to
+Newark, where the Rev. Aaron Burr, the father of the celebrated Aaron
+Burr, became its president, and it is probable that the faculty was
+enlarged. Ten years afterwards the college was established at Princeton.
+
+The manners and customs of the college must have been very primitive,
+and we will give a few of the rules which were made for the students:
+"Every scholar shall keep his hat off to the president about ten rods,
+and about five to the tutors. When walking with a superior, they shall
+give him the highest place, and when first going into his company, they
+shall show their respects to him by first pulling off their hats; shall
+give place to him at any door or entrance; or meeting him going up and
+down stairs shall stop, giving him the bannister side;" and, in speaking
+to a superior, "shall always give a direct and pertinent answer,
+concluding with Sir." Thus it is seen that attention to good manners was
+one of the most important branches of study taught at the young
+college.
+
+But in certain districts of New Jersey, people seemed to be very slow in
+perceiving the advantages of schools in their midst. Schools had sprung
+up here and there in towns and villages, many of them boarding schools;
+and to these the richer farmers would send their children. But it took
+people in some rural places a good while to find out that it would be a
+good thing to have a school in their midst.
+
+A story is told of the establishment of a school of this kind in
+Deckertown as late as 1833. The people of this village had never thought
+it worth while to have a school of their own; and even after a gentleman
+of learning and ability, who was well known in the place, offered to
+take charge of such a school, they did not look with any favor upon the
+enterprise. The only place for a schoolhouse, which he was able to
+obtain, was a very small building, consisting of one room, and situated
+on the outskirts of the town. Here he started a school with one scholar;
+and even this little fellow was not a Jersey boy, but came from New
+York.
+
+For a considerable time this single scholar constituted the school, and
+he and the schoolmaster walked back and forth from the village to the
+little cabin every day; while the only interest that the townspeople
+seemed to take in them was shown by their laughing at the schoolmaster,
+and comparing him to a hen with one chicken. It must not be supposed
+that it was because the citizens did not believe in education; but, as
+they had been in the habit of sending their children away to school,
+they thought that that was the proper thing to do, and, as there never
+had been a school in the town, they saw no reason why there should be
+one then. But the school increased, and in less than a year it numbered
+twenty scholars.
+
+There is a rather peculiar story told of this school in its early days.
+It had been established about two months, when the schoolmaster happened
+to be walking in the direction of the school quite late in the evening
+and to his amazement he saw that the little room was brilliantly
+lighted. Now, as he and his scholar had left it in the afternoon, and he
+had locked the door, he could not understand the state of affairs.
+Hurrying to the house, he looked in at the window, and saw that the room
+was nearly filled with well-dressed men, who were standing and sitting
+around a table on which were spread cards and money. He saw that they
+were a company of gamblers; but how they came there, and why they came,
+he could not imagine. Of course, he could not drive them out; but, after
+watching them for a little while, he boldly opened the door and went in
+among them.
+
+They were so occupied with their game, however, that they paid little
+attention to him; and, after standing with them for a time, he remarked
+to one of them that he hoped that when they had finished their game, and
+were ready to go away, they would leave everything behind them in as
+good order as they had found it, and then he himself departed and went
+home. But the next morning, when he and his scholar came to the
+schoolhouse, he found everything as they had left it on the afternoon
+before; and this schoolmaster might have been excused if he had imagined
+that he had dreamed that he saw the curious sight of a company of
+gamblers in his schoolhouse.
+
+But he found out afterwards that it was no dream. There was a set of men
+gathered together from the neighboring country, who regularly spent
+certain evenings in gambling for high stakes. They had discovered that
+there was no better place for their meetings than the little
+schoolhouse, which was tenanted by two persons in the daytime and by
+nobody at night; and, as it was so far away from the other houses, it
+was a very convenient place for their secret meetings, and they had been
+in the habit of assembling there almost from the very time that it was
+cleaned out and arranged for a schoolhouse.
+
+When the schoolmaster found that he had devoted his energies to the
+establishment of a very flourishing gambling saloon, when he supposed
+that he had founded nothing but a weak little school, he took measures
+to prevent any further visits from the gentlemen with the cards and the
+money. After that, the exercises in addition, subtraction, and
+multiplication, were figured out with a pencil or chalk instead of being
+done by means of spades or diamonds.
+
+In those early days the doctor was almost as slow in coming to the front
+as was the schoolmaster.
+
+In fact, it is said that the first doctors in New Jersey were women, and
+that the people placed such faith in their abilities, that unless a case
+were very serious indeed, so that a physician had to be sent for from
+the city, they were perfectly satisfied with the services of the women
+doctors. It is also stated, that in those days the people of New Jersey
+were very healthy. These two statements can be put together in different
+ways: some may say, that, where people were so seldom sick, doctors of
+great ability were not needed; while, on the other hand, those who have
+a higher opinion of womankind might well believe, that, because women
+made such good doctors, the people were seldom sick.
+
+It must be remembered, however, that the mothers, wives, sisters, and
+daughters of the people of this State, were formerly looked upon as of
+more importance than they are now; and among the rights which they
+possessed in those early days, but of which they have since been
+deprived, was the right of voting. An early writer, speaking of this
+privilege, says, "The New Jersey women, however, showed themselves
+worthy of the respect of their countrymen by generally declining to
+avail themselves of this preposterous proof of it." It is very pleasant
+for us to remember that New Jersey was among the first of our States in
+which free and equal rights were given to all citizens, male or female,
+if they chose to avail themselves of them.
+
+But when the population of New Jersey so increased that it became plain
+that the women could not be physicians, and attend at the same time to
+their domestic duties, the care of their children, and the demands of
+society, the citizens of New Jersey gave as earnest and thorough
+attention to their needs in the way of medicine and surgery as they had
+given to their needs in the way of college education; and the first
+State Medical Society in this country was founded in New Jersey in the
+year 1766.
+
+It is said that some of the early doctors of New Jersey possessed great
+ability, and, although there could not have been many of them at first,
+they arranged for a suitable increase in their society, and nearly every
+one of them had one or more students.
+
+A medical student in those days did not occupy the same position that he
+holds now. In fact, he was nothing more nor less than an apprentice to
+his master. He was bound to the doctor by a regular indenture. He lived
+in his family, and, when he was not engaged in his studies, he was
+expected to make himself useful in various domestic ways, often learning
+the use of the saw in the wood yard.
+
+A very natural consequence of this domestic fashion of pursuing their
+studies was, that, when the young doctor started out to establish a
+practice for himself, he not only had a certificate or diploma from his
+master, but was also provided with a wife, for marriages of medical
+students with the daughters of their preceptors were very common.
+
+What further outfit was furnished a student setting out in practice for
+himself, may be imagined from the conclusion of an old indenture of
+apprenticeship, which states, that when Jacobus Hubbard shall have
+fulfilled his apprenticeship of four years and eight months,--during
+which he has well and faithfully served his master, his secrets kept,
+his lawful commands gladly everywhere obeyed,--he shall be provided,
+when he goes forth as doctor, with a "new set of surgeon's pocket
+instruments, Solomon's Dispensatory, Quence's Dispensatory, and Fuller
+on Fevers."
+
+It is probable that such a very healthy country as New Jersey did not
+always give a doctor of a neighborhood sufficient work to occupy his
+time, and therefore the early physicians used to combine other
+professions with that of medicine and surgery. Some were lawyers, others
+clergymen, and many were farmers and planters. The following story is
+told about the Rev. Jacob Green, "who lived in Hanover, and was pastor
+of the Presbyterian Church in that place. He had also many other
+callings, as may be inferred from a letter addressed to him by a wag,
+and which was said not to exaggerate the truth:--
+
+"'To the Rev. Jacob Green, _Preacher_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Teacher_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Doctor_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Proctor_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Miller_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Distiller_.'"
+
+The necessity for this variety of occupation is shown by a letter from a
+gentleman named Charles Gordon, living near Plainfield, to his brother,
+Dr. John Gordon, in England, in which he says, "If you design to come
+hither, you may come as a planter or merchant; but as a doctor of
+medicine I cannot advise you, for I hear of no diseases to cure but some
+agues and some cutted legs and fingers." Other physicians gave up their
+professions at the beginning of the Revolution, and became prominent in
+military matters.
+
+Dr. John Cochran, one of the first New Jersey physicians, was a man of
+wide experience and reputation. He was surgeon in the British hospital
+during the French War, and afterward practiced medicine in New
+Brunswick. During the Revolution, he became an army surgeon. He was a
+friend of Washington, and, in fact, was quite intimate with the
+commander in chief of the American forces. It is said that when
+Washington was at West Point in 1779, and the doctor and his family were
+stationed at the same place, Washington wrote to Dr. Cochran almost the
+only facetious letter which is known to have come from the pen of that
+grave and dignified man.
+
+This letter informs the doctor that he has invited Mrs. Cochran and Mrs.
+Livingston to dine with him the next day, and says that the table is
+large enough for the ladies, and then proceeds to tell "how it is
+covered." "Since our arrival at this happy spot, we have had a ham,
+sometimes a shoulder of bacon, to grace the head of the table; a piece
+of roast beef adorns the foot, and a dish of beans or greens, almost
+imperceptible, decorates the center. When the cook has a mind to cut a
+figure, which I presume will be the case to-morrow, we have two
+beefsteak pies, or dishes of crabs, in addition, one on each side of the
+center dish, dividing the space, and reducing the distance between dish
+and dish to about six feet, which without them would be twelve feet
+apart. Of late, he has had the surprising sagacity to discover that
+apples will make pies, and it is a question if in the violence of his
+efforts we do not get one of apples instead of having both of beefsteak.
+If the ladies can put up with such entertainment, and will submit to
+partake of it on plates once tin, now iron (not become so by scouring),
+I shall be happy to see them."
+
+The fact that the early physicians of New Jersey were very skillful, and
+patients in that healthful country very scarce, seems to have had the
+effect of making some physicians of that day extremely sharp about
+business matters. A certain doctor of Rahway had been called upon to
+visit a rich man who was in great pain and distress. The doctor having
+administered some medicine, the patient very speedily recovered. Some
+time after this, the doctor determined to leave Rahway; and the rich man
+who had been attended by him with such gratifying results began to be
+afraid that he might be taken sick again in the same way. So he went to
+the doctor, and requested that before he left, he would give him the
+prescription which had seemed to suit his case so admirably.
+
+Doctors seldom approve of their patients taking their treatment into
+their own hands; but, after a little consideration, he said he would
+furnish the prescription, but that it would cost ten dollars. This quite
+astonished the rich man, and at first he refused to pay such a high
+price; but, after considering that it might save him many visits from
+the new doctor who should come to Rahway, he agreed to pay the price
+demanded, and the prescription was written, and delivered to him. When
+he reached his home, he thought he would try to make out what this
+prescription was; but when he opened the paper, he found nothing but the
+word "catnip." It is not likely that he ever again tried to take
+advantage of the medical profession.
+
+But it was not always Jersey doctors whose wit shone brightest in a
+financial transaction. There was a doctor in the town of Rocky Hill who
+was sent for to attend a poor old man who was suffering with a piece of
+bone sticking in his throat. The doctor went immediately to the old
+man's house, and it was not long before the bone was out. As the doctor
+was packing up his instruments, the old fellow, whose name was William,
+inquired how much he would have to pay; and the doctor replied that for
+an operation of that sort his charge was five dollars. This quite
+astonished William, who probably had not five cents in the house; but he
+wished to pay his debts, and not to be considered a pauper patient, and
+so he asked the doctor if he might come to his house and work out the
+bill. The doctor replied that that would be entirely satisfactory to
+him, and that William might come the next day and work in the garden.
+
+The next day old William went to the doctor's house. All day he
+faithfully dug and hoed and raked. Toward the end of the afternoon the
+doctor came into the garden, and, after informing William that he might
+come again, he casually asked him how much he charged for a day's work.
+William stood up and promptly answered, that for a day's labor in the
+garden his charge was five dollars. Now was the doctor surprised.
+
+"You don't mean," he exclaimed, "that you are going to ask five dollars
+for one day's labor!"
+
+"That is exactly my price," said William. "If two minutes' yanking with
+a pair of pincers at a little bone is worth five dollars, then one day's
+hard labor in tilling the ground is worth just as much."
+
+It often happens that doctors are men of wit and humor; and it is
+recorded that a New Jersey physician, named Dr. Hole, was the author of
+the first version of a tombstone epitaph which afterwards became widely
+known and used. The lines of Dr. Hole are cut upon a tombstone of a
+child, and run as follows:--
+
+    "A dropsy sore long time I bore:
+      Forsitions were in vain
+    Till God above did hear my moan,
+      And eased me of my pain."
+
+That some of those early doctors were honest is proved by a doctor's
+bill which is now preserved in the New Jersey Historical Society. At the
+end of this bill, after all the different items of service and medicine
+had been charged upon it, there is this entry: "Contrary credit by
+Medsons brought back." It would be difficult now to find a doctor in New
+Jersey, or anywhere else, who would be willing to take back, and allow
+credit for, all partly filled bottles of medicine, and boxes of pills,
+the contents of which had been ordered, but not entirely used.
+
+
+
+
+THE SLAVES OF NEW JERSEY.
+
+
+We have so long looked upon New Jersey as prominent among what were
+called the "free States" of the Union, that it now seems strange when we
+consider, that among the first of the institutions established upon its
+soil by the early settlers, was the system of slavery. This was the case
+not only in New Jersey, but in all the American Colonies. The settlers
+of New England, as well as those of the Southern Colonies, used negro
+slaves as laborers on their farms; and the trade in native Africans was
+a very important branch of industry.
+
+The Duke of York, to whom his brother, Charles II., had made a grant of
+extensive American possessions, was at the head of the African Company,
+formed for the purpose of bringing slaves from Africa, and selling them.
+The Dutch were then the great rivals of the English in this trade; and
+the Duke of York was very glad to possess New Jersey and the rest of his
+grant, for then he could not only oust the Dutch from the territory, but
+could possess himself of this very desirable and profitable slave
+market.
+
+But it was not only the English and Dutch who brought negro slaves to
+America, for it is stated that the earliest Swedish settlers brought
+slaves with them as laborers. So we may say that slavery and freedom
+were planted together in this country of ours; one to be pulled up
+afterward like a weed, the other to be left to grow and flourish.
+
+When Berkeley and Carteret acquired authority over New Jersey, they did
+everything that they could to induce settlers to come to the new
+country; and, as they were anxious to have the lands opened up and
+cultivated as rapidly as possible, they encouraged immigrants to bring
+as many slaves as they could afford. They offered one hundred and fifty
+acres to every one who would settle, and another one hundred and fifty
+acres for every full-grown able-bodied male slave, and seventy-five
+acres each for those not grown up. Afterwards, when slaves became more
+numerous, the bounties given on their account were diminished, and in
+course of time they ceased altogether.
+
+A great many slaves must have been brought direct from Africa to New
+Jersey, for at Perth Amboy there was established what was then called a
+barracks; and in this, negroes who had been brought in the slave ships
+were confined until they were sold and sent out into the country.
+
+Not only were there negro slaves in the State, but there were also
+Indians who had been enslaved, and were regularly sold and bought. How
+these red men happened to be slaves, we do not certainly know; but we
+may be very sure that the whites did not make war upon Indian tribes,
+and capture prisoners, for the purpose of making slaves of them. It is
+far more likely, that, when one tribe of Indians made war upon another,
+the conquerors found it a very profitable thing to sell their prisoners
+to the whites. There is no reason to suppose, however, that the natives
+made war on purpose to capture and sell their fellow-countrymen, as was
+the case in Africa.
+
+The early records, however, prove that there were Indian slaves. When
+the House of Representatives for the Province met at Burlington in 1704,
+an act was brought before that body for the regulating of Indian and
+negro slaves.
+
+Negroes were then considered to be such legitimate articles of
+merchandise, that English sovereigns thought it very necessary to see to
+it that their loyal settlers were sufficiently supplied with slaves, and
+at prices not too high. When Queen Anne sent out Lord Cornbury as
+governor of the Province, she recommended the Royal African Company to
+the especial attention of the governor, that New Jersey might have a
+constant and sufficient supply of merchantable negroes at moderate rates
+in money or commodities. In consequence of the fostering care of the
+Proprietors and the English sovereigns, slaves rapidly increased in New
+Jersey.
+
+The English themselves were not at all averse to the ownership of a good
+serviceable slave; and about the middle of the eighteenth century a
+young gentleman in England wrote to his father in New Jersey, begging
+that he might "be favored with a young negro boy to present to the
+brother of the then Duke of Grafton, to whom he was under obligations,
+as 'a present of that kind would be very acceptable.'"
+
+Of course, the existence of slavery made the state of society in New
+Jersey and the other Colonies very different from what it is now; and
+this difference is strongly shown by the advertisements of runaway
+negroes, which we can find in some old newspapers. It seems very strange
+to see in a Boston paper of one hundred years ago a picture of a black
+man running away with a bag over his shoulder, and under the picture the
+statement of the reward which would be given for his capture; and in
+the New Jersey papers there were frequent advertisements of runaway
+slaves and of negroes for sale. One of these, published in Burlington
+two years after the Colony had declared itself free and independent,
+reads as follows:--
+
+     "TO BE SOLD--For no fault--but a saucy tongue for which he is now
+     in Burlington jail--A negro man about 39 years of age. He is a
+     compleat farmer, honest and sober. For further particulars enquire
+     of the subscriber in Evesham, Burlington Co. Feb. 4, 1778."
+
+When Washington was in Morristown in 1777, one of his aids wrote a
+letter to a friend in Elizabethtown, which states,--
+
+     The General will esteem it as a singular favor if you can apprehend
+     a mulatto girl, servant and slave of Mrs. Washington, who eloped
+     from this place yesterday, with what design cannot be conjectured,
+     though as she may intend to the enemy and pass your way I trouble
+     you with the description: her name is Charlotte but in all
+     probability will change it, yet may be discovered by question. She
+     is light complected, about thirteen years of age, pert, dressed in
+     brown cloth wescoat and petticoat. Your falling upon some method of
+     recovering her should she be near you will accommodate Mrs.
+     Washington and lay her under great obligations to you being the
+     only female servant she brought from home and intending to be off
+     to-day had she not been missing. A gentle reward will be given to
+     any soldier or other who shall take her up.
+
+     I am with respect your most obedient servant
+
+     ----  ----
+
+After a time, negro slaves became so plentiful in New Jersey, that laws
+were passed restricting their importation, and a considerable tax was
+laid upon each African brought into the country.
+
+But the negroes were not the only slaves in New Jersey during those
+early days. Here, as well as in many of the other Colonies, was a class
+of white people, generally from England, who were called
+"redemptioners." These were poor people, although often persons of
+fairly good station and education, who desired to emigrate to America,
+but who could not afford to pay their passage.
+
+A regular system was then established, by which a poor person desiring
+to settle in New Jersey would be brought over free. When one of these
+emigrants took passage on a ship, he signed a contract which gave the
+captain of the vessel the right to sell him, as soon as he arrived in
+America, for enough money to pay his passage. This white man was thus
+bought, when he reached New Jersey, exactly as if he had been a negro
+slave; and he was subject to the same rules as those which governed
+other slaves. Of course, he was made the subject of great imposition;
+for the captain would naturally desire to get as large a sum of money as
+possible for each redemptioner, and therefore would be perfectly willing
+to sell him for a long term.
+
+The people who owned redemptioners could sell them again if they chose;
+and it often happened that some of them passed into the possession of
+several families before they finally served out the term for which they
+had been sold. All sorts of people became redemptioners,--mechanics,
+laborers, and even professional men. Among the people who sold
+themselves into limited slavery there were schoolmasters, and it is
+stated that at one time the supply of redemptioner schoolmasters was so
+great that they became a drug in the market.
+
+In the days before there were many regular schools in New Jersey, much
+of the education must have been carried on by what we now call private
+tutors; and a schoolmaster who could be bought as if he had been a horse
+or a cow was often a very convenient piece of property. If a family
+should own a teacher who was able only to instruct small children, it
+would be very easy, when these children grew older and able to undertake
+more advanced studies, to sell this primary teacher to some family where
+there were young pupils, and buy one capable of teaching higher
+branches.
+
+It is said that these redemptioners were often treated much more
+harshly and cruelly than the negro slaves, and any one who assisted one
+of them to escape was severely punished. There was good reason for this
+difference in the treatment of the two classes of slaves; for a negro
+was the property of his master as long as he lived, and it was
+manifestly the interest of the owner to keep his slave in good
+condition. But the redemptioner could only be held for a certain time,
+and, if his master was not a good man, he would be apt to get out of him
+all the work that he could during the time of his service, and to give
+him no more food or clothing than was absolutely necessary.
+
+After a time there were laws made to protect the redemptioners. One of
+these was, that any person sold after he was seventeen years old could
+not serve for more than four years; and another provided, that, when a
+redemptioner's time of service had expired, his master should give him
+"two good suits of clothing, suitable for a servant, one good ax, one
+good hoe, and seven bushels of Indian corn."
+
+But although the redemptioner sometimes fared very badly in the new
+country, it often happened that he came out very well in the end. Among
+the white people who came here as slaves there were often convicts and
+paupers; but even some of these succeeded in bettering their condition
+and establishing themselves as good citizens, and in founding families.
+
+It often happened that some of the Germans who came to buy land and
+settle, chose rather to put away their money, and sell themselves as
+redemptioners to English families, so that they might learn the English
+language and manner of living. Then, when they had educated themselves
+in this practical manner, and their time of service was over, they could
+buy land, and establish themselves on terms of equality with their
+English neighbors.
+
+But the trade in redemptioners gradually decreased; and by the middle of
+the eighteenth century there were not many of them left in New Jersey,
+although there were a few in the State until after the Revolution. Negro
+slavery, however, continued much longer. It grew and flourished until it
+became a part of the New Jersey social system; but it must not be
+supposed that all the people of the State continued to be satisfied with
+this condition of things.
+
+At first everybody who could afford it owned slaves, and the Friends or
+Quakers bought negroes the same as other people did; but about the end
+of the seventeenth century some of these Quakers began to think that
+property in human beings was not a righteous thing, and the Quakers of
+New Jersey united with those of Pennsylvania in an agreement
+recommending to the members of the Society of Friends that they should
+no longer employ negro slaves, or, if they thought it best to continue
+to do this, that they should at least cease to import them.
+
+A strong party among the Quakers of New Jersey opposed slavery for many
+years, and the system was denounced at some of their yearly meetings;
+and this went on until about the middle of the next century, when a law
+was made that no person owning slaves should continue in the Society of
+Friends.
+
+As years passed on, people other than Quakers began to consider slavery
+an injustice and an evil; and this feeling gradually increased, until in
+the beginning of the nineteenth century it became very strong, and in
+1820 an act was passed by the Legislature for the emancipation of the
+slaves. They were not set free all at once, and turned into the world to
+take care of themselves; but a system of gradual emancipation was
+adopted, by which the young people obtained their freedom when they came
+of age, while the masters were obliged to take care of the old negroes
+as long as they lived. By this plan, slavery was very gradually
+abolished in New Jersey, so that in 1840 there were still six hundred
+and seventy-four slaves in the State; and even in 1860 eighteen slaves
+remained, and these must have been very old.
+
+
+
+
+A JERSEY TEA PARTY.
+
+
+At the time when the American colonists began to be restless under the
+rule of Great Britain, the people of New Jersey showed as strong a
+desire for independence as those of any other Colony, and they were by
+no means backward in submitting to any privations which might be
+necessary in order to assert their principles. As has been said before,
+the people were prosperous, and accustomed to good living, and it was
+not likely that there was any part of America in which a cup of
+well-flavored tea was better appreciated than in New Jersey.
+
+But when the other colonists determined to resist unjust taxation, and
+resolved that they would not use tea, on which a heavy tax was laid
+without allowing the American people to have anything to say about it,
+the patriotic people of New Jersey resolved that they too would use no
+tea so long as this unjust tax was placed upon it. When the tea was
+destroyed in Boston Harbor, the Jersey patriots applauded the act, and
+would have been glad to show in the same way what they thought upon the
+subject.
+
+But when tea was shipped from England, it was sent to the great ports of
+Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston; and what was used in
+New Jersey came from these places after the consignees had paid the tax.
+However, to show their sympathy with the efforts which were being made
+at the sea-ports to prevent the landing of tea, the New Jersey people,
+that is, those who belonged to the Whig party,--which was the patriotic
+party, and opposed to the Tories, who favored England,--formed an
+association, the members of which bound themselves to buy or use no tea
+until the tax should be removed.
+
+There is a story told of Hugh Drum of Somerset County, who was so
+thoroughly in earnest on this subject, and who probably supposed that
+the weak little Colonies would always have to submit to the power of
+Great Britain, that he took an oath that never again during the rest of
+his life would he take a cup of tea; and although he lived a great many
+years afterward, during which the Americans imported their own tea
+without regard to what any other country thought about it, Mr. Drum
+never again drank tea.
+
+But at last an opportunity came for patriotic Jerseymen to show that
+they were not behind the other colonists in resisting the attempt of
+Great Britain to force upon them this taxed tea.
+
+Nearly a year after the tea had been thrown overboard in Boston Harbor,
+a vessel from England--loaded with tea, and bound to Philadelphia--put
+into Cohansey Creek, a small stream which runs into Delaware Bay, and
+anchored at the little town of Greenwich. This vessel, called the
+"Greyhound," was afraid to go up to Philadelphia, because from that
+port tea ships were sent back to England as soon as they arrived, as was
+also the case in New York. So the captain of the "Greyhound" thought it
+would be a good plan to land his tea at Greenwich, from which place it
+could be taken inland to its destination. Here the cargo was unloaded,
+and stored in the cellar of a house opposite the open market place.
+
+This business of forcing tea upon the American colonists had become a
+very serious matter to England; for the East India Company had now in
+their warehouses at London seventeen million pounds of tea, and, if
+there should be no sale for any of this in the American market, the loss
+would be very severe. Consequently every possible method was resorted
+to, in order to have the tea landed on American soil; it being believed,
+that, if the tea once got into the hands of the dealers, the people
+would overcome their prejudices to its importation, and begin to use it
+again.
+
+Therefore the captain of the "Greyhound" thought he was doing a very
+sharp thing when he sailed up Cohansey Creek and unloaded his tea. That
+cargo was landed, and in those days an English captain of a tea ship
+might well be proud of having performed such a feat.
+
+But it is not likely that the captain of the "Greyhound" had ever before
+sailed into a port of New Jersey, large or small, or had anything to do
+with Jerseymen; for if he had, he would not have been so well satisfied
+with the result of the voyage.
+
+The people of Greenwich could not prevent the landing of the tea, for
+there was no organized force at the place, nor could they order the
+"Greyhound" to turn round and go back to England; but they would not
+allow their town to be made use of as a port of entry for this obnoxious
+merchandise, simply because it was a little town, and could not keep
+English ships out of its waters. A meeting of the patriotic citizens was
+held, and it was resolved that no tea should go out of Greenwich to
+comfort the bodies and contaminate the principles of people in any part
+of the Colonies; and they would show their British tyrants that it was
+just as unsafe to send tea into Cohansey Creek as it was to send it into
+the harbor of Boston.
+
+Having come to this determination, they went immediately to work. A
+party of young men, about forty in number, was organized; and in order
+to disguise themselves, or strike terror into anybody who might be
+inclined to oppose their undertaking, they were all dressed as Indians.
+They assembled in the market place, and then, making a rush to the house
+in which the tea was stored, they broke open the doors, carried out the
+tea, split open the boxes in which it was contained, and made a great
+pile of it in an open space near by.
+
+When tea is dry and in good condition, it will burn very well, and it
+was not many minutes before there was a magnificent bonfire near the
+market place in Greenwich; and in all that town there was not one man
+who dared to attempt to put it out. Thus the cargo of the "Greyhound"
+went up in smoke to the sky. It must have been a very hard thing for
+the good ladies of the town to sit in their houses and sniff the
+delightful odor, which recalled to their minds the cherished beverage,
+of which, perhaps, they might never again partake. But they were
+Jerseywomen, of stout hearts and firm principles, and there is no record
+that any one of them uttered a word of complaint.
+
+But in every community there is at least one person in whose mind there
+is a little streak of the Ananias nature, and there was a man of that
+kind in Greenwich. His name was Stacks, and he was a great lover of tea;
+moreover, he had a soul disposed to economy and thrift. Consequently it
+was very hard for him to stand by and see all that tea wasted; and he
+thought it would be no harm--as he was not a merchant, and did not
+intend to exercise evil influences upon the people of America by
+inducing them to buy tea--if he appropriated to himself a little of this
+most desirable herb, which was to be burned and wasted before his very
+eyes.
+
+Whenever he had a chance, he slipped a little tea into some part of his
+clothes where he thought it would not be noticed, and so gradually
+loaded himself with a considerable stock of the herb. In fact, he stowed
+away so many handfuls of it, that, when the fire was over, his
+companions noticed that he had considerably increased in size; and it
+was not long before his trick was discovered. We do not hear that he was
+compelled to empty out the tea, but we are told that ever after he went
+by the name of "Tea Stacks."
+
+This tea bonfire created a great stir, and although the patriotic party
+approved it, there were a great many Tories in the country who condemned
+it as a piece of outrageous violence and wanton waste. This latter
+opinion was so freely expressed, that the English owners of the cargo
+were encouraged to take legal steps against the men who destroyed the
+tea. It was easy enough to do this; for the young fellows who had made
+the bonfire were very proud of what they had done, and, instead of
+denying their connection with the burning of the tea, were always very
+ready to boast of it.
+
+When it was understood that the tea burners were to be prosecuted, all
+the Whigs of the surrounding country determined to stand by them; and
+they subscribed a large sum of money to engage lawyers to defend their
+case. The strength of the popular feeling was shown by the fact, that,
+when the case was brought to court, the grand jury positively refused to
+bring a bill against these young men, although the judge insisted that
+they should do so. The matter was thus postponed; and as it was not long
+before the Colonies broke out into open rebellion, and a period
+followed when Englishmen no longer brought suits in American courts,
+there was no further action in regard to the tea burning at Greenwich.
+
+Therefore, unless Mr. Stacks contrived to keep some of the tea which he
+carried off in his clothes, the good people of the neighborhood, if they
+drank tea at all, made it of the dried leaves of raspberries, or those
+of some other bush, which have something of a tea taste, and were thus
+enabled to have a hot beverage with their evening meal, with but a
+little strain upon their imaginations, and none at all on their
+consciences.
+
+In other neighborhoods, however, there were people who, although they
+were patriots and inclined to support the cause of American liberty,
+could not see how such a little thing as drinking a cup of tea, if they
+happened to have it, could interfere with their regard and respect for
+the great principle of justice and independence.
+
+Of course, it was to be supposed that the Tories, who were opposed to
+this nonsense about independence, were glad to buy tea and to drink it
+whenever they got the chance; but it was expected that those who called
+themselves Whigs and patriots would stand by their party, and
+discountenance tea drinking. There is a story told of a man who lived in
+Bridgetown, who was a member of one of the Committees of Safety which
+were formed for the purpose of promoting the cause of American liberty.
+It was found out that this man and his family were in the habit of
+drinking East India tea; and when his fellow-committeemen asked him in
+regard to this matter, he boldly admitted that they all liked tea, that
+they drank tea, and that they intended to drink tea.
+
+This was a very serious matter, and the committee saw that it was
+necessary to take vigorous measures in regard to this peculiar case. At
+first they tried the force of argument; but all they could say to the
+man amounted to nothing. He had principles, and what he considered very
+good principles; but he liked tea, and, having it in the house, he saw
+no harm in drinking it. So the teapot was on his table every day.
+
+Now, his fellow-committeemen held another meeting, and formally resolved
+that this unpatriotic patriot should be punished in a way which would
+make a powerful impression on him, and which would show the whole
+community how the Committee of Safety intended to stand firm in the
+position they had taken in resisting unjust legislation. It was
+resolved, that, so long as he and his family drank tea, the patriots of
+the neighborhood would have nothing to do with him, they would not deal
+with him, nor would they associate with him or his. This was an early
+instance in America of what is known now as "boycotting."
+
+It was a very hard thing to be shut out from all dealing and connection
+with his friends and fellow-citizens, and it was not long before the tea
+drinker made up his mind that the society and friendship of his
+neighbors was better even than the highest flavored cup of tea; and so
+he formally acknowledged his error, begged the pardon of the committee,
+and promised that thereafter he would act in accordance with their
+rules and regulations; and his family teapot was put away upon a high
+top shelf.
+
+But the time came, in a very few years, when the American people
+attended to their own taxation, and when this teapot, with all the
+others in the country, could be taken down and freely used without
+interference with law or conscience.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF A SPY.
+
+
+When a nation goes to war with another, it is often necessary for the
+armies on each side to leave behind some of the high and noble
+principles which may have governed them at home. Of course, war is
+bloody and cruel, and it almost always happens that the officers and
+soldiers are obliged to descend also to meanness and duplicity in order
+to succeed in their campaigns.
+
+One strong reason for this is the necessity for the employment of spies.
+It is always desirable for the commander of an army to know as far as
+possible the condition of the enemy's force, and what he is doing or
+intends to do. Consequently it is a common thing to send spies into the
+enemy's ranks; and the better those spies can deceive the soldiers of
+the other side, the more valuable will be their report, if they are
+fortunate enough to get back into their own camp.
+
+Sometimes a spy will sneak into the enemy's lines, and make his
+observations in concealment and safety; but the most valuable spies are
+those which enter an enemy's camp pretending sympathy and friendship. A
+man who can do this well can find out a great deal.
+
+In every army a spy from the other side is regarded as the worst of
+enemies, and if captured, his punishment is death. An impartial outsider
+might object to this severity, when it is considered that the army which
+punishes the spy may, at the same time, have spies of its own among the
+enemy. During the Revolution, Major Andr� was executed because he came
+into the American lines as a spy, and at the same time General
+Washington was very glad to get a good spy to send into a British camp.
+
+There was a man named John Honeyman, who acted with great success in
+this capacity on the patriotic side during the Revolution. Honeyman was
+a Scotch-Irishman, and was said to be a remarkably fine looking man. He
+was tall, strong, extremely active, and had a fine military bearing. He
+had no desire to become a soldier; but he was forced into the British
+army, and came to this country in 1758, when Abercrombie came over to
+attack the French in Canada. Young Colonel Wolfe, who was afterwards the
+famous General Wolfe who fell at Quebec, had command of this army, and
+on the ship in which he sailed was John Honeyman.
+
+Military men are not as sure-footed as sailors on board a ship, which
+may be rolling and tossing on rough waters; and one day, as Colonel
+Wolfe was coming into the cabin, he tripped and fell when he was halfway
+down the companion way, and would probably have broken his neck, if it
+had not been that Honeyman happened to be at the bottom of the steps,
+and caught the colonel in his arms, thus saving him from injury.
+
+It is very satisfactory for a full-grown man, especially one whose
+profession exposes him to accidents of various kinds, to be able to take
+into his service another man who is tall enough and strong enough to
+pick him up and carry him if it is necessary, and who is also
+quick-witted enough to know when he should interpose himself in case of
+danger.
+
+Honeyman's conduct on this occasion made an impression on Colonel Wolfe;
+and when afterwards he was made general, he took the tall soldier into
+his bodyguard, and made him understand that, in times when danger might
+be apprehended, he was to be as near him as his duties would permit.
+
+When the great attack was made upon Quebec, Honeyman was one of the men
+who helped row the boat which carried Wolfe over the river; and during
+this passage a cannon ball from the enemy struck an officer sitting very
+near Honeyman, and took off his head. Had this happened to Honeyman, it
+would have been a bad thing for New Jersey.
+
+When they reached the opposite side, Honeyman climbed the Heights of
+Abraham side by side with his brave commander; and when, in the battle
+which followed, Wolfe was killed, it was Honeyman who bore him off the
+field. Thus the first and the last service which this strong man
+rendered to his military chief were very much the same.
+
+About a year after this the war ended, and Honeyman received an
+honorable discharge. He carried with him the good will and commendation
+of his officers, but he also took something which he valued more than
+these. While he was with General Wolfe, that officer had given him
+letters expressing his good opinion of him, and these afterwards proved
+of great service.
+
+Honeyman went southward, and lived for some years in the American
+Colonies. He finally settled in Philadelphia, where he married. When the
+Revolution broke out, his sympathies were entirely with the American
+side, but he did not immediately enlist in the American army. When
+Washington came to Philadelphia, Honeyman was very anxious to see him
+and consult with him. It was difficult for a man in the ordinary walks
+of life to obtain an interview with the commander in chief; but Honeyman
+sent in the letters which General Wolfe had given him, and, after having
+read these, Washington was very ready to see the man of whom that
+general had such a high opinion. Washington soon discovered that
+Honeyman was a man of peculiar ability, and he had several interviews
+with him, although it is not known what was said at these times.
+
+Before very long, Honeyman took his family to Griggstown, in Somerset
+County, New Jersey, and there he hired a house and settled. From this
+place he went to Fort Lee, when Washington came into New Jersey with his
+army, and had an interview with the general; and here, it is said, he
+made a regular contract with the commander in chief to become a spy on
+the American side.
+
+There were a good many Tories in the State, and, as Honeyman had once
+been a British soldier, it was easy enough for him to make believe that
+he was a Tory, and so make friends with the Redcoats when he should have
+an opportunity.
+
+The plan concocted between Washington and Honeyman was very carefully
+worked out in all its details. Honeyman was to let it be known that he
+was a Tory, and as soon as he thought it proper he was to leave his
+family and join the British. It was considered that the best thing he
+could do would be to engage in business as a butcher, and then, when he
+went over to the British, he could go about the country in search of
+cattle, and thus get a good idea of what was going on.
+
+He was to stay with the enemy until he discovered something important,
+and then he was to arrange matters so that he should, apparently without
+knowing it, wander near the American lines, where he would be captured.
+It is said that Washington arranged, that, as soon as he should hear
+that Honeyman had gone over to the enemy, he would offer a reward for
+his arrest; but this reward would be paid only in case the supposed
+traitor should be carried alive and unhurt to him. All this planning was
+necessary, because there was so much communication between the Tories
+and Whigs at that time, that, if it had been known on the American side
+that Honeyman had gone over as a spy, the fact would soon have been
+communicated to the British.
+
+Honeyman went over to the enemy, and started business as a butcher for
+the army, and, after having gone a good deal about the country looking
+for cattle, he came to New Brunswick with the British army. Nobody had
+suspected that he was not a perfectly honest Tory, and he had been
+paying great attention to the condition of the British army, and to
+finding out everything which might be of use if reported to Washington.
+Among other things, he discovered that the British forces then occupying
+Trenton were not under a strict state of discipline. It was winter; the
+weather was cold; apparently there was not much for them to do; and
+discipline was in a rather lax state. Honeyman well understood the
+habits of the Redcoats, and he knew that during the holidays the
+soldiers would live in even a more free and easy manner than they were
+living then.
+
+Not only did he make himself well acquainted with the condition of the
+army, but he carefully studied the town of Trenton and its neighborhood,
+and, going about in every direction after cows and oxen, he learned the
+roads so well that he could make a very good map of them. Everything
+that could be of service to the American cause was jotted down in
+Honeyman's retentive memory; and when he had found out everything that
+he could find out, he thought it was fully time that he should acquaint
+Washington with the state of affairs in the enemy's lines.
+
+He knew that there were American pickets on the Jersey side, some
+distance away; and he started out in this direction as a greasy butcher,
+with a rope in one hand and a long whip in the other, looking for all
+the world like John Honeyman the Tory cattleman, who, if he knew what
+was good for him, would better keep out of sight of the soldiers of the
+American army. He walked a long distance down the river, and, though he
+may have seen cattle, he paid no attention to them. His present object
+was not to capture anything and take it away, but to be captured and
+taken away. After a time he saw at a distance what he had been looking
+for. Behind some bushes, but still quite plain to the eye of this
+practiced soldier, were two cavalrymen dismounted, and Honeyman knew
+that they were Americans. He continued to walk towards them until he
+came close to the spot where the two soldiers were standing.
+
+The moment their eyes fell upon him, they recognized him, and shouted to
+him to halt; but Honeyman was too good an actor to do that. If he wished
+to carry on the business in hand, he must keep up his character as a
+Tory, and so he took to his long legs and ran like a deer. But the men
+jumped on their horses and were after him in a moment; and as horses'
+legs are a good deal better than human legs, no matter how long they may
+be, the flying butcher was soon overtaken. But even then he did not
+surrender, but so laid about him with his whip that he kept the two men
+at bay. Of course, if they had not known him, they would have shot him
+down; but as Washington had issued a proclamation concerning him, and
+had especially insisted that he should be brought in alive, they did not
+wish to injure him. But the unequal fight did not continue long, and
+Honeyman was soon captured. The soldiers bound his arms, and, mounting
+him behind one of them, so carried him across the river to Washington's
+camp.
+
+When Honeyman was brought into the presence of the commander in chief,
+he pretended to be very much frightened; and he would have been
+excusable if he had been really frightened, for in that little
+performance of his he had run a great many risks. After asking a few
+questions of this pretended traitor Washington told the guards to
+withdraw, and he had a private conference which lasted over half an
+hour; and in that time it is probable that these two men did a great
+deal of talking. The information given was most valuable, and such as
+could have been furnished only by a man of extraordinary powers of
+observation.
+
+When he had kept Honeyman as long as was necessary, Washington called
+the guards, and told them to take the prisoner to a log cabin which was
+used as a military jail, and there to watch him carefully during the
+night, and in the morning he would be tried by court-martial. Honeyman
+was taken to the prison, which had but one window and one door, and
+supper was given to him. He was locked in, and two sentinels went on
+guard outside the walls of the log house.
+
+In the middle of the night these men saw a fire burning not far from
+headquarters, and, fearing that it might prove dangerous to allow it to
+burn, they thought it their duty to run and put it out. This they did,
+and returned to the log house, where everything looked the same as they
+had left it. But in the morning, when they opened the door, there was no
+prisoner inside.
+
+It is said that the whole plan of this escape, probably by means of the
+window, was arranged by Washington himself, but of this we are not
+certain. We know, however, that Washington looked upon Honeyman as one
+of the most valuable men in the employ of the army, and that he would
+take every means to prevent him from coming to harm on account of this
+service.
+
+It was in consequence of the information that Honeyman, at the cost of
+such great risk and danger, had brought to Washington, that three days
+afterwards the Americans crossed the Delaware, attacked Trenton, routed
+the British, and thus gained one of the greatest and most important
+victories of the Revolution. If it had been John Honeyman, instead of
+the British officer, who was struck by a cannon ball crossing the St.
+Lawrence, it is likely that Washington would not have dared to attack
+the British army in Trenton, which, before his half hour's conversation
+with his spy, was believed to be entirely too strong to be meddled with
+by the Continental soldiers on the other side of the river.
+
+But the report which Honeyman had made to Washington was not the only
+service which he did to the American cause. Having left his peace
+principles at home, as he was bound to do if he wanted to act as a truly
+serviceable spy, he had more work before him. As soon as he got out of
+the log house, he ran from the camp, and, although he was fired at by a
+sentinel, he got safely away. He crossed the river on the ice whenever
+there was any, and when he came to open water, he jumped in and swam,
+and so he got safely over into the British lines.
+
+There, wet and shivering, he demanded to be taken to the commander; and
+to him he told the dreadful story of how he had been captured by the
+American soldiers while he was looking for beef cattle, and how he had
+been taken to headquarters, questioned, and afterwards shut up in
+prison, to be shot in the morning, and how he had quietly escaped and
+come back to his friends. Colonel Rahl, who was in command of the
+British, was delighted to get hold of this Tory butcher who had been
+taken prisoner by the Continentals, and he put him through a course of
+examination about the condition of the enemy.
+
+Of course, it was to the benefit of the Americans that the British
+should think their army as small and as weak as possible; and so
+Honeyman gave an account of the wretched condition of the American
+soldiers,--how few they were, how badly they were armed, how miserably
+they were officered, and how they were half starved and discouraged. He
+told this story so well, that he made the colonel laugh, and declare
+that there was no reason to apprehend any danger from such a pack of
+ragamuffins as were collected together under Washington, and that, if
+anybody wished to keep Christmas in a jolly way in his camp, there was
+no reason why he should not do so.
+
+When Honeyman had finished telling his tales, one to one army and
+another to the other, he knew that it would be better for him to get out
+of the neighborhood. He was quite sure that Washington would take
+Trenton, and, if he should be found in that city when it was captured,
+it might be hard for even the commander in chief to prevent him from
+being shot. So he hastened away to take refuge with the British in New
+Brunswick.
+
+Honeyman had made himself so conspicuous in that part of the country as
+a Tory who was working as hard as he could for the benefit of the
+British by supplying them with beef, that all news about him was
+received with great interest. It was not long before this story of how
+he had been captured by the American pickets, and afterwards escaped
+from the log prison, became generally known; and the people of
+Griggstown, where his wife and family lived, were greatly excited,
+believing that Honeyman had come there, and had concealed himself in his
+house. A mob collected in the neighborhood late one night, surrounded
+the house, and woke up the family with shouts and banging on the door.
+Mrs. Honeyman appeared, nearly frightened to death; and some of the
+ringleaders told her that they knew that her Tory husband had come back,
+and was concealed inside; and they vowed, that, if he did not come out
+and deliver himself up, they would burn the house and everything in it.
+
+She declared that he was not there, and that it had been a long time
+since she had seen him. But this was of no use. They persisted that he
+was inside, and that, if he did not come out very quickly, they would
+set fire to the house. It was of no use to reason with an excited mob,
+and, although Mrs. Honeyman said that they might come in and search the
+house for her husband, they would not listen to her. Perhaps one reason
+of this was, that Honeyman was a dangerous man to look for, inside of
+his own house and in dark rooms. Mrs. Honeyman saw that she must act
+quickly, or her home would be lost to her.
+
+She ran inside, and soon appeared with a paper, which she gave to a man
+in the crowd with whom she was acquainted, and asked him to read it so
+that every one could hear.
+
+It was not to be supposed that Mrs. Honeyman possessed a private riot
+act, which might be read in order to disperse a disorderly assembly; but
+even the most disorderly people are generally possessed of great
+curiosity in regard to anything out of the common, and they consented to
+put off the bonfire a few minutes, and hear what was to be read. What
+the angry crowd heard was as follows:--
+
+     AMERICAN CAMP, NEW JERSEY, 1776.
+
+     To the good people of New Jersey, and all others whom it may
+     concern: It is hereby ordered that the wife and children of John
+     Honeyman of Griggstown, the notorious Tory, now within the British
+     lines and probably acting the part of a spy, shall be, and are
+     hereby protected from all harm and annoyance from every quarter
+     until further orders. But this furnishes no protection to Honeyman
+     himself.
+
+     GEO. WASHINGTON,
+     Com.-in-Chief.
+
+This paper, which it is said Washington not only signed, but wrote with
+his own hand, had been given to Honeyman some time before, and he sent
+it to his wife in order that it might protect her in case of danger such
+as now threatened her. It was thought very likely that the people of
+Griggstown would become so incensed against the Tory butcher, that they
+might offer harm to his wife and family; and Washington was, no doubt,
+glad to give what protection he could to the home of the man who, no
+matter how much he might have deceived other people, was always true to
+him and to the American cause.
+
+When the crowd heard the communication from the commander in chief of
+the American army, ordering them to refrain from violence to Mrs.
+Honeyman and her family, they could not understand why it had been
+written; but they understood very well what it commanded, and so,
+grumbling a good deal, but not daring to disobey, they dispersed, and
+left the wife of the spy in peace.
+
+This paper, of course, was cherished as a great prize by the Honeyman
+family, and remained in their possession for many years; and it was
+indeed an heirloom worth preserving. But, although it proved a safeguard
+for Mrs. Honeyman, it did not remove the prejudices against her husband,
+and for a long time after that it would have been a very unwise thing
+for Tory Honeyman to come to Griggstown. Of course, it would have been
+an easy thing for Washington to have publicly exonerated Honeyman from
+all charges of treason and Toryism, but this would not have served his
+purpose. There was still need of a competent spy in the British lines;
+and there Honeyman remained during the rest of the war, always ready to
+give information to the commander whenever he could obtain it.
+
+When peace was proclaimed, Washington did not forget Honeyman, and he
+himself told the story of how this brave man became a Tory butcher for
+the sake of American independence, and of the great services he had
+rendered to the cause. Then, of course, Honeyman went home to his wife
+and family, and the people of Griggstown received him as if he had been
+a great hero. And in fact, looking at the matter from a war point of
+view, he deserved all the honors they could give him, for without his
+aid the battle of Trenton could never have been won; and in fact he was
+more useful in that engagement than if he had been a regiment of
+soldiers.
+
+Honeyman was no doubt a great man in Griggstown. The people who had once
+threatened to burn down his house could not do enough for him. Those who
+once would not speak to his wife when they met her, now implored her to
+let them know what they could do for her, and it was not long before the
+popularity of the family increased to a wonderful degree.
+
+Several officers of rank who had heard of what Honeyman had done, came
+to see and talk with him; and, more than that, Washington himself came
+to Griggstown, and paid a visit to his former spy. Such an honor was
+enough to make the once denounced Tory butcher the leading citizen of
+the town. Honeyman now became a prosperous man, and bought a large farm
+and reared a family of seven children, who grew up and prospered; and
+their descendants are now scattered all over the State. He himself lived
+to the good old age of ninety-five, and died respected and honored by
+all,--never thought of as a spy, but only as a patriotic hero.
+
+It would appear, from the stories of those early days, that whenever a
+man or woman acted a good part, and was truly of service to New Jersey,
+he or she always lived to be very old, and left behind a vast number of
+descendants.
+
+
+
+
+A MAN WHO COVETED WASHINGTON'S SHOES.
+
+
+The person whose story we are now about to tell was not a Jerseyman;
+but, as most of the incidents which make him interesting to us occurred
+in this State, we will give him the benefit of a few years' residence
+here.
+
+This was General Charles Lee, who might well have been called a soldier
+of fortune. He was born in England, but the British Isles were entirely
+too small to satisfy his wild ambitions and his roving disposition.
+There are few heroes of romance who have had such a wide and varied
+experience, and who have engaged in so many strange enterprises. He was
+a brave man and very able, but he had a fault which prevented him from
+being a high-class soldier; and that fault was, that he could not bear
+restraint, and was always restive under command of another, and, while
+always ready to tell other people what they ought to do, was never
+willing to be told what he ought to do.
+
+He joined the British army when he was a young man; and he first came to
+this country in 1757, when General Abercrombie brought over an army to
+fight the French. For three years, Lee was engaged in the wilds and
+forests, doing battle with the Indians and the French, and no doubt he
+had all the adventures an ordinary person would desire. But this
+experience was far from satisfactory.
+
+When he left America, he went to Portugal with another British army, and
+there he fought the Spanish with as much impetuosity as he had fought
+the French and Indians.
+
+Life was absolutely tasteless to Lee without a very strong sprinkle of
+variety. Consequently he now tried fighting in an entirely different
+field, and went into politics. He became a Liberal, and with his voice
+fought the government for whom he had been previously fighting with his
+sword.
+
+But a few years of this satisfied him; and then he went to Poland, where
+he became a member of the king's staff, and as a Polish officer
+disported himself for two years.
+
+It is very likely that in Turkey a high-spirited man would find more
+opportunities for lively adventure than even in Poland. At any rate,
+Charles Lee thought so; and to Turkey he went, and entered into the
+service of the Sultan. Here he distinguished himself in a company of
+Turks who were guarding a great treasure in its transportation from
+Moldavia to Constantinople. No doubt he wore a turban and baggy
+trousers, and carried a great scimiter, for a man of that sort is not
+likely to do things by halves when he does them at all.
+
+Having had such peculiar experiences in various armies and various parts
+of the world, Lee thought himself qualified to occupy a position of rank
+in the British army, and, coming back to England, he endeavored to
+obtain military promotion. But the government there did not seem to
+think he had learned enough in Poland and Turkey to enable him to take
+precedence of English officers accustomed to command English troops, and
+it declined to put him above such officers, and to give him the place he
+desired. Lee was not a man of mild temper. He became very angry at the
+treatment he received, and, abandoning his native country again, he went
+to Russia, where the Czar gave him the command of a company of wild
+Cossacks. But he did not remain long with the Cossacks. Perhaps they
+were not wild and daring enough to suit his fancy, although there are
+very few fancies which would not be satisfied with the reckless and
+furious demeanor generally attributed to these savage horsemen.
+
+He threw up his command and went to Hungary, and there he did some
+fighting in an entirely different fashion. Not having any opportunity to
+distinguish himself upon a battlefield, he engaged in a duel; and of
+course, as he was acting the part of a hero of romance, he killed his
+man.
+
+Hungary was not a suitable residence for him after the duel, and he went
+back to England, and there he found the country in a state of excitement
+in regard to the American Colonies. Now, if there was anything that Lee
+liked, it was a state of excitement, and in the midst of this political
+hubbub he felt as much at home as if he had been charging the ranks of
+an enemy. Of course, he took part against the government, for, as far as
+we know, he had always been against it, and he became a violent
+supporter of the rights of the colonists.
+
+He was so much in earnest in this matter, that in 1773 he came to
+America to see for himself how matters stood. When he got over here, he
+became more strongly in favor of the colonists than he had been at home,
+and everywhere proclaimed that the Americans were right in resisting the
+unjust taxation claims of Great Britain. As he had always been ready to
+lay aside his British birthright and become some sort of a foreigner, he
+now determined to become an American; and to show that he was in
+earnest, he went down to Virginia and bought a farm there.
+
+Lee soon became acquainted with people in high places in American
+politics; and when the first Congress assembled, he was ready to talk
+with its members, urging them to stand up for their rights, and draw
+their swords and load their guns in defense of independence. It was
+quite natural, that, when the Revolution really began, a man who was so
+strongly in favor of the patriots, and had had so much military
+experience in so many different lands, should be allowed to take part in
+the war, and Charles Lee was appointed major general.
+
+This was a high military position,--much higher, in fact, than he could
+ever have obtained in his own country,--but it did not satisfy him. The
+position he wanted was that of commander in chief of the American army;
+and he was surprised and angry that it was not offered to him, and that
+a man of his ability should be passed over, and that high place given to
+a person like George Washington, who knew but little of war, and had no
+idea whatever how the thing was done in Portugal, Poland, Russia, and
+Turkey, and who was, in fact, no more than a country gentleman.
+
+All this showed that these Americans were fools, who did not understand
+their best interests. But as there was a good chance for a fight, and,
+in fact, a good many fights, and as a major-generalship was not to be
+sneered at, he accepted it, and resigned the commission which he held in
+the English army.
+
+He was doubtless in earnest in his desire to assist the Americans to
+obtain their independence, for he was always in earnest when he was
+doing anything that he was inclined to do. But he did not propose to
+sacrifice his own interests to the cause he had undertaken; and as, by
+entering the American army, he risked the loss of his estate in England,
+he arranged with Congress for compensation for such loss.
+
+But, although General Lee was now a very ardent American soldier, he
+could not forgive Mr. Washington for taking command above him. If that
+Virginia gentleman had had the courtesy and good sense which were
+generally attributed to him, he would have resigned the supreme command,
+and, modestly stepping aside, would have asked General Lee to accept it.
+At least, that was the opinion of General Charles Lee.
+
+As this high and mighty soldier was so unwilling to submit to the orders
+of incompetent people, he never liked to be under the direct command of
+Washington, and, if it were possible to do so, he managed to be
+concerned in operations not under the immediate eye of the commander in
+chief. In fact, he was very jealous indeed of Washington, and did not
+hesitate to express his opinion about him whenever he had a chance.
+
+The American army was not very successful in Long Island, and there was
+a time when it fared very badly in New Jersey; and Lee was not slow to
+declare that these misfortunes were owing entirely to the ignorance of
+the man who was in command. Moreover, if there was any one who wanted to
+know if there was another man in the Colonies who could command the army
+better, and lead it more certainly and speedily to victory, General Lee
+was always ready to mention an experienced soldier who would be able to
+perform that duty most admirably.
+
+If it had not been for this unfortunate and jealous disposition, Charles
+Lee--a very different man from "Light Horse Harry" Lee--would have been
+one of the most useful officers in the American army. But he had such a
+jealousy of Washington, and hoped so continually that something would
+happen which would give him the place then occupied by the Virginia
+country gentleman, that, although he was at heart an honest patriot, he
+allowed himself to do things which were not at all patriotic. He wanted
+to see the Americans successful in the country, but he did not want to
+see all that happen under the leadership of Washington; and if he could
+put an obstacle in the way of that incompetent person, he would do it,
+and be glad to see him stumble over it.
+
+In the winter of 1776, when the American army was making its way across
+New Jersey, towards the Delaware River, with Cornwallis in pursuit,
+Washington was anxiously looking for the troops, under the command of
+General Lee, who had been ordered to come to his assistance; and if ever
+assistance was needed, it was needed then. But Lee liked to do his own
+ordering, and, instead of hurrying to help Washington, he thought it
+would be a great deal better to do something on his own account; and so
+he endeavored to get into the rear of Cornwallis's army, thinking, that,
+if he should attack the enemy in that way, he might possibly win a
+startling victory, which would cover him with glory, and show how much
+better a soldier he was than that poor Washington who was retreating
+across the country, instead of boldly turning and showing fight.
+
+If Lee had been a true soldier, and had conscientiously obeyed the
+commands of his superior, he would have joined Washington and his army
+without delay, and a short time afterward would have had an opportunity
+of taking part in the battle of Trenton, in which the Virginia country
+gentleman defeated the British, and gained one of the most important
+victories of the war.
+
+Lee pressed slowly onward--ready to strike a great blow for himself, and
+unwilling to help anybody else strike a blow--until he came to
+Morristown; and, after staying there one night, he proceeded in the
+direction of Basking Ridge, a pretty village not far away. Lee left his
+army at Bernardsville, which was then known as Vealtown, and rode on to
+Basking Ridge, accompanied only by a small guard. There he took lodgings
+at an inn, and made himself comfortable. The next morning he did not go
+and put himself at the head of his army and move on, because there were
+various affairs which occupied his attention.
+
+Several of his guard wished to speak to him, some of them being men from
+Connecticut, who appeared before him in full-bottomed wigs, showing
+plainly that they considered themselves people who were important enough
+to have their complaints attended to. One of them wanted his horse shod,
+another asked for some money on account of his pay, and a third had
+something to say about rations. But General Lee cut them all off very
+shortly with, "You want a great deal, but you have not mentioned what
+you want most. You want to go home, and I should be glad to let you go,
+for you are no good here." Then his adjutant general asked to see him;
+and he had a visit from a Major Wilkinson, who arrived that morning with
+a letter from General Gates.
+
+All these things occupied him very much, and he did not sit down to
+breakfast till ten o'clock. Shortly after they had finished their meal,
+and Lee was writing a letter to General Gates, in which he expressed a
+very contemptible opinion of General Washington, Major Wilkinson saw, at
+the end of the lane which led from the house down to the main road, a
+party of British cavalry, who dashed round the corner toward the house.
+The major immediately called out to General Lee that the Redcoats were
+coming; but Lee, who was a man not to be frightened by sudden reports,
+finished signing the letter, and then jumped up to see what was the
+matter.
+
+By this time the dragoons had surrounded the house; and when he
+perceived this, General Lee naturally wanted to know where the guards
+were, and why they did not fire on these fellows. But there was no
+firing, and apparently there were no guards; and when Wilkinson went to
+look for them, he found their arms in the room which had been their
+quarters, but the men were gone. These private soldiers had evidently
+been quite as free and easy, and as bent upon making themselves
+comfortable, as had been the general, and they had had no thought that
+such a thing as a British soldier was anywhere in the neighborhood. When
+Wilkinson looked out of the door, he saw the guards running in every
+direction, with dragoons chasing them.
+
+What all this meant, nobody knew at first; and Wilkinson supposed that
+it was merely a band of marauders of the British army, who were making
+a raid into the country to get what they could in the way of plunder.
+It was not long before this was found to be a great mistake; for the
+officer in command of the dragoons called from the outside, and demanded
+that General Lee should surrender himself, and that, if he did not do so
+in five minutes, the house would be set on fire.
+
+Now, it was plain to everybody that the British had heard of the
+leisurely advance of this American general, and that he had left his
+command and come to Basking Ridge to take his ease at an inn, and so
+they had sent a detachment to capture him. Soon the women of the house
+came to General Lee, and urged him to hide himself under a feather bed.
+They declared that they would cover him up so that nobody would suspect
+that he was in the bed; then they would tell the soldiers that he was
+not there, and that they might come and search the house if they chose.
+
+But although Lee was a jealous man and a hasty man, he had a soul above
+such behavior as this, and would not hide himself in a feather bed; but,
+as there was no honorable way of escape, he boldly came forward and
+surrendered himself.
+
+The British gave him no time to make any preparations for departure.
+They did not know but that his army might be on the way to Basking
+Ridge; and the sooner they were off, the better. So they made him jump
+on Major Wilkinson's horse, which was tied by the door; and in his
+slippers and dressing gown, and without a hat, this bold soldier of
+wide experience, who thought he should be commander in chief of the
+American army, was hurried away at full gallop. He was taken to New
+York, where he was put into prison. It is said that Lee plotted against
+America during his imprisonment; but General Washington did not know
+that, and used every exertion to have him exchanged, so that his
+aspiring rival soon again joined the American army.
+
+But his misfortune had no good effect upon General Charles Lee, who came
+back to his command with as high an opinion of himself, and as low an
+opinion of certain other people, as he had had when he involuntarily
+left it. It was some time after this, at the battle of Monmouth Court
+House, that Charles Lee showed what sort of a man he really was. He had
+now become so jealous that he positively determined that he would not
+obey orders, and would act as he thought best. He had command of a body
+of troops numbering five thousand, a good-sized army for those days, and
+he was ordered to advance to Monmouth Court House and attack the enemy
+who were there, while Washington, with another force, would hasten to
+his assistance as rapidly as possible.
+
+Washington carried out his part of the plan; but when he had nearly
+reached Monmouth, he found, to his amazement, that Lee had gone there,
+but had done no fighting at all, and was now actually retreating, and
+coming in his direction. As it would be demoralizing in the highest
+degree to his own command, if Lee's armed forces in full retreat should
+come upon them, Washington hurried forward to prevent anything of the
+sort, and soon met Lee. When the latter was asked what was the meaning
+of this strange proceeding, he could give no good reason, except that he
+thought it better not to risk an engagement at that time.
+
+Then the Virginia country gentleman blazed out at the soldier of
+fortune, and it is said that no one ever heard George Washington speak
+to any other man as he spoke to General Lee on that day. He was told to
+go back to his command and to obey orders, and together the American
+forces moved on. In the battle which followed, the enemy was repulsed;
+but the victory was not so complete as it should have been, for the
+British departed in the night and went where they intended to go,
+without being cut off by the American army, as would have been the case
+if Lee had obeyed the orders which were given him.
+
+General Lee was very angry at the charges which Washington had made
+against him, and demanded that he should be tried by court-martial. His
+wish was granted. He was tried, and found guilty of every charge made
+against him, and in consequence was suspended from the army for one
+year.
+
+But Charles Lee never went back into the American army. Perhaps he had
+had enough of it. In any event, it had had enough of him; and seven
+years afterwards, when he died of a fever, his ambition to stand in
+Washington's shoes died with him. While he lived on his Virginia farm,
+he was as impetuous and eccentric as when he had been in the army, and
+he must have been a very unpleasant neighbor. In fact, the people there
+thought he was crazy. This opinion was not changed when his will was
+read, for in that document he said,--
+
+"I desire most earnestly that I may not be buried in any church or
+churchyard, or within a mile of any Presbyterian or Anabaptist
+meetinghouse; for since I have resided in this country I have kept so
+much bad company when living, that I do not choose to continue it when
+dead."
+
+
+
+
+THE MAN IN THE "AUGER HOLE."
+
+
+When we consider the American Revolution, we are apt to think of it as a
+great war in which all the inhabitants of the Colonies rose up against
+Great Britain, determined, no matter what might be the hardships and
+privations, no matter what the cost in blood and money, to achieve their
+independence and the right to govern themselves.
+
+But this was not the case. A great majority of the people of the
+Colonies were ardently in favor of independence; but there were also a
+great many people, and we have no right to say that some of them were
+not very good people, who were as well satisfied that their country
+should be a colony of Great Britain as the Canadians are now satisfied
+with that state of things, and who were earnestly and honestly opposed
+to any separation from the mother country.
+
+This difference of opinion was the cause of great trouble and bloodshed
+among the colonists themselves, and the contests between the Tories and
+the Whigs were nowhere more bitter than in New Jersey. In some parts of
+the Colony, families were divided against themselves; and not only did
+this result in quarrels and separations, but fathers and sons, and
+brothers and brothers, fought against each other. At one time the
+Tories, or, as they came to be called, "refugees," were in such numbers
+that they took possession of the town of Freehold, and held it for more
+than a week; and when at last the town was retaken by the patriotic
+forces, most of them being neighbors and friends of the refugees,
+several prominent Tories were hanged, and many others sent to prison.
+
+The feeling between the Americans of the two different parties was more
+violent than that between the patriots and the British troops, and
+before long it became entirely unsafe for any Tory to remain in his own
+home in New Jersey. Many of them went to New York, where the patriotic
+feeling was not so strong at that time, and there they formed themselves
+into a regular military company called the "Associated Loyalists;" and
+this company was commanded by William Temple Franklin, son of the great
+Benjamin Franklin, who had been appointed governor of New Jersey by the
+British Crown. He was now regarded with great hatred by the patriots of
+New Jersey, because he was a strong Tory. This difference of opinion
+between William Franklin and his father was the most noted instance of
+this state of feeling which occurred in those days.
+
+It will be interesting to look upon this great contest from a different
+point of view than that from which we are accustomed to regard it; and
+some extracts from the journal of a New Jersey lady who was a decided
+Tory, will give us an idea of the feeling and condition of the people
+who were opposed to the Revolution.
+
+This lady was Mrs. Margaret Hill Morris, who lived in Burlington. She
+was a Quaker lady, and must have been a person of considerable wealth;
+for she had purchased the house on Green Bank, one of the prettiest
+parts of Burlington, overlooking the river, in which Governor Franklin
+had formerly resided. This was a fine house, and contained the room
+which afterwards became celebrated under the name of the "Auger Hole."
+This had been built, for what reason is not known, as a place of
+concealment. It was a small room, entirely dark, but said to be
+otherwise quite comfortable, which could be approached only through a
+linen closet. In order to get at it, the linen had to be taken from the
+shelves, the shelves drawn out, and a small door opened at the back of
+the closet, quite low down, so that the dark room could only be entered
+by stooping.
+
+In this "auger hole," Mrs. Morris, who was a strong Tory, but a very
+good woman, had concealed a refugee who at the time was sought for by
+the adherents of the patriotic side, and who probably would have had a
+hard time of it if he had been caught, for he was a person of
+considerable importance.
+
+The name of the refugee was Jonathan Odell, and he was rector of St.
+Mary's Church in Burlington. He was a learned man, being a doctor as
+well as a clergyman, and a very strong Tory. He had been of much service
+to the people of Burlington; for when the Hessians had attacked the
+town, he had come forward and interceded with their commander, and had
+done his work so well that the soldiers were forbidden to pillage the
+town. But when the Hessians left, the American authorities began a
+vigorous search for Tories; and Parson Odell was obliged to conceal
+himself in good Mrs. Morris's "auger hole."
+
+Mrs. Morris was apparently a widow who lived alone with her two boys,
+and, having this refugee in her house, she was naturally very nervous
+about the movements of the American troops and the actions of her
+neighbors of the opposite party.
+
+She kept a journal of the things that happened about her in those
+eventful days, and from this we will give some extracts. It must be
+understood that in writing her journal, the people designated as the
+"enemy" were the soldiers under Washington, and that "gondolas" were
+American gunboats.
+
+     "From the 13th to the 16th we had various reports of the advancing
+     and retiring of the enemy; parties of armed men rudely entered the
+     town and diligent search was made for tories. Some of the gondola
+     gentry broke into and pillaged Rd Smith's house on the bank. About
+     noon this day [16th] a very terrible account of thousands coming
+     into the town, and now actually to be seen on Gallows Hill: my
+     incautious son caught up the spyglass, and was running towards the
+     mill to look at them. I told him it would be liable to
+     misconstruction."
+
+The journal states that the boy went out with the spyglass, but could
+get no good place from which he could see Gallows Hill, or any troops
+upon it, and so went down to the river, and thought he would take a view
+of the boats in which were the American troops. He rested his spyglass
+on the low limb of a tree, and with a boyish curiosity inspected the
+various boats of the little fleet, not suspecting that any one would
+object to such a harmless proceeding.
+
+But the people on the boats saw him, and did object very much; and the
+consequence was, that, not long after he reached his mother's house, a
+small boat from one of the vessels came to shore. A party of men went to
+the front door of the house in which they had seen the boy enter, and
+began loudly to knock upon it. Poor Mrs. Morris was half frightened to
+death, and she made as much delay as possible in order to compose her
+features and act as if she had never heard of a refugee who wished to
+hide himself from his pursuers. In the mild manner in which Quaker women
+are always supposed to speak, she asked them what they wanted. They
+quickly told her that they had heard that there was a refugee, to whom
+they applied some very strong language, who was hiding somewhere about
+here, and that they had seen him spying at them with a glass from behind
+a tree, and afterwards watched him as he entered this house.
+
+Mrs. Morris declared that they were entirely mistaken; that the person
+they had seen was no one but her son, who had gone out to look at them
+as any boy might do, and who was perfectly innocent of any designs
+against them. The men may have been satisfied with this explanation in
+regard to her son; but they asserted that they knew that there was a
+refugee concealed somewhere in that neighborhood, and they believed that
+he was in an empty house near by, of which they were told she had the
+key. Mrs. Morris, who had given a signal, previously agreed upon, to the
+man in the "auger hole," to keep very quiet, wished to gain as much time
+as possible, and exclaimed,
+
+"Bless me! I hope you are not Hessians."
+
+"Do we look like Hessians?" asked one of them rudely.
+
+"Indeed, I don't know."
+
+"Did you ever see a Hessian?"
+
+"No, never in my life; but they are men, and you are men, and may be
+Hessians, for anything I know. But I will go with you into Colonel Cox's
+house, though indeed it was my son at the mill; he is but a boy, and
+meant no harm; he wanted to see the troops."
+
+So she took the key of the empty house referred to, and went in ahead of
+the men, who searched the place thoroughly, and, after finding no place
+where anybody could be, they searched one or two of the houses
+adjoining; but for some reason they did not think it worth while to go
+through Mrs. Morris's own house. Had they done so, it is not probable
+that the good lady could have retained her composure, especially if they
+had entered the room in which was the linen closet; for, even had they
+been completely deceived by the piles of sheets and pillowcases, there
+is no knowing but that the unfortunate man in the "auger hole" might
+have been inclined to sneeze.
+
+But although she was a brave woman, and very humanely inclined, Mrs.
+Morris felt she could not any longer take the risk of a refugee in her
+house. And so that night, after dark, she went up to the parson in the
+"auger hole," and made him come out; and she took him into the town,
+where he was concealed by some of the Tory citizens, who were better
+adapted to take care of the refugee than this lone Quaker woman with her
+two inquisitive boys. It is believed that soon after this he took refuge
+in New York, which was then in the hands of the British.
+
+Further on in the journal, Mrs. Morris indulges in some moral
+reflections in regard to the war in which her countrymen were engaged,
+and no one of right feeling will object to her sentiments.
+
+     "Jan. 14. I hear Gen. Howe sent a request to Washington desiring
+     three days cessation of arms to take care of the wounded and bury
+     the dead, which was refused: what a woeful tendency war has to
+     harden the human heart against the tender feelings of humanity.
+     Well may it be called a _horrid art_ thus to change the nature of
+     man. I thought that even barbarous nations had a sort of religious
+     regard for their dead."
+
+After this the journal contains many references to warlike scenes on the
+river and warlike sounds from the country around. Numbers of gondolas
+filled with soldiers went up and down the river, at times cannon from
+distant points firing alarums. At other times the roaring of great guns
+from a distance, showing that a battle was going on, kept the people of
+Burlington in a continual excitement; and Mrs. Morris, who was entirely
+cut off from her relatives and friends, several of whom were living in
+Philadelphia, was naturally very anxious and disturbed in regard to
+events, of which she heard but little, and perhaps understood less.
+
+One day she saw a number of gunboats, with flags flying and drums
+beating, that were going, she was told, to attend a court-martial at
+which a number of refugees, men of her party, were to be tried by
+General Putnam; and it was believed that if they were found guilty they
+would be executed.
+
+After a time, Mrs. Morris found an opportunity of showing, that,
+although in principle she might be a Tory, she was at heart a good, kind
+Quaker lady, ready to give help to suffering people, no matter whether
+they belonged to the side she favored or to that which she opposed.
+
+Some of the people who came up the river in the gunboats--and in many
+cases the soldiers brought their wives with them, probably as
+cooks--were taken sick during that summer; and some of these invalids
+stopped at Burlington, being unable to proceed farther.
+
+Here, to their surprise, they found no doctors; for all the patriots of
+that profession had gone to the army, and the Tory physicians had
+departed to the British lines. But, as has been said before, the women
+in the early days of New Jersey were often obliged to be physicians; and
+among the good housewives of Burlington, who knew all about herb teas,
+homemade plasters, and potions, Mrs. Morris held a high position. The
+sick Continentals were told that she was just as good as a doctor, and,
+besides, was a very kind woman, always ready to help the sick and
+suffering.
+
+So some of the sick soldiers came to her; and from what Mrs. Morris
+wrote, one or two of them must have been the same men who had previously
+come to her house and threatened the life of her boy, who had been
+looking at them with a spyglass. But now they very meekly and humbly
+asked her to come and attend their poor comrades who were unable to
+move. At first Mrs. Morris thought this was some sort of a trick, and
+that they wanted to get her on board of one of the gunboats, and carry
+her away. But when she found that the sick people were in a house in the
+town, she consented to go and do what she could. So she took her bottles
+with her, and her boxes and her herbs, and visited the sick people,
+several of whom she found were women.
+
+They were all afflicted with some sort of a fever, probably of a
+malarial kind, contracted from living day and night on board of boats
+without proper protection; and, knowing just what to do in such cases,
+she, to use her own expression, "treated them according to art," and it
+was not long before they all recovered.
+
+What happened in consequence of this hospital work for those whom she
+considered her enemies, is thus related by Mrs. Morris:--
+
+     "I thought I had received all my pay when they thankfully
+     acknowledged all my kindness, but lo! in a short time afterwards, a
+     very rough, ill-looking man came to the door and asked for me. When
+     I went to him, he drew me aside and asked me if I had any friends
+     in Philadelphia. The question alarmed me, supposing that there was
+     some mischief meditated against that poor city; however, I calmly
+     said, 'I have an ancient father-in-law, some sisters, and other
+     near friends there.' 'Well,' said the man, 'do you wish to hear
+     from them, or send anything by way of refreshment to them? If you
+     do, I will take charge of it and bring you back anything you may
+     send for.' I was very much surprised, to be sure, and thought he
+     only wanted to get provisions to take to the gondolas, when he told
+     me his wife was one I had given medicine to, and this was the only
+     thing he could do to pay me for my kindness. My heart leaped for
+     joy, and I set about preparing something for my dear absent
+     friends. A quarter of beef, some veal, fowls, and flour, were soon
+     put up, and about midnight the man came and took them away in his
+     boat."
+
+Mrs. Morris was not mistaken in trusting to the good intentions of this
+grateful Continental soldier, for, as she says, two nights later there
+came a loud knocking at the door:--
+
+     "Opening the chamber window, we heard a man's voice saying, 'Come
+     down softly and open the door, but bring no light.' There was
+     something mysterious in such a call, and we concluded to go down
+     and set the candle in the kitchen. When we got to the front door we
+     asked, 'Who are you?' The man replied, 'A friend; open quickly:'
+     so the door was opened, and who should it be but our honest gondola
+     man with a letter, a bushel of salt, a jug of molasses, a bag of
+     rice, some tea, coffee, and sugar, and some cloth for a coat for my
+     poor boys--all sent by my kind sisters. How did our hearts and eyes
+     overflow with love to them and thanks to our Heavenly Father for
+     such seasonable supplies. May we never forget it. Being now so
+     rich, we thought it our duty to hand out a little to the poor
+     around us, who were mourning for want of salt, so we divided the
+     bushel and gave a pint to every poor person who came for it, and
+     had a great plenty for our own use."
+
+As the war drew to its close and it became plain to every one that the
+cause of the patriots must triumph, the feeling between the two parties
+of Americans became less bitter; and the Tories, in many cases, saw that
+it would be wise for them to accept the situation, and become loyal
+citizens of the United States of America, as before they had been loyal
+subjects of Great Britain.
+
+When peace was at last proclaimed, those Tories who were prisoners were
+released, and almost all of them who had owned farms or estates had them
+returned to them, and Mrs. Morris could visit her "ancient
+father-in-law" and her sisters in Philadelphia, or they could come up
+the river and visit her in her house on the beautiful Green Bank at
+Burlington, without fear or thought of those fellow-countrymen who had
+been their bitter enemies.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF TWO CAPTAINS.
+
+
+During the Revolution, New Jersey had a very hard time, harder in some
+ways than many of her sister States. This may be accounted for by the
+fact that much of her territory lay between the two important cities of
+Philadelphia and New York, and that it was therefore liable to be the
+scene of frequent battles and marches. In fact, it often happens that
+the march of an enemy through a quiet country is almost as bad as a
+disastrous battle.
+
+Country people and farmers, especially those of fruitful and prosperous
+countries, are generally much more opposed to war than people in cities;
+and so it happened in New Jersey. When the Revolution began, there were
+a good many people who did not care particularly about taxation, who had
+been happy and comfortable all their days, without any thought of
+independence, and who saw no reason why they should not continue to be
+so; and these did not immediately spring to arms when the first guns of
+the war were fired. There were no large cities in New Jersey. It was a
+rural community, a country of peaceable people.
+
+When the British troops first entered New Jersey, and before any battles
+had been fought, the commander in chief took advantage of this state of
+feeling, and endeavored as far as possible to make the people think that
+the Redcoats were in reality good friends, and intended them no harm. He
+protested, whenever he had a chance, that when these disturbances were
+over, any complaints that the people had to make in regard to the laws
+made by their English rulers, should be carefully attended to, and their
+grievances redressed as soon as possible.
+
+As has been said before, a great many of the people of the Colony were
+in favor of continuance of the British rule, and from these arose that
+Tory party which afterwards caused so much bitterness of feeling and
+bloody contention. But there were also others, who, although they were
+not Tories, were not in favor of fighting if it could be helped, and
+these the British commander most wished to conciliate. He issued a great
+many printed papers of protection, which he gave to those who had not
+yet taken sides against the Crown. The people who received these were
+assured, that, so long as they had them to show, no Redcoat soldier
+would in any way disturb them or their property.
+
+But when the English army actually spread itself over the country, and
+the soldiers began to forage about to see what they could find to eat
+and drink better than their rations, the Jersey farmers frequently
+discovered that these papers of protection were of no use at all. If
+shown to one of the Hessians, who were more dreaded than the other
+soldiers of the British army, the German could not read a word of it,
+and paid no attention to it. He wanted ducks and geese, and took them.
+And after a time the English soldiers determined that the Hessians
+should not take all they wanted while they stood by and had nothing, and
+so they began to pillage, without regard to the little printed papers
+which the angry farmers showed them.
+
+This state of things had a very good effect upon the rural population of
+New Jersey; and as the conduct of the British soldiers became more
+lawless, so did the determination to resist such outrageous actions
+become stronger and stronger in the hearts of the people of the country,
+and they readily listened to the calls to arms which were made by
+Washington and by Congress. The people who were in favor of the
+Revolution and independence stood together and formed themselves on one
+side, while those who were still loyal to the King formed themselves on
+the other. And thus, with both the Tories and the British against them,
+the citizens of New Jersey began in good earnest to fight for their
+liberties.
+
+In the war which was now waged in New Jersey, it very often happened
+that the British soldiers had no part whatever; and although the battles
+and skirmishes between the Tories and the Whigs were generally small and
+of no great importance, they were always violent and bloody. Sometimes
+the forces on each side were considerable enough to entitle the affair
+to be called a battle. The forces of the Whigs or patriots in these
+encounters were almost always composed of the militiamen of the State,
+who had not joined the regular army, but who had enlisted for the
+purpose of defending their own homes and farms. In various parts of the
+country there were men who, some on one side and some on the other, had
+distinguished themselves as soldiers.
+
+One of the most prominent of these was a Captain Huddy of Monmouth
+County. He had command of a company of militiamen, and he made himself
+very formidable to the bodies of Tories who had formed themselves in the
+country, and his name and fame as a great fighter began to spread over
+that part of the State. He lived in a good-sized house, for that time,
+in the village of Colt's Neck, and in this house he generally kept part
+of his command.
+
+But one evening he happened to be at home without any one with him
+except a servant, a negro girl about twenty years old. His men had all
+gone away on some errand, and the fact that the captain was at home by
+himself became known to some Tories in the neighborhood. These, led by a
+mulatto named Tye, made an attack upon his house.
+
+But although Captain Huddy's men were all away, they had left their guns
+behind; and so the brave Huddy, instead of surrendering to the force of
+fifty or sixty Tories who were outside, determined to fight them, with
+no garrison but himself and the negro girl, and he made ready to hold
+his house as long as he could. The girl loaded the guns; and Huddy,
+running from one window to another, fired at the Tories so rapidly and
+with such good effect, that they believed that there were a number of
+men in the house, and so did not dare to rush forward and break in the
+doors, as they certainly would have done if they had known that they
+were fighting two persons only, and one of them a girl.
+
+Several of the attacking party were wounded, and they found at last that
+there was little chance of capturing this fortress, so well defended: so
+they concluded to burn the house, and thus force the garrison to come
+out. While they were at work setting fire to the wooden building, Huddy
+shot the mulatto in the arm; but, finding that he could not prevent
+them from carrying out their purpose, he shouted to them that if they
+would put out the fire, he would surrender.
+
+When the fort had capitulated and the enemy marched in, the Tories were
+so angry to find that they had been fighting no one but a man and a
+negro girl, that many of them were inclined to fall upon these
+unfortunates, and butcher them on the spot; but they were restrained. As
+it was known that Huddy's men would probably soon return,--for the noise
+of the firing had aroused the neighborhood,--the enemy seized the
+captain and hurried him away, leaving the rest of the garrison behind.
+
+It may be said here that this girl, whose name was Lucretia Emmons,
+afterwards married a man named Chambers, and, like all other Jersey
+women who were of benefit to their State, lived to a good old age, and
+had a large posterity.
+
+Captain Huddy was hurried away to the boats in which the Tories had
+arrived; but the militiamen were in hot pursuit, and a running fight
+took place between them and the Tories, in which six of the latter were
+killed. The Tories, with their prisoner, got on board their boats; but
+they had not pushed very far from the shore, before the militiamen were
+firing at them again. During the hubbub which ensued, Captain Huddy made
+a bold dash for liberty. He sprang to his feet, plunged into the water,
+and began to swim to the shore. In so doing, unfortunately, he received
+a shot in the thigh from his own friends; but he raised his hands above
+his head and shouted, "I am Huddy, I am Huddy!" and so, with one leg and
+two arms, he continued to strike out for the shore, which he reached in
+safety. His wound could not have been very severe, for it was not long
+before he was again engaged in fighting the Tories.
+
+Two years after this, Captain Huddy was once more obliged to hold a fort
+against a superior body of Tories,--this time a rude structure of logs,
+or blockhouse, near Tom's River, close to the coast. His garrison
+consisted of twenty-five men. Here he was attacked by a number of
+refugees, some of them from New York, and some from the neighborhood.
+They gathered from various quarters during the night, and early on a
+Sunday morning they made a united attack on the blockhouse. Huddy and
+his men fought bravely; but when their ammunition was gone, and seven or
+eight of them were killed, he was obliged to surrender.
+
+Now, there was no one to rescue him, and he was marched away, put in
+irons, and confined in the hold of a prison ship anchored off the coast.
+The state of feeling at the time is shown by the way in which the
+commander of this expedition speaks of the village of Tom's River; for
+he says, "The Town, as it is called, consists of about a dozen houses,
+in which none but a piratical set of banditti reside."
+
+What afterwards happened to the captain was the result of a chain of
+events which could only have occurred in a country where neighbors and
+former friends were arrayed in bloody conflict against each other. A
+prominent Tory of that neighborhood, named White, had been captured by
+the patriots, and it happened that the father of one of White's guards
+had been murdered by a party of Tories of whom White was a member. White
+was shot soon after his capture; and it was generally believed that he
+had been killed by this guard, who wished to avenge his father's death.
+
+Thus one murder led to another, but the bloody business had not yet gone
+far enough. The friends of White were determined to avenge his death,
+and could think of no better way of doing it than by killing Captain
+Huddy. The Tories wished to get rid of him anyway, and here was a reason
+which was considered good enough in those days of furious animosity
+between fellow-countrymen. It was not long, therefore, before Huddy was
+taken from his prison, and, without even a show of a trial, was
+condemned to death. It was said that he assisted in the killing of
+White; and although he asserted boldly that this was an absurd charge,
+as he was in prison at the time White was shot, the Tories would not
+listen to any such plea. They were determined to kill him, and die he
+must.
+
+He was taken on shore at Sandy Hook, and on the beach a rude gallows was
+constructed of three fence rails, and there he was hung. Before he died,
+he wrote his will, resting the paper on the top of a flour barrel; and
+it is said that his handwriting was as firm and legible as if he had
+been sitting at a table in his own house.
+
+This inhuman and lawless execution of a man so well known and of such
+good reputation as Captain Huddy, created great indignation in the
+patriotic party all over the country, and there was a general demand
+that the British army should deliver up a man named Lippencot, who had
+been the leader of the party which had hung Huddy; but the British did
+not consent to this. They did make a show of investigating the matter;
+and Lippencot, who was an officer of a refugee regiment regularly
+enlisted in the British service, was tried by court-martial. But he was
+acquitted; and no satisfaction was offered to the Americans for this
+crime, which had been committed in open defiance of the laws of war.
+
+But the British commander in chief, who arrived about this time, was a
+man of honor and good sense, and he openly condemned the action of
+Lippencot and his men, and assured the Americans that he would do what
+he could to further investigate the matter.
+
+This, however, did not satisfy the country, and from every side there
+came demands that some one of the officers who were then prisoners in
+the American lines should be executed in retaliation for Huddy's murder,
+unless Lippencot were delivered up to the Americans. Here, then, opened
+the fourth act of this bloody play of progression, and we will tell the
+story of the other captain.
+
+It is a horrible thing to deliberately execute an innocent man because
+some one else has committed a crime; but war is horrible, and we must
+expect that horrible things will continually spring from it. As no
+satisfaction could be obtained from the British for this acknowledged
+outrage and murder,--for in acquitting Lippencot the British authorities
+virtually took upon themselves the responsibility of Huddy's
+execution,--the Americans, being at war and acting in accordance with
+the bloody rules of war, determined to select an officer from among the
+English prisoners in the American lines, who should be executed in
+retaliation for Huddy's death.
+
+As soon as this order had been issued, thirteen British officers, who
+were at liberty on parole in the American lines, were ordered to report
+at Lancaster, Penn., in order that one of them might be selected to be
+the victim of retaliation.
+
+These officers were assembled in a room of the Black Bear Tavern with
+several American officers, who conducted the proceedings, and a guard of
+mounted dragoons was stationed outside.
+
+The question was to be decided by lot according to the following plan:
+the thirteen names of the officers were written each upon a little slip
+of paper, and these were put into a hat. Then in another hat were placed
+thirteen other slips of the same size, all of them blank excepting one,
+on which was written the word "unfortunate." Two drummer boys were
+called in to draw out the slips, one from one hat, the other from the
+other. As one boy drew out the piece of paper and read the name of the
+officer written upon it, the other boy at the same time drew a slip from
+the other hat. After several drawings, in which the slips from the
+second hat had all been blank, one of the boys drew, and read upon the
+little piece of paper the name of Captain Asgill, and at the same time
+the other boy drew out a slip, and read the word "unfortunate." This
+decided the matter; and the American officer in command turned to the
+leader of the dragoons and said to him, "This gentleman, sir, is your
+prisoner."
+
+Now this most tragical meeting broke up, and we are told that every man
+in that room, except Captain Asgill himself, was in tears. The truly
+unfortunate man who had been chosen by this most doleful chance was a
+handsome young gentleman, scarcely more than a boy. He was beloved by
+every one who knew him, and he would have been the last man to have
+consented to any such deed as that for which he was to pay the penalty.
+When it became known that he had been selected by fate to be executed in
+retaliation, every one who knew anything about him, either in the
+British army or the American, deeply deplored the fact that the doom
+should have fallen on one who so little deserved it. Captain Asgill was
+taken to Philadelphia, and after a while was carried to New Jersey,
+where in Chatham, Morris County, he was held to await his end.
+
+Washington himself was greatly affected by this event; and he wrote to
+the colonel who had charge of Captain Asgill, to treat the unfortunate
+young man with all tenderness and respect while he should be in his
+hands, and to do everything for him that was consistent with propriety
+under the circumstances.
+
+Now, there came from many parts of this country, as well as from the
+English, all sorts of communications and memorials addressed to the
+government and the commander of the army, urging clemency in the case of
+this unfortunate young man; and it was no doubt in consequence of these,
+that his punishment was delayed from time to time.
+
+Captain Asgill's mother was a lady of good position in England, and,
+overwhelmed with grief at the impending fate of her son, she spared no
+efforts to save him. She wrote to every man of influence whom she knew;
+and among others she wrote to the Count de Vergennes, who was in this
+country as the representative of the court of France.
+
+The French, who had been the faithful friends of the Americans
+throughout the struggle, were as willing to assist their allies to be
+merciful and forgiving as they were to help them fight their battles.
+The ambassador addressed a strong letter to Congress, urging that young
+Captain Asgill might be spared, and sending a copy of the letter
+written by the heartbroken mother.
+
+Still war is war; and one of its laws is, that, if a prisoner is
+unjustly killed by an enemy, one of the enemy's men held as prisoner
+shall be killed in retaliation, the object being, of course, to put a
+stop to unjust executions. With this law in view, Congress did not
+consent to countermand the young man's execution.
+
+Captain Asgill had another friend, a powerful one, who did all that he
+could to save him from his impending fate. This was General Washington,
+who from the first had pitied the young man on account of his youth and
+general character; but he had also objected to the selection for the
+reason that he had been among the officers who surrendered with Lord
+Cornwallis, who had been promised that they should not be dealt with as
+hostages. There were other prisoners who might have been more justly
+taken as subjects of retaliation, but for some reason the thirteen
+officers who had been summoned to this trial by lot were not among those
+who were justly liable in the case. Washington felt that the selection
+of Asgill was a breach of good faith, and he did all that he could to
+induce the secretary of war to act justly and honorably in the matter.
+At all events, the efforts in behalf of the young officer had the effect
+of delaying the execution; and three months after his fatal lot had been
+drawn, he was allowed to go to Morristown and remain there a prisoner on
+parole.
+
+Not long after this, another reason arose for the pardon of Captain
+Asgill, which was used with effect by his friends. Peace was now
+approaching, and there was no need of the execution of hostages in order
+to prevent further outrages on the part of the enemy; and so the members
+of Congress began to feel that after this long delay, and the
+approaching general rejoicing in the success of American independence,
+it would seem like murder to execute this young man. Therefore a law was
+passed by Congress, directing that Captain Asgill should be set at
+liberty and allowed to return to his family.
+
+Dreadful months of suspense and fearful anticipation had darkened the
+souls of this young soldier, his family, and his friends; but they had
+probably produced a better effect upon the minds of the lawless bands of
+Tory refugees than would have resulted had the execution taken place;
+for, had Captain Asgill been hung, there is no doubt that an American
+prisoner would have suffered in his place; and how many more steps in
+the bloody business of retaliation would have taken place, no man can
+tell. So, if we look at the matter philosophically, it may have been a
+very good thing that the British officer selected to atone for the death
+of Captain Huddy happened to be a young man whom nobody wished to kill,
+for the merciful delay exercised in his case was the probable cause of
+the cessation of retaliation during the last months of the Revolution.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF TEMPE WICK.
+
+
+There are so many curious and unexpected things which may happen in time
+of war, especially to people who live in parts of a country where the
+enemy may be expected to come, or where the friendly army is already
+encamped, that it is impossible to guard against unpleasant occurrences;
+and it often happens that the only thing to be depended upon when an
+emergency arises, is presence of mind, and quickness of wit.
+
+In these qualities, New Jersey girls have never shown themselves behind
+their sisters of other parts of the country, and a very good proof of
+this is shown by an incident which took place near Morristown during the
+time that the American army was quartered in that neighborhood.
+
+Not far from the town was a farm then known as Wick's farm, situated in
+a beautiful wooded country. The daughter of Mr. Wick, named Tempe
+(probably short for Temperance), was the owner of a very fine horse, and
+on this beautiful animal it was her delight to ride over the roads and
+through the woods of the surrounding country. She had been accustomed
+to horses since she was a child, and was not afraid to ride anywhere by
+herself.
+
+When she first began to canter over these hills and dales, it had been
+in times of peace, when there was nothing in this quiet country of which
+any one might be afraid; and now, although these were days of war, she
+felt no fear. There were soldiers not far away, but these she looked
+upon as her friends and protectors; for Washington and his army had
+encamped in that region to defend the country against the approach of
+the enemy. If any straggling Redcoats should feel a desire to come along
+the hills, they would be very apt to restrain their inclinations so long
+as they knew that that brave American army was encamped near by.
+
+So Miss Tempe Wick, fearing nothing, rode far and wide, as she had been
+in the habit of doing, and every day she and her good steed became
+better and better acquainted with each other.
+
+One fine afternoon, as Tempe was slowly riding homeward, within a mile
+of her house, she met half a dozen soldiers in Continental uniform, and
+two of them, stepping in front of her, called upon her to stop. When she
+had done so, one of them seized her bridle. She did not know the men;
+but still, as they belonged to Washington's army, who were her
+countrymen and friends, she saw no reason to be afraid, and asked them
+what they wanted.
+
+At first she received no answer, for they were very busily occupied in
+looking at her horse and expressing their satisfaction at the fine
+points of the animal. Tempe had had her horse praised before; but these
+men were looking at him, and talking about him, very much as if he were
+for sale and they were thinking of buying. Presently one of the men said
+to her that this was a very excellent horse that she was riding, and
+they wanted it. To this Tempe exclaimed, in great amazement, that it was
+her own horse, that she wanted him herself, and had no wish to dispose
+of him. Some of the soldiers laughed, and one of them told her that the
+troops were about to move, and that good horses were greatly needed, and
+that they had orders to levy upon the surrounding country and take
+horses wherever they could find them.
+
+Now was Tempe astonished beyond measure. If half a dozen British
+soldiers had surrounded her, and had declared that they intended to rob
+her of her horse, she would not have wondered at it, for they would have
+taken it as the property of an enemy. But that the soldiers of her own
+country, the men on whom she and all her friends and neighbors depended
+for protection and safety, should turn on her and rob her, as if they
+had been a set of marauding Hessians, was something she could scarcely
+comprehend.
+
+But it did not take her long to understand, that no matter who they were
+or what they were,--whether they thought they had a right to do what
+they threatened, or whether they had no regard for right and
+justice,--they were in earnest, and intended to take her horse. When
+this conviction flashed into the mind of Tempe Wick, there also flashed
+into it a determination to show these men that a Jersey girl had a will
+of her own, and that if they wanted her property, they would have to do
+a great deal more than simply to come to her and ask her to hand it over
+to them.
+
+After a little parley, during which the man who held her bridle let go
+of it, supposing she was about to dismount, she suddenly gave her
+spirited horse a sharp cut with the whip, dashed between two of the
+soldiers, and, before they could comprehend what had happened, she was
+off and away.
+
+As fast as they could run, the soldiers followed her, one or two of them
+firing their guns in the air, thinking to frighten her and make her
+stop; but, as though she had been a deer and her pursuers ordinary
+hunters, she swiftly sped away from them.
+
+But they did not give up the chase. Some of them knew where this girl
+lived, and were confident that when they reached her house, they would
+have the horse. If they had known it was such a fine animal, they would
+have come after it before. According to their belief, good horses should
+go into the army, and people who staid at home, and expected other
+people to fight for them, ought to be willing to do what they could to
+help in the good cause, and at least give their horses to the army.
+
+As Tempe sat upon her bounding steed, she knew very well that the
+soldiers could never catch her; but her heart sank within her as she
+thought of what would happen when they came to the farm and demanded her
+horse. Running away from them was only postponing her trouble for a
+little while, for there was no one about the place who could prevent
+those men from going to the barn and taking away the animal.
+
+It would be of no use to pass her house and ride on and on. Where should
+she go? She must come back some time, and all the soldiers would have to
+do would be to halt at the farm, and wait until she returned. And even
+if she should take her horse into the Wood and tie him to a tree, they
+would know by her coming back on foot that she had left him at no great
+distance, and they would be sure to follow his tracks and find him.
+
+As Tempe rode swiftly on, her thoughts galloped as fast as her horse,
+and before she reached the house she had come to a conclusion as to the
+best thing to be done. She did not ride towards the barn, but dashed
+through the gateway of the large yard, and sprang from her steed. As she
+turned in, she looked down the road; but the men were not in sight. What
+she was going to do was something which people never did, but it was the
+only thing she could think of, and she was a girl whose actions were as
+quick as her ideas were original. Without stopping an instant, she took
+her horse to the back door, and led him boldly into the house.
+
+This was not the sort of stable to which Tempe's horse or any other
+American horse was accustomed; but this animal knew his mistress, and
+where she led, he was willing to follow. If one of the farm hands had
+attempted to take the creature into the house, there would probably have
+been some rearing and plunging; but nothing of this kind happened as our
+Jersey girl, with her hand on her horse's bridle, led him quickly inside
+and closed the door behind him. As the story goes, she took him through
+the kitchen, and then into the parlor, without the slightest regard to
+the injury his shoes might do to the well-kept floor; and from the
+parlor she led him into a bedroom on the lower floor, which was usually
+used as a guest chamber, but which never before had such a guest as
+this.
+
+This room had but a single window, the shutters of which were kept
+closed when it was not in use, and there was no entrance to it except
+through the door which opened from the parlor. The door was quickly
+closed, and Tempe stood with her horse in the darkness.
+
+When the soldiers reached the farm, they went to the barn. They examined
+the outhouses, visited the pasture fields, and made a thorough search,
+high and low, near and far; but no sign of a horse could they find. Of
+course, the notion that the animal was concealed in the house did not
+enter their minds, and the only way in which they could account for the
+total disappearance of the horse was, that Tempe had ridden off with
+him--where they knew not. We do not know how long they waited for the
+sight of a hungry horse coming home to his supper, but we do know that
+while there was the slightest danger of her dear horse being taken away
+from her, that animal remained a carefully attended guest in the spare
+room of the Wick house; and the tradition is, that he staid there three
+weeks. There Tempe waited on him as if he had been a visitor of high
+degree; and if she was afraid to go to the barn to bring him hay and
+oats, she doubtless gave him biscuit and soft bread,--dainties of which
+a horse is very fond, especially when they are brought to him by such a
+kind mistress as Tempe.
+
+When the cavalry moved away from their camp near Morristown, no one of
+them rode on that fine horse on which they had seen a girl gayly
+cantering, and which, when they had been about to put their hands upon
+it, had flown away, like a butterfly from under the straw hat of a
+schoolboy. When the troops were gone, the horse came out of the guest
+chamber and went back to his stall in the stable; and that room in which
+he passed so many quiet days, and the door through which the horse
+timidly stepped under the shadow of that hospitable roof, are still to
+be seen at the old Wick house, which stands now, as it stood then, with
+its shaded yard and the great willow tree behind it, on the pleasant
+country road by which we may drive from Morristown to Mendham by the way
+of Washington Corner.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF FORT NONSENSE.
+
+
+During three years of the Revolution the American army, under General
+Washington, wintered in New Jersey. Of course, we understand, that, when
+an army goes into winter quarters, it does so because the weather
+prevents operations in the field; and although Washington did not in the
+least object to fighting in the cold weather if a good opportunity
+showed itself, as we know from the fact that he fought the battle of
+Trenton on Christmas Day, still the winters in New Jersey were for the
+most part periods of inactivity.
+
+Histories give us full accounts of the important battles and marches
+which took place in New Jersey; but the life of the army in the long,
+cold months in which fighting and marching were almost impossible, is
+something with which we are not so well acquainted; and when we
+understand what the men of our army were obliged to suffer and to
+endure, and the responsibilities and anxieties which were so
+conscientiously borne by Washington and his officers, we are compelled
+to give as much credit to the soldiers of the Revolution for their
+heroism in their winter camps as for their courage upon the
+battlefield.
+
+This winter life in New Jersey, of men and officers from New England,
+the Middle States, Virginia, and the South, appears to us now as very
+interesting, and in many ways a curious life. Into a quiet country
+neighborhood there came an entirely novel element,--an army which had
+not come there to fight, but to live.
+
+Washington's first winter in New Jersey was spent in Morristown in 1777.
+This place was chosen because it was a productive country, and well
+situated for sudden expeditions against the enemy in that part of the
+State. Although there was no fighting done in Morristown, so many small
+detachments of troops went out from the place, and so many sudden
+attacks were made upon the outposts of the enemy in the country round
+about, that by the end of the winter the British had no hold in New
+Jersey except at Perth Amboy and New Brunswick.
+
+But, as has been said before, it is not with the military operations
+that we are concerned, but with the winter life of the army in the camp.
+The first thing that has to be done when an army arrives to settle and
+make itself a home in and about a country town, is to provide a good
+house for the commander in chief and officers, and a suitable camping
+place for the men. Washington went to Arnold's Tavern, a large house on
+the corner of the Green; and the army encamped in the valley of the
+Loantika, a beautiful place in summer, but not particularly attractive
+in cold weather. Here they built themselves huts of logs, and here they
+tried to keep themselves warm and to be satisfied with what they had;
+for the government was poor, and found it hard to keep an army. There
+was plenty to eat and drink in the surrounding country, but there was
+very little money with which to buy it.
+
+It was a great thing for the Morristown people to see the tavern
+surrounded night and day by a guard of twenty-six soldiers, and to have
+their streets and roads made lively by soldiers on foot, clad in the
+various uniforms worn by the men from different States,--some with
+cocked hats, some with round hats with feathers stuck in them; some with
+green coats, some with blue; some with buckskin breeches, others with
+black,--while Washington, with the officers of his staff, galloped here
+and there, dressed in the regular Continental uniforms of blue and buff.
+
+Among the most conspicuous uniforms of the American army was that of the
+Jersey Blues. This was a volunteer organization formed in Essex County;
+and the first uniforms of these soldiers were furnished by the patriotic
+women of that region. They were not able to afford anything handsome or
+costly: so each soldier was provided with a frock coat and trousers made
+of tow cloth, which was dyed a bright blue by the same women who made it
+into soldiers' clothes. These Jersey Blues, although they must have
+presented a very peculiar appearance in the field, became famous
+soldiers, and were known throughout the war, and occupied high positions
+in the Continental army. The Jersey Blues were never disorganized, and
+still remain prominent among the citizen soldiers of the State.
+
+It was Washington's habit during the war, as soon as he had settled
+himself in his winter quarters, to send for Mrs. Washington to join him;
+and accordingly she came to Morristown very soon after his first arrival
+there. Men and officers were always delighted when the wife of the
+commander in chief came down to live among them, and they welcomed the
+sight of the carriage drawn by four horses, with the postilions and
+grooms dressed in Washington's own livery of scarlet and white. On this
+occasion, Washington went some distance to meet his wife, and waited in
+a little village until she should arrive. When the lady at the house
+where he was stopping saw the grand carriage drive up, she was prepared
+to behold an illustrious personage alight from it, and she was somewhat
+surprised when she saw a very plainly dressed, quiet lady step down from
+the high coach. She thought there surely must be some mistake; but when
+she saw the courteous affection with which the grand gentleman in the
+fine uniform and cocked hat greeted this plainly dressed lady, she knew
+that she had made no mistake.
+
+There was no ostentation or superciliousness about Mrs. Washington. She
+was hospitable and kind, and she put on no airs because she was a great
+lady from Virginia, and because she was the wife of the commander in
+chief of the army. The story is told, that, soon after her arrival, some
+ladies of the town went to pay their respects to her, and as they were
+going to visit the first lady of the land, they thought that they should
+dress themselves in their finest clothes. Arrayed in silks, satins, and
+ruffles, they were shown into the presence of Mrs. Washington, and were
+utterly amazed to find her wearing a striped homespun apron, and busily
+engaged in knitting stockings. She received them, however, with as much
+dignity and courtesy as if she had had a crown on her head and a scepter
+in her hand; and in the course of conversation she said that it was the
+duty of every one to try to do without the things which they were
+obliged to buy from foreign countries, and to make for themselves, as
+far as possible, what they needed; and that, while their husbands and
+brothers were fighting in the field, she thought that they should do
+what they could at home to help the great cause.
+
+Mrs. Washington entertained the ladies with accounts of her life at
+home. She said that in her house there were always sixteen spinning
+wheels at work. She showed them two morning dresses which had been made
+in her house from ravelings of old satin chair covers. But Mrs.
+Washington was not at all averse to cheerfulness and good company, and
+in that year there were many dances and parties in Morristown, which
+kept the place quite gay.
+
+Two years afterwards, Washington and his army wintered at Middlebrook,
+in Somerset County. Here the army had a comparatively comfortable time,
+for the weather was mild, without much snow or frost; and this, after
+the terrible sufferings which they had had at Valley Forge the winter
+before, was very well calculated to put men as well as officers in a
+cheerful state of mind. It is true that the difficulties of obtaining
+provisions were in some ways greater than they had been before; for the
+Continental money, with which all supplies were paid for, was
+depreciating so rapidly that now thirty or forty dollars of it were
+barely equal to one silver dollar, and the country people very much
+disliked to take it. But the army had just achieved some important
+victories, and there was a feeling in many circles that it would not be
+long before the war would end; and with this belief in the minds of
+many, and with the general satisfaction in the mild and pleasant
+weather, it is no wonder that there were some good times in the army
+during that winter at Middlebrook.
+
+General Washington always liked to have company at dinner, for he was
+very hospitable, and, besides this, he considered it his duty to become
+acquainted with his officers and with the people of the neighborhood;
+and sometimes as many as thirty persons sat down at the table. Even if
+the various articles of food were not of the finest quality, they were
+well cooked and well served. While in Middlebrook, Washington desired a
+dinner service of white queen's-ware, and he wrote to Philadelphia to
+obtain it. Among the articles he mentioned in his order were eight dozen
+shallow plates and three dozen soup plates, which gives an idea of the
+size of his dinner parties. But, although Philadelphia was searched from
+one end to the other, no queen's-ware of the kind could be found, and at
+last Washington was told that he could get what he wanted in New
+Brunswick, and there he bought his queen's-ware.
+
+Among other things which he ordered at that time were "six tolerably
+genteel but not expensive candle-sticks;" and he also wrote for a new
+hat, stating, "I do not wish by any means to be in the extreme of
+fashion, either in the size or manner of cocking it."
+
+At these dinners there was a good deal of state and ceremony, although
+the heads of the family were very courteous and attentive to their
+guests. As this was a military establishment, everything was done
+promptly and according to rule. Washington never waited longer than five
+minutes for any guest who was late. When such a person did arrive after
+the company had seated themselves at the table, he would always try to
+put him at his ease by some pleasant remark, sometimes saying that he
+had a cook "who never asks whether the company has come, but whether the
+hour has come."
+
+During this winter a great entertainment was given by General Knox and
+some other officers, and it was said to be the finest thing of the kind
+ever seen in that part of the State. It may be thought, and probably
+there were people who thought it then, that at a time when money was so
+much needed, and provisions were so hard to get, a great and expensive
+festival like this was extravagant and out of place; but it is likely
+that the gayety of that great day had a good and encouraging effect upon
+the army as well as the people of the country. They knew why the day had
+been celebrated, and because of the general rejoicings they believed
+there was reason to rejoice; and when people believe that there is a
+good thing coming, they are much more ready to fight for it than if they
+had no such belief.
+
+But it is not of these two winters that our story has to deal: it is
+with the second encampment at Morristown, during the cold, the snow, and
+the icy frosts of 1779-80. At this time, General and Mrs. Washington
+lived in the handsome house which is now known as "Washington's
+Headquarters," and has been preserved in the same condition as it was in
+those Revolutionary days. In this fine old mansion, General Washington
+and his wife kept up their hospitable customs; and at their table were
+seen such men as Alexander Hamilton, General Greene, Baron Steuben,
+Kosciusko, Pulaski, "Light Horse Harry" Lee, Israel Putnam, "Mad
+Anthony" Wayne, and Benedict Arnold. There also came to Morristown the
+minister from France (the Chevalier de la Luzerne) and an envoy from
+Spain (Don Juan de Mirailles). These two distinguished foreigners were
+received with great honor. An escort was sent out to meet them; there
+was a grand review of the troops, in which Washington and his generals,
+together with the Frenchman and the Spaniard, appeared on the field,
+splendidly mounted; while on the grand reviewing stand was the governor
+of the State and a great many citizens and distinguished people. After a
+salute of thirteen cannon, the parading army went through its
+evolutions, and in the evening there was a grand ball.
+
+But one of the guests to whom these honors were given did not appear at
+the ball. The Spanish envoy was taken sick, and a few days afterwards
+died at the headquarters. He was buried with great pomp and ceremony.
+The funeral procession was a mile long, and attended by Washington and
+all his officers. Minute guns boomed as the procession passed from the
+headquarters to the graveyard at the back of the First Presbyterian
+Church, and people came from all parts of the surrounding country to
+view the great procession.
+
+The funeral services were conducted by a Spanish priest with the
+impressive rites of the Catholic Church; and after a military salute had
+been fired over the grave, sentinels were placed to guard it, for the
+Spanish nobleman was buried in full regalia. A gold watch studded with
+diamonds was in his pocket; diamonds were on his fingers; and valuable
+seals were attached to his watchguard.
+
+There was not so much fear at this time of an attack from the enemy as
+there had been during the previous winter, when Washington was at
+Morristown. Now, there were only four guards at the headquarters,--two
+at the front of the house, and two at the back. But the most careful
+preparations were made in case the enemy should show itself, and now and
+then a false alarm showed the perfection of the discipline which was
+maintained.
+
+On such occasions a shot would be heard from one of the most distant
+outposts, then a sentinel near the town would fire, and so on until a
+report would be heard by the sentinels at the headquarters, who would
+fire their guns; then there were the guns in Morristown, and so on out
+to the camp, and very soon a detachment would hurry into the town at a
+quickstep. But before they reached the place, the life guard encamped
+near the headquarters would rush to the house, enter the lower story,
+and barricade the doors; and five men at each window, with muskets
+loaded and ready to fire, would await the approach of the enemy.
+
+But although no British soldiers ever reached Morristown, there was good
+reason for all the precautions taken. Besides the frequent attempts
+which were made by large bodies of the Redcoats to penetrate to the
+region occupied by Washington's army, there were small expeditions even
+more dangerous. One of these consisted of a party of picked British
+cavalrymen, who started from their camp near New York, by way of
+Elizabethtown, for the express purpose of capturing General Washington.
+They advanced in the direction of Morristown until they reached Chatham,
+about six miles distant, and there--being overtaken by a terrible storm,
+and finding so many difficulties ahead of them--they gave up their
+project.
+
+Outside of Morristown, on a high hill which stretches away to the
+southwest, the American army was encamped during this winter. Among
+these men we can scarcely believe there were many festivities or
+merrymakings. In fact, the sufferings and privations of the common
+soldiers at this time were very great, and even the table of the
+commander in chief was sometimes furnished with the plainest of food.
+In a letter written by Washington at this time, he says,--
+
+     "We have had the virtue and patience of the army put to the
+     severest trial. Sometimes it has been five or six days together
+     without bread; at other times as many days without meat; and once
+     or twice, two or three days without either. I hardly thought it
+     possible, at one period, that we should be able to keep it
+     together, nor could it have been done, but for the exertions of the
+     magistrates in the several counties of this state [Jersey], on whom
+     I was obliged to call, expose our situation to them, and in plain
+     terms declare that we were reduced to the alternative of disbanding
+     or catering for ourselves, unless the inhabitants would afford us
+     their aid. I allotted to each county a certain proportion of flour
+     or grain, and a certain number of cattle, to be delivered on
+     certain days; and for the honor of the magistrates, and the good
+     disposition of the people, I must add that my requisitions were
+     punctually complied with, and in many counties exceeded. Nothing
+     but this great exertion could have saved the army from dissolution
+     or starving, as we were bereft of every hope from the commissaries.
+     At one time the soldiers ate every kind of horse food but hay.
+     Buckwheat, common wheat, rye, and Indian corn composed the meal
+     which made their bread. As an army, they bore it with the most
+     heroic patience; but sufferings like these, accompanied by the want
+     of clothes, blankets, etc., will produce frequent desertions in all
+     armies; and so it happened with us, though it did not excite a
+     single mutiny."
+
+At this time, various circulars and printed bills were sent to the
+American army from the British, urging the men to fly from all their
+hardships and miseries, and join the English force, where they would be
+received, and furnished with every comfort. In this condition of things
+it was very important to keep the American soldiers, cold, hungry, and
+idle, from thinking too much of their troubles. Washington could not
+give them balls, nor invite them to dine; but he wisely considered that
+the best thing he could give them was occupation,--a most wonderful
+medicine for discontent. He therefore determined to build a fort upon
+the summit of the hill where the camp was situated.
+
+His engineers therefore planned a large fortification made up of
+earthworks; and on this the men were put to work, as if it had been
+expected that the enemy would soon arrive, and take the place. The
+desire to put their camp in a condition of defense, and the animation of
+steady labor, were of as much advantage to the spirits of the soldiers
+as bread and meat would be to their bodies; and, from sitting in idle
+groups about their camp fires and huts, they worked on the new
+intrenchments, ramparts, and redoubts with cheerful energy.
+
+Everything was done exactly as if the new fort were soon to be called
+upon to protect the town, which stretched itself beneath the hill; and
+the engineers and officers were as careful in making plans and giving
+directions as if they had been building a fort at the entrance of New
+York Bay.
+
+It was never expected that the fort would be attacked, and it was never
+supposed, that, if the British should come this way, the battle would be
+fought in or about the town; but the building of the fort was honestly
+intended for the defense and protection of the troops, not against
+muskets, cannon, and bayonets, but against discontent and
+despair,--enemies far more formidable to the suffering army of that day
+than British troops and Hessians.
+
+The result was a good one: Washington's army at Morristown stood by him
+as long as he staid there; and when they marched away, they left upon
+the top of that hill a monument to the wisdom, the kindness, and the
+knowledge of human nature, displayed by their great commander in chief
+in those hazardous days.
+
+We do not know what this earthwork was first called; but in time it came
+to be known as Fort Nonsense, simply because it appeared to the ordinary
+man as a great piece of work undertaken without any good purpose. But
+never was a name more inapplicable. If it had been called Fort Good
+Sense, it would have been much more suitable.
+
+The remains of this fort are still to be seen on the hill beyond
+Morristown; and a monumental stone has been set up there to mark its
+site, and explain its nature and purpose. Most of its ramparts and
+redoubts have been washed away by the storms of more than a century, and
+we can still perceive many of its outlines; but those skilled in the art
+of military fortification know that it was a good fortress, while
+students of human nature and of the influence of great minds upon the
+welfare of their fellow-beings, know that it acted an important part in
+the defense of our liberties and the establishment of our government.
+
+It may be remarked that in this story we have said a good deal about
+other things, and very little about Fort Nonsense. But there is very
+little of Fort Nonsense, and not much to say about it; and what has been
+told was the story of the camp life of Washington and his army in New
+Jersey, the most permanent and suggestive point of which is the
+earthwork called Fort Nonsense.
+
+
+
+
+AN AMERICAN LORD.
+
+
+Among the principal men of colonial days and of Revolutionary times,
+there were many whose social positions were much the same as the station
+of the ordinary European aristocrat. From their ancestors the colonists
+had inherited the disposition to recognize differences in rank; and men
+of wealth and high position in the colonial government were regarded to
+a certain extent as members of the nobility are regarded in England.
+Before the Declaration of Independence, it was not even assumed in this
+country that all men are born equal.
+
+But, although there were native-born personages in the Colonies who
+might well be termed aristocrats, their titles were political or
+military; and an American lord was, as he would be now, something
+entirely out of the common.
+
+But in those days there was an American lord; and a very good American
+he was, in spite of his being a lord. This was William Alexander, known
+as Lord Stirling. He was born in New York, of Scotch parents. When he
+was quite a young man, he went into military life, and served in the
+British colonial army in the French War. In the campaigns in which he
+served, he gained the military education which was afterwards of the
+greatest advantage, not only to him, but to the country.
+
+There was no British heir to the earldom of Stirling, a Scotch peerage;
+and, as he believed that he was a direct descendant of the last Lord
+Stirling, the young man went to England, and laid claim to the estate
+and title. He was successful in proving his direct descent from the
+earls of Stirling; but the House of Lords, who gave the final decision
+in the case, would not allow his claim. Even if the law had permitted
+his claim, it is not likely that the British House of Lords would have
+been anxious to welcome into the peerage an American-born person.
+
+But although he got nothing more, he really obtained his title, and he
+was known then, as he is known in history, as Lord Stirling. He was a
+man of wealth, and must have had a very good time in England, for he
+studied well the manners and customs of the nobility; and as his own
+habits and tastes were those which he observed in the great houses of
+England, he here received a social education which had a great effect
+upon his future career.
+
+He was also the means of educating some of the inhabitants of Great
+Britain, and the way in which he did it is shown by a little incident
+which occurred when he was visiting Scotland. He was invited to dine at
+the house of a gentleman, who informed his wife that an American was
+coming to take dinner with them. It is to be presumed that this
+announcement had about the same effect upon her as would now be
+produced if an American gentleman should inform his family that a chief
+from Madagascar was to dine with them.
+
+The Scotch lady, no doubt, expected to see a copper-colored brave, in
+war paint and feathers, with tomahawk, and bows and arrows, and perhaps
+a few scalps hanging from his belt. Probably she had busied herself
+devising a dinner which would suit a savage who was a native of that
+far-away land of America, and hoped she might give him something which
+would compensated him for the loss of a cannibal repast; but when she
+beheld the handsome young gentleman who came into the house with her
+husband, she could not repress her astonishment, and exclaimed, "Bless
+my soul! The animal is white." Ignorance of foreign countries was at
+that time not uncommon in Great Britain.
+
+Although born in New York, Lord Stirling established himself in New
+Jersey, and it was in connection with this State that he was afterwards
+generally known. His father had owned a large tract of land at Basking
+Ridge, a beautifully situated town not far from Morristown; and here
+Lord Stirling built himself a stately mansion with fine gardens, and a
+great park in which were herds of deer. It was built in the fashion of
+the lordly country seats of England, around a courtyard paved with
+flagstones, and contained grand halls and stately apartments beautifully
+ornamented and furnished. The barns and outbuildings were grand, like
+the mansion itself, with cupolas and gilded vanes, and altogether the
+establishment was imposing and beautiful.
+
+This young man had brought with him from England servants, butlers,
+valets, hairdressers, and a great many fine horses, and carriages with
+arms emblazoned upon their panels. He lived in grand state, and his
+house was generally filled with guests; for the best people of the
+country were glad to visit this beautiful home, where the best of
+company and the freest hospitality were always to be found. The lord of
+the manor was an affable and courteous gentleman, and the writers of
+those days have given glowing accounts of the gracious Lady Stirling and
+her charming daughter, Lady Kitty.
+
+But notwithstanding the fact that he felt as a lord and lived as a lord,
+this grand gentleman never forgot that he was not only a lord, but an
+American; and when the Colonies began to assert their claim to
+independence, Lord Stirling promptly showed his colors on the patriotic
+side. He commanded the first body of troops raised in New Jersey in the
+colonial days; and he very soon became one of the most prominent
+officers in the Revolutionary army.
+
+After he was made general, he distinguished himself at the battle of
+Long Island, where he performed some daring feats. The odds were greatly
+against the Americans on that occasion, and, in order to secure the
+retreat of the main part of his command, Lord Stirling took four hundred
+men, and made a bold attack upon a house that was occupied by the
+British general, Cornwallis. During the desperate fight which followed,
+in which his little force was far outnumbered by the enemy, his command
+made a successful retreat, but he himself was captured, and afterwards
+imprisoned on a war ship.
+
+But he did not stay there long. Washington could not do without the
+services of this man, who was not only a most earnest patriot, but an
+educated and efficient soldier; and, as the Americans held several
+English officers as prisoners of war, one of them was exchanged, with
+the least possible delay, for Lord Stirling.
+
+One of the earliest and most daring exploits of this brave soldier was
+the capture, by an infantry force, of an armed British ship which was on
+its way to Boston with stores and supplies for the English army there.
+
+This vessel, which was called the "Blue Mountain Valley," had met with
+rough weather, and, having been badly damaged, was lying off Sandy Hook,
+waiting for assistance from two British men-of-war then in New York
+Harbor.
+
+But Lord Stirling, who was stationed not far from the coast, and to whom
+the situation of the vessel became known, determined that, if possible,
+he would get to this valuable storeship before the enemy's men-of-war
+could reach her. So, with a number of the regular soldiers under his
+command, and some volunteers from the neighborhood, he put out to sea in
+some small craft, one of them a pilot boat. The English vessel had for
+her defense six guns, and was what is called an armed transport, but
+Stirling's men carried only ordinary muskets. However, they boldly
+attacked the vessel, and bearing down upon her as if she had been a
+column of infantry, in spite of the cannon and guns of the crew,
+captured her.
+
+As soon as this victory had been won, Lord Stirling had all sails set;
+and the "Blue Mountain Valley" waited no longer for the men-of-war to
+come to her assistance, but sailed away for Perth Amboy, which was in
+possession of the Americans. Here she was found to be a most valuable
+prize, although Lord Stirling was sorry, as he afterwards stated when he
+made his report to Congress, that her cargo was not arms, instead of
+coal and provisions.
+
+Lord Stirling fought well in the battles of New Jersey. At Monmouth he
+especially distinguished himself by the way in which he managed the
+artillery which was under his command; and it is said that the enemy
+were amazed to find batteries so splendidly handled in the ranks of the
+Americans, who were not supposed by most British officers to be
+possessed of great military ability, although the erroneousness of this
+supposition was gradually impressed upon their minds as the war went on.
+
+Our nobleman, however, had given another proof of his ability to adapt
+himself to military circumstances. When Washington and his army were
+wintered at Morristown, there was an evident desire among the British
+commanders to attack him at that place, and there was constant danger of
+an advance from the forces about New York. Lord Stirling was with the
+troops under General Greene, defending the principal approaches to
+Morristown on the east, and he very often had fights and skirmishes with
+British detachments sent out to reconnoiter the country, or to break
+into the American lines.
+
+At one time a very large force, led by Clinton, advanced towards
+Morristown; and this was believed to be a serious and determined attempt
+to attack Washington, whose army was in a pretty bad plight, and not at
+all prepared to fight large bodies of well-appointed troops. Lord
+Stirling, with the other officers of the regular army, aided by forces
+of militiamen greatly excited by atrocities which had been committed by
+the British troops in the neighborhood, made a determined stand in the
+region of the "Short Hills," and a battle was fought near Springfield.
+Although the American forces were not able to defeat the British, they
+so harassed them, placing themselves in all the passes through which it
+was necessary to advance, that at last the Redcoats gave up the attempt
+to reach Morristown, and retired to Elizabeth.
+
+Throughout the war, this gentleman with the grand house, the park, the
+deer, the splendid carriages, the butlers, and the hairdressers, fought
+as earnestly and as patriotically as if he had been a sturdy farmer who
+had left his cornfield for the battlefield, with an old blunderbuss over
+his shoulder. Not only was he a good soldier, but he was a trustworthy
+friend to the cause of the Colonies and to General Washington; and it is
+said that it was through his means that the conspiracy among some of the
+officers of the army against General Washington, of whom they were
+jealous, was discovered and broken up.
+
+Officers of the army were frequently quartered at his house at Basking
+Ridge, where they found most delightful company; and in every way our
+American lord did what he could for the cause and the people who were
+defending it. His title was generally recognized; and Washington, who
+was very particular in regard to matters of rank and social propriety,
+always called him "my lord." He was said to be a fine-looking man; in
+fact, he and Washington were of more imposing and dignified appearance
+than any other officers of the American army.
+
+Of course, as he was a very notable person among the Continental
+officers, the British were very anxious to capture him. In 1781, when he
+was in command of the Northern Department at Albany, this design of the
+enemy came very near being carried out, but was frustrated by the
+faithful services of one of those good women who were continually
+turning up in colonial history. A servant girl in the family of a house
+near Albany, where Lord Stirling was staying, had been visiting her
+parents during the day, and had there heard a plot of the Tories of the
+neighborhood to capture Lord Stirling. Being of a patriotic disposition,
+she told her mistress of the plot as soon as she got home; and when in
+the night a large body of the enemy came to the house, they were met
+with a surprise.
+
+Lord Stirling had not gone out of town without taking with him a guard
+of dragoons; and these men, instead of being quartered at a distance, as
+the Tories evidently supposed they would be, had all been brought into
+the house; and when the attack was made in the night, the bullets and
+pistol balls which whizzed and whistled from that ordinarily peaceful
+mansion astonished the Tories, who fled.
+
+But although Lord Stirling did so much for American independence, he did
+not live to enjoy the fruits of it, for he died in Albany, while still
+in command of the Northern Department. After his death, the estate at
+Basking Ridge was sold, and payment for it was made in Continental
+money, which afterwards became of almost no value; so that for this fine
+property, it might be said, his family received nothing but a pile of
+badly printed paper. The mansion and the deer park and the emblazoned
+carriages are gone and forgotten; but the brave soldier, who gave up all
+the pleasures of a lordly position for his country, will live in
+history.
+
+
+
+
+MOLLY PITCHER.
+
+
+At the battle of Monmouth, where Lord Stirling so distinguished himself
+for the management of the artillery, another person of an entirely
+different station in life, of different nationality, and even different
+sex, played a very notable part in the working of the American cannon on
+that eventful day.
+
+This was a young Irishwoman, wife of an artilleryman. She was of a
+different disposition from ordinary women, who are glad enough to hide
+themselves in places of safety, if there is any fighting going on in
+their neighborhood. Molly was born with the soul of a soldier, and,
+although she did not belong to the army, she much preferred going to war
+to staying at home and attending to domestic affairs. She was in the
+habit of following her husband on his various marches, and on the day
+of the Monmouth battle she was with him on the field.
+
+The day was very hot. The rays of the sun came down with such force that
+many of the soldiers were taken sick and some died; and the constant
+discharges of musketry and artillery did not make the air any cooler.
+Molly devoted herself to keeping her husband as comfortable as possible,
+and she made frequent trips to a spring not far away to bring him water;
+and on this account he was one of the freshest and coolest artillerymen
+on the ground. In fact, there was no man belonging to the battery who
+was able to manage one of these great guns better than Pitcher.
+
+Returning from one of her trips to the spring, Molly had almost reached
+the place where her husband was stationed, when a bullet from the enemy
+struck the poor man and stretched him dead, so that Molly had no sooner
+caught sight of her husband than she saw him fall. She ran to the gun,
+but scarcely had reached it before she heard one of the officers order
+the cannon to be wheeled back out of the way, saying that there was no
+one there who could serve it as it had been served.
+
+Now Molly's eyes flashed fire. One might have thought that she would
+have been prostrated with grief at the loss of her husband, but, as we
+have said, she had within her the soul of a soldier. She had seen her
+husband, who was the same to her as a comrade, fall, and she was filled
+with an intense desire to avenge his death. She cried out to the officer
+not to send the gun away, but to let her serve it; and, scarcely
+waiting to hear what he would say, she sprang to the cannon, and began
+to load it and fire it. She had so often attended her husband, and even
+helped him in his work, that she knew all about this sort of thing, and
+her gun was managed well and rapidly.
+
+It might be supposed that it would be a very strange thing to see a
+woman on the battlefield firing a cannon; but even if the enemy had
+watched Molly with a spyglass, they would not have noticed anything to
+excite their surprise. She wore an ordinary skirt, like other women of
+the time; but over this was an artilleryman's coat, and on her head was
+a cocked hat with some jaunty feathers stuck in it, so that she looked
+almost as much like a man as the rest of the soldiers of the battery.
+
+During the rest of the battle, Molly bravely served her gun; and if she
+did as much execution in the ranks of the Redcoats as she wanted to do,
+the loss in the regiments in front of her must have been very great. Of
+course, all the men in the battery knew Molly Pitcher, and they watched
+her with the greatest interest and admiration. She would not allow any
+one to take her place, but kept on loading and firing until the work of
+the day was done. Then the officers and men crowded about her with
+congratulations and praise.
+
+The next day General Greene went to Molly,--whom he found in very much
+the condition in which she had left the battlefield, stained with dirt
+and powder, with her fine feathers gone and her cocked hat
+dilapidated,--and conducted her, just as she was, to General
+Washington. When the commander in chief heard what she had done, he gave
+her warm words of praise. He determined to bestow upon her a substantial
+reward; for any one who was brave enough and able enough to step in and
+fill an important place, as Molly had filled her husband's place,
+certainly deserved a reward. It was not according to the rules of war to
+give a commission to a woman; but, as Molly had acted the part of a man,
+Washington considered it right to pay her for her services as if she had
+been a man. He therefore gave her the commission of a sergeant, and
+recommended that her name be placed on the list of half-pay officers for
+life.
+
+Every one in the army soon came to hear of the exploit of Molly Pitcher,
+and it was not long before she was called Captain Molly. The officers of
+the French regiment on the American side were particularly pleased with
+this act of heroism in a woman, and invited Molly to review their
+troops; and as she walked down the long line of soldiers, nearly every
+man put a piece of money in the cocked hat which she held in her hand.
+
+This was the last battlefield on which Molly Pitcher appeared, but it
+had not been her first. Not long before, she had been with her husband
+in Fort Clinton when it was attacked by a very large force of the
+British. After a vigorous defense, the Americans found that it was
+impossible to defend the fort, and a retreat was ordered. As the
+soldiers were rushing out of the rear of the fort, Molly's husband
+turned away from his gun, threw down his match,--a piece of rope soaked
+in combustible substances, and slowly burning at one end, which was used
+in those days for discharging cannon,--and ran for his life. Molly
+prepared to follow him; but as she saw the glowing match on the ground,
+and knew that her husband's gun was loaded, she could not resist the
+desire to take one more crack at the enemy. So she stopped for an
+instant, picked up the match, touched off the gun, and dashed away after
+her husband. The cannon which then blazed out in the face of the
+advancing British was the last gun which the Americans fired in Fort
+Clinton.
+
+Molly did not meet with the reward which was accorded so many other
+Jersey women who were of benefit to their State and country. She died
+not long after the close of the war; and if she had known that she was
+to be famous as one of the heroes of the Revolution, there is no doubt
+that she would have hoped that people would be careful to remember that
+it was a man's service that she did to the country, and not a woman's.
+
+But Captain Molly was not the only Jersey woman who was willing to act a
+man's part in the War for Independence. Among those of whom there is
+historical mention was Mrs. Jinnie Waglum, who lived near Trenton. At
+the time when Washington was arranging to march upon Princeton, she was
+visiting her friend, whose husband was the landlord of The True American
+Inn, just out of Trenton; and this tavern was Washington's headquarters
+at the time. In this way Mrs. Jinnie heard of the intended advance; and
+she also heard that there was no one in the American forces who knew the
+country well enough to conduct the army from Trenton to Princeton by any
+route except the highways, on which the advance would be observed by the
+enemy.
+
+She therefore sent word to Washington that she would guide the army if
+he wished, and that there was no one who knew the country better than
+she did. Washington was a man who had sense enough to avail himself of
+good service whenever it was offered; and when he had made inquiries
+about Mrs. Waglum, he was perfectly willing to put his army under her
+guidance, and very glad indeed that she had offered her services.
+
+When a woman acts the part of a man, it is not surprising that she
+likes to look like a man; so Mrs. Jinnie put on a soldier's coat and a
+soldier's hat, and, mounting a horse, she headed the Continental army,
+commanded by Washington. This was a proud position, but she was equal to
+it; and on she rode, with all the cavalry and the infantry and the
+artillery and the general and staff following behind her. She took them
+along by Sand Town and Quaker Bridge, by roads over which she had often
+traveled; and the American army reached Princeton in good time for the
+battle which took place next day.
+
+
+
+
+THE MORRISTOWN GHOSTS.
+
+
+In the early days of American history there was in New Jersey, as well
+as in New England and other parts of the country, a firm belief in the
+existence of witches and ghosts. Of course, there were people who knew
+enough not to put faith in supernatural apparitions and magical power;
+but there were so many who did believe in these things, that it was
+often unsafe, or at least unpleasant, to be an ugly old woman, or a
+young woman in not very good health, for it was believed that into such
+bodies the evil spirits delighted to enter.
+
+Nearly all the older towns had their ghost stories, their witch stories,
+and their traditions of hidden treasure, guarded by spirits of persons
+who had been murdered, and buried with the gold in order that their
+spirits might act as a charm to frighten away anybody who should presume
+to dig in those spots. In Burlington were two great trees which were
+regarded with admiration and fear by many of the inhabitants. One was a
+large willow tree, which was called the Witches' Tree, around which
+these horrible spirits were supposed to dance on many a wild night.
+Another was the Pirates' Tree, a great walnut, under the roots of which
+many of the inhabitants firmly believed that the famous Blackbeard and
+his band had buried many pots of gold, silver, and precious stones; and
+these pots would have been dug up had it not been for the fear that the
+spirit of the savage pirate, who had been buried with the treasure,
+would have been the first thing to meet the eyes of the sacrilegious
+disturber of the pirate treasure vault.
+
+There are other ghost stories of other places in New Jersey; but
+Morristown, some years after the close of the Revolution, took the lead
+of all the other Jersey towns as a scene of ghostly performances.
+
+For years back many of the people had been convinced that an occasional
+witch had appeared among them, getting into the churns and preventing
+the butter from coming, breaking the legs of sheep in jumping over the
+fence, causing their horses to become suddenly mysteriously sick, and
+making themselves obnoxious in various ways. But it was not until the
+year 1788 that New Jersey ghosts determined to go regularly into
+business at this place.
+
+Supernatural occurrences of this period attracted a great deal of
+attention, not only in the town itself, but in the surrounding country;
+and an account of what happened in Morristown during the time that the
+spirits were holding their visitations at that place is related in an
+old pamphlet published in 1792, written by an anonymous person who had
+no faith whatever in ghosts, but who had a firm belief in the efficacy
+of long words and complicated phraseology. We will take the story from
+this old pamphlet.
+
+For a long time there had been a tradition that a vast treasure was
+buried on Schooley's Mountain, or, as it was then spelled, Schooler's
+Mountain, which was at that time a wild and desolate region more than
+twenty miles from Morristown. It is said that there were two gentlemen
+of the place who were particularly strong in their belief in this
+treasure, and they felt sure that all that was necessary in order to
+obtain it was to find some man who had knowledge of the habits and
+customs and requirements of the spirits in regard to treasures. Having
+their minds on this subject, it was not long before they heard of such a
+man. This was Mr. Ransford Rogers, a schoolmaster in Connecticut, who
+knew many things, and who pretended to know many more. He really did
+understand something about chemistry, was very ingenious and plausible,
+and had been frequently heard to say that he was not afraid of spirits,
+and was able to call them up, converse with them, and afterwards cause
+them to disappear. This was exactly the man needed by the two gentlemen
+of Morristown, and they went to Connecticut to see him.
+
+When the business of the visitors was made known to Rogers, he was
+delighted, for here was an opportunity to get into a good business,
+which would probably be infinitely more pleasant than teaching. So he
+gave up his school and came to Morristown, being under contract to the
+two gentlemen to do what he could to induce the spirits to reveal the
+place of the concealed treasure in Schooley's Mountain. But as it would
+not do for a stranger to come into the town and hang out a sign,
+stating that he was a spirit raiser, it was necessary for Rogers to
+pretend that he had come on other business, and so he took charge of a
+small school outside of the town, but gave the greater part of his time
+to investigating the minds of the people of Morristown, in order that he
+might find out what he could do in the way of duping them; and in the
+words of the old writer, he found that this would be a good place for
+the "marvelous exhibitions which he was able to facilitate with the
+greatest alacrity."
+
+Of course, he was not at all willing to begin business with the support
+of only two persons, and the first thing he did was to gather together
+as many men as possible who really wished to be rich, and who were
+willing to be governed by him in regard to the way in which they should
+go about obtaining the vast hoard buried far away in the mountain. After
+a time he succeeded in getting together as many as forty men, who all
+thoroughly believed in his honesty and in his ability to take them out
+to Schooley's Mountain, to call up the spirits who guarded the treasure,
+to induce them to turn it over to them, and then to vanish peaceably,
+without offering to molest or harm any one.
+
+But it was a long time before Rogers was ready to lead his company on
+the great quest. There were many, many things that had to be done before
+they could start, and he soon found that he was not able to work out his
+great scheme alone; so he went back to Connecticut and got another
+schoolmaster, to whom he divulged his secret, and brought him to
+Morristown, and the two together went into the spirit business with
+great energy and enterprise. Night after night the company of treasure
+seekers met together, sometimes in a dark room, and sometimes out in the
+wild, lonely fields, close to black forests, and out of sight and
+hearing of human abodes.
+
+Rogers was a chemist; and he frequently went out to one of these lonely
+meeting places in the afternoon and prepared a mine, which he exploded
+during the midnight meetings, and thus created a great wonder and terror
+among his followers. When they were indoors, there would be knockings
+and strange voices heard coming through the cracks; these voices
+proceeding from the other schoolmaster, who covered his mouth with what
+the writer of the pamphlet calls "a superficial machine," probably a bit
+of tin with a hole in it, which so disguised his voice that it was not
+recognized.
+
+When they were out of doors in the black night, they would sometimes see
+a ghost flit about under the trees at the edge of the woods; and the
+second schoolmaster, well wrapped up in a sheet, seems to have made as
+good a ghost as could have been found anywhere. There were many
+supernatural performances, and among them was a great act, in which each
+one of the members of the company lay flat on his face in the field with
+his eyes shut, holding in one outstretched hand a sheet of paper. This
+was done in the hope that the spirits would write their instructions on
+the paper. Mr. Rogers knelt down with the others and held his paper; but
+it was not a blank sheet like the others. When this performance was
+over, all the papers were shaken together, and then they were drawn out
+one by one; and judge of the surprise and awe of all present, when one
+of them would contain some writing,--generally in a beautiful hand, such
+as could only be expected from a supernatural being (or a
+schoolmaster),--which would be found to be instructions as to what must
+be done.
+
+The most important of these directions ordered that before any march
+could be made toward Schooley's Mountain, or any definite directions
+given in regard to the whereabouts of the treasure, each member should
+pay to the spirits, through Mr. Rogers, who would kindly act as agent,
+the sum of twelve pounds. And, moreover, this must not be paid in the
+paper money then current in New Jersey, which was called "loan money",
+and which would not pass outside of the State, but in gold or silver.
+When every member had paid in his twelve pounds, then the party would be
+led to the place of the treasure.
+
+When they found out what they had to do, each man went to work to try,
+if possible, to raise the twelve pounds; but Rogers soon saw that it
+would be impossible for some of them to do this, as specie money was so
+hard to get, and he reduced the sum, in some cases, to six or four
+pounds. He was a good business manager, and would not try to get out of
+a man more than that man could pay.
+
+Not one of the people engaged in this affair had the slightest idea that
+Rogers was deceiving them. It is not likely that any of them were people
+of much culture or means; and it is said that some of them went so far
+as to sell their cattle, and mortgage their farms, in order to get gold
+or silver to pay to the good schoolmaster who was generously acting as a
+mutual friend to both parties. But what were these sacrifices compared
+to the treasure they would obtain when at last they should be permitted
+to dig up the buried hoard on Schooley's Mountain!
+
+It was now winter, and of course they could not start on the expedition
+in bad weather; but meeting after meeting was held, and it was at last
+definitely promised that the expedition should go forth from Morristown
+early in May. On the first of that month, they all gathered at midnight
+in the lonely field, and there was a terrible scene. There were more
+fireworks and explosions than usual, and one of the spirits appeared at
+the edge of the wood greatly excited, stamping his feet, and rushing
+about under the trees; and when Rogers went to see what was the
+matter,--for of course none of the others would dare to speak to a
+spirit,--he found that the supernatural beings with whom they had so
+long been in communication, and who were now scattered about in all
+parts of the woods, were very angry and incensed because they had become
+aware that some of the party were unfaithful, and had divulged the
+secrets which had been made known to them. They were so thoroughly
+indignant, in fact, that they refused to go on with the affair for a
+time, and announced that the expedition to Schooley's Mountain would be
+postponed until they were positively certain that every man who was to
+go there was the sort of man who would never let anybody into the awful,
+soul-dazzling secret which would be divulged. So they must all go home,
+and wait until this important matter could be satisfactorily arranged.
+
+Strange to say, they all did go home, and waited, and not one of them
+suspected Rogers.
+
+The schoolmaster had obtained a good deal of money, but he had not
+enough. So, in less than a month, he started another company, this time
+a small one, and began to go through his performances with them. But he
+soon found he could not make much money out of five men, and he began to
+get a little braver, and thought he would try what he could do with the
+better class of people in Morristown; and, having discovered that a very
+good ghost could be called up by means of a white sheet and a
+"superficial machine", he dressed himself up one night, and made a
+supernatural call upon a gentleman in good standing in the church. When
+he had appeared at the bedside of this good man, he told him all about
+the treasure of Schooley's Mountain, and, if he wanted some of it, how
+he might obtain it.
+
+The gentleman, having never seen a ghost, supposed, of course, that this
+was an authorized apparition, and became greatly interested in what was
+told him. The next day, according to directions, he went around among
+his friends in the church, and soon formed a considerable company, who
+all believed, that, if they did what they were told to do, they could go
+to Schooley's Mountain and become immensely wealthy.
+
+They did a great many things that they were told to do: they met in dark
+rooms, as the other party had met; they went out into a lonely field at
+midnight; they held out papers to be written on; and, more than that,
+they conducted their meetings with prayer and other solemnities. And
+they all promised to pay twelve pounds in gold as an earnest of their
+good faith in the spirits, and to deliver the money to that great
+miracle worker, Mr. Rogers, who would remit it to the spirits.
+
+The schoolmaster found it necessary to be more mystical and weird in his
+dealings with this second party than with the first. He did a great many
+strange things which savored of magic and alchemy. Among other things,
+he got some fine bone dust, which he assured his followers was the dust
+of the bodies of the spirits who were to lead them to the treasure; and
+a little of this, wrapped up in a paper, he gave to each one of them,
+which they were to keep secret, and preserve as a magical charm.
+
+One of the company, an old gentleman who was sometimes a little
+absent-minded, went to bed one night and left the magical packet in one
+of his pockets; and his wife, probably looking for small change, found
+it. She could not imagine what it was, but she was afraid it was
+something connected with witchcraft, and was greatly troubled about it.
+The next day she told her husband of the discovery, and was so very
+persistent that he should explain to her what it meant, that at last he
+thought it wise to tell her the whole proceeding, and so prevent her
+from interfering with the great and important business with which he was
+concerned. He made her promise secrecy, and soon she had heard all about
+Rogers, the spirits, and the buried gold. She became convinced that it
+was all the work of the devil, and she went off among her friends and
+began to talk about it.
+
+Now there was a great excitement, not only on the part of the believers,
+but among the spirits themselves; and Rogers, who had enlisted two new
+men in his scheme, made his ghosts work hard to keep up the delusion
+among his followers. All four of them, dressed in sheets, went about
+making communications whenever they had a chance, and assuring the
+members of the band of treasure hunters that everything would soon be
+all right, and that they must not allow their faith to be shaken by
+gossipers and scandalmongers.
+
+Rogers himself, in his ghostly costume, went one night to the house of
+a gentleman who was his follower, and made some important communications
+to him; but as the schoolmaster had been encouraging himself by some
+strong drink before setting out on his round of apparitions, he talked
+in such a queer way to his disciple, that the latter became suspicious.
+The next morning he found horse tracks from his door to Rogers's house,
+and so discovered that the ghost had come from that place on horseback.
+Further investigations followed, and it was not long before it became
+quite plain that Rogers had been playing a well-planned trick upon the
+inhabitants of Morristown, and he was arrested.
+
+Every one, however, had not lost faith in him, and there was an old
+gentleman--whose name the ancient pamphlet very kindly conceals, calling
+him by the name of "Compassion"--who went bail for him, and he was
+released; whereupon he and his friends decamped. However, Rogers was
+again arrested, and this time he confessed the whole of his share in
+raising the ghosts of Morristown.
+
+But, as has been said, he was a man of ability, and able to take care of
+himself, and in some way he managed to escape from custody, and was seen
+no more in New Jersey. His followers, who had sent their gold and silver
+to the spirits by means of his kind offices, never saw their money
+again; and the vast treasures buried at Schooley's Mountain still remain
+hidden from all men.
+
+
+
+
+A JERSEYMAN AND HIS ROYAL CROWN.
+
+
+We have told the story of the lord who lived at Basking Ridge; now we
+will tell the story of a much more exalted personage, one who had sat
+upon a throne, and worn a crown and royal robes rich with diamonds and
+precious stones, and who lived on a breezy hill on the banks of the
+Delaware. What he was doing in New Jersey, and how he had come to wear a
+crown and royal robes, we will now proceed to tell.
+
+This exalted personage was not a king when he was living in New Jersey,
+but he had been a king. In fact, if we may not say that he had been two
+kings, we can say that he had been a king twice. He was Joseph
+Bonaparte, the eldest brother of the great emperor, Napoleon, who, after
+having conquered a great many nations of Europe, and having deposed
+their kings, supplied them with new sovereigns out of his own family.
+Joseph was sent to Italy to be King of Naples. He did not particularly
+want to be king, and he knew that the people did not want him, and after
+he had been in Naples some time, reigning under his brother's orders
+with no great success, the emperor determined to transfer him to Spain,
+whose throne had just been made vacant. Having been informed that he
+was to go to Madrid, Joseph obeyed, but he did not like it.
+
+Moreover, the people of Spain did not like it, and after a time they
+rose up in rebellion, and were assisted by the English and Portuguese,
+and forced the king to fly from Spain.
+
+The ex-king of Naples and Spain had various adventures in France and
+Switzerland; and when the power of the great Napoleon came to an end, he
+was obliged to fly, or he also might have been sent to Elba or some
+other place equally undesirable, so he determined to come to America. In
+a little brig of two hundred tons, a very small vessel to sail on the
+ocean, he crossed the Atlantic in disguise, not even the captain of the
+vessel knowing who he was. He was accompanied by his secretary; and when
+the two reached America and made themselves known, they were treated
+with great respect and attention. In fact, America owed so much to
+France, that she was very willing to show her gratitude.
+
+Now that he was well out of Europe, Joseph Bonaparte gave up all idea of
+returning, and in deciding to settle here it was not surprising that he
+chose to make his home in New Jersey. He bought a place near Bordentown,
+on a high wooded hill called Point Breeze, and built a house, which was
+truly splendid for those days. It had grand halls and staircases and
+banquet halls, and it must have been larger and more imposing than Lord
+Stirling's. His estate, which covered more than a thousand acres, was
+beautifully laid out in drives and gardens and lawns, and everything on
+the place was arranged in a style of beauty and grandeur.
+
+It was three years before this great house, with its surroundings, was
+finished, and ready for the ex-king's residence; and when at last he
+went there, he lived in ex-regal style. His wife was not with him,
+having remained in Italy on account of ill health, and her physicians
+would never allow her to come to America. But he had two daughters who
+were with him during part of his residence in New Jersey, and there were
+persons who asserted that he had also brought with him the crown of
+Spain and the royal robes of Italy.
+
+It generally happens, when a sovereign is obliged to abdicate and to fly
+from his kingdom, that he arranges matters so that he shall not become a
+pauper when he arrives at the place of refuge. If he is not able to
+carry away anything more than a valise, he is much more likely to put
+his royal jewels into it than to fill it up with night clothes and
+hairbrushes; so when Bonaparte came to New Jersey, he came as a very
+rich man.
+
+When his kingly mansion was ready to be supplied with art treasures,
+such as ornamented the palaces of Europe, the ex-king sent across the
+ocean for costly paintings and beautiful sculpture with which to fill
+his new house; and if any crowned heads had happened to visit him, he
+would not have been ashamed to welcome them beneath his roof. People of
+royal blood--that is, the same kind of royal blood that he had--did come
+over to visit him. Louis Napoleon, afterward Emperor of France, came,
+when a young man, and spent some weeks with his uncle. While there, it
+is said, this young man went out shooting on the estate, and, finding
+the birds near the house easier to hit than those at a distance, he
+blazed away at any feathered creatures he saw in the garden, so that the
+gardener made a complaint.
+
+But even then this young Louis Napoleon had begun to have dreams in
+regard to his succession to the imperial throne of France, and he did
+not like to be snubbed and scolded by an uncle who had had all the regal
+honors he was ever likely to get, and who therefore had no right to put
+on airs in his dealings with the prospective wearer of a crown. So there
+was a quarrel between the two, and there are reports to the effect that
+Louis Napoleon took revenge upon his uncle by cutting his fruit trees
+with a hatchet, without, however, imitating Washington in regard to
+subsequent truthfulness.
+
+Besides visitors from abroad, many distinguished Americans visited the
+ex-king. Among these were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Quincy
+Adams. General Lafayette, also, when he came to this country, was
+received with great state by the Count de Survilliers, the title under
+which Joseph Bonaparte lived at Bordentown.
+
+This ex-king never became an American citizen by taking out
+naturalization papers; but the Legislature of New Jersey treated him
+very well, and passed a resolution which enabled him to hold property in
+this State, and to thus become, in fact, a Jerseyman.
+
+But although our ex-king was now established on the free soil of
+America, he did not feel altogether safe. His family had come to grief;
+and there was reason to fear, that, as a member of that family, England,
+or France, or Spain, might demand him as a prisoner, to be taken across
+the ocean to answer the charge of unlawful occupation of a throne.
+
+It is quite possible that the people of the neighborhood imagined that
+the ex-king was in greater fear of molestation from his former royal
+brethren than was really the case. Their reasons for supposing that he
+was anxious to defend himself against surprise and capture had some
+ground, for there were some strange things about that ex-royal
+estate,--things that were not known in any other part of New Jersey.
+There was a tall building called a belvedere, from which the country and
+the river might be surveyed for a long distance in every direction; but,
+stranger far than that, there were subterranean passages which led from
+the house to unfrequented parts of the grounds. These passages were well
+built, arched with brick, and high enough for people to walk upright in
+them; and although persons of quiet and unimaginative minds thought
+that they were constructed for the purpose of allowing the occupants to
+go down to the lake or to the other portions of the grounds without
+getting wet if it should happen to be raining, there were many people
+who believed that for sudden showers a good stock of umbrellas would be
+cheaper and quite as useful, and that these costly passages could be
+meant for nothing else than to give opportunity for escape, in case
+foreign emissaries or officers of the law should come in search of an
+ex-king who was wanted on the other side of the Atlantic.
+
+For whatever reason these passages were built, the spectacle of an
+ex-king, carrying a crown and his royal robes in a hand bag, slipping
+out from among some bushes to tramp along the dusty road to Trenton or
+Burlington, was never seen. Nobody ever thought it worth while to come
+to New Jersey to demand him or his property.
+
+During his residence at Bordentown, which continued for about fourteen
+years, Joseph Bonaparte was very popular with the people of the
+neighborhood. They looked upon him as a friend and neighbor; but at the
+same time they did not lose sight of the fact, that although he was now
+a country gentleman of New Jersey, with his lawn and his flower garden
+to look after, he had sat upon two thrones, and had been a sovereign of
+Naples and Spain. They called him "king," and his house was known as the
+"palace;" and for this reason the people of other States made some mild
+fun of New Jersey, calling it a foreign country.
+
+But if this ex-king had been a rich country gentleman of the
+neighborhood, he could not have made himself more popular. He was
+hospitable, and frequently gave entertainments, and he sent flowers and
+fruits from his gardens to his friends and neighbors. He made roads, and
+contributed in many ways to the improvement of the country round about
+his home. In winter time the boys of Bordentown came to skate upon his
+ponds; and at such times he nearly always offered them refreshments,
+which consisted of quantities of chestnuts, which he scattered on the
+ice so that the youngsters might scramble for them.
+
+In many ways his kind and sociable disposition made him so much liked,
+that it is very probable that if the officers of the law had come to
+take him back to Europe, he would have received such timely notice of
+their approach that it would not have been necessary for him to hurry
+away through his underground passages. New Jersey is a reasonable and
+hospitable State, and when an ex-king comes to reside within her
+borders, he will be as well treated, so long as he behaves himself, as
+if he were a poor immigrant from Europe, coming with his wife and family
+to clear away the forest, and make himself a home.
+
+Just before Joseph started for America, the affairs of his family were
+at their lowest ebb. His great brother, the emperor, had fallen from his
+high state, and could look forward to nothing but imprisonment by the
+European countries, whose thrones he had for so long been in the habit
+of upsetting or threatening. In his last interview with Napoleon, when
+on his way to the ship which was to take him to America, Joseph
+generously offered to change places with his brother, and to let the
+ex-emperor fly to America instead of the ex-king. It was very difficult
+for any one of the Napoleon family to get away from France at that time;
+but Joseph had made a very excellent plan by which passports were
+provided for two persons coming to America on business, and his brother
+could have used one of those as well as himself.
+
+But the great Napoleon declined to run away in this manner. He remained,
+and was sent to St. Helena. What would have occurred in the neighborhood
+of Bordentown, N.J., had Napoleon Bonaparte, conqueror of Europe, ruler
+of nations, and disposer of crowns, the hero of Austerlitz, Marengo,
+and Wagram, taken up his residence at Point Breeze, and established
+himself as a citizen of the State, cannot easily be imagined. The
+geniality, sociability, and hospitality of the ex-king could hardly have
+been expected from the ex-emperor; and, surrounded as he would have been
+in time by devoted followers who would have exiled themselves from their
+country for his sake, there might have been a little empire in New
+Jersey which would have been exceedingly interesting to tourists.
+
+Moreover, if the allied powers of Europe had sent over a fleet to bring
+back their great enemy, who knows but that they might have found, when
+they reached Bordentown, not a tall lookout tower and underground
+passages for escape, but a fort with ramparts, redoubts, a moat, a
+drawbridge, and mounted cannon ready to sweep the Delaware and the
+surrounding country? However this might have been, it is certain that
+Napoleon's refusal to take his brother's place must ever be a source of
+satisfaction to the people of Bordentown and the rest of the country.
+
+As a proof that Joseph Bonaparte had had enough of royalty, and not
+enough of New Jersey, it is stated that a delegation of prominent men
+from Mexico, which country was then in a very disturbed condition, came
+to him during his residence at Bordentown, and offered him the throne of
+Mexico. In making answer to this proposition, our ex-king did not
+hesitate a moment. He told the delegation, that, having already worn two
+crowns, he desired never again to wear another. The old fable of the fox
+which had lost its tail did not probably come into his mind; but if it
+had, he might well have spoken of it to his Mexican visitors.
+
+After years had elapsed without any attempt on the part of European
+powers to arrest him, our ex-king, Joseph, began to feel safe, and he
+made a visit to England. He returned to America, but went back again,
+and died in Italy in 1844, having given to New Jersey the peculiar and
+unique position of being the only State in the Union which ever numbered
+among her citizens the owner of a royal crown and regal robes.
+
+To be sure, there is nothing in this for the people of a republican
+State to be proud of; but New Jersey may be allowed to say that there
+never was a royal person who was of less injury to the people among whom
+he dwelt than her ex-king at Bordentown, and she may add that there have
+been very few of his class who have been of as much advantage to his
+neighbors.
+
+
+
+
+THE DEY, THE BEY, AND SOME JERSEY SAILORS.
+
+
+New Jersey is very intimate with the ocean. For nearly the whole of her
+length, from Cape May to Sandy Hook, the waves of the Atlantic roll and
+roar. Wherever one may be in this State, it is not necessary to travel
+very far in order to smell the fresh sea air.
+
+It is true that but few of the great commercial vessels leave and arrive
+at the ports of New Jersey, and that the presence of naval vessels in
+her waters is due to the fact that she is part owner of the Bay of New
+York; but it is also true, that, although she has not sent forth ships
+to fight the battles of her country upon the ocean wave, she has sent
+out to command those ships some of the best-known men who have ever worn
+the American naval uniform.
+
+One of the first occasions in which our naval vessels played a part in
+foreign waters was of a rather romantic nature, though not particularly
+calculated to raise our country's flag in our own estimation or that of
+other nations.
+
+It was at the end of the eighteenth century, when we had begun to trade
+in various parts of the world, that our merchant vessels sailing on the
+Mediterranean were greatly molested by the pirates of what was called
+the Barbary Coast. The half-civilized and warlike people of Tripoli,
+Algiers, Tunis, and Morocco, had long been in the habit of sending out
+their armed vessels to prey upon the ships of all civilized countries;
+and when American ships entered the Mediterranean, they soon found out
+the state of affairs. Several vessels were captured, and the crews were
+sent on shore and imprisoned or enslaved.
+
+Nearly all the European maritime powers had defended their commerce
+against these savage pirates, not by great guns and vessels of war, but
+by humbly paying tribute. Every year these great nations sent money and
+gifts to the Dey of Algiers, the Bey of Tunis, and the other rascals;
+and in consideration of this tribute, their vessels were graciously
+allowed to sail on the Mediterranean without molestation.
+
+It was not long before the government of the United States saw very
+plainly that it must pay tribute, conquer the Barbary States, or
+quietly submit to the capture of all American merchantmen which might
+sail into the Mediterranean. The easiest thing to do was to pay the
+tribute; and as the other civilized nations did this, the United States
+followed their example.
+
+In the year 1800 a United States vessel bearing the name of "George
+Washington," and commanded by William Bainbridge, a Jerseyman who had
+been at sea ever since he was fourteen years old, sailed to Algiers,
+carrying on board the ship which bore the name of the great man who had
+made his country free and independent of the most powerful nation of the
+earth, the tribute which was annually due from the United States to an
+African sovereign, the Dey of Algiers.
+
+This commission of the United States vessel seemed more humiliating from
+the fact that our country had just come out of a war with France, in
+which our frigate "Constellation" had defeated and captured one of the
+vessels of that great naval power. But we had agreed to pay for the
+privilege of trading in the Mediterranean, and, although the countries
+of the Barbary Coast had no more right in that sea than Spain, France,
+or Italy, they chose to assert their right, and we had acknowledged it.
+
+When Bainbridge had arrived at Algiers, and had handed over the tribute
+which he had brought, he supposed that his business was over, and
+prepared to sail away; but the Dey, who was a potentate accustomed to
+ask for what he wanted and to get it, informed the United States
+commander that he wished to send him upon an errand.
+
+These Barbary powers were all subject to the great head of the
+Mohammedan nations, the Sultan of Turkey; and the Dey desired to send an
+ambassador to his imperial master, and as the "George Washington" was
+about to sail, he determined to make use of her.
+
+When Captain Bainbridge was informed that the Dey commanded him to take
+the ambassador to Constantinople, he very naturally declined, and
+thereupon a great hubbub arose. The Dey informed Bainbridge, that, as
+the United States paid him tribute, its people were his slaves; they
+were bound, as were his other subjects, to obey his commands, and to do
+what he told them without hesitation or question. If they were not his
+slaves, why did they come here, meekly bearing money and other gifts to
+their master?
+
+All this had no effect in convincing Captain Bainbridge that he was a
+slave of the Dey of Algiers, and bound to go upon his errands; but there
+was an American consul there, and he saw that the matter was very
+serious indeed. The harbor was commanded by forts mounted with heavy
+guns, and if these were brought to bear upon the "George Washington,"
+she would certainly be blown to pieces without much chance of defending
+herself; and, moreover, such a conflict would surely bring about a war
+with Algiers, and it was not at all desirable that an American officer,
+bound upon friendly business, should provoke war between his country and
+another.
+
+This reason was a very bitter dose for Captain Bainbridge; but after
+consideration he found himself obliged to take it. If he refused, there
+would be a United States ship the less; and he knew not how many
+American ships, now sailing without fear upon the Mediterranean, might
+be seized and burned, and their crews thrown into horrible slavery. He
+had no right to precipitate anything of this sort, and consequently,
+under protest, he agreed to take the Algerine ambassador to
+Constantinople. But this was not all the high-minded Dey demanded. He
+insisted that when the "George Washington" sailed out of the harbor, she
+should sail, not as a United States vessel, but as a ship of Algiers,
+and that she should carry on the mainmast, where generally floated the
+stars and stripes, the Algerine flag, while he kindly consented that the
+flag of her own country might float from the foremast. It was as
+difficult to refuse this second demand as it was the first, and so the
+"George Washington" went out of Algiers with the pirate's flag proudly
+floating from its mainmast.
+
+As soon as he got out of sight of land, Bainbridge hauled down the
+Algerine flag and put up his own; but this was a very small satisfaction
+and not particularly honorable.
+
+When the "George Washington" reached Constantinople, she created a
+sensation. Never before in the waters of the Golden Horn had the stars
+and stripes been seen, and the people of the city could not imagine
+where this strange ship came from. Some of these people had heard of
+America and the United States, but they knew of it only in a vague and
+misty way, very much as we understand some parts of the interior of
+China. If Captain Bainbridge had told them he was from New Jersey, he
+might as well have told them he came from the moon.
+
+But the Americans were very well received in Constantinople, and the
+officers of the government were glad to welcome them and do them honor.
+Captain Bainbridge and the Turkish admiral became very good friends; and
+when the latter heard how the former had been treated at Algiers, he
+condemned the insolent Dey, and laid the matter before the Turkish
+Government. In consequence of this, Bainbridge was given a paper, signed
+by the Sultan, which would protect him thereafter from any such
+disrespectful treatment from any of the minor Mohammedan powers. When
+Captain Bainbridge had enjoyed all the Turkish hospitality his duties
+permitted him to receive, he sailed from Constantinople and again
+entered the port of Algiers. The Dey was glad to see him come back, for
+he had some more business for him; and our Jersey captain was soon
+informed that he must sail away again on another errand for his Barbary
+master. But this time the Barbary master was very much astonished, for
+Bainbridge peremptorily refused to do anything of the kind.
+
+Now the blood of the Dey boiled hot, and he vowed that if the "George
+Washington" did not immediately sail forth upon his service, he would
+declare war upon this miserable little country which owned it, and he
+would put the commander and crew of the ship in chains, and clap them
+into dungeons. But Bainbridge did not turn pale, nor did he tremble. He
+simply pulled from his pocket the paper which he had received from the
+Sultan, and allowed the furious Dey to glance over it. When the raving
+pirate read the words of his imperial master, all the fury and the
+courage went out of him, and he became as meek and humble as if he had
+been somebody come to pay a tribute to himself. He received Bainbridge
+as a friend and an equal, and, from commanding and threatening him,
+became so gracious, and made so many offers of service and friendship,
+that Bainbridge decided to take advantage of this auspicious change of
+temper.
+
+Not long before, the French consul at Algiers had been seized and
+imprisoned, together with all the Frenchmen who were doing business in
+that place; for, so long as people belonged to a country which was a
+great way off, the Dey considered himself an all-powerful ruler, who
+could do what he pleased with them without fear of their far-away
+government. Bainbridge determined to try to do something for these poor
+men; and when he again met the smiling and pleasant Dey, he urged their
+release. The paper which Bainbridge received from the Sultan must have
+been written in very strong terms; for, although the demand of the
+American captain was a heavy one, the Dey agreed to it, and when the
+"George Washington" sailed from Algiers, she carried away all the
+Frenchmen who had been living there.
+
+Bainbridge was not at all satisfied with this Algerine business; and
+when he reported the affair to the authorities at home, he requested
+that he might never again be sent to carry tribute to Algiers unless he
+could deliver it from the mouths of his cannon.
+
+The next year the Bashaw of Tripoli, who had had no tribute from the
+United States, began to be very uneasy in his mind because he did not
+fare so well as the other Barbary potentates, to whom money and
+merchandise were delivered every year. He accordingly spoke up in
+defense of his rights. It is not likely that he knew where the United
+States was, what sort of a country it was, or how large or how small its
+army and navy might be. He knew that the Americans were miserable,
+humble people, who paid tribute to the Bey and the Dey, and he could see
+no particular reason why they should not pay it to the Bashaw.
+Consequently he wrote a letter to the President of the United States, in
+which he expressed his views very pointedly, and informed him, that, if
+proper arrangements were not made in six months, he would destroy all
+the American ships on the Mediterranean, and declare war against the
+United States.
+
+Strange to say, a thrill of terror did not run through the government of
+the United States; and six months passed without any notice having been
+taken of this impertinent communication. Thereupon the Bashaw cut down
+the flag pole in front of the American consul's office at Tripoli, and
+commenced the great work of annihilating the United States of America.
+He began on the small American trading vessels which he found along the
+Barbary Coast, intending probably, when his convenience would permit, to
+sail out upon the Atlantic, find the United States, and help himself to
+the treasures which its government had so disrespectfully declined to
+hand over to him. The example of the Bashaw had a great effect upon the
+Dey and the Bey and the sub-Sultan; and Algiers, Tunis, and Morocco also
+informed the President of the United States that they were going to war
+with him if he did not immediately promise to pay tribute more regularly
+and in articles of better quality.
+
+But the United States was getting tired of this sort of thing, and
+determined, no matter what the other civilized powers chose to do, that
+no more tribute should be paid by it to these insolent pirates.
+Consequently our government informed the mighty monarchs of the Barbary
+Coast that it was quite ready for war, and sent four ships to the
+Mediterranean, one of which, the "Essex," was commanded by Bainbridge.
+
+But the fleet did not do very much on this expedition, and the war with
+North Africa dragged considerably. Bainbridge came back to America, and
+after a time returned in command of the "Philadelphia." There was a
+small squadron with him, but he sailed faster than the other vessels,
+and reached the Mediterranean alone. Here he overhauled a Moorish vessel
+which had captured an American brig under a commission from Morocco.
+Having rescued the American vessel, the crew of which were prisoners in
+the pirates' hold, the "Philadelphia" took the Moorish vessel as a prize
+to Gibraltar, and then started out again to see what could be done to
+humble the port of Tripoli.
+
+In this undertaking our Jerseyman did not meet with good fortune. In
+chasing a Tripolitan vessel which was discovered near the harbor, the
+"Philadelphia" ran upon a reef, and there stuck fast. Everything was
+done that could be done to get her off; even the cannon were thrown
+overboard to lighten her, but it was of no use. She was hard and fast;
+and when the people of Tripoli found out what had happened, their
+gunboats came out of the harbor, and the "Philadelphia" was captured,
+and all on board, including Bainbridge, were made prisoners. They were
+taken to Tripoli, and there remained in captivity nineteen months. Now
+the soul of the Bey swelled high in his bosom as he smiled at this
+attempt of the little country across the ocean to resist his power.
+
+The Tripolitans found that they had gained a great prize in the
+"Philadelphia," that fine war ship, which seemed to have been left on
+the reef as a present to them. After a good deal of work, they towed her
+into the harbor close to the town, where they repaired her leaks, and
+put her in order to use against their enemies the Americans, who did not
+know how to keep a good thing when they had it. When Commodore Preble
+came, six months afterwards, to blockade the port of Tripoli, he
+discovered that the "Philadelphia" was nearly ready for sea; and, to
+prevent the disaster of having a United States ship with United States
+cannon bear down upon them, he determined to destroy the "Philadelphia,"
+if possible, and an excellent plan for the purpose was devised. A small
+vessel called the "Intrepid," which had been captured some time
+previously, was manned with a crew of over eighty men, commanded by
+Lieutenant Decatur, who, years after, finished the Algerine war.
+
+This brave little vessel sailed into the harbor as if she had been an
+ordinary merchantman, and managed to drift down close to the fine
+frigate which the Tripolitans had snatched from their blundering enemy.
+The crew on board the "Philadelphia" did not suspect the character of
+the little vessel which came so close to them, until she was made fast,
+and more than eighty men sprang up from the places where they had been
+lying concealed on deck, and swarmed over the side of the frigate.
+
+Among these was a young sailor, Lawrence, from Burlington, N.J., who had
+begun life early, having been a midshipman when he was only sixteen
+years old. When Commodore Preble asked for volunteers to go on this
+expedition to snatch from the hands of the pirates the prize which they
+thought they had won, Lawrence was one of the first volunteers, and
+acted as second in command of this expedition.
+
+The fight was not long. Many of the turbaned crew jumped overboard, and
+the others were quickly subdued. It would have been a grand thing if
+Decatur and his gallant sailors could have carried off the
+"Philadelphia," and have taken her out to the squadron. But this was
+absolutely impossible. Her foremast had been cut down in order to
+lighten her so that she could be floated off the reef, and many of her
+sails were wanting. Knowing that the vessel would not be found in
+sailing trim, Preble had issued positive orders that no attempt should
+be made to capture her, but that she should be burned.
+
+The cannon from the town and from the war vessels in the port now began
+to fire; but the men with Decatur and Lawrence knew exactly what they
+had to do, everything having been carefully arranged beforehand. They
+went to work without losing a minute, and set fire to the frigate in
+many places. The flames and the smoke spread so rapidly that some of
+them had hardly time to get out of the hold. Lieutenant Lawrence found
+he could not get on deck the way he came down, and was obliged to run
+along the hold and climb up forward. As quickly as possible every one
+jumped on board the "Intrepid," and, without relying entirely on their
+sails to enable them to get away, they put out sixteen great oars, which
+were pulled with a will by three or four men to each oar.
+
+Now the whole harbor of Tripoli was in wild commotion. The Americans
+stopped rowing for a moment to give three great cheers, and soon cannon
+shot were flying fast and furious after the retreating little vessel.
+But only one of them touched her, and that passed through a sail without
+doing much damage; and she rowed until her sails caught the wind, and
+then went out of the harbor, and returned in triumph to the squadron.
+
+Soon after they had left the "Philadelphia," that great vessel, with her
+hull blazing and the flames crackling and climbing up her masts, took it
+upon herself, in these last minutes of her existence, to strike a blow
+for the flag of her country. Possibly suspecting that some attempt might
+be made to rescue the ship they had captured, the Tripolitans had loaded
+all her cannon so as to be ready to fire upon any vessel that might
+approach her. As the fire spread over her hull, the time came when the
+"Philadelphia" could do something for herself; and when the guns were
+hot enough, she let fly a broadside into the town, and then another one
+among the shipping. How much damage she did, we do not know; but the
+soul of the Bashaw ceased to swell as he heard the roar of her last
+broadsides, and beheld her burning fragments scattered over the waters
+of the harbor.
+
+But when the Bashaw of Tripoli imprisoned Bainbridge, and even after he
+had seen the frigate he had captured disappear in flames and smoke, he
+found he was not yet rid of Jersey sailors. Some months afterwards, when
+Commodore Preble was still off the Barbary Coast, there was a vessel in
+the squadron called the "Nautilus," which was commanded by a young
+Jerseyman named Somers. He was a brave sailor, and had already
+distinguished himself on several occasions.
+
+Fighting the Bey was a good deal like trying to get at a rat in a hole,
+and, although there were some good fights in the Tripolitan waters, the
+fleet did not meet with much success at first. But the Americans were
+very anxious to do something effective, for at that time Bainbridge and
+his crew were imprisoned in the town, and no one knew what hardships and
+cruelties they might be enduring.
+
+After much consideration it was thought that a good way to strike a
+decisive blow would be to send a vessel loaded with shells and gunpowder
+into the harbor of Tripoli by night, and explode her there. This might
+result, it was thought, in the destruction of the forts and ships, and
+possibly part of the town, and so terrify the Bey that he would come to
+terms. Lieutenant Somers, who had been foremost in contriving this
+project, volunteered to command the expedition. The whole affair was so
+extremely dangerous that no one was ordered to take part in it, and all
+those who wished to go went of their own free will.
+
+The "Intrepid," the small vessel on which Decatur and Lawrence had
+sailed to burn the "Philadelphia," was still with the fleet, and this
+was heavily loaded with explosives of all kinds. The plan was, that
+after nightfall the "Intrepid" should be sailed as near as possible to
+the town, and that, after lighting the slow match which communicated
+with the terrible cargo, those on board should take to two small boats
+which they had in tow, and row out of the harbor as fast as possible,
+leaving there the "Intrepid" to hurl fire and destruction into the
+enemy's strongholds.
+
+Before Somers started out on this perilous voyage, he addressed the few
+men who were to accompany him, and told them that he wanted no one to go
+who would not be willing to blow himself up rather than be captured. It
+was well known that the Tripolitans were short of ammunition, and if
+they suspected what sort of a vessel it was which floated by night into
+the harbor, they would board her and capture her, if it should be
+possible, and thus gain possession of a great quantity of powder and
+shell. Rather than that this should happen, Somers told his men that he
+would blow up the little vessel with all on board, if the enemy should
+take it. But no man flinched; and after they had all taken leave of
+their friends on the fleet, as if they had been going to execution, the
+"Intrepid" slowly sailed away into the harbor, and it was not long
+before she was lost to view in the mists of the night.
+
+But after a time it became apparent to those on the American fleet that
+she was not lost to view to those in the harbor, for the guns of the
+fort began to fire on her. Everybody who had a glass kept it fixed on
+that part of the harbor where it was supposed Somers and his little
+vessel must be, and in course of time they saw a light rapidly moving
+as if some one were carrying a lantern from one end of the vessel to the
+other. Then in less than a minute there was a blaze and a roar, and the
+whole harbor of Tripoli was lighted up as if there had been an explosion
+of fireworks. Sparks and fiery fragments flew into the air, and the
+waters seemed to be shaken as if by an earthquake. Then all was silent
+and dark.
+
+Of course, the "Intrepid" had blown up, but how or why nobody on the
+fleet could know; nor did Somers and his brave crew ever come back to
+tell them. Some people thought, and still think, that the "Intrepid" was
+about to be captured, and that Somers carried out his resolution to blow
+up the vessel under him rather than allow it to be taken. Others suppose
+that a red-hot cannon ball from one of the forts may have set the vessel
+on fire; but the truth no one knows. We only know that this brave young
+Jerseyman went out to his fate determined to do his duty, no matter what
+happened, and that he died in doing it.
+
+
+
+
+SEA FIGHTS WITH A NOBLER FOE.
+
+
+The war with the Barbary pirates was all sorts of a war. Sometimes there
+was fighting, and sometimes there was none; and after Bainbridge was
+released, he was engaged part of the time in the mercantile service
+until the war with Great Britain broke out in 1812. Early in this war,
+Bainbridge took command of the "Constitution," the same vessel which, a
+few months before, had had a fight with the "Guerri�re," in which the
+latter was captured. It is a good deal better, sometimes, to fight with
+a strong enemy who will stand up bravely in front of you, and let you
+see what he is, than to contend with a mean little one who is
+continually getting out of the way and bobbing up at unexpected places,
+and making it very difficult either to get at him or to know when he is
+going to get at you. Consequently there is no doubt that Bainbridge much
+preferred to do battle with the naval power of Great Britain rather than
+with the pirates of Barbary.
+
+He sailed down the coast of South America, and there he met the "Java,"
+a British frigate. He had a hard fight and a long fight, and the end of
+it was that the "Java" hauled down her flag after having a great
+portion of her crew killed and wounded; and, as she was so thoroughly
+shattered and broken up by the guns of the "Constitution," the victors
+could not take her home as a prize, but were obliged to burn her.
+
+If any one had been inclined to deride the Jerseyman at sea, after what
+had happened to Bainbridge in the Mediterranean, he changed his opinion
+after the affair with the "Java." In fact, a gold medal was voted to the
+gallant captain by Congress. When the war with Great Britain was over,
+Bainbridge took a squadron to the Mediterranean to try his hand again at
+protecting American commerce, and humbling the pirates; but fortune did
+not favor him this time, for Decatur had already settled the matter with
+the Dey, the Bey, and the rest of them, and peace was declared before
+Bainbridge arrived on the scene. Our Jersey sailor did not do any more
+fighting, but he held high positions in our navy, and died an honored
+commodore.
+
+Years after the affair with the "Philadelphia," when war had begun
+between the United States and Great Britain, there was a great chance
+for America to show what she could do on the sea. Then the fighting men
+in ships were more important to the country than the fighting men on
+shore; and Captain Lawrence, our fighting sailor from Burlington, showed
+himself among the foremost of our naval heroes.
+
+Very early in the war he was in command of the "Hornet," a snappish
+vessel with more stings than one, and while cruising in South American
+waters he met the British man-of-war "Peacock." Now, when a hornet and
+a peacock quarrel, lively times are likely to ensue, and so it happened
+in this case.
+
+The two vessels began by endeavoring to get into favorable positions,
+each anxious to rake the deck of the other. The "Peacock" did not spread
+her tail, but she spread her sail, and the "Hornet" buzzed this way and
+that, with her stings ready for action as soon as the proper moment
+should arrive. When at last they actually began to fight, the battle was
+a terrible one, such as was possible only in those days of wooden ships.
+But a short distance apart, they poured into each other heavy shot and
+small shot; musketry and cannon cracked and roared, while the clouds of
+smoke nearly hid the vessels from each other. This tremendous
+bombardment lasted about a quarter of an hour, and at the end of that
+time the "Peacock" struck her colors and surrendered. The captain and a
+good many of the crew had been killed, and the vessel was in such a
+demolished condition that there was not time to get all the prisoners
+and the wounded on board the "Hornet." The officers and men of the
+American vessel labored hard to save those on board their unfortunate
+enemy; but the "Peacock" sank before this could be entirely
+accomplished, and several of the British sailors, with three of those
+from the "Hornet," sank with her.
+
+Captain Lawrence was not only a brave man, but he was a very kind one.
+He treated the officers and crew of the "Peacock" so well, even
+providing them with clothes (for they had no time to bring anything from
+their own vessel), that when the prisoners reached New York, the
+officers publicly thanked him in a paper which they drew up and signed.
+This victory, following our other brilliant exploits at sea, gave
+Lawrence great fame both here and abroad.
+
+A few months after the battle between the "Hornet" and the "Peacock,"
+Lawrence was again the hero of a great sea fight. The coast of New
+England was blockaded by a British fleet, and in the harbor of Boston
+lay the frigate "Chesapeake," commanded by Captain Lawrence. He had been
+recently appointed to this vessel, and in fact had been in command only
+ten days when he received a challenge to fight a naval duel.
+
+This proposition came from the captain of the British frigate "Shannon,"
+one of the blockading fleet, about the same size and strength as the
+"Chesapeake." The British captain sent a very polite letter to Captain
+Lawrence; for when people propose to fight duels, whether on land or
+sea, they are always extremely courteous before they begin to try to
+kill each other. The British captain said, that, as he understood the
+"Chesapeake" was now ready to go to sea, he would like her to come out
+and fight the "Shannon" for the honor of their respective flags. He
+offered the American captain choice of fighting ground inside of certain
+limits, and promised that the rest of the British fleet should keep far
+away, so that Captain Lawrence need have no fear of being troubled by
+any vessel except the "Shannon."
+
+When Captain Lawrence read this challenge, he was as willing to go out
+and fight the duel as the British captain was anxious to have him do
+so; but he knew that his vessel was not nearly so well prepared as was
+the "Shannon." The British ship had been at sea for a long time, she was
+manned by a crew of brave sailors, and her captain was well acquainted
+with his ship and his men.
+
+The case was very different with the "Chesapeake." Lawrence had been on
+board scarcely long enough to find out what sort of a ship she was, but
+he had been on board long enough to discover that her crew was a very
+poor one. Many of them were Portuguese, they had not been well drilled,
+and, worse than that, they did not want to fight. Few of them had been
+in the service long enough to have a taste for naval warfare; and if
+they had had their way, they would have let the "Shannon" lie outside
+until her captain grew gray, before they would go out and accept his
+challenge. The harbor was much more to their mind.
+
+But Captain Lawrence had no such idea. He accepted the challenge without
+hesitation, and prepared to go out and fight the duel. He would have
+been glad enough if he had had a good crew, but he would do his best
+with the crew he had. He put his ship in fighting trim, and his men in
+the best order possible, and early on a summer afternoon the
+"Chesapeake" went out to meet the "Shannon," which was boldly flying the
+flag of St. George.
+
+In those days, when men-of-war, as well as all other ships, were sailing
+vessels, the tactics of naval combats were very different from what they
+are now. Each of the commanders of vessels was obliged to think, not
+only of what his enemy was about, but what the wind was about. A steamer
+can take what position she pleases; she can steam far away from her
+enemy, or she can use her long-range guns, or dash down upon her to
+break in her sides with her ram. But in the old sailing times, maneuvers
+were very much more difficult, and if the winds ever desired to stop a
+sea fight, it often happened that they could do it simply by dying away
+themselves.
+
+The two ships sailed this way and that, each trying to get a position
+which would be good for herself and bad for the other; and at last, when
+they were very close, so near that their captains might have talked with
+each other, their cannon began to speak. From their mouths came rolling
+of thunder. From each ship, volleys of great shot swept the decks of the
+other, while the rattle of musketry became incessant. This tremendous
+fire was kept up for nearly ten minutes, and in this short time the
+"Chesapeake" lost nearly one hundred men, killed and wounded, on her
+upper deck.
+
+Still she had the best of the fight, for in a few minutes she would have
+taken a position in which she could have raked the decks of the enemy.
+But unfortunately some of her rigging was shot away, and she could not
+take advantage of the wind, and did not obey her helm. Nothing could be
+worse than this; for, with sails flapping wildly in the wind, precision
+of sailing, so necessary in a sea fight, was absolutely impossible.
+
+But not only was the "Chesapeake" unable to take the position she
+wanted, but she could not get out of the way, and she drifted against
+the "Shannon;" and the rigging of the two vessels became entangled, with
+the "Chesapeake" exposed to the full fire of the guns of the other ship.
+In this case there was only one thing to be done, and Captain Lawrence
+was the brave man to do it. He must board the "Shannon," and he and his
+men must fight her captain and his men hand to hand. There was no use
+trying to fight any longer with the "Chesapeake's" cannon.
+
+Instantly Lawrence ordered the boarders to be called on deck, and he was
+ready to put himself at their head and dash on board the "Shannon." He
+was slightly wounded, but he did not care for that. But now came another
+misfortune. The man who should have called the boarders to action by the
+roll of the drum was not on duty, and the bugler was ordered to sound
+the call. He was so frightened by this awful fight that he ran and hid
+himself, and when he was pulled out from his retreat, he had not breath
+enough to blow his bugle. Some of the men were sent below to shout for
+the boarders and call them on deck,--a very slow procedure at such a
+time; but before any of them arrived, the brave Lawrence was stretched
+upon the deck by a musket ball.
+
+The captain of the "Chesapeake" was not immediately killed, but he was
+mortally wounded; and when he was carried below, he showed that, near
+death as he was, he was still the bravest man on board. He thought
+nothing of himself, he thought only of his country and his ship; and his
+last orders were, "Don't give up the ship. Fight her till she sinks."
+
+But it was not much use trying to fight the "Shannon" any longer; there
+were no officers on the deck of the "Chesapeake," except two midshipmen,
+and the British captain saw that he had a good chance to board his
+enemy. So his crew were soon clambering over the sides of the American
+vessel. Some wounded officers rushed up from below to help repel this
+attack. Many of the American sailors fought bravely even at these great
+odds; but some of the crew, especially the Portuguese, basely deserted
+their comrades and hurried below. The fight on the deck of the
+"Chesapeake" was not a long one; and very soon the stars and stripes
+were hauled down from her masthead, and the British colors hoisted in
+their place.
+
+So ended the great duel between the "Chesapeake" and the "Shannon," and
+the last words of the brave Lawrence were never forgotten. "Don't give
+up the ship" became the watchword of the navy.
+
+After this bloody sea fight, which lasted only fifteen minutes, but in
+which nearly two hundred and fifty men were killed and wounded, the
+"Shannon" sailed away for Halifax, taking with her the "Chesapeake,"
+with the dead body of its brave commander on board. When the two vessels
+entered the harbor, Lawrence lay upon the quarter-deck, wrapped in the
+great flag of the "Chesapeake," while all the men on the British vessels
+in the harbor manned their yards, and shouted a wild welcome to the
+victorious "Shannon." But the flag which floated from the masthead of
+the British frigate held no more honorable position than that which
+covered the dead body of the American hero.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE TELEGRAPH AND THE STEAMBOAT.
+
+
+It will always be a source of commendable pride to the people of New
+Jersey, that their State was never backward in the political, social, or
+mechanical progress of this country. In fact, several of the most
+important steps in great movements for popular good have been made upon
+the soil of the State.
+
+Among the claims to pre�minence which New Jersey can make in this
+respect is the claim that the first telegraphic message that was ever
+transmitted through a wire was sent at the Iron Works at Speedwell, near
+Morristown, at which place Professor Morse and Mr. Vail, son of the
+proprietor of the works, were making experiments with the telegraph. The
+first public message was sent more than six years later from Washington
+to Baltimore; but the message at Speedwell stands first, in the point of
+priority, of all the dispatches by magnetic telegraph which the world
+has known.
+
+When Professor Morse conceived the idea of communicating between distant
+points by means of electricity, he was not able to carry out experiments
+for himself, and having made the acquaintance of Alfred Vail, son of the
+proprietor of the Iron Works at Speedwell, he gave up his business as a
+portrait painter and went to Speedwell, where he and Mr. Vail worked
+hard in experimenting with the new invention. At last, when they thought
+they had brought it to such a point that they could make practical use
+of it, they determined to try to send a message through three miles of
+wire. If that could be done, they believed they could send one to any
+distance desirable.
+
+Currents of electricity had been sent through long lengths of wire by
+Mr. Morse in previous experiments, but in these cases nothing more was
+attempted than signals; no words or message had been sent, and the
+proposed experiment, therefore, was of great importance. Its success or
+failure meant success or failure to the magnetic telegraph.
+
+The upper story of a house on the grounds of the Iron Works was one very
+large room, and round the walls of this they stretched their three miles
+of wire, until the room was encircled by lines of wire, one above
+another, but nowhere touching. At one end of this wire was placed a
+telegraphic instrument, and at the other, another; and with great
+anxiety, although with strong faith in the success of their work, Mr.
+Vail sent to Mr. Morse the first real telegraphic message, which ran
+thus: "A patient waiter is no loser."
+
+The house in which this first message was sent is still standing, near
+the Whippany River, not far out of Morristown. Alfred Vail and Mr.
+Morse, assisted by the advice of Professor Joseph Henry, superintendent
+of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, continued to work upon the
+telegraph at Speedwell; and as Mr. Vail furnished the capital, and did
+a great deal of the most important mechanical work, a large portion of
+the credit for this wonderful invention is due to him; and the whole
+system of telegraphy which now encircles and animates the world may be
+said to have sprung from the Iron Works near Morristown.
+
+Another great invention, as important as the telegraph, made its first
+appearance before the world in New Jersey. In the frozen waters about
+the North Pole, on the rivers of Africa, in the seas of China and Japan,
+on the stormy ocean about Cape Horn, and in almost all navigable waters
+of the world, are steamboats and steamships,--floating palaces on rivers
+and lakes, steam yachts and great Atlantic liners, swift war cruisers
+and line-of-battle ships like floating forts of iron and steel; but the
+first vessel which was ever propelled by steam paddled its way along the
+Delaware River, and was made in New Jersey.
+
+In 1787 John Fitch, who was a native of Connecticut, but who lived at
+that time in Trenton, N.J., where he had been a clock maker and
+manufacturer of arms, constructed a boat which was moved through the
+water by means of a steam engine on board. He had long been working on
+this invention, making experiments, and endeavoring to obtain assistance
+from people with money. He had applied to Congress to give him the
+exclusive right to the great results of his work if he should be
+successful; but this aid was refused.
+
+New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, however, gave him the right for
+fourteen years to propel vessels upon the waters of those States; and
+thus encouraged he built the first steamboat. This little vessel was
+imperfect in many ways, and its highest speed was four miles an hour;
+but still it was a steamboat, and it was the first that man had ever
+seen. Of course, it attracted a good deal of attention; and after it had
+been proved that it could move without sails or oars, and that it was
+not dangerous, people began to believe in it, and a steamboat company
+was organized by Fitch. Another boat was built, which carried passengers
+who paid their fare, and afterwards a larger boat was constructed, in
+the hope that a good passenger traffic might be established.
+
+We cannot wonder that there should have been a desire among enterprising
+people to establish some better method of transportation in travel than
+existed in the early days of New Jersey. At first the only roads in the
+State were narrow paths, sometimes more than fifty miles long, but only
+wide enough for the easy passage of a man on horseback. After that,
+better roads gradually came into use; and in the beginning of the
+eighteenth century there was a "stage wagon," intended for the carriage
+of merchandise, not passengers, which made a trip every two weeks from
+Perth Amboy to Philadelphia. This was considered as a great public
+convenience; because, before that, there was no regular method of
+shipping merchandise from New York to Philadelphia, except by sea.
+
+After a time, stage wagons, which carried passengers, began to run in
+some parts of New Jersey; and in 1750 a grand stage line was
+established, intended especially for the transportation of travelers. In
+an advertisement the proprietor of this line announced to all persons
+"who have occasion to transport themselves, goods, stores, or
+merchandise from New York to Philadelphia," that he would take them in
+"forty-eight hours less than by any other line," and he promised to "use
+the people in the best manner." It is stated that this trip by land and
+water between New York and Philadelphia lasted seven or eight days,
+although it now seems almost impossible to travel so slowly.
+
+Sixteen years afterward, a new and improved line of stage wagons was
+established, which were faster and very much more comfortable than any
+which had yet been known. They were actually mounted on springs, and it
+was promised that the trip would be made in two days in summer, and
+three days in winter. These stagecoaches were so much swifter than
+anything else of the kind ever known in the State, that they were called
+"flying machines."
+
+Fifteen years afterward, the price of conveyance between New York and
+Philadelphia on one of these "flying machines" was forty shillings in
+gold or silver for each passenger, and as much for each hundred and
+fifty pounds of baggage.
+
+The mail facilities in those days were as poor as the methods for
+transportation; and we can get an idea of the postal arrangements from
+an extract from a New York paper published in 1704, which states, "In
+the pleasant month of May, the last storm put our Pennsylvania post a
+week behind, and has not yet com'd in." But although this was rather
+slow communication, New Jersey was better off than many of the civilized
+communities of the day; for she had a regular postal system, which had
+been invented by Colonel John Hamilton.
+
+Colonel Hamilton's system was considered so good, that the British
+Government gave him a patent for it, and adopted it for the mother
+country, it being considered much better than the system then in use.
+The mails were generally carried in canvas bags by men on horseback; and
+this method of transportation was known as the "express" as a horse and
+his rider could go much more rapidly than even the best "flying
+machines." Mail service in New Jersey greatly improved before the end of
+the century.
+
+But it was very hard to persuade the public to encourage Fitch's new
+enterprise, even although it promised cheaper and more rapid
+transportation than any methods in use; and of course it was still
+harder, from the fact that the new steamboats had not yet gone faster
+than a sailing vessel with a good breeze. And so, notwithstanding the
+value of a system of navigation by which vessels could be made to move
+whether there was a breeze or not, and in any direction no matter how
+the wind was blowing, there was very little support to the new
+steamboat, and the enterprise was so unprofitable that it was given up.
+
+Nearly ten years after Fitch's largest steamboat had been sold as a
+piece of useless property, Robert Fulton made a steamboat which ran on
+the Hudson River at the rate of five miles an hour; and after this the
+practicability of steam navigation began to be slowly acknowledged. But
+the waters of New Jersey were the first which were ever ruffled by the
+paddles of a steamboat.
+
+New Jersey has another claim to distinction in connection with steam
+navigation, for at the Speedwell Iron Works were manufactured some of
+the larger portions of the machinery of the "Savannah," the first
+steamship which ever crossed the ocean.
+
+
+
+
+NEW JERSEY AND THE LAND OF GOLD.
+
+
+There was another famous American sailor who came out of New Jersey, who
+was perhaps of as much value to his country as any other naval
+commander, although he was not the hero of any great sea fights.
+
+This was Robert F. Stockton, who was born in Princeton, and who entered
+the navy early in life. He became an excellent officer and a great
+fighter. His disposition to do battle showed itself not only in leading
+men into action, but in doing a great deal of fighting himself. He
+distinguished himself in several naval combats during the war with
+Algiers. He commanded the "Spitfire" during this war, and, besides
+taking one of the enemy's vessels in an ordinary naval combat, he
+captured an Algerine brig, one might almost say, with his own hands.
+With as many men as a small boat could carry, he left his vessel, rowed
+to this brig, and at the head of his bold sailors boarded her,
+vanquished the crew, and carried her off as a prize.
+
+He was afterwards transferred to a larger vessel, and was stationed for
+a time at Gibraltar. There was a very bad feeling at that time between
+the American naval officers and those of Great Britain. The War of 1812
+was over; but the British were not inclined to treat the officers of the
+United States Navy with the respect which the latter thought was due to
+them. Stockton was not a man to stand still and allow himself to be
+treated disrespectfully; and whenever he received anything that seemed
+like an insult from a British officer, he was ready to fight that
+officer, whoever he might be. It is said that at one time he challenged
+all the officers in Gibraltar to meet him in single combat, one after
+another, and he actually did engage in duels with several of them.
+
+During the British war and the Algerine war, Stockton distinguished
+himself in various ways, both on land and sea. But in 1821 he undertook
+a very important enterprise in Africa. Many naval vessels had gone from
+the United States to Africa, but none of them on an errand such as this.
+Our gallant Jersey captain did not sail to pay tribute, bombard cities,
+sink vessels, humble African potentates, or to shed African blood; he
+went on an errand of charity and humanity.
+
+He sailed from America in the interests of the Colonization Society, and
+his object was to make arrangements on the west coast of Africa for the
+establishment of a colony, to be composed of negroes who had been slaves
+in the United States, but who had obtained their freedom. There were
+many humane people in the United States who believed that the negroes
+who had been set free from slavery would be much happier and more likely
+to prosper in their native land, or in the land of their ancestors, than
+in the United States.
+
+In company with an agent of this society, Stockton sailed for the west
+coast of Africa in command of an armed schooner called the "Alligator;"
+and when he arrived at his destination, he took upon himself nearly all
+the difficult work of selecting territory suitable for the purposes
+desired, of buying land from the savage natives, of making them
+understand the character of the settlers who were coming to Africa and
+of the powerful nation who intended to protect them. He made treaties of
+commerce and friendship with the ignorant Africans, who, until he came,
+scarcely knew what was meant by a treaty.
+
+The performance of these complicated and difficult duties required a man
+of courage and diplomatic ability, who could take things as they came,
+and who was always ready to act promptly in sudden emergencies. Stockton
+proved himself to be that man, and he established in the native land of
+the negro a country to which the Africans who had once been slaves in
+the United States might freely go, carrying with them all that they had
+learned of civilization in this country, and where they might live
+without fear of re�nslavement by the warlike tribes, whose principal
+business in life then was to capture their fellow-countrymen, and sell
+them into slavery.
+
+This new country, which was called Liberia, was at first a colony of the
+United States. It grew and prospered, and in 1847 it became an
+independent nation, and soon after was recognized as such by Great
+Britain and the United States; and since then it has made treaties with
+most of the European countries.
+
+Thus was established the new nation of Liberia, and it is not likely
+that there was a man in the United States who could have accomplished
+this great work better than the fighting sailor from Princeton.
+
+After having finished the Liberian business on land, Stockton did some
+work at sea more in the line of a naval commander. While sailing along
+the coast, the "Alligator" was sighted by a Portuguese war vessel, the
+"Marianna Flora," who mistook her for a pirate, and determined to
+capture her. But when the "Marianna" got near enough, and opened fire on
+the supposed pirate, she found that the work she had undertaken was very
+different from what she had expected. To speak figuratively, the
+"Alligator" lashed her tail, opened her jaws, and began to fight with
+such fury, that in twenty minutes the "Marianna" was beaten and
+captured. Stockton put her under the command of one of his own officers
+with an American crew, and sent her away as a prize to America.
+
+The government of Portugal, when it heard what had happened, declared,
+that, as their country and the United States were not at war, our Jersey
+sailor had no right to take one of their vessels; but, as it was
+asserted on the other side that one of their vessels had first tried to
+take his, there seemed to be a good deal of justice in what had been
+done. However, the matter was settled by his exoneration from all blame
+in the matter, and the return of the "Marianna" to Portugal.
+
+Some time later, the "Alligator" fell in with a French slave ship and
+captured her; and it is stated that the legal proceedings which
+followed this capture established the point of international law, that
+war vessels of all nations have a perfect right to capture a slave ship,
+wherever it may be found. This was the first step in the work of
+breaking up the slave trade, which was then carried on by many of the
+civilized nations of the world.
+
+In later cruises, Stockton sailed about in the West Indies, capturing
+several slavers, and also making a vigorous war on pirates and
+freebooters, who at that time made the vicinity of these islands very
+dangerous for peaceable vessels.
+
+In 1838 our commander was made a captain. There was no war now in which
+he might engage, but his mind was very busily occupied in regard to the
+proper construction of war vessels. In 1841 the United States Navy did
+not possess a single steamship. They were all old-style sailing vessels.
+Several steamers had been planned: one had blown up, and two others were
+still on the stocks. But Captain Stockton did not believe that if these
+were finished they would be effective as vessels of war. One great
+reason for this was the fact that their engines were situated so near
+the upper deck, that a shot from an enemy might easily destroy them, and
+so render the vessel worthless. Another objection was that they were
+side-wheelers, and it would be a very easy thing for a cannon ball to
+knock an exposed side-wheel into a worthless condition.
+
+Stockton's idea was to put the engines and machinery deep down in the
+vessel, below the water line, where it would be almost impossible to
+injure them, and to have the ship moved by means of a submerged screw
+in the stern, instead of by paddle wheels. The naval constructors and
+authorities opposed this new-fangled scheme; but our New Jersey sailor
+was an energetic man in whatever he had to do, and he fought the naval
+constructors as vigorously as he ever fought a pirate. Consequently he
+got authority from Congress to build a war ship after his own plan, and
+arm it with cannon, which he thought would be much better than the guns
+then in use in the navy.
+
+Under Stockton's directions, there was built at Philadelphia a vessel of
+war, which he named the "Princeton," and which was constructed according
+to his plans. On her deck were two great guns of wrought iron, which
+were also devised by him; and each of these carried a two hundred and
+twenty-five pound shot,--much heavier than those then used in naval
+warfare.
+
+Great public interest was excited in the "Princeton," the first
+steamship of our navy, and on her trial trip she was found to be an
+excellent seagoing vessel. She went to Washington, and there started out
+on an excursion, during which her great guns were to be tried. There was
+a very distinguished company on board,--officers of the army and navy,
+and several members of the Cabinet, and other guests.
+
+It was found, however, that the ship was much superior to her great
+guns; for when one of them, named the "Peacemaker," was fired, it
+exploded, killing several people, among whom were the secretary of war,
+the secretary of the navy, and the father-in-law of the President;
+while others, including Captain Stockton, were wounded.
+
+This terrible event shocked the whole nation; but although there were no
+more wrought-iron cannon made, the building of naval steamships, which
+began with Stockton's "Princeton," went steadily on, growing and
+improving, until it reached the high point shown by the swift and
+powerful ironclad men-of-war which now fly the stars and stripes.
+
+In 1846 Stockton found himself on the coast of California, with the rank
+of commodore, and in command of a squadron. Since he had started from
+the United States, war had been declared with Mexico; and when he
+arrived, the towns of Monterey and San Francisco had been taken by
+Commodore Sloat, who had preceded him. A state of war exactly suited
+Stockton's disposition; and as there was no more immediate need of
+fighting on the seacoast, he organized a little army of marines and
+sailors from his ships, which was afterwards joined by a body of
+adventurers and hunters of the United States, and also by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Fr�mont, an officer of the United States Army, who
+had been sent into that region to explore the country, and who had
+already done some fighting with the little band under his command.
+
+Los Angeles, the Mexican capital of California, was attacked and taken.
+Commodore Stockton now declared himself the conqueror of California, and
+organized a provisional government for the captured territory,
+appointing John C. Fr�mont as governor.
+
+At the same time, however, there was another Jerseyman in the field
+intent upon the capture of California. This was General Stephen Kearney,
+an army officer who had made a wonderful march across the plains and
+mountains towards the coast. After he arrived on the scene, there were
+several battles with the Mexican forces and with the Indians; but the
+contest ended in a complete victory for the land forces commanded by
+Kearney from Newark, and the naval forces by Stockton from Princeton,
+under whom Fr�mont held his position.
+
+But now arose a dispute between the general and the commodore. When
+Kearney arrived at Los Angeles, he would not recognize the authority of
+Fr�mont, who had been appointed governor by Stockton, because he
+considered that an army officer is higher in rank than one in the navy;
+and he took the governorship himself. A court-martial was convened for
+the purpose of deciding the question, and it was settled that Kearney
+was of the higher rank, and he therefore retained the governorship. But
+between the two Jerseymen the United States obtained the land of gold.
+
+A year or two after this, Commodore Stockton resigned from the navy, and
+subsequently went to Congress as a senator from New Jersey. But although
+no longer in the navy, he did not cease to work for the benefit of the
+brave sailors he had so often commanded and led; and he obtained the
+passage of a bill abolishing the punishment of flogging in the navy,
+thus adding another great gift to his country and civilization.
+
+When the country which had been captured from Mexico was discovered to
+be not only a fertile and pleasant land, but a land filled with rich
+treasures of gold, the true value of the gift made to the United States
+by our two Jerseymen became known and appreciated; and the names of
+Stockton and Kearney, with that of the brave Fr�mont, will ever be
+associated with that State whose principal water portal is well called
+the "Golden Gate."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & CO., NORWOOD, MASS.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF NEW JERSEY***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 24713-8.txt or 24713-8.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/1/24713
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/24713-8.zip b/24713-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8f3055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-8.zip
diff --git a/24713-h.zip b/24713-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fff2efb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h.zip
diff --git a/24713-h/24713-h.htm b/24713-h/24713-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e25decf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/24713-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,7060 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Stories of New Jersey, by Frank Richard Stockton</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+<!--
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+                visibility: hidden;
+                position: absolute;
+                left: 92%;
+                font-size: smaller;
+                text-align: right;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
+    .linenum  {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+    .bb       {border-bottom: solid 2px;}
+    .bl       {border-left: solid 2px;}
+    .bt       {border-top: solid 2px;}
+    .br       {border-right: solid 2px;}
+    .bbox     {border: solid 2px;}
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps; font-size: larger;}
+    .smtoc    {font-variant: small-caps; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold;}
+
+    .u        {text-decoration: underline;}
+
+    .caption  {font-weight: bold;}
+
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figleft     {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top:
+                 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figright    {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;
+                 margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
+    .poem .stanza     {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i4     {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+
+    p.toc     {padding-left: 4em; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;}
+    table.toctab {margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1em;}
+
+    hr.full { width: 100%;
+              margin-top: 0em;
+              margin-bottom: 0em;
+              border: solid black;
+              height: 5px; }
+    pre      {font-size: 85%; }
+    // -->
+-->
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Stories of New Jersey, by Frank Richard
+Stockton</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Stories of New Jersey</p>
+<p>Author: Frank Richard Stockton</p>
+<p>Release Date: February 28, 2008  [eBook #24713]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF NEW JERSEY***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by wainwra, Suzanne Shell,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/gtcover.jpg" width="650" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/gttp.jpg" width="650" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h1><span class="smcap">Stories of New Jersey</span></h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>FRANK R. STOCKTON</h2>
+
+<!--akw
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK&mdash;CINCINNATI&mdash;CHICAGO
+AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+1896
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1896, by</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.</p>
+
+<p class="center">STO. OF N. J.</p>
+
+<p class="center">W. P. I</p>
+
+-->
+
+<h4>NEW YORK&mdash;CINCINNATI&mdash;CHICAGO</h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1896, by</span></h4>
+
+<h4>AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+
+<p class="center">STO. OF N. J.</p>
+
+<p class="center">W. P. I</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+
+
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>This volume of stories, composed of historical incidents, or material
+connected with the history of New Jersey, is not intended to be a
+record, even in a condensed form, of the rise and progress of the State.
+The stories are arranged chronologically, but there has been no attempt
+to give a complete and continuous account of events or epochs. The
+material for the stories has been collected from many sources; and the
+selections have been made with regard to the interest, the
+instructiveness, and as far as possible the novelty, of the matter
+chosen. There has been a constant endeavor, however, to present a series
+of historical incidents in a panoramic form, so that the reading of the
+stories in their regular succession would give an impressive idea of the
+discovery and settlement of the State, of its people, manners, and
+customs, and of its progress and achievements, as it was gradually
+evolved from the Indian region of Scheyichbi into the State of New
+Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>In these stories there is nothing imaginative or fanciful, except where
+a reference is made to the early<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> imaginings and fancies of the
+aborigines. The stories are not founded on facts, but they are made up
+of facts carefully collected from the authorities referred to in the
+table of contents. Some of the stories are well known, but could not be
+omitted because of their representative character; but others, it is
+hoped, will be found familiar only to the professed student of history.
+The period of the stories extends from the earliest times of Indian
+tradition down to what may be called our own day; but as there was so
+much available matter, and so little space for it, and as there was no
+intention to give a comprehensive history of the State, it was deemed
+well to deal only with the incidents and people that have passed out of
+the boundaries of current history.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_THE_DISCOVERY_OF_SCHEYICHBI">
+<span class="smtoc">The Story of the Discovery of Scheyichbi</span>; or, The Aborigines
+of New Jersey. (Period, prior to 1600.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>MSS. regarding Indians. Rev. John Heckewelder.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_A_PEACEMAKER">
+<span class="smtoc">The Story of a Peacemaker.</span> An Indian Woman's Friendly Act.
+(Period, 1632.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authority</i>:</td><td>"History of New York." Brodhead.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_WINNING_OF_THE_PRIZE">
+<span class="smtoc">The Winning of the Prize</span>; or, The English Ownership of New
+Jersey. (Period, 1664.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." S. Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#HOW_SCHEYICHBI_REALLY_BECAME_NEW_JERSEY">
+<span class="smtoc">How Scheyichbi really became New Jersey.</span> (Period, 1609-1758.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"History of New Jersey." S. Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#FINS_RATTLES_AND_WINGS">
+<span class="smtoc">Fins, Rattles, and Wings</span>; or, The Wild Animals of Early Days.
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"History of New Jersey." S. Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"The Burlington Smiths." R. M. Smith.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_A_GIRL_AND_A_HOGSHEAD">
+<span class="smtoc">The Story of a Girl and a Hogshead.</span> A Story of the Swedish
+Settlers. (Period, prior to 1655.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authority</i>:</td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_PENELOPE_STOUT">
+<span class="smtoc">The Story of Penelope Stout.</span> (Period, prior to 1669.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"History of New Jersey." S. Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Story of an Old Farm." A. C. Mellick.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_SCHOOLMASTER_AND_THE_DOCTOR">
+<span class="smtoc">The Schoolmaster and the Doctor.</span> (Period, from 1693.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"Colonial History of New Jersey." Grahame.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of Medicine in New Jersey." S. Wickes.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_SLAVES_OF_NEW_JERSEY">
+<span class="smtoc">The Slaves of New Jersey.</span> (Period, 1626-1860.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#A_JERSEY_TEA_PARTY">
+<span class="smtoc">A Jersey Tea Party</span>; or, The Burning of the Tea at Cohansey.
+(Period, 1774.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_A_SPY">
+<span class="smtoc">The Story of a Spy.</span> (Period, 1758-80.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authority</i>:</td><td>"Our Home," published in Somerville, N.J., 1873.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#A_MAN_WHO_COVETED_WASHINGTONS_SHOES">
+<span class="smtoc">A Man who coveted Washington's Shoes</span>; or, The Story of
+General Charles Lee. (Period, 1758-85.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Life of Lord Stirling." W. Duer.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_MAN_IN_THE_AUGER_HOLE">
+<span class="smtoc">The Man in the "Auger Hole."</span> From the Journal of Mrs.
+Margaret Hill Morris. (Period, 1776-82.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"The Burlington Smiths." R. M. Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_TWO_CAPTAINS">
+<span class="smtoc">The Story of Two Captains.</span> Captain Huddy and Captain
+Asgill. (Period, 1781.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_TEMPE_WICK">
+<span class="smtoc">The Story of Tempe Wick.</span> (Period, 1780.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Morris County History." W. W. Munsey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Authors and Writers Associated with Morristown." J. K. Colles.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_FORT_NONSENSE">
+<span class="smtoc">The Story of Fort Nonsense.</span> (Period, 1776-80.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#AN_AMERICAN_LORD">
+<span class="smtoc">An American Lord.</span> Lord Stirling of Basking Ridge. (Period,
+1726-83.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"Life of Lord Stirling." W. Duer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#MOLLY_PITCHER">
+<span class="smtoc">Molly Pitcher.</span> (Period, 1778.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_MORRISTOWN_GHOSTS">
+<span class="smtoc">The Morristown Ghosts.</span> A Story of 1788
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>Pamphlet published in 1792. Anonymous.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#A_JERSEYMAN_AND_HIS_ROYAL_CROWN">
+<span class="smtoc">A Jerseyman and his Royal Crown.</span> Joseph Bonaparte at Bordentown.
+(Period, 1815-39.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica."</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Bordentown and the Bonapartes." J. B. Gilder.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Joseph Bonaparte in Bordentown." F. M. Crawford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"New Jersey Newspaper Clippings."</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_DEY_THE_BEY_AND_SOME_JERSEY_SAILORS">
+<span class="smtoc">The Dey, the Bey, and some Jersey Sailors.</span> The Barbary
+War. (Period, 1800-4)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"History of the United States Navy." J. F. Cooper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#SEA_FIGHTS_WITH_A_NOBLER_FOE">
+<span class="smtoc">Sea Fights with a Nobler Foe.</span> The War of 1812
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"History of the United States Navy." J. F. Cooper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Field Book of the Revolution." B. J. Lossing.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_THE_TELEGRAPH_AND_THE_STEAMBOAT">
+<span class="smtoc">The Story of the Telegraph and the Steamboat.</span> (Period,
+1787-1838.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"Appletons' Dictionary."</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"New Jersey Newspaper Clippings."</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"American Inventors of the Telegraph." F. L. Pope.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="toc"><a href="#NEW_JERSEY_AND_THE_LAND_OF_GOLD">
+<span class="smtoc">New Jersey and the Land of Gold.</span> The Conquest of California.
+(Period, 1816-66.)
+</a></span>
+
+<table class="toctab" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="List of authorities for this chapter">
+<tr><td style="width: 6em;">
+<i>Authorities</i>:</td><td>"Appletons' Dictionary."</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>"Biographical Encyclop&aelig;dia of New Jersey."</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<!--
+<h2><a name="STORIES_OF_NEW_JERSEY" id="STORIES_OF_NEW_JERSEY"></a>STORIES OF NEW JERSEY.</h2>
+-->
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_THE_DISCOVERY_OF_SCHEYICHBI" id="THE_STORY_OF_THE_DISCOVERY_OF_SCHEYICHBI"></a>THE STORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF SCHEYICHBI.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt010.jpg" width="750" height="512" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The North American Indians, the earliest inhabitants of this country of
+whom we know anything definite, were great story-tellers; and their
+histories consist entirely of stories handed down from parents to
+children, or, more likely, from grandparents to grandchildren, for
+grandfathers and grandmothers are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> generally more willing to tell
+stories than fathers or mothers. And so these traditions, probably a
+good deal brightened by being passed along century after century, came
+down to the Indians who were first met by white people, and thus we have
+heard many of them.</p>
+
+<p>The stories told by the Indians inhabiting the country which is now the
+Middle States, all agree that their remote forefathers came from some
+region beyond the Mississippi River. Like the traditions of most
+nations, these go so very far back that they are vague and misty; but,
+as this gave the Indians a great opportunity for their imaginations, it
+is not wonderful that they improved it. These Indians believed that in
+the very earliest stages of their existence they were all animals, and
+lived in caves under the earth. They were hunters; but their game
+consisted of mice, and creatures of that sort. One of them accidentally
+discovered a hole by which he got out on the surface of the ground; and,
+finding it so exceedingly pleasant, it was not long before the whole of
+his tribe came out, and began life in the light of day.</p>
+
+<p>It may be supposed that these animals gradually changed to human beings,
+and built villages, and planted corn; but in one respect they did not
+change, nor have they changed at this present day. Many of them still
+call themselves after the names of animals; and now the greater part of
+the noted Indians of our country have such names as "Sitting Bull,"
+"Black Bear," and "Red Horse." But the stories say that all of the
+animals did not come out of their under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>ground homes. Among these were
+the hedgehog and the rabbit; and so some of the tribes will not eat
+these animals, because in so doing they may be eating their family
+connections.</p>
+
+<p>Gradually the ancestors of the Indians who told their stories to the
+first settlers, and who afterwards called themselves the Lenni-Lenape,
+moved eastward, and after many years they reached the Mississippi River.
+By this time they had become a powerful body. But in the course of their
+journeys they discovered that they were not the earliest emigrants in
+this direction, for they met with a great tribe called the Mengwe, later
+known as the Iroquois, who had come from a country west of the
+Mississippi, but farther north than that of our Indians.</p>
+
+<p>We do not hear that these two great tribes of early Indians interfered
+with each other; but when the Lenni-Lenape investigated the other side
+of the Mississippi, they found there still another nation, powerful,
+numerous, and warlike. These were called the Alligewi, from which we
+have derived the name Allegheny. At first the latter tribe was inclined
+to allow the Lenape to pass the river; but after a time, finding that
+the newcomers were so numerous, they fell upon them and drove them back.</p>
+
+<p>But the Indians at that remote period must have been as doggedly
+determined to move eastward as are our pioneers to move westward; and
+they were not to be stopped by rivers, mountains, or savage enemies. The
+Lenape were not strong enough to fight the Alligewi by themselves, and
+so they formed an alli<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>ance with the Mengwe; and these two nations
+together made war upon the Alligewi, and in the course of time overcame
+them, and drove them entirely from their country.</p>
+
+<p>After years, or perhaps centuries (for there are no definite statements
+of time in these Indian traditions), the Mengwe and the Lenape, who had
+been living together in the country of the Alligewi, separated; and the
+Mengwe emigrated to the lands near the Great Lakes, while the Lenape
+slowly continued their progress eastward.</p>
+
+<p>They crossed the Alleghanies, and discovered a great river, which they
+called Susquehanna, and then they moved on until they came to the
+Delaware. This grand stream pleased them so much, that they gave it a
+name of honor, and called it the Lenapewihittuck, or "The River of the
+Lenape." Then they crossed the river and discovered New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>Here they found a pleasant climate, plenty of game, and no human
+inhabitants whatever. They therefore appropriated it as their own, and
+gave it the name of Scheyichbi; and any one who endeavors to pronounce
+this name will be likely to feel glad that it was afterwards changed by
+the white settlers.</p>
+
+<p>Before this first discovery of New Jersey, the Lenni-Lenape had settled
+themselves in the beautiful and fertile country about the Susquehanna
+and the west shore of the Delaware, and here established their right to
+their name, which signifies "original people;" and if their stories are
+correct, they certainly are the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> original inhabitants of this region,
+and they discovered New Jersey from the west, and took rightful
+possession of it.</p>
+
+<p>It is a law of nations, founded then upon the same principles of justice
+as it stands upon now, that discovery by a nation, or the agent of a
+nation, of unknown lands entirely uninhabited, gives the discoverers the
+right to those lands; and, in accordance with that law, the Lenape
+became the discoverers and original owners of New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>We will not now allude to the rights they then acquired to the country
+which is now Pennsylvania and other States, because we are confining
+ourselves to what relates to the country of Scheyichbi, the land where
+their eastward migrations ceased. Now, they could go no farther towards
+the rising sun, and they were satisfied to stop.</p>
+
+<p>These Lenape, or "Grandfather Tribe" as they were often called, were not
+merely cruel and ignorant savages: they had many admirable traits of
+character, and some of their manners and customs might well have been
+imitated by those who found them here.</p>
+
+<p>They had an admirable system of government; and at regularly appointed
+periods their wisest men met at the great "Council House" to make laws,
+and arrange the affairs of the nation. Their conduct in their councils
+was far more decorous and becoming than that we often hear of among
+legislators of the present day, whether they are met together in
+Congress, Parliament, or Reichstag. These chiefs, chosen for their
+wisdom and experience, treated each other with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> highest regard and
+respect. When one of them arose to address his fellow-legislators, every
+man in the council room paid the strictest attention to what he said;
+and interruptions, jeers, and ridicule, such as legislators often make
+use of at the present day, were totally unknown among these grave and
+earnest Indians.</p>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt that the Lenape were superior to other Indian
+nations, and worthy of the proud title which they gave themselves; and
+in later years, when the river was named after Lord De la Warre, and
+they were called the Delawares, they were considered the noblest of the
+Indian tribes.</p>
+
+<p>I dwell upon the good qualities and high character of the Lenape,
+because it was from their main body that numerous tribes came across the
+Delaware River, and became the first Jerseymen, or, if any one likes it
+better, Scheyichbians. They settled in many pleasant places, building
+wigwam villages, many of which have since grown into modern towns, and
+still bear their old Indian names. In fact, the modern Jerseyman has had
+the good sense to preserve a great many of the names given to rivers,
+mountains, and villages by the first owners of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>But, after all, Scheyichbi was not sufficiently discovered and settled
+for the purposes of civilization, and its fertile soil waited long for
+the footsteps of the new immigrants. These came at last from the east.</p>
+
+<p>About the end of the fifteenth century there was a strong desire among
+the maritime nations of Europe to find a short passage to China and the
+East Indies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> It was for that reason that Columbus set out on his
+expedition; but with his story we have nothing to do, for he did not
+discover the continent of North America, and in fact never saw it. But
+after John Cabot and his son Sebastian, then looking for a passage to
+Cathay in the interest of the King of England, made a voyage to North
+America, and had contented themselves with discovering Newfoundland,
+Sebastian came back again, and accomplished a great deal more. He sailed
+along the coast from Labrador to the southern end of Florida, and in the
+course of this voyage discovered New Jersey. He made a map of the whole
+coast, and claimed all the country back of it for the King of England.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/gt016.jpg" width="350" height="499" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>There is no proof that Cabot knew whether this country had inhabitants
+or not. He saw it from his ships; but he did not make any attempt to
+settle it, and thus establish a legal right to the soil. He simply
+declared it the property of the Crown of England, and it is upon this
+claim that England afterward based her right to the eastern coast of
+North America.</p>
+
+<p>And so New Jersey was discovered from the east.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+
+<p>About a quarter of a century after Sebastian Cabot's voyage, the French
+took up the idea that they would like to discover something, and Francis
+I. sent an Italian mariner, named John Verrazano, across the Atlantic
+Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>After having sailed far enough, John Verrazano discovered the coast of
+North America, which he called "a new land never before seen by any man,
+ancient or modern." He took possession of it in the name of his king,
+and, in order to settle the matter, called the whole coast New France.
+There is reason to believe that Verrazano discovered the southern part
+of New Jersey, for in sailing northward he probably entered Delaware
+Bay.</p>
+
+<p>But it appears that New Jersey was not yet sufficiently discovered, and
+after having been left for a long time in the possession of its true
+owners, the Lenni-Lenape, it was again visited by Europeans. In 1609 the
+celebrated Henry Hudson, then in the service of the Dutch East India
+Company, started westward to try to find a northwest passage to China.
+In those bygone days, whenever a European explorer set out to find an
+easy passage to the East, he was very apt to discover New Jersey; and
+this is what happened to Henry Hudson. He first discovered it on the
+south, and partially explored Delaware Bay; then he sailed up the coast
+and entered New York Bay, and sailed some distance up the river which
+now bears his name.</p>
+
+<p>Hudson did more for New Jersey than any of the other discoverers, for
+his men were the first Europeans<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> who ever set foot upon its soil. Some
+of them landed in the vicinity of Bergen Point, and were met in a
+friendly way by a great many of the original inhabitants. But the fact
+that he found here possessors of the soil made no difference to Hudson:
+he claimed the country for the Dutch. Five years afterwards, that nation
+made a settlement at New York, and claiming the whole of the surrounding
+country, including New Jersey, gave it the name of New Netherland.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was New Jersey discovered on the north; and after the efforts of
+four nations,&mdash;the Indians first, the English under Cabot, the French,
+and the Dutch (for Hudson was now in the service of that nation),&mdash;it
+may be said to have been entirely discovered.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt018.jpg" width="750" height="660" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_A_PEACEMAKER" id="THE_STORY_OF_A_PEACEMAKER"></a>THE STORY OF A PEACEMAKER.</h2>
+
+
+<p>After the outside boundaries of New Jersey had been pretty thoroughly
+discovered, it was quite natural that some nations who laid claim to the
+State should desire to find out something in regard to its interior, and
+make settlements upon its soil.</p>
+
+<p>This was not done by the English, who had made the first claim to the
+land, but by the Dutch. In the early part of the seventeenth century,
+the West India Company of Holland sent out a ship containing the
+foundation for a little colony,&mdash;men, provisions, and all things
+necessary. They sailed into Delaware Bay; and the commander, Cornelius
+Jacobsen Mey, gave his name to Cape May. The expedition went up the
+Delaware River till they reached Timber Creek, probably not much more
+than ten miles from the spot where Philadelphia now stands. There they
+settled, and built a fort, which they called Fort Nassau. But this was
+not looked upon with favor by the Indians, and it was not long before
+the whole colony was destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>This unfortunate beginning of the white settlement of New Jersey did not
+deter the Dutch, who are a persevering and dogged people. About twelve
+years later, another Dutch commander, De Vries, sailed up the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> Delaware
+River, or, as the Dutch called it, the South River; his main object
+being to catch whales, very different from the Delaware fisheries of the
+present day. He set up a little colony on shore; but it appears that the
+Indians were very much opposed to this sort of thing, and this
+settlement was destroyed before long.</p>
+
+<p>But De Vries still kept up the whaling business; and in the course of
+time, getting out of provisions, he left his vessel, and sailed up the
+river in a small craft which was called the "Squirrel." He went up as
+far as the deserted Fort Nassau, and there anchored to trade with the
+Indians.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/gt020a.jpg" width="200" height="458" alt="Indian Rattle." title="Indian Rattle." />
+<span class="caption">Indian Rattle.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/gt020b.jpg" width="200" height="443" alt="Indian Flute." title="Indian Flute." />
+<span class="caption">Indian Flute.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is quite plain that the Indians of New Jersey were now greatly
+concerned about the visits of white people to their shore; for they
+perceived that these newcomers were inclined to settle and occupy such
+places as pleased their fancy, without asking permission, or proposing
+to buy or to pay rent. All this was very disagreeable to the red men,
+who had never shown any disposition to open up their country to foreign
+immigration.</p>
+
+<p>When De Vries anchored, he was very well received; and about forty
+Indians came on board his yacht, and made a call upon him. They were
+dressed in their best, and, in order to make the visit more agreeable,
+they brought some of their musical instruments with them, and gave the
+Dutchmen a taste of Indian music.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+
+<p>The dress of some of these visitors was a surprise to De Vries and his
+men, of whom there were only seven on the yacht. It was winter time, and
+most of the Indians were arrayed in furs, but several of them wore
+jackets made in the English fashion. The visitors were very friendly,
+and urged De Vries to sail his vessel up a stream, now known as Big
+Timber Creek, which, they declared, was a much better place for trading.</p>
+
+<p>Now, according to some of the old histories, a woman appeared in the
+double character of peacemaker and guardian angel.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/gt021.jpg" width="200" height="246" alt="Indian Tam-tam." title="Indian Tam-tam." />
+<span class="caption">Indian Tam-tam.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the Lenni-Lenape, as well as the other tribes of North America,
+women often had a peculiar part to play in national and social affairs.
+If ever the services of a peacemaker were desired, that position was
+always given to a woman. It was considered derogatory to the dignity of
+a male Indian that he should at any time, of his own accord, desire
+peace. He and his enemy might both be thoroughly tired of fighting; but
+neither of them would lower himself in his own estimation, and in the
+estimation of his countrymen, by allowing any man to know the state of
+his mind.</p>
+
+<p>But he did not in the least object to tell his wife that he wanted to
+stop fighting; and she, very gladly in most cases, would confer with the
+wife of the other brave; and when they had concluded peace, the two men
+would immediately sit down together, smoke the calumet, and be good
+friends; and all this without the slightest loss of dignity.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+
+<p>This method of making peace was pursued not only by individuals, but by
+nations. Very often women had this important political duty thrust upon
+them,&mdash;a duty for which they were probably very well qualified, for it
+is seldom that the women of a nation desire war.</p>
+
+<p>This national disposition in regard to peacemaking was once the occasion
+of a serious misfortune to the tribe of Lenni-Lenape. The tribes to the
+north, who had formed themselves into a powerful body called the Five
+Nations, had long been jealous of their neighbors the Lenni-Lenape, and
+contrived a plan to humiliate them, and render them less important in
+the eyes of the Indian world. Being at war with some other tribes, these
+Five Nations came to the Lenni-Lenape and pretended to desire peace, but
+stated that this was too important a case to be managed by women. They
+declared that this was a great work, which should be given only into the
+hands of a quiet, dignified, and honorable tribe, such as their great
+neighbors, and urged the Lenape to undertake negotiations for the
+cessation of hostilities.</p>
+
+<p>As all this seemed reasonable enough, the Lenape were at last persuaded
+to become peacemakers, and, as might be supposed, they were entirely
+successful; but they suffered for their kindness and good feeling. Ever
+afterwards they were looked upon by other Indian tribes as no better
+than women. In Cooper's novels there are references to the fact that the
+noble Lenape were sneered at as peacemakers and squaws.</p>
+
+<p>But we will now return to our guardian angel. It was after a visit of
+the Indians to the vessel of De<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> Vries, that the peacemaking instinct
+took possession of the wife of one of the Indian chiefs; and quietly and
+stealthily, unperceived by her people, she managed to get on board the
+"Squirrel," when she informed the commander of the real object of his
+visitors, who had invited him to sail up Timber Creek. It was the desire
+of the Indians to destroy this company of white men; and the narrow
+stream where they wished to make the attempt was much better adapted for
+their purpose than the broad waters of the river.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt023.jpg" width="500" height="572" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Wishing to prevent an encounter in which the sturdy Dutchmen would
+probably kill some of her countrymen before they themselves were
+destroyed, she had come to implore the whites not to run into the trap
+which had been set for them. She told them that the crew of an English
+shallop, which not long before had come to visit the place, probably
+from a ship afraid to venture higher up the river, had all been
+slaughtered, and that it was the jackets of these men that some of her
+countrymen were wearing.</p>
+
+<p>Like a sensible man, De Vries paid attention to this story, and did not
+venture into Timber Creek. Whether or not he rewarded the good woman who
+came to warn him of his danger, is not known; but his account of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> the
+affair places her in the position of one worthy of a monument by the
+women of the State.</p>
+
+<p>When the Indians came again to De Vries, he declared to them that his
+Great Spirit, or "Maneto," had revealed their wicked purposes, and that
+he would not sail up the Timber Creek, nor would he allow one of them
+upon his vessel; and, having ordered them all on shore, he dropped some
+distance down the river.</p>
+
+<p>This conduct doubtless inspired the Indians with great respect for the
+brave Dutchmen, and shortly afterwards the chiefs from nine different
+tribes came on board the "Squirrel" for the purpose of making a treaty
+of peace and commerce with the Dutch. All of these were now dressed in
+furs, which were their ordinary garments; but some of them were
+recognized as the same men who had formerly worn the jackets of the
+murdered English sailors. These, however, were just as cordial and
+friendly as any of the others, and there is no reason to suppose that
+they now intended treachery. The visitors sat down on the deck of the
+yacht, and held a regular council, and, with appropriate ceremonies,
+made presents of beaver skins to the whites, and solemnly concluded a
+treaty of friendship.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt024.jpg" width="750" height="431" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_WINNING_OF_THE_PRIZE" id="THE_WINNING_OF_THE_PRIZE"></a>THE WINNING OF THE PRIZE.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/gt026.jpg" width="400" height="625" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>After the importance of the discovery of North America came to be
+properly appreciated by the nations of Europe, the ownership was looked
+upon as a great national prize, and there were several nations who were
+anxious to play for it. This country, so readily approached by the
+Delaware, became attractive not only to kings and sovereigns, but to
+settlers and immigrants. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden granted a charter
+to a company called the West India Company, which was formed for the
+purpose of making settlements on the shores of the Delaware Bay and
+River, and commissioned them to take possession of this country, without
+the slightest regard to what the English sovereign and the Dutch
+sovereign had granted to their subjects.</p>
+
+<p>The Swedes came to Delaware Bay. They stopped for a while at Cape
+Henlopen; and then, of course, they sailed up the Delaware, when things
+soon began to be very disagreeable between themselves and the Dutch, who
+were there before them.</p>
+
+<p>The Swedes were a warlike set of people, and they held their ground very
+well. Besides making some settlements, they built a fort which they
+called Elsin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>burgh; and, if a Dutch ship happened to pass by that fort,
+it was obliged to strike its flag in token of submission to a superior
+power. The Indians, who were perhaps as much opposed to the Swedish
+settlement as they had been to those of other nations, do not appear to
+have been able to attack this fort with any success; and as for the
+Dutch, it is not certain that they even attempted it. So the Swedes at
+that time governed the passage up and down the Delaware, as the English
+now govern the passage through the Straits of Gibraltar.</p>
+
+<p>It was probably winter time or cool weather when the Swedes built their
+proud fort on the banks of that river which they now named "New
+Swedeland Stream;" but when the warm and pleasant days came on, and it
+was easy to travel from the interior to the river shore, and when the
+weather was so mild that it was quite possible to spend the nights in
+the woods without injury, there came an enemy to Fort Elsinburgh which
+proved far more formidable than the Indians or Dutch.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+
+<p>The fort was surrounded; and frequent and violent attacks were made upon
+it, especially in the night, when it was almost impossible for the
+garrison to defend themselves. Many bloody single combats took place in
+which the enemy generally fell, for in bodily prowess a Swede was always
+superior to any one of the attacking force. But no matter how many
+assailants were killed, the main body seemed as powerful and determined
+as ever. In course of time the valiant Swedes were obliged to give way
+before their enemy. They struck their flag, evacuated the fort, and
+departed entirely from the place where they had hoped a flourishing
+settlement would spring up under the protection of their fort.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt027.jpg" width="500" height="426" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The enemy which attacked and routed the Swedes was a large and
+invincible army of mosquitoes, against whom their guns, their pistols,
+their swords, their spears, and their ramparts afforded them no defense.
+After that, the deserted fort was known as Mygenborg, meaning Mosquito
+Fort.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch looked with great disfavor on the Swedes, who continued to
+establish themselves at various points; and although they did not make
+an alliance with the body of natives who had driven these northern
+people away from Elsinburgh,&mdash;for a compact of that kind would be
+dangerous in many ways,&mdash;they took up the matter by themselves; and
+finally the Dutch,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> under their valiant Peter Stuyvesant, completely
+conquered the Swedes, and sent their leaders to Holland, while the
+ordinary settlers submitted to the Dutch.</p>
+
+<p>But this state of things did not continue very long; for the English,
+who, although they had not yet settled in New Jersey, had never given up
+their pretensions as the original discoverers, came in strong force,
+subdued the Dutch, occupied their principal town, New Amsterdam, and
+took possession of the country, including New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>But it seemed to be a good deal easier to discover New Jersey than
+finally to settle its ownership. Now that the Dutch and the Swedes were
+disposed of, there arose difficulties regarding the English claims to
+the State. Early in the seventeenth century, Queen Elizabeth had granted
+an immense tract of land to Sir Walter Raleigh, which was called
+Virginia, and that included the whole of New Jersey. Afterwards Charles
+II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York, an immense tract of land,
+which also included New Jersey, and which was called New York. So what
+is now New Jersey was then at the same time both Virginia and New York.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of York, who then owned New Jersey, leased the whole
+State&mdash;lands, forests, rivers, wigwams, Indians, fisheries, Dutch
+settlers, Swedish settlers, everything&mdash;to John Berkeley (Baron of
+Stratton) and Sir George Carteret for the sum of twenty nobles per year
+(thirty-two dollars of our money). Some authorities, indeed, state that
+the sum paid was much smaller.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+
+<p>After a time, however, the claims of Virginia were withdrawn; and not
+only did Berkeley and Carteret enjoy undisturbed possession of the
+State, but they gave it a name, and called it <i>Nova C&aelig;saria</i>, or New
+Jersey, its name being given on account of Carteret's connection with
+the Isle of Jersey. The Latin name was used for a time; but the settlers
+preferred English, and so the name now stands. New Jersey was soon
+afterwards divided into two provinces,&mdash;East Jersey and West Jersey. The
+accompanying map shows the line of division between the two provinces,
+which was made in 1676. It ran from the southern end of what is now Long
+Beach, in Little Egg Harbor, to a point on the Delaware River. Two other
+lines of partition were afterwards made, both starting from the same
+point on the seacoast; one running somewhat to the west, and the other
+to the east, of the original line.</p>
+
+<p>After some changes in the proprietorship of the Colony, West Jersey came
+into the possession of twelve men, one of whom was the celebrated
+William Penn, whose connection with West Jersey began six years before
+he had anything to do with Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Penn and his colleagues gave West Jersey a purely democratic government,
+founded upon principles of justice and charity, in which the people
+themselves ruled. Full freedom in regard to religious views was insured;
+trial by jury was granted; and punishments were made as lenient as
+possible, with a view to the prevention of crimes rather than the
+infliction of penalties. The result of this was that for a long time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+there were no serious crimes in this Province, and the country was
+rapidly settled by thrifty Quakers anxious to live where they would have
+liberty of conscience.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 644px;">
+<img src="images/gt030.jpg" width="644" height="1020" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the course of time, East Jersey also came into the possession of Penn
+and his eleven associates, and the number of proprietors was increased
+to twenty-four. At the end of the century the two provinces were united
+into one, and shortly afterwards they passed into the possession of the
+Crown of England, and became subject to the ordinary British laws. For a
+long time afterwards, however, the State was known as the "Jerseys."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/gt031.jpg" width="300" height="333" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="HOW_SCHEYICHBI_REALLY_BECAME_NEW_JERSEY" id="HOW_SCHEYICHBI_REALLY_BECAME_NEW_JERSEY"></a>HOW SCHEYICHBI REALLY BECAME NEW JERSEY.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt032.jpg" width="750" height="562" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>A point in the history of New Jersey, more important in a moral point of
+view than that of its European ownership, was that of the purchase of
+the lands from the first and true owners, the Indians. As has been said,
+Berkeley and Carteret issued an injunction that the settlers should
+purchase their lands from the tribes which had lived upon them. This<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+system was subsequently carried out until every foot of the land of the
+whole State was bought and paid for,&mdash;the first transactions of the
+kind, having taken place several years before Penn's treaty with the
+Indians in Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the time when the country finally passed into the hands of the
+English, the Indians had resisted the attempts of the whites to settle
+among them; but now, finding that they were to be fairly dealt with, a
+better feeling arose, and the red men were content to dwell with the
+whites as friends and neighbors. Of course, all the settlers did not
+promptly pay for their lands, and there were some minor disputes from
+this cause; but in general the whites regularly purchased the land upon
+which they intended to make their homes, and in time all were obliged to
+do so. As may be supposed, very large prices were not paid for these
+lands; but the transactions were strictly honorable, because the parties
+on each side gave what they had, and all were satisfied with what they
+got.</p>
+
+<p>The payments for land frequently consisted partly of ready-made coats,
+kettles, and in some cases of jew's-harps. Tracts of land large enough
+for a town were sometimes sold for a barrel of cider. Now, this might
+appear rather a hard bargain for the Indians; but it must be considered
+that they had more land than they wanted, and no ready-made coats, or
+kettles, or jew's-harps, or cider.</p>
+
+<p>But it was not to be expected that the Indians would always be satisfied
+with their treatment; and in fact they had a good many grievances. As
+has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> been said, a settler sometimes established himself on a good piece
+of land without consulting the Indians of the neighborhood, or offering
+them payment, and in such cases there would be remonstrances from the
+red men. Then, again, the whites could not always understand the nature
+of Indian bargains. A man would buy a piece of land, and think that he
+owned not only the ground, but all that grew upon it, all that flew in
+the air above it, and everything that swam in its waters; and when the
+Indians, after having received payment for the farm, came there to hunt
+and fish, and strip the bark off the trees, the purchaser was apt to
+object.</p>
+
+<p>A notable difficulty of this kind occurred on Sandy Hook, where a man
+named Hartshorne had bought a tract of land from the Indians, and
+afterwards found, that, according to their ideas, he had no exclusive
+right to the fish, game, and timber of his new purchase; and he was
+especially made to understand that he had not bought the wild plums.
+This matter of the ownership of the plums afterwards became a source of
+considerable trouble, and was settled by Hartshorne paying to the chief
+of the neighboring tribe the sum of thirteen shillings, by which he
+acquired the entire right to the plums and all the other things on his
+land.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians had also a grievance of a different kind. There was a
+conference held in Burlington, between the Indians and the whites, in
+1678, which was convened on account of a complaint by the Indians that
+the English, in selling them some ready<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>-made coats, had also sold them
+the smallpox. The temper of the Indians may be shown by one of their
+speeches on this occasion. A leading chief declared: "We are willing to
+have a broad path for you and us to walk in; and if an Indian is asleep
+in this path, the Englishman shall pass by him and do him no harm; and
+if an Englishman is asleep in the path, the Indian shall pass him by and
+say, 'He is an Englishman; he is asleep; let him alone; he loves to
+sleep!' It shall be a plain path. There must not be in this path a stump
+to hurt our feet. And as for the smallpox, it was once in my
+grandfather's time, and it could not be the English that could send it
+to us then, there being no English in the country. And it was once in my
+father's time, they could not send it to us then, neither. And now it is
+in my time, I do not believe that they have sent it to us now. I do
+believe it is the man above who has sent it to us." Soon after this, the
+two parties exchanged presents, and went away satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>For many years after this, there seem to have been few or no troubles
+between the Indians and the settlers of New Jersey. But matters changed
+about the middle of the next century; and when the Indian wars began in
+Pennsylvania, the red men of New Jersey showed symptoms of hostility to
+the whites. Matters grew worse and worse; and the Indians began to
+murder families, burn buildings, and carry away prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>This state of affairs grew so alarming that the Legislature took the
+matter in hand. They appointed com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>missioners to examine into the
+treatment of the Indians, and see if there were any good cause for their
+sudden enmity; and, after a conference with some of the chiefs, a bill
+was passed by the Legislature to put an end to a good many of the
+impositions of which the Indians complained. Among these was a habit of
+the whites of giving the Indians spirits, and then making bargains with
+them when they were not at all in a condition to do business of that
+kind. The Indians also complained of the practice of trapping deer, thus
+decreasing the game in the forests, and the occupation of land, without
+payment, by the settlers who were continually coming into the country.</p>
+
+<p>Another bill was passed appropriating &pound;1600 to buy from the Indians the
+entire right to all the lands which they yet held in New Jersey. But as
+there was no desire to banish the Indians from their native land, one
+half of this sum was reserved as payment for a large tract of land, or
+reservation, which should be their home, and on which no white man would
+have any right to settle, whether he was willing to buy the land or not.
+When this had been done, it was necessary to submit the matter to the
+Indians; and a council was called at Burlington, at which were present
+the governor of the Province, and some of the most prominent Indian
+chiefs.</p>
+
+<p>At this conference there was a notable exhibition of Indian etiquette.
+The governor had called the Minisinks, a tribe of the Delawares, to meet
+him; and they had informed the Mingoians, who, with some other northern
+tribes, were then gathered together at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> the grand council fire at the
+forks of the Delaware, where is now Easton. This was done, because at
+that time the Mingoians considered themselves superior to the Delawares,
+from whom proper respect was due.</p>
+
+<p>One of the chiefs from the council fire was sent down to represent the
+Mingoians. After some speeches were made, he told the white governor
+that the Minisinks, being Delawares, were women, and were not able of
+themselves to make treaties, therefore he had come down to look into the
+matter. As his people were then holding a grand council fire at the
+forks of the Delaware, they did not wish to put it out and build another
+council fire on this side of the Delaware. The reason which he gave for
+this was figurative and Indian-like.</p>
+
+<p>He stated that the river roared and thundered, and made a great deal of
+noise; and, if the council were held on this side, the distant Indian
+nations who dwelt to the west of the Delaware could not hear what was
+said at the council, and therefore it would be unfair to them to hold it
+on this side of the river. He concluded with a cordial invitation to the
+governor and his party to meet the Indians at their own council fire.</p>
+
+<p>About a month afterward, the governor, with some members of the
+Legislature, and other white people from New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
+met over five hundred Indians at the forks of the Delaware in grand
+council. Some of the speeches on this occasion were very interesting. A
+chief of the United Nations, speaking for the Delawares, who, having
+made themselves women by becoming peacemakers, had no right<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> to speak
+for themselves, addressed the council as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Brethren, we now remove the hatchet out of your heads, that was struck
+into it by our cousins the Delawares. It was a French hatchet they
+unfortunately made use of, by the instigation of the French. We take it
+out of your heads, and bury it underground, where it shall always rest,
+and never be taken up again. Our cousins the Delawares have assured us
+they will never think of war against their brethren the English any
+more, but will employ their thoughts about peace and cultivating
+friendship with them, and never suffer enmity against them to enter into
+their minds again."</p>
+
+<p>Another chief said: "Brethren, I speak in behalf of the younger
+nations,&mdash;those who are confederated with the Six Nations, the Cayugas,
+Oneidas, Tuscaroras, Tutaloes, Nanticokes, and Conoys. A road has been
+made from our country to this council fire, that we might treat about
+friendship; and as we came down the road, we saw, that, by some
+misfortune or other, blood has lately been spilt on it. Now, we make the
+road wider and clearer. We take the blood away out of it, and likewise
+out of the council chamber, which may have been stained. We wash it all
+away, and desire it may not be seen any more, and we take the hatchet
+out of your heads."</p>
+
+<p>The governor of New Jersey also addressed this council, particularly
+urging them to require the Indians who had taken away prisoners to
+return these unfortunate people to their homes. In answer to this, one
+of the great chiefs of the United Nations made a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> speech to the
+Minisinks and the Delawares, in which he gave them a good scolding for
+not having returned these prisoners before; for it seemed that they had
+promised to do so.</p>
+
+<p>The council continued several days; and the Minisinks promised
+faithfully that they would search all the towns in their territory for
+prisoners, and return them to their own people. This matter having been
+settled, Governor Bernard made a formal proposition to buy all the lands
+which the Indians still retained in New Jersey; and, after a good deal
+of consultation, the chiefs of the United Nations advised the Minisinks
+and Delawares to accept the terms which were offered. After much talk,
+it was done, the necessary papers were signed, and the State of New
+Jersey was formally bought from its Indian owners.</p>
+
+<p>After this great matter had been settled, the tract of land which was to
+be set apart for the occupation of the Indians of the State, south of
+the Raritan River, in Burlington County, was purchased. It consisted of
+three thousand acres, which reached to the seacoast. There was plenty of
+fishing on it, and there were wild lands and forests, in which game
+abounded. Here the Indians could live as they pleased after their
+old-fashioned fashions, and never need fear disturbance by white men.
+Here they removed, and here they did live, apparently perfectly
+satisfied; and after this there were no further Indian troubles in New
+Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians on this reservation came to be known as the Edge-Pillocks,
+and in course of time considerable civilization crept in among them. It
+is a proof<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> of this, that one of them, who took the name of Stephen
+Calvin, kept a school, and that his son Bartholomew went to Princeton
+College, and afterwards taught school. It is said that in his school
+there were as many white scholars as Indians.</p>
+
+<p>In 1801 these Edge-Pillock Indians were invited by the Mohicans of New
+York to leave their New Jersey home and come and live with them. In
+their invitation the Mohicans said they would like them "to pack up your
+mat and come and eat out of our dish, which is large enough for all, and
+our necks are stretched in looking toward the fireside of our
+grandfather till they are as long as cranes."</p>
+
+<p>The Edge-Pillocks sold their reservation, had the money invested for
+them in United States stocks, and went to join the Mohicans. After that,
+both tribes decided to buy land in Michigan, and the Edge-Pillocks
+disposed of their stocks to pay for their share.</p>
+
+<p>But our New Jersey Indians did not fare well in the West. Their fortunes
+did not prosper, and they grew poorer and poorer, until in 1832 their
+numbers decreased to about forty. Feeling the pressure of poverty, their
+Indian disposition suggested to them a remedy. They remembered, that,
+although they had sold their reservation, nothing had been said in the
+deeds concerning the game and the fish on the property; and they chose
+to consider that these still belonged to them. They therefore sent
+Bartholomew Calvin, who was now their oldest chief, to New Jersey to ask
+the Legislature to buy these remaining rights. The Legislature promptly
+agreed to do this, and ap<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>propriated two thousand dollars, which was the
+sum Bartholomew named, to buy of the Indians all their remaining rights
+of every kind in New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>This act may be considered as one of kindness and charity to the former
+owners of the land, rather than as an act of justice, because there is
+no doubt, that when the Indians sold the reservation, and invested the
+proceeds, they intended to sell every deer, fish, bird, and mosquito on
+the whole tract. But it is an honor to the Legislature of that day that
+it was willing to make happy the last days of the New Jersey Indians by
+this act. That the Indians appreciated what had been done, may be seen
+from the following extract from a letter from Bartholomew Calvin:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Upon this parting occasion I feel it to be an incumbent duty to
+bear the feeble tribute of my praise to the high-toned justice of
+this State in dealing with the aboriginal inhabitants. Not a drop
+of our blood have you spilled in battle, not an acre of our land
+have you taken but by our consent. These facts speak for
+themselves, and need no comment. They place the character of New
+Jersey in bold relief,&mdash;a bright example to those States within
+whose territorial limits our brethren still remain. Nothing save
+benisons can fall upon her from the lips of a Lenni-Lenape." </p></div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/gt042.jpg" width="400" height="478" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>But the love of their old home did not die out entirely in the hearts of
+all the Edge-Pillock Indians, who emigrated, first to New York, and then
+to Michigan. There was one Indian brave and his squaw, who, after living
+at Oneida for some time, began to long again for the old hunting ground
+in New Jersey; and, before the rest of their tribe went West, these two
+came back to Burlington County, and established themselves in a little
+house near Mount Holly. Here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> these two Indians lived for about twenty
+years; and when they died, they left a daughter, a tall powerful woman,
+known in the neighborhood as "Indian Ann," who for many years occupied
+the position of the last of the Lenni-Lenape in New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>She lived to be more than ninety years old; and her long straight black
+hair, her copper-colored skin, and bright eyes, gave the people of the
+neighborhood a good idea of what sort of people used to inhabit this
+country before their ancestors came over the sea. She had many true
+Indian characteristics, and loved to work in the open air better than to
+attend to domestic matters in the house. Even when she was very old, she
+would go into the woods and cut down trees as if she had been a man. She
+did not die until December, 1894; and then the people who had known her
+so long gathered together at her funeral, and buried the last of the
+Indians of New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>Thus Scheyichbi, the land of the Indians, became truly and honestly New
+Jersey, the land of the English settlers; and to this State belongs the
+honor of having been the first in the Union in which the settlers
+purchased and paid for the lands on which they settled, and in which the
+aboriginal owners were so fairly treated that every foot of the soil not
+purchased of them by individuals was bought and paid for by the
+government of the State.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="FINS_RATTLES_AND_WINGS" id="FINS_RATTLES_AND_WINGS"></a>FINS, RATTLES, AND WINGS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt043.jpg" width="750" height="679" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>When the first settlers came to New Jersey, they found in that country
+plenty of wild animals, some of them desirable, and some quite
+otherwise. In the first class were great herds of red deer (especially
+in the central portion of the State), beavers, hares,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> and squirrels,
+and, among the dangerous kinds, bears, panthers, wolves, wild cats, and
+rattlesnakes. There were also many foxes, which were a great injury to
+the poultry yards of the settlers. Some of these creatures were so
+troublesome, that bounties were paid for the heads of panthers, foxes,
+and some other animals.</p>
+
+<p>The white settlers found New Jersey a capital hunting ground. Nothing,
+however, that is told about hunting in the early days of New Jersey
+equals the accounts which are given of the fishing in the waters of that
+State. Soon after the settlement of Burlington, one of the townspeople
+wrote to his friends in England, describing the manner in which the
+people fished in that place.</p>
+
+<p>The Delaware abounded in fish, and in the spring it swarmed with
+herring. When the early Burlingtonians wanted to catch herring, they did
+not trouble themselves about nets, or hooks and lines, but they built in
+the shallow water near the shore a pen, or, as they called it, a
+"pinfold," made by driving stakes into the sand so as to inclose a
+circular space about six feet in diameter. On the side toward the open
+water an aperture was left; and a big bush was made ready to close this
+up when the proper time came. Then the fishermen waded into the water,
+carrying with them great birch bushes. Sweeping the water with these,
+they slowly advanced toward the pinfold, driving swarms of herring
+before them, and so surrounding the frightened fish, that they had no
+way of escape, except by rushing through the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> entrance of the pinfold.
+Into the inclosure the shining creatures shot,&mdash;pushing, crowding, and
+dashing over each other,&mdash;until the pen was packed with fish, almost as
+closely jammed together as sardines in a tin box. Then the bush was
+driven down into the opening; and all that it was necessary to do, was
+to dip into the pinfold and take out great handfuls of fish. In this way
+bushels of herring could be procured at one time.</p>
+
+<p>It is not to be supposed that in those days game fishing flourished to
+any extent; that is, sportsmen did not go out with rods and flies to
+catch little fish one at a time, when it was so easy to scoop them up by
+dozens.</p>
+
+<p>Shad, too, were very abundant in those days, but not so highly valued as
+now. In fact, it is stated that when the settlers became more numerous,
+and the herring fewer, these fish were held in higher repute than shad;
+so that, when a man bought one hundred herring, he was expected to take
+ninety-five herring and five shad, or something in that proportion, shad
+being then rather a drug in the market.</p>
+
+<p>In those early days there were denizens of the waters on the shores of
+New Jersey very much more valuable than herring, shad, or any other of
+these finny creatures, no matter in what dense throngs they might
+present themselves. These were whales, of which there were numbers in
+Delaware Bay, and even some distance up the river. When the Dutch De
+Vries first came into these waters, he came after whales; and even at
+the present day one of these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> great water monsters occasionally
+investigates the western coast of New Jersey, generally paying dear for
+his curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>There were a great many snakes, many of them rattlesnakes, especially in
+the hilly country. The early settlers had a curious way of making
+themselves safe from these creatures. When they were going to make a
+journey through the woods or along wild country, where they expected to
+find snakes, they would take with them several hogs, and drive these
+grunting creatures in front of them. Hogs are very fond of eating
+snakes, and as they went along they would devour all they met with. It
+did not matter to the hogs whether the snakes were poisonous or
+harmless, they ate them all the same; for even the most venomous
+rattlesnake has but little chance against a porker in good condition,
+who, with his coat of bristles and the thick lining of fat under his
+skin, is so well protected against the fangs of the snake, that he pays
+no more attention to them than we to the seeds of a strawberry when we
+are eating one.</p>
+
+<p>Rattlesnakes were in fact the most dangerous wild animals with which the
+early settlers had to contend; for they were very numerous, and their
+bite, if not treated properly at once, was generally fatal. The Indians,
+who well knew the habits of the snake, were not nearly as much afraid of
+it as were the whites.</p>
+
+<p>In order to protect one's self against these creatures, unless there are
+too many of them, it is only neces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>sary to make noise enough to let the
+snake know that some one is approaching, and it gets out of the way as
+fast as possible; or, if it has not time to do this, it coils itself up
+and springs its rattle, thus giving notice that it is on hand, and ready
+to strike.</p>
+
+<p>It has often been said that the snake's rattle is for warning to birds
+and other animals; but this is now known to be a mistake, for when a
+snake rattles, it strikes its victim almost at the same time, if it has
+a chance.</p>
+
+<p>It is now believed that the rattle is used to attract the attention of
+birds and other small creatures; and when they turn, and look into the
+eyes of the terrible serpent, they are so overcome with terror that they
+cannot fly away, and soon become its prey. This is commonly called snake
+charming; and a great many instances of it are related by people who are
+in the habit of telling the truth, and who have seen a snake charm a
+bird which could have flown away just as well as not, had it not been
+for the terrible attraction of those great eyes, which drew it nearer
+and nearer, until at last it found itself in the jaws of a snake.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians did not give this significance to the rattle: they believed,
+as many people now do, that it was merely used as a warning. So, when an
+Indian met with a snake which rattled before he came up to it, he took
+it to be a snake of honest, straight-forward principles, who wished to
+deceive nobody, and therefore gave fair notice of its presence. Such a
+serpent was never molested. But if a snake rattled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> after an Indian had
+passed, the red man went back and killed the creature, on the ground
+that it was a sneak and a coward, which had neglected to give warning to
+the passer-by.</p>
+
+<p>A farmer living in Cumberland County tells a story about having
+discovered an island in a swamp, which so abounded in snakes, that he
+and some of his neighbors conceived the idea that this was the place
+where they made their headquarters, and from which, in summer time, they
+wandered to forage upon the country. The farmers waited until winter
+before they made an attack upon this stronghold; and then they came and
+dug up the ground, knowing that these reptiles always pass the cold
+season in a torpid state underground.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/gt048a.jpg" width="300" height="132" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/gt048b.jpg" width="300" height="232" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It was not long before they came to what might be called in these days a
+cold-storage vault. This was a flat-bottomed cavity, filled to the depth
+of about three inches with clear spring water; and in this water were
+packed away a great number of snakes, evenly laid side by side, so as to
+take up as little room as possible. The majority of these creatures were
+rattlesnakes; but there were black snakes among them, and one large
+spotted snake. Besides these, there were, as the narrator expressed it,
+at least a peck of spring frogs; these having probably crawled in to
+fill up all corners and vacant places. All these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> reptiles were of
+course dormant and insensible, and were easily destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>There is another story which gives even a better idea of the abundance
+of rattlesnakes in the new colony. In a quarry, from which the workmen
+were engaged in getting out stone for the foundations of Princeton
+College, a wide crack in the rocks was discovered, which led downward to
+a large cavity; and in this cave were found about twenty bushels of
+rattlesnake bones. There was no reason to believe that this was a snake
+cemetery, to which these creatures retired when they supposed they were
+approaching the end of their days; but it was, without doubt, a great
+rattlesnake trap. The winding narrow passage leading to it must have
+been very attractive to a snake seeking for retired quarters in which to
+take his long winter nap. Although the cave at the bottom of the great
+crack was easy enough to get into, it was so arranged that it was
+difficult, if not impossible, for a snake to get out of it, especially
+in the spring, when these creatures are very thin and weak, having been
+nourished all winter by their own fat. Thus year after year the
+rattlesnakes must have gone down into that cavity, without knowing that
+they could never get out again.</p>
+
+<p>The great rivals, in point of numbers, to the herring and other fish in
+the rivers of New Jersey (and the snakes in their winter quarters
+underground), were the wild pigeons in the air. Several times in the
+year the settlers would be visited by vast flocks of these birds, which
+came in such numbers as to shut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> out the light of the sun, as if they
+had been clouds in the sky. They would remain in one place for a few
+days, and then pass on. As it was unnecessary to use hooks and lines to
+catch a few fish out of the multitudes which swarmed in the streams, so
+it was hardly worth while to waste powder and shot on the vast flocks of
+pigeons which visited New Jersey in those days. When they came to roost
+in the forests, they could be knocked down with poles and stones; and
+thousands and thousands of them were thus obtained by the men and boys,
+and very good eating they were.</p>
+
+<p>There was a summer in which the settlers were very much astonished by
+the advent of a vast army of invaders to which they were not at all
+accustomed. These were locusts, probably of the kind we now call
+seventeen-year locusts; and the people were amazed to see these
+creatures come up out of the ground, clad in their horny coats of mail,
+which they afterwards cast off, when they appeared as winged creatures.</p>
+
+<p>They could not understand how insects encumbered by such hard, unwieldy
+shells, could penetrate to such distance below the surface of the earth;
+for they did not know that each one of these locusts came from a little
+worm which had dropped into the ground many years before, and which had
+worked its way down to a great depth, and then, about a sixth of a
+century afterward, had reappeared on the surface as a hard-shell locust,
+ready to split its back, get out of its shell, spend a few days flying
+about in the summer air, lay its eggs in the twigs of trees, and then,
+having fulfilled all its duties on this earth, to die.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+
+<p>Although the farmers probably supposed that their crops would be eaten
+up by this vast horde of locusts, no great injury was done to them; for,
+as we now know, the seventeen-year locusts do not appear upon earth to
+destroy crops and vegetation, being far different from the
+grasshopper-like locusts which in our Western countries sometimes
+devastate large sections of farming lands. The twigs of the trees, which
+had been punctured in order that the eggs might be deposited, recovered
+their life, and put forth their leaves again when they had ceased to act
+as insect incubators.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt051.jpg" width="750" height="563" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_A_GIRL_AND_A_HOGSHEAD" id="THE_STORY_OF_A_GIRL_AND_A_HOGSHEAD"></a>THE STORY OF A GIRL AND A HOGSHEAD.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Settlers came to New Jersey in various ways. Their voyages were
+generally very long, and it often happened that they did not settle at
+the place for which they had started, for there were many circumstances
+which might induce them to change their mind after they reached this
+country.</p>
+
+<p>But there was one settler, and a very valuable one too, who came to New
+Jersey in an entirely original and novel fashion. She was a girl only
+sixteen years old, and a Swede. There is no reason to suppose that she
+wanted to come to America; but circumstances made it necessary that she
+should get out of Sweden, and this country was a very good place to come
+to. It is said that this girl, whose surname we do not know, but who was
+called Elizabeth, was a connection of the Swedish royal family; and, as
+there was great trouble at the time between different factions in the
+land, it happened that it was dangerous for Elizabeth to remain in
+Sweden, and it was very difficult to get her away. It is quite certain
+that she was a person of importance, because it was considered
+absolutely necessary to keep the authorities from knowing that she was
+about to sail for foreign lands.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+
+<p>There are people at the present day who, when they first go on board an
+ocean steamer, are very much surprised and disgusted at the small size
+of the stateroom they will have to occupy during the voyage; but if they
+could have seen the accommodations with which Elizabeth was obliged to
+content herself, they would not look with such contempt upon a room in
+which three persons can sleep, leaving space to move about.</p>
+
+<p>The people who had Elizabeth's passage in charge conceived the idea that
+the safest way to get her on board the vessel, which was waiting at the
+dock, would be to ship her as freight. So she was put into a large
+hogshead, and securely fastened up, and then carried on board. She must
+have been a girl of a good deal of pluck, for the vessel was not to sail
+for several days, and she must remain in the hogshead all that time, as
+the officials of the port might come on board at any moment and discover
+her, if she should get out of her hiding place. I have no doubt that she
+was supplied with three or four meals a day through the bunghole.</p>
+
+<p>Not only was Elizabeth's precious self thus duly consigned to America as
+if she had been ordinary merchandise, but a great many of her valuable
+possessions, jewels, clothes, etc., were also shipped to accompany her.
+In the course of time, and it must have been a dreary time to this poor
+girl, the ship moved out of the dock, and started on its voyage across
+the North Sea, and then over the Atlantic to the new country. Not until
+the vessel was well out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> of sight of land, and free from danger of being
+overhauled by a vessel of the Swedish navy, did Elizabeth come out of
+her barrel and breathe the fresh sea air.</p>
+
+<p>At that time, early in the seventeenth century, a good many vessels
+crossed the Atlantic, and most of them must have made safe and
+successful voyages; but it so happened that the ship in which Elizabeth
+sailed was not a fortunate craft. When she reached the far-stretching
+Jersey coast, dangerous even now to mariners who know it well, this
+vessel was overtaken by storm, and soon became a hopeless wreck.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/gt054.jpg" width="300" height="558" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It might have been a very good thing if Elizabeth had concluded to end
+her voyage as she began it. If she had put her valuables into her
+hogshead, and then had jumped in herself and had asked some of the
+sailors to fasten her up, there is no doubt that she would have floated
+ashore, if she had known how to keep the open bunghole uppermost,&mdash;which
+no doubt she did,&mdash;and would have saved all her possessions. If one must
+float through stormy waves and great breakers, there is no safer way to
+do it than in a hogshead, as has been proved by the man who in that way
+navigated the fierce rapids at Niagara. But Elizabeth did not go back to
+her hogshead. She took her chances<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> with the rest of the people on
+board, and with them was cast on the shore of New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>This shore was absolutely wild and bare, and what became of the others
+who reached it, we do not know; but Elizabeth eventually wandered off by
+herself, alone and lost in a strange land. If the people who had been so
+much concerned about her connection with the Swedish throne had been
+able to see her then, they would have been perfectly satisfied that she
+would give them no further trouble. How she lived during her days of
+wandering and solitude is not told; but when we remember that New Jersey
+is noted for its berries and for its clams, and that it was probably
+summer time when she was cast ashore (for mariners would generally
+calculate to arrive at the settlement in good weather), we may give a
+very good guess at Elizabeth's diet.</p>
+
+<p>It was not very long before she found that there was another wanderer in
+this desolate and lonely place. She met with a white hunter named
+Garrison; and very much surprised must he have been when his eyes first
+fell upon her,&mdash;almost as much surprised, perhaps, as if he had come
+upon a stranded hogshead, with a human voice calling through the
+bunghole to be let out.</p>
+
+<p>When a possible heiress of a royal crown meets with a solitary hunter,
+probably poor and of no family to speak of, her reception of him depends
+very much upon surrounding circumstances. In this case, those
+circumstances induced Elizabeth to look upon Garrison with more favor
+than she had ever looked upon a king or noble, for there is no doubt
+that she would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> have perished on that wild and uninhabited coast if she
+had not met with him.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the hunter gladly undertook to guide this Swedish girl to a
+settlement; and the two started off on their long tramp. It is not at
+all surprising that they soon began to like each other, that it was not
+long before they fell in love, and that in course of time they were duly
+married. If she had ever thought of a marriage with a high-born Swede,
+Elizabeth gave up all such notions when she entered her hogshead, and
+left all her proud hopes behind her.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt056.jpg" width="750" height="504" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>This young couple&mdash;one of royal Swedish blood, the other a hardy hunter
+of the New World&mdash;settled near Bridgeton, and there they flourished and
+prospered. Elizabeth lived to be ninety-five years old. She had ten
+children, and in 1860 it was computed that her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> descendants numbered at
+least a thousand. That any of these considered themselves better than
+their neighbors, because it was possible that they might have a drop or
+two of royal blood in their veins, is not likely; for but few American
+families would care to base their claims of social superiority upon such
+a very diluted foundation as this. But they would have good reason to
+trace with pride their descent from the plucky girl who started for
+America in a hogshead, and who was able to land alone and unassisted on
+the Jersey coast in a storm, and to take care of herself after she got
+ashore.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt057.jpg" width="750" height="535" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_PENELOPE_STOUT" id="THE_STORY_OF_PENELOPE_STOUT"></a>THE STORY OF PENELOPE STOUT.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the early days of New Jersey, the Dutch settlers suffered very much
+from Indian hostilities. It was at the time that New Amsterdam,
+afterwards New York, was in the possession of the Dutch, that a ship
+came from Holland, bringing passengers who intended to settle in the new
+country. The ship was unfortunately wrecked in the neighborhood of Sandy
+Hook; but all the passengers managed to save themselves, and reached the
+shore.</p>
+
+<p>Among these was a young couple whose names we do not know, except that
+the wife's maiden name was Penelope Van Princis. Her husband had been
+very sick during the voyage; and getting ashore through the surf from
+the wreck could not have been of any benefit to him, for, after he had
+reached dry land, he felt even worse than he had upon shipboard, and
+needed all the attention his wife could give him.</p>
+
+<p>Although the passengers and crew of this vessel had reached the shore,
+they did not by any means consider themselves in safety; for they were
+very much afraid of the Indians, and desired above everything to make
+what haste they could toward New Amsterdam. They therefore started away
+as soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> as possible. But Penelope's husband was too sick to go any
+farther at that time, and his wife was too good a woman to leave her
+husband in that lonely spot; and so these two were left behind, while
+the rest of the company started for New Amsterdam, promising, however,
+that they would send help to the unfortunate couple.</p>
+
+<p>The fears of these immigrants in regard to the Indians were not without
+foundation; for the main party had not long departed, when a band of red
+men, probably having heard in some way of the wreck of the ship,
+appeared upon the scene, and discovered poor Penelope and her sick
+husband. It is unfortunately the disposition of most savages to show
+little pity for weakness and suffering, and the fact that the poor young
+man could not do them any possible harm had no effect upon them, and
+they set upon him and killed him; very much as a boy would kill a little
+harmless snake, for no reason whatever, except that he was able to do
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Then they determined to kill Penelope also, and, attacking her with
+their tomahawks, they so cut and wounded her that she fell down bleeding
+and insensible. Having built a fire, these brave warriors cooked
+themselves a comfortable meal, and then departed. But Penelope was not
+killed, and, coming to her senses, her instincts told her that the first
+thing to do was to hide herself from these bloodthirsty red men: so,
+slowly and painfully, she crawled away to the edge of a wood, and found
+there a great hollow tree, into which she crept.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+
+<p>This made but narrow and doleful quarters for a wounded woman, but it
+was preferable at that time to the blue sky and fresh air. She did not
+leave the tree until nightfall, and then she made her way to the place
+where the fire was still glimmering; and by great care, and with what
+must have been painful labor, she kept this fire from going out, and so
+managed to get a little warmth.</p>
+
+<p>In this way, living in the tree the greater part of the time, and
+depending for food chiefly upon the fungous excrescences and gum which
+grew on the outside of it,&mdash;for she was not able to go in search of
+berries and other food,&mdash;poor Penelope lived for a few days, with her
+dead husband on the beach, and her almost dead self in that cavern-like
+tree. The hours must have passed mournfully indeed to this young woman
+who had set out for the New World with such bright hopes.</p>
+
+<p>That she survived her terrible hardships was due entirely to the
+existence of the danger she most feared; that is, the reappearance of
+the Indians. On the second morning, nearly famished and very weak,
+Penelope was making her way slowly over the ground, endeavoring to find
+something she could eat, or a little dew in the hollow of a leaf, that
+she might drink, when suddenly there came out of the woods two tall
+Indians, who, naturally enough, were much surprised to find a wounded
+white woman there alone upon the seashore.</p>
+
+<p>Penelope gave herself up as lost. There was nothing now for her to do
+but to submit to her fate. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> was a pity, she thought, that she had not
+been slain with her husband.</p>
+
+<p>But the Indians did not immediately rush at her with their tomahawks:
+they stood and talked together, evidently about her, with their fierce
+eyes continually fixed upon her. Then their conversation became more
+animated, and it was soon plain that they were disputing. Of course, she
+did not then know the cause of their difference of opinion; but she
+found out afterwards that one of them was in favor of killing her upon
+the spot, and the other, an older man than his companion, was more
+mercifully inclined, and wished to carry her off as a prisoner to their
+camp.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/gt061.jpg" width="300" height="501" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>At last the older man got the better of the other one; and he, being
+determined that the poor wounded woman should be taken care of, took her
+up and put her on his shoulder, and marched away with her. That an
+Indian should be able to perform a feat like this is not at all
+surprising; for when one of them shoots a deer in the forest, though
+many of those animals are heavier than Penelope was, he will put it on
+his back and carry it through the forests, perhaps for miles, until he
+reaches his camp. And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> so Penelope, as if she had been a deer wounded by
+some other hunters, which these men had found, was carried to the Indian
+camp.</p>
+
+<p>There she was taken care of. Food and drink were given her. Her wounds
+were dressed and treated after the Indian fashion. In due course of time
+she recovered her health and strength, and there&mdash;living in a wigwam,
+among the women and children of the village, pounding corn, cooking
+food, carrying burdens as did the Indian women&mdash;she remained for some
+time, not daring even to try to escape; for in that wild country there
+was no place of safety to which it was possible for her to flee.</p>
+
+<p>Although there was a good deal of bad feeling between the Indians and
+the whites at that time, they still traded and communicated with each
+other; and when, in the course of time, it became known in New Amsterdam
+that there was a white woman held as a prisoner in this Indian camp,
+there was every reason to suppose that this woman was the young wife who
+had been left on the seacoast by the survivors of the wreck.
+Consequently some of the men who had been her fellow-passengers came
+over to the Indian camp, which was not far from where Middletown now
+stands. Here, as they had expected, they found Penelope, and demanded
+that the Indians should give her up.</p>
+
+<p>After some discussion, it was agreed that the matter should be left with
+Penelope herself; and the old Indian who had saved her life went to
+her,&mdash;for of course, being an inferior, she was not present at the
+conference,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>&mdash;and put the question before her. Here she was, with a
+comfortable wigwam, plenty to eat and drink, good Indian clothes to
+wear, as well treated as any Indian woman, and, so far as he could see,
+with everything to make her comfortable and happy; and here she might
+stay if she chose. On the other hand, if she wished to go to New
+Amsterdam, she would find there no one with whom she was acquainted,
+except the people who had rowed away and left her on that desolate
+coast, and who might have come in search of her a long time before if
+they really had cared anything about her. If she wanted to live here
+among friends who had been kind to her, and be taken care of, she could
+do so; if she wanted to go away and live among people who had deserted
+her, and who appeared to have forgotten her, she could do that.</p>
+
+<p>Very much to the surprise of this good Indian, Penelope declared that
+she should prefer to go and live among people of her own race and
+country; and so, much to the regret of her Indian friends, she departed
+for New Amsterdam with the men who had come for her.</p>
+
+<p>A year or two after Penelope had gone back to New Amsterdam, being then
+about twenty-two, she married an Englishman named Richard Stout, who
+afterwards became an important personage. He, with other settlers, went
+over to New Jersey and founded a little village, which was called
+Middletown, not far from the Indian camp where Penelope had once been a
+prisoner. The Indians still remained in this camp, but now they appeared
+to be quite friendly to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> whites; and the new settlers did not
+consider that there was anything dangerous in having these red
+neighbors. The good Indian who had been Penelope's protector, now quite
+an old man, was very friendly and sociable, and often used to visit Mrs.
+Stout. This friendship for the woman whom he had saved from death seemed
+to have been strong and sincere.</p>
+
+<p>One day this old Indian came to the house of Mrs. Stout, and, seating
+himself in the room where she was, remained for a long time pensive and
+silent. This rather unusual conduct made Penelope fear that something
+had happened to him; and she questioned him, asking him why he was so
+silent, and why he sighed so often. Then the old man spoke out and told
+her that he had come on a very important errand, in which he had risked
+his own life at the hands of his tribe; but, having saved her life once,
+he had determined to do it again, no matter what might happen to
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>Then he told her that the good will of the Indians toward their white
+neighbors had come to an end, and that it had been determined in council
+that an attack should be made that night upon this little village, when
+every person in it&mdash;men, women, and children&mdash;should be put to death,
+the houses burned, and the cattle driven away. His brethren no longer
+wanted white people living near them.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, this news was a great shock to Penelope. She had now two
+little children, and she could not get far away with them and hide, as
+she herself had once hidden from Indian foes. But the old man told her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+that she need not be afraid: he could not save all the people in the
+village, but he was her friend, and he had arranged to save her and her
+family. At a certain place, which he described so she could not fail to
+find it, he had concealed a canoe; and in that she and her husband, with
+the children, could go over to New Amsterdam, and there would be plenty
+of time for them to get away before the Indians would attack the place.
+Having said this, and having urged her to lose no time in getting away,
+the old Indian left.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as he had gone, Penelope sent for her husband, who was working
+in the fields, and told him what she had heard, urging him to make
+preparations instantly to escape with her. But Mr. Stout was not easily
+frightened by news such as this. He pooh-poohed the whole story, and
+told his wife that the natives over there in their camp were as well
+disposed and friendly as if they had been a company of white settlers,
+and that, as these red men and the whites had lived together so long,
+trading with each other, and visiting each other with perfect freedom,
+there was no reason whatever to suppose that the Indians would suddenly
+determine to rise up and massacre a whole settlement of peaceable
+neighbors, who had never done them any harm, and who were a great
+benefit to them in the way of trading. It would be all nonsense, he
+said, to leave their homes, and run away from Indians so extremely
+friendly and good-natured as those in the neighboring camp.</p>
+
+<p>But Penelope had entirely different ideas upon the subject. She
+thoroughly believed in the old Indian, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> was sure that he would not
+have come and told her that story unless it had been true. If her
+husband chose to stay and risk his life, she could not help it; but she
+would not subject herself and her children to the terrible danger which
+threatened them. She had begged her husband to go with her; but as he
+had refused, and had returned to his work, she and her children would
+escape alone.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/gt066.jpg" width="400" height="493" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Consequently she set out with the little ones, and with all haste
+possible she reached the place where the canoe was moored among some
+tall reeds, and, getting in with the children, she paddled away to New
+Amsterdam, hoping she might reach there in time to send assistance to
+Middletown before the Indians should attack it.</p>
+
+<p>When Farmer Stout found that his wife had really gone off, and had taken
+the children with her, he began to consider the matter seriously, and
+concluded that perhaps there might be something in the news which the
+old Indian had brought. He consequently called together a number of the
+men of the village, and they held a consultation, in which it was
+determined that it would be a wise thing to prepare themselves against
+the threatened attack; and, arming themselves with all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> the guns and
+pistols they could get, they met together in one of the houses, which
+was well adapted for that purpose, and prepared to watch all night.</p>
+
+<p>They did not watch in vain, for about midnight they heard from the woods
+that dreadful war whoop which the white settlers now well understood.
+They knew it meant the same thing as the roar of the lion, who, after
+silently creeping towards his intended victim, suddenly makes the rocks
+echo with the sound of his terrible voice, and then gives his fatal
+spring.</p>
+
+<p>But although these men might have been stricken with terror, had they
+heard such a war cry at a time when they were not expecting it, and from
+Indians to whom they were strangers, they were not so terrified at the
+coming of these red men with whom, perhaps only the day before, they had
+been trading buttons for venison and beans. They could not believe that
+these apparently mild and easy-going fellows could really be the
+terrible savages they tried to make themselves appear.</p>
+
+<p>So Richard Stout and his companions went boldly out, guns in hand, to
+meet the oncoming savages, and, calling a parley, they declared that
+they had no intention of resting quietly, and allowing themselves and
+families to be slaughtered and their houses burned. If the Indians, who
+had so long been their good neighbors, were now determined to become
+bloody enemies, they would find that they would have to do a good deal
+of hard fighting before they could destroy the village of Middletown;
+and, if they persisted in carrying on the bloody job they had
+undertaken, a good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> many of them would be killed before that job was
+finished.</p>
+
+<p>Now, it had been very seldom that Indians who had started out to
+massacre whites had met with people who acted like this; and these red
+men in war paint thought it wise to consider what had been said to them.
+A few of them may have had guns, but the majority were armed only with
+bows and tomahawks; and these white men had guns and pistols, with
+plenty of powder and ball. It would clearly be unsafe to fight them.</p>
+
+<p>So, after discussing the matter among themselves and afterwards talking
+it over with the whites, the Indians made up their minds, that, instead
+of endeavoring to destroy the inhabitants of Middletown, they would
+shake hands with them and make a treaty of peace. They then retired; and
+on the following day a general conference was held, in which the whites
+agreed to buy the lands on which they had built their town, and an
+alliance was made for mutual protection and assistance. This compact was
+faithfully observed as long as there were any Indians in the
+neighborhood, and Middletown grew and flourished.</p>
+
+<p>Among the citizens of the place there were none who grew and flourished
+in a greater degree than the Stout family. Although Penelope bore upon
+her body the scars of her wounds until the day of her death, it is
+stated, upon good authority, that she lived to be one hundred and ten
+years old; so that it is plain that her constitution was not injured by
+the sufferings and hardships of the beginning of her life in New
+Jersey.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+
+<p>Not only did the Stouts flourish in Middletown, but some of them went a
+little southward, and helped to found the town of Hopewell; and here
+they increased to such a degree that one of the early historians relates
+that the Baptist Church there was founded by the Stouts, and that for
+forty-one years the religious meetings were held in the houses of
+different members of the Stout family, while, at the time he wrote, half
+of the congregation of the church were still Stouts, and that, all in
+all, there had been at least two hundred members of that name. So the
+Baptist Church in Hopewell, as well as all the churches in Middletown,
+owed a great deal to the good Indian who carried poor Penelope to his
+village, and cured her of her wounds.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt069.jpg" width="750" height="513" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_SCHOOLMASTER_AND_THE_DOCTOR" id="THE_SCHOOLMASTER_AND_THE_DOCTOR"></a>THE SCHOOLMASTER AND THE DOCTOR.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Of course, it was not long after New Jersey began to be settled and
+cultivated, before there were a great many boys and girls who also
+needed to be cultivated. And if we are to judge their numbers by the
+families of Elizabeth, who started for the New World in a hogshead, and
+of Penelope, who began her life here in a hollow tree, there must have
+been an early opportunity for the establishment of flourishing schools;
+that is, so far as numbers of scholars make schools flourishing.</p>
+
+<p>But in fact it does not appear that very early attention was given in
+this State to the education of the young. The first school of which we
+hear was established in 1664; but it is probable that the first settlers
+of New Jersey were not allowed to grow up to be over forty years old
+before they had any chance of going to school, and it is likely that
+there were small schools in various places of which no historical
+mention is made.</p>
+
+<p>It is admitted, however, by the historians of these early days of New
+Jersey, that education was not attended to as it should have been; and
+we read that in 1693 an act was passed to "establish schoolmasters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+within the Province, 'for the cultivation of learning and good manners
+for the good and benefit of mankind, which hath hitherto been much
+neglected in the Province.'"</p>
+
+<p>These early schools were not of a very high order; the books used by
+younger scholars being what were called hornbooks, which were made by
+pasting upon a board a piece of paper containing the alphabet and some
+lessons in spelling, and covering the whole with a very thin sheet of
+horn, which was fastened on the board as glass is fastened over a framed
+picture. Thus the children could see the letters and words under the
+horn, but were not able to deface or tear the paper. It was difficult to
+get books in those days, and a hornbook would last a long time.</p>
+
+<p>We can get a pretty good idea of the character of the schools from an
+account given of the establishment of the first school in Newark, where
+the town authorities made a contract "with Mr. John Catlin to instruct
+their children and servants in as much English, reading, writing, and
+arithmetic, as he could teach."</p>
+
+<p>But the people of New Jersey prospered well, and the Colony soon became
+noted as one in which there was comfort and good living; and therefore
+it is natural that when the people really could afford to apply their
+time, thought, and money to objects higher than the tillage of farms and
+the building of houses, they went to work earnestly to give their young
+people proper opportunities for education, and we find that they were
+inclined to do this as earnestly and thoroughly as they had been in the
+habit of doing other things.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+
+<p>In consequence of this disposition, what is now Princeton College was
+founded in 1746. This institution was first called the "College of New
+Jersey," and was established at Elizabethtown. It was in its early days
+a very small seat of learning; for, when the Rev. Mr. Dickinson was
+appointed to be its president, the faculty consisted entirely of
+himself, and his only assistant was an usher. There were then about
+twenty students in the college.</p>
+
+<p>In about a year the president died; and the college was then removed to
+Newark, where the Rev. Aaron Burr, the father of the celebrated Aaron
+Burr, became its president, and it is probable that the faculty was
+enlarged. Ten years afterwards the college was established at Princeton.</p>
+
+<p>The manners and customs of the college must have been very primitive,
+and we will give a few of the rules which were made for the students:
+"Every scholar shall keep his hat off to the president about ten rods,
+and about five to the tutors. When walking with a superior, they shall
+give him the highest place, and when first going into his company, they
+shall show their respects to him by first pulling off their hats; shall
+give place to him at any door or entrance; or meeting him going up and
+down stairs shall stop, giving him the bannister side;" and, in speaking
+to a superior, "shall always give a direct and pertinent answer,
+concluding with Sir." Thus it is seen that attention to good manners was
+one of the most important branches of study taught at the young
+college.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+
+<p>But in certain districts of New Jersey, people seemed to be very slow in
+perceiving the advantages of schools in their midst. Schools had sprung
+up here and there in towns and villages, many of them boarding schools;
+and to these the richer farmers would send their children. But it took
+people in some rural places a good while to find out that it would be a
+good thing to have a school in their midst.</p>
+
+<p>A story is told of the establishment of a school of this kind in
+Deckertown as late as 1833. The people of this village had never thought
+it worth while to have a school of their own; and even after a gentleman
+of learning and ability, who was well known in the place, offered to
+take charge of such a school, they did not look with any favor upon the
+enterprise. The only place for a schoolhouse, which he was able to
+obtain, was a very small building, consisting of one room, and situated
+on the outskirts of the town. Here he started a school with one scholar;
+and even this little fellow was not a Jersey boy, but came from New
+York.</p>
+
+<p>For a considerable time this single scholar constituted the school, and
+he and the schoolmaster walked back and forth from the village to the
+little cabin every day; while the only interest that the townspeople
+seemed to take in them was shown by their laughing at the schoolmaster,
+and comparing him to a hen with one chicken. It must not be supposed
+that it was because the citizens did not believe in education; but, as
+they had been in the habit of sending their children away to school,
+they thought that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> that was the proper thing to do, and, as there never
+had been a school in the town, they saw no reason why there should be
+one then. But the school increased, and in less than a year it numbered
+twenty scholars.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt074.jpg" width="500" height="486" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>There is a rather peculiar story told of this school in its early days.
+It had been established about two months, when the schoolmaster happened
+to be walking in the direction of the school quite late in the evening
+and to his amazement he saw that the little room was brilliantly
+lighted. Now, as he and his scholar had left it in the afternoon, and he
+had locked the door, he could not understand the state of affairs.
+Hurrying to the house, he looked in at the window, and saw that the room
+was nearly filled with well-dressed men, who were standing and sitting
+around a table on which were spread cards and money. He saw that they
+were a company of gamblers; but how they came there, and why they came,
+he could not imagine. Of course, he could not drive them out; but, after
+watching them for a little while, he boldly opened the door and went in
+among them.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+
+<p>They were so occupied with their game, however, that they paid little
+attention to him; and, after standing with them for a time, he remarked
+to one of them that he hoped that when they had finished their game, and
+were ready to go away, they would leave everything behind them in as
+good order as they had found it, and then he himself departed and went
+home. But the next morning, when he and his scholar came to the
+schoolhouse, he found everything as they had left it on the afternoon
+before; and this schoolmaster might have been excused if he had imagined
+that he had dreamed that he saw the curious sight of a company of
+gamblers in his schoolhouse.</p>
+
+<p>But he found out afterwards that it was no dream. There was a set of men
+gathered together from the neighboring country, who regularly spent
+certain evenings in gambling for high stakes. They had discovered that
+there was no better place for their meetings than the little
+schoolhouse, which was tenanted by two persons in the daytime and by
+nobody at night; and, as it was so far away from the other houses, it
+was a very convenient place for their secret meetings, and they had been
+in the habit of assembling there almost from the very time that it was
+cleaned out and arranged for a schoolhouse.</p>
+
+<p>When the schoolmaster found that he had devoted his energies to the
+establishment of a very flourishing gambling saloon, when he supposed
+that he had founded nothing but a weak little school, he took measures
+to prevent any further visits from the gentlemen with the cards and the
+money. After that,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> the exercises in addition, subtraction, and
+multiplication, were figured out with a pencil or chalk instead of being
+done by means of spades or diamonds.</p>
+
+<p>In those early days the doctor was almost as slow in coming to the front
+as was the schoolmaster.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, it is said that the first doctors in New Jersey were women, and
+that the people placed such faith in their abilities, that unless a case
+were very serious indeed, so that a physician had to be sent for from
+the city, they were perfectly satisfied with the services of the women
+doctors. It is also stated, that in those days the people of New Jersey
+were very healthy. These two statements can be put together in different
+ways: some may say, that, where people were so seldom sick, doctors of
+great ability were not needed; while, on the other hand, those who have
+a higher opinion of womankind might well believe, that, because women
+made such good doctors, the people were seldom sick.</p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered, however, that the mothers, wives, sisters, and
+daughters of the people of this State, were formerly looked upon as of
+more importance than they are now; and among the rights which they
+possessed in those early days, but of which they have since been
+deprived, was the right of voting. An early writer, speaking of this
+privilege, says, "The New Jersey women, however, showed themselves
+worthy of the respect of their countrymen by generally declining to
+avail themselves of this preposterous proof of it." It is very pleasant
+for us to remember that New Jersey was among the first of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> our States in
+which free and equal rights were given to all citizens, male or female,
+if they chose to avail themselves of them.</p>
+
+<p>But when the population of New Jersey so increased that it became plain
+that the women could not be physicians, and attend at the same time to
+their domestic duties, the care of their children, and the demands of
+society, the citizens of New Jersey gave as earnest and thorough
+attention to their needs in the way of medicine and surgery as they had
+given to their needs in the way of college education; and the first
+State Medical Society in this country was founded in New Jersey in the
+year 1766.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that some of the early doctors of New Jersey possessed great
+ability, and, although there could not have been many of them at first,
+they arranged for a suitable increase in their society, and nearly every
+one of them had one or more students.</p>
+
+<p>A medical student in those days did not occupy the same position that he
+holds now. In fact, he was nothing more nor less than an apprentice to
+his master. He was bound to the doctor by a regular indenture. He lived
+in his family, and, when he was not engaged in his studies, he was
+expected to make himself useful in various domestic ways, often learning
+the use of the saw in the wood yard.</p>
+
+<p>A very natural consequence of this domestic fashion of pursuing their
+studies was, that, when the young doctor started out to establish a
+practice for himself, he not only had a certificate or diploma from his
+master, but was also provided with a wife, for mar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>riages of medical
+students with the daughters of their preceptors were very common.</p>
+
+<p>What further outfit was furnished a student setting out in practice for
+himself, may be imagined from the conclusion of an old indenture of
+apprenticeship, which states, that when Jacobus Hubbard shall have
+fulfilled his apprenticeship of four years and eight months,&mdash;during
+which he has well and faithfully served his master, his secrets kept,
+his lawful commands gladly everywhere obeyed,&mdash;he shall be provided,
+when he goes forth as doctor, with a "new set of surgeon's pocket
+instruments, Solomon's Dispensatory, Quence's Dispensatory, and Fuller
+on Fevers."</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that such a very healthy country as New Jersey did not
+always give a doctor of a neighborhood sufficient work to occupy his
+time, and therefore the early physicians used to combine other
+professions with that of medicine and surgery. Some were lawyers, others
+clergymen, and many were farmers and planters. The following story is
+told about the Rev. Jacob Green, "who lived in Hanover, and was pastor
+of the Presbyterian Church in that place. He had also many other
+callings, as may be inferred from a letter addressed to him by a wag,
+and which was said not to exaggerate the truth:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table align="center" summary="List of occupations of the Rev. Jacob Green">
+<tr><td>"'To the Rev. Jacob Green,</td><td> <i>Preacher</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "</td><td><i>Teacher</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "</td><td><i>Doctor</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "</td><td><i>Proctor</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "</td><td><i>Miller</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "</td><td><i>Distiller</i>.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+
+<p>The necessity for this variety of occupation is shown by a letter from a
+gentleman named Charles Gordon, living near Plainfield, to his brother,
+Dr. John Gordon, in England, in which he says, "If you design to come
+hither, you may come as a planter or merchant; but as a doctor of
+medicine I cannot advise you, for I hear of no diseases to cure but some
+agues and some cutted legs and fingers." Other physicians gave up their
+professions at the beginning of the Revolution, and became prominent in
+military matters.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. John Cochran, one of the first New Jersey physicians, was a man of
+wide experience and reputation. He was surgeon in the British hospital
+during the French War, and afterward practiced medicine in New
+Brunswick. During the Revolution, he became an army surgeon. He was a
+friend of Washington, and, in fact, was quite intimate with the
+commander in chief of the American forces. It is said that when
+Washington was at West Point in 1779, and the doctor and his family were
+stationed at the same place, Washington wrote to Dr. Cochran almost the
+only facetious letter which is known to have come from the pen of that
+grave and dignified man.</p>
+
+<p>This letter informs the doctor that he has invited Mrs. Cochran and Mrs.
+Livingston to dine with him the next day, and says that the table is
+large enough for the ladies, and then proceeds to tell "how it is
+covered." "Since our arrival at this happy spot, we have had a ham,
+sometimes a shoulder of bacon, to grace the head of the table; a piece
+of roast beef<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> adorns the foot, and a dish of beans or greens, almost
+imperceptible, decorates the center. When the cook has a mind to cut a
+figure, which I presume will be the case to-morrow, we have two
+beefsteak pies, or dishes of crabs, in addition, one on each side of the
+center dish, dividing the space, and reducing the distance between dish
+and dish to about six feet, which without them would be twelve feet
+apart. Of late, he has had the surprising sagacity to discover that
+apples will make pies, and it is a question if in the violence of his
+efforts we do not get one of apples instead of having both of beefsteak.
+If the ladies can put up with such entertainment, and will submit to
+partake of it on plates once tin, now iron (not become so by scouring),
+I shall be happy to see them."</p>
+
+<p>The fact that the early physicians of New Jersey were very skillful, and
+patients in that healthful country very scarce, seems to have had the
+effect of making some physicians of that day extremely sharp about
+business matters. A certain doctor of Rahway had been called upon to
+visit a rich man who was in great pain and distress. The doctor having
+administered some medicine, the patient very speedily recovered. Some
+time after this, the doctor determined to leave Rahway; and the rich man
+who had been attended by him with such gratifying results began to be
+afraid that he might be taken sick again in the same way. So he went to
+the doctor, and requested that before he left, he would give him the
+prescription which had seemed to suit his case so admirably.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+
+<p>Doctors seldom approve of their patients taking their treatment into
+their own hands; but, after a little consideration, he said he would
+furnish the prescription, but that it would cost ten dollars. This quite
+astonished the rich man, and at first he refused to pay such a high
+price; but, after considering that it might save him many visits from
+the new doctor who should come to Rahway, he agreed to pay the price
+demanded, and the prescription was written, and delivered to him. When
+he reached his home, he thought he would try to make out what this
+prescription was; but when he opened the paper, he found nothing but the
+word "catnip." It is not likely that he ever again tried to take
+advantage of the medical profession.</p>
+
+<p>But it was not always Jersey doctors whose wit shone brightest in a
+financial transaction. There was a doctor in the town of Rocky Hill who
+was sent for to attend a poor old man who was suffering with a piece of
+bone sticking in his throat. The doctor went immediately to the old
+man's house, and it was not long before the bone was out. As the doctor
+was packing up his instruments, the old fellow, whose name was William,
+inquired how much he would have to pay; and the doctor replied that for
+an operation of that sort his charge was five dollars. This quite
+astonished William, who probably had not five cents in the house; but he
+wished to pay his debts, and not to be considered a pauper patient, and
+so he asked the doctor if he might come to his house and work out the
+bill. The doctor replied that that would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> be entirely satisfactory to
+him, and that William might come the next day and work in the garden.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/gt082.jpg" width="300" height="473" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The next day old William went to the doctor's house. All day he
+faithfully dug and hoed and raked. Toward the end of the afternoon the
+doctor came into the garden, and, after informing William that he might
+come again, he casually asked him how much he charged for a day's work.
+William stood up and promptly answered, that for a day's labor in the
+garden his charge was five dollars. Now was the doctor surprised.</p>
+
+<p>"You don't mean," he exclaimed, "that you are going to ask five dollars
+for one day's labor!"</p>
+
+<p>"That is exactly my price," said William. "If two minutes' yanking with
+a pair of pincers at a little bone is worth five dollars, then one day's
+hard labor in tilling the ground is worth just as much."</p>
+
+<p>It often happens that doctors are men of wit and humor; and it is
+recorded that a New Jersey physician, named Dr. Hole, was the author of
+the first version of a tombstone epitaph which afterwards became widely
+known and used. The lines of Dr. Hole are cut upon a tombstone of a
+child, and run as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A dropsy sore long time I bore:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Forsitions were in vain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till God above did hear my moan,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And eased me of my pain."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>That some of those early doctors were honest is proved by a doctor's
+bill which is now preserved in the New Jersey Historical Society. At the
+end of this bill, after all the different items of service and medicine
+had been charged upon it, there is this entry: "Contrary credit by
+Medsons brought back." It would be difficult now to find a doctor in New
+Jersey, or anywhere else, who would be willing to take back, and allow
+credit for, all partly filled bottles of medicine, and boxes of pills,
+the contents of which had been ordered, but not entirely used.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt083.jpg" width="750" height="552" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_SLAVES_OF_NEW_JERSEY" id="THE_SLAVES_OF_NEW_JERSEY"></a>THE SLAVES OF NEW JERSEY.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/gt084.jpg" width="600" height="661" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We have so long looked upon New Jersey as prominent among what were
+called the "free States" of the Union, that it now seems strange when we
+consider, that among the first of the institutions established upon its
+soil by the early settlers, was the system of slavery. This was the case
+not only in New Jersey, but in all the American Colonies. The settlers
+of New England, as well as those of the Southern Colonies, used negro
+slaves as laborers on their farms; and the trade in native Africans was
+a very important branch of industry.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of York, to whom his brother, Charles II.,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> had made a grant of
+extensive American possessions, was at the head of the African Company,
+formed for the purpose of bringing slaves from Africa, and selling them.
+The Dutch were then the great rivals of the English in this trade; and
+the Duke of York was very glad to possess New Jersey and the rest of his
+grant, for then he could not only oust the Dutch from the territory, but
+could possess himself of this very desirable and profitable slave
+market.</p>
+
+<p>But it was not only the English and Dutch who brought negro slaves to
+America, for it is stated that the earliest Swedish settlers brought
+slaves with them as laborers. So we may say that slavery and freedom
+were planted together in this country of ours; one to be pulled up
+afterward like a weed, the other to be left to grow and flourish.</p>
+
+<p>When Berkeley and Carteret acquired authority over New Jersey, they did
+everything that they could to induce settlers to come to the new
+country; and, as they were anxious to have the lands opened up and
+cultivated as rapidly as possible, they encouraged immigrants to bring
+as many slaves as they could afford. They offered one hundred and fifty
+acres to every one who would settle, and another one hundred and fifty
+acres for every full-grown able-bodied male slave, and seventy-five
+acres each for those not grown up. Afterwards, when slaves became more
+numerous, the bounties given on their account were diminished, and in
+course of time they ceased altogether.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+
+<p>A great many slaves must have been brought direct from Africa to New
+Jersey, for at Perth Amboy there was established what was then called a
+barracks; and in this, negroes who had been brought in the slave ships
+were confined until they were sold and sent out into the country.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/gt086.jpg" width="200" height="452" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Not only were there negro slaves in the State, but there were also
+Indians who had been enslaved, and were regularly sold and bought. How
+these red men happened to be slaves, we do not certainly know; but we
+may be very sure that the whites did not make war upon Indian tribes,
+and capture prisoners, for the purpose of making slaves of them. It is
+far more likely, that, when one tribe of Indians made war upon another,
+the conquerors found it a very profitable thing to sell their prisoners
+to the whites. There is no reason to suppose, however, that the natives
+made war on purpose to capture and sell their fellow-countrymen, as was
+the case in Africa.</p>
+
+<p>The early records, however, prove that there were Indian slaves. When
+the House of Representatives for the Province met at Burlington in 1704,
+an act was brought before that body for the regulating of Indian and
+negro slaves.</p>
+
+<p>Negroes were then considered to be such legiti<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>mate articles of
+merchandise, that English sovereigns thought it very necessary to see to
+it that their loyal settlers were sufficiently supplied with slaves, and
+at prices not too high. When Queen Anne sent out Lord Cornbury as
+governor of the Province, she recommended the Royal African Company to
+the especial attention of the governor, that New Jersey might have a
+constant and sufficient supply of merchantable negroes at moderate rates
+in money or commodities. In consequence of the fostering care of the
+Proprietors and the English sovereigns, slaves rapidly increased in New
+Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>The English themselves were not at all averse to the ownership of a good
+serviceable slave; and about the middle of the eighteenth century a
+young gentleman in England wrote to his father in New Jersey, begging
+that he might "be favored with a young negro boy to present to the
+brother of the then Duke of Grafton, to whom he was under obligations,
+as 'a present of that kind would be very acceptable.'"</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the existence of slavery made the state of society in New
+Jersey and the other Colonies very different from what it is now; and
+this difference is strongly shown by the advertisements of runaway
+negroes, which we can find in some old newspapers. It seems very strange
+to see in a Boston paper of one hundred years ago a picture of a black
+man running away with a bag over his shoulder, and under the picture the
+statement of the reward which would be given for his capture; and in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+the New Jersey papers there were frequent advertisements of runaway
+slaves and of negroes for sale. One of these, published in Burlington
+two years after the Colony had declared itself free and independent,
+reads as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">To be Sold</span>&mdash;For no fault&mdash;but a saucy tongue for which he is now
+in Burlington jail&mdash;A negro man about 39 years of age. He is a
+compleat farmer, honest and sober. For further particulars enquire
+of the subscriber in Evesham, Burlington Co. Feb. 4, 1778." </p></div>
+
+<p>When Washington was in Morristown in 1777, one of his aids wrote a
+letter to a friend in Elizabethtown, which states,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The General will esteem it as a singular favor if you can apprehend
+a mulatto girl, servant and slave of Mrs. Washington, who eloped
+from this place yesterday, with what design cannot be conjectured,
+though as she may intend to the enemy and pass your way I trouble
+you with the description: her name is Charlotte but in all
+probability will change it, yet may be discovered by question. She
+is light complected, about thirteen years of age, pert, dressed in
+brown cloth wescoat and petticoat. Your falling upon some method of
+recovering her should she be near you will accommodate Mrs.
+Washington and lay her under great obligations to you being the
+only female servant she brought from home and intending to be off
+to-day had she not been missing. A gentle reward will be given to
+any soldier or other who shall take her up.</p>
+
+<p>I am with respect your most obedient servant</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<p>After a time, negro slaves became so plentiful in New Jersey, that laws
+were passed restricting their importation, and a considerable tax was
+laid upon each African brought into the country.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+
+<p>But the negroes were not the only slaves in New Jersey during those
+early days. Here, as well as in many of the other Colonies, was a class
+of white people, generally from England, who were called
+"redemptioners." These were poor people, although often persons of
+fairly good station and education, who desired to emigrate to America,
+but who could not afford to pay their passage.</p>
+
+<p>A regular system was then established, by which a poor person desiring
+to settle in New Jersey would be brought over free. When one of these
+emigrants took passage on a ship, he signed a contract which gave the
+captain of the vessel the right to sell him, as soon as he arrived in
+America, for enough money to pay his passage. This white man was thus
+bought, when he reached New Jersey, exactly as if he had been a negro
+slave; and he was subject to the same rules as those which governed
+other slaves. Of course, he was made the subject of great imposition;
+for the captain would naturally desire to get as large a sum of money as
+possible for each redemptioner, and therefore would be perfectly willing
+to sell him for a long term.</p>
+
+<p>The people who owned redemptioners could sell them again if they chose;
+and it often happened that some of them passed into the possession of
+several families before they finally served out the term for which they
+had been sold. All sorts of people became redemptioners,&mdash;mechanics,
+laborers, and even professional men. Among the people who sold
+themselves into limited slavery there were schoolmasters, and it is
+stated that at one time the supply of redemp<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>tioner schoolmasters was so
+great that they became a drug in the market.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt090.jpg" width="750" height="579" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the days before there were many regular schools in New Jersey, much
+of the education must have been carried on by what we now call private
+tutors; and a schoolmaster who could be bought as if he had been a horse
+or a cow was often a very convenient piece of property. If a family
+should own a teacher who was able only to instruct small children, it
+would be very easy, when these children grew older and able to undertake
+more advanced studies, to sell this primary teacher to some family where
+there were young pupils, and buy one capable of teaching higher
+branches.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that these redemptioners were often treated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> much more
+harshly and cruelly than the negro slaves, and any one who assisted one
+of them to escape was severely punished. There was good reason for this
+difference in the treatment of the two classes of slaves; for a negro
+was the property of his master as long as he lived, and it was
+manifestly the interest of the owner to keep his slave in good
+condition. But the redemptioner could only be held for a certain time,
+and, if his master was not a good man, he would be apt to get out of him
+all the work that he could during the time of his service, and to give
+him no more food or clothing than was absolutely necessary.</p>
+
+<p>After a time there were laws made to protect the redemptioners. One of
+these was, that any person sold after he was seventeen years old could
+not serve for more than four years; and another provided, that, when a
+redemptioner's time of service had expired, his master should give him
+"two good suits of clothing, suitable for a servant, one good ax, one
+good hoe, and seven bushels of Indian corn."</p>
+
+<p>But although the redemptioner sometimes fared very badly in the new
+country, it often happened that he came out very well in the end. Among
+the white people who came here as slaves there were often convicts and
+paupers; but even some of these succeeded in bettering their condition
+and establishing themselves as good citizens, and in founding families.</p>
+
+<p>It often happened that some of the Germans who came to buy land and
+settle, chose rather to put away their money, and sell themselves as
+redemptioners to English families, so that they might learn the English<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+language and manner of living. Then, when they had educated themselves
+in this practical manner, and their time of service was over, they could
+buy land, and establish themselves on terms of equality with their
+English neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>But the trade in redemptioners gradually decreased; and by the middle of
+the eighteenth century there were not many of them left in New Jersey,
+although there were a few in the State until after the Revolution. Negro
+slavery, however, continued much longer. It grew and flourished until it
+became a part of the New Jersey social system; but it must not be
+supposed that all the people of the State continued to be satisfied with
+this condition of things.</p>
+
+<p>At first everybody who could afford it owned slaves, and the Friends or
+Quakers bought negroes the same as other people did; but about the end
+of the seventeenth century some of these Quakers began to think that
+property in human beings was not a righteous thing, and the Quakers of
+New Jersey united with those of Pennsylvania in an agreement
+recommending to the members of the Society of Friends that they should
+no longer employ negro slaves, or, if they thought it best to continue
+to do this, that they should at least cease to import them.</p>
+
+<p>A strong party among the Quakers of New Jersey opposed slavery for many
+years, and the system was denounced at some of their yearly meetings;
+and this went on until about the middle of the next century, when a law
+was made that no person owning slaves should continue in the Society of
+Friends.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+
+<p>As years passed on, people other than Quakers began to consider slavery
+an injustice and an evil; and this feeling gradually increased, until in
+the beginning of the nineteenth century it became very strong, and in
+1820 an act was passed by the Legislature for the emancipation of the
+slaves. They were not set free all at once, and turned into the world to
+take care of themselves; but a system of gradual emancipation was
+adopted, by which the young people obtained their freedom when they came
+of age, while the masters were obliged to take care of the old negroes
+as long as they lived. By this plan, slavery was very gradually
+abolished in New Jersey, so that in 1840 there were still six hundred
+and seventy-four slaves in the State; and even in 1860 eighteen slaves
+remained, and these must have been very old.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt093.jpg" width="750" height="329" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="A_JERSEY_TEA_PARTY" id="A_JERSEY_TEA_PARTY"></a>A JERSEY TEA PARTY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>At the time when the American colonists began to be restless under the
+rule of Great Britain, the people of New Jersey showed as strong a
+desire for independence as those of any other Colony, and they were by
+no means backward in submitting to any privations which might be
+necessary in order to assert their principles. As has been said before,
+the people were prosperous, and accustomed to good living, and it was
+not likely that there was any part of America in which a cup of
+well-flavored tea was better appreciated than in New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>But when the other colonists determined to resist unjust taxation, and
+resolved that they would not use tea, on which a heavy tax was laid
+without allowing the American people to have anything to say about it,
+the patriotic people of New Jersey resolved that they too would use no
+tea so long as this unjust tax was placed upon it. When the tea was
+destroyed in Boston Harbor, the Jersey patriots applauded the act, and
+would have been glad to show in the same way what they thought upon the
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>But when tea was shipped from England, it was sent to the great ports of
+Boston, New York, Phila<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>delphia, and Charleston; and what was used in
+New Jersey came from these places after the consignees had paid the tax.
+However, to show their sympathy with the efforts which were being made
+at the sea-ports to prevent the landing of tea, the New Jersey people,
+that is, those who belonged to the Whig party,&mdash;which was the patriotic
+party, and opposed to the Tories, who favored England,&mdash;formed an
+association, the members of which bound themselves to buy or use no tea
+until the tax should be removed.</p>
+
+<p>There is a story told of Hugh Drum of Somerset County, who was so
+thoroughly in earnest on this subject, and who probably supposed that
+the weak little Colonies would always have to submit to the power of
+Great Britain, that he took an oath that never again during the rest of
+his life would he take a cup of tea; and although he lived a great many
+years afterward, during which the Americans imported their own tea
+without regard to what any other country thought about it, Mr. Drum
+never again drank tea.</p>
+
+<p>But at last an opportunity came for patriotic Jerseymen to show that
+they were not behind the other colonists in resisting the attempt of
+Great Britain to force upon them this taxed tea.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly a year after the tea had been thrown overboard in Boston Harbor,
+a vessel from England&mdash;loaded with tea, and bound to Philadelphia&mdash;put
+into Cohansey Creek, a small stream which runs into Delaware Bay, and
+anchored at the little town of Greenwich. This vessel, called the
+"Greyhound," was afraid to go<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> up to Philadelphia, because from that
+port tea ships were sent back to England as soon as they arrived, as was
+also the case in New York. So the captain of the "Greyhound" thought it
+would be a good plan to land his tea at Greenwich, from which place it
+could be taken inland to its destination. Here the cargo was unloaded,
+and stored in the cellar of a house opposite the open market place.</p>
+
+<p>This business of forcing tea upon the American colonists had become a
+very serious matter to England; for the East India Company had now in
+their warehouses at London seventeen million pounds of tea, and, if
+there should be no sale for any of this in the American market, the loss
+would be very severe. Consequently every possible method was resorted
+to, in order to have the tea landed on American soil; it being believed,
+that, if the tea once got into the hands of the dealers, the people
+would overcome their prejudices to its importation, and begin to use it
+again.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore the captain of the "Greyhound" thought he was doing a very
+sharp thing when he sailed up Cohansey Creek and unloaded his tea. That
+cargo was landed, and in those days an English captain of a tea ship
+might well be proud of having performed such a feat.</p>
+
+<p>But it is not likely that the captain of the "Greyhound" had ever before
+sailed into a port of New Jersey, large or small, or had anything to do
+with Jerseymen; for if he had, he would not have been so well satisfied
+with the result of the voyage.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Greenwich could not prevent the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> landing of the tea, for
+there was no organized force at the place, nor could they order the
+"Greyhound" to turn round and go back to England; but they would not
+allow their town to be made use of as a port of entry for this obnoxious
+merchandise, simply because it was a little town, and could not keep
+English ships out of its waters. A meeting of the patriotic citizens was
+held, and it was resolved that no tea should go out of Greenwich to
+comfort the bodies and contaminate the principles of people in any part
+of the Colonies; and they would show their British tyrants that it was
+just as unsafe to send tea into Cohansey Creek as it was to send it into
+the harbor of Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Having come to this determination, they went immediately to work. A
+party of young men, about forty in number, was organized; and in order
+to disguise themselves, or strike terror into anybody who might be
+inclined to oppose their undertaking, they were all dressed as Indians.
+They assembled in the market place, and then, making a rush to the house
+in which the tea was stored, they broke open the doors, carried out the
+tea, split open the boxes in which it was contained, and made a great
+pile of it in an open space near by.</p>
+
+<p>When tea is dry and in good condition, it will burn very well, and it
+was not many minutes before there was a magnificent bonfire near the
+market place in Greenwich; and in all that town there was not one man
+who dared to attempt to put it out. Thus the cargo of the "Greyhound"
+went up in smoke to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> sky. It must have been a very hard thing for
+the good ladies of the town to sit in their houses and sniff the
+delightful odor, which recalled to their minds the cherished beverage,
+of which, perhaps, they might never again partake. But they were
+Jerseywomen, of stout hearts and firm principles, and there is no record
+that any one of them uttered a word of complaint.</p>
+
+<p>But in every community there is at least one person in whose mind there
+is a little streak of the Ananias nature, and there was a man of that
+kind in Greenwich. His name was Stacks, and he was a great lover of tea;
+moreover, he had a soul disposed to economy and thrift. Consequently it
+was very hard for him to stand by and see all that tea wasted; and he
+thought it would be no harm&mdash;as he was not a merchant, and did not
+intend to exercise evil influences upon the people of America by
+inducing them to buy tea&mdash;if he appropriated to himself a little of this
+most desirable herb, which was to be burned and wasted before his very
+eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever he had a chance, he slipped a little tea into some part of his
+clothes where he thought it would not be noticed, and so gradually
+loaded himself with a considerable stock of the herb. In fact, he stowed
+away so many handfuls of it, that, when the fire was over, his
+companions noticed that he had considerably increased in size; and it
+was not long before his trick was discovered. We do not hear that he was
+compelled to empty out the tea, but we are told that ever after he went
+by the name of "Tea Stacks."</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+
+<p>This tea bonfire created a great stir, and although the patriotic party
+approved it, there were a great many Tories in the country who condemned
+it as a piece of outrageous violence and wanton waste. This latter
+opinion was so freely expressed, that the English owners of the cargo
+were encouraged to take legal steps against the men who destroyed the
+tea. It was easy enough to do this; for the young fellows who had made
+the bonfire were very proud of what they had done, and, instead of
+denying their connection with the burning of the tea, were always very
+ready to boast of it.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/gt099.jpg" width="300" height="693" alt="Tea Stacks." title="Tea Stacks." />
+<span class="caption">Tea Stacks.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When it was understood that the tea burners were to be prosecuted, all
+the Whigs of the surrounding country determined to stand by them; and
+they subscribed a large sum of money to engage lawyers to defend their
+case. The strength of the popular feeling was shown by the fact, that,
+when the case was brought to court, the grand jury positively refused to
+bring a bill against these young men, although the judge insisted that
+they should do so. The matter was thus postponed; and as it was not long
+before the Colonies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> broke out into open rebellion, and a period
+followed when Englishmen no longer brought suits in American courts,
+there was no further action in regard to the tea burning at Greenwich.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, unless Mr. Stacks contrived to keep some of the tea which he
+carried off in his clothes, the good people of the neighborhood, if they
+drank tea at all, made it of the dried leaves of raspberries, or those
+of some other bush, which have something of a tea taste, and were thus
+enabled to have a hot beverage with their evening meal, with but a
+little strain upon their imaginations, and none at all on their
+consciences.</p>
+
+<p>In other neighborhoods, however, there were people who, although they
+were patriots and inclined to support the cause of American liberty,
+could not see how such a little thing as drinking a cup of tea, if they
+happened to have it, could interfere with their regard and respect for
+the great principle of justice and independence.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, it was to be supposed that the Tories, who were opposed to
+this nonsense about independence, were glad to buy tea and to drink it
+whenever they got the chance; but it was expected that those who called
+themselves Whigs and patriots would stand by their party, and
+discountenance tea drinking. There is a story told of a man who lived in
+Bridgetown, who was a member of one of the Committees of Safety which
+were formed for the purpose of promoting the cause of American liberty.
+It was found out that this man and his family were in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> habit of
+drinking East India tea; and when his fellow-committeemen asked him in
+regard to this matter, he boldly admitted that they all liked tea, that
+they drank tea, and that they intended to drink tea.</p>
+
+<p>This was a very serious matter, and the committee saw that it was
+necessary to take vigorous measures in regard to this peculiar case. At
+first they tried the force of argument; but all they could say to the
+man amounted to nothing. He had principles, and what he considered very
+good principles; but he liked tea, and, having it in the house, he saw
+no harm in drinking it. So the teapot was on his table every day.</p>
+
+<p>Now, his fellow-committeemen held another meeting, and formally resolved
+that this unpatriotic patriot should be punished in a way which would
+make a powerful impression on him, and which would show the whole
+community how the Committee of Safety intended to stand firm in the
+position they had taken in resisting unjust legislation. It was
+resolved, that, so long as he and his family drank tea, the patriots of
+the neighborhood would have nothing to do with him, they would not deal
+with him, nor would they associate with him or his. This was an early
+instance in America of what is known now as "boycotting."</p>
+
+<p>It was a very hard thing to be shut out from all dealing and connection
+with his friends and fellow-citizens, and it was not long before the tea
+drinker made up his mind that the society and friendship of his
+neighbors was better even than the highest flavored cup of tea; and so
+he formally acknowledged his error, begged the pardon of the committee,
+and promised that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> thereafter he would act in accordance with their
+rules and regulations; and his family teapot was put away upon a high
+top shelf.</p>
+
+<p>But the time came, in a very few years, when the American people
+attended to their own taxation, and when this teapot, with all the
+others in the country, could be taken down and freely used without
+interference with law or conscience.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt102.jpg" width="500" height="1084" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_A_SPY" id="THE_STORY_OF_A_SPY"></a>THE STORY OF A SPY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When a nation goes to war with another, it is often necessary for the
+armies on each side to leave behind some of the high and noble
+principles which may have governed them at home. Of course, war is
+bloody and cruel, and it almost always happens that the officers and
+soldiers are obliged to descend also to meanness and duplicity in order
+to succeed in their campaigns.</p>
+
+<p>One strong reason for this is the necessity for the employment of spies.
+It is always desirable for the commander of an army to know as far as
+possible the condition of the enemy's force, and what he is doing or
+intends to do. Consequently it is a common thing to send spies into the
+enemy's ranks; and the better those spies can deceive the soldiers of
+the other side, the more valuable will be their report, if they are
+fortunate enough to get back into their own camp.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes a spy will sneak into the enemy's lines, and make his
+observations in concealment and safety; but the most valuable spies are
+those which enter an enemy's camp pretending sympathy and friendship. A
+man who can do this well can find out a great deal.</p>
+
+<p>In every army a spy from the other side is re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>garded as the worst of
+enemies, and if captured, his punishment is death. An impartial outsider
+might object to this severity, when it is considered that the army which
+punishes the spy may, at the same time, have spies of its own among the
+enemy. During the Revolution, Major Andr&eacute; was executed because he came
+into the American lines as a spy, and at the same time General
+Washington was very glad to get a good spy to send into a British camp.</p>
+
+<p>There was a man named John Honeyman, who acted with great success in
+this capacity on the patriotic side during the Revolution. Honeyman was
+a Scotch-Irishman, and was said to be a remarkably fine looking man. He
+was tall, strong, extremely active, and had a fine military bearing. He
+had no desire to become a soldier; but he was forced into the British
+army, and came to this country in 1758, when Abercrombie came over to
+attack the French in Canada. Young Colonel Wolfe, who was afterwards the
+famous General Wolfe who fell at Quebec, had command of this army, and
+on the ship in which he sailed was John Honeyman.</p>
+
+<p>Military men are not as sure-footed as sailors on board a ship, which
+may be rolling and tossing on rough waters; and one day, as Colonel
+Wolfe was coming into the cabin, he tripped and fell when he was halfway
+down the companion way, and would probably have broken his neck, if it
+had not been that Honeyman happened to be at the bottom of the steps,
+and caught the colonel in his arms, thus saving him from injury.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+
+<p>It is very satisfactory for a full-grown man, especially one whose
+profession exposes him to accidents of various kinds, to be able to take
+into his service another man who is tall enough and strong enough to
+pick him up and carry him if it is necessary, and who is also
+quick-witted enough to know when he should interpose himself in case of
+danger.</p>
+
+<p>Honeyman's conduct on this occasion made an impression on Colonel Wolfe;
+and when afterwards he was made general, he took the tall soldier into
+his bodyguard, and made him understand that, in times when danger might
+be apprehended, he was to be as near him as his duties would permit.</p>
+
+<p>When the great attack was made upon Quebec, Honeyman was one of the men
+who helped row the boat which carried Wolfe over the river; and during
+this passage a cannon ball from the enemy struck an officer sitting very
+near Honeyman, and took off his head. Had this happened to Honeyman, it
+would have been a bad thing for New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>When they reached the opposite side, Honeyman climbed the Heights of
+Abraham side by side with his brave commander; and when, in the battle
+which followed, Wolfe was killed, it was Honeyman who bore him off the
+field. Thus the first and the last service which this strong man
+rendered to his military chief were very much the same.</p>
+
+<p>About a year after this the war ended, and Honeyman received an
+honorable discharge. He carried with him the good will and commendation
+of his officers, but he also took something which he valued<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> more than
+these. While he was with General Wolfe, that officer had given him
+letters expressing his good opinion of him, and these afterwards proved
+of great service.</p>
+
+<p>Honeyman went southward, and lived for some years in the American
+Colonies. He finally settled in Philadelphia, where he married. When the
+Revolution broke out, his sympathies were entirely with the American
+side, but he did not immediately enlist in the American army. When
+Washington came to Philadelphia, Honeyman was very anxious to see him
+and consult with him. It was difficult for a man in the ordinary walks
+of life to obtain an interview with the commander in chief; but Honeyman
+sent in the letters which General Wolfe had given him, and, after having
+read these, Washington was very ready to see the man of whom that
+general had such a high opinion. Washington soon discovered that
+Honeyman was a man of peculiar ability, and he had several interviews
+with him, although it is not known what was said at these times.</p>
+
+<p>Before very long, Honeyman took his family to Griggstown, in Somerset
+County, New Jersey, and there he hired a house and settled. From this
+place he went to Fort Lee, when Washington came into New Jersey with his
+army, and had an interview with the general; and here, it is said, he
+made a regular contract with the commander in chief to become a spy on
+the American side.</p>
+
+<p>There were a good many Tories in the State, and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> as Honeyman had once
+been a British soldier, it was easy enough for him to make believe that
+he was a Tory, and so make friends with the Redcoats when he should have
+an opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>The plan concocted between Washington and Honeyman was very carefully
+worked out in all its details. Honeyman was to let it be known that he
+was a Tory, and as soon as he thought it proper he was to leave his
+family and join the British. It was considered that the best thing he
+could do would be to engage in business as a butcher, and then, when he
+went over to the British, he could go about the country in search of
+cattle, and thus get a good idea of what was going on.</p>
+
+<p>He was to stay with the enemy until he discovered something important,
+and then he was to arrange matters so that he should, apparently without
+knowing it, wander near the American lines, where he would be captured.
+It is said that Washington arranged, that, as soon as he should hear
+that Honeyman had gone over to the enemy, he would offer a reward for
+his arrest; but this reward would be paid only in case the supposed
+traitor should be carried alive and unhurt to him. All this planning was
+necessary, because there was so much communication between the Tories
+and Whigs at that time, that, if it had been known on the American side
+that Honeyman had gone over as a spy, the fact would soon have been
+communicated to the British.</p>
+
+<p>Honeyman went over to the enemy, and started business as a butcher for
+the army, and, after having gone<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> a good deal about the country looking
+for cattle, he came to New Brunswick with the British army. Nobody had
+suspected that he was not a perfectly honest Tory, and he had been
+paying great attention to the condition of the British army, and to
+finding out everything which might be of use if reported to Washington.
+Among other things, he discovered that the British forces then occupying
+Trenton were not under a strict state of discipline. It was winter; the
+weather was cold; apparently there was not much for them to do; and
+discipline was in a rather lax state. Honeyman well understood the
+habits of the Redcoats, and he knew that during the holidays the
+soldiers would live in even a more free and easy manner than they were
+living then.</p>
+
+<p>Not only did he make himself well acquainted with the condition of the
+army, but he carefully studied the town of Trenton and its neighborhood,
+and, going about in every direction after cows and oxen, he learned the
+roads so well that he could make a very good map of them. Everything
+that could be of service to the American cause was jotted down in
+Honeyman's retentive memory; and when he had found out everything that
+he could find out, he thought it was fully time that he should acquaint
+Washington with the state of affairs in the enemy's lines.</p>
+
+<p>He knew that there were American pickets on the Jersey side, some
+distance away; and he started out in this direction as a greasy butcher,
+with a rope in one hand and a long whip in the other, looking for all
+the world like John Honeyman the Tory cattle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>man, who, if he knew what
+was good for him, would better keep out of sight of the soldiers of the
+American army. He walked a long distance down the river, and, though he
+may have seen cattle, he paid no attention to them. His present object
+was not to capture anything and take it away, but to be captured and
+taken away. After a time he saw at a distance what he had been looking
+for. Behind some bushes, but still quite plain to the eye of this
+practiced soldier, were two cavalrymen dismounted, and Honeyman knew
+that they were Americans. He continued to walk towards them until he
+came close to the spot where the two soldiers were standing.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt108.jpg" width="500" height="539" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The moment their eyes fell upon him, they recognized him, and shouted to
+him to halt; but Honeyman was too good an actor to do that. If he wished
+to carry on the business in hand, he must keep up his character as a
+Tory, and so he took to his long legs and ran like a deer. But the men
+jumped on their horses and were after him in a moment; and as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> horses'
+legs are a good deal better than human legs, no matter how long they may
+be, the flying butcher was soon overtaken. But even then he did not
+surrender, but so laid about him with his whip that he kept the two men
+at bay. Of course, if they had not known him, they would have shot him
+down; but as Washington had issued a proclamation concerning him, and
+had especially insisted that he should be brought in alive, they did not
+wish to injure him. But the unequal fight did not continue long, and
+Honeyman was soon captured. The soldiers bound his arms, and, mounting
+him behind one of them, so carried him across the river to Washington's
+camp.</p>
+
+<p>When Honeyman was brought into the presence of the commander in chief,
+he pretended to be very much frightened; and he would have been
+excusable if he had been really frightened, for in that little
+performance of his he had run a great many risks. After asking a few
+questions of this pretended traitor Washington told the guards to
+withdraw, and he had a private conference which lasted over half an
+hour; and in that time it is probable that these two men did a great
+deal of talking. The information given was most valuable, and such as
+could have been furnished only by a man of extraordinary powers of
+observation.</p>
+
+<p>When he had kept Honeyman as long as was necessary, Washington called
+the guards, and told them to take the prisoner to a log cabin which was
+used as a military jail, and there to watch him carefully during the
+night, and in the morning he would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> be tried by court-martial. Honeyman
+was taken to the prison, which had but one window and one door, and
+supper was given to him. He was locked in, and two sentinels went on
+guard outside the walls of the log house.</p>
+
+<p>In the middle of the night these men saw a fire burning not far from
+headquarters, and, fearing that it might prove dangerous to allow it to
+burn, they thought it their duty to run and put it out. This they did,
+and returned to the log house, where everything looked the same as they
+had left it. But in the morning, when they opened the door, there was no
+prisoner inside.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the whole plan of this escape, probably by means of the
+window, was arranged by Washington himself, but of this we are not
+certain. We know, however, that Washington looked upon Honeyman as one
+of the most valuable men in the employ of the army, and that he would
+take every means to prevent him from coming to harm on account of this
+service.</p>
+
+<p>It was in consequence of the information that Honeyman, at the cost of
+such great risk and danger, had brought to Washington, that three days
+afterwards the Americans crossed the Delaware, attacked Trenton, routed
+the British, and thus gained one of the greatest and most important
+victories of the Revolution. If it had been John Honeyman, instead of
+the British officer, who was struck by a cannon ball crossing the St.
+Lawrence, it is likely that Washington would not have dared to attack
+the British army<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> in Trenton, which, before his half hour's conversation
+with his spy, was believed to be entirely too strong to be meddled with
+by the Continental soldiers on the other side of the river.</p>
+
+<p>But the report which Honeyman had made to Washington was not the only
+service which he did to the American cause. Having left his peace
+principles at home, as he was bound to do if he wanted to act as a truly
+serviceable spy, he had more work before him. As soon as he got out of
+the log house, he ran from the camp, and, although he was fired at by a
+sentinel, he got safely away. He crossed the river on the ice whenever
+there was any, and when he came to open water, he jumped in and swam,
+and so he got safely over into the British lines.</p>
+
+<p>There, wet and shivering, he demanded to be taken to the commander; and
+to him he told the dreadful story of how he had been captured by the
+American soldiers while he was looking for beef cattle, and how he had
+been taken to headquarters, questioned, and afterwards shut up in
+prison, to be shot in the morning, and how he had quietly escaped and
+come back to his friends. Colonel Rahl, who was in command of the
+British, was delighted to get hold of this Tory butcher who had been
+taken prisoner by the Continentals, and he put him through a course of
+examination about the condition of the enemy.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/gt113.jpg" width="400" height="470" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Of course, it was to the benefit of the Americans that the British
+should think their army as small and as weak as possible; and so
+Honeyman gave an account of the wretched condition of the American<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+soldiers,&mdash;how few they were, how badly they were armed, how miserably
+they were officered, and how they were half starved and discouraged. He
+told this story so well, that he made the colonel laugh, and declare
+that there was no reason to apprehend any danger from such a pack of
+ragamuffins as were collected together under Washington, and that, if
+anybody wished to keep Christmas in a jolly way in his camp, there was
+no reason why he should not do so.</p>
+
+<p>When Honeyman had finished telling his tales, one to one army and
+another to the other, he knew that it would be better for him to get out
+of the neighborhood. He was quite sure that Washington would take
+Trenton, and, if he should be found in that city when it was captured,
+it might be hard for even the commander in chief to prevent him from
+being shot. So he hastened away to take refuge with the British in New
+Brunswick.</p>
+
+<p>Honeyman had made himself so conspicuous in that part of the country as
+a Tory who was working as hard as he could for the benefit of the
+British by supplying them with beef, that all news about him was
+received with great interest. It was not long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> before this story of how
+he had been captured by the American pickets, and afterwards escaped
+from the log prison, became generally known; and the people of
+Griggstown, where his wife and family lived, were greatly excited,
+believing that Honeyman had come there, and had concealed himself in his
+house. A mob collected in the neighborhood late one night, surrounded
+the house, and woke up the family with shouts and banging on the door.
+Mrs. Honeyman appeared, nearly frightened to death; and some of the
+ringleaders told her that they knew that her Tory husband had come back,
+and was concealed inside; and they vowed, that, if he did not come out
+and deliver himself up, they would burn the house and everything in it.</p>
+
+<p>She declared that he was not there, and that it had been a long time
+since she had seen him. But this was of no use. They persisted that he
+was inside, and that, if he did not come out very quickly, they would
+set fire to the house. It was of no use to reason with an excited mob,
+and, although Mrs. Honeyman said that they might come in and search the
+house for her husband, they would not listen to her. Perhaps one reason
+of this was, that Honeyman was a dangerous man to look for, inside of
+his own house and in dark rooms. Mrs. Honeyman saw that she must act
+quickly, or her home would be lost to her.</p>
+
+<p>She ran inside, and soon appeared with a paper, which she gave to a man
+in the crowd with whom she was acquainted, and asked him to read it so
+that every one could hear.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+
+<p>It was not to be supposed that Mrs. Honeyman possessed a private riot
+act, which might be read in order to disperse a disorderly assembly; but
+even the most disorderly people are generally possessed of great
+curiosity in regard to anything out of the common, and they consented to
+put off the bonfire a few minutes, and hear what was to be read. What
+the angry crowd heard was as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">American Camp, New Jersey, 1776.</span></p>
+
+<p>To the good people of New Jersey, and all others whom it may
+concern: It is hereby ordered that the wife and children of John
+Honeyman of Griggstown, the notorious Tory, now within the British
+lines and probably acting the part of a spy, shall be, and are
+hereby protected from all harm and annoyance from every quarter
+until further orders. But this furnishes no protection to Honeyman
+himself. </p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Geo. Washington</span>,<br />
+Com.-in-Chief.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This paper, which it is said Washington not only signed, but wrote with
+his own hand, had been given to Honeyman some time before, and he sent
+it to his wife in order that it might protect her in case of danger such
+as now threatened her. It was thought very likely that the people of
+Griggstown would become so incensed against the Tory butcher, that they
+might offer harm to his wife and family; and Washington was, no doubt,
+glad to give what protection he could to the home of the man who, no
+matter how much he might have deceived other people, was always true to
+him and to the American cause.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+
+<p>When the crowd heard the communication from the commander in chief of
+the American army, ordering them to refrain from violence to Mrs.
+Honeyman and her family, they could not understand why it had been
+written; but they understood very well what it commanded, and so,
+grumbling a good deal, but not daring to disobey, they dispersed, and
+left the wife of the spy in peace.</p>
+
+<p>This paper, of course, was cherished as a great prize by the Honeyman
+family, and remained in their possession for many years; and it was
+indeed an heirloom worth preserving. But, although it proved a safeguard
+for Mrs. Honeyman, it did not remove the prejudices against her husband,
+and for a long time after that it would have been a very unwise thing
+for Tory Honeyman to come to Griggstown. Of course, it would have been
+an easy thing for Washington to have publicly exonerated Honeyman from
+all charges of treason and Toryism, but this would not have served his
+purpose. There was still need of a competent spy in the British lines;
+and there Honeyman remained during the rest of the war, always ready to
+give information to the commander whenever he could obtain it.</p>
+
+<p>When peace was proclaimed, Washington did not forget Honeyman, and he
+himself told the story of how this brave man became a Tory butcher for
+the sake of American independence, and of the great services he had
+rendered to the cause. Then, of course, Honeyman went home to his wife
+and family, and the people of Griggstown received him as if he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> had been
+a great hero. And in fact, looking at the matter from a war point of
+view, he deserved all the honors they could give him, for without his
+aid the battle of Trenton could never have been won; and in fact he was
+more useful in that engagement than if he had been a regiment of
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>Honeyman was no doubt a great man in Griggstown. The people who had once
+threatened to burn down his house could not do enough for him. Those who
+once would not speak to his wife when they met her, now implored her to
+let them know what they could do for her, and it was not long before the
+popularity of the family increased to a wonderful degree.</p>
+
+<p>Several officers of rank who had heard of what Honeyman had done, came
+to see and talk with him; and, more than that, Washington himself came
+to Griggstown, and paid a visit to his former spy. Such an honor was
+enough to make the once denounced Tory butcher the leading citizen of
+the town. Honeyman now became a prosperous man, and bought a large farm
+and reared a family of seven children, who grew up and prospered; and
+their descendants are now scattered all over the State. He himself lived
+to the good old age of ninety-five, and died respected and honored by
+all,&mdash;never thought of as a spy, but only as a patriotic hero.</p>
+
+<p>It would appear, from the stories of those early days, that whenever a
+man or woman acted a good part, and was truly of service to New Jersey,
+he or she always lived to be very old, and left behind a vast number of
+descendants.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="A_MAN_WHO_COVETED_WASHINGTONS_SHOES" id="A_MAN_WHO_COVETED_WASHINGTONS_SHOES"></a>A MAN WHO COVETED WASHINGTON'S SHOES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The person whose story we are now about to tell was not a Jerseyman;
+but, as most of the incidents which make him interesting to us occurred
+in this State, we will give him the benefit of a few years' residence
+here.</p>
+
+<p>This was General Charles Lee, who might well have been called a soldier
+of fortune. He was born in England, but the British Isles were entirely
+too small to satisfy his wild ambitions and his roving disposition.
+There are few heroes of romance who have had such a wide and varied
+experience, and who have engaged in so many strange enterprises. He was
+a brave man and very able, but he had a fault which prevented him from
+being a high-class soldier; and that fault was, that he could not bear
+restraint, and was always restive under command of another, and, while
+always ready to tell other people what they ought to do, was never
+willing to be told what he ought to do.</p>
+
+<p>He joined the British army when he was a young man; and he first came to
+this country in 1757, when General Abercrombie brought over an army to
+fight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> the French. For three years, Lee was engaged in the wilds and
+forests, doing battle with the Indians and the French, and no doubt he
+had all the adventures an ordinary person would desire. But this
+experience was far from satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>When he left America, he went to Portugal with another British army, and
+there he fought the Spanish with as much impetuosity as he had fought
+the French and Indians.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/gt119.jpg" width="400" height="374" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Life was absolutely tasteless to Lee without a very strong sprinkle of
+variety. Consequently he now tried fighting in an entirely different
+field, and went into politics. He became a Liberal, and with his voice
+fought the government for whom he had been previously fighting with his
+sword.</p>
+
+<p>But a few years of this satisfied him; and then he went to Poland, where
+he became a member of the king's staff, and as a Polish officer
+disported himself for two years.</p>
+
+<p>It is very likely that in Turkey a high-spirited man would find more
+opportunities for lively adventure than even in Poland. At any rate,
+Charles Lee thought so; and to Turkey he went, and entered into the
+service of the Sultan. Here he distinguished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> himself in a company of
+Turks who were guarding a great treasure in its transportation from
+Moldavia to Constantinople. No doubt he wore a turban and baggy
+trousers, and carried a great scimiter, for a man of that sort is not
+likely to do things by halves when he does them at all.</p>
+
+<p>Having had such peculiar experiences in various armies and various parts
+of the world, Lee thought himself qualified to occupy a position of rank
+in the British army, and, coming back to England, he endeavored to
+obtain military promotion. But the government there did not seem to
+think he had learned enough in Poland and Turkey to enable him to take
+precedence of English officers accustomed to command English troops, and
+it declined to put him above such officers, and to give him the place he
+desired. Lee was not a man of mild temper. He became very angry at the
+treatment he received, and, abandoning his native country again, he went
+to Russia, where the Czar gave him the command of a company of wild
+Cossacks. But he did not remain long with the Cossacks. Perhaps they
+were not wild and daring enough to suit his fancy, although there are
+very few fancies which would not be satisfied with the reckless and
+furious demeanor generally attributed to these savage horsemen.</p>
+
+<p>He threw up his command and went to Hungary, and there he did some
+fighting in an entirely different fashion. Not having any opportunity to
+distinguish himself upon a battlefield, he engaged in a duel; and of
+course, as he was acting the part of a hero of romance, he killed his
+man.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+
+<p>Hungary was not a suitable residence for him after the duel, and he went
+back to England, and there he found the country in a state of excitement
+in regard to the American Colonies. Now, if there was anything that Lee
+liked, it was a state of excitement, and in the midst of this political
+hubbub he felt as much at home as if he had been charging the ranks of
+an enemy. Of course, he took part against the government, for, as far as
+we know, he had always been against it, and he became a violent
+supporter of the rights of the colonists.</p>
+
+<p>He was so much in earnest in this matter, that in 1773 he came to
+America to see for himself how matters stood. When he got over here, he
+became more strongly in favor of the colonists than he had been at home,
+and everywhere proclaimed that the Americans were right in resisting the
+unjust taxation claims of Great Britain. As he had always been ready to
+lay aside his British birthright and become some sort of a foreigner, he
+now determined to become an American; and to show that he was in
+earnest, he went down to Virginia and bought a farm there.</p>
+
+<p>Lee soon became acquainted with people in high places in American
+politics; and when the first Congress assembled, he was ready to talk
+with its members, urging them to stand up for their rights, and draw
+their swords and load their guns in defense of independence. It was
+quite natural, that, when the Revolution really began, a man who was so
+strongly in favor of the patriots, and had had so much military<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+experience in so many different lands, should be allowed to take part in
+the war, and Charles Lee was appointed major general.</p>
+
+<p>This was a high military position,&mdash;much higher, in fact, than he could
+ever have obtained in his own country,&mdash;but it did not satisfy him. The
+position he wanted was that of commander in chief of the American army;
+and he was surprised and angry that it was not offered to him, and that
+a man of his ability should be passed over, and that high place given to
+a person like George Washington, who knew but little of war, and had no
+idea whatever how the thing was done in Portugal, Poland, Russia, and
+Turkey, and who was, in fact, no more than a country gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>All this showed that these Americans were fools, who did not understand
+their best interests. But as there was a good chance for a fight, and,
+in fact, a good many fights, and as a major-generalship was not to be
+sneered at, he accepted it, and resigned the commission which he held in
+the English army.</p>
+
+<p>He was doubtless in earnest in his desire to assist the Americans to
+obtain their independence, for he was always in earnest when he was
+doing anything that he was inclined to do. But he did not propose to
+sacrifice his own interests to the cause he had undertaken; and as, by
+entering the American army, he risked the loss of his estate in England,
+he arranged with Congress for compensation for such loss.</p>
+
+<p>But, although General Lee was now a very ardent American soldier, he
+could not forgive Mr. Washington for taking command above him. If that
+Virginia<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> gentleman had had the courtesy and good sense which were
+generally attributed to him, he would have resigned the supreme command,
+and, modestly stepping aside, would have asked General Lee to accept it.
+At least, that was the opinion of General Charles Lee.</p>
+
+<p>As this high and mighty soldier was so unwilling to submit to the orders
+of incompetent people, he never liked to be under the direct command of
+Washington, and, if it were possible to do so, he managed to be
+concerned in operations not under the immediate eye of the commander in
+chief. In fact, he was very jealous indeed of Washington, and did not
+hesitate to express his opinion about him whenever he had a chance.</p>
+
+<p>The American army was not very successful in Long Island, and there was
+a time when it fared very badly in New Jersey; and Lee was not slow to
+declare that these misfortunes were owing entirely to the ignorance of
+the man who was in command. Moreover, if there was any one who wanted to
+know if there was another man in the Colonies who could command the army
+better, and lead it more certainly and speedily to victory, General Lee
+was always ready to mention an experienced soldier who would be able to
+perform that duty most admirably.</p>
+
+<p>If it had not been for this unfortunate and jealous disposition, Charles
+Lee&mdash;a very different man from "Light Horse Harry" Lee&mdash;would have been
+one of the most useful officers in the American army. But he had such a
+jealousy of Washington, and hoped so continually that something would
+happen which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> would give him the place then occupied by the Virginia
+country gentleman, that, although he was at heart an honest patriot, he
+allowed himself to do things which were not at all patriotic. He wanted
+to see the Americans successful in the country, but he did not want to
+see all that happen under the leadership of Washington; and if he could
+put an obstacle in the way of that incompetent person, he would do it,
+and be glad to see him stumble over it.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1776, when the American army was making its way across
+New Jersey, towards the Delaware River, with Cornwallis in pursuit,
+Washington was anxiously looking for the troops, under the command of
+General Lee, who had been ordered to come to his assistance; and if ever
+assistance was needed, it was needed then. But Lee liked to do his own
+ordering, and, instead of hurrying to help Washington, he thought it
+would be a great deal better to do something on his own account; and so
+he endeavored to get into the rear of Cornwallis's army, thinking, that,
+if he should attack the enemy in that way, he might possibly win a
+startling victory, which would cover him with glory, and show how much
+better a soldier he was than that poor Washington who was retreating
+across the country, instead of boldly turning and showing fight.</p>
+
+<p>If Lee had been a true soldier, and had conscientiously obeyed the
+commands of his superior, he would have joined Washington and his army
+without delay, and a short time afterward would have had an opportunity
+of taking part in the battle of Tren<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>ton, in which the Virginia country
+gentleman defeated the British, and gained one of the most important
+victories of the war.</p>
+
+<p>Lee pressed slowly onward&mdash;ready to strike a great blow for himself, and
+unwilling to help anybody else strike a blow&mdash;until he came to
+Morristown; and, after staying there one night, he proceeded in the
+direction of Basking Ridge, a pretty village not far away. Lee left his
+army at Bernardsville, which was then known as Vealtown, and rode on to
+Basking Ridge, accompanied only by a small guard. There he took lodgings
+at an inn, and made himself comfortable. The next morning he did not go
+and put himself at the head of his army and move on, because there were
+various affairs which occupied his attention.</p>
+
+<p>Several of his guard wished to speak to him, some of them being men from
+Connecticut, who appeared before him in full-bottomed wigs, showing
+plainly that they considered themselves people who were important enough
+to have their complaints attended to. One of them wanted his horse shod,
+another asked for some money on account of his pay, and a third had
+something to say about rations. But General Lee cut them all off very
+shortly with, "You want a great deal, but you have not mentioned what
+you want most. You want to go home, and I should be glad to let you go,
+for you are no good here." Then his adjutant general asked to see him;
+and he had a visit from a Major Wilkinson, who arrived that morning with
+a letter from General Gates.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+
+<p>All these things occupied him very much, and he did not sit down to
+breakfast till ten o'clock. Shortly after they had finished their meal,
+and Lee was writing a letter to General Gates, in which he expressed a
+very contemptible opinion of General Washington, Major Wilkinson saw, at
+the end of the lane which led from the house down to the main road, a
+party of British cavalry, who dashed round the corner toward the house.
+The major immediately called out to General Lee that the Redcoats were
+coming; but Lee, who was a man not to be frightened by sudden reports,
+finished signing the letter, and then jumped up to see what was the
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>By this time the dragoons had surrounded the house; and when he
+perceived this, General Lee naturally wanted to know where the guards
+were, and why they did not fire on these fellows. But there was no
+firing, and apparently there were no guards; and when Wilkinson went to
+look for them, he found their arms in the room which had been their
+quarters, but the men were gone. These private soldiers had evidently
+been quite as free and easy, and as bent upon making themselves
+comfortable, as had been the general, and they had had no thought that
+such a thing as a British soldier was anywhere in the neighborhood. When
+Wilkinson looked out of the door, he saw the guards running in every
+direction, with dragoons chasing them.</p>
+
+<p>What all this meant, nobody knew at first; and Wilkinson supposed that
+it was merely a band of marauders of the British army, who were making
+a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> raid into the country to get what they could in the way of plunder.
+It was not long before this was found to be a great mistake; for the
+officer in command of the dragoons called from the outside, and demanded
+that General Lee should surrender himself, and that, if he did not do so
+in five minutes, the house would be set on fire.</p>
+
+<p>Now, it was plain to everybody that the British had heard of the
+leisurely advance of this American general, and that he had left his
+command and come to Basking Ridge to take his ease at an inn, and so
+they had sent a detachment to capture him. Soon the women of the house
+came to General Lee, and urged him to hide himself under a feather bed.
+They declared that they would cover him up so that nobody would suspect
+that he was in the bed; then they would tell the soldiers that he was
+not there, and that they might come and search the house if they chose.</p>
+
+<p>But although Lee was a jealous man and a hasty man, he had a soul above
+such behavior as this, and would not hide himself in a feather bed; but,
+as there was no honorable way of escape, he boldly came forward and
+surrendered himself.</p>
+
+<p>The British gave him no time to make any preparations for departure.
+They did not know but that his army might be on the way to Basking
+Ridge; and the sooner they were off, the better. So they made him jump
+on Major Wilkinson's horse, which was tied by the door; and in his
+slippers and dressing gown, and without a hat, this bold soldier of
+wide<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> experience, who thought he should be commander in chief of the
+American army, was hurried away at full gallop. He was taken to New
+York, where he was put into prison. It is said that Lee plotted against
+America during his imprisonment; but General Washington did not know
+that, and used every exertion to have him exchanged, so that his
+aspiring rival soon again joined the American army.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt128.jpg" width="750" height="530" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>But his misfortune had no good effect upon General Charles Lee, who came
+back to his command with as high an opinion of himself, and as low an
+opinion of certain other people, as he had had when he involuntarily
+left it. It was some time after this, at the battle of Monmouth Court
+House, that Charles Lee showed what sort of a man he really was. He had
+now become so jealous that he positively deter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>mined that he would not
+obey orders, and would act as he thought best. He had command of a body
+of troops numbering five thousand, a good-sized army for those days, and
+he was ordered to advance to Monmouth Court House and attack the enemy
+who were there, while Washington, with another force, would hasten to
+his assistance as rapidly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Washington carried out his part of the plan; but when he had nearly
+reached Monmouth, he found, to his amazement, that Lee had gone there,
+but had done no fighting at all, and was now actually retreating, and
+coming in his direction. As it would be demoralizing in the highest
+degree to his own command, if Lee's armed forces in full retreat should
+come upon them, Washington hurried forward to prevent anything of the
+sort, and soon met Lee. When the latter was asked what was the meaning
+of this strange proceeding, he could give no good reason, except that he
+thought it better not to risk an engagement at that time.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Virginia country gentleman blazed out at the soldier of
+fortune, and it is said that no one ever heard George Washington speak
+to any other man as he spoke to General Lee on that day. He was told to
+go back to his command and to obey orders, and together the American
+forces moved on. In the battle which followed, the enemy was repulsed;
+but the victory was not so complete as it should have been, for the
+British departed in the night and went where they intended to go,
+without being cut off by the American army, as would have been the case
+if Lee had obeyed the orders which were given him.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+
+<p>General Lee was very angry at the charges which Washington had made
+against him, and demanded that he should be tried by court-martial. His
+wish was granted. He was tried, and found guilty of every charge made
+against him, and in consequence was suspended from the army for one
+year.</p>
+
+<p>But Charles Lee never went back into the American army. Perhaps he had
+had enough of it. In any event, it had had enough of him; and seven
+years afterwards, when he died of a fever, his ambition to stand in
+Washington's shoes died with him. While he lived on his Virginia farm,
+he was as impetuous and eccentric as when he had been in the army, and
+he must have been a very unpleasant neighbor. In fact, the people there
+thought he was crazy. This opinion was not changed when his will was
+read, for in that document he said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I desire most earnestly that I may not be buried in any church or
+churchyard, or within a mile of any Presbyterian or Anabaptist
+meetinghouse; for since I have resided in this country I have kept so
+much bad company when living, that I do not choose to continue it when
+dead."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/gt130.jpg" width="450" height="168" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_MAN_IN_THE_AUGER_HOLE" id="THE_MAN_IN_THE_AUGER_HOLE"></a>THE MAN IN THE "AUGER HOLE."</h2>
+
+
+<p>When we consider the American Revolution, we are apt to think of it as a
+great war in which all the inhabitants of the Colonies rose up against
+Great Britain, determined, no matter what might be the hardships and
+privations, no matter what the cost in blood and money, to achieve their
+independence and the right to govern themselves.</p>
+
+<p>But this was not the case. A great majority of the people of the
+Colonies were ardently in favor of independence; but there were also a
+great many people, and we have no right to say that some of them were
+not very good people, who were as well satisfied that their country
+should be a colony of Great Britain as the Canadians are now satisfied
+with that state of things, and who were earnestly and honestly opposed
+to any separation from the mother country.</p>
+
+<p>This difference of opinion was the cause of great trouble and bloodshed
+among the colonists themselves, and the contests between the Tories and
+the Whigs were nowhere more bitter than in New Jersey. In some parts of
+the Colony, families were divided against themselves; and not only did
+this result in quarrels and separations, but fathers and sons, and
+brothers and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> brothers, fought against each other. At one time the
+Tories, or, as they came to be called, "refugees," were in such numbers
+that they took possession of the town of Freehold, and held it for more
+than a week; and when at last the town was retaken by the patriotic
+forces, most of them being neighbors and friends of the refugees,
+several prominent Tories were hanged, and many others sent to prison.</p>
+
+<p>The feeling between the Americans of the two different parties was more
+violent than that between the patriots and the British troops, and
+before long it became entirely unsafe for any Tory to remain in his own
+home in New Jersey. Many of them went to New York, where the patriotic
+feeling was not so strong at that time, and there they formed themselves
+into a regular military company called the "Associated Loyalists;" and
+this company was commanded by William Temple Franklin, son of the great
+Benjamin Franklin, who had been appointed governor of New Jersey by the
+British Crown. He was now regarded with great hatred by the patriots of
+New Jersey, because he was a strong Tory. This difference of opinion
+between William Franklin and his father was the most noted instance of
+this state of feeling which occurred in those days.</p>
+
+<p>It will be interesting to look upon this great contest from a different
+point of view than that from which we are accustomed to regard it; and
+some extracts from the journal of a New Jersey lady who was a decided
+Tory, will give us an idea of the feeling and condition of the people
+who were opposed to the Revolution.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+
+<p>This lady was Mrs. Margaret Hill Morris, who lived in Burlington. She
+was a Quaker lady, and must have been a person of considerable wealth;
+for she had purchased the house on Green Bank, one of the prettiest
+parts of Burlington, overlooking the river, in which Governor Franklin
+had formerly resided. This was a fine house, and contained the room
+which afterwards became celebrated under the name of the "Auger Hole."
+This had been built, for what reason is not known, as a place of
+concealment. It was a small room, entirely dark, but said to be
+otherwise quite comfortable, which could be approached only through a
+linen closet. In order to get at it, the linen had to be taken from the
+shelves, the shelves drawn out, and a small door opened at the back of
+the closet, quite low down, so that the dark room could only be entered
+by stooping.</p>
+
+<p>In this "auger hole," Mrs. Morris, who was a strong Tory, but a very
+good woman, had concealed a refugee who at the time was sought for by
+the adherents of the patriotic side, and who probably would have had a
+hard time of it if he had been caught, for he was a person of
+considerable importance.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the refugee was Jonathan Odell, and he was rector of St.
+Mary's Church in Burlington. He was a learned man, being a doctor as
+well as a clergyman, and a very strong Tory. He had been of much service
+to the people of Burlington; for when the Hessians had attacked the
+town, he had come forward and interceded with their commander, and had
+done his work so well that the soldiers were forbidden to pillage the
+town. But when the Hessians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> left, the American authorities began a
+vigorous search for Tories; and Parson Odell was obliged to conceal
+himself in good Mrs. Morris's "auger hole."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Morris was apparently a widow who lived alone with her two boys,
+and, having this refugee in her house, she was naturally very nervous
+about the movements of the American troops and the actions of her
+neighbors of the opposite party.</p>
+
+<p>She kept a journal of the things that happened about her in those
+eventful days, and from this we will give some extracts. It must be
+understood that in writing her journal, the people designated as the
+"enemy" were the soldiers under Washington, and that "gondolas" were
+American gunboats.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"From the 13th to the 16th we had various reports of the advancing
+and retiring of the enemy; parties of armed men rudely entered the
+town and diligent search was made for tories. Some of the gondola
+gentry broke into and pillaged Rd Smith's house on the bank. About
+noon this day [16th] a very terrible account of thousands coming
+into the town, and now actually to be seen on Gallows Hill: my
+incautious son caught up the spyglass, and was running towards the
+mill to look at them. I told him it would be liable to
+misconstruction." </p></div>
+
+<p>The journal states that the boy went out with the spyglass, but could
+get no good place from which he could see Gallows Hill, or any troops
+upon it, and so went down to the river, and thought he would take a view
+of the boats in which were the American troops. He rested his spyglass
+on the low limb of a tree, and with a boyish curiosity inspected the
+various boats of the little fleet, not suspecting that any one would
+object to such a harmless proceeding.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+
+<p>But the people on the boats saw him, and did object very much; and the
+consequence was, that, not long after he reached his mother's house, a
+small boat from one of the vessels came to shore. A party of men went to
+the front door of the house in which they had seen the boy enter, and
+began loudly to knock upon it. Poor Mrs. Morris was half frightened to
+death, and she made as much delay as possible in order to compose her
+features and act as if she had never heard of a refugee who wished to
+hide himself from his pursuers. In the mild manner in which Quaker women
+are always supposed to speak, she asked them what they wanted. They
+quickly told her that they had heard that there was a refugee, to whom
+they applied some very strong language, who was hiding somewhere about
+here, and that they had seen him spying at them with a glass from behind
+a tree, and afterwards watched him as he entered this house.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Morris declared that they were entirely mistaken; that the person
+they had seen was no one but her son, who had gone out to look at them
+as any boy might do, and who was perfectly innocent of any designs
+against them. The men may have been satisfied with this explanation in
+regard to her son; but they asserted that they knew that there was a
+refugee concealed somewhere in that neighborhood, and they believed that
+he was in an empty house near by, of which they were told she had the
+key. Mrs. Morris, who had given a signal, previously agreed upon, to the
+man in the "auger hole," to keep very quiet, wished to gain as much time
+as possible, and exclaimed,</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>
+
+<p>"Bless me! I hope you are not Hessians."</p>
+
+<p>"Do we look like Hessians?" asked one of them rudely.</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed, I don't know."</p>
+
+<p>"Did you ever see a Hessian?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, never in my life; but they are men, and you are men, and may be
+Hessians, for anything I know. But I will go with you into Colonel Cox's
+house, though indeed it was my son at the mill; he is but a boy, and
+meant no harm; he wanted to see the troops."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/gt136.jpg" width="300" height="394" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>So she took the key of the empty house referred to, and went in ahead of
+the men, who searched the place thoroughly, and, after finding no place
+where anybody could be, they searched one or two of the houses
+adjoining; but for some reason they did not think it worth while to go
+through Mrs. Morris's own house. Had they done so, it is not probable
+that the good lady could have retained her composure, especially if they
+had entered the room in which was the linen closet; for, even had they
+been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> completely deceived by the piles of sheets and pillowcases, there
+is no knowing but that the unfortunate man in the "auger hole" might
+have been inclined to sneeze.</p>
+
+<p>But although she was a brave woman, and very humanely inclined, Mrs.
+Morris felt she could not any longer take the risk of a refugee in her
+house. And so that night, after dark, she went up to the parson in the
+"auger hole," and made him come out; and she took him into the town,
+where he was concealed by some of the Tory citizens, who were better
+adapted to take care of the refugee than this lone Quaker woman with her
+two inquisitive boys. It is believed that soon after this he took refuge
+in New York, which was then in the hands of the British.</p>
+
+<p>Further on in the journal, Mrs. Morris indulges in some moral
+reflections in regard to the war in which her countrymen were engaged,
+and no one of right feeling will object to her sentiments.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Jan. 14. I hear Gen. Howe sent a request to Washington desiring
+three days cessation of arms to take care of the wounded and bury
+the dead, which was refused: what a woeful tendency war has to
+harden the human heart against the tender feelings of humanity.
+Well may it be called a <i>horrid art</i> thus to change the nature of
+man. I thought that even barbarous nations had a sort of religious
+regard for their dead." </p></div>
+
+<p>After this the journal contains many references to warlike scenes on the
+river and warlike sounds from the country around. Numbers of gondolas
+filled with soldiers went up and down the river, at times cannon from
+distant points firing alarums. At other times the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> roaring of great guns
+from a distance, showing that a battle was going on, kept the people of
+Burlington in a continual excitement; and Mrs. Morris, who was entirely
+cut off from her relatives and friends, several of whom were living in
+Philadelphia, was naturally very anxious and disturbed in regard to
+events, of which she heard but little, and perhaps understood less.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt139.jpg" width="500" height="485" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>One day she saw a number of gunboats, with flags flying and drums
+beating, that were going, she was told, to attend a court-martial at
+which a number of refugees, men of her party, were to be tried by
+General Putnam; and it was believed that if they were found guilty they
+would be executed.</p>
+
+<p>After a time, Mrs. Morris found an opportunity of showing, that,
+although in principle she might be a Tory, she was at heart a good, kind
+Quaker lady, ready to give help to suffering people, no matter whether
+they belonged to the side she favored or to that which she opposed.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the people who came up the river in the gunboats&mdash;and in many
+cases the soldiers brought their wives with them, probably as
+cooks&mdash;were taken sick during that summer; and some of these invalids
+stopped at Burlington, being unable to proceed farther.</p>
+
+<p>Here, to their surprise, they found no doctors; for all the patriots of
+that profession had gone to the army, and the Tory physicians had
+departed to the British lines. But, as has been said before, the women
+in the early days of New Jersey were often obliged to be physicians; and
+among the good housewives of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> Burlington, who knew all about herb teas,
+homemade plasters, and potions, Mrs. Morris held a high position. The
+sick Continentals were told that she was just as good as a doctor, and,
+besides, was a very kind woman, always ready to help the sick and
+suffering.</p>
+
+<p>So some of the sick soldiers came to her; and from what Mrs. Morris
+wrote, one or two of them must have been the same men who had previously
+come to her house and threatened the life of her boy, who had been
+looking at them with a spyglass. But now they very meekly and humbly
+asked her to come and attend their poor comrades who were unable to
+move. At first Mrs. Morris thought this was some sort of a trick, and
+that they wanted to get her on board of one of the gunboats, and carry
+her away. But when she found that the sick people were in a house in the
+town, she consented to go and do what she could. So she took her bottles
+with her, and her boxes and her herbs, and visited the sick people,
+several of whom she found were women.</p>
+
+<p>They were all afflicted with some sort of a fever, probably of a
+malarial kind, contracted from living day and night on board of boats
+without proper pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>tection; and, knowing just what to do in such cases,
+she, to use her own expression, "treated them according to art," and it
+was not long before they all recovered.</p>
+
+<p>What happened in consequence of this hospital work for those whom she
+considered her enemies, is thus related by Mrs. Morris:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I thought I had received all my pay when they thankfully
+acknowledged all my kindness, but lo! in a short time afterwards, a
+very rough, ill-looking man came to the door and asked for me. When
+I went to him, he drew me aside and asked me if I had any friends
+in Philadelphia. The question alarmed me, supposing that there was
+some mischief meditated against that poor city; however, I calmly
+said, 'I have an ancient father-in-law, some sisters, and other
+near friends there.' 'Well,' said the man, 'do you wish to hear
+from them, or send anything by way of refreshment to them? If you
+do, I will take charge of it and bring you back anything you may
+send for.' I was very much surprised, to be sure, and thought he
+only wanted to get provisions to take to the gondolas, when he told
+me his wife was one I had given medicine to, and this was the only
+thing he could do to pay me for my kindness. My heart leaped for
+joy, and I set about preparing something for my dear absent
+friends. A quarter of beef, some veal, fowls, and flour, were soon
+put up, and about midnight the man came and took them away in his
+boat." </p></div>
+
+<p>Mrs. Morris was not mistaken in trusting to the good intentions of this
+grateful Continental soldier, for, as she says, two nights later there
+came a loud knocking at the door:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Opening the chamber window, we heard a man's voice saying, 'Come
+down softly and open the door, but bring no light.' There was
+something mysterious in such a call, and we concluded to go down
+and set the candle in the kitchen. When we got to the front door we
+asked, 'Who are you?' The man replied, 'A friend;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> open quickly:'
+so the door was opened, and who should it be but our honest gondola
+man with a letter, a bushel of salt, a jug of molasses, a bag of
+rice, some tea, coffee, and sugar, and some cloth for a coat for my
+poor boys&mdash;all sent by my kind sisters. How did our hearts and eyes
+overflow with love to them and thanks to our Heavenly Father for
+such seasonable supplies. May we never forget it. Being now so
+rich, we thought it our duty to hand out a little to the poor
+around us, who were mourning for want of salt, so we divided the
+bushel and gave a pint to every poor person who came for it, and
+had a great plenty for our own use." </p></div>
+
+<p>As the war drew to its close and it became plain to every one that the
+cause of the patriots must triumph, the feeling between the two parties
+of Americans became less bitter; and the Tories, in many cases, saw that
+it would be wise for them to accept the situation, and become loyal
+citizens of the United States of America, as before they had been loyal
+subjects of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>When peace was at last proclaimed, those Tories who were prisoners were
+released, and almost all of them who had owned farms or estates had them
+returned to them, and Mrs. Morris could visit her "ancient
+father-in-law" and her sisters in Philadelphia, or they could come up
+the river and visit her in her house on the beautiful Green Bank at
+Burlington, without fear or thought of those fellow-countrymen who had
+been their bitter enemies.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_TWO_CAPTAINS" id="THE_STORY_OF_TWO_CAPTAINS"></a>THE STORY OF TWO CAPTAINS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>During the Revolution, New Jersey had a very hard time, harder in some
+ways than many of her sister States. This may be accounted for by the
+fact that much of her territory lay between the two important cities of
+Philadelphia and New York, and that it was therefore liable to be the
+scene of frequent battles and marches. In fact, it often happens that
+the march of an enemy through a quiet country is almost as bad as a
+disastrous battle.</p>
+
+<p>Country people and farmers, especially those of fruitful and prosperous
+countries, are generally much more opposed to war than people in cities;
+and so it happened in New Jersey. When the Revolution began, there were
+a good many people who did not care particularly about taxation, who had
+been happy and comfortable all their days, without any thought of
+independence, and who saw no reason why they should not continue to be
+so; and these did not immediately spring to arms when the first guns of
+the war were fired. There were no large cities in New Jersey. It was a
+rural community, a country of peaceable people.</p>
+
+<p>When the British troops first entered New Jersey, and before any battles
+had been fought, the commander<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> in chief took advantage of this state of
+feeling, and endeavored as far as possible to make the people think that
+the Redcoats were in reality good friends, and intended them no harm. He
+protested, whenever he had a chance, that when these disturbances were
+over, any complaints that the people had to make in regard to the laws
+made by their English rulers, should be carefully attended to, and their
+grievances redressed as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>As has been said before, a great many of the people of the Colony were
+in favor of continuance of the British rule, and from these arose that
+Tory party which afterwards caused so much bitterness of feeling and
+bloody contention. But there were also others, who, although they were
+not Tories, were not in favor of fighting if it could be helped, and
+these the British commander most wished to conciliate. He issued a great
+many printed papers of protection, which he gave to those who had not
+yet taken sides against the Crown. The people who received these were
+assured, that, so long as they had them to show, no Redcoat soldier
+would in any way disturb them or their property.</p>
+
+<p>But when the English army actually spread itself over the country, and
+the soldiers began to forage about to see what they could find to eat
+and drink better than their rations, the Jersey farmers frequently
+discovered that these papers of protection were of no use at all. If
+shown to one of the Hessians, who were more dreaded than the other
+soldiers of the British army, the German could not read a word of it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+and paid no attention to it. He wanted ducks and geese, and took them.
+And after a time the English soldiers determined that the Hessians
+should not take all they wanted while they stood by and had nothing, and
+so they began to pillage, without regard to the little printed papers
+which the angry farmers showed them.</p>
+
+<p>This state of things had a very good effect upon the rural population of
+New Jersey; and as the conduct of the British soldiers became more
+lawless, so did the determination to resist such outrageous actions
+become stronger and stronger in the hearts of the people of the country,
+and they readily listened to the calls to arms which were made by
+Washington and by Congress. The people who were in favor of the
+Revolution and independence stood together and formed themselves on one
+side, while those who were still loyal to the King formed themselves on
+the other. And thus, with both the Tories and the British against them,
+the citizens of New Jersey began in good earnest to fight for their
+liberties.</p>
+
+<p>In the war which was now waged in New Jersey, it very often happened
+that the British soldiers had no part whatever; and although the battles
+and skirmishes between the Tories and the Whigs were generally small and
+of no great importance, they were always violent and bloody. Sometimes
+the forces on each side were considerable enough to entitle the affair
+to be called a battle. The forces of the Whigs or patriots in these
+encounters were almost always composed of the militiamen of the State,
+who had not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> joined the regular army, but who had enlisted for the
+purpose of defending their own homes and farms. In various parts of the
+country there were men who, some on one side and some on the other, had
+distinguished themselves as soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most prominent of these was a Captain Huddy of Monmouth
+County. He had command of a company of militiamen, and he made himself
+very formidable to the bodies of Tories who had formed themselves in the
+country, and his name and fame as a great fighter began to spread over
+that part of the State. He lived in a good-sized house, for that time,
+in the village of Colt's Neck, and in this house he generally kept part
+of his command.</p>
+
+<p>But one evening he happened to be at home without any one with him
+except a servant, a negro girl about twenty years old. His men had all
+gone away on some errand, and the fact that the captain was at home by
+himself became known to some Tories in the neighborhood. These, led by a
+mulatto named Tye, made an attack upon his house.</p>
+
+<p>But although Captain Huddy's men were all away, they had left their guns
+behind; and so the brave Huddy, instead of surrendering to the force of
+fifty or sixty Tories who were outside, determined to fight them, with
+no garrison but himself and the negro girl, and he made ready to hold
+his house as long as he could. The girl loaded the guns; and Huddy,
+running from one window to another, fired at the Tories so rapidly and
+with such good effect, that they believed that there were a number of
+men in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> the house, and so did not dare to rush forward and break in the
+doors, as they certainly would have done if they had known that they
+were fighting two persons only, and one of them a girl.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt146.jpg" width="750" height="1007" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Several of the attacking party were wounded, and they found at last that
+there was little chance of capturing this fortress, so well defended: so
+they concluded to burn the house, and thus force the garrison to come
+out. While they were at work setting fire to the wooden building, Huddy
+shot the mulatto in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> the arm; but, finding that he could not prevent
+them from carrying out their purpose, he shouted to them that if they
+would put out the fire, he would surrender.</p>
+
+<p>When the fort had capitulated and the enemy marched in, the Tories were
+so angry to find that they had been fighting no one but a man and a
+negro girl, that many of them were inclined to fall upon these
+unfortunates, and butcher them on the spot; but they were restrained. As
+it was known that Huddy's men would probably soon return,&mdash;for the noise
+of the firing had aroused the neighborhood,&mdash;the enemy seized the
+captain and hurried him away, leaving the rest of the garrison behind.</p>
+
+<p>It may be said here that this girl, whose name was Lucretia Emmons,
+afterwards married a man named Chambers, and, like all other Jersey
+women who were of benefit to their State, lived to a good old age, and
+had a large posterity.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Huddy was hurried away to the boats in which the Tories had
+arrived; but the militiamen were in hot pursuit, and a running fight
+took place between them and the Tories, in which six of the latter were
+killed. The Tories, with their prisoner, got on board their boats; but
+they had not pushed very far from the shore, before the militiamen were
+firing at them again. During the hubbub which ensued, Captain Huddy made
+a bold dash for liberty. He sprang to his feet, plunged into the water,
+and began to swim to the shore. In so doing, unfortunately, he received
+a shot in the thigh from his own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> friends; but he raised his hands above
+his head and shouted, "I am Huddy, I am Huddy!" and so, with one leg and
+two arms, he continued to strike out for the shore, which he reached in
+safety. His wound could not have been very severe, for it was not long
+before he was again engaged in fighting the Tories.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after this, Captain Huddy was once more obliged to hold a fort
+against a superior body of Tories,&mdash;this time a rude structure of logs,
+or blockhouse, near Tom's River, close to the coast. His garrison
+consisted of twenty-five men. Here he was attacked by a number of
+refugees, some of them from New York, and some from the neighborhood.
+They gathered from various quarters during the night, and early on a
+Sunday morning they made a united attack on the blockhouse. Huddy and
+his men fought bravely; but when their ammunition was gone, and seven or
+eight of them were killed, he was obliged to surrender.</p>
+
+<p>Now, there was no one to rescue him, and he was marched away, put in
+irons, and confined in the hold of a prison ship anchored off the coast.
+The state of feeling at the time is shown by the way in which the
+commander of this expedition speaks of the village of Tom's River; for
+he says, "The Town, as it is called, consists of about a dozen houses,
+in which none but a piratical set of banditti reside."</p>
+
+<p>What afterwards happened to the captain was the result of a chain of
+events which could only have occurred in a country where neighbors and
+former friends were arrayed in bloody conflict against each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> other. A
+prominent Tory of that neighborhood, named White, had been captured by
+the patriots, and it happened that the father of one of White's guards
+had been murdered by a party of Tories of whom White was a member. White
+was shot soon after his capture; and it was generally believed that he
+had been killed by this guard, who wished to avenge his father's death.</p>
+
+<p>Thus one murder led to another, but the bloody business had not yet gone
+far enough. The friends of White were determined to avenge his death,
+and could think of no better way of doing it than by killing Captain
+Huddy. The Tories wished to get rid of him anyway, and here was a reason
+which was considered good enough in those days of furious animosity
+between fellow-countrymen. It was not long, therefore, before Huddy was
+taken from his prison, and, without even a show of a trial, was
+condemned to death. It was said that he assisted in the killing of
+White; and although he asserted boldly that this was an absurd charge,
+as he was in prison at the time White was shot, the Tories would not
+listen to any such plea. They were determined to kill him, and die he
+must.</p>
+
+<p>He was taken on shore at Sandy Hook, and on the beach a rude gallows was
+constructed of three fence rails, and there he was hung. Before he died,
+he wrote his will, resting the paper on the top of a flour barrel; and
+it is said that his handwriting was as firm and legible as if he had
+been sitting at a table in his own house.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+
+<p>This inhuman and lawless execution of a man so well known and of such
+good reputation as Captain Huddy, created great indignation in the
+patriotic party all over the country, and there was a general demand
+that the British army should deliver up a man named Lippencot, who had
+been the leader of the party which had hung Huddy; but the British did
+not consent to this. They did make a show of investigating the matter;
+and Lippencot, who was an officer of a refugee regiment regularly
+enlisted in the British service, was tried by court-martial. But he was
+acquitted; and no satisfaction was offered to the Americans for this
+crime, which had been committed in open defiance of the laws of war.</p>
+
+<p>But the British commander in chief, who arrived about this time, was a
+man of honor and good sense, and he openly condemned the action of
+Lippencot and his men, and assured the Americans that he would do what
+he could to further investigate the matter.</p>
+
+<p>This, however, did not satisfy the country, and from every side there
+came demands that some one of the officers who were then prisoners in
+the American lines should be executed in retaliation for Huddy's murder,
+unless Lippencot were delivered up to the Americans. Here, then, opened
+the fourth act of this bloody play of progression, and we will tell the
+story of the other captain.</p>
+
+<p>It is a horrible thing to deliberately execute an innocent man because
+some one else has committed a crime; but war is horrible, and we must
+expect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> that horrible things will continually spring from it. As no
+satisfaction could be obtained from the British for this acknowledged
+outrage and murder,&mdash;for in acquitting Lippencot the British authorities
+virtually took upon themselves the responsibility of Huddy's
+execution,&mdash;the Americans, being at war and acting in accordance with
+the bloody rules of war, determined to select an officer from among the
+English prisoners in the American lines, who should be executed in
+retaliation for Huddy's death.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/gt151.jpg" width="450" height="486" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>As soon as this order had been issued, thirteen British officers, who
+were at liberty on parole in the American lines, were ordered to report
+at Lancaster, Penn., in order that one of them might be selected to be
+the victim of retaliation.</p>
+
+<p>These officers were assembled in a room of the Black Bear Tavern with
+several American officers, who conducted the proceedings, and a guard of
+mounted dragoons was stationed outside.</p>
+
+<p>The question was to be decided by lot according to the following plan:
+the thirteen names of the offi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>cers were written each upon a little slip
+of paper, and these were put into a hat. Then in another hat were placed
+thirteen other slips of the same size, all of them blank excepting one,
+on which was written the word "unfortunate." Two drummer boys were
+called in to draw out the slips, one from one hat, the other from the
+other. As one boy drew out the piece of paper and read the name of the
+officer written upon it, the other boy at the same time drew a slip from
+the other hat. After several drawings, in which the slips from the
+second hat had all been blank, one of the boys drew, and read upon the
+little piece of paper the name of Captain Asgill, and at the same time
+the other boy drew out a slip, and read the word "unfortunate." This
+decided the matter; and the American officer in command turned to the
+leader of the dragoons and said to him, "This gentleman, sir, is your
+prisoner."</p>
+
+<p>Now this most tragical meeting broke up, and we are told that every man
+in that room, except Captain Asgill himself, was in tears. The truly
+unfortunate man who had been chosen by this most doleful chance was a
+handsome young gentleman, scarcely more than a boy. He was beloved by
+every one who knew him, and he would have been the last man to have
+consented to any such deed as that for which he was to pay the penalty.
+When it became known that he had been selected by fate to be executed in
+retaliation, every one who knew anything about him, either in the
+British army or the American, deeply deplored the fact that the doom
+should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> have fallen on one who so little deserved it. Captain Asgill was
+taken to Philadelphia, and after a while was carried to New Jersey,
+where in Chatham, Morris County, he was held to await his end.</p>
+
+<p>Washington himself was greatly affected by this event; and he wrote to
+the colonel who had charge of Captain Asgill, to treat the unfortunate
+young man with all tenderness and respect while he should be in his
+hands, and to do everything for him that was consistent with propriety
+under the circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Now, there came from many parts of this country, as well as from the
+English, all sorts of communications and memorials addressed to the
+government and the commander of the army, urging clemency in the case of
+this unfortunate young man; and it was no doubt in consequence of these,
+that his punishment was delayed from time to time.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Asgill's mother was a lady of good position in England, and,
+overwhelmed with grief at the impending fate of her son, she spared no
+efforts to save him. She wrote to every man of influence whom she knew;
+and among others she wrote to the Count de Vergennes, who was in this
+country as the representative of the court of France.</p>
+
+<p>The French, who had been the faithful friends of the Americans
+throughout the struggle, were as willing to assist their allies to be
+merciful and forgiving as they were to help them fight their battles.
+The ambassador addressed a strong letter to Congress, urging that young
+Captain Asgill might be spared,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> and sending a copy of the letter
+written by the heartbroken mother.</p>
+
+<p>Still war is war; and one of its laws is, that, if a prisoner is
+unjustly killed by an enemy, one of the enemy's men held as prisoner
+shall be killed in retaliation, the object being, of course, to put a
+stop to unjust executions. With this law in view, Congress did not
+consent to countermand the young man's execution.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Asgill had another friend, a powerful one, who did all that he
+could to save him from his impending fate. This was General Washington,
+who from the first had pitied the young man on account of his youth and
+general character; but he had also objected to the selection for the
+reason that he had been among the officers who surrendered with Lord
+Cornwallis, who had been promised that they should not be dealt with as
+hostages. There were other prisoners who might have been more justly
+taken as subjects of retaliation, but for some reason the thirteen
+officers who had been summoned to this trial by lot were not among those
+who were justly liable in the case. Washington felt that the selection
+of Asgill was a breach of good faith, and he did all that he could to
+induce the secretary of war to act justly and honorably in the matter.
+At all events, the efforts in behalf of the young officer had the effect
+of delaying the execution; and three months after his fatal lot had been
+drawn, he was allowed to go to Morristown and remain there a prisoner on
+parole.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after this, another reason arose for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> pardon of Captain
+Asgill, which was used with effect by his friends. Peace was now
+approaching, and there was no need of the execution of hostages in order
+to prevent further outrages on the part of the enemy; and so the members
+of Congress began to feel that after this long delay, and the
+approaching general rejoicing in the success of American independence,
+it would seem like murder to execute this young man. Therefore a law was
+passed by Congress, directing that Captain Asgill should be set at
+liberty and allowed to return to his family.</p>
+
+<p>Dreadful months of suspense and fearful anticipation had darkened the
+souls of this young soldier, his family, and his friends; but they had
+probably produced a better effect upon the minds of the lawless bands of
+Tory refugees than would have resulted had the execution taken place;
+for, had Captain Asgill been hung, there is no doubt that an American
+prisoner would have suffered in his place; and how many more steps in
+the bloody business of retaliation would have taken place, no man can
+tell. So, if we look at the matter philosophically, it may have been a
+very good thing that the British officer selected to atone for the death
+of Captain Huddy happened to be a young man whom nobody wished to kill,
+for the merciful delay exercised in his case was the probable cause of
+the cessation of retaliation during the last months of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_TEMPE_WICK" id="THE_STORY_OF_TEMPE_WICK"></a>THE STORY OF TEMPE WICK.</h2>
+
+
+<p>There are so many curious and unexpected things which may happen in time
+of war, especially to people who live in parts of a country where the
+enemy may be expected to come, or where the friendly army is already
+encamped, that it is impossible to guard against unpleasant occurrences;
+and it often happens that the only thing to be depended upon when an
+emergency arises, is presence of mind, and quickness of wit.</p>
+
+<p>In these qualities, New Jersey girls have never shown themselves behind
+their sisters of other parts of the country, and a very good proof of
+this is shown by an incident which took place near Morristown during the
+time that the American army was quartered in that neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>Not far from the town was a farm then known as Wick's farm, situated in
+a beautiful wooded country. The daughter of Mr. Wick, named Tempe
+(probably short for Temperance), was the owner of a very fine horse, and
+on this beautiful animal it was her delight to ride over the roads and
+through the woods of the surrounding country. She had been accustomed
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> horses since she was a child, and was not afraid to ride anywhere by
+herself.</p>
+
+<p>When she first began to canter over these hills and dales, it had been
+in times of peace, when there was nothing in this quiet country of which
+any one might be afraid; and now, although these were days of war, she
+felt no fear. There were soldiers not far away, but these she looked
+upon as her friends and protectors; for Washington and his army had
+encamped in that region to defend the country against the approach of
+the enemy. If any straggling Redcoats should feel a desire to come along
+the hills, they would be very apt to restrain their inclinations so long
+as they knew that that brave American army was encamped near by.</p>
+
+<p>So Miss Tempe Wick, fearing nothing, rode far and wide, as she had been
+in the habit of doing, and every day she and her good steed became
+better and better acquainted with each other.</p>
+
+<p>One fine afternoon, as Tempe was slowly riding homeward, within a mile
+of her house, she met half a dozen soldiers in Continental uniform, and
+two of them, stepping in front of her, called upon her to stop. When she
+had done so, one of them seized her bridle. She did not know the men;
+but still, as they belonged to Washington's army, who were her
+countrymen and friends, she saw no reason to be afraid, and asked them
+what they wanted.</p>
+
+<p>At first she received no answer, for they were very busily occupied in
+looking at her horse and expressing their satisfaction at the fine
+points of the ani<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>mal. Tempe had had her horse praised before; but these
+men were looking at him, and talking about him, very much as if he were
+for sale and they were thinking of buying. Presently one of the men said
+to her that this was a very excellent horse that she was riding, and
+they wanted it. To this Tempe exclaimed, in great amazement, that it was
+her own horse, that she wanted him herself, and had no wish to dispose
+of him. Some of the soldiers laughed, and one of them told her that the
+troops were about to move, and that good horses were greatly needed, and
+that they had orders to levy upon the surrounding country and take
+horses wherever they could find them.</p>
+
+<p>Now was Tempe astonished beyond measure. If half a dozen British
+soldiers had surrounded her, and had declared that they intended to rob
+her of her horse, she would not have wondered at it, for they would have
+taken it as the property of an enemy. But that the soldiers of her own
+country, the men on whom she and all her friends and neighbors depended
+for protection and safety, should turn on her and rob her, as if they
+had been a set of marauding Hessians, was something she could scarcely
+comprehend.</p>
+
+<p>But it did not take her long to understand, that no matter who they were
+or what they were,&mdash;whether they thought they had a right to do what
+they threatened, or whether they had no regard for right and
+justice,&mdash;they were in earnest, and intended to take her horse. When
+this conviction flashed into the mind of Tempe Wick, there also flashed
+into it a determination to show these men that a Jersey girl had a will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+of her own, and that if they wanted her property, they would have to do
+a great deal more than simply to come to her and ask her to hand it over
+to them.</p>
+
+<p>After a little parley, during which the man who held her bridle let go
+of it, supposing she was about to dismount, she suddenly gave her
+spirited horse a sharp cut with the whip, dashed between two of the
+soldiers, and, before they could comprehend what had happened, she was
+off and away.</p>
+
+<p>As fast as they could run, the soldiers followed her, one or two of them
+firing their guns in the air, thinking to frighten her and make her
+stop; but, as though she had been a deer and her pursuers ordinary
+hunters, she swiftly sped away from them.</p>
+
+<p>But they did not give up the chase. Some of them knew where this girl
+lived, and were confident that when they reached her house, they would
+have the horse. If they had known it was such a fine animal, they would
+have come after it before. According to their belief, good horses should
+go into the army, and people who staid at home, and expected other
+people to fight for them, ought to be willing to do what they could to
+help in the good cause, and at least give their horses to the army.</p>
+
+<p>As Tempe sat upon her bounding steed, she knew very well that the
+soldiers could never catch her; but her heart sank within her as she
+thought of what would happen when they came to the farm and demanded her
+horse. Running away from them was only postponing her trouble for a
+little while, for there was no one about the place who could prevent
+those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> men from going to the barn and taking away the animal.</p>
+
+<p>It would be of no use to pass her house and ride on and on. Where should
+she go? She must come back some time, and all the soldiers would have to
+do would be to halt at the farm, and wait until she returned. And even
+if she should take her horse into the Wood and tie him to a tree, they
+would know by her coming back on foot that she had left him at no great
+distance, and they would be sure to follow his tracks and find him.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/gt160.jpg" width="400" height="496" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>As Tempe rode swiftly on, her thoughts galloped as fast as her horse,
+and before she reached the house she had come to a conclusion as to the
+best thing to be done. She did not ride towards the barn, but dashed
+through the gateway of the large yard, and sprang from her steed. As she
+turned in, she looked down the road; but the men were not in sight. What
+she was going to do was something which people never did, but it was the
+only thing she could think of, and she was a girl whose actions were as
+quick as her ideas were original. Without stopping an instant, she took
+her horse to the back door, and led him boldly into the house.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+
+<p>This was not the sort of stable to which Tempe's horse or any other
+American horse was accustomed; but this animal knew his mistress, and
+where she led, he was willing to follow. If one of the farm hands had
+attempted to take the creature into the house, there would probably have
+been some rearing and plunging; but nothing of this kind happened as our
+Jersey girl, with her hand on her horse's bridle, led him quickly inside
+and closed the door behind him. As the story goes, she took him through
+the kitchen, and then into the parlor, without the slightest regard to
+the injury his shoes might do to the well-kept floor; and from the
+parlor she led him into a bedroom on the lower floor, which was usually
+used as a guest chamber, but which never before had such a guest as
+this.</p>
+
+<p>This room had but a single window, the shutters of which were kept
+closed when it was not in use, and there was no entrance to it except
+through the door which opened from the parlor. The door was quickly
+closed, and Tempe stood with her horse in the darkness.</p>
+
+<p>When the soldiers reached the farm, they went to the barn. They examined
+the outhouses, visited the pasture fields, and made a thorough search,
+high and low, near and far; but no sign of a horse could they find. Of
+course, the notion that the animal was concealed in the house did not
+enter their minds, and the only way in which they could account for the
+total disappearance of the horse was, that Tempe had ridden off with
+him&mdash;where they knew not. We do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> not know how long they waited for the
+sight of a hungry horse coming home to his supper, but we do know that
+while there was the slightest danger of her dear horse being taken away
+from her, that animal remained a carefully attended guest in the spare
+room of the Wick house; and the tradition is, that he staid there three
+weeks. There Tempe waited on him as if he had been a visitor of high
+degree; and if she was afraid to go to the barn to bring him hay and
+oats, she doubtless gave him biscuit and soft bread,&mdash;dainties of which
+a horse is very fond, especially when they are brought to him by such a
+kind mistress as Tempe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt162.jpg" width="500" height="611" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+
+<p>When the cavalry moved away from their camp near Morristown, no one of
+them rode on that fine horse on which they had seen a girl gayly
+cantering, and which, when they had been about to put their hands upon
+it, had flown away, like a butterfly from under the straw hat of a
+schoolboy. When the troops were gone, the horse came out of the guest
+chamber and went back to his stall in the stable; and that room in which
+he passed so many quiet days, and the door through which the horse
+timidly stepped under the shadow of that hospitable roof, are still to
+be seen at the old Wick house, which stands now, as it stood then, with
+its shaded yard and the great willow tree behind it, on the pleasant
+country road by which we may drive from Morristown to Mendham by the way
+of Washington Corner.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/gt163.jpg" width="450" height="349" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_FORT_NONSENSE" id="THE_STORY_OF_FORT_NONSENSE"></a>THE STORY OF FORT NONSENSE.</h2>
+
+<p>During three years of the Revolution the American army, under General
+Washington, wintered in New Jersey. Of course, we understand, that, when
+an army goes into winter quarters, it does so because the weather
+prevents operations in the field; and although Washington did not in the
+least object to fighting in the cold weather if a good opportunity
+showed itself, as we know from the fact that he fought the battle of
+Trenton on Christmas Day, still the winters in New Jersey were for the
+most part periods of inactivity.</p>
+
+<p>Histories give us full accounts of the important battles and marches
+which took place in New Jersey; but the life of the army in the long,
+cold months in which fighting and marching were almost impossible, is
+something with which we are not so well acquainted; and when we
+understand what the men of our army were obliged to suffer and to
+endure, and the responsibilities and anxieties which were so
+conscientiously borne by Washington and his officers, we are compelled
+to give as much credit to the soldiers of the Revolution for their
+heroism in their winter camps as for their courage upon the
+battlefield.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+
+<p>This winter life in New Jersey, of men and officers from New England,
+the Middle States, Virginia, and the South, appears to us now as very
+interesting, and in many ways a curious life. Into a quiet country
+neighborhood there came an entirely novel element,&mdash;an army which had
+not come there to fight, but to live.</p>
+
+<p>Washington's first winter in New Jersey was spent in Morristown in 1777.
+This place was chosen because it was a productive country, and well
+situated for sudden expeditions against the enemy in that part of the
+State. Although there was no fighting done in Morristown, so many small
+detachments of troops went out from the place, and so many sudden
+attacks were made upon the outposts of the enemy in the country round
+about, that by the end of the winter the British had no hold in New
+Jersey except at Perth Amboy and New Brunswick.</p>
+
+<p>But, as has been said before, it is not with the military operations
+that we are concerned, but with the winter life of the army in the camp.
+The first thing that has to be done when an army arrives to settle and
+make itself a home in and about a country town, is to provide a good
+house for the commander in chief and officers, and a suitable camping
+place for the men. Washington went to Arnold's Tavern, a large house on
+the corner of the Green; and the army encamped in the valley of the
+Loantika, a beautiful place in summer, but not particularly attractive
+in cold weather. Here they built themselves huts of logs, and here they
+tried to keep themselves warm and to be satisfied with what they had;
+for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> government was poor, and found it hard to keep an army. There
+was plenty to eat and drink in the surrounding country, but there was
+very little money with which to buy it.</p>
+
+<p>It was a great thing for the Morristown people to see the tavern
+surrounded night and day by a guard of twenty-six soldiers, and to have
+their streets and roads made lively by soldiers on foot, clad in the
+various uniforms worn by the men from different States,&mdash;some with
+cocked hats, some with round hats with feathers stuck in them; some with
+green coats, some with blue; some with buckskin breeches, others with
+black,&mdash;while Washington, with the officers of his staff, galloped here
+and there, dressed in the regular Continental uniforms of blue and buff.</p>
+
+<p>Among the most conspicuous uniforms of the American army was that of the
+Jersey Blues. This was a volunteer organization formed in Essex County;
+and the first uniforms of these soldiers were furnished by the patriotic
+women of that region. They were not able to afford anything handsome or
+costly: so each soldier was provided with a frock coat and trousers made
+of tow cloth, which was dyed a bright blue by the same women who made it
+into soldiers' clothes. These Jersey Blues, although they must have
+presented a very peculiar appearance in the field, became famous
+soldiers, and were known throughout the war, and occupied high positions
+in the Continental army. The Jersey Blues were never disorganized, and
+still remain prominent among the citizen soldiers of the State.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt167.jpg" width="750" height="764" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It was Washington's habit during the war, as soon as he had settled
+himself in his winter quarters, to send for Mrs. Washington to join him;
+and accordingly she came to Morristown very soon after his first arrival
+there. Men and officers were always delighted when the wife of the
+commander in chief came down to live among them, and they welcomed the
+sight of the carriage drawn by four horses, with the postilions and
+grooms dressed in Washington's own livery of scarlet and white. On this
+occasion, Washington went some distance to meet his wife, and waited in
+a little village until she should arrive.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> When the lady at the house
+where he was stopping saw the grand carriage drive up, she was prepared
+to behold an illustrious personage alight from it, and she was somewhat
+surprised when she saw a very plainly dressed, quiet lady step down from
+the high coach. She thought there surely must be some mistake; but when
+she saw the courteous affection with which the grand gentleman in the
+fine uniform and cocked hat greeted this plainly dressed lady, she knew
+that she had made no mistake.</p>
+
+<p>There was no ostentation or superciliousness about Mrs. Washington. She
+was hospitable and kind, and she put on no airs because she was a great
+lady from Virginia, and because she was the wife of the commander in
+chief of the army. The story is told, that, soon after her arrival, some
+ladies of the town went to pay their respects to her, and as they were
+going to visit the first lady of the land, they thought that they should
+dress themselves in their finest clothes. Arrayed in silks, satins, and
+ruffles, they were shown into the presence of Mrs. Washington, and were
+utterly amazed to find her wearing a striped homespun apron, and busily
+engaged in knitting stockings. She received them, however, with as much
+dignity and courtesy as if she had had a crown on her head and a scepter
+in her hand; and in the course of conversation she said that it was the
+duty of every one to try to do without the things which they were
+obliged to buy from foreign countries, and to make for themselves, as
+far as possible, what they needed; and that, while their husbands and
+brothers were fighting in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> field, she thought that they should do
+what they could at home to help the great cause.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington entertained the ladies with accounts of her life at
+home. She said that in her house there were always sixteen spinning
+wheels at work. She showed them two morning dresses which had been made
+in her house from ravelings of old satin chair covers. But Mrs.
+Washington was not at all averse to cheerfulness and good company, and
+in that year there were many dances and parties in Morristown, which
+kept the place quite gay.</p>
+
+<p>Two years afterwards, Washington and his army wintered at Middlebrook,
+in Somerset County. Here the army had a comparatively comfortable time,
+for the weather was mild, without much snow or frost; and this, after
+the terrible sufferings which they had had at Valley Forge the winter
+before, was very well calculated to put men as well as officers in a
+cheerful state of mind. It is true that the difficulties of obtaining
+provisions were in some ways greater than they had been before; for the
+Continental money, with which all supplies were paid for, was
+depreciating so rapidly that now thirty or forty dollars of it were
+barely equal to one silver dollar, and the country people very much
+disliked to take it. But the army had just achieved some important
+victories, and there was a feeling in many circles that it would not be
+long before the war would end; and with this belief in the minds of
+many, and with the general satisfaction in the mild and pleasant
+weather, it is no wonder that there were some good times in the army
+during that winter at Middlebrook.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+
+<p>General Washington always liked to have company at dinner, for he was
+very hospitable, and, besides this, he considered it his duty to become
+acquainted with his officers and with the people of the neighborhood;
+and sometimes as many as thirty persons sat down at the table. Even if
+the various articles of food were not of the finest quality, they were
+well cooked and well served. While in Middlebrook, Washington desired a
+dinner service of white queen's-ware, and he wrote to Philadelphia to
+obtain it. Among the articles he mentioned in his order were eight dozen
+shallow plates and three dozen soup plates, which gives an idea of the
+size of his dinner parties. But, although Philadelphia was searched from
+one end to the other, no queen's-ware of the kind could be found, and at
+last Washington was told that he could get what he wanted in New
+Brunswick, and there he bought his queen's-ware.</p>
+
+<p>Among other things which he ordered at that time were "six tolerably
+genteel but not expensive candle-sticks;" and he also wrote for a new
+hat, stating, "I do not wish by any means to be in the extreme of
+fashion, either in the size or manner of cocking it."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 410px;">
+<img src="images/gt171.jpg" width="410" height="629" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>At these dinners there was a good deal of state and ceremony, although
+the heads of the family were very courteous and attentive to their
+guests. As this was a military establishment, everything was done
+promptly and according to rule. Washington never waited longer than five
+minutes for any guest who was late. When such a person did arrive after
+the company had seated themselves at the table, he would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> always try to
+put him at his ease by some pleasant remark, sometimes saying that he
+had a cook "who never asks whether the company has come, but whether the
+hour has come."</p>
+
+<p>During this winter a great entertainment was given by General Knox and
+some other officers, and it was said to be the finest thing of the kind
+ever seen in that part of the State. It may be thought, and probably
+there were people who thought it then, that at a time when money was so
+much needed, and provisions were so hard to get, a great and expensive
+festival like this was extravagant and out of place; but it is likely
+that the gayety of that great day had a good and encouraging effect upon
+the army as well as the people of the country. They knew why the day had
+been celebrated, and because of the general rejoicings they believed
+there was reason to rejoice; and when people believe that there is a
+good thing coming, they are much more ready to fight for it than if they
+had no such belief.</p>
+
+<p>But it is not of these two winters that our story has to deal: it is
+with the second encampment at Morristown, during the cold, the snow, and
+the icy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> frosts of 1779-80. At this time, General and Mrs. Washington
+lived in the handsome house which is now known as "Washington's
+Headquarters," and has been preserved in the same condition as it was in
+those Revolutionary days. In this fine old mansion, General Washington
+and his wife kept up their hospitable customs; and at their table were
+seen such men as Alexander Hamilton, General Greene, Baron Steuben,
+Kosciusko, Pulaski, "Light Horse Harry" Lee, Israel Putnam, "Mad
+Anthony" Wayne, and Benedict Arnold. There also came to Morristown the
+minister from France (the Chevalier de la Luzerne) and an envoy from
+Spain (Don Juan de Mirailles). These two distinguished foreigners were
+received with great honor. An escort was sent out to meet them; there
+was a grand review of the troops, in which Washington and his generals,
+together with the Frenchman and the Spaniard, appeared on the field,
+splendidly mounted; while on the grand reviewing stand was the governor
+of the State and a great many citizens and distinguished people. After a
+salute of thirteen cannon, the parading army went through its
+evolutions, and in the evening there was a grand ball.</p>
+
+<p>But one of the guests to whom these honors were given did not appear at
+the ball. The Spanish envoy was taken sick, and a few days afterwards
+died at the headquarters. He was buried with great pomp and ceremony.
+The funeral procession was a mile long, and attended by Washington and
+all his officers. Minute guns boomed as the procession passed from the
+headquarters to the graveyard at the back of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> First Presbyterian
+Church, and people came from all parts of the surrounding country to
+view the great procession.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt173.jpg" width="500" height="580" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The funeral services were conducted by a Spanish priest with the
+impressive rites of the Catholic Church; and after a military salute had
+been fired over the grave, sentinels were placed to guard it, for the
+Spanish nobleman was buried in full regalia. A gold watch studded with
+diamonds was in his pocket; diamonds were on his fingers; and valuable
+seals were attached to his watchguard.</p>
+
+<p>There was not so much fear at this time of an attack from the enemy as
+there had been during the previous winter, when Washington was at
+Morristown. Now, there were only four guards at the headquarters,&mdash;two
+at the front of the house, and two at the back. But the most careful
+preparations were made in case the enemy should show itself, and now and
+then a false alarm showed the perfection of the discipline which was
+maintained.</p>
+
+<p>On such occasions a shot would be heard from one of the most distant
+outposts, then a sentinel near<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> the town would fire, and so on until a
+report would be heard by the sentinels at the headquarters, who would
+fire their guns; then there were the guns in Morristown, and so on out
+to the camp, and very soon a detachment would hurry into the town at a
+quickstep. But before they reached the place, the life guard encamped
+near the headquarters would rush to the house, enter the lower story,
+and barricade the doors; and five men at each window, with muskets
+loaded and ready to fire, would await the approach of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>But although no British soldiers ever reached Morristown, there was good
+reason for all the precautions taken. Besides the frequent attempts
+which were made by large bodies of the Redcoats to penetrate to the
+region occupied by Washington's army, there were small expeditions even
+more dangerous. One of these consisted of a party of picked British
+cavalrymen, who started from their camp near New York, by way of
+Elizabethtown, for the express purpose of capturing General Washington.
+They advanced in the direction of Morristown until they reached Chatham,
+about six miles distant, and there&mdash;being overtaken by a terrible storm,
+and finding so many difficulties ahead of them&mdash;they gave up their
+project.</p>
+
+<p>Outside of Morristown, on a high hill which stretches away to the
+southwest, the American army was encamped during this winter. Among
+these men we can scarcely believe there were many festivities or
+merrymakings. In fact, the sufferings and privations of the common
+soldiers at this time were very great, and even the table of the
+commander in chief was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> sometimes furnished with the plainest of food.
+In a letter written by Washington at this time, he says,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We have had the virtue and patience of the army put to the
+severest trial. Sometimes it has been five or six days together
+without bread; at other times as many days without meat; and once
+or twice, two or three days without either. I hardly thought it
+possible, at one period, that we should be able to keep it
+together, nor could it have been done, but for the exertions of the
+magistrates in the several counties of this state [Jersey], on whom
+I was obliged to call, expose our situation to them, and in plain
+terms declare that we were reduced to the alternative of disbanding
+or catering for ourselves, unless the inhabitants would afford us
+their aid. I allotted to each county a certain proportion of flour
+or grain, and a certain number of cattle, to be delivered on
+certain days; and for the honor of the magistrates, and the good
+disposition of the people, I must add that my requisitions were
+punctually complied with, and in many counties exceeded. Nothing
+but this great exertion could have saved the army from dissolution
+or starving, as we were bereft of every hope from the commissaries.
+At one time the soldiers ate every kind of horse food but hay.
+Buckwheat, common wheat, rye, and Indian corn composed the meal
+which made their bread. As an army, they bore it with the most
+heroic patience; but sufferings like these, accompanied by the want
+of clothes, blankets, etc., will produce frequent desertions in all
+armies; and so it happened with us, though it did not excite a
+single mutiny." </p></div>
+
+<p>At this time, various circulars and printed bills were sent to the
+American army from the British, urging the men to fly from all their
+hardships and miseries, and join the English force, where they would be
+received, and furnished with every comfort. In this condition of things
+it was very important to keep the American soldiers, cold, hungry, and
+idle, from thinking too much of their troubles. Washington could not
+give them balls, nor invite them to dine; but he wisely considered that
+the best thing he could give them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> was occupation,&mdash;a most wonderful
+medicine for discontent. He therefore determined to build a fort upon
+the summit of the hill where the camp was situated.</p>
+
+<p>His engineers therefore planned a large fortification made up of
+earthworks; and on this the men were put to work, as if it had been
+expected that the enemy would soon arrive, and take the place. The
+desire to put their camp in a condition of defense, and the animation of
+steady labor, were of as much advantage to the spirits of the soldiers
+as bread and meat would be to their bodies; and, from sitting in idle
+groups about their camp fires and huts, they worked on the new
+intrenchments, ramparts, and redoubts with cheerful energy.</p>
+
+<p>Everything was done exactly as if the new fort were soon to be called
+upon to protect the town, which stretched itself beneath the hill; and
+the engineers and officers were as careful in making plans and giving
+directions as if they had been building a fort at the entrance of New
+York Bay.</p>
+
+<p>It was never expected that the fort would be attacked, and it was never
+supposed, that, if the British should come this way, the battle would be
+fought in or about the town; but the building of the fort was honestly
+intended for the defense and protection of the troops, not against
+muskets, cannon, and bayonets, but against discontent and
+despair,&mdash;enemies far more formidable to the suffering army of that day
+than British troops and Hessians.</p>
+
+<p>The result was a good one: Washington's army at Morristown stood by him
+as long as he staid there;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> and when they marched away, they left upon
+the top of that hill a monument to the wisdom, the kindness, and the
+knowledge of human nature, displayed by their great commander in chief
+in those hazardous days.</p>
+
+<p>We do not know what this earthwork was first called; but in time it came
+to be known as Fort Nonsense, simply because it appeared to the ordinary
+man as a great piece of work undertaken without any good purpose. But
+never was a name more inapplicable. If it had been called Fort Good
+Sense, it would have been much more suitable.</p>
+
+<p>The remains of this fort are still to be seen on the hill beyond
+Morristown; and a monumental stone has been set up there to mark its
+site, and explain its nature and purpose. Most of its ramparts and
+redoubts have been washed away by the storms of more than a century, and
+we can still perceive many of its outlines; but those skilled in the art
+of military fortification know that it was a good fortress, while
+students of human nature and of the influence of great minds upon the
+welfare of their fellow-beings, know that it acted an important part in
+the defense of our liberties and the establishment of our government.</p>
+
+<p>It may be remarked that in this story we have said a good deal about
+other things, and very little about Fort Nonsense. But there is very
+little of Fort Nonsense, and not much to say about it; and what has been
+told was the story of the camp life of Washington and his army in New
+Jersey, the most permanent and suggestive point of which is the
+earthwork called Fort Nonsense.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="AN_AMERICAN_LORD" id="AN_AMERICAN_LORD"></a>AN AMERICAN LORD.</h2>
+
+<p>Among the principal men of colonial days and of Revolutionary times,
+there were many whose social positions were much the same as the station
+of the ordinary European aristocrat. From their ancestors the colonists
+had inherited the disposition to recognize differences in rank; and men
+of wealth and high position in the colonial government were regarded to
+a certain extent as members of the nobility are regarded in England.
+Before the Declaration of Independence, it was not even assumed in this
+country that all men are born equal.</p>
+
+<p>But, although there were native-born personages in the Colonies who
+might well be termed aristocrats, their titles were political or
+military; and an American lord was, as he would be now, something
+entirely out of the common.</p>
+
+<p>But in those days there was an American lord; and a very good American
+he was, in spite of his being a lord. This was William Alexander, known
+as Lord Stirling. He was born in New York, of Scotch parents. When he
+was quite a young man, he went into military life, and served in the
+British colonial army in the French War. In the campaigns in which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> he
+served, he gained the military education which was afterwards of the
+greatest advantage, not only to him, but to the country.</p>
+
+<p>There was no British heir to the earldom of Stirling, a Scotch peerage;
+and, as he believed that he was a direct descendant of the last Lord
+Stirling, the young man went to England, and laid claim to the estate
+and title. He was successful in proving his direct descent from the
+earls of Stirling; but the House of Lords, who gave the final decision
+in the case, would not allow his claim. Even if the law had permitted
+his claim, it is not likely that the British House of Lords would have
+been anxious to welcome into the peerage an American-born person.</p>
+
+<p>But although he got nothing more, he really obtained his title, and he
+was known then, as he is known in history, as Lord Stirling. He was a
+man of wealth, and must have had a very good time in England, for he
+studied well the manners and customs of the nobility; and as his own
+habits and tastes were those which he observed in the great houses of
+England, he here received a social education which had a great effect
+upon his future career.</p>
+
+<p>He was also the means of educating some of the inhabitants of Great
+Britain, and the way in which he did it is shown by a little incident
+which occurred when he was visiting Scotland. He was invited to dine at
+the house of a gentleman, who informed his wife that an American was
+coming to take dinner with them. It is to be presumed that this
+announcement had about the same effect upon her as would now be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>
+produced if an American gentleman should inform his family that a chief
+from Madagascar was to dine with them.</p>
+
+<p>The Scotch lady, no doubt, expected to see a copper-colored brave, in
+war paint and feathers, with tomahawk, and bows and arrows, and perhaps
+a few scalps hanging from his belt. Probably she had busied herself
+devising a dinner which would suit a savage who was a native of that
+far-away land of America, and hoped she might give him something which
+would compensated him for the loss of a cannibal repast; but when she
+beheld the handsome young gentleman who came into the house with her
+husband, she could not repress her astonishment, and exclaimed, "Bless
+my soul! The animal is white." Ignorance of foreign countries was at
+that time not uncommon in Great Britain.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 261px;">
+<img src="images/gt181a.jpg" width="261" height="391" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Although born in New York, Lord Stirling established himself in New
+Jersey, and it was in connection with this State that he was afterwards
+generally known. His father had owned a large tract of land at Basking
+Ridge, a beautifully situated town not far from Morristown; and here
+Lord Stirling built himself a stately mansion with fine gardens, and a
+great park in which were herds of deer. It was built in the fashion of
+the lordly country seats of England, around a courtyard paved with
+flagstones, and contained grand halls and stately apartments beautifully
+ornamented and furnished. The barns and outbuildings were grand, like
+the mansion itself, with cupolas and gilded vanes, and altogether the
+establishment was imposing and beautiful.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+
+<p>This young man had brought with him from England servants, butlers,
+valets, hairdressers, and a great many fine horses, and carriages with
+arms emblazoned upon their panels. He lived in grand state, and his
+house was generally filled with guests; for the best people of the
+country were glad to visit this beautiful home, where the best of
+company and the freest hospitality were always to be found. The lord of
+the manor was an affable and courteous gentleman, and the writers of
+those days have given glowing accounts of the gracious Lady Stirling and
+her charming daughter, Lady Kitty.</p>
+
+<p>But notwithstanding the fact that he felt as a lord and lived as a lord,
+this grand gentleman never forgot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> that he was not only a lord, but an
+American; and when the Colonies began to assert their claim to
+independence, Lord Stirling promptly showed his colors on the patriotic
+side. He commanded the first body of troops raised in New Jersey in the
+colonial days; and he very soon became one of the most prominent
+officers in the Revolutionary army.</p>
+
+<p>After he was made general, he distinguished himself at the battle of
+Long Island, where he performed some daring feats. The odds were greatly
+against the Americans on that occasion, and, in order to secure the
+retreat of the main part of his command, Lord Stirling took four hundred
+men, and made a bold attack upon a house that was occupied by the
+British general, Cornwallis. During the desperate fight which followed,
+in which his little force was far outnumbered by the enemy, his command
+made a successful retreat, but he himself was captured, and afterwards
+imprisoned on a war ship.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/gt181b.jpg" width="400" height="767" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>But he did not stay there long. Washington could not do without the
+services of this man, who was not only a most earnest patriot, but an
+educated and efficient soldier; and, as the Americans held several
+English officers as prisoners of war, one of them was exchanged, with
+the least possible delay, for Lord Stirling.</p>
+
+<p>One of the earliest and most daring exploits of this brave soldier was
+the capture, by an infantry force, of an armed British ship which was on
+its way to Boston with stores and supplies for the English army there.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+
+<p>This vessel, which was called the "Blue Mountain Valley," had met with
+rough weather, and, having been badly damaged, was lying off Sandy Hook,
+waiting for assistance from two British men-of-war then in New York
+Harbor.</p>
+
+<p>But Lord Stirling, who was stationed not far from the coast, and to whom
+the situation of the vessel became known, determined that, if possible,
+he would get to this valuable storeship before the enemy's men-of-war
+could reach her. So, with a number of the regular soldiers under his
+command, and some volunteers from the neighborhood, he put out to sea in
+some small craft, one of them a pilot boat. The English vessel had for
+her defense six guns, and was what is called an armed transport, but
+Stirling's men carried only ordinary muskets. However, they boldly
+attacked the vessel, and bearing down upon her as if she had been a
+column of infantry, in spite of the cannon and guns of the crew,
+captured her.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as this victory had been won, Lord Stirling had all sails set;
+and the "Blue Mountain Valley" waited no longer for the men-of-war to
+come to her assistance, but sailed away for Perth Amboy, which was in
+possession of the Americans. Here she was found to be a most valuable
+prize, although Lord Stirling was sorry, as he afterwards stated when he
+made his report to Congress, that her cargo was not arms, instead of
+coal and provisions.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Stirling fought well in the battles of New Jersey. At Monmouth he
+especially distinguished himself by the way in which he managed the
+artillery<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> which was under his command; and it is said that the enemy
+were amazed to find batteries so splendidly handled in the ranks of the
+Americans, who were not supposed by most British officers to be
+possessed of great military ability, although the erroneousness of this
+supposition was gradually impressed upon their minds as the war went on.</p>
+
+<p>Our nobleman, however, had given another proof of his ability to adapt
+himself to military circumstances. When Washington and his army were
+wintered at Morristown, there was an evident desire among the British
+commanders to attack him at that place, and there was constant danger of
+an advance from the forces about New York. Lord Stirling was with the
+troops under General Greene, defending the principal approaches to
+Morristown on the east, and he very often had fights and skirmishes with
+British detachments sent out to reconnoiter the country, or to break
+into the American lines.</p>
+
+<p>At one time a very large force, led by Clinton, advanced towards
+Morristown; and this was believed to be a serious and determined attempt
+to attack Washington, whose army was in a pretty bad plight, and not at
+all prepared to fight large bodies of well-appointed troops. Lord
+Stirling, with the other officers of the regular army, aided by forces
+of militiamen greatly excited by atrocities which had been committed by
+the British troops in the neighborhood, made a determined stand in the
+region of the "Short Hills," and a battle was fought near Springfield.
+Although the American forces were not able to defeat the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> British, they
+so harassed them, placing themselves in all the passes through which it
+was necessary to advance, that at last the Redcoats gave up the attempt
+to reach Morristown, and retired to Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the war, this gentleman with the grand house, the park, the
+deer, the splendid carriages, the butlers, and the hairdressers, fought
+as earnestly and as patriotically as if he had been a sturdy farmer who
+had left his cornfield for the battlefield, with an old blunderbuss over
+his shoulder. Not only was he a good soldier, but he was a trustworthy
+friend to the cause of the Colonies and to General Washington; and it is
+said that it was through his means that the conspiracy among some of the
+officers of the army against General Washington, of whom they were
+jealous, was discovered and broken up.</p>
+
+<p>Officers of the army were frequently quartered at his house at Basking
+Ridge, where they found most delightful company; and in every way our
+American lord did what he could for the cause and the people who were
+defending it. His title was generally recognized; and Washington, who
+was very particular in regard to matters of rank and social propriety,
+always called him "my lord." He was said to be a fine-looking man; in
+fact, he and Washington were of more imposing and dignified appearance
+than any other officers of the American army.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, as he was a very notable person among the Continental
+officers, the British were very anxious to capture him. In 1781, when he
+was in command of the Northern Department at Albany, this design<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> of the
+enemy came very near being carried out, but was frustrated by the
+faithful services of one of those good women who were continually
+turning up in colonial history. A servant girl in the family of a house
+near Albany, where Lord Stirling was staying, had been visiting her
+parents during the day, and had there heard a plot of the Tories of the
+neighborhood to capture Lord Stirling. Being of a patriotic disposition,
+she told her mistress of the plot as soon as she got home; and when in
+the night a large body of the enemy came to the house, they were met
+with a surprise.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Stirling had not gone out of town without taking with him a guard
+of dragoons; and these men, instead of being quartered at a distance, as
+the Tories evidently supposed they would be, had all been brought into
+the house; and when the attack was made in the night, the bullets and
+pistol balls which whizzed and whistled from that ordinarily peaceful
+mansion astonished the Tories, who fled.</p>
+
+<p>But although Lord Stirling did so much for American independence, he did
+not live to enjoy the fruits of it, for he died in Albany, while still
+in command of the Northern Department. After his death, the estate at
+Basking Ridge was sold, and payment for it was made in Continental
+money, which afterwards became of almost no value; so that for this fine
+property, it might be said, his family received nothing but a pile of
+badly printed paper. The mansion and the deer park and the emblazoned
+carriages are gone and forgotten; but the brave soldier, who gave up all
+the pleasures of a lordly position for his country, will live in
+history.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="MOLLY_PITCHER" id="MOLLY_PITCHER"></a>MOLLY PITCHER.</h2>
+
+<p>At the battle of Monmouth, where Lord Stirling so distinguished himself
+for the management of the artillery, another person of an entirely
+different station in life, of different nationality, and even different
+sex, played a very notable part in the working of the American cannon on
+that eventful day.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/gt187.jpg" width="350" height="670" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>This was a young Irishwoman, wife of an artilleryman. She was of a
+different disposition from ordinary women, who are glad enough to hide
+themselves in places of safety, if there is any fighting going on in
+their neighborhood. Molly was born with the soul of a soldier, and,
+although she did not belong to the army, she much preferred going to war
+to staying at home and attending to domestic affairs. She was in the
+habit of following her husband on his various marches,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> and on the day
+of the Monmouth battle she was with him on the field.</p>
+
+<p>The day was very hot. The rays of the sun came down with such force that
+many of the soldiers were taken sick and some died; and the constant
+discharges of musketry and artillery did not make the air any cooler.
+Molly devoted herself to keeping her husband as comfortable as possible,
+and she made frequent trips to a spring not far away to bring him water;
+and on this account he was one of the freshest and coolest artillerymen
+on the ground. In fact, there was no man belonging to the battery who
+was able to manage one of these great guns better than Pitcher.</p>
+
+<p>Returning from one of her trips to the spring, Molly had almost reached
+the place where her husband was stationed, when a bullet from the enemy
+struck the poor man and stretched him dead, so that Molly had no sooner
+caught sight of her husband than she saw him fall. She ran to the gun,
+but scarcely had reached it before she heard one of the officers order
+the cannon to be wheeled back out of the way, saying that there was no
+one there who could serve it as it had been served.</p>
+
+<p>Now Molly's eyes flashed fire. One might have thought that she would
+have been prostrated with grief at the loss of her husband, but, as we
+have said, she had within her the soul of a soldier. She had seen her
+husband, who was the same to her as a comrade, fall, and she was filled
+with an intense desire to avenge his death. She cried out to the officer
+not to send the gun away, but to let her serve it; and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> scarcely
+waiting to hear what he would say, she sprang to the cannon, and began
+to load it and fire it. She had so often attended her husband, and even
+helped him in his work, that she knew all about this sort of thing, and
+her gun was managed well and rapidly.</p>
+
+<p>It might be supposed that it would be a very strange thing to see a
+woman on the battlefield firing a cannon; but even if the enemy had
+watched Molly with a spyglass, they would not have noticed anything to
+excite their surprise. She wore an ordinary skirt, like other women of
+the time; but over this was an artilleryman's coat, and on her head was
+a cocked hat with some jaunty feathers stuck in it, so that she looked
+almost as much like a man as the rest of the soldiers of the battery.</p>
+
+<p>During the rest of the battle, Molly bravely served her gun; and if she
+did as much execution in the ranks of the Redcoats as she wanted to do,
+the loss in the regiments in front of her must have been very great. Of
+course, all the men in the battery knew Molly Pitcher, and they watched
+her with the greatest interest and admiration. She would not allow any
+one to take her place, but kept on loading and firing until the work of
+the day was done. Then the officers and men crowded about her with
+congratulations and praise.</p>
+
+<p>The next day General Greene went to Molly,&mdash;whom he found in very much
+the condition in which she had left the battlefield, stained with dirt
+and powder, with her fine feathers gone and her cocked hat
+dilapidated,&mdash;and conducted her, just as she was, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> General
+Washington. When the commander in chief heard what she had done, he gave
+her warm words of praise. He determined to bestow upon her a substantial
+reward; for any one who was brave enough and able enough to step in and
+fill an important place, as Molly had filled her husband's place,
+certainly deserved a reward. It was not according to the rules of war to
+give a commission to a woman; but, as Molly had acted the part of a man,
+Washington considered it right to pay her for her services as if she had
+been a man. He therefore gave her the commission of a sergeant, and
+recommended that her name be placed on the list of half-pay officers for
+life.</p>
+
+<p>Every one in the army soon came to hear of the exploit of Molly Pitcher,
+and it was not long before she was called Captain Molly. The officers of
+the French regiment on the American side were particularly pleased with
+this act of heroism in a woman, and invited Molly to review their
+troops; and as she walked down the long line of soldiers, nearly every
+man put a piece of money in the cocked hat which she held in her hand.</p>
+
+<p>This was the last battlefield on which Molly Pitcher appeared, but it
+had not been her first. Not long before, she had been with her husband
+in Fort Clinton when it was attacked by a very large force of the
+British. After a vigorous defense, the Americans found that it was
+impossible to defend the fort, and a retreat was ordered. As the
+soldiers were rushing out of the rear of the fort, Molly's husband
+turned away from his gun, threw down his match,&mdash;a piece of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> rope soaked
+in combustible substances, and slowly burning at one end, which was used
+in those days for discharging cannon,&mdash;and ran for his life. Molly
+prepared to follow him; but as she saw the glowing match on the ground,
+and knew that her husband's gun was loaded, she could not resist the
+desire to take one more crack at the enemy. So she stopped for an
+instant, picked up the match, touched off the gun, and dashed away after
+her husband. The cannon which then blazed out in the face of the
+advancing British was the last gun which the Americans fired in Fort
+Clinton.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt191.jpg" width="750" height="614" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Molly did not meet with the reward which was accorded so many other
+Jersey women who were of benefit to their State and country. She died
+not long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> after the close of the war; and if she had known that she was
+to be famous as one of the heroes of the Revolution, there is no doubt
+that she would have hoped that people would be careful to remember that
+it was a man's service that she did to the country, and not a woman's.</p>
+
+<p>But Captain Molly was not the only Jersey woman who was willing to act a
+man's part in the War for Independence. Among those of whom there is
+historical mention was Mrs. Jinnie Waglum, who lived near Trenton. At
+the time when Washington was arranging to march upon Princeton, she was
+visiting her friend, whose husband was the landlord of The True American
+Inn, just out of Trenton; and this tavern was Washington's headquarters
+at the time. In this way Mrs. Jinnie heard of the intended advance; and
+she also heard that there was no one in the American forces who knew the
+country well enough to conduct the army from Trenton to Princeton by any
+route except the highways, on which the advance would be observed by the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>She therefore sent word to Washington that she would guide the army if
+he wished, and that there was no one who knew the country better than
+she did. Washington was a man who had sense enough to avail himself of
+good service whenever it was offered; and when he had made inquiries
+about Mrs. Waglum, he was perfectly willing to put his army under her
+guidance, and very glad indeed that she had offered her services.</p>
+
+<p>When a woman acts the part of a man, it is not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> surprising that she
+likes to look like a man; so Mrs. Jinnie put on a soldier's coat and a
+soldier's hat, and, mounting a horse, she headed the Continental army,
+commanded by Washington. This was a proud position, but she was equal to
+it; and on she rode, with all the cavalry and the infantry and the
+artillery and the general and staff following behind her. She took them
+along by Sand Town and Quaker Bridge, by roads over which she had often
+traveled; and the American army reached Princeton in good time for the
+battle which took place next day.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt193.jpg" width="500" height="417" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_MORRISTOWN_GHOSTS" id="THE_MORRISTOWN_GHOSTS"></a>THE MORRISTOWN GHOSTS.</h2>
+
+<p>In the early days of American history there was in New Jersey, as well
+as in New England and other parts of the country, a firm belief in the
+existence of witches and ghosts. Of course, there were people who knew
+enough not to put faith in supernatural apparitions and magical power;
+but there were so many who did believe in these things, that it was
+often unsafe, or at least unpleasant, to be an ugly old woman, or a
+young woman in not very good health, for it was believed that into such
+bodies the evil spirits delighted to enter.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all the older towns had their ghost stories, their witch stories,
+and their traditions of hidden treasure, guarded by spirits of persons
+who had been murdered, and buried with the gold in order that their
+spirits might act as a charm to frighten away anybody who should presume
+to dig in those spots. In Burlington were two great trees which were
+regarded with admiration and fear by many of the inhabitants. One was a
+large willow tree, which was called the Witches' Tree, around which
+these horrible spirits were supposed to dance on many a wild night.
+Another was the Pirates' Tree, a great walnut, under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> the roots of which
+many of the inhabitants firmly believed that the famous Blackbeard and
+his band had buried many pots of gold, silver, and precious stones; and
+these pots would have been dug up had it not been for the fear that the
+spirit of the savage pirate, who had been buried with the treasure,
+would have been the first thing to meet the eyes of the sacrilegious
+disturber of the pirate treasure vault.</p>
+
+<p>There are other ghost stories of other places in New Jersey; but
+Morristown, some years after the close of the Revolution, took the lead
+of all the other Jersey towns as a scene of ghostly performances.</p>
+
+<p>For years back many of the people had been convinced that an occasional
+witch had appeared among them, getting into the churns and preventing
+the butter from coming, breaking the legs of sheep in jumping over the
+fence, causing their horses to become suddenly mysteriously sick, and
+making themselves obnoxious in various ways. But it was not until the
+year 1788 that New Jersey ghosts determined to go regularly into
+business at this place.</p>
+
+<p>Supernatural occurrences of this period attracted a great deal of
+attention, not only in the town itself, but in the surrounding country;
+and an account of what happened in Morristown during the time that the
+spirits were holding their visitations at that place is related in an
+old pamphlet published in 1792, written by an anonymous person who had
+no faith whatever in ghosts, but who had a firm belief in the efficacy
+of long words and complicated phraseology. We will take the story from
+this old pamphlet.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+
+<p>For a long time there had been a tradition that a vast treasure was
+buried on Schooley's Mountain, or, as it was then spelled, Schooler's
+Mountain, which was at that time a wild and desolate region more than
+twenty miles from Morristown. It is said that there were two gentlemen
+of the place who were particularly strong in their belief in this
+treasure, and they felt sure that all that was necessary in order to
+obtain it was to find some man who had knowledge of the habits and
+customs and requirements of the spirits in regard to treasures. Having
+their minds on this subject, it was not long before they heard of such a
+man. This was Mr. Ransford Rogers, a schoolmaster in Connecticut, who
+knew many things, and who pretended to know many more. He really did
+understand something about chemistry, was very ingenious and plausible,
+and had been frequently heard to say that he was not afraid of spirits,
+and was able to call them up, converse with them, and afterwards cause
+them to disappear. This was exactly the man needed by the two gentlemen
+of Morristown, and they went to Connecticut to see him.</p>
+
+<p>When the business of the visitors was made known to Rogers, he was
+delighted, for here was an opportunity to get into a good business,
+which would probably be infinitely more pleasant than teaching. So he
+gave up his school and came to Morristown, being under contract to the
+two gentlemen to do what he could to induce the spirits to reveal the
+place of the concealed treasure in Schooley's Mountain. But as it would
+not do for a stranger to come into the town<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> and hang out a sign,
+stating that he was a spirit raiser, it was necessary for Rogers to
+pretend that he had come on other business, and so he took charge of a
+small school outside of the town, but gave the greater part of his time
+to investigating the minds of the people of Morristown, in order that he
+might find out what he could do in the way of duping them; and in the
+words of the old writer, he found that this would be a good place for
+the "marvelous exhibitions which he was able to facilitate with the
+greatest alacrity."</p>
+
+<p>Of course, he was not at all willing to begin business with the support
+of only two persons, and the first thing he did was to gather together
+as many men as possible who really wished to be rich, and who were
+willing to be governed by him in regard to the way in which they should
+go about obtaining the vast hoard buried far away in the mountain. After
+a time he succeeded in getting together as many as forty men, who all
+thoroughly believed in his honesty and in his ability to take them out
+to Schooley's Mountain, to call up the spirits who guarded the treasure,
+to induce them to turn it over to them, and then to vanish peaceably,
+without offering to molest or harm any one.</p>
+
+<p>But it was a long time before Rogers was ready to lead his company on
+the great quest. There were many, many things that had to be done before
+they could start, and he soon found that he was not able to work out his
+great scheme alone; so he went back to Connecticut and got another
+schoolmaster, to whom he divulged his secret, and brought him to
+Morristown, and the two together went into the spirit business with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>
+great energy and enterprise. Night after night the company of treasure
+seekers met together, sometimes in a dark room, and sometimes out in the
+wild, lonely fields, close to black forests, and out of sight and
+hearing of human abodes.</p>
+
+<p>Rogers was a chemist; and he frequently went out to one of these lonely
+meeting places in the afternoon and prepared a mine, which he exploded
+during the midnight meetings, and thus created a great wonder and terror
+among his followers. When they were indoors, there would be knockings
+and strange voices heard coming through the cracks; these voices
+proceeding from the other schoolmaster, who covered his mouth with what
+the writer of the pamphlet calls "a superficial machine," probably a bit
+of tin with a hole in it, which so disguised his voice that it was not
+recognized.</p>
+
+<p>When they were out of doors in the black night, they would sometimes see
+a ghost flit about under the trees at the edge of the woods; and the
+second schoolmaster, well wrapped up in a sheet, seems to have made as
+good a ghost as could have been found anywhere. There were many
+supernatural performances, and among them was a great act, in which each
+one of the members of the company lay flat on his face in the field with
+his eyes shut, holding in one outstretched hand a sheet of paper. This
+was done in the hope that the spirits would write their instructions on
+the paper. Mr. Rogers knelt down with the others and held his paper; but
+it was not a blank sheet like the others. When this performance was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+over, all the papers were shaken together, and then they were drawn out
+one by one; and judge of the surprise and awe of all present, when one
+of them would contain some writing,&mdash;generally in a beautiful hand, such
+as could only be expected from a supernatural being (or a
+schoolmaster),&mdash;which would be found to be instructions as to what must
+be done.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt199.jpg" width="750" height="522" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The most important of these directions ordered that before any march
+could be made toward Schooley's Mountain, or any definite directions
+given in regard to the whereabouts of the treasure, each member should
+pay to the spirits, through Mr. Rogers, who would kindly act as agent,
+the sum of twelve pounds. And, moreover, this must not be paid in the
+paper money then current in New Jersey, which was called "loan money",
+and which would not pass outside of the State, but in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> gold or silver.
+When every member had paid in his twelve pounds, then the party would be
+led to the place of the treasure.</p>
+
+<p>When they found out what they had to do, each man went to work to try,
+if possible, to raise the twelve pounds; but Rogers soon saw that it
+would be impossible for some of them to do this, as specie money was so
+hard to get, and he reduced the sum, in some cases, to six or four
+pounds. He was a good business manager, and would not try to get out of
+a man more than that man could pay.</p>
+
+<p>Not one of the people engaged in this affair had the slightest idea that
+Rogers was deceiving them. It is not likely that any of them were people
+of much culture or means; and it is said that some of them went so far
+as to sell their cattle, and mortgage their farms, in order to get gold
+or silver to pay to the good schoolmaster who was generously acting as a
+mutual friend to both parties. But what were these sacrifices compared
+to the treasure they would obtain when at last they should be permitted
+to dig up the buried hoard on Schooley's Mountain!</p>
+
+<p>It was now winter, and of course they could not start on the expedition
+in bad weather; but meeting after meeting was held, and it was at last
+definitely promised that the expedition should go forth from Morristown
+early in May. On the first of that month, they all gathered at midnight
+in the lonely field, and there was a terrible scene. There were more
+fireworks and explosions than usual, and one of the spirits appeared at
+the edge of the wood greatly ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>cited, stamping his feet, and rushing
+about under the trees; and when Rogers went to see what was the
+matter,&mdash;for of course none of the others would dare to speak to a
+spirit,&mdash;he found that the supernatural beings with whom they had so
+long been in communication, and who were now scattered about in all
+parts of the woods, were very angry and incensed because they had become
+aware that some of the party were unfaithful, and had divulged the
+secrets which had been made known to them. They were so thoroughly
+indignant, in fact, that they refused to go on with the affair for a
+time, and announced that the expedition to Schooley's Mountain would be
+postponed until they were positively certain that every man who was to
+go there was the sort of man who would never let anybody into the awful,
+soul-dazzling secret which would be divulged. So they must all go home,
+and wait until this important matter could be satisfactorily arranged.</p>
+
+<p>Strange to say, they all did go home, and waited, and not one of them
+suspected Rogers.</p>
+
+<p>The schoolmaster had obtained a good deal of money, but he had not
+enough. So, in less than a month, he started another company, this time
+a small one, and began to go through his performances with them. But he
+soon found he could not make much money out of five men, and he began to
+get a little braver, and thought he would try what he could do with the
+better class of people in Morristown; and, having discovered that a very
+good ghost could be called up by means of a white sheet and a
+"superfi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>cial machine", he dressed himself up one night, and made a
+supernatural call upon a gentleman in good standing in the church. When
+he had appeared at the bedside of this good man, he told him all about
+the treasure of Schooley's Mountain, and, if he wanted some of it, how
+he might obtain it.</p>
+
+<p>The gentleman, having never seen a ghost, supposed, of course, that this
+was an authorized apparition, and became greatly interested in what was
+told him. The next day, according to directions, he went around among
+his friends in the church, and soon formed a considerable company, who
+all believed, that, if they did what they were told to do, they could go
+to Schooley's Mountain and become immensely wealthy.</p>
+
+<p>They did a great many things that they were told to do: they met in dark
+rooms, as the other party had met; they went out into a lonely field at
+midnight; they held out papers to be written on; and, more than that,
+they conducted their meetings with prayer and other solemnities. And
+they all promised to pay twelve pounds in gold as an earnest of their
+good faith in the spirits, and to deliver the money to that great
+miracle worker, Mr. Rogers, who would remit it to the spirits.</p>
+
+<p>The schoolmaster found it necessary to be more mystical and weird in his
+dealings with this second party than with the first. He did a great many
+strange things which savored of magic and alchemy. Among other things,
+he got some fine bone dust, which he assured his followers was the dust
+of the bodies of the spirits who were to lead them to the treasure; and
+a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> little of this, wrapped up in a paper, he gave to each one of them,
+which they were to keep secret, and preserve as a magical charm.</p>
+
+<p>One of the company, an old gentleman who was sometimes a little
+absent-minded, went to bed one night and left the magical packet in one
+of his pockets; and his wife, probably looking for small change, found
+it. She could not imagine what it was, but she was afraid it was
+something connected with witchcraft, and was greatly troubled about it.
+The next day she told her husband of the discovery, and was so very
+persistent that he should explain to her what it meant, that at last he
+thought it wise to tell her the whole proceeding, and so prevent her
+from interfering with the great and important business with which he was
+concerned. He made her promise secrecy, and soon she had heard all about
+Rogers, the spirits, and the buried gold. She became convinced that it
+was all the work of the devil, and she went off among her friends and
+began to talk about it.</p>
+
+<p>Now there was a great excitement, not only on the part of the believers,
+but among the spirits themselves; and Rogers, who had enlisted two new
+men in his scheme, made his ghosts work hard to keep up the delusion
+among his followers. All four of them, dressed in sheets, went about
+making communications whenever they had a chance, and assuring the
+members of the band of treasure hunters that everything would soon be
+all right, and that they must not allow their faith to be shaken by
+gossipers and scandalmongers.</p>
+
+<p>Rogers himself, in his ghostly costume, went one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> night to the house of
+a gentleman who was his follower, and made some important communications
+to him; but as the schoolmaster had been encouraging himself by some
+strong drink before setting out on his round of apparitions, he talked
+in such a queer way to his disciple, that the latter became suspicious.
+The next morning he found horse tracks from his door to Rogers's house,
+and so discovered that the ghost had come from that place on horseback.
+Further investigations followed, and it was not long before it became
+quite plain that Rogers had been playing a well-planned trick upon the
+inhabitants of Morristown, and he was arrested.</p>
+
+<p>Every one, however, had not lost faith in him, and there was an old
+gentleman&mdash;whose name the ancient pamphlet very kindly conceals, calling
+him by the name of "Compassion"&mdash;who went bail for him, and he was
+released; whereupon he and his friends decamped. However, Rogers was
+again arrested, and this time he confessed the whole of his share in
+raising the ghosts of Morristown.</p>
+
+<p>But, as has been said, he was a man of ability, and able to take care of
+himself, and in some way he managed to escape from custody, and was seen
+no more in New Jersey. His followers, who had sent their gold and silver
+to the spirits by means of his kind offices, never saw their money
+again; and the vast treasures buried at Schooley's Mountain still remain
+hidden from all men.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="A_JERSEYMAN_AND_HIS_ROYAL_CROWN" id="A_JERSEYMAN_AND_HIS_ROYAL_CROWN"></a>A JERSEYMAN AND HIS ROYAL CROWN.</h2>
+
+<p>We have told the story of the lord who lived at Basking Ridge; now we
+will tell the story of a much more exalted personage, one who had sat
+upon a throne, and worn a crown and royal robes rich with diamonds and
+precious stones, and who lived on a breezy hill on the banks of the
+Delaware. What he was doing in New Jersey, and how he had come to wear a
+crown and royal robes, we will now proceed to tell.</p>
+
+<p>This exalted personage was not a king when he was living in New Jersey,
+but he had been a king. In fact, if we may not say that he had been two
+kings, we can say that he had been a king twice. He was Joseph
+Bonaparte, the eldest brother of the great emperor, Napoleon, who, after
+having conquered a great many nations of Europe, and having deposed
+their kings, supplied them with new sovereigns out of his own family.
+Joseph was sent to Italy to be King of Naples. He did not particularly
+want to be king, and he knew that the people did not want him, and after
+he had been in Naples some time, reigning under his brother's orders
+with no great success, the emperor determined to transfer him to Spain,
+whose throne<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> had just been made vacant. Having been informed that he
+was to go to Madrid, Joseph obeyed, but he did not like it.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the people of Spain did not like it, and after a time they
+rose up in rebellion, and were assisted by the English and Portuguese,
+and forced the king to fly from Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The ex-king of Naples and Spain had various adventures in France and
+Switzerland; and when the power of the great Napoleon came to an end, he
+was obliged to fly, or he also might have been sent to Elba or some
+other place equally undesirable, so he determined to come to America. In
+a little brig of two hundred tons, a very small vessel to sail on the
+ocean, he crossed the Atlantic in disguise, not even the captain of the
+vessel knowing who he was. He was accompanied by his secretary; and when
+the two reached America and made themselves known, they were treated
+with great respect and attention. In fact, America owed so much to
+France, that she was very willing to show her gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>Now that he was well out of Europe, Joseph Bonaparte gave up all idea of
+returning, and in deciding to settle here it was not surprising that he
+chose to make his home in New Jersey. He bought a place near Bordentown,
+on a high wooded hill called Point Breeze, and built a house, which was
+truly splendid for those days. It had grand halls and staircases and
+banquet halls, and it must have been larger and more imposing than Lord
+Stirling's. His estate, which covered more than a thousand acres, was
+beautifully laid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> out in drives and gardens and lawns, and everything on
+the place was arranged in a style of beauty and grandeur.</p>
+
+<p>It was three years before this great house, with its surroundings, was
+finished, and ready for the ex-king's residence; and when at last he
+went there, he lived in ex-regal style. His wife was not with him,
+having remained in Italy on account of ill health, and her physicians
+would never allow her to come to America. But he had two daughters who
+were with him during part of his residence in New Jersey, and there were
+persons who asserted that he had also brought with him the crown of
+Spain and the royal robes of Italy.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt207.jpg" width="500" height="424" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It generally happens, when a sovereign is obliged to abdicate and to fly
+from his kingdom, that he arranges matters so that he shall not become a
+pauper when he arrives at the place of refuge. If he is not able to
+carry away anything more than a valise, he is much more likely to put
+his royal jewels into it than to fill it up with night clothes and
+hairbrushes; so when Bonaparte came to New Jersey, he came as a very
+rich man.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
+
+<p>When his kingly mansion was ready to be supplied with art treasures,
+such as ornamented the palaces of Europe, the ex-king sent across the
+ocean for costly paintings and beautiful sculpture with which to fill
+his new house; and if any crowned heads had happened to visit him, he
+would not have been ashamed to welcome them beneath his roof. People of
+royal blood&mdash;that is, the same kind of royal blood that he had&mdash;did come
+over to visit him. Louis Napoleon, afterward Emperor of France, came,
+when a young man, and spent some weeks with his uncle. While there, it
+is said, this young man went out shooting on the estate, and, finding
+the birds near the house easier to hit than those at a distance, he
+blazed away at any feathered creatures he saw in the garden, so that the
+gardener made a complaint.</p>
+
+<p>But even then this young Louis Napoleon had begun to have dreams in
+regard to his succession to the imperial throne of France, and he did
+not like to be snubbed and scolded by an uncle who had had all the regal
+honors he was ever likely to get, and who therefore had no right to put
+on airs in his dealings with the prospective wearer of a crown. So there
+was a quarrel between the two, and there are reports to the effect that
+Louis Napoleon took revenge upon his uncle by cutting his fruit trees
+with a hatchet, without, however, imitating Washington in regard to
+subsequent truthfulness.</p>
+
+<p>Besides visitors from abroad, many distinguished Americans visited the
+ex-king. Among these were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Quincy
+Adams.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> General Lafayette, also, when he came to this country, was
+received with great state by the Count de Survilliers, the title under
+which Joseph Bonaparte lived at Bordentown.</p>
+
+<p>This ex-king never became an American citizen by taking out
+naturalization papers; but the Legislature of New Jersey treated him
+very well, and passed a resolution which enabled him to hold property in
+this State, and to thus become, in fact, a Jerseyman.</p>
+
+<p>But although our ex-king was now established on the free soil of
+America, he did not feel altogether safe. His family had come to grief;
+and there was reason to fear, that, as a member of that family, England,
+or France, or Spain, might demand him as a prisoner, to be taken across
+the ocean to answer the charge of unlawful occupation of a throne.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite possible that the people of the neighborhood imagined that
+the ex-king was in greater fear of molestation from his former royal
+brethren than was really the case. Their reasons for supposing that he
+was anxious to defend himself against surprise and capture had some
+ground, for there were some strange things about that ex-royal
+estate,&mdash;things that were not known in any other part of New Jersey.
+There was a tall building called a belvedere, from which the country and
+the river might be surveyed for a long distance in every direction; but,
+stranger far than that, there were subterranean passages which led from
+the house to unfrequented parts of the grounds. These passages were well
+built, arched with brick, and high enough for people to walk upright in
+them; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> although persons of quiet and unimaginative minds thought
+that they were constructed for the purpose of allowing the occupants to
+go down to the lake or to the other portions of the grounds without
+getting wet if it should happen to be raining, there were many people
+who believed that for sudden showers a good stock of umbrellas would be
+cheaper and quite as useful, and that these costly passages could be
+meant for nothing else than to give opportunity for escape, in case
+foreign emissaries or officers of the law should come in search of an
+ex-king who was wanted on the other side of the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt210.jpg" width="750" height="782" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>For whatever reason these passages were built, the spectacle of an
+ex-king, carrying a crown and his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> royal robes in a hand bag, slipping
+out from among some bushes to tramp along the dusty road to Trenton or
+Burlington, was never seen. Nobody ever thought it worth while to come
+to New Jersey to demand him or his property.</p>
+
+<p>During his residence at Bordentown, which continued for about fourteen
+years, Joseph Bonaparte was very popular with the people of the
+neighborhood. They looked upon him as a friend and neighbor; but at the
+same time they did not lose sight of the fact, that although he was now
+a country gentleman of New Jersey, with his lawn and his flower garden
+to look after, he had sat upon two thrones, and had been a sovereign of
+Naples and Spain. They called him "king," and his house was known as the
+"palace;" and for this reason the people of other States made some mild
+fun of New Jersey, calling it a foreign country.</p>
+
+<p>But if this ex-king had been a rich country gentleman of the
+neighborhood, he could not have made himself more popular. He was
+hospitable, and frequently gave entertainments, and he sent flowers and
+fruits from his gardens to his friends and neighbors. He made roads, and
+contributed in many ways to the improvement of the country round about
+his home. In winter time the boys of Bordentown came to skate upon his
+ponds; and at such times he nearly always offered them refreshments,
+which consisted of quantities of chestnuts, which he scattered on the
+ice so that the youngsters might scramble for them.</p>
+
+<p>In many ways his kind and sociable disposition made him so much liked,
+that it is very probable that if the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> officers of the law had come to
+take him back to Europe, he would have received such timely notice of
+their approach that it would not have been necessary for him to hurry
+away through his underground passages. New Jersey is a reasonable and
+hospitable State, and when an ex-king comes to reside within her
+borders, he will be as well treated, so long as he behaves himself, as
+if he were a poor immigrant from Europe, coming with his wife and family
+to clear away the forest, and make himself a home.</p>
+
+<p>Just before Joseph started for America, the affairs of his family were
+at their lowest ebb. His great brother, the emperor, had fallen from his
+high state, and could look forward to nothing but imprisonment by the
+European countries, whose thrones he had for so long been in the habit
+of upsetting or threatening. In his last interview with Napoleon, when
+on his way to the ship which was to take him to America, Joseph
+generously offered to change places with his brother, and to let the
+ex-emperor fly to America instead of the ex-king. It was very difficult
+for any one of the Napoleon family to get away from France at that time;
+but Joseph had made a very excellent plan by which passports were
+provided for two persons coming to America on business, and his brother
+could have used one of those as well as himself.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/gt214.jpg" width="450" height="610" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>But the great Napoleon declined to run away in this manner. He remained,
+and was sent to St. Helena. What would have occurred in the neighborhood
+of Bordentown, N.J., had Napoleon Bonaparte, conqueror of Europe, ruler
+of nations, and disposer of crowns, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> hero of Austerlitz, Marengo,
+and Wagram, taken up his residence at Point Breeze, and established
+himself as a citizen of the State, cannot easily be imagined. The
+geniality, sociability, and hospitality of the ex-king could hardly have
+been expected from the ex-emperor; and, surrounded as he would have been
+in time by devoted followers who would have exiled themselves from their
+country for his sake, there might have been a little empire in New
+Jersey which would have been exceedingly interesting to tourists.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, if the allied powers of Europe had sent over a fleet to bring
+back their great enemy, who knows but that they might have found, when
+they reached Bordentown, not a tall lookout tower and underground
+passages for escape, but a fort with ramparts, redoubts, a moat, a
+drawbridge, and mounted cannon ready to sweep the Delaware and the
+surrounding country? However this might have been, it is certain that
+Napoleon's refusal to take his brother's place must ever be a source of
+satisfaction to the people of Bordentown and the rest of the country.</p>
+
+<p>As a proof that Joseph Bonaparte had had enough of royalty, and not
+enough of New Jersey, it is stated that a delegation of prominent men
+from Mexico, which country was then in a very disturbed condition, came
+to him during his residence at Bordentown, and offered him the throne of
+Mexico. In making answer to this proposition, our ex-king did not
+hesitate a moment. He told the delegation, that, having already worn two
+crowns, he desired never again to wear another. The old fable of the fox
+which had lost its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> tail did not probably come into his mind; but if it
+had, he might well have spoken of it to his Mexican visitors.</p>
+
+<p>After years had elapsed without any attempt on the part of European
+powers to arrest him, our ex-king, Joseph, began to feel safe, and he
+made a visit to England. He returned to America, but went back again,
+and died in Italy in 1844, having given to New Jersey the peculiar and
+unique position of being the only State in the Union which ever numbered
+among her citizens the owner of a royal crown and regal robes.</p>
+
+<p>To be sure, there is nothing in this for the people of a republican
+State to be proud of; but New Jersey may be allowed to say that there
+never was a royal person who was of less injury to the people among whom
+he dwelt than her ex-king at Bordentown, and she may add that there have
+been very few of his class who have been of as much advantage to his
+neighbors.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_DEY_THE_BEY_AND_SOME_JERSEY_SAILORS" id="THE_DEY_THE_BEY_AND_SOME_JERSEY_SAILORS"></a>THE DEY, THE BEY, AND SOME JERSEY SAILORS.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt215.jpg" width="750" height="459" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>New Jersey is very intimate with the ocean. For nearly the whole of her
+length, from Cape May to Sandy Hook, the waves of the Atlantic roll and
+roar. Wherever one may be in this State, it is not necessary to travel
+very far in order to smell the fresh sea air.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that but few of the great commercial vessels leave and arrive
+at the ports of New Jersey, and that the presence of naval vessels in
+her waters is due to the fact that she is part owner of the Bay of New
+York; but it is also true, that, although she has not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> sent forth ships
+to fight the battles of her country upon the ocean wave, she has sent
+out to command those ships some of the best-known men who have ever worn
+the American naval uniform.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first occasions in which our naval vessels played a part in
+foreign waters was of a rather romantic nature, though not particularly
+calculated to raise our country's flag in our own estimation or that of
+other nations.</p>
+
+<p>It was at the end of the eighteenth century, when we had begun to trade
+in various parts of the world, that our merchant vessels sailing on the
+Mediterranean were greatly molested by the pirates of what was called
+the Barbary Coast. The half-civilized and warlike people of Tripoli,
+Algiers, Tunis, and Morocco, had long been in the habit of sending out
+their armed vessels to prey upon the ships of all civilized countries;
+and when American ships entered the Mediterranean, they soon found out
+the state of affairs. Several vessels were captured, and the crews were
+sent on shore and imprisoned or enslaved.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all the European maritime powers had defended their commerce
+against these savage pirates, not by great guns and vessels of war, but
+by humbly paying tribute. Every year these great nations sent money and
+gifts to the Dey of Algiers, the Bey of Tunis, and the other rascals;
+and in consideration of this tribute, their vessels were graciously
+allowed to sail on the Mediterranean without molestation.</p>
+
+<p>It was not long before the government of the United States saw very
+plainly that it must pay tribute, con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>quer the Barbary States, or
+quietly submit to the capture of all American merchantmen which might
+sail into the Mediterranean. The easiest thing to do was to pay the
+tribute; and as the other civilized nations did this, the United States
+followed their example.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1800 a United States vessel bearing the name of "George
+Washington," and commanded by William Bainbridge, a Jerseyman who had
+been at sea ever since he was fourteen years old, sailed to Algiers,
+carrying on board the ship which bore the name of the great man who had
+made his country free and independent of the most powerful nation of the
+earth, the tribute which was annually due from the United States to an
+African sovereign, the Dey of Algiers.</p>
+
+<p>This commission of the United States vessel seemed more humiliating from
+the fact that our country had just come out of a war with France, in
+which our frigate "Constellation" had defeated and captured one of the
+vessels of that great naval power. But we had agreed to pay for the
+privilege of trading in the Mediterranean, and, although the countries
+of the Barbary Coast had no more right in that sea than Spain, France,
+or Italy, they chose to assert their right, and we had acknowledged it.</p>
+
+<p>When Bainbridge had arrived at Algiers, and had handed over the tribute
+which he had brought, he supposed that his business was over, and
+prepared to sail away; but the Dey, who was a potentate accustomed to
+ask for what he wanted and to get it, informed the United States
+commander that he wished to send him upon an errand.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
+
+<p>These Barbary powers were all subject to the great head of the
+Mohammedan nations, the Sultan of Turkey; and the Dey desired to send an
+ambassador to his imperial master, and as the "George Washington" was
+about to sail, he determined to make use of her.</p>
+
+<p>When Captain Bainbridge was informed that the Dey commanded him to take
+the ambassador to Constantinople, he very naturally declined, and
+thereupon a great hubbub arose. The Dey informed Bainbridge, that, as
+the United States paid him tribute, its people were his slaves; they
+were bound, as were his other subjects, to obey his commands, and to do
+what he told them without hesitation or question. If they were not his
+slaves, why did they come here, meekly bearing money and other gifts to
+their master?</p>
+
+<p>All this had no effect in convincing Captain Bainbridge that he was a
+slave of the Dey of Algiers, and bound to go upon his errands; but there
+was an American consul there, and he saw that the matter was very
+serious indeed. The harbor was commanded by forts mounted with heavy
+guns, and if these were brought to bear upon the "George Washington,"
+she would certainly be blown to pieces without much chance of defending
+herself; and, moreover, such a conflict would surely bring about a war
+with Algiers, and it was not at all desirable that an American officer,
+bound upon friendly business, should provoke war between his country and
+another.</p>
+
+<p>This reason was a very bitter dose for Captain Bainbridge; but after
+consideration he found himself obliged to take it. If he refused, there
+would be a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> United States ship the less; and he knew not how many
+American ships, now sailing without fear upon the Mediterranean, might
+be seized and burned, and their crews thrown into horrible slavery. He
+had no right to precipitate anything of this sort, and consequently,
+under protest, he agreed to take the Algerine ambassador to
+Constantinople. But this was not all the high-minded Dey demanded. He
+insisted that when the "George Washington" sailed out of the harbor, she
+should sail, not as a United States vessel, but as a ship of Algiers,
+and that she should carry on the mainmast, where generally floated the
+stars and stripes, the Algerine flag, while he kindly consented that the
+flag of her own country might float from the foremast. It was as
+difficult to refuse this second demand as it was the first, and so the
+"George Washington" went out of Algiers with the pirate's flag proudly
+floating from its mainmast.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as he got out of sight of land, Bainbridge hauled down the
+Algerine flag and put up his own; but this was a very small satisfaction
+and not particularly honorable.</p>
+
+<p>When the "George Washington" reached Constantinople, she created a
+sensation. Never before in the waters of the Golden Horn had the stars
+and stripes been seen, and the people of the city could not imagine
+where this strange ship came from. Some of these people had heard of
+America and the United States, but they knew of it only in a vague and
+misty way, very much as we understand some parts of the interior of
+China. If Captain Bainbridge had told<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> them he was from New Jersey, he
+might as well have told them he came from the moon.</p>
+
+<p>But the Americans were very well received in Constantinople, and the
+officers of the government were glad to welcome them and do them honor.
+Captain Bainbridge and the Turkish admiral became very good friends; and
+when the latter heard how the former had been treated at Algiers, he
+condemned the insolent Dey, and laid the matter before the Turkish
+Government. In consequence of this, Bainbridge was given a paper, signed
+by the Sultan, which would protect him thereafter from any such
+disrespectful treatment from any of the minor Mohammedan powers. When
+Captain Bainbridge had enjoyed all the Turkish hospitality his duties
+permitted him to receive, he sailed from Constantinople and again
+entered the port of Algiers. The Dey was glad to see him come back, for
+he had some more business for him; and our Jersey captain was soon
+informed that he must sail away again on another errand for his Barbary
+master. But this time the Barbary master was very much astonished, for
+Bainbridge peremptorily refused to do anything of the kind.</p>
+
+<p>Now the blood of the Dey boiled hot, and he vowed that if the "George
+Washington" did not immediately sail forth upon his service, he would
+declare war upon this miserable little country which owned it, and he
+would put the commander and crew of the ship in chains, and clap them
+into dungeons. But Bainbridge did not turn pale, nor did he tremble. He
+simply pulled from his pocket the paper which he had re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>ceived from the
+Sultan, and allowed the furious Dey to glance over it. When the raving
+pirate read the words of his imperial master, all the fury and the
+courage went out of him, and he became as meek and humble as if he had
+been somebody come to pay a tribute to himself. He received Bainbridge
+as a friend and an equal, and, from commanding and threatening him,
+became so gracious, and made so many offers of service and friendship,
+that Bainbridge decided to take advantage of this auspicious change of
+temper.</p>
+
+<p>Not long before, the French consul at Algiers had been seized and
+imprisoned, together with all the Frenchmen who were doing business in
+that place; for, so long as people belonged to a country which was a
+great way off, the Dey considered himself an all-powerful ruler, who
+could do what he pleased with them without fear of their far-away
+government. Bainbridge determined to try to do something for these poor
+men; and when he again met the smiling and pleasant Dey, he urged their
+release. The paper which Bainbridge received from the Sultan must have
+been written in very strong terms; for, although the demand of the
+American captain was a heavy one, the Dey agreed to it, and when the
+"George Washington" sailed from Algiers, she carried away all the
+Frenchmen who had been living there.</p>
+
+<p>Bainbridge was not at all satisfied with this Algerine business; and
+when he reported the affair to the authorities at home, he requested
+that he might never again be sent to carry tribute to Algiers unless he
+could deliver it from the mouths of his cannon.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
+
+<p>The next year the Bashaw of Tripoli, who had had no tribute from the
+United States, began to be very uneasy in his mind because he did not
+fare so well as the other Barbary potentates, to whom money and
+merchandise were delivered every year. He accordingly spoke up in
+defense of his rights. It is not likely that he knew where the United
+States was, what sort of a country it was, or how large or how small its
+army and navy might be. He knew that the Americans were miserable,
+humble people, who paid tribute to the Bey and the Dey, and he could see
+no particular reason why they should not pay it to the Bashaw.
+Consequently he wrote a letter to the President of the United States, in
+which he expressed his views very pointedly, and informed him, that, if
+proper arrangements were not made in six months, he would destroy all
+the American ships on the Mediterranean, and declare war against the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Strange to say, a thrill of terror did not run through the government of
+the United States; and six months passed without any notice having been
+taken of this impertinent communication. Thereupon the Bashaw cut down
+the flag pole in front of the American consul's office at Tripoli, and
+commenced the great work of annihilating the United States of America.
+He began on the small American trading vessels which he found along the
+Barbary Coast, intending probably, when his convenience would permit, to
+sail out upon the Atlantic, find the United States, and help himself to
+the treasures which its government had so disrespectfully declined to
+hand over to him. The ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>ample of the Bashaw had a great effect upon the
+Dey and the Bey and the sub-Sultan; and Algiers, Tunis, and Morocco also
+informed the President of the United States that they were going to war
+with him if he did not immediately promise to pay tribute more regularly
+and in articles of better quality.</p>
+
+<p>But the United States was getting tired of this sort of thing, and
+determined, no matter what the other civilized powers chose to do, that
+no more tribute should be paid by it to these insolent pirates.
+Consequently our government informed the mighty monarchs of the Barbary
+Coast that it was quite ready for war, and sent four ships to the
+Mediterranean, one of which, the "Essex," was commanded by Bainbridge.</p>
+
+<p>But the fleet did not do very much on this expedition, and the war with
+North Africa dragged considerably. Bainbridge came back to America, and
+after a time returned in command of the "Philadelphia." There was a
+small squadron with him, but he sailed faster than the other vessels,
+and reached the Mediterranean alone. Here he overhauled a Moorish vessel
+which had captured an American brig under a commission from Morocco.
+Having rescued the American vessel, the crew of which were prisoners in
+the pirates' hold, the "Philadelphia" took the Moorish vessel as a prize
+to Gibraltar, and then started out again to see what could be done to
+humble the port of Tripoli.</p>
+
+<p>In this undertaking our Jerseyman did not meet with good fortune. In
+chasing a Tripolitan vessel which was discovered near the harbor, the
+"Philadelphia"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> ran upon a reef, and there stuck fast. Everything was
+done that could be done to get her off; even the cannon were thrown
+overboard to lighten her, but it was of no use. She was hard and fast;
+and when the people of Tripoli found out what had happened, their
+gunboats came out of the harbor, and the "Philadelphia" was captured,
+and all on board, including Bainbridge, were made prisoners. They were
+taken to Tripoli, and there remained in captivity nineteen months. Now
+the soul of the Bey swelled high in his bosom as he smiled at this
+attempt of the little country across the ocean to resist his power.</p>
+
+<p>The Tripolitans found that they had gained a great prize in the
+"Philadelphia," that fine war ship, which seemed to have been left on
+the reef as a present to them. After a good deal of work, they towed her
+into the harbor close to the town, where they repaired her leaks, and
+put her in order to use against their enemies the Americans, who did not
+know how to keep a good thing when they had it. When Commodore Preble
+came, six months afterwards, to blockade the port of Tripoli, he
+discovered that the "Philadelphia" was nearly ready for sea; and, to
+prevent the disaster of having a United States ship with United States
+cannon bear down upon them, he determined to destroy the "Philadelphia,"
+if possible, and an excellent plan for the purpose was devised. A small
+vessel called the "Intrepid," which had been captured some time
+previously, was manned with a crew of over eighty men, commanded by
+Lieutenant Decatur, who, years after, finished the Algerine war.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
+
+<p>This brave little vessel sailed into the harbor as if she had been an
+ordinary merchantman, and managed to drift down close to the fine
+frigate which the Tripolitans had snatched from their blundering enemy.
+The crew on board the "Philadelphia" did not suspect the character of
+the little vessel which came so close to them, until she was made fast,
+and more than eighty men sprang up from the places where they had been
+lying concealed on deck, and swarmed over the side of the frigate.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/gt225.jpg" width="550" height="1123" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Among these was a young sailor, Lawrence, from Burlington, N.J., who had
+begun life<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> early, having been a midshipman when he was only sixteen
+years old. When Commodore Preble asked for volunteers to go on this
+expedition to snatch from the hands of the pirates the prize which they
+thought they had won, Lawrence was one of the first volunteers, and
+acted as second in command of this expedition.</p>
+
+<p>The fight was not long. Many of the turbaned crew jumped overboard, and
+the others were quickly subdued. It would have been a grand thing if
+Decatur and his gallant sailors could have carried off the
+"Philadelphia," and have taken her out to the squadron. But this was
+absolutely impossible. Her foremast had been cut down in order to
+lighten her so that she could be floated off the reef, and many of her
+sails were wanting. Knowing that the vessel would not be found in
+sailing trim, Preble had issued positive orders that no attempt should
+be made to capture her, but that she should be burned.</p>
+
+<p>The cannon from the town and from the war vessels in the port now began
+to fire; but the men with Decatur and Lawrence knew exactly what they
+had to do, everything having been carefully arranged beforehand. They
+went to work without losing a minute, and set fire to the frigate in
+many places. The flames and the smoke spread so rapidly that some of
+them had hardly time to get out of the hold. Lieutenant Lawrence found
+he could not get on deck the way he came down, and was obliged to run
+along the hold and climb up forward. As quickly as possible every one
+jumped on board the "Intrepid," and, without rely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>ing entirely on their
+sails to enable them to get away, they put out sixteen great oars, which
+were pulled with a will by three or four men to each oar.</p>
+
+<p>Now the whole harbor of Tripoli was in wild commotion. The Americans
+stopped rowing for a moment to give three great cheers, and soon cannon
+shot were flying fast and furious after the retreating little vessel.
+But only one of them touched her, and that passed through a sail without
+doing much damage; and she rowed until her sails caught the wind, and
+then went out of the harbor, and returned in triumph to the squadron.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after they had left the "Philadelphia," that great vessel, with her
+hull blazing and the flames crackling and climbing up her masts, took it
+upon herself, in these last minutes of her existence, to strike a blow
+for the flag of her country. Possibly suspecting that some attempt might
+be made to rescue the ship they had captured, the Tripolitans had loaded
+all her cannon so as to be ready to fire upon any vessel that might
+approach her. As the fire spread over her hull, the time came when the
+"Philadelphia" could do something for herself; and when the guns were
+hot enough, she let fly a broadside into the town, and then another one
+among the shipping. How much damage she did, we do not know; but the
+soul of the Bashaw ceased to swell as he heard the roar of her last
+broadsides, and beheld her burning fragments scattered over the waters
+of the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>But when the Bashaw of Tripoli imprisoned Bainbridge, and even after he
+had seen the frigate he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> captured disappear in flames and smoke, he
+found he was not yet rid of Jersey sailors. Some months afterwards, when
+Commodore Preble was still off the Barbary Coast, there was a vessel in
+the squadron called the "Nautilus," which was commanded by a young
+Jerseyman named Somers. He was a brave sailor, and had already
+distinguished himself on several occasions.</p>
+
+<p>Fighting the Bey was a good deal like trying to get at a rat in a hole,
+and, although there were some good fights in the Tripolitan waters, the
+fleet did not meet with much success at first. But the Americans were
+very anxious to do something effective, for at that time Bainbridge and
+his crew were imprisoned in the town, and no one knew what hardships and
+cruelties they might be enduring.</p>
+
+<p>After much consideration it was thought that a good way to strike a
+decisive blow would be to send a vessel loaded with shells and gunpowder
+into the harbor of Tripoli by night, and explode her there. This might
+result, it was thought, in the destruction of the forts and ships, and
+possibly part of the town, and so terrify the Bey that he would come to
+terms. Lieutenant Somers, who had been foremost in contriving this
+project, volunteered to command the expedition. The whole affair was so
+extremely dangerous that no one was ordered to take part in it, and all
+those who wished to go went of their own free will.</p>
+
+<p>The "Intrepid," the small vessel on which Decatur and Lawrence had
+sailed to burn the "Philadelphia," was still with the fleet, and this
+was heavily loaded with explosives of all kinds. The plan was, that
+after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> nightfall the "Intrepid" should be sailed as near as possible to
+the town, and that, after lighting the slow match which communicated
+with the terrible cargo, those on board should take to two small boats
+which they had in tow, and row out of the harbor as fast as possible,
+leaving there the "Intrepid" to hurl fire and destruction into the
+enemy's strongholds.</p>
+
+<p>Before Somers started out on this perilous voyage, he addressed the few
+men who were to accompany him, and told them that he wanted no one to go
+who would not be willing to blow himself up rather than be captured. It
+was well known that the Tripolitans were short of ammunition, and if
+they suspected what sort of a vessel it was which floated by night into
+the harbor, they would board her and capture her, if it should be
+possible, and thus gain possession of a great quantity of powder and
+shell. Rather than that this should happen, Somers told his men that he
+would blow up the little vessel with all on board, if the enemy should
+take it. But no man flinched; and after they had all taken leave of
+their friends on the fleet, as if they had been going to execution, the
+"Intrepid" slowly sailed away into the harbor, and it was not long
+before she was lost to view in the mists of the night.</p>
+
+<p>But after a time it became apparent to those on the American fleet that
+she was not lost to view to those in the harbor, for the guns of the
+fort began to fire on her. Everybody who had a glass kept it fixed on
+that part of the harbor where it was supposed Somers and his little
+vessel must be, and in course of time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> they saw a light rapidly moving
+as if some one were carrying a lantern from one end of the vessel to the
+other. Then in less than a minute there was a blaze and a roar, and the
+whole harbor of Tripoli was lighted up as if there had been an explosion
+of fireworks. Sparks and fiery fragments flew into the air, and the
+waters seemed to be shaken as if by an earthquake. Then all was silent
+and dark.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the "Intrepid" had blown up, but how or why nobody on the
+fleet could know; nor did Somers and his brave crew ever come back to
+tell them. Some people thought, and still think, that the "Intrepid" was
+about to be captured, and that Somers carried out his resolution to blow
+up the vessel under him rather than allow it to be taken. Others suppose
+that a red-hot cannon ball from one of the forts may have set the vessel
+on fire; but the truth no one knows. We only know that this brave young
+Jerseyman went out to his fate determined to do his duty, no matter what
+happened, and that he died in doing it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt230.jpg" width="750" height="551" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="SEA_FIGHTS_WITH_A_NOBLER_FOE" id="SEA_FIGHTS_WITH_A_NOBLER_FOE"></a>SEA FIGHTS WITH A NOBLER FOE.</h2>
+
+<p>The war with the Barbary pirates was all sorts of a war. Sometimes there
+was fighting, and sometimes there was none; and after Bainbridge was
+released, he was engaged part of the time in the mercantile service
+until the war with Great Britain broke out in 1812. Early in this war,
+Bainbridge took command of the "Constitution," the same vessel which, a
+few months before, had had a fight with the "Guerri&egrave;re," in which the
+latter was captured. It is a good deal better, sometimes, to fight with
+a strong enemy who will stand up bravely in front of you, and let you
+see what he is, than to contend with a mean little one who is
+continually getting out of the way and bobbing up at unexpected places,
+and making it very difficult either to get at him or to know when he is
+going to get at you. Consequently there is no doubt that Bainbridge much
+preferred to do battle with the naval power of Great Britain rather than
+with the pirates of Barbary.</p>
+
+<p>He sailed down the coast of South America, and there he met the "Java,"
+a British frigate. He had a hard fight and a long fight, and the end of
+it was that the "Java" hauled down her flag after having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> a great
+portion of her crew killed and wounded; and, as she was so thoroughly
+shattered and broken up by the guns of the "Constitution," the victors
+could not take her home as a prize, but were obliged to burn her.</p>
+
+<p>If any one had been inclined to deride the Jerseyman at sea, after what
+had happened to Bainbridge in the Mediterranean, he changed his opinion
+after the affair with the "Java." In fact, a gold medal was voted to the
+gallant captain by Congress. When the war with Great Britain was over,
+Bainbridge took a squadron to the Mediterranean to try his hand again at
+protecting American commerce, and humbling the pirates; but fortune did
+not favor him this time, for Decatur had already settled the matter with
+the Dey, the Bey, and the rest of them, and peace was declared before
+Bainbridge arrived on the scene. Our Jersey sailor did not do any more
+fighting, but he held high positions in our navy, and died an honored
+commodore.</p>
+
+<p>Years after the affair with the "Philadelphia," when war had begun
+between the United States and Great Britain, there was a great chance
+for America to show what she could do on the sea. Then the fighting men
+in ships were more important to the country than the fighting men on
+shore; and Captain Lawrence, our fighting sailor from Burlington, showed
+himself among the foremost of our naval heroes.</p>
+
+<p>Very early in the war he was in command of the "Hornet," a snappish
+vessel with more stings than one, and while cruising in South American
+waters he met the British man-of-war "Peacock." Now,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> when a hornet and
+a peacock quarrel, lively times are likely to ensue, and so it happened
+in this case.</p>
+
+<p>The two vessels began by endeavoring to get into favorable positions,
+each anxious to rake the deck of the other. The "Peacock" did not spread
+her tail, but she spread her sail, and the "Hornet" buzzed this way and
+that, with her stings ready for action as soon as the proper moment
+should arrive. When at last they actually began to fight, the battle was
+a terrible one, such as was possible only in those days of wooden ships.
+But a short distance apart, they poured into each other heavy shot and
+small shot; musketry and cannon cracked and roared, while the clouds of
+smoke nearly hid the vessels from each other. This tremendous
+bombardment lasted about a quarter of an hour, and at the end of that
+time the "Peacock" struck her colors and surrendered. The captain and a
+good many of the crew had been killed, and the vessel was in such a
+demolished condition that there was not time to get all the prisoners
+and the wounded on board the "Hornet." The officers and men of the
+American vessel labored hard to save those on board their unfortunate
+enemy; but the "Peacock" sank before this could be entirely
+accomplished, and several of the British sailors, with three of those
+from the "Hornet," sank with her.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Lawrence was not only a brave man, but he was a very kind one.
+He treated the officers and crew of the "Peacock" so well, even
+providing them with clothes (for they had no time to bring anything from
+their own vessel), that when the prisoners reached<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> New York, the
+officers publicly thanked him in a paper which they drew up and signed.
+This victory, following our other brilliant exploits at sea, gave
+Lawrence great fame both here and abroad.</p>
+
+<p>A few months after the battle between the "Hornet" and the "Peacock,"
+Lawrence was again the hero of a great sea fight. The coast of New
+England was blockaded by a British fleet, and in the harbor of Boston
+lay the frigate "Chesapeake," commanded by Captain Lawrence. He had been
+recently appointed to this vessel, and in fact had been in command only
+ten days when he received a challenge to fight a naval duel.</p>
+
+<p>This proposition came from the captain of the British frigate "Shannon,"
+one of the blockading fleet, about the same size and strength as the
+"Chesapeake." The British captain sent a very polite letter to Captain
+Lawrence; for when people propose to fight duels, whether on land or
+sea, they are always extremely courteous before they begin to try to
+kill each other. The British captain said, that, as he understood the
+"Chesapeake" was now ready to go to sea, he would like her to come out
+and fight the "Shannon" for the honor of their respective flags. He
+offered the American captain choice of fighting ground inside of certain
+limits, and promised that the rest of the British fleet should keep far
+away, so that Captain Lawrence need have no fear of being troubled by
+any vessel except the "Shannon."</p>
+
+<p>When Captain Lawrence read this challenge, he was as willing to go out
+and fight the duel as the British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> captain was anxious to have him do
+so; but he knew that his vessel was not nearly so well prepared as was
+the "Shannon." The British ship had been at sea for a long time, she was
+manned by a crew of brave sailors, and her captain was well acquainted
+with his ship and his men.</p>
+
+<p>The case was very different with the "Chesapeake." Lawrence had been on
+board scarcely long enough to find out what sort of a ship she was, but
+he had been on board long enough to discover that her crew was a very
+poor one. Many of them were Portuguese, they had not been well drilled,
+and, worse than that, they did not want to fight. Few of them had been
+in the service long enough to have a taste for naval warfare; and if
+they had had their way, they would have let the "Shannon" lie outside
+until her captain grew gray, before they would go out and accept his
+challenge. The harbor was much more to their mind.</p>
+
+<p>But Captain Lawrence had no such idea. He accepted the challenge without
+hesitation, and prepared to go out and fight the duel. He would have
+been glad enough if he had had a good crew, but he would do his best
+with the crew he had. He put his ship in fighting trim, and his men in
+the best order possible, and early on a summer afternoon the
+"Chesapeake" went out to meet the "Shannon," which was boldly flying the
+flag of St. George.</p>
+
+<p>In those days, when men-of-war, as well as all other ships, were sailing
+vessels, the tactics of naval combats were very different from what they
+are now. Each of the commanders of vessels was obliged to think, not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+only of what his enemy was about, but what the wind was about. A steamer
+can take what position she pleases; she can steam far away from her
+enemy, or she can use her long-range guns, or dash down upon her to
+break in her sides with her ram. But in the old sailing times, maneuvers
+were very much more difficult, and if the winds ever desired to stop a
+sea fight, it often happened that they could do it simply by dying away
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The two ships sailed this way and that, each trying to get a position
+which would be good for herself and bad for the other; and at last, when
+they were very close, so near that their captains might have talked with
+each other, their cannon began to speak. From their mouths came rolling
+of thunder. From each ship, volleys of great shot swept the decks of the
+other, while the rattle of musketry became incessant. This tremendous
+fire was kept up for nearly ten minutes, and in this short time the
+"Chesapeake" lost nearly one hundred men, killed and wounded, on her
+upper deck.</p>
+
+<p>Still she had the best of the fight, for in a few minutes she would have
+taken a position in which she could have raked the decks of the enemy.
+But unfortunately some of her rigging was shot away, and she could not
+take advantage of the wind, and did not obey her helm. Nothing could be
+worse than this; for, with sails flapping wildly in the wind, precision
+of sailing, so necessary in a sea fight, was absolutely impossible.</p>
+
+<p>But not only was the "Chesapeake" unable to take the position she
+wanted, but she could not get out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> of the way, and she drifted against
+the "Shannon;" and the rigging of the two vessels became entangled, with
+the "Chesapeake" exposed to the full fire of the guns of the other ship.
+In this case there was only one thing to be done, and Captain Lawrence
+was the brave man to do it. He must board the "Shannon," and he and his
+men must fight her captain and his men hand to hand. There was no use
+trying to fight any longer with the "Chesapeake's" cannon.</p>
+
+<p>Instantly Lawrence ordered the boarders to be called on deck, and he was
+ready to put himself at their head and dash on board the "Shannon." He
+was slightly wounded, but he did not care for that. But now came another
+misfortune. The man who should have called the boarders to action by the
+roll of the drum was not on duty, and the bugler was ordered to sound
+the call. He was so frightened by this awful fight that he ran and hid
+himself, and when he was pulled out from his retreat, he had not breath
+enough to blow his bugle. Some of the men were sent below to shout for
+the boarders and call them on deck,&mdash;a very slow procedure at such a
+time; but before any of them arrived, the brave Lawrence was stretched
+upon the deck by a musket ball.</p>
+
+<p>The captain of the "Chesapeake" was not immediately killed, but he was
+mortally wounded; and when he was carried below, he showed that, near
+death as he was, he was still the bravest man on board. He thought
+nothing of himself, he thought only of his country and his ship; and his
+last orders were, "Don't give up the ship. Fight her till she sinks."</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt238.jpg" width="750" height="624" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>But it was not much use trying to fight the "Shannon" any longer; there
+were no officers on the deck of the "Chesapeake," except two midshipmen,
+and the British captain saw that he had a good chance to board his
+enemy. So his crew were soon clambering over the sides of the American
+vessel. Some wounded officers rushed up from below to help repel this
+attack. Many of the American sailors fought bravely even at these great
+odds; but some of the crew, especially the Portuguese, basely deserted
+their comrades and hurried below. The fight on the deck of the
+"Chesapeake" was not a long one; and very soon the stars and stripes
+were hauled down from her masthead, and the British colors hoisted in
+their place.</p>
+
+<p>So ended the great duel between the "Chesapeake" and the "Shannon," and
+the last words of the brave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> Lawrence were never forgotten. "Don't give
+up the ship" became the watchword of the navy.</p>
+
+<p>After this bloody sea fight, which lasted only fifteen minutes, but in
+which nearly two hundred and fifty men were killed and wounded, the
+"Shannon" sailed away for Halifax, taking with her the "Chesapeake,"
+with the dead body of its brave commander on board. When the two vessels
+entered the harbor, Lawrence lay upon the quarter-deck, wrapped in the
+great flag of the "Chesapeake," while all the men on the British vessels
+in the harbor manned their yards, and shouted a wild welcome to the
+victorious "Shannon." But the flag which floated from the masthead of
+the British frigate held no more honorable position than that which
+covered the dead body of the American hero.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt239.jpg" width="750" height="703" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_THE_TELEGRAPH_AND_THE_STEAMBOAT" id="THE_STORY_OF_THE_TELEGRAPH_AND_THE_STEAMBOAT"></a>THE STORY OF THE TELEGRAPH AND THE STEAMBOAT.</h2>
+
+<p>It will always be a source of commendable pride to the people of New
+Jersey, that their State was never backward in the political, social, or
+mechanical progress of this country. In fact, several of the most
+important steps in great movements for popular good have been made upon
+the soil of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Among the claims to pre&euml;minence which New Jersey can make in this
+respect is the claim that the first telegraphic message that was ever
+transmitted through a wire was sent at the Iron Works at Speedwell, near
+Morristown, at which place Professor Morse and Mr. Vail, son of the
+proprietor of the works, were making experiments with the telegraph. The
+first public message was sent more than six years later from Washington
+to Baltimore; but the message at Speedwell stands first, in the point of
+priority, of all the dispatches by magnetic telegraph which the world
+has known.</p>
+
+<p>When Professor Morse conceived the idea of communicating between distant
+points by means of electricity, he was not able to carry out experiments
+for himself, and having made the acquaintance of Alfred Vail, son of the
+proprietor of the Iron Works at Speed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>well, he gave up his business as a
+portrait painter and went to Speedwell, where he and Mr. Vail worked
+hard in experimenting with the new invention. At last, when they thought
+they had brought it to such a point that they could make practical use
+of it, they determined to try to send a message through three miles of
+wire. If that could be done, they believed they could send one to any
+distance desirable.</p>
+
+<p>Currents of electricity had been sent through long lengths of wire by
+Mr. Morse in previous experiments, but in these cases nothing more was
+attempted than signals; no words or message had been sent, and the
+proposed experiment, therefore, was of great importance. Its success or
+failure meant success or failure to the magnetic telegraph.</p>
+
+<p>The upper story of a house on the grounds of the Iron Works was one very
+large room, and round the walls of this they stretched their three miles
+of wire, until the room was encircled by lines of wire, one above
+another, but nowhere touching. At one end of this wire was placed a
+telegraphic instrument, and at the other, another; and with great
+anxiety, although with strong faith in the success of their work, Mr.
+Vail sent to Mr. Morse the first real telegraphic message, which ran
+thus: "A patient waiter is no loser."</p>
+
+<p>The house in which this first message was sent is still standing, near
+the Whippany River, not far out of Morristown. Alfred Vail and Mr.
+Morse, assisted by the advice of Professor Joseph Henry, superintendent
+of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, continued to work upon the
+telegraph at Speedwell; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> as Mr. Vail furnished the capital, and did
+a great deal of the most important mechanical work, a large portion of
+the credit for this wonderful invention is due to him; and the whole
+system of telegraphy which now encircles and animates the world may be
+said to have sprung from the Iron Works near Morristown.</p>
+
+<p>Another great invention, as important as the telegraph, made its first
+appearance before the world in New Jersey. In the frozen waters about
+the North Pole, on the rivers of Africa, in the seas of China and Japan,
+on the stormy ocean about Cape Horn, and in almost all navigable waters
+of the world, are steamboats and steamships,&mdash;floating palaces on rivers
+and lakes, steam yachts and great Atlantic liners, swift war cruisers
+and line-of-battle ships like floating forts of iron and steel; but the
+first vessel which was ever propelled by steam paddled its way along the
+Delaware River, and was made in New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>In 1787 John Fitch, who was a native of Connecticut, but who lived at
+that time in Trenton, N.J., where he had been a clock maker and
+manufacturer of arms, constructed a boat which was moved through the
+water by means of a steam engine on board. He had long been working on
+this invention, making experiments, and endeavoring to obtain assistance
+from people with money. He had applied to Congress to give him the
+exclusive right to the great results of his work if he should be
+successful; but this aid was refused.</p>
+
+<p>New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, however, gave him the right for
+fourteen years to propel vessels upon the waters of those States; and
+thus encouraged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> he built the first steamboat. This little vessel was
+imperfect in many ways, and its highest speed was four miles an hour;
+but still it was a steamboat, and it was the first that man had ever
+seen. Of course, it attracted a good deal of attention; and after it had
+been proved that it could move without sails or oars, and that it was
+not dangerous, people began to believe in it, and a steamboat company
+was organized by Fitch. Another boat was built, which carried passengers
+who paid their fare, and afterwards a larger boat was constructed, in
+the hope that a good passenger traffic might be established.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/gt243.jpg" width="500" height="480" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We cannot wonder that there should have been a desire among enterprising
+people to establish some better method of transportation in travel than
+existed in the early days of New Jersey. At first the only roads in the
+State were narrow paths, sometimes more than fifty miles long, but only
+wide enough for the easy passage of a man on horseback. After that,
+better roads gradually came into use; and in the beginning of the
+eighteenth century there was a "stage wagon," intended for the carriage
+of merchandise, not passengers, which made a trip every two weeks from
+Perth Amboy to Philadelphia. This was considered as a great public
+convenience; because, before that, there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> was no regular method of
+shipping merchandise from New York to Philadelphia, except by sea.</p>
+
+<p>After a time, stage wagons, which carried passengers, began to run in
+some parts of New Jersey; and in 1750 a grand stage line was
+established, intended especially for the transportation of travelers. In
+an advertisement the proprietor of this line announced to all persons
+"who have occasion to transport themselves, goods, stores, or
+merchandise from New York to Philadelphia," that he would take them in
+"forty-eight hours less than by any other line," and he promised to "use
+the people in the best manner." It is stated that this trip by land and
+water between New York and Philadelphia lasted seven or eight days,
+although it now seems almost impossible to travel so slowly.</p>
+
+<p>Sixteen years afterward, a new and improved line of stage wagons was
+established, which were faster and very much more comfortable than any
+which had yet been known. They were actually mounted on springs, and it
+was promised that the trip would be made in two days in summer, and
+three days in winter. These stagecoaches were so much swifter than
+anything else of the kind ever known in the State, that they were called
+"flying machines."</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen years afterward, the price of conveyance between New York and
+Philadelphia on one of these "flying machines" was forty shillings in
+gold or silver for each passenger, and as much for each hundred and
+fifty pounds of baggage.</p>
+
+<p>The mail facilities in those days were as poor as the methods for
+transportation; and we can get an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> idea of the postal arrangements from
+an extract from a New York paper published in 1704, which states, "In
+the pleasant month of May, the last storm put our Pennsylvania post a
+week behind, and has not yet com'd in." But although this was rather
+slow communication, New Jersey was better off than many of the civilized
+communities of the day; for she had a regular postal system, which had
+been invented by Colonel John Hamilton.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Hamilton's system was considered so good, that the British
+Government gave him a patent for it, and adopted it for the mother
+country, it being considered much better than the system then in use.
+The mails were generally carried in canvas bags by men on horseback; and
+this method of transportation was known as the "express" as a horse and
+his rider could go much more rapidly than even the best "flying
+machines." Mail service in New Jersey greatly improved before the end of
+the century.</p>
+
+<p>But it was very hard to persuade the public to encourage Fitch's new
+enterprise, even although it promised cheaper and more rapid
+transportation than any methods in use; and of course it was still
+harder, from the fact that the new steamboats had not yet gone faster
+than a sailing vessel with a good breeze. And so, notwithstanding the
+value of a system of navigation by which vessels could be made to move
+whether there was a breeze or not, and in any direction no matter how
+the wind was blowing, there was very little support to the new
+steamboat, and the enterprise was so unprofitable that it was given up.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
+
+<p>Nearly ten years after Fitch's largest steamboat had been sold as a
+piece of useless property, Robert Fulton made a steamboat which ran on
+the Hudson River at the rate of five miles an hour; and after this the
+practicability of steam navigation began to be slowly acknowledged. But
+the waters of New Jersey were the first which were ever ruffled by the
+paddles of a steamboat.</p>
+
+<p>New Jersey has another claim to distinction in connection with steam
+navigation, for at the Speedwell Iron Works were manufactured some of
+the larger portions of the machinery of the "Savannah," the first
+steamship which ever crossed the ocean.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt246.jpg" width="750" height="414" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="NEW_JERSEY_AND_THE_LAND_OF_GOLD" id="NEW_JERSEY_AND_THE_LAND_OF_GOLD"></a>NEW JERSEY AND THE LAND OF GOLD.</h2>
+
+<p>There was another famous American sailor who came out of New Jersey, who
+was perhaps of as much value to his country as any other naval
+commander, although he was not the hero of any great sea fights.</p>
+
+<p>This was Robert F. Stockton, who was born in Princeton, and who entered
+the navy early in life. He became an excellent officer and a great
+fighter. His disposition to do battle showed itself not only in leading
+men into action, but in doing a great deal of fighting himself. He
+distinguished himself in several naval combats during the war with
+Algiers. He commanded the "Spitfire" during this war, and, besides
+taking one of the enemy's vessels in an ordinary naval combat, he
+captured an Algerine brig, one might almost say, with his own hands.
+With as many men as a small boat could carry, he left his vessel, rowed
+to this brig, and at the head of his bold sailors boarded her,
+vanquished the crew, and carried her off as a prize.</p>
+
+<p>He was afterwards transferred to a larger vessel, and was stationed for
+a time at Gibraltar. There was a very bad feeling at that time between
+the American naval officers and those of Great Britain. The War<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> of 1812
+was over; but the British were not inclined to treat the officers of the
+United States Navy with the respect which the latter thought was due to
+them. Stockton was not a man to stand still and allow himself to be
+treated disrespectfully; and whenever he received anything that seemed
+like an insult from a British officer, he was ready to fight that
+officer, whoever he might be. It is said that at one time he challenged
+all the officers in Gibraltar to meet him in single combat, one after
+another, and he actually did engage in duels with several of them.</p>
+
+<p>During the British war and the Algerine war, Stockton distinguished
+himself in various ways, both on land and sea. But in 1821 he undertook
+a very important enterprise in Africa. Many naval vessels had gone from
+the United States to Africa, but none of them on an errand such as this.
+Our gallant Jersey captain did not sail to pay tribute, bombard cities,
+sink vessels, humble African potentates, or to shed African blood; he
+went on an errand of charity and humanity.</p>
+
+<p>He sailed from America in the interests of the Colonization Society, and
+his object was to make arrangements on the west coast of Africa for the
+establishment of a colony, to be composed of negroes who had been slaves
+in the United States, but who had obtained their freedom. There were
+many humane people in the United States who believed that the negroes
+who had been set free from slavery would be much happier and more likely
+to prosper in their native land, or in the land of their ancestors, than
+in the United States.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>
+
+<p>In company with an agent of this society, Stockton sailed for the west
+coast of Africa in command of an armed schooner called the "Alligator;"
+and when he arrived at his destination, he took upon himself nearly all
+the difficult work of selecting territory suitable for the purposes
+desired, of buying land from the savage natives, of making them
+understand the character of the settlers who were coming to Africa and
+of the powerful nation who intended to protect them. He made treaties of
+commerce and friendship with the ignorant Africans, who, until he came,
+scarcely knew what was meant by a treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The performance of these complicated and difficult duties required a man
+of courage and diplomatic ability, who could take things as they came,
+and who was always ready to act promptly in sudden emergencies. Stockton
+proved himself to be that man, and he established in the native land of
+the negro a country to which the Africans who had once been slaves in
+the United States might freely go, carrying with them all that they had
+learned of civilization in this country, and where they might live
+without fear of re&euml;nslavement by the warlike tribes, whose principal
+business in life then was to capture their fellow-countrymen, and sell
+them into slavery.</p>
+
+<p>This new country, which was called Liberia, was at first a colony of the
+United States. It grew and prospered, and in 1847 it became an
+independent nation, and soon after was recognized as such by Great
+Britain and the United States; and since then it has made treaties with
+most of the European countries.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>
+
+<p>Thus was established the new nation of Liberia, and it is not likely
+that there was a man in the United States who could have accomplished
+this great work better than the fighting sailor from Princeton.</p>
+
+<p>After having finished the Liberian business on land, Stockton did some
+work at sea more in the line of a naval commander. While sailing along
+the coast, the "Alligator" was sighted by a Portuguese war vessel, the
+"Marianna Flora," who mistook her for a pirate, and determined to
+capture her. But when the "Marianna" got near enough, and opened fire on
+the supposed pirate, she found that the work she had undertaken was very
+different from what she had expected. To speak figuratively, the
+"Alligator" lashed her tail, opened her jaws, and began to fight with
+such fury, that in twenty minutes the "Marianna" was beaten and
+captured. Stockton put her under the command of one of his own officers
+with an American crew, and sent her away as a prize to America.</p>
+
+<p>The government of Portugal, when it heard what had happened, declared,
+that, as their country and the United States were not at war, our Jersey
+sailor had no right to take one of their vessels; but, as it was
+asserted on the other side that one of their vessels had first tried to
+take his, there seemed to be a good deal of justice in what had been
+done. However, the matter was settled by his exoneration from all blame
+in the matter, and the return of the "Marianna" to Portugal.</p>
+
+<p>Some time later, the "Alligator" fell in with a French slave ship and
+captured her; and it is stated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> that the legal proceedings which
+followed this capture established the point of international law, that
+war vessels of all nations have a perfect right to capture a slave ship,
+wherever it may be found. This was the first step in the work of
+breaking up the slave trade, which was then carried on by many of the
+civilized nations of the world.</p>
+
+<p>In later cruises, Stockton sailed about in the West Indies, capturing
+several slavers, and also making a vigorous war on pirates and
+freebooters, who at that time made the vicinity of these islands very
+dangerous for peaceable vessels.</p>
+
+<p>In 1838 our commander was made a captain. There was no war now in which
+he might engage, but his mind was very busily occupied in regard to the
+proper construction of war vessels. In 1841 the United States Navy did
+not possess a single steamship. They were all old-style sailing vessels.
+Several steamers had been planned: one had blown up, and two others were
+still on the stocks. But Captain Stockton did not believe that if these
+were finished they would be effective as vessels of war. One great
+reason for this was the fact that their engines were situated so near
+the upper deck, that a shot from an enemy might easily destroy them, and
+so render the vessel worthless. Another objection was that they were
+side-wheelers, and it would be a very easy thing for a cannon ball to
+knock an exposed side-wheel into a worthless condition.</p>
+
+<p>Stockton's idea was to put the engines and machinery deep down in the
+vessel, below the water line, where it would be almost impossible to
+injure them,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> and to have the ship moved by means of a submerged screw
+in the stern, instead of by paddle wheels. The naval constructors and
+authorities opposed this new-fangled scheme; but our New Jersey sailor
+was an energetic man in whatever he had to do, and he fought the naval
+constructors as vigorously as he ever fought a pirate. Consequently he
+got authority from Congress to build a war ship after his own plan, and
+arm it with cannon, which he thought would be much better than the guns
+then in use in the navy.</p>
+
+<p>Under Stockton's directions, there was built at Philadelphia a vessel of
+war, which he named the "Princeton," and which was constructed according
+to his plans. On her deck were two great guns of wrought iron, which
+were also devised by him; and each of these carried a two hundred and
+twenty-five pound shot,&mdash;much heavier than those then used in naval
+warfare.</p>
+
+<p>Great public interest was excited in the "Princeton," the first
+steamship of our navy, and on her trial trip she was found to be an
+excellent seagoing vessel. She went to Washington, and there started out
+on an excursion, during which her great guns were to be tried. There was
+a very distinguished company on board,&mdash;officers of the army and navy,
+and several members of the Cabinet, and other guests.</p>
+
+<p>It was found, however, that the ship was much superior to her great
+guns; for when one of them, named the "Peacemaker," was fired, it
+exploded, killing several people, among whom were the secretary of war,
+the secretary of the navy, and the father-in-law of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> the President;
+while others, including Captain Stockton, were wounded.</p>
+
+<p>This terrible event shocked the whole nation; but although there were no
+more wrought-iron cannon made, the building of naval steamships, which
+began with Stockton's "Princeton," went steadily on, growing and
+improving, until it reached the high point shown by the swift and
+powerful ironclad men-of-war which now fly the stars and stripes.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846 Stockton found himself on the coast of California, with the rank
+of commodore, and in command of a squadron. Since he had started from
+the United States, war had been declared with Mexico; and when he
+arrived, the towns of Monterey and San Francisco had been taken by
+Commodore Sloat, who had preceded him. A state of war exactly suited
+Stockton's disposition; and as there was no more immediate need of
+fighting on the seacoast, he organized a little army of marines and
+sailors from his ships, which was afterwards joined by a body of
+adventurers and hunters of the United States, and also by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Fr&eacute;mont, an officer of the United States Army, who
+had been sent into that region to explore the country, and who had
+already done some fighting with the little band under his command.</p>
+
+<p>Los Angeles, the Mexican capital of California, was attacked and taken.
+Commodore Stockton now declared himself the conqueror of California, and
+organized a provisional government for the captured territory,
+appointing John C. Fr&eacute;mont as governor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/gt254.jpg" width="750" height="667" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>At the same time, however, there was another Jerseyman in the field
+intent upon the capture of California. This was General Stephen Kearney,
+an army officer who had made a wonderful march across the plains and
+mountains towards the coast. After he arrived on the scene, there were
+several battles with the Mexican forces and with the Indians; but the
+contest ended in a complete victory for the land forces commanded by
+Kearney from Newark, and the naval forces by Stockton from Princeton,
+under whom Fr&eacute;mont held his position.</p>
+
+<p>But now arose a dispute between the general and the commodore. When
+Kearney arrived at Los An<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>geles, he would not recognize the authority of
+Fr&eacute;mont, who had been appointed governor by Stockton, because he
+considered that an army officer is higher in rank than one in the navy;
+and he took the governorship himself. A court-martial was convened for
+the purpose of deciding the question, and it was settled that Kearney
+was of the higher rank, and he therefore retained the governorship. But
+between the two Jerseymen the United States obtained the land of gold.</p>
+
+<p>A year or two after this, Commodore Stockton resigned from the navy, and
+subsequently went to Congress as a senator from New Jersey. But although
+no longer in the navy, he did not cease to work for the benefit of the
+brave sailors he had so often commanded and led; and he obtained the
+passage of a bill abolishing the punishment of flogging in the navy,
+thus adding another great gift to his country and civilization.</p>
+
+<p>When the country which had been captured from Mexico was discovered to
+be not only a fertile and pleasant land, but a land filled with rich
+treasures of gold, the true value of the gift made to the United States
+by our two Jerseymen became known and appreciated; and the names of
+Stockton and Kearney, with that of the brave Fr&eacute;mont, will ever be
+associated with that State whose principal water portal is well called
+the "Golden Gate."</p>
+
+<a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Typography by J. S. Cushing &amp; Co., Norwood, Mass.</span></h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF NEW JERSEY***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 24713-h.txt or 24713-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/1/24713">http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/7/1/24713</a></p>
+<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.</p>
+
+<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.</p>
+
+
+
+<pre>
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">http://www.gutenberg.org/license)</a>.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">http://www.gutenberg.org</a>
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a>
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a>
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+</pre>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt010.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt010.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7937c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt010.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt016.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt016.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dbceb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt016.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt018.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt018.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e8b8ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt018.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt020a.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt020a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0dc90cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt020a.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt020b.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt020b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce2fa27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt020b.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt021.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt021.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39a149c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt021.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt023.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt023.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e312343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt023.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt024.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt024.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bb4e4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt024.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt026.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt026.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..171cbb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt026.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt027.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt027.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fbe486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt027.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt030.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt030.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..838e8d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt030.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt031.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt031.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5a47ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt031.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt032.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt032.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea3c756
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt032.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt042.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt042.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bb8897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt042.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt043.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt043.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de59343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt043.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt048a.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt048a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ac81d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt048a.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt048b.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt048b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f13ae1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt048b.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt051.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt051.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e701cc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt051.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt054.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt054.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19bf712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt054.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt056.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt056.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb34b22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt056.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt057.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt057.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c380345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt057.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt061.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt061.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2087e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt061.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt066.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt066.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b2dc76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt066.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt069.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt069.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e523192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt069.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt074.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt074.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7f7a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt074.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt082.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt082.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06e0aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt082.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt083.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt083.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7183ebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt083.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt084.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt084.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdfe489
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt084.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt086.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt086.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1643250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt086.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt090.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt090.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce9482b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt090.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt093.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt093.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87bc914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt093.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt099.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt099.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4cafe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt099.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt102.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt102.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9ecded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt102.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt108.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt108.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0a7d44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt108.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt113.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt113.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8136f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt113.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt119.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt119.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d60d41a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt119.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt128.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt128.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7de49a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt128.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt130.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt130.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fed764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt130.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt136.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt136.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ea8f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt136.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt139.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt139.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4428d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt139.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt146.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt146.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe28039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt146.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt151.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt151.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c3314a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt151.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt160.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt160.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dbd003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt160.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt162.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt162.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a7e4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt162.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt163.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt163.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67186bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt163.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt167.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt167.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a359e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt167.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt171.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt171.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f68aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt171.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt173.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt173.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d974a72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt173.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt181a.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt181a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bedbea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt181a.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt181b.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt181b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eef02fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt181b.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt187.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt187.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21a7019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt187.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt191.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt191.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf35855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt191.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt193.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt193.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..167265a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt193.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt199.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt199.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa6c5c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt199.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt207.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt207.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc6a0dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt207.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt210.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt210.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8970fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt210.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt214.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt214.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d123ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt214.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt215.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt215.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a724bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt215.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt225.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt225.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f34c846
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt225.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt230.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt230.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c5204a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt230.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt238.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt238.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9d8404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt238.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt239.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt239.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41e0ba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt239.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt243.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt243.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a60d0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt243.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt246.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt246.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf40028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt246.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gt254.jpg b/24713-h/images/gt254.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a10b0ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gt254.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gtcover.jpg b/24713-h/images/gtcover.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea87556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gtcover.jpg
diff --git a/24713-h/images/gttp.jpg b/24713-h/images/gttp.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..150e060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713-h/images/gttp.jpg
diff --git a/24713.txt b/24713.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9982de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6416 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Stories of New Jersey, by Frank Richard
+Stockton
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Stories of New Jersey
+
+
+Author: Frank Richard Stockton
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2008  [eBook #24713]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF NEW JERSEY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by wainwra, Suzanne Shell, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 24713-h.htm or 24713-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/1/24713/24713-h/24713-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/1/24713/24713-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF NEW JERSEY
+
+by
+
+FRANK R. STOCKTON
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York--Cincinnati--Chicago
+American Book Company
+1896
+
+Copyright, 1896, by
+American Book Company.
+
+STO. OF N. J.
+W. P. I
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This volume of stories, composed of historical incidents, or material
+connected with the history of New Jersey, is not intended to be a
+record, even in a condensed form, of the rise and progress of the State.
+The stories are arranged chronologically, but there has been no attempt
+to give a complete and continuous account of events or epochs. The
+material for the stories has been collected from many sources; and the
+selections have been made with regard to the interest, the
+instructiveness, and as far as possible the novelty, of the matter
+chosen. There has been a constant endeavor, however, to present a series
+of historical incidents in a panoramic form, so that the reading of the
+stories in their regular succession would give an impressive idea of the
+discovery and settlement of the State, of its people, manners, and
+customs, and of its progress and achievements, as it was gradually
+evolved from the Indian region of Scheyichbi into the State of New
+Jersey.
+
+In these stories there is nothing imaginative or fanciful, except where
+a reference is made to the early imaginings and fancies of the
+aborigines. The stories are not founded on facts, but they are made up
+of facts carefully collected from the authorities referred to in the
+table of contents. Some of the stories are well known, but could not be
+omitted because of their representative character; but others, it is
+hoped, will be found familiar only to the professed student of history.
+The period of the stories extends from the earliest times of Indian
+tradition down to what may be called our own day; but as there was so
+much available matter, and so little space for it, and as there was no
+intention to give a comprehensive history of the State, it was deemed
+well to deal only with the incidents and people that have passed out of
+the boundaries of current history.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                      PAGE
+THE STORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF SCHEYICHBI; or, The Aborigines
+of New Jersey. (Period, prior to 1600.)                                  9
+
+  _Authorities_: MSS. regarding Indians. Rev. John Heckewelder.
+           "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+           "History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.
+
+THE STORY OF A PEACEMAKER. An Indian Woman's Friendly Act.
+(Period, 1632.)                                                         18
+
+  _Authority_: "History of New York." Brodhead.
+
+THE WINNING OF THE PRIZE; or, The English Ownership of New
+Jersey. (Period, 1664.)                                                 24
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.
+           "History of New Jersey." S. Smith.
+           "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+
+HOW SCHEYICHBI REALLY BECAME NEW JERSEY. (Period, 1609-1758.)           31
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." S. Smith.
+           "History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.
+           "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+
+FINS, RATTLES, AND WINGS; or, The Wild Animals of Early Days.           42
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." S. Smith.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "The Burlington Smiths." R. M. Smith.
+
+THE STORY OF A GIRL AND A HOGSHEAD. A Story of the Swedish
+Settlers. (Period, prior to 1655.)                                      51
+
+  _Authority_: "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+
+THE STORY OF PENELOPE STOUT. (Period, prior to 1669.)                   57
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." S. Smith.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. C. Mellick.
+
+THE SCHOOLMASTER AND THE DOCTOR. (Period, from 1693.)                   69
+
+  _Authorities_: "Colonial History of New Jersey." Grahame.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "History of Medicine in New Jersey." S. Wickes.
+
+THE SLAVES OF NEW JERSEY. (Period, 1626-1860.)                          83
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+A JERSEY TEA PARTY; or, The Burning of the Tea at Cohansey.
+(Period, 1774.)                                                         93
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." I. Mulford.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+THE STORY OF A SPY. (Period, 1758-80.)                                 102
+
+  _Authority_: "Our Home," published in Somerville, N.J., 1873.
+
+A MAN WHO COVETED WASHINGTON'S SHOES; or, The Story of
+General Charles Lee. (Period, 1758-85.)                                117
+
+  _Authorities_: "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+           "Life of Lord Stirling." W. Duer.
+
+THE MAN IN THE "AUGER HOLE." From the Journal of Mrs.
+Margaret Hill Morris. (Period, 1776-82.)                               130
+
+  _Authorities_: "The Burlington Smiths." R. M. Smith.
+           "History of New Jersey." T. F. Gordon.
+
+THE STORY OF TWO CAPTAINS. Captain Huddy and Captain
+Asgill. (Period, 1781.)                                                141
+
+  _Authorities_: "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+THE STORY OF TEMPE WICK. (Period, 1780.)                               155
+
+  _Authorities_: "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+           "Morris County History." W. W. Munsey.
+           "Authors and Writers Associated with Morristown." J. K. Colles.
+
+THE STORY OF FORT NONSENSE. (Period, 1776-80.)                         163
+
+  _Authorities_: "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+AN AMERICAN LORD. Lord Stirling of Basking Ridge. (Period,
+1726-83.)                                                              177
+
+  _Authorities_: "Life of Lord Stirling." W. Duer.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Story of an Old Farm." A. D. Mellick.
+
+MOLLY PITCHER. (Period, 1778.)                                         186
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+
+THE MORRISTOWN GHOSTS. A Story of 1788                                 193
+
+  _Authorities_: Pamphlet published in 1792. Anonymous.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+
+A JERSEYMAN AND HIS ROYAL CROWN. Joseph Bonaparte at Bordentown.
+(Period, 1815-39.)                                                     204
+
+  _Authorities_: "Encyclopaedia Britannica."
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+           "Bordentown and the Bonapartes." J. B. Gilder.
+           "Joseph Bonaparte in Bordentown." F. M. Crawford.
+           "New Jersey Newspaper Clippings."
+
+THE DEY, THE BEY, AND SOME JERSEY SAILORS. The Barbary
+War. (Period, 1800-4)                                                  214
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of the United States Navy." J. F. Cooper.
+           "Historical Collections." Barber and Howe.
+
+SEA FIGHTS WITH A NOBLER FOE. The War of 1812                          230
+
+  _Authorities_: "History of the United States Navy." J. F. Cooper.
+           "Field Book of the Revolution." B. J. Lossing.
+
+THE STORY OF THE TELEGRAPH AND THE STEAMBOAT. (Period,
+1787-1838.)                                                            239
+
+  _Authorities_: "Appletons' Dictionary."
+           "New Jersey Newspaper Clippings."
+           "American Inventors of the Telegraph." F. L. Pope.
+           "History of New Jersey." J. C. Raum.
+
+NEW JERSEY AND THE LAND OF GOLD. The Conquest of California.
+(Period, 1816-66.)                                                     246
+
+  _Authorities_: "Appletons' Dictionary."
+           "Biographical Encyclopaedia of New Jersey."
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF NEW JERSEY.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF SCHEYICHBI.
+
+
+The North American Indians, the earliest inhabitants of this country of
+whom we know anything definite, were great story-tellers; and their
+histories consist entirely of stories handed down from parents to
+children, or, more likely, from grandparents to grandchildren, for
+grandfathers and grandmothers are generally more willing to tell
+stories than fathers or mothers. And so these traditions, probably a
+good deal brightened by being passed along century after century, came
+down to the Indians who were first met by white people, and thus we have
+heard many of them.
+
+The stories told by the Indians inhabiting the country which is now the
+Middle States, all agree that their remote forefathers came from some
+region beyond the Mississippi River. Like the traditions of most
+nations, these go so very far back that they are vague and misty; but,
+as this gave the Indians a great opportunity for their imaginations, it
+is not wonderful that they improved it. These Indians believed that in
+the very earliest stages of their existence they were all animals, and
+lived in caves under the earth. They were hunters; but their game
+consisted of mice, and creatures of that sort. One of them accidentally
+discovered a hole by which he got out on the surface of the ground; and,
+finding it so exceedingly pleasant, it was not long before the whole of
+his tribe came out, and began life in the light of day.
+
+It may be supposed that these animals gradually changed to human beings,
+and built villages, and planted corn; but in one respect they did not
+change, nor have they changed at this present day. Many of them still
+call themselves after the names of animals; and now the greater part of
+the noted Indians of our country have such names as "Sitting Bull,"
+"Black Bear," and "Red Horse." But the stories say that all of the
+animals did not come out of their underground homes. Among these were
+the hedgehog and the rabbit; and so some of the tribes will not eat
+these animals, because in so doing they may be eating their family
+connections.
+
+Gradually the ancestors of the Indians who told their stories to the
+first settlers, and who afterwards called themselves the Lenni-Lenape,
+moved eastward, and after many years they reached the Mississippi River.
+By this time they had become a powerful body. But in the course of their
+journeys they discovered that they were not the earliest emigrants in
+this direction, for they met with a great tribe called the Mengwe, later
+known as the Iroquois, who had come from a country west of the
+Mississippi, but farther north than that of our Indians.
+
+We do not hear that these two great tribes of early Indians interfered
+with each other; but when the Lenni-Lenape investigated the other side
+of the Mississippi, they found there still another nation, powerful,
+numerous, and warlike. These were called the Alligewi, from which we
+have derived the name Allegheny. At first the latter tribe was inclined
+to allow the Lenape to pass the river; but after a time, finding that
+the newcomers were so numerous, they fell upon them and drove them back.
+
+But the Indians at that remote period must have been as doggedly
+determined to move eastward as are our pioneers to move westward; and
+they were not to be stopped by rivers, mountains, or savage enemies. The
+Lenape were not strong enough to fight the Alligewi by themselves, and
+so they formed an alliance with the Mengwe; and these two nations
+together made war upon the Alligewi, and in the course of time overcame
+them, and drove them entirely from their country.
+
+After years, or perhaps centuries (for there are no definite statements
+of time in these Indian traditions), the Mengwe and the Lenape, who had
+been living together in the country of the Alligewi, separated; and the
+Mengwe emigrated to the lands near the Great Lakes, while the Lenape
+slowly continued their progress eastward.
+
+They crossed the Alleghanies, and discovered a great river, which they
+called Susquehanna, and then they moved on until they came to the
+Delaware. This grand stream pleased them so much, that they gave it a
+name of honor, and called it the Lenapewihittuck, or "The River of the
+Lenape." Then they crossed the river and discovered New Jersey.
+
+Here they found a pleasant climate, plenty of game, and no human
+inhabitants whatever. They therefore appropriated it as their own, and
+gave it the name of Scheyichbi; and any one who endeavors to pronounce
+this name will be likely to feel glad that it was afterwards changed by
+the white settlers.
+
+Before this first discovery of New Jersey, the Lenni-Lenape had settled
+themselves in the beautiful and fertile country about the Susquehanna
+and the west shore of the Delaware, and here established their right to
+their name, which signifies "original people;" and if their stories are
+correct, they certainly are the original inhabitants of this region,
+and they discovered New Jersey from the west, and took rightful
+possession of it.
+
+It is a law of nations, founded then upon the same principles of justice
+as it stands upon now, that discovery by a nation, or the agent of a
+nation, of unknown lands entirely uninhabited, gives the discoverers the
+right to those lands; and, in accordance with that law, the Lenape
+became the discoverers and original owners of New Jersey.
+
+We will not now allude to the rights they then acquired to the country
+which is now Pennsylvania and other States, because we are confining
+ourselves to what relates to the country of Scheyichbi, the land where
+their eastward migrations ceased. Now, they could go no farther towards
+the rising sun, and they were satisfied to stop.
+
+These Lenape, or "Grandfather Tribe" as they were often called, were not
+merely cruel and ignorant savages: they had many admirable traits of
+character, and some of their manners and customs might well have been
+imitated by those who found them here.
+
+They had an admirable system of government; and at regularly appointed
+periods their wisest men met at the great "Council House" to make laws,
+and arrange the affairs of the nation. Their conduct in their councils
+was far more decorous and becoming than that we often hear of among
+legislators of the present day, whether they are met together in
+Congress, Parliament, or Reichstag. These chiefs, chosen for their
+wisdom and experience, treated each other with the highest regard and
+respect. When one of them arose to address his fellow-legislators, every
+man in the council room paid the strictest attention to what he said;
+and interruptions, jeers, and ridicule, such as legislators often make
+use of at the present day, were totally unknown among these grave and
+earnest Indians.
+
+There can be no doubt that the Lenape were superior to other Indian
+nations, and worthy of the proud title which they gave themselves; and
+in later years, when the river was named after Lord De la Warre, and
+they were called the Delawares, they were considered the noblest of the
+Indian tribes.
+
+I dwell upon the good qualities and high character of the Lenape,
+because it was from their main body that numerous tribes came across the
+Delaware River, and became the first Jerseymen, or, if any one likes it
+better, Scheyichbians. They settled in many pleasant places, building
+wigwam villages, many of which have since grown into modern towns, and
+still bear their old Indian names. In fact, the modern Jerseyman has had
+the good sense to preserve a great many of the names given to rivers,
+mountains, and villages by the first owners of the soil.
+
+But, after all, Scheyichbi was not sufficiently discovered and settled
+for the purposes of civilization, and its fertile soil waited long for
+the footsteps of the new immigrants. These came at last from the east.
+
+About the end of the fifteenth century there was a strong desire among
+the maritime nations of Europe to find a short passage to China and the
+East Indies. It was for that reason that Columbus set out on his
+expedition; but with his story we have nothing to do, for he did not
+discover the continent of North America, and in fact never saw it. But
+after John Cabot and his son Sebastian, then looking for a passage to
+Cathay in the interest of the King of England, made a voyage to North
+America, and had contented themselves with discovering Newfoundland,
+Sebastian came back again, and accomplished a great deal more. He sailed
+along the coast from Labrador to the southern end of Florida, and in the
+course of this voyage discovered New Jersey. He made a map of the whole
+coast, and claimed all the country back of it for the King of England.
+
+There is no proof that Cabot knew whether this country had inhabitants
+or not. He saw it from his ships; but he did not make any attempt to
+settle it, and thus establish a legal right to the soil. He simply
+declared it the property of the Crown of England, and it is upon this
+claim that England afterward based her right to the eastern coast of
+North America.
+
+And so New Jersey was discovered from the east.
+
+About a quarter of a century after Sebastian Cabot's voyage, the French
+took up the idea that they would like to discover something, and Francis
+I. sent an Italian mariner, named John Verrazano, across the Atlantic
+Ocean.
+
+After having sailed far enough, John Verrazano discovered the coast of
+North America, which he called "a new land never before seen by any man,
+ancient or modern." He took possession of it in the name of his king,
+and, in order to settle the matter, called the whole coast New France.
+There is reason to believe that Verrazano discovered the southern part
+of New Jersey, for in sailing northward he probably entered Delaware
+Bay.
+
+But it appears that New Jersey was not yet sufficiently discovered, and
+after having been left for a long time in the possession of its true
+owners, the Lenni-Lenape, it was again visited by Europeans. In 1609 the
+celebrated Henry Hudson, then in the service of the Dutch East India
+Company, started westward to try to find a northwest passage to China.
+In those bygone days, whenever a European explorer set out to find an
+easy passage to the East, he was very apt to discover New Jersey; and
+this is what happened to Henry Hudson. He first discovered it on the
+south, and partially explored Delaware Bay; then he sailed up the coast
+and entered New York Bay, and sailed some distance up the river which
+now bears his name.
+
+Hudson did more for New Jersey than any of the other discoverers, for
+his men were the first Europeans who ever set foot upon its soil. Some
+of them landed in the vicinity of Bergen Point, and were met in a
+friendly way by a great many of the original inhabitants. But the fact
+that he found here possessors of the soil made no difference to Hudson:
+he claimed the country for the Dutch. Five years afterwards, that nation
+made a settlement at New York, and claiming the whole of the surrounding
+country, including New Jersey, gave it the name of New Netherland.
+
+Thus was New Jersey discovered on the north; and after the efforts of
+four nations,--the Indians first, the English under Cabot, the French,
+and the Dutch (for Hudson was now in the service of that nation),--it
+may be said to have been entirely discovered.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF A PEACEMAKER.
+
+
+After the outside boundaries of New Jersey had been pretty thoroughly
+discovered, it was quite natural that some nations who laid claim to the
+State should desire to find out something in regard to its interior, and
+make settlements upon its soil.
+
+This was not done by the English, who had made the first claim to the
+land, but by the Dutch. In the early part of the seventeenth century,
+the West India Company of Holland sent out a ship containing the
+foundation for a little colony,--men, provisions, and all things
+necessary. They sailed into Delaware Bay; and the commander, Cornelius
+Jacobsen Mey, gave his name to Cape May. The expedition went up the
+Delaware River till they reached Timber Creek, probably not much more
+than ten miles from the spot where Philadelphia now stands. There they
+settled, and built a fort, which they called Fort Nassau. But this was
+not looked upon with favor by the Indians, and it was not long before
+the whole colony was destroyed.
+
+This unfortunate beginning of the white settlement of New Jersey did not
+deter the Dutch, who are a persevering and dogged people. About twelve
+years later, another Dutch commander, De Vries, sailed up the Delaware
+River, or, as the Dutch called it, the South River; his main object
+being to catch whales, very different from the Delaware fisheries of the
+present day. He set up a little colony on shore; but it appears that the
+Indians were very much opposed to this sort of thing, and this
+settlement was destroyed before long.
+
+But De Vries still kept up the whaling business; and in the course of
+time, getting out of provisions, he left his vessel, and sailed up the
+river in a small craft which was called the "Squirrel." He went up as
+far as the deserted Fort Nassau, and there anchored to trade with the
+Indians.
+
+It is quite plain that the Indians of New Jersey were now greatly
+concerned about the visits of white people to their shore; for they
+perceived that these newcomers were inclined to settle and occupy such
+places as pleased their fancy, without asking permission, or proposing
+to buy or to pay rent. All this was very disagreeable to the red men,
+who had never shown any disposition to open up their country to foreign
+immigration.
+
+When De Vries anchored, he was very well received; and about forty
+Indians came on board his yacht, and made a call upon him. They were
+dressed in their best, and, in order to make the visit more agreeable,
+they brought some of their musical instruments with them, and gave the
+Dutchmen a taste of Indian music.
+
+The dress of some of these visitors was a surprise to De Vries and his
+men, of whom there were only seven on the yacht. It was winter time, and
+most of the Indians were arrayed in furs, but several of them wore
+jackets made in the English fashion. The visitors were very friendly,
+and urged De Vries to sail his vessel up a stream, now known as Big
+Timber Creek, which, they declared, was a much better place for trading.
+
+Now, according to some of the old histories, a woman appeared in the
+double character of peacemaker and guardian angel.
+
+Among the Lenni-Lenape, as well as the other tribes of North America,
+women often had a peculiar part to play in national and social affairs.
+If ever the services of a peacemaker were desired, that position was
+always given to a woman. It was considered derogatory to the dignity of
+a male Indian that he should at any time, of his own accord, desire
+peace. He and his enemy might both be thoroughly tired of fighting; but
+neither of them would lower himself in his own estimation, and in the
+estimation of his countrymen, by allowing any man to know the state of
+his mind.
+
+But he did not in the least object to tell his wife that he wanted to
+stop fighting; and she, very gladly in most cases, would confer with the
+wife of the other brave; and when they had concluded peace, the two men
+would immediately sit down together, smoke the calumet, and be good
+friends; and all this without the slightest loss of dignity.
+
+This method of making peace was pursued not only by individuals, but by
+nations. Very often women had this important political duty thrust upon
+them,--a duty for which they were probably very well qualified, for it
+is seldom that the women of a nation desire war.
+
+This national disposition in regard to peacemaking was once the occasion
+of a serious misfortune to the tribe of Lenni-Lenape. The tribes to the
+north, who had formed themselves into a powerful body called the Five
+Nations, had long been jealous of their neighbors the Lenni-Lenape, and
+contrived a plan to humiliate them, and render them less important in
+the eyes of the Indian world. Being at war with some other tribes, these
+Five Nations came to the Lenni-Lenape and pretended to desire peace, but
+stated that this was too important a case to be managed by women. They
+declared that this was a great work, which should be given only into the
+hands of a quiet, dignified, and honorable tribe, such as their great
+neighbors, and urged the Lenape to undertake negotiations for the
+cessation of hostilities.
+
+As all this seemed reasonable enough, the Lenape were at last persuaded
+to become peacemakers, and, as might be supposed, they were entirely
+successful; but they suffered for their kindness and good feeling. Ever
+afterwards they were looked upon by other Indian tribes as no better
+than women. In Cooper's novels there are references to the fact that the
+noble Lenape were sneered at as peacemakers and squaws.
+
+But we will now return to our guardian angel. It was after a visit of
+the Indians to the vessel of De Vries, that the peacemaking instinct
+took possession of the wife of one of the Indian chiefs; and quietly and
+stealthily, unperceived by her people, she managed to get on board the
+"Squirrel," when she informed the commander of the real object of his
+visitors, who had invited him to sail up Timber Creek. It was the desire
+of the Indians to destroy this company of white men; and the narrow
+stream where they wished to make the attempt was much better adapted for
+their purpose than the broad waters of the river.
+
+Wishing to prevent an encounter in which the sturdy Dutchmen would
+probably kill some of her countrymen before they themselves were
+destroyed, she had come to implore the whites not to run into the trap
+which had been set for them. She told them that the crew of an English
+shallop, which not long before had come to visit the place, probably
+from a ship afraid to venture higher up the river, had all been
+slaughtered, and that it was the jackets of these men that some of her
+countrymen were wearing.
+
+Like a sensible man, De Vries paid attention to this story, and did not
+venture into Timber Creek. Whether or not he rewarded the good woman who
+came to warn him of his danger, is not known; but his account of the
+affair places her in the position of one worthy of a monument by the
+women of the State.
+
+When the Indians came again to De Vries, he declared to them that his
+Great Spirit, or "Maneto," had revealed their wicked purposes, and that
+he would not sail up the Timber Creek, nor would he allow one of them
+upon his vessel; and, having ordered them all on shore, he dropped some
+distance down the river.
+
+This conduct doubtless inspired the Indians with great respect for the
+brave Dutchmen, and shortly afterwards the chiefs from nine different
+tribes came on board the "Squirrel" for the purpose of making a treaty
+of peace and commerce with the Dutch. All of these were now dressed in
+furs, which were their ordinary garments; but some of them were
+recognized as the same men who had formerly worn the jackets of the
+murdered English sailors. These, however, were just as cordial and
+friendly as any of the others, and there is no reason to suppose that
+they now intended treachery. The visitors sat down on the deck of the
+yacht, and held a regular council, and, with appropriate ceremonies,
+made presents of beaver skins to the whites, and solemnly concluded a
+treaty of friendship.
+
+
+
+
+THE WINNING OF THE PRIZE.
+
+
+After the importance of the discovery of North America came to be
+properly appreciated by the nations of Europe, the ownership was looked
+upon as a great national prize, and there were several nations who were
+anxious to play for it. This country, so readily approached by the
+Delaware, became attractive not only to kings and sovereigns, but to
+settlers and immigrants. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden granted a charter
+to a company called the West India Company, which was formed for the
+purpose of making settlements on the shores of the Delaware Bay and
+River, and commissioned them to take possession of this country, without
+the slightest regard to what the English sovereign and the Dutch
+sovereign had granted to their subjects.
+
+The Swedes came to Delaware Bay. They stopped for a while at Cape
+Henlopen; and then, of course, they sailed up the Delaware, when things
+soon began to be very disagreeable between themselves and the Dutch, who
+were there before them.
+
+The Swedes were a warlike set of people, and they held their ground very
+well. Besides making some settlements, they built a fort which they
+called Elsinburgh; and, if a Dutch ship happened to pass by that fort,
+it was obliged to strike its flag in token of submission to a superior
+power. The Indians, who were perhaps as much opposed to the Swedish
+settlement as they had been to those of other nations, do not appear to
+have been able to attack this fort with any success; and as for the
+Dutch, it is not certain that they even attempted it. So the Swedes at
+that time governed the passage up and down the Delaware, as the English
+now govern the passage through the Straits of Gibraltar.
+
+It was probably winter time or cool weather when the Swedes built their
+proud fort on the banks of that river which they now named "New
+Swedeland Stream;" but when the warm and pleasant days came on, and it
+was easy to travel from the interior to the river shore, and when the
+weather was so mild that it was quite possible to spend the nights in
+the woods without injury, there came an enemy to Fort Elsinburgh which
+proved far more formidable than the Indians or Dutch.
+
+The fort was surrounded; and frequent and violent attacks were made upon
+it, especially in the night, when it was almost impossible for the
+garrison to defend themselves. Many bloody single combats took place in
+which the enemy generally fell, for in bodily prowess a Swede was always
+superior to any one of the attacking force. But no matter how many
+assailants were killed, the main body seemed as powerful and determined
+as ever. In course of time the valiant Swedes were obliged to give way
+before their enemy. They struck their flag, evacuated the fort, and
+departed entirely from the place where they had hoped a flourishing
+settlement would spring up under the protection of their fort.
+
+The enemy which attacked and routed the Swedes was a large and
+invincible army of mosquitoes, against whom their guns, their pistols,
+their swords, their spears, and their ramparts afforded them no defense.
+After that, the deserted fort was known as Mygenborg, meaning Mosquito
+Fort.
+
+The Dutch looked with great disfavor on the Swedes, who continued to
+establish themselves at various points; and although they did not make
+an alliance with the body of natives who had driven these northern
+people away from Elsinburgh,--for a compact of that kind would be
+dangerous in many ways,--they took up the matter by themselves; and
+finally the Dutch, under their valiant Peter Stuyvesant, completely
+conquered the Swedes, and sent their leaders to Holland, while the
+ordinary settlers submitted to the Dutch.
+
+But this state of things did not continue very long; for the English,
+who, although they had not yet settled in New Jersey, had never given up
+their pretensions as the original discoverers, came in strong force,
+subdued the Dutch, occupied their principal town, New Amsterdam, and
+took possession of the country, including New Jersey.
+
+But it seemed to be a good deal easier to discover New Jersey than
+finally to settle its ownership. Now that the Dutch and the Swedes were
+disposed of, there arose difficulties regarding the English claims to
+the State. Early in the seventeenth century, Queen Elizabeth had granted
+an immense tract of land to Sir Walter Raleigh, which was called
+Virginia, and that included the whole of New Jersey. Afterwards Charles
+II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York, an immense tract of land,
+which also included New Jersey, and which was called New York. So what
+is now New Jersey was then at the same time both Virginia and New York.
+
+The Duke of York, who then owned New Jersey, leased the whole
+State--lands, forests, rivers, wigwams, Indians, fisheries, Dutch
+settlers, Swedish settlers, everything--to John Berkeley (Baron of
+Stratton) and Sir George Carteret for the sum of twenty nobles per year
+(thirty-two dollars of our money). Some authorities, indeed, state that
+the sum paid was much smaller.
+
+After a time, however, the claims of Virginia were withdrawn; and not
+only did Berkeley and Carteret enjoy undisturbed possession of the
+State, but they gave it a name, and called it _Nova Caesaria_, or New
+Jersey, its name being given on account of Carteret's connection with
+the Isle of Jersey. The Latin name was used for a time; but the settlers
+preferred English, and so the name now stands. New Jersey was soon
+afterwards divided into two provinces,--East Jersey and West Jersey. The
+accompanying map shows the line of division between the two provinces,
+which was made in 1676. It ran from the southern end of what is now Long
+Beach, in Little Egg Harbor, to a point on the Delaware River. Two other
+lines of partition were afterwards made, both starting from the same
+point on the seacoast; one running somewhat to the west, and the other
+to the east, of the original line.
+
+After some changes in the proprietorship of the Colony, West Jersey came
+into the possession of twelve men, one of whom was the celebrated
+William Penn, whose connection with West Jersey began six years before
+he had anything to do with Pennsylvania.
+
+Penn and his colleagues gave West Jersey a purely democratic government,
+founded upon principles of justice and charity, in which the people
+themselves ruled. Full freedom in regard to religious views was insured;
+trial by jury was granted; and punishments were made as lenient as
+possible, with a view to the prevention of crimes rather than the
+infliction of penalties. The result of this was that for a long time
+there were no serious crimes in this Province, and the country was
+rapidly settled by thrifty Quakers anxious to live where they would have
+liberty of conscience.
+
+In the course of time, East Jersey also came into the possession of Penn
+and his eleven associates, and the number of proprietors was increased
+to twenty-four. At the end of the century the two provinces were united
+into one, and shortly afterwards they passed into the possession of the
+Crown of England, and became subject to the ordinary British laws. For a
+long time afterwards, however, the State was known as the "Jerseys."
+
+
+
+
+HOW SCHEYICHBI REALLY BECAME NEW JERSEY.
+
+
+A point in the history of New Jersey, more important in a moral point of
+view than that of its European ownership, was that of the purchase of
+the lands from the first and true owners, the Indians. As has been said,
+Berkeley and Carteret issued an injunction that the settlers should
+purchase their lands from the tribes which had lived upon them. This
+system was subsequently carried out until every foot of the land of the
+whole State was bought and paid for,--the first transactions of the
+kind, having taken place several years before Penn's treaty with the
+Indians in Pennsylvania.
+
+Up to the time when the country finally passed into the hands of the
+English, the Indians had resisted the attempts of the whites to settle
+among them; but now, finding that they were to be fairly dealt with, a
+better feeling arose, and the red men were content to dwell with the
+whites as friends and neighbors. Of course, all the settlers did not
+promptly pay for their lands, and there were some minor disputes from
+this cause; but in general the whites regularly purchased the land upon
+which they intended to make their homes, and in time all were obliged to
+do so. As may be supposed, very large prices were not paid for these
+lands; but the transactions were strictly honorable, because the parties
+on each side gave what they had, and all were satisfied with what they
+got.
+
+The payments for land frequently consisted partly of ready-made coats,
+kettles, and in some cases of jew's-harps. Tracts of land large enough
+for a town were sometimes sold for a barrel of cider. Now, this might
+appear rather a hard bargain for the Indians; but it must be considered
+that they had more land than they wanted, and no ready-made coats, or
+kettles, or jew's-harps, or cider.
+
+But it was not to be expected that the Indians would always be satisfied
+with their treatment; and in fact they had a good many grievances. As
+has been said, a settler sometimes established himself on a good piece
+of land without consulting the Indians of the neighborhood, or offering
+them payment, and in such cases there would be remonstrances from the
+red men. Then, again, the whites could not always understand the nature
+of Indian bargains. A man would buy a piece of land, and think that he
+owned not only the ground, but all that grew upon it, all that flew in
+the air above it, and everything that swam in its waters; and when the
+Indians, after having received payment for the farm, came there to hunt
+and fish, and strip the bark off the trees, the purchaser was apt to
+object.
+
+A notable difficulty of this kind occurred on Sandy Hook, where a man
+named Hartshorne had bought a tract of land from the Indians, and
+afterwards found, that, according to their ideas, he had no exclusive
+right to the fish, game, and timber of his new purchase; and he was
+especially made to understand that he had not bought the wild plums.
+This matter of the ownership of the plums afterwards became a source of
+considerable trouble, and was settled by Hartshorne paying to the chief
+of the neighboring tribe the sum of thirteen shillings, by which he
+acquired the entire right to the plums and all the other things on his
+land.
+
+The Indians had also a grievance of a different kind. There was a
+conference held in Burlington, between the Indians and the whites, in
+1678, which was convened on account of a complaint by the Indians that
+the English, in selling them some ready-made coats, had also sold them
+the smallpox. The temper of the Indians may be shown by one of their
+speeches on this occasion. A leading chief declared: "We are willing to
+have a broad path for you and us to walk in; and if an Indian is asleep
+in this path, the Englishman shall pass by him and do him no harm; and
+if an Englishman is asleep in the path, the Indian shall pass him by and
+say, 'He is an Englishman; he is asleep; let him alone; he loves to
+sleep!' It shall be a plain path. There must not be in this path a stump
+to hurt our feet. And as for the smallpox, it was once in my
+grandfather's time, and it could not be the English that could send it
+to us then, there being no English in the country. And it was once in my
+father's time, they could not send it to us then, neither. And now it is
+in my time, I do not believe that they have sent it to us now. I do
+believe it is the man above who has sent it to us." Soon after this, the
+two parties exchanged presents, and went away satisfied.
+
+For many years after this, there seem to have been few or no troubles
+between the Indians and the settlers of New Jersey. But matters changed
+about the middle of the next century; and when the Indian wars began in
+Pennsylvania, the red men of New Jersey showed symptoms of hostility to
+the whites. Matters grew worse and worse; and the Indians began to
+murder families, burn buildings, and carry away prisoners.
+
+This state of affairs grew so alarming that the Legislature took the
+matter in hand. They appointed commissioners to examine into the
+treatment of the Indians, and see if there were any good cause for their
+sudden enmity; and, after a conference with some of the chiefs, a bill
+was passed by the Legislature to put an end to a good many of the
+impositions of which the Indians complained. Among these was a habit of
+the whites of giving the Indians spirits, and then making bargains with
+them when they were not at all in a condition to do business of that
+kind. The Indians also complained of the practice of trapping deer, thus
+decreasing the game in the forests, and the occupation of land, without
+payment, by the settlers who were continually coming into the country.
+
+Another bill was passed appropriating 1600 pounds to buy from the
+Indians the entire right to all the lands which they yet held in New
+Jersey. But as there was no desire to banish the Indians from their
+native land, one half of this sum was reserved as payment for a large
+tract of land, or reservation, which should be their home, and on which
+no white man would have any right to settle, whether he was willing to
+buy the land or not. When this had been done, it was necessary to submit
+the matter to the Indians; and a council was called at Burlington, at
+which were present the governor of the Province, and some of the most
+prominent Indian chiefs.
+
+At this conference there was a notable exhibition of Indian etiquette.
+The governor had called the Minisinks, a tribe of the Delawares, to meet
+him; and they had informed the Mingoians, who, with some other northern
+tribes, were then gathered together at the grand council fire at the
+forks of the Delaware, where is now Easton. This was done, because at
+that time the Mingoians considered themselves superior to the Delawares,
+from whom proper respect was due.
+
+One of the chiefs from the council fire was sent down to represent the
+Mingoians. After some speeches were made, he told the white governor
+that the Minisinks, being Delawares, were women, and were not able of
+themselves to make treaties, therefore he had come down to look into the
+matter. As his people were then holding a grand council fire at the
+forks of the Delaware, they did not wish to put it out and build another
+council fire on this side of the Delaware. The reason which he gave for
+this was figurative and Indian-like.
+
+He stated that the river roared and thundered, and made a great deal of
+noise; and, if the council were held on this side, the distant Indian
+nations who dwelt to the west of the Delaware could not hear what was
+said at the council, and therefore it would be unfair to them to hold it
+on this side of the river. He concluded with a cordial invitation to the
+governor and his party to meet the Indians at their own council fire.
+
+About a month afterward, the governor, with some members of the
+Legislature, and other white people from New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
+met over five hundred Indians at the forks of the Delaware in grand
+council. Some of the speeches on this occasion were very interesting. A
+chief of the United Nations, speaking for the Delawares, who, having
+made themselves women by becoming peacemakers, had no right to speak
+for themselves, addressed the council as follows:--
+
+"Brethren, we now remove the hatchet out of your heads, that was struck
+into it by our cousins the Delawares. It was a French hatchet they
+unfortunately made use of, by the instigation of the French. We take it
+out of your heads, and bury it underground, where it shall always rest,
+and never be taken up again. Our cousins the Delawares have assured us
+they will never think of war against their brethren the English any
+more, but will employ their thoughts about peace and cultivating
+friendship with them, and never suffer enmity against them to enter into
+their minds again."
+
+Another chief said: "Brethren, I speak in behalf of the younger
+nations,--those who are confederated with the Six Nations, the Cayugas,
+Oneidas, Tuscaroras, Tutaloes, Nanticokes, and Conoys. A road has been
+made from our country to this council fire, that we might treat about
+friendship; and as we came down the road, we saw, that, by some
+misfortune or other, blood has lately been spilt on it. Now, we make the
+road wider and clearer. We take the blood away out of it, and likewise
+out of the council chamber, which may have been stained. We wash it all
+away, and desire it may not be seen any more, and we take the hatchet
+out of your heads."
+
+The governor of New Jersey also addressed this council, particularly
+urging them to require the Indians who had taken away prisoners to
+return these unfortunate people to their homes. In answer to this, one
+of the great chiefs of the United Nations made a speech to the
+Minisinks and the Delawares, in which he gave them a good scolding for
+not having returned these prisoners before; for it seemed that they had
+promised to do so.
+
+The council continued several days; and the Minisinks promised
+faithfully that they would search all the towns in their territory for
+prisoners, and return them to their own people. This matter having been
+settled, Governor Bernard made a formal proposition to buy all the lands
+which the Indians still retained in New Jersey; and, after a good deal
+of consultation, the chiefs of the United Nations advised the Minisinks
+and Delawares to accept the terms which were offered. After much talk,
+it was done, the necessary papers were signed, and the State of New
+Jersey was formally bought from its Indian owners.
+
+After this great matter had been settled, the tract of land which was to
+be set apart for the occupation of the Indians of the State, south of
+the Raritan River, in Burlington County, was purchased. It consisted of
+three thousand acres, which reached to the seacoast. There was plenty of
+fishing on it, and there were wild lands and forests, in which game
+abounded. Here the Indians could live as they pleased after their
+old-fashioned fashions, and never need fear disturbance by white men.
+Here they removed, and here they did live, apparently perfectly
+satisfied; and after this there were no further Indian troubles in New
+Jersey.
+
+The Indians on this reservation came to be known as the Edge-Pillocks,
+and in course of time considerable civilization crept in among them. It
+is a proof of this, that one of them, who took the name of Stephen
+Calvin, kept a school, and that his son Bartholomew went to Princeton
+College, and afterwards taught school. It is said that in his school
+there were as many white scholars as Indians.
+
+In 1801 these Edge-Pillock Indians were invited by the Mohicans of New
+York to leave their New Jersey home and come and live with them. In
+their invitation the Mohicans said they would like them "to pack up your
+mat and come and eat out of our dish, which is large enough for all, and
+our necks are stretched in looking toward the fireside of our
+grandfather till they are as long as cranes."
+
+The Edge-Pillocks sold their reservation, had the money invested for
+them in United States stocks, and went to join the Mohicans. After that,
+both tribes decided to buy land in Michigan, and the Edge-Pillocks
+disposed of their stocks to pay for their share.
+
+But our New Jersey Indians did not fare well in the West. Their fortunes
+did not prosper, and they grew poorer and poorer, until in 1832 their
+numbers decreased to about forty. Feeling the pressure of poverty, their
+Indian disposition suggested to them a remedy. They remembered, that,
+although they had sold their reservation, nothing had been said in the
+deeds concerning the game and the fish on the property; and they chose
+to consider that these still belonged to them. They therefore sent
+Bartholomew Calvin, who was now their oldest chief, to New Jersey to ask
+the Legislature to buy these remaining rights. The Legislature promptly
+agreed to do this, and appropriated two thousand dollars, which was the
+sum Bartholomew named, to buy of the Indians all their remaining rights
+of every kind in New Jersey.
+
+This act may be considered as one of kindness and charity to the former
+owners of the land, rather than as an act of justice, because there is
+no doubt, that when the Indians sold the reservation, and invested the
+proceeds, they intended to sell every deer, fish, bird, and mosquito on
+the whole tract. But it is an honor to the Legislature of that day that
+it was willing to make happy the last days of the New Jersey Indians by
+this act. That the Indians appreciated what had been done, may be seen
+from the following extract from a letter from Bartholomew Calvin:--
+
+     "Upon this parting occasion I feel it to be an incumbent duty to
+     bear the feeble tribute of my praise to the high-toned justice of
+     this State in dealing with the aboriginal inhabitants. Not a drop
+     of our blood have you spilled in battle, not an acre of our land
+     have you taken but by our consent. These facts speak for
+     themselves, and need no comment. They place the character of New
+     Jersey in bold relief,--a bright example to those States within
+     whose territorial limits our brethren still remain. Nothing save
+     benisons can fall upon her from the lips of a Lenni-Lenape."
+
+But the love of their old home did not die out entirely in the hearts of
+all the Edge-Pillock Indians, who emigrated, first to New York, and then
+to Michigan. There was one Indian brave and his squaw, who, after living
+at Oneida for some time, began to long again for the old hunting ground
+in New Jersey; and, before the rest of their tribe went West, these two
+came back to Burlington County, and established themselves in a little
+house near Mount Holly. Here these two Indians lived for about twenty
+years; and when they died, they left a daughter, a tall powerful woman,
+known in the neighborhood as "Indian Ann," who for many years occupied
+the position of the last of the Lenni-Lenape in New Jersey.
+
+She lived to be more than ninety years old; and her long straight black
+hair, her copper-colored skin, and bright eyes, gave the people of the
+neighborhood a good idea of what sort of people used to inhabit this
+country before their ancestors came over the sea. She had many true
+Indian characteristics, and loved to work in the open air better than to
+attend to domestic matters in the house. Even when she was very old, she
+would go into the woods and cut down trees as if she had been a man. She
+did not die until December, 1894; and then the people who had known her
+so long gathered together at her funeral, and buried the last of the
+Indians of New Jersey.
+
+Thus Scheyichbi, the land of the Indians, became truly and honestly New
+Jersey, the land of the English settlers; and to this State belongs the
+honor of having been the first in the Union in which the settlers
+purchased and paid for the lands on which they settled, and in which the
+aboriginal owners were so fairly treated that every foot of the soil not
+purchased of them by individuals was bought and paid for by the
+government of the State.
+
+
+
+
+FINS, RATTLES, AND WINGS.
+
+
+When the first settlers came to New Jersey, they found in that country
+plenty of wild animals, some of them desirable, and some quite
+otherwise. In the first class were great herds of red deer (especially
+in the central portion of the State), beavers, hares, and squirrels,
+and, among the dangerous kinds, bears, panthers, wolves, wild cats, and
+rattlesnakes. There were also many foxes, which were a great injury to
+the poultry yards of the settlers. Some of these creatures were so
+troublesome, that bounties were paid for the heads of panthers, foxes,
+and some other animals.
+
+The white settlers found New Jersey a capital hunting ground. Nothing,
+however, that is told about hunting in the early days of New Jersey
+equals the accounts which are given of the fishing in the waters of that
+State. Soon after the settlement of Burlington, one of the townspeople
+wrote to his friends in England, describing the manner in which the
+people fished in that place.
+
+The Delaware abounded in fish, and in the spring it swarmed with
+herring. When the early Burlingtonians wanted to catch herring, they did
+not trouble themselves about nets, or hooks and lines, but they built in
+the shallow water near the shore a pen, or, as they called it, a
+"pinfold," made by driving stakes into the sand so as to inclose a
+circular space about six feet in diameter. On the side toward the open
+water an aperture was left; and a big bush was made ready to close this
+up when the proper time came. Then the fishermen waded into the water,
+carrying with them great birch bushes. Sweeping the water with these,
+they slowly advanced toward the pinfold, driving swarms of herring
+before them, and so surrounding the frightened fish, that they had no
+way of escape, except by rushing through the entrance of the pinfold.
+Into the inclosure the shining creatures shot,--pushing, crowding, and
+dashing over each other,--until the pen was packed with fish, almost as
+closely jammed together as sardines in a tin box. Then the bush was
+driven down into the opening; and all that it was necessary to do, was
+to dip into the pinfold and take out great handfuls of fish. In this way
+bushels of herring could be procured at one time.
+
+It is not to be supposed that in those days game fishing flourished to
+any extent; that is, sportsmen did not go out with rods and flies to
+catch little fish one at a time, when it was so easy to scoop them up by
+dozens.
+
+Shad, too, were very abundant in those days, but not so highly valued as
+now. In fact, it is stated that when the settlers became more numerous,
+and the herring fewer, these fish were held in higher repute than shad;
+so that, when a man bought one hundred herring, he was expected to take
+ninety-five herring and five shad, or something in that proportion, shad
+being then rather a drug in the market.
+
+In those early days there were denizens of the waters on the shores of
+New Jersey very much more valuable than herring, shad, or any other of
+these finny creatures, no matter in what dense throngs they might
+present themselves. These were whales, of which there were numbers in
+Delaware Bay, and even some distance up the river. When the Dutch De
+Vries first came into these waters, he came after whales; and even at
+the present day one of these great water monsters occasionally
+investigates the western coast of New Jersey, generally paying dear for
+his curiosity.
+
+There were a great many snakes, many of them rattlesnakes, especially in
+the hilly country. The early settlers had a curious way of making
+themselves safe from these creatures. When they were going to make a
+journey through the woods or along wild country, where they expected to
+find snakes, they would take with them several hogs, and drive these
+grunting creatures in front of them. Hogs are very fond of eating
+snakes, and as they went along they would devour all they met with. It
+did not matter to the hogs whether the snakes were poisonous or
+harmless, they ate them all the same; for even the most venomous
+rattlesnake has but little chance against a porker in good condition,
+who, with his coat of bristles and the thick lining of fat under his
+skin, is so well protected against the fangs of the snake, that he pays
+no more attention to them than we to the seeds of a strawberry when we
+are eating one.
+
+Rattlesnakes were in fact the most dangerous wild animals with which the
+early settlers had to contend; for they were very numerous, and their
+bite, if not treated properly at once, was generally fatal. The Indians,
+who well knew the habits of the snake, were not nearly as much afraid of
+it as were the whites.
+
+In order to protect one's self against these creatures, unless there are
+too many of them, it is only necessary to make noise enough to let the
+snake know that some one is approaching, and it gets out of the way as
+fast as possible; or, if it has not time to do this, it coils itself up
+and springs its rattle, thus giving notice that it is on hand, and ready
+to strike.
+
+It has often been said that the snake's rattle is for warning to birds
+and other animals; but this is now known to be a mistake, for when a
+snake rattles, it strikes its victim almost at the same time, if it has
+a chance.
+
+It is now believed that the rattle is used to attract the attention of
+birds and other small creatures; and when they turn, and look into the
+eyes of the terrible serpent, they are so overcome with terror that they
+cannot fly away, and soon become its prey. This is commonly called snake
+charming; and a great many instances of it are related by people who are
+in the habit of telling the truth, and who have seen a snake charm a
+bird which could have flown away just as well as not, had it not been
+for the terrible attraction of those great eyes, which drew it nearer
+and nearer, until at last it found itself in the jaws of a snake.
+
+The Indians did not give this significance to the rattle: they believed,
+as many people now do, that it was merely used as a warning. So, when an
+Indian met with a snake which rattled before he came up to it, he took
+it to be a snake of honest, straight-forward principles, who wished to
+deceive nobody, and therefore gave fair notice of its presence. Such a
+serpent was never molested. But if a snake rattled after an Indian had
+passed, the red man went back and killed the creature, on the ground
+that it was a sneak and a coward, which had neglected to give warning to
+the passer-by.
+
+A farmer living in Cumberland County tells a story about having
+discovered an island in a swamp, which so abounded in snakes, that he
+and some of his neighbors conceived the idea that this was the place
+where they made their headquarters, and from which, in summer time, they
+wandered to forage upon the country. The farmers waited until winter
+before they made an attack upon this stronghold; and then they came and
+dug up the ground, knowing that these reptiles always pass the cold
+season in a torpid state underground.
+
+It was not long before they came to what might be called in these days a
+cold-storage vault. This was a flat-bottomed cavity, filled to the depth
+of about three inches with clear spring water; and in this water were
+packed away a great number of snakes, evenly laid side by side, so as to
+take up as little room as possible. The majority of these creatures were
+rattlesnakes; but there were black snakes among them, and one large
+spotted snake. Besides these, there were, as the narrator expressed it,
+at least a peck of spring frogs; these having probably crawled in to
+fill up all corners and vacant places. All these reptiles were of
+course dormant and insensible, and were easily destroyed.
+
+There is another story which gives even a better idea of the abundance
+of rattlesnakes in the new colony. In a quarry, from which the workmen
+were engaged in getting out stone for the foundations of Princeton
+College, a wide crack in the rocks was discovered, which led downward to
+a large cavity; and in this cave were found about twenty bushels of
+rattlesnake bones. There was no reason to believe that this was a snake
+cemetery, to which these creatures retired when they supposed they were
+approaching the end of their days; but it was, without doubt, a great
+rattlesnake trap. The winding narrow passage leading to it must have
+been very attractive to a snake seeking for retired quarters in which to
+take his long winter nap. Although the cave at the bottom of the great
+crack was easy enough to get into, it was so arranged that it was
+difficult, if not impossible, for a snake to get out of it, especially
+in the spring, when these creatures are very thin and weak, having been
+nourished all winter by their own fat. Thus year after year the
+rattlesnakes must have gone down into that cavity, without knowing that
+they could never get out again.
+
+The great rivals, in point of numbers, to the herring and other fish in
+the rivers of New Jersey (and the snakes in their winter quarters
+underground), were the wild pigeons in the air. Several times in the
+year the settlers would be visited by vast flocks of these birds, which
+came in such numbers as to shut out the light of the sun, as if they
+had been clouds in the sky. They would remain in one place for a few
+days, and then pass on. As it was unnecessary to use hooks and lines to
+catch a few fish out of the multitudes which swarmed in the streams, so
+it was hardly worth while to waste powder and shot on the vast flocks of
+pigeons which visited New Jersey in those days. When they came to roost
+in the forests, they could be knocked down with poles and stones; and
+thousands and thousands of them were thus obtained by the men and boys,
+and very good eating they were.
+
+There was a summer in which the settlers were very much astonished by
+the advent of a vast army of invaders to which they were not at all
+accustomed. These were locusts, probably of the kind we now call
+seventeen-year locusts; and the people were amazed to see these
+creatures come up out of the ground, clad in their horny coats of mail,
+which they afterwards cast off, when they appeared as winged creatures.
+
+They could not understand how insects encumbered by such hard, unwieldy
+shells, could penetrate to such distance below the surface of the earth;
+for they did not know that each one of these locusts came from a little
+worm which had dropped into the ground many years before, and which had
+worked its way down to a great depth, and then, about a sixth of a
+century afterward, had reappeared on the surface as a hard-shell locust,
+ready to split its back, get out of its shell, spend a few days flying
+about in the summer air, lay its eggs in the twigs of trees, and then,
+having fulfilled all its duties on this earth, to die.
+
+Although the farmers probably supposed that their crops would be eaten
+up by this vast horde of locusts, no great injury was done to them; for,
+as we now know, the seventeen-year locusts do not appear upon earth to
+destroy crops and vegetation, being far different from the
+grasshopper-like locusts which in our Western countries sometimes
+devastate large sections of farming lands. The twigs of the trees, which
+had been punctured in order that the eggs might be deposited, recovered
+their life, and put forth their leaves again when they had ceased to act
+as insect incubators.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF A GIRL AND A HOGSHEAD.
+
+
+Settlers came to New Jersey in various ways. Their voyages were
+generally very long, and it often happened that they did not settle at
+the place for which they had started, for there were many circumstances
+which might induce them to change their mind after they reached this
+country.
+
+But there was one settler, and a very valuable one too, who came to New
+Jersey in an entirely original and novel fashion. She was a girl only
+sixteen years old, and a Swede. There is no reason to suppose that she
+wanted to come to America; but circumstances made it necessary that she
+should get out of Sweden, and this country was a very good place to come
+to. It is said that this girl, whose surname we do not know, but who was
+called Elizabeth, was a connection of the Swedish royal family; and, as
+there was great trouble at the time between different factions in the
+land, it happened that it was dangerous for Elizabeth to remain in
+Sweden, and it was very difficult to get her away. It is quite certain
+that she was a person of importance, because it was considered
+absolutely necessary to keep the authorities from knowing that she was
+about to sail for foreign lands.
+
+There are people at the present day who, when they first go on board an
+ocean steamer, are very much surprised and disgusted at the small size
+of the stateroom they will have to occupy during the voyage; but if they
+could have seen the accommodations with which Elizabeth was obliged to
+content herself, they would not look with such contempt upon a room in
+which three persons can sleep, leaving space to move about.
+
+The people who had Elizabeth's passage in charge conceived the idea that
+the safest way to get her on board the vessel, which was waiting at the
+dock, would be to ship her as freight. So she was put into a large
+hogshead, and securely fastened up, and then carried on board. She must
+have been a girl of a good deal of pluck, for the vessel was not to sail
+for several days, and she must remain in the hogshead all that time, as
+the officials of the port might come on board at any moment and discover
+her, if she should get out of her hiding place. I have no doubt that she
+was supplied with three or four meals a day through the bunghole.
+
+Not only was Elizabeth's precious self thus duly consigned to America as
+if she had been ordinary merchandise, but a great many of her valuable
+possessions, jewels, clothes, etc., were also shipped to accompany her.
+In the course of time, and it must have been a dreary time to this poor
+girl, the ship moved out of the dock, and started on its voyage across
+the North Sea, and then over the Atlantic to the new country. Not until
+the vessel was well out of sight of land, and free from danger of being
+overhauled by a vessel of the Swedish navy, did Elizabeth come out of
+her barrel and breathe the fresh sea air.
+
+At that time, early in the seventeenth century, a good many vessels
+crossed the Atlantic, and most of them must have made safe and
+successful voyages; but it so happened that the ship in which Elizabeth
+sailed was not a fortunate craft. When she reached the far-stretching
+Jersey coast, dangerous even now to mariners who know it well, this
+vessel was overtaken by storm, and soon became a hopeless wreck.
+
+It might have been a very good thing if Elizabeth had concluded to end
+her voyage as she began it. If she had put her valuables into her
+hogshead, and then had jumped in herself and had asked some of the
+sailors to fasten her up, there is no doubt that she would have floated
+ashore, if she had known how to keep the open bunghole uppermost,--which
+no doubt she did,--and would have saved all her possessions. If one must
+float through stormy waves and great breakers, there is no safer way to
+do it than in a hogshead, as has been proved by the man who in that way
+navigated the fierce rapids at Niagara. But Elizabeth did not go back to
+her hogshead. She took her chances with the rest of the people on
+board, and with them was cast on the shore of New Jersey.
+
+This shore was absolutely wild and bare, and what became of the others
+who reached it, we do not know; but Elizabeth eventually wandered off by
+herself, alone and lost in a strange land. If the people who had been so
+much concerned about her connection with the Swedish throne had been
+able to see her then, they would have been perfectly satisfied that she
+would give them no further trouble. How she lived during her days of
+wandering and solitude is not told; but when we remember that New Jersey
+is noted for its berries and for its clams, and that it was probably
+summer time when she was cast ashore (for mariners would generally
+calculate to arrive at the settlement in good weather), we may give a
+very good guess at Elizabeth's diet.
+
+It was not very long before she found that there was another wanderer in
+this desolate and lonely place. She met with a white hunter named
+Garrison; and very much surprised must he have been when his eyes first
+fell upon her,--almost as much surprised, perhaps, as if he had come
+upon a stranded hogshead, with a human voice calling through the
+bunghole to be let out.
+
+When a possible heiress of a royal crown meets with a solitary hunter,
+probably poor and of no family to speak of, her reception of him depends
+very much upon surrounding circumstances. In this case, those
+circumstances induced Elizabeth to look upon Garrison with more favor
+than she had ever looked upon a king or noble, for there is no doubt
+that she would have perished on that wild and uninhabited coast if she
+had not met with him.
+
+Of course, the hunter gladly undertook to guide this Swedish girl to a
+settlement; and the two started off on their long tramp. It is not at
+all surprising that they soon began to like each other, that it was not
+long before they fell in love, and that in course of time they were duly
+married. If she had ever thought of a marriage with a high-born Swede,
+Elizabeth gave up all such notions when she entered her hogshead, and
+left all her proud hopes behind her.
+
+This young couple--one of royal Swedish blood, the other a hardy hunter
+of the New World--settled near Bridgeton, and there they flourished and
+prospered. Elizabeth lived to be ninety-five years old. She had ten
+children, and in 1860 it was computed that her descendants numbered at
+least a thousand. That any of these considered themselves better than
+their neighbors, because it was possible that they might have a drop or
+two of royal blood in their veins, is not likely; for but few American
+families would care to base their claims of social superiority upon such
+a very diluted foundation as this. But they would have good reason to
+trace with pride their descent from the plucky girl who started for
+America in a hogshead, and who was able to land alone and unassisted on
+the Jersey coast in a storm, and to take care of herself after she got
+ashore.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF PENELOPE STOUT.
+
+
+In the early days of New Jersey, the Dutch settlers suffered very much
+from Indian hostilities. It was at the time that New Amsterdam,
+afterwards New York, was in the possession of the Dutch, that a ship
+came from Holland, bringing passengers who intended to settle in the new
+country. The ship was unfortunately wrecked in the neighborhood of Sandy
+Hook; but all the passengers managed to save themselves, and reached the
+shore.
+
+Among these was a young couple whose names we do not know, except that
+the wife's maiden name was Penelope Van Princis. Her husband had been
+very sick during the voyage; and getting ashore through the surf from
+the wreck could not have been of any benefit to him, for, after he had
+reached dry land, he felt even worse than he had upon shipboard, and
+needed all the attention his wife could give him.
+
+Although the passengers and crew of this vessel had reached the shore,
+they did not by any means consider themselves in safety; for they were
+very much afraid of the Indians, and desired above everything to make
+what haste they could toward New Amsterdam. They therefore started away
+as soon as possible. But Penelope's husband was too sick to go any
+farther at that time, and his wife was too good a woman to leave her
+husband in that lonely spot; and so these two were left behind, while
+the rest of the company started for New Amsterdam, promising, however,
+that they would send help to the unfortunate couple.
+
+The fears of these immigrants in regard to the Indians were not without
+foundation; for the main party had not long departed, when a band of red
+men, probably having heard in some way of the wreck of the ship,
+appeared upon the scene, and discovered poor Penelope and her sick
+husband. It is unfortunately the disposition of most savages to show
+little pity for weakness and suffering, and the fact that the poor young
+man could not do them any possible harm had no effect upon them, and
+they set upon him and killed him; very much as a boy would kill a little
+harmless snake, for no reason whatever, except that he was able to do
+it.
+
+Then they determined to kill Penelope also, and, attacking her with
+their tomahawks, they so cut and wounded her that she fell down bleeding
+and insensible. Having built a fire, these brave warriors cooked
+themselves a comfortable meal, and then departed. But Penelope was not
+killed, and, coming to her senses, her instincts told her that the first
+thing to do was to hide herself from these bloodthirsty red men: so,
+slowly and painfully, she crawled away to the edge of a wood, and found
+there a great hollow tree, into which she crept.
+
+This made but narrow and doleful quarters for a wounded woman, but it
+was preferable at that time to the blue sky and fresh air. She did not
+leave the tree until nightfall, and then she made her way to the place
+where the fire was still glimmering; and by great care, and with what
+must have been painful labor, she kept this fire from going out, and so
+managed to get a little warmth.
+
+In this way, living in the tree the greater part of the time, and
+depending for food chiefly upon the fungous excrescences and gum which
+grew on the outside of it,--for she was not able to go in search of
+berries and other food,--poor Penelope lived for a few days, with her
+dead husband on the beach, and her almost dead self in that cavern-like
+tree. The hours must have passed mournfully indeed to this young woman
+who had set out for the New World with such bright hopes.
+
+That she survived her terrible hardships was due entirely to the
+existence of the danger she most feared; that is, the reappearance of
+the Indians. On the second morning, nearly famished and very weak,
+Penelope was making her way slowly over the ground, endeavoring to find
+something she could eat, or a little dew in the hollow of a leaf, that
+she might drink, when suddenly there came out of the woods two tall
+Indians, who, naturally enough, were much surprised to find a wounded
+white woman there alone upon the seashore.
+
+Penelope gave herself up as lost. There was nothing now for her to do
+but to submit to her fate. It was a pity, she thought, that she had not
+been slain with her husband.
+
+But the Indians did not immediately rush at her with their tomahawks:
+they stood and talked together, evidently about her, with their fierce
+eyes continually fixed upon her. Then their conversation became more
+animated, and it was soon plain that they were disputing. Of course, she
+did not then know the cause of their difference of opinion; but she
+found out afterwards that one of them was in favor of killing her upon
+the spot, and the other, an older man than his companion, was more
+mercifully inclined, and wished to carry her off as a prisoner to their
+camp.
+
+At last the older man got the better of the other one; and he, being
+determined that the poor wounded woman should be taken care of, took her
+up and put her on his shoulder, and marched away with her. That an
+Indian should be able to perform a feat like this is not at all
+surprising; for when one of them shoots a deer in the forest, though
+many of those animals are heavier than Penelope was, he will put it on
+his back and carry it through the forests, perhaps for miles, until he
+reaches his camp. And so Penelope, as if she had been a deer wounded by
+some other hunters, which these men had found, was carried to the Indian
+camp.
+
+There she was taken care of. Food and drink were given her. Her wounds
+were dressed and treated after the Indian fashion. In due course of time
+she recovered her health and strength, and there--living in a wigwam,
+among the women and children of the village, pounding corn, cooking
+food, carrying burdens as did the Indian women--she remained for some
+time, not daring even to try to escape; for in that wild country there
+was no place of safety to which it was possible for her to flee.
+
+Although there was a good deal of bad feeling between the Indians and
+the whites at that time, they still traded and communicated with each
+other; and when, in the course of time, it became known in New Amsterdam
+that there was a white woman held as a prisoner in this Indian camp,
+there was every reason to suppose that this woman was the young wife who
+had been left on the seacoast by the survivors of the wreck.
+Consequently some of the men who had been her fellow-passengers came
+over to the Indian camp, which was not far from where Middletown now
+stands. Here, as they had expected, they found Penelope, and demanded
+that the Indians should give her up.
+
+After some discussion, it was agreed that the matter should be left with
+Penelope herself; and the old Indian who had saved her life went to
+her,--for of course, being an inferior, she was not present at the
+conference,--and put the question before her. Here she was, with a
+comfortable wigwam, plenty to eat and drink, good Indian clothes to
+wear, as well treated as any Indian woman, and, so far as he could see,
+with everything to make her comfortable and happy; and here she might
+stay if she chose. On the other hand, if she wished to go to New
+Amsterdam, she would find there no one with whom she was acquainted,
+except the people who had rowed away and left her on that desolate
+coast, and who might have come in search of her a long time before if
+they really had cared anything about her. If she wanted to live here
+among friends who had been kind to her, and be taken care of, she could
+do so; if she wanted to go away and live among people who had deserted
+her, and who appeared to have forgotten her, she could do that.
+
+Very much to the surprise of this good Indian, Penelope declared that
+she should prefer to go and live among people of her own race and
+country; and so, much to the regret of her Indian friends, she departed
+for New Amsterdam with the men who had come for her.
+
+A year or two after Penelope had gone back to New Amsterdam, being then
+about twenty-two, she married an Englishman named Richard Stout, who
+afterwards became an important personage. He, with other settlers, went
+over to New Jersey and founded a little village, which was called
+Middletown, not far from the Indian camp where Penelope had once been a
+prisoner. The Indians still remained in this camp, but now they appeared
+to be quite friendly to the whites; and the new settlers did not
+consider that there was anything dangerous in having these red
+neighbors. The good Indian who had been Penelope's protector, now quite
+an old man, was very friendly and sociable, and often used to visit Mrs.
+Stout. This friendship for the woman whom he had saved from death seemed
+to have been strong and sincere.
+
+One day this old Indian came to the house of Mrs. Stout, and, seating
+himself in the room where she was, remained for a long time pensive and
+silent. This rather unusual conduct made Penelope fear that something
+had happened to him; and she questioned him, asking him why he was so
+silent, and why he sighed so often. Then the old man spoke out and told
+her that he had come on a very important errand, in which he had risked
+his own life at the hands of his tribe; but, having saved her life once,
+he had determined to do it again, no matter what might happen to
+himself.
+
+Then he told her that the good will of the Indians toward their white
+neighbors had come to an end, and that it had been determined in council
+that an attack should be made that night upon this little village, when
+every person in it--men, women, and children--should be put to death,
+the houses burned, and the cattle driven away. His brethren no longer
+wanted white people living near them.
+
+Of course, this news was a great shock to Penelope. She had now two
+little children, and she could not get far away with them and hide, as
+she herself had once hidden from Indian foes. But the old man told her
+that she need not be afraid: he could not save all the people in the
+village, but he was her friend, and he had arranged to save her and her
+family. At a certain place, which he described so she could not fail to
+find it, he had concealed a canoe; and in that she and her husband, with
+the children, could go over to New Amsterdam, and there would be plenty
+of time for them to get away before the Indians would attack the place.
+Having said this, and having urged her to lose no time in getting away,
+the old Indian left.
+
+As soon as he had gone, Penelope sent for her husband, who was working
+in the fields, and told him what she had heard, urging him to make
+preparations instantly to escape with her. But Mr. Stout was not easily
+frightened by news such as this. He pooh-poohed the whole story, and
+told his wife that the natives over there in their camp were as well
+disposed and friendly as if they had been a company of white settlers,
+and that, as these red men and the whites had lived together so long,
+trading with each other, and visiting each other with perfect freedom,
+there was no reason whatever to suppose that the Indians would suddenly
+determine to rise up and massacre a whole settlement of peaceable
+neighbors, who had never done them any harm, and who were a great
+benefit to them in the way of trading. It would be all nonsense, he
+said, to leave their homes, and run away from Indians so extremely
+friendly and good-natured as those in the neighboring camp.
+
+But Penelope had entirely different ideas upon the subject. She
+thoroughly believed in the old Indian, and was sure that he would not
+have come and told her that story unless it had been true. If her
+husband chose to stay and risk his life, she could not help it; but she
+would not subject herself and her children to the terrible danger which
+threatened them. She had begged her husband to go with her; but as he
+had refused, and had returned to his work, she and her children would
+escape alone.
+
+Consequently she set out with the little ones, and with all haste
+possible she reached the place where the canoe was moored among some
+tall reeds, and, getting in with the children, she paddled away to New
+Amsterdam, hoping she might reach there in time to send assistance to
+Middletown before the Indians should attack it.
+
+When Farmer Stout found that his wife had really gone off, and had taken
+the children with her, he began to consider the matter seriously, and
+concluded that perhaps there might be something in the news which the
+old Indian had brought. He consequently called together a number of the
+men of the village, and they held a consultation, in which it was
+determined that it would be a wise thing to prepare themselves against
+the threatened attack; and, arming themselves with all the guns and
+pistols they could get, they met together in one of the houses, which
+was well adapted for that purpose, and prepared to watch all night.
+
+They did not watch in vain, for about midnight they heard from the woods
+that dreadful war whoop which the white settlers now well understood.
+They knew it meant the same thing as the roar of the lion, who, after
+silently creeping towards his intended victim, suddenly makes the rocks
+echo with the sound of his terrible voice, and then gives his fatal
+spring.
+
+But although these men might have been stricken with terror, had they
+heard such a war cry at a time when they were not expecting it, and from
+Indians to whom they were strangers, they were not so terrified at the
+coming of these red men with whom, perhaps only the day before, they had
+been trading buttons for venison and beans. They could not believe that
+these apparently mild and easy-going fellows could really be the
+terrible savages they tried to make themselves appear.
+
+So Richard Stout and his companions went boldly out, guns in hand, to
+meet the oncoming savages, and, calling a parley, they declared that
+they had no intention of resting quietly, and allowing themselves and
+families to be slaughtered and their houses burned. If the Indians, who
+had so long been their good neighbors, were now determined to become
+bloody enemies, they would find that they would have to do a good deal
+of hard fighting before they could destroy the village of Middletown;
+and, if they persisted in carrying on the bloody job they had
+undertaken, a good many of them would be killed before that job was
+finished.
+
+Now, it had been very seldom that Indians who had started out to
+massacre whites had met with people who acted like this; and these red
+men in war paint thought it wise to consider what had been said to them.
+A few of them may have had guns, but the majority were armed only with
+bows and tomahawks; and these white men had guns and pistols, with
+plenty of powder and ball. It would clearly be unsafe to fight them.
+
+So, after discussing the matter among themselves and afterwards talking
+it over with the whites, the Indians made up their minds, that, instead
+of endeavoring to destroy the inhabitants of Middletown, they would
+shake hands with them and make a treaty of peace. They then retired; and
+on the following day a general conference was held, in which the whites
+agreed to buy the lands on which they had built their town, and an
+alliance was made for mutual protection and assistance. This compact was
+faithfully observed as long as there were any Indians in the
+neighborhood, and Middletown grew and flourished.
+
+Among the citizens of the place there were none who grew and flourished
+in a greater degree than the Stout family. Although Penelope bore upon
+her body the scars of her wounds until the day of her death, it is
+stated, upon good authority, that she lived to be one hundred and ten
+years old; so that it is plain that her constitution was not injured by
+the sufferings and hardships of the beginning of her life in New
+Jersey.
+
+Not only did the Stouts flourish in Middletown, but some of them went a
+little southward, and helped to found the town of Hopewell; and here
+they increased to such a degree that one of the early historians relates
+that the Baptist Church there was founded by the Stouts, and that for
+forty-one years the religious meetings were held in the houses of
+different members of the Stout family, while, at the time he wrote, half
+of the congregation of the church were still Stouts, and that, all in
+all, there had been at least two hundred members of that name. So the
+Baptist Church in Hopewell, as well as all the churches in Middletown,
+owed a great deal to the good Indian who carried poor Penelope to his
+village, and cured her of her wounds.
+
+
+
+
+THE SCHOOLMASTER AND THE DOCTOR.
+
+
+Of course, it was not long after New Jersey began to be settled and
+cultivated, before there were a great many boys and girls who also
+needed to be cultivated. And if we are to judge their numbers by the
+families of Elizabeth, who started for the New World in a hogshead, and
+of Penelope, who began her life here in a hollow tree, there must have
+been an early opportunity for the establishment of flourishing schools;
+that is, so far as numbers of scholars make schools flourishing.
+
+But in fact it does not appear that very early attention was given in
+this State to the education of the young. The first school of which we
+hear was established in 1664; but it is probable that the first settlers
+of New Jersey were not allowed to grow up to be over forty years old
+before they had any chance of going to school, and it is likely that
+there were small schools in various places of which no historical
+mention is made.
+
+It is admitted, however, by the historians of these early days of New
+Jersey, that education was not attended to as it should have been; and
+we read that in 1693 an act was passed to "establish schoolmasters
+within the Province, 'for the cultivation of learning and good manners
+for the good and benefit of mankind, which hath hitherto been much
+neglected in the Province.'"
+
+These early schools were not of a very high order; the books used by
+younger scholars being what were called hornbooks, which were made by
+pasting upon a board a piece of paper containing the alphabet and some
+lessons in spelling, and covering the whole with a very thin sheet of
+horn, which was fastened on the board as glass is fastened over a framed
+picture. Thus the children could see the letters and words under the
+horn, but were not able to deface or tear the paper. It was difficult to
+get books in those days, and a hornbook would last a long time.
+
+We can get a pretty good idea of the character of the schools from an
+account given of the establishment of the first school in Newark, where
+the town authorities made a contract "with Mr. John Catlin to instruct
+their children and servants in as much English, reading, writing, and
+arithmetic, as he could teach."
+
+But the people of New Jersey prospered well, and the Colony soon became
+noted as one in which there was comfort and good living; and therefore
+it is natural that when the people really could afford to apply their
+time, thought, and money to objects higher than the tillage of farms and
+the building of houses, they went to work earnestly to give their young
+people proper opportunities for education, and we find that they were
+inclined to do this as earnestly and thoroughly as they had been in the
+habit of doing other things.
+
+In consequence of this disposition, what is now Princeton College was
+founded in 1746. This institution was first called the "College of New
+Jersey," and was established at Elizabethtown. It was in its early days
+a very small seat of learning; for, when the Rev. Mr. Dickinson was
+appointed to be its president, the faculty consisted entirely of
+himself, and his only assistant was an usher. There were then about
+twenty students in the college.
+
+In about a year the president died; and the college was then removed to
+Newark, where the Rev. Aaron Burr, the father of the celebrated Aaron
+Burr, became its president, and it is probable that the faculty was
+enlarged. Ten years afterwards the college was established at Princeton.
+
+The manners and customs of the college must have been very primitive,
+and we will give a few of the rules which were made for the students:
+"Every scholar shall keep his hat off to the president about ten rods,
+and about five to the tutors. When walking with a superior, they shall
+give him the highest place, and when first going into his company, they
+shall show their respects to him by first pulling off their hats; shall
+give place to him at any door or entrance; or meeting him going up and
+down stairs shall stop, giving him the bannister side;" and, in speaking
+to a superior, "shall always give a direct and pertinent answer,
+concluding with Sir." Thus it is seen that attention to good manners was
+one of the most important branches of study taught at the young
+college.
+
+But in certain districts of New Jersey, people seemed to be very slow in
+perceiving the advantages of schools in their midst. Schools had sprung
+up here and there in towns and villages, many of them boarding schools;
+and to these the richer farmers would send their children. But it took
+people in some rural places a good while to find out that it would be a
+good thing to have a school in their midst.
+
+A story is told of the establishment of a school of this kind in
+Deckertown as late as 1833. The people of this village had never thought
+it worth while to have a school of their own; and even after a gentleman
+of learning and ability, who was well known in the place, offered to
+take charge of such a school, they did not look with any favor upon the
+enterprise. The only place for a schoolhouse, which he was able to
+obtain, was a very small building, consisting of one room, and situated
+on the outskirts of the town. Here he started a school with one scholar;
+and even this little fellow was not a Jersey boy, but came from New
+York.
+
+For a considerable time this single scholar constituted the school, and
+he and the schoolmaster walked back and forth from the village to the
+little cabin every day; while the only interest that the townspeople
+seemed to take in them was shown by their laughing at the schoolmaster,
+and comparing him to a hen with one chicken. It must not be supposed
+that it was because the citizens did not believe in education; but, as
+they had been in the habit of sending their children away to school,
+they thought that that was the proper thing to do, and, as there never
+had been a school in the town, they saw no reason why there should be
+one then. But the school increased, and in less than a year it numbered
+twenty scholars.
+
+There is a rather peculiar story told of this school in its early days.
+It had been established about two months, when the schoolmaster happened
+to be walking in the direction of the school quite late in the evening
+and to his amazement he saw that the little room was brilliantly
+lighted. Now, as he and his scholar had left it in the afternoon, and he
+had locked the door, he could not understand the state of affairs.
+Hurrying to the house, he looked in at the window, and saw that the room
+was nearly filled with well-dressed men, who were standing and sitting
+around a table on which were spread cards and money. He saw that they
+were a company of gamblers; but how they came there, and why they came,
+he could not imagine. Of course, he could not drive them out; but, after
+watching them for a little while, he boldly opened the door and went in
+among them.
+
+They were so occupied with their game, however, that they paid little
+attention to him; and, after standing with them for a time, he remarked
+to one of them that he hoped that when they had finished their game, and
+were ready to go away, they would leave everything behind them in as
+good order as they had found it, and then he himself departed and went
+home. But the next morning, when he and his scholar came to the
+schoolhouse, he found everything as they had left it on the afternoon
+before; and this schoolmaster might have been excused if he had imagined
+that he had dreamed that he saw the curious sight of a company of
+gamblers in his schoolhouse.
+
+But he found out afterwards that it was no dream. There was a set of men
+gathered together from the neighboring country, who regularly spent
+certain evenings in gambling for high stakes. They had discovered that
+there was no better place for their meetings than the little
+schoolhouse, which was tenanted by two persons in the daytime and by
+nobody at night; and, as it was so far away from the other houses, it
+was a very convenient place for their secret meetings, and they had been
+in the habit of assembling there almost from the very time that it was
+cleaned out and arranged for a schoolhouse.
+
+When the schoolmaster found that he had devoted his energies to the
+establishment of a very flourishing gambling saloon, when he supposed
+that he had founded nothing but a weak little school, he took measures
+to prevent any further visits from the gentlemen with the cards and the
+money. After that, the exercises in addition, subtraction, and
+multiplication, were figured out with a pencil or chalk instead of being
+done by means of spades or diamonds.
+
+In those early days the doctor was almost as slow in coming to the front
+as was the schoolmaster.
+
+In fact, it is said that the first doctors in New Jersey were women, and
+that the people placed such faith in their abilities, that unless a case
+were very serious indeed, so that a physician had to be sent for from
+the city, they were perfectly satisfied with the services of the women
+doctors. It is also stated, that in those days the people of New Jersey
+were very healthy. These two statements can be put together in different
+ways: some may say, that, where people were so seldom sick, doctors of
+great ability were not needed; while, on the other hand, those who have
+a higher opinion of womankind might well believe, that, because women
+made such good doctors, the people were seldom sick.
+
+It must be remembered, however, that the mothers, wives, sisters, and
+daughters of the people of this State, were formerly looked upon as of
+more importance than they are now; and among the rights which they
+possessed in those early days, but of which they have since been
+deprived, was the right of voting. An early writer, speaking of this
+privilege, says, "The New Jersey women, however, showed themselves
+worthy of the respect of their countrymen by generally declining to
+avail themselves of this preposterous proof of it." It is very pleasant
+for us to remember that New Jersey was among the first of our States in
+which free and equal rights were given to all citizens, male or female,
+if they chose to avail themselves of them.
+
+But when the population of New Jersey so increased that it became plain
+that the women could not be physicians, and attend at the same time to
+their domestic duties, the care of their children, and the demands of
+society, the citizens of New Jersey gave as earnest and thorough
+attention to their needs in the way of medicine and surgery as they had
+given to their needs in the way of college education; and the first
+State Medical Society in this country was founded in New Jersey in the
+year 1766.
+
+It is said that some of the early doctors of New Jersey possessed great
+ability, and, although there could not have been many of them at first,
+they arranged for a suitable increase in their society, and nearly every
+one of them had one or more students.
+
+A medical student in those days did not occupy the same position that he
+holds now. In fact, he was nothing more nor less than an apprentice to
+his master. He was bound to the doctor by a regular indenture. He lived
+in his family, and, when he was not engaged in his studies, he was
+expected to make himself useful in various domestic ways, often learning
+the use of the saw in the wood yard.
+
+A very natural consequence of this domestic fashion of pursuing their
+studies was, that, when the young doctor started out to establish a
+practice for himself, he not only had a certificate or diploma from his
+master, but was also provided with a wife, for marriages of medical
+students with the daughters of their preceptors were very common.
+
+What further outfit was furnished a student setting out in practice for
+himself, may be imagined from the conclusion of an old indenture of
+apprenticeship, which states, that when Jacobus Hubbard shall have
+fulfilled his apprenticeship of four years and eight months,--during
+which he has well and faithfully served his master, his secrets kept,
+his lawful commands gladly everywhere obeyed,--he shall be provided,
+when he goes forth as doctor, with a "new set of surgeon's pocket
+instruments, Solomon's Dispensatory, Quence's Dispensatory, and Fuller
+on Fevers."
+
+It is probable that such a very healthy country as New Jersey did not
+always give a doctor of a neighborhood sufficient work to occupy his
+time, and therefore the early physicians used to combine other
+professions with that of medicine and surgery. Some were lawyers, others
+clergymen, and many were farmers and planters. The following story is
+told about the Rev. Jacob Green, "who lived in Hanover, and was pastor
+of the Presbyterian Church in that place. He had also many other
+callings, as may be inferred from a letter addressed to him by a wag,
+and which was said not to exaggerate the truth:--
+
+"'To the Rev. Jacob Green, _Preacher_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Teacher_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Doctor_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Proctor_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Miller_.
+    "     "     "     "    _Distiller_.'"
+
+The necessity for this variety of occupation is shown by a letter from a
+gentleman named Charles Gordon, living near Plainfield, to his brother,
+Dr. John Gordon, in England, in which he says, "If you design to come
+hither, you may come as a planter or merchant; but as a doctor of
+medicine I cannot advise you, for I hear of no diseases to cure but some
+agues and some cutted legs and fingers." Other physicians gave up their
+professions at the beginning of the Revolution, and became prominent in
+military matters.
+
+Dr. John Cochran, one of the first New Jersey physicians, was a man of
+wide experience and reputation. He was surgeon in the British hospital
+during the French War, and afterward practiced medicine in New
+Brunswick. During the Revolution, he became an army surgeon. He was a
+friend of Washington, and, in fact, was quite intimate with the
+commander in chief of the American forces. It is said that when
+Washington was at West Point in 1779, and the doctor and his family were
+stationed at the same place, Washington wrote to Dr. Cochran almost the
+only facetious letter which is known to have come from the pen of that
+grave and dignified man.
+
+This letter informs the doctor that he has invited Mrs. Cochran and Mrs.
+Livingston to dine with him the next day, and says that the table is
+large enough for the ladies, and then proceeds to tell "how it is
+covered." "Since our arrival at this happy spot, we have had a ham,
+sometimes a shoulder of bacon, to grace the head of the table; a piece
+of roast beef adorns the foot, and a dish of beans or greens, almost
+imperceptible, decorates the center. When the cook has a mind to cut a
+figure, which I presume will be the case to-morrow, we have two
+beefsteak pies, or dishes of crabs, in addition, one on each side of the
+center dish, dividing the space, and reducing the distance between dish
+and dish to about six feet, which without them would be twelve feet
+apart. Of late, he has had the surprising sagacity to discover that
+apples will make pies, and it is a question if in the violence of his
+efforts we do not get one of apples instead of having both of beefsteak.
+If the ladies can put up with such entertainment, and will submit to
+partake of it on plates once tin, now iron (not become so by scouring),
+I shall be happy to see them."
+
+The fact that the early physicians of New Jersey were very skillful, and
+patients in that healthful country very scarce, seems to have had the
+effect of making some physicians of that day extremely sharp about
+business matters. A certain doctor of Rahway had been called upon to
+visit a rich man who was in great pain and distress. The doctor having
+administered some medicine, the patient very speedily recovered. Some
+time after this, the doctor determined to leave Rahway; and the rich man
+who had been attended by him with such gratifying results began to be
+afraid that he might be taken sick again in the same way. So he went to
+the doctor, and requested that before he left, he would give him the
+prescription which had seemed to suit his case so admirably.
+
+Doctors seldom approve of their patients taking their treatment into
+their own hands; but, after a little consideration, he said he would
+furnish the prescription, but that it would cost ten dollars. This quite
+astonished the rich man, and at first he refused to pay such a high
+price; but, after considering that it might save him many visits from
+the new doctor who should come to Rahway, he agreed to pay the price
+demanded, and the prescription was written, and delivered to him. When
+he reached his home, he thought he would try to make out what this
+prescription was; but when he opened the paper, he found nothing but the
+word "catnip." It is not likely that he ever again tried to take
+advantage of the medical profession.
+
+But it was not always Jersey doctors whose wit shone brightest in a
+financial transaction. There was a doctor in the town of Rocky Hill who
+was sent for to attend a poor old man who was suffering with a piece of
+bone sticking in his throat. The doctor went immediately to the old
+man's house, and it was not long before the bone was out. As the doctor
+was packing up his instruments, the old fellow, whose name was William,
+inquired how much he would have to pay; and the doctor replied that for
+an operation of that sort his charge was five dollars. This quite
+astonished William, who probably had not five cents in the house; but he
+wished to pay his debts, and not to be considered a pauper patient, and
+so he asked the doctor if he might come to his house and work out the
+bill. The doctor replied that that would be entirely satisfactory to
+him, and that William might come the next day and work in the garden.
+
+The next day old William went to the doctor's house. All day he
+faithfully dug and hoed and raked. Toward the end of the afternoon the
+doctor came into the garden, and, after informing William that he might
+come again, he casually asked him how much he charged for a day's work.
+William stood up and promptly answered, that for a day's labor in the
+garden his charge was five dollars. Now was the doctor surprised.
+
+"You don't mean," he exclaimed, "that you are going to ask five dollars
+for one day's labor!"
+
+"That is exactly my price," said William. "If two minutes' yanking with
+a pair of pincers at a little bone is worth five dollars, then one day's
+hard labor in tilling the ground is worth just as much."
+
+It often happens that doctors are men of wit and humor; and it is
+recorded that a New Jersey physician, named Dr. Hole, was the author of
+the first version of a tombstone epitaph which afterwards became widely
+known and used. The lines of Dr. Hole are cut upon a tombstone of a
+child, and run as follows:--
+
+    "A dropsy sore long time I bore:
+      Forsitions were in vain
+    Till God above did hear my moan,
+      And eased me of my pain."
+
+That some of those early doctors were honest is proved by a doctor's
+bill which is now preserved in the New Jersey Historical Society. At the
+end of this bill, after all the different items of service and medicine
+had been charged upon it, there is this entry: "Contrary credit by
+Medsons brought back." It would be difficult now to find a doctor in New
+Jersey, or anywhere else, who would be willing to take back, and allow
+credit for, all partly filled bottles of medicine, and boxes of pills,
+the contents of which had been ordered, but not entirely used.
+
+
+
+
+THE SLAVES OF NEW JERSEY.
+
+
+We have so long looked upon New Jersey as prominent among what were
+called the "free States" of the Union, that it now seems strange when we
+consider, that among the first of the institutions established upon its
+soil by the early settlers, was the system of slavery. This was the case
+not only in New Jersey, but in all the American Colonies. The settlers
+of New England, as well as those of the Southern Colonies, used negro
+slaves as laborers on their farms; and the trade in native Africans was
+a very important branch of industry.
+
+The Duke of York, to whom his brother, Charles II., had made a grant of
+extensive American possessions, was at the head of the African Company,
+formed for the purpose of bringing slaves from Africa, and selling them.
+The Dutch were then the great rivals of the English in this trade; and
+the Duke of York was very glad to possess New Jersey and the rest of his
+grant, for then he could not only oust the Dutch from the territory, but
+could possess himself of this very desirable and profitable slave
+market.
+
+But it was not only the English and Dutch who brought negro slaves to
+America, for it is stated that the earliest Swedish settlers brought
+slaves with them as laborers. So we may say that slavery and freedom
+were planted together in this country of ours; one to be pulled up
+afterward like a weed, the other to be left to grow and flourish.
+
+When Berkeley and Carteret acquired authority over New Jersey, they did
+everything that they could to induce settlers to come to the new
+country; and, as they were anxious to have the lands opened up and
+cultivated as rapidly as possible, they encouraged immigrants to bring
+as many slaves as they could afford. They offered one hundred and fifty
+acres to every one who would settle, and another one hundred and fifty
+acres for every full-grown able-bodied male slave, and seventy-five
+acres each for those not grown up. Afterwards, when slaves became more
+numerous, the bounties given on their account were diminished, and in
+course of time they ceased altogether.
+
+A great many slaves must have been brought direct from Africa to New
+Jersey, for at Perth Amboy there was established what was then called a
+barracks; and in this, negroes who had been brought in the slave ships
+were confined until they were sold and sent out into the country.
+
+Not only were there negro slaves in the State, but there were also
+Indians who had been enslaved, and were regularly sold and bought. How
+these red men happened to be slaves, we do not certainly know; but we
+may be very sure that the whites did not make war upon Indian tribes,
+and capture prisoners, for the purpose of making slaves of them. It is
+far more likely, that, when one tribe of Indians made war upon another,
+the conquerors found it a very profitable thing to sell their prisoners
+to the whites. There is no reason to suppose, however, that the natives
+made war on purpose to capture and sell their fellow-countrymen, as was
+the case in Africa.
+
+The early records, however, prove that there were Indian slaves. When
+the House of Representatives for the Province met at Burlington in 1704,
+an act was brought before that body for the regulating of Indian and
+negro slaves.
+
+Negroes were then considered to be such legitimate articles of
+merchandise, that English sovereigns thought it very necessary to see to
+it that their loyal settlers were sufficiently supplied with slaves, and
+at prices not too high. When Queen Anne sent out Lord Cornbury as
+governor of the Province, she recommended the Royal African Company to
+the especial attention of the governor, that New Jersey might have a
+constant and sufficient supply of merchantable negroes at moderate rates
+in money or commodities. In consequence of the fostering care of the
+Proprietors and the English sovereigns, slaves rapidly increased in New
+Jersey.
+
+The English themselves were not at all averse to the ownership of a good
+serviceable slave; and about the middle of the eighteenth century a
+young gentleman in England wrote to his father in New Jersey, begging
+that he might "be favored with a young negro boy to present to the
+brother of the then Duke of Grafton, to whom he was under obligations,
+as 'a present of that kind would be very acceptable.'"
+
+Of course, the existence of slavery made the state of society in New
+Jersey and the other Colonies very different from what it is now; and
+this difference is strongly shown by the advertisements of runaway
+negroes, which we can find in some old newspapers. It seems very strange
+to see in a Boston paper of one hundred years ago a picture of a black
+man running away with a bag over his shoulder, and under the picture the
+statement of the reward which would be given for his capture; and in
+the New Jersey papers there were frequent advertisements of runaway
+slaves and of negroes for sale. One of these, published in Burlington
+two years after the Colony had declared itself free and independent,
+reads as follows:--
+
+     "TO BE SOLD--For no fault--but a saucy tongue for which he is now
+     in Burlington jail--A negro man about 39 years of age. He is a
+     compleat farmer, honest and sober. For further particulars enquire
+     of the subscriber in Evesham, Burlington Co. Feb. 4, 1778."
+
+When Washington was in Morristown in 1777, one of his aids wrote a
+letter to a friend in Elizabethtown, which states,--
+
+     The General will esteem it as a singular favor if you can apprehend
+     a mulatto girl, servant and slave of Mrs. Washington, who eloped
+     from this place yesterday, with what design cannot be conjectured,
+     though as she may intend to the enemy and pass your way I trouble
+     you with the description: her name is Charlotte but in all
+     probability will change it, yet may be discovered by question. She
+     is light complected, about thirteen years of age, pert, dressed in
+     brown cloth wescoat and petticoat. Your falling upon some method of
+     recovering her should she be near you will accommodate Mrs.
+     Washington and lay her under great obligations to you being the
+     only female servant she brought from home and intending to be off
+     to-day had she not been missing. A gentle reward will be given to
+     any soldier or other who shall take her up.
+
+     I am with respect your most obedient servant
+
+     ----  ----
+
+After a time, negro slaves became so plentiful in New Jersey, that laws
+were passed restricting their importation, and a considerable tax was
+laid upon each African brought into the country.
+
+But the negroes were not the only slaves in New Jersey during those
+early days. Here, as well as in many of the other Colonies, was a class
+of white people, generally from England, who were called
+"redemptioners." These were poor people, although often persons of
+fairly good station and education, who desired to emigrate to America,
+but who could not afford to pay their passage.
+
+A regular system was then established, by which a poor person desiring
+to settle in New Jersey would be brought over free. When one of these
+emigrants took passage on a ship, he signed a contract which gave the
+captain of the vessel the right to sell him, as soon as he arrived in
+America, for enough money to pay his passage. This white man was thus
+bought, when he reached New Jersey, exactly as if he had been a negro
+slave; and he was subject to the same rules as those which governed
+other slaves. Of course, he was made the subject of great imposition;
+for the captain would naturally desire to get as large a sum of money as
+possible for each redemptioner, and therefore would be perfectly willing
+to sell him for a long term.
+
+The people who owned redemptioners could sell them again if they chose;
+and it often happened that some of them passed into the possession of
+several families before they finally served out the term for which they
+had been sold. All sorts of people became redemptioners,--mechanics,
+laborers, and even professional men. Among the people who sold
+themselves into limited slavery there were schoolmasters, and it is
+stated that at one time the supply of redemptioner schoolmasters was so
+great that they became a drug in the market.
+
+In the days before there were many regular schools in New Jersey, much
+of the education must have been carried on by what we now call private
+tutors; and a schoolmaster who could be bought as if he had been a horse
+or a cow was often a very convenient piece of property. If a family
+should own a teacher who was able only to instruct small children, it
+would be very easy, when these children grew older and able to undertake
+more advanced studies, to sell this primary teacher to some family where
+there were young pupils, and buy one capable of teaching higher
+branches.
+
+It is said that these redemptioners were often treated much more
+harshly and cruelly than the negro slaves, and any one who assisted one
+of them to escape was severely punished. There was good reason for this
+difference in the treatment of the two classes of slaves; for a negro
+was the property of his master as long as he lived, and it was
+manifestly the interest of the owner to keep his slave in good
+condition. But the redemptioner could only be held for a certain time,
+and, if his master was not a good man, he would be apt to get out of him
+all the work that he could during the time of his service, and to give
+him no more food or clothing than was absolutely necessary.
+
+After a time there were laws made to protect the redemptioners. One of
+these was, that any person sold after he was seventeen years old could
+not serve for more than four years; and another provided, that, when a
+redemptioner's time of service had expired, his master should give him
+"two good suits of clothing, suitable for a servant, one good ax, one
+good hoe, and seven bushels of Indian corn."
+
+But although the redemptioner sometimes fared very badly in the new
+country, it often happened that he came out very well in the end. Among
+the white people who came here as slaves there were often convicts and
+paupers; but even some of these succeeded in bettering their condition
+and establishing themselves as good citizens, and in founding families.
+
+It often happened that some of the Germans who came to buy land and
+settle, chose rather to put away their money, and sell themselves as
+redemptioners to English families, so that they might learn the English
+language and manner of living. Then, when they had educated themselves
+in this practical manner, and their time of service was over, they could
+buy land, and establish themselves on terms of equality with their
+English neighbors.
+
+But the trade in redemptioners gradually decreased; and by the middle of
+the eighteenth century there were not many of them left in New Jersey,
+although there were a few in the State until after the Revolution. Negro
+slavery, however, continued much longer. It grew and flourished until it
+became a part of the New Jersey social system; but it must not be
+supposed that all the people of the State continued to be satisfied with
+this condition of things.
+
+At first everybody who could afford it owned slaves, and the Friends or
+Quakers bought negroes the same as other people did; but about the end
+of the seventeenth century some of these Quakers began to think that
+property in human beings was not a righteous thing, and the Quakers of
+New Jersey united with those of Pennsylvania in an agreement
+recommending to the members of the Society of Friends that they should
+no longer employ negro slaves, or, if they thought it best to continue
+to do this, that they should at least cease to import them.
+
+A strong party among the Quakers of New Jersey opposed slavery for many
+years, and the system was denounced at some of their yearly meetings;
+and this went on until about the middle of the next century, when a law
+was made that no person owning slaves should continue in the Society of
+Friends.
+
+As years passed on, people other than Quakers began to consider slavery
+an injustice and an evil; and this feeling gradually increased, until in
+the beginning of the nineteenth century it became very strong, and in
+1820 an act was passed by the Legislature for the emancipation of the
+slaves. They were not set free all at once, and turned into the world to
+take care of themselves; but a system of gradual emancipation was
+adopted, by which the young people obtained their freedom when they came
+of age, while the masters were obliged to take care of the old negroes
+as long as they lived. By this plan, slavery was very gradually
+abolished in New Jersey, so that in 1840 there were still six hundred
+and seventy-four slaves in the State; and even in 1860 eighteen slaves
+remained, and these must have been very old.
+
+
+
+
+A JERSEY TEA PARTY.
+
+
+At the time when the American colonists began to be restless under the
+rule of Great Britain, the people of New Jersey showed as strong a
+desire for independence as those of any other Colony, and they were by
+no means backward in submitting to any privations which might be
+necessary in order to assert their principles. As has been said before,
+the people were prosperous, and accustomed to good living, and it was
+not likely that there was any part of America in which a cup of
+well-flavored tea was better appreciated than in New Jersey.
+
+But when the other colonists determined to resist unjust taxation, and
+resolved that they would not use tea, on which a heavy tax was laid
+without allowing the American people to have anything to say about it,
+the patriotic people of New Jersey resolved that they too would use no
+tea so long as this unjust tax was placed upon it. When the tea was
+destroyed in Boston Harbor, the Jersey patriots applauded the act, and
+would have been glad to show in the same way what they thought upon the
+subject.
+
+But when tea was shipped from England, it was sent to the great ports of
+Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston; and what was used in
+New Jersey came from these places after the consignees had paid the tax.
+However, to show their sympathy with the efforts which were being made
+at the sea-ports to prevent the landing of tea, the New Jersey people,
+that is, those who belonged to the Whig party,--which was the patriotic
+party, and opposed to the Tories, who favored England,--formed an
+association, the members of which bound themselves to buy or use no tea
+until the tax should be removed.
+
+There is a story told of Hugh Drum of Somerset County, who was so
+thoroughly in earnest on this subject, and who probably supposed that
+the weak little Colonies would always have to submit to the power of
+Great Britain, that he took an oath that never again during the rest of
+his life would he take a cup of tea; and although he lived a great many
+years afterward, during which the Americans imported their own tea
+without regard to what any other country thought about it, Mr. Drum
+never again drank tea.
+
+But at last an opportunity came for patriotic Jerseymen to show that
+they were not behind the other colonists in resisting the attempt of
+Great Britain to force upon them this taxed tea.
+
+Nearly a year after the tea had been thrown overboard in Boston Harbor,
+a vessel from England--loaded with tea, and bound to Philadelphia--put
+into Cohansey Creek, a small stream which runs into Delaware Bay, and
+anchored at the little town of Greenwich. This vessel, called the
+"Greyhound," was afraid to go up to Philadelphia, because from that
+port tea ships were sent back to England as soon as they arrived, as was
+also the case in New York. So the captain of the "Greyhound" thought it
+would be a good plan to land his tea at Greenwich, from which place it
+could be taken inland to its destination. Here the cargo was unloaded,
+and stored in the cellar of a house opposite the open market place.
+
+This business of forcing tea upon the American colonists had become a
+very serious matter to England; for the East India Company had now in
+their warehouses at London seventeen million pounds of tea, and, if
+there should be no sale for any of this in the American market, the loss
+would be very severe. Consequently every possible method was resorted
+to, in order to have the tea landed on American soil; it being believed,
+that, if the tea once got into the hands of the dealers, the people
+would overcome their prejudices to its importation, and begin to use it
+again.
+
+Therefore the captain of the "Greyhound" thought he was doing a very
+sharp thing when he sailed up Cohansey Creek and unloaded his tea. That
+cargo was landed, and in those days an English captain of a tea ship
+might well be proud of having performed such a feat.
+
+But it is not likely that the captain of the "Greyhound" had ever before
+sailed into a port of New Jersey, large or small, or had anything to do
+with Jerseymen; for if he had, he would not have been so well satisfied
+with the result of the voyage.
+
+The people of Greenwich could not prevent the landing of the tea, for
+there was no organized force at the place, nor could they order the
+"Greyhound" to turn round and go back to England; but they would not
+allow their town to be made use of as a port of entry for this obnoxious
+merchandise, simply because it was a little town, and could not keep
+English ships out of its waters. A meeting of the patriotic citizens was
+held, and it was resolved that no tea should go out of Greenwich to
+comfort the bodies and contaminate the principles of people in any part
+of the Colonies; and they would show their British tyrants that it was
+just as unsafe to send tea into Cohansey Creek as it was to send it into
+the harbor of Boston.
+
+Having come to this determination, they went immediately to work. A
+party of young men, about forty in number, was organized; and in order
+to disguise themselves, or strike terror into anybody who might be
+inclined to oppose their undertaking, they were all dressed as Indians.
+They assembled in the market place, and then, making a rush to the house
+in which the tea was stored, they broke open the doors, carried out the
+tea, split open the boxes in which it was contained, and made a great
+pile of it in an open space near by.
+
+When tea is dry and in good condition, it will burn very well, and it
+was not many minutes before there was a magnificent bonfire near the
+market place in Greenwich; and in all that town there was not one man
+who dared to attempt to put it out. Thus the cargo of the "Greyhound"
+went up in smoke to the sky. It must have been a very hard thing for
+the good ladies of the town to sit in their houses and sniff the
+delightful odor, which recalled to their minds the cherished beverage,
+of which, perhaps, they might never again partake. But they were
+Jerseywomen, of stout hearts and firm principles, and there is no record
+that any one of them uttered a word of complaint.
+
+But in every community there is at least one person in whose mind there
+is a little streak of the Ananias nature, and there was a man of that
+kind in Greenwich. His name was Stacks, and he was a great lover of tea;
+moreover, he had a soul disposed to economy and thrift. Consequently it
+was very hard for him to stand by and see all that tea wasted; and he
+thought it would be no harm--as he was not a merchant, and did not
+intend to exercise evil influences upon the people of America by
+inducing them to buy tea--if he appropriated to himself a little of this
+most desirable herb, which was to be burned and wasted before his very
+eyes.
+
+Whenever he had a chance, he slipped a little tea into some part of his
+clothes where he thought it would not be noticed, and so gradually
+loaded himself with a considerable stock of the herb. In fact, he stowed
+away so many handfuls of it, that, when the fire was over, his
+companions noticed that he had considerably increased in size; and it
+was not long before his trick was discovered. We do not hear that he was
+compelled to empty out the tea, but we are told that ever after he went
+by the name of "Tea Stacks."
+
+This tea bonfire created a great stir, and although the patriotic party
+approved it, there were a great many Tories in the country who condemned
+it as a piece of outrageous violence and wanton waste. This latter
+opinion was so freely expressed, that the English owners of the cargo
+were encouraged to take legal steps against the men who destroyed the
+tea. It was easy enough to do this; for the young fellows who had made
+the bonfire were very proud of what they had done, and, instead of
+denying their connection with the burning of the tea, were always very
+ready to boast of it.
+
+When it was understood that the tea burners were to be prosecuted, all
+the Whigs of the surrounding country determined to stand by them; and
+they subscribed a large sum of money to engage lawyers to defend their
+case. The strength of the popular feeling was shown by the fact, that,
+when the case was brought to court, the grand jury positively refused to
+bring a bill against these young men, although the judge insisted that
+they should do so. The matter was thus postponed; and as it was not long
+before the Colonies broke out into open rebellion, and a period
+followed when Englishmen no longer brought suits in American courts,
+there was no further action in regard to the tea burning at Greenwich.
+
+Therefore, unless Mr. Stacks contrived to keep some of the tea which he
+carried off in his clothes, the good people of the neighborhood, if they
+drank tea at all, made it of the dried leaves of raspberries, or those
+of some other bush, which have something of a tea taste, and were thus
+enabled to have a hot beverage with their evening meal, with but a
+little strain upon their imaginations, and none at all on their
+consciences.
+
+In other neighborhoods, however, there were people who, although they
+were patriots and inclined to support the cause of American liberty,
+could not see how such a little thing as drinking a cup of tea, if they
+happened to have it, could interfere with their regard and respect for
+the great principle of justice and independence.
+
+Of course, it was to be supposed that the Tories, who were opposed to
+this nonsense about independence, were glad to buy tea and to drink it
+whenever they got the chance; but it was expected that those who called
+themselves Whigs and patriots would stand by their party, and
+discountenance tea drinking. There is a story told of a man who lived in
+Bridgetown, who was a member of one of the Committees of Safety which
+were formed for the purpose of promoting the cause of American liberty.
+It was found out that this man and his family were in the habit of
+drinking East India tea; and when his fellow-committeemen asked him in
+regard to this matter, he boldly admitted that they all liked tea, that
+they drank tea, and that they intended to drink tea.
+
+This was a very serious matter, and the committee saw that it was
+necessary to take vigorous measures in regard to this peculiar case. At
+first they tried the force of argument; but all they could say to the
+man amounted to nothing. He had principles, and what he considered very
+good principles; but he liked tea, and, having it in the house, he saw
+no harm in drinking it. So the teapot was on his table every day.
+
+Now, his fellow-committeemen held another meeting, and formally resolved
+that this unpatriotic patriot should be punished in a way which would
+make a powerful impression on him, and which would show the whole
+community how the Committee of Safety intended to stand firm in the
+position they had taken in resisting unjust legislation. It was
+resolved, that, so long as he and his family drank tea, the patriots of
+the neighborhood would have nothing to do with him, they would not deal
+with him, nor would they associate with him or his. This was an early
+instance in America of what is known now as "boycotting."
+
+It was a very hard thing to be shut out from all dealing and connection
+with his friends and fellow-citizens, and it was not long before the tea
+drinker made up his mind that the society and friendship of his
+neighbors was better even than the highest flavored cup of tea; and so
+he formally acknowledged his error, begged the pardon of the committee,
+and promised that thereafter he would act in accordance with their
+rules and regulations; and his family teapot was put away upon a high
+top shelf.
+
+But the time came, in a very few years, when the American people
+attended to their own taxation, and when this teapot, with all the
+others in the country, could be taken down and freely used without
+interference with law or conscience.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF A SPY.
+
+
+When a nation goes to war with another, it is often necessary for the
+armies on each side to leave behind some of the high and noble
+principles which may have governed them at home. Of course, war is
+bloody and cruel, and it almost always happens that the officers and
+soldiers are obliged to descend also to meanness and duplicity in order
+to succeed in their campaigns.
+
+One strong reason for this is the necessity for the employment of spies.
+It is always desirable for the commander of an army to know as far as
+possible the condition of the enemy's force, and what he is doing or
+intends to do. Consequently it is a common thing to send spies into the
+enemy's ranks; and the better those spies can deceive the soldiers of
+the other side, the more valuable will be their report, if they are
+fortunate enough to get back into their own camp.
+
+Sometimes a spy will sneak into the enemy's lines, and make his
+observations in concealment and safety; but the most valuable spies are
+those which enter an enemy's camp pretending sympathy and friendship. A
+man who can do this well can find out a great deal.
+
+In every army a spy from the other side is regarded as the worst of
+enemies, and if captured, his punishment is death. An impartial outsider
+might object to this severity, when it is considered that the army which
+punishes the spy may, at the same time, have spies of its own among the
+enemy. During the Revolution, Major Andre was executed because he came
+into the American lines as a spy, and at the same time General
+Washington was very glad to get a good spy to send into a British camp.
+
+There was a man named John Honeyman, who acted with great success in
+this capacity on the patriotic side during the Revolution. Honeyman was
+a Scotch-Irishman, and was said to be a remarkably fine looking man. He
+was tall, strong, extremely active, and had a fine military bearing. He
+had no desire to become a soldier; but he was forced into the British
+army, and came to this country in 1758, when Abercrombie came over to
+attack the French in Canada. Young Colonel Wolfe, who was afterwards the
+famous General Wolfe who fell at Quebec, had command of this army, and
+on the ship in which he sailed was John Honeyman.
+
+Military men are not as sure-footed as sailors on board a ship, which
+may be rolling and tossing on rough waters; and one day, as Colonel
+Wolfe was coming into the cabin, he tripped and fell when he was halfway
+down the companion way, and would probably have broken his neck, if it
+had not been that Honeyman happened to be at the bottom of the steps,
+and caught the colonel in his arms, thus saving him from injury.
+
+It is very satisfactory for a full-grown man, especially one whose
+profession exposes him to accidents of various kinds, to be able to take
+into his service another man who is tall enough and strong enough to
+pick him up and carry him if it is necessary, and who is also
+quick-witted enough to know when he should interpose himself in case of
+danger.
+
+Honeyman's conduct on this occasion made an impression on Colonel Wolfe;
+and when afterwards he was made general, he took the tall soldier into
+his bodyguard, and made him understand that, in times when danger might
+be apprehended, he was to be as near him as his duties would permit.
+
+When the great attack was made upon Quebec, Honeyman was one of the men
+who helped row the boat which carried Wolfe over the river; and during
+this passage a cannon ball from the enemy struck an officer sitting very
+near Honeyman, and took off his head. Had this happened to Honeyman, it
+would have been a bad thing for New Jersey.
+
+When they reached the opposite side, Honeyman climbed the Heights of
+Abraham side by side with his brave commander; and when, in the battle
+which followed, Wolfe was killed, it was Honeyman who bore him off the
+field. Thus the first and the last service which this strong man
+rendered to his military chief were very much the same.
+
+About a year after this the war ended, and Honeyman received an
+honorable discharge. He carried with him the good will and commendation
+of his officers, but he also took something which he valued more than
+these. While he was with General Wolfe, that officer had given him
+letters expressing his good opinion of him, and these afterwards proved
+of great service.
+
+Honeyman went southward, and lived for some years in the American
+Colonies. He finally settled in Philadelphia, where he married. When the
+Revolution broke out, his sympathies were entirely with the American
+side, but he did not immediately enlist in the American army. When
+Washington came to Philadelphia, Honeyman was very anxious to see him
+and consult with him. It was difficult for a man in the ordinary walks
+of life to obtain an interview with the commander in chief; but Honeyman
+sent in the letters which General Wolfe had given him, and, after having
+read these, Washington was very ready to see the man of whom that
+general had such a high opinion. Washington soon discovered that
+Honeyman was a man of peculiar ability, and he had several interviews
+with him, although it is not known what was said at these times.
+
+Before very long, Honeyman took his family to Griggstown, in Somerset
+County, New Jersey, and there he hired a house and settled. From this
+place he went to Fort Lee, when Washington came into New Jersey with his
+army, and had an interview with the general; and here, it is said, he
+made a regular contract with the commander in chief to become a spy on
+the American side.
+
+There were a good many Tories in the State, and, as Honeyman had once
+been a British soldier, it was easy enough for him to make believe that
+he was a Tory, and so make friends with the Redcoats when he should have
+an opportunity.
+
+The plan concocted between Washington and Honeyman was very carefully
+worked out in all its details. Honeyman was to let it be known that he
+was a Tory, and as soon as he thought it proper he was to leave his
+family and join the British. It was considered that the best thing he
+could do would be to engage in business as a butcher, and then, when he
+went over to the British, he could go about the country in search of
+cattle, and thus get a good idea of what was going on.
+
+He was to stay with the enemy until he discovered something important,
+and then he was to arrange matters so that he should, apparently without
+knowing it, wander near the American lines, where he would be captured.
+It is said that Washington arranged, that, as soon as he should hear
+that Honeyman had gone over to the enemy, he would offer a reward for
+his arrest; but this reward would be paid only in case the supposed
+traitor should be carried alive and unhurt to him. All this planning was
+necessary, because there was so much communication between the Tories
+and Whigs at that time, that, if it had been known on the American side
+that Honeyman had gone over as a spy, the fact would soon have been
+communicated to the British.
+
+Honeyman went over to the enemy, and started business as a butcher for
+the army, and, after having gone a good deal about the country looking
+for cattle, he came to New Brunswick with the British army. Nobody had
+suspected that he was not a perfectly honest Tory, and he had been
+paying great attention to the condition of the British army, and to
+finding out everything which might be of use if reported to Washington.
+Among other things, he discovered that the British forces then occupying
+Trenton were not under a strict state of discipline. It was winter; the
+weather was cold; apparently there was not much for them to do; and
+discipline was in a rather lax state. Honeyman well understood the
+habits of the Redcoats, and he knew that during the holidays the
+soldiers would live in even a more free and easy manner than they were
+living then.
+
+Not only did he make himself well acquainted with the condition of the
+army, but he carefully studied the town of Trenton and its neighborhood,
+and, going about in every direction after cows and oxen, he learned the
+roads so well that he could make a very good map of them. Everything
+that could be of service to the American cause was jotted down in
+Honeyman's retentive memory; and when he had found out everything that
+he could find out, he thought it was fully time that he should acquaint
+Washington with the state of affairs in the enemy's lines.
+
+He knew that there were American pickets on the Jersey side, some
+distance away; and he started out in this direction as a greasy butcher,
+with a rope in one hand and a long whip in the other, looking for all
+the world like John Honeyman the Tory cattleman, who, if he knew what
+was good for him, would better keep out of sight of the soldiers of the
+American army. He walked a long distance down the river, and, though he
+may have seen cattle, he paid no attention to them. His present object
+was not to capture anything and take it away, but to be captured and
+taken away. After a time he saw at a distance what he had been looking
+for. Behind some bushes, but still quite plain to the eye of this
+practiced soldier, were two cavalrymen dismounted, and Honeyman knew
+that they were Americans. He continued to walk towards them until he
+came close to the spot where the two soldiers were standing.
+
+The moment their eyes fell upon him, they recognized him, and shouted to
+him to halt; but Honeyman was too good an actor to do that. If he wished
+to carry on the business in hand, he must keep up his character as a
+Tory, and so he took to his long legs and ran like a deer. But the men
+jumped on their horses and were after him in a moment; and as horses'
+legs are a good deal better than human legs, no matter how long they may
+be, the flying butcher was soon overtaken. But even then he did not
+surrender, but so laid about him with his whip that he kept the two men
+at bay. Of course, if they had not known him, they would have shot him
+down; but as Washington had issued a proclamation concerning him, and
+had especially insisted that he should be brought in alive, they did not
+wish to injure him. But the unequal fight did not continue long, and
+Honeyman was soon captured. The soldiers bound his arms, and, mounting
+him behind one of them, so carried him across the river to Washington's
+camp.
+
+When Honeyman was brought into the presence of the commander in chief,
+he pretended to be very much frightened; and he would have been
+excusable if he had been really frightened, for in that little
+performance of his he had run a great many risks. After asking a few
+questions of this pretended traitor Washington told the guards to
+withdraw, and he had a private conference which lasted over half an
+hour; and in that time it is probable that these two men did a great
+deal of talking. The information given was most valuable, and such as
+could have been furnished only by a man of extraordinary powers of
+observation.
+
+When he had kept Honeyman as long as was necessary, Washington called
+the guards, and told them to take the prisoner to a log cabin which was
+used as a military jail, and there to watch him carefully during the
+night, and in the morning he would be tried by court-martial. Honeyman
+was taken to the prison, which had but one window and one door, and
+supper was given to him. He was locked in, and two sentinels went on
+guard outside the walls of the log house.
+
+In the middle of the night these men saw a fire burning not far from
+headquarters, and, fearing that it might prove dangerous to allow it to
+burn, they thought it their duty to run and put it out. This they did,
+and returned to the log house, where everything looked the same as they
+had left it. But in the morning, when they opened the door, there was no
+prisoner inside.
+
+It is said that the whole plan of this escape, probably by means of the
+window, was arranged by Washington himself, but of this we are not
+certain. We know, however, that Washington looked upon Honeyman as one
+of the most valuable men in the employ of the army, and that he would
+take every means to prevent him from coming to harm on account of this
+service.
+
+It was in consequence of the information that Honeyman, at the cost of
+such great risk and danger, had brought to Washington, that three days
+afterwards the Americans crossed the Delaware, attacked Trenton, routed
+the British, and thus gained one of the greatest and most important
+victories of the Revolution. If it had been John Honeyman, instead of
+the British officer, who was struck by a cannon ball crossing the St.
+Lawrence, it is likely that Washington would not have dared to attack
+the British army in Trenton, which, before his half hour's conversation
+with his spy, was believed to be entirely too strong to be meddled with
+by the Continental soldiers on the other side of the river.
+
+But the report which Honeyman had made to Washington was not the only
+service which he did to the American cause. Having left his peace
+principles at home, as he was bound to do if he wanted to act as a truly
+serviceable spy, he had more work before him. As soon as he got out of
+the log house, he ran from the camp, and, although he was fired at by a
+sentinel, he got safely away. He crossed the river on the ice whenever
+there was any, and when he came to open water, he jumped in and swam,
+and so he got safely over into the British lines.
+
+There, wet and shivering, he demanded to be taken to the commander; and
+to him he told the dreadful story of how he had been captured by the
+American soldiers while he was looking for beef cattle, and how he had
+been taken to headquarters, questioned, and afterwards shut up in
+prison, to be shot in the morning, and how he had quietly escaped and
+come back to his friends. Colonel Rahl, who was in command of the
+British, was delighted to get hold of this Tory butcher who had been
+taken prisoner by the Continentals, and he put him through a course of
+examination about the condition of the enemy.
+
+Of course, it was to the benefit of the Americans that the British
+should think their army as small and as weak as possible; and so
+Honeyman gave an account of the wretched condition of the American
+soldiers,--how few they were, how badly they were armed, how miserably
+they were officered, and how they were half starved and discouraged. He
+told this story so well, that he made the colonel laugh, and declare
+that there was no reason to apprehend any danger from such a pack of
+ragamuffins as were collected together under Washington, and that, if
+anybody wished to keep Christmas in a jolly way in his camp, there was
+no reason why he should not do so.
+
+When Honeyman had finished telling his tales, one to one army and
+another to the other, he knew that it would be better for him to get out
+of the neighborhood. He was quite sure that Washington would take
+Trenton, and, if he should be found in that city when it was captured,
+it might be hard for even the commander in chief to prevent him from
+being shot. So he hastened away to take refuge with the British in New
+Brunswick.
+
+Honeyman had made himself so conspicuous in that part of the country as
+a Tory who was working as hard as he could for the benefit of the
+British by supplying them with beef, that all news about him was
+received with great interest. It was not long before this story of how
+he had been captured by the American pickets, and afterwards escaped
+from the log prison, became generally known; and the people of
+Griggstown, where his wife and family lived, were greatly excited,
+believing that Honeyman had come there, and had concealed himself in his
+house. A mob collected in the neighborhood late one night, surrounded
+the house, and woke up the family with shouts and banging on the door.
+Mrs. Honeyman appeared, nearly frightened to death; and some of the
+ringleaders told her that they knew that her Tory husband had come back,
+and was concealed inside; and they vowed, that, if he did not come out
+and deliver himself up, they would burn the house and everything in it.
+
+She declared that he was not there, and that it had been a long time
+since she had seen him. But this was of no use. They persisted that he
+was inside, and that, if he did not come out very quickly, they would
+set fire to the house. It was of no use to reason with an excited mob,
+and, although Mrs. Honeyman said that they might come in and search the
+house for her husband, they would not listen to her. Perhaps one reason
+of this was, that Honeyman was a dangerous man to look for, inside of
+his own house and in dark rooms. Mrs. Honeyman saw that she must act
+quickly, or her home would be lost to her.
+
+She ran inside, and soon appeared with a paper, which she gave to a man
+in the crowd with whom she was acquainted, and asked him to read it so
+that every one could hear.
+
+It was not to be supposed that Mrs. Honeyman possessed a private riot
+act, which might be read in order to disperse a disorderly assembly; but
+even the most disorderly people are generally possessed of great
+curiosity in regard to anything out of the common, and they consented to
+put off the bonfire a few minutes, and hear what was to be read. What
+the angry crowd heard was as follows:--
+
+     AMERICAN CAMP, NEW JERSEY, 1776.
+
+     To the good people of New Jersey, and all others whom it may
+     concern: It is hereby ordered that the wife and children of John
+     Honeyman of Griggstown, the notorious Tory, now within the British
+     lines and probably acting the part of a spy, shall be, and are
+     hereby protected from all harm and annoyance from every quarter
+     until further orders. But this furnishes no protection to Honeyman
+     himself.
+
+     GEO. WASHINGTON,
+     Com.-in-Chief.
+
+This paper, which it is said Washington not only signed, but wrote with
+his own hand, had been given to Honeyman some time before, and he sent
+it to his wife in order that it might protect her in case of danger such
+as now threatened her. It was thought very likely that the people of
+Griggstown would become so incensed against the Tory butcher, that they
+might offer harm to his wife and family; and Washington was, no doubt,
+glad to give what protection he could to the home of the man who, no
+matter how much he might have deceived other people, was always true to
+him and to the American cause.
+
+When the crowd heard the communication from the commander in chief of
+the American army, ordering them to refrain from violence to Mrs.
+Honeyman and her family, they could not understand why it had been
+written; but they understood very well what it commanded, and so,
+grumbling a good deal, but not daring to disobey, they dispersed, and
+left the wife of the spy in peace.
+
+This paper, of course, was cherished as a great prize by the Honeyman
+family, and remained in their possession for many years; and it was
+indeed an heirloom worth preserving. But, although it proved a safeguard
+for Mrs. Honeyman, it did not remove the prejudices against her husband,
+and for a long time after that it would have been a very unwise thing
+for Tory Honeyman to come to Griggstown. Of course, it would have been
+an easy thing for Washington to have publicly exonerated Honeyman from
+all charges of treason and Toryism, but this would not have served his
+purpose. There was still need of a competent spy in the British lines;
+and there Honeyman remained during the rest of the war, always ready to
+give information to the commander whenever he could obtain it.
+
+When peace was proclaimed, Washington did not forget Honeyman, and he
+himself told the story of how this brave man became a Tory butcher for
+the sake of American independence, and of the great services he had
+rendered to the cause. Then, of course, Honeyman went home to his wife
+and family, and the people of Griggstown received him as if he had been
+a great hero. And in fact, looking at the matter from a war point of
+view, he deserved all the honors they could give him, for without his
+aid the battle of Trenton could never have been won; and in fact he was
+more useful in that engagement than if he had been a regiment of
+soldiers.
+
+Honeyman was no doubt a great man in Griggstown. The people who had once
+threatened to burn down his house could not do enough for him. Those who
+once would not speak to his wife when they met her, now implored her to
+let them know what they could do for her, and it was not long before the
+popularity of the family increased to a wonderful degree.
+
+Several officers of rank who had heard of what Honeyman had done, came
+to see and talk with him; and, more than that, Washington himself came
+to Griggstown, and paid a visit to his former spy. Such an honor was
+enough to make the once denounced Tory butcher the leading citizen of
+the town. Honeyman now became a prosperous man, and bought a large farm
+and reared a family of seven children, who grew up and prospered; and
+their descendants are now scattered all over the State. He himself lived
+to the good old age of ninety-five, and died respected and honored by
+all,--never thought of as a spy, but only as a patriotic hero.
+
+It would appear, from the stories of those early days, that whenever a
+man or woman acted a good part, and was truly of service to New Jersey,
+he or she always lived to be very old, and left behind a vast number of
+descendants.
+
+
+
+
+A MAN WHO COVETED WASHINGTON'S SHOES.
+
+
+The person whose story we are now about to tell was not a Jerseyman;
+but, as most of the incidents which make him interesting to us occurred
+in this State, we will give him the benefit of a few years' residence
+here.
+
+This was General Charles Lee, who might well have been called a soldier
+of fortune. He was born in England, but the British Isles were entirely
+too small to satisfy his wild ambitions and his roving disposition.
+There are few heroes of romance who have had such a wide and varied
+experience, and who have engaged in so many strange enterprises. He was
+a brave man and very able, but he had a fault which prevented him from
+being a high-class soldier; and that fault was, that he could not bear
+restraint, and was always restive under command of another, and, while
+always ready to tell other people what they ought to do, was never
+willing to be told what he ought to do.
+
+He joined the British army when he was a young man; and he first came to
+this country in 1757, when General Abercrombie brought over an army to
+fight the French. For three years, Lee was engaged in the wilds and
+forests, doing battle with the Indians and the French, and no doubt he
+had all the adventures an ordinary person would desire. But this
+experience was far from satisfactory.
+
+When he left America, he went to Portugal with another British army, and
+there he fought the Spanish with as much impetuosity as he had fought
+the French and Indians.
+
+Life was absolutely tasteless to Lee without a very strong sprinkle of
+variety. Consequently he now tried fighting in an entirely different
+field, and went into politics. He became a Liberal, and with his voice
+fought the government for whom he had been previously fighting with his
+sword.
+
+But a few years of this satisfied him; and then he went to Poland, where
+he became a member of the king's staff, and as a Polish officer
+disported himself for two years.
+
+It is very likely that in Turkey a high-spirited man would find more
+opportunities for lively adventure than even in Poland. At any rate,
+Charles Lee thought so; and to Turkey he went, and entered into the
+service of the Sultan. Here he distinguished himself in a company of
+Turks who were guarding a great treasure in its transportation from
+Moldavia to Constantinople. No doubt he wore a turban and baggy
+trousers, and carried a great scimiter, for a man of that sort is not
+likely to do things by halves when he does them at all.
+
+Having had such peculiar experiences in various armies and various parts
+of the world, Lee thought himself qualified to occupy a position of rank
+in the British army, and, coming back to England, he endeavored to
+obtain military promotion. But the government there did not seem to
+think he had learned enough in Poland and Turkey to enable him to take
+precedence of English officers accustomed to command English troops, and
+it declined to put him above such officers, and to give him the place he
+desired. Lee was not a man of mild temper. He became very angry at the
+treatment he received, and, abandoning his native country again, he went
+to Russia, where the Czar gave him the command of a company of wild
+Cossacks. But he did not remain long with the Cossacks. Perhaps they
+were not wild and daring enough to suit his fancy, although there are
+very few fancies which would not be satisfied with the reckless and
+furious demeanor generally attributed to these savage horsemen.
+
+He threw up his command and went to Hungary, and there he did some
+fighting in an entirely different fashion. Not having any opportunity to
+distinguish himself upon a battlefield, he engaged in a duel; and of
+course, as he was acting the part of a hero of romance, he killed his
+man.
+
+Hungary was not a suitable residence for him after the duel, and he went
+back to England, and there he found the country in a state of excitement
+in regard to the American Colonies. Now, if there was anything that Lee
+liked, it was a state of excitement, and in the midst of this political
+hubbub he felt as much at home as if he had been charging the ranks of
+an enemy. Of course, he took part against the government, for, as far as
+we know, he had always been against it, and he became a violent
+supporter of the rights of the colonists.
+
+He was so much in earnest in this matter, that in 1773 he came to
+America to see for himself how matters stood. When he got over here, he
+became more strongly in favor of the colonists than he had been at home,
+and everywhere proclaimed that the Americans were right in resisting the
+unjust taxation claims of Great Britain. As he had always been ready to
+lay aside his British birthright and become some sort of a foreigner, he
+now determined to become an American; and to show that he was in
+earnest, he went down to Virginia and bought a farm there.
+
+Lee soon became acquainted with people in high places in American
+politics; and when the first Congress assembled, he was ready to talk
+with its members, urging them to stand up for their rights, and draw
+their swords and load their guns in defense of independence. It was
+quite natural, that, when the Revolution really began, a man who was so
+strongly in favor of the patriots, and had had so much military
+experience in so many different lands, should be allowed to take part in
+the war, and Charles Lee was appointed major general.
+
+This was a high military position,--much higher, in fact, than he could
+ever have obtained in his own country,--but it did not satisfy him. The
+position he wanted was that of commander in chief of the American army;
+and he was surprised and angry that it was not offered to him, and that
+a man of his ability should be passed over, and that high place given to
+a person like George Washington, who knew but little of war, and had no
+idea whatever how the thing was done in Portugal, Poland, Russia, and
+Turkey, and who was, in fact, no more than a country gentleman.
+
+All this showed that these Americans were fools, who did not understand
+their best interests. But as there was a good chance for a fight, and,
+in fact, a good many fights, and as a major-generalship was not to be
+sneered at, he accepted it, and resigned the commission which he held in
+the English army.
+
+He was doubtless in earnest in his desire to assist the Americans to
+obtain their independence, for he was always in earnest when he was
+doing anything that he was inclined to do. But he did not propose to
+sacrifice his own interests to the cause he had undertaken; and as, by
+entering the American army, he risked the loss of his estate in England,
+he arranged with Congress for compensation for such loss.
+
+But, although General Lee was now a very ardent American soldier, he
+could not forgive Mr. Washington for taking command above him. If that
+Virginia gentleman had had the courtesy and good sense which were
+generally attributed to him, he would have resigned the supreme command,
+and, modestly stepping aside, would have asked General Lee to accept it.
+At least, that was the opinion of General Charles Lee.
+
+As this high and mighty soldier was so unwilling to submit to the orders
+of incompetent people, he never liked to be under the direct command of
+Washington, and, if it were possible to do so, he managed to be
+concerned in operations not under the immediate eye of the commander in
+chief. In fact, he was very jealous indeed of Washington, and did not
+hesitate to express his opinion about him whenever he had a chance.
+
+The American army was not very successful in Long Island, and there was
+a time when it fared very badly in New Jersey; and Lee was not slow to
+declare that these misfortunes were owing entirely to the ignorance of
+the man who was in command. Moreover, if there was any one who wanted to
+know if there was another man in the Colonies who could command the army
+better, and lead it more certainly and speedily to victory, General Lee
+was always ready to mention an experienced soldier who would be able to
+perform that duty most admirably.
+
+If it had not been for this unfortunate and jealous disposition, Charles
+Lee--a very different man from "Light Horse Harry" Lee--would have been
+one of the most useful officers in the American army. But he had such a
+jealousy of Washington, and hoped so continually that something would
+happen which would give him the place then occupied by the Virginia
+country gentleman, that, although he was at heart an honest patriot, he
+allowed himself to do things which were not at all patriotic. He wanted
+to see the Americans successful in the country, but he did not want to
+see all that happen under the leadership of Washington; and if he could
+put an obstacle in the way of that incompetent person, he would do it,
+and be glad to see him stumble over it.
+
+In the winter of 1776, when the American army was making its way across
+New Jersey, towards the Delaware River, with Cornwallis in pursuit,
+Washington was anxiously looking for the troops, under the command of
+General Lee, who had been ordered to come to his assistance; and if ever
+assistance was needed, it was needed then. But Lee liked to do his own
+ordering, and, instead of hurrying to help Washington, he thought it
+would be a great deal better to do something on his own account; and so
+he endeavored to get into the rear of Cornwallis's army, thinking, that,
+if he should attack the enemy in that way, he might possibly win a
+startling victory, which would cover him with glory, and show how much
+better a soldier he was than that poor Washington who was retreating
+across the country, instead of boldly turning and showing fight.
+
+If Lee had been a true soldier, and had conscientiously obeyed the
+commands of his superior, he would have joined Washington and his army
+without delay, and a short time afterward would have had an opportunity
+of taking part in the battle of Trenton, in which the Virginia country
+gentleman defeated the British, and gained one of the most important
+victories of the war.
+
+Lee pressed slowly onward--ready to strike a great blow for himself, and
+unwilling to help anybody else strike a blow--until he came to
+Morristown; and, after staying there one night, he proceeded in the
+direction of Basking Ridge, a pretty village not far away. Lee left his
+army at Bernardsville, which was then known as Vealtown, and rode on to
+Basking Ridge, accompanied only by a small guard. There he took lodgings
+at an inn, and made himself comfortable. The next morning he did not go
+and put himself at the head of his army and move on, because there were
+various affairs which occupied his attention.
+
+Several of his guard wished to speak to him, some of them being men from
+Connecticut, who appeared before him in full-bottomed wigs, showing
+plainly that they considered themselves people who were important enough
+to have their complaints attended to. One of them wanted his horse shod,
+another asked for some money on account of his pay, and a third had
+something to say about rations. But General Lee cut them all off very
+shortly with, "You want a great deal, but you have not mentioned what
+you want most. You want to go home, and I should be glad to let you go,
+for you are no good here." Then his adjutant general asked to see him;
+and he had a visit from a Major Wilkinson, who arrived that morning with
+a letter from General Gates.
+
+All these things occupied him very much, and he did not sit down to
+breakfast till ten o'clock. Shortly after they had finished their meal,
+and Lee was writing a letter to General Gates, in which he expressed a
+very contemptible opinion of General Washington, Major Wilkinson saw, at
+the end of the lane which led from the house down to the main road, a
+party of British cavalry, who dashed round the corner toward the house.
+The major immediately called out to General Lee that the Redcoats were
+coming; but Lee, who was a man not to be frightened by sudden reports,
+finished signing the letter, and then jumped up to see what was the
+matter.
+
+By this time the dragoons had surrounded the house; and when he
+perceived this, General Lee naturally wanted to know where the guards
+were, and why they did not fire on these fellows. But there was no
+firing, and apparently there were no guards; and when Wilkinson went to
+look for them, he found their arms in the room which had been their
+quarters, but the men were gone. These private soldiers had evidently
+been quite as free and easy, and as bent upon making themselves
+comfortable, as had been the general, and they had had no thought that
+such a thing as a British soldier was anywhere in the neighborhood. When
+Wilkinson looked out of the door, he saw the guards running in every
+direction, with dragoons chasing them.
+
+What all this meant, nobody knew at first; and Wilkinson supposed that
+it was merely a band of marauders of the British army, who were making
+a raid into the country to get what they could in the way of plunder.
+It was not long before this was found to be a great mistake; for the
+officer in command of the dragoons called from the outside, and demanded
+that General Lee should surrender himself, and that, if he did not do so
+in five minutes, the house would be set on fire.
+
+Now, it was plain to everybody that the British had heard of the
+leisurely advance of this American general, and that he had left his
+command and come to Basking Ridge to take his ease at an inn, and so
+they had sent a detachment to capture him. Soon the women of the house
+came to General Lee, and urged him to hide himself under a feather bed.
+They declared that they would cover him up so that nobody would suspect
+that he was in the bed; then they would tell the soldiers that he was
+not there, and that they might come and search the house if they chose.
+
+But although Lee was a jealous man and a hasty man, he had a soul above
+such behavior as this, and would not hide himself in a feather bed; but,
+as there was no honorable way of escape, he boldly came forward and
+surrendered himself.
+
+The British gave him no time to make any preparations for departure.
+They did not know but that his army might be on the way to Basking
+Ridge; and the sooner they were off, the better. So they made him jump
+on Major Wilkinson's horse, which was tied by the door; and in his
+slippers and dressing gown, and without a hat, this bold soldier of
+wide experience, who thought he should be commander in chief of the
+American army, was hurried away at full gallop. He was taken to New
+York, where he was put into prison. It is said that Lee plotted against
+America during his imprisonment; but General Washington did not know
+that, and used every exertion to have him exchanged, so that his
+aspiring rival soon again joined the American army.
+
+But his misfortune had no good effect upon General Charles Lee, who came
+back to his command with as high an opinion of himself, and as low an
+opinion of certain other people, as he had had when he involuntarily
+left it. It was some time after this, at the battle of Monmouth Court
+House, that Charles Lee showed what sort of a man he really was. He had
+now become so jealous that he positively determined that he would not
+obey orders, and would act as he thought best. He had command of a body
+of troops numbering five thousand, a good-sized army for those days, and
+he was ordered to advance to Monmouth Court House and attack the enemy
+who were there, while Washington, with another force, would hasten to
+his assistance as rapidly as possible.
+
+Washington carried out his part of the plan; but when he had nearly
+reached Monmouth, he found, to his amazement, that Lee had gone there,
+but had done no fighting at all, and was now actually retreating, and
+coming in his direction. As it would be demoralizing in the highest
+degree to his own command, if Lee's armed forces in full retreat should
+come upon them, Washington hurried forward to prevent anything of the
+sort, and soon met Lee. When the latter was asked what was the meaning
+of this strange proceeding, he could give no good reason, except that he
+thought it better not to risk an engagement at that time.
+
+Then the Virginia country gentleman blazed out at the soldier of
+fortune, and it is said that no one ever heard George Washington speak
+to any other man as he spoke to General Lee on that day. He was told to
+go back to his command and to obey orders, and together the American
+forces moved on. In the battle which followed, the enemy was repulsed;
+but the victory was not so complete as it should have been, for the
+British departed in the night and went where they intended to go,
+without being cut off by the American army, as would have been the case
+if Lee had obeyed the orders which were given him.
+
+General Lee was very angry at the charges which Washington had made
+against him, and demanded that he should be tried by court-martial. His
+wish was granted. He was tried, and found guilty of every charge made
+against him, and in consequence was suspended from the army for one
+year.
+
+But Charles Lee never went back into the American army. Perhaps he had
+had enough of it. In any event, it had had enough of him; and seven
+years afterwards, when he died of a fever, his ambition to stand in
+Washington's shoes died with him. While he lived on his Virginia farm,
+he was as impetuous and eccentric as when he had been in the army, and
+he must have been a very unpleasant neighbor. In fact, the people there
+thought he was crazy. This opinion was not changed when his will was
+read, for in that document he said,--
+
+"I desire most earnestly that I may not be buried in any church or
+churchyard, or within a mile of any Presbyterian or Anabaptist
+meetinghouse; for since I have resided in this country I have kept so
+much bad company when living, that I do not choose to continue it when
+dead."
+
+
+
+
+THE MAN IN THE "AUGER HOLE."
+
+
+When we consider the American Revolution, we are apt to think of it as a
+great war in which all the inhabitants of the Colonies rose up against
+Great Britain, determined, no matter what might be the hardships and
+privations, no matter what the cost in blood and money, to achieve their
+independence and the right to govern themselves.
+
+But this was not the case. A great majority of the people of the
+Colonies were ardently in favor of independence; but there were also a
+great many people, and we have no right to say that some of them were
+not very good people, who were as well satisfied that their country
+should be a colony of Great Britain as the Canadians are now satisfied
+with that state of things, and who were earnestly and honestly opposed
+to any separation from the mother country.
+
+This difference of opinion was the cause of great trouble and bloodshed
+among the colonists themselves, and the contests between the Tories and
+the Whigs were nowhere more bitter than in New Jersey. In some parts of
+the Colony, families were divided against themselves; and not only did
+this result in quarrels and separations, but fathers and sons, and
+brothers and brothers, fought against each other. At one time the
+Tories, or, as they came to be called, "refugees," were in such numbers
+that they took possession of the town of Freehold, and held it for more
+than a week; and when at last the town was retaken by the patriotic
+forces, most of them being neighbors and friends of the refugees,
+several prominent Tories were hanged, and many others sent to prison.
+
+The feeling between the Americans of the two different parties was more
+violent than that between the patriots and the British troops, and
+before long it became entirely unsafe for any Tory to remain in his own
+home in New Jersey. Many of them went to New York, where the patriotic
+feeling was not so strong at that time, and there they formed themselves
+into a regular military company called the "Associated Loyalists;" and
+this company was commanded by William Temple Franklin, son of the great
+Benjamin Franklin, who had been appointed governor of New Jersey by the
+British Crown. He was now regarded with great hatred by the patriots of
+New Jersey, because he was a strong Tory. This difference of opinion
+between William Franklin and his father was the most noted instance of
+this state of feeling which occurred in those days.
+
+It will be interesting to look upon this great contest from a different
+point of view than that from which we are accustomed to regard it; and
+some extracts from the journal of a New Jersey lady who was a decided
+Tory, will give us an idea of the feeling and condition of the people
+who were opposed to the Revolution.
+
+This lady was Mrs. Margaret Hill Morris, who lived in Burlington. She
+was a Quaker lady, and must have been a person of considerable wealth;
+for she had purchased the house on Green Bank, one of the prettiest
+parts of Burlington, overlooking the river, in which Governor Franklin
+had formerly resided. This was a fine house, and contained the room
+which afterwards became celebrated under the name of the "Auger Hole."
+This had been built, for what reason is not known, as a place of
+concealment. It was a small room, entirely dark, but said to be
+otherwise quite comfortable, which could be approached only through a
+linen closet. In order to get at it, the linen had to be taken from the
+shelves, the shelves drawn out, and a small door opened at the back of
+the closet, quite low down, so that the dark room could only be entered
+by stooping.
+
+In this "auger hole," Mrs. Morris, who was a strong Tory, but a very
+good woman, had concealed a refugee who at the time was sought for by
+the adherents of the patriotic side, and who probably would have had a
+hard time of it if he had been caught, for he was a person of
+considerable importance.
+
+The name of the refugee was Jonathan Odell, and he was rector of St.
+Mary's Church in Burlington. He was a learned man, being a doctor as
+well as a clergyman, and a very strong Tory. He had been of much service
+to the people of Burlington; for when the Hessians had attacked the
+town, he had come forward and interceded with their commander, and had
+done his work so well that the soldiers were forbidden to pillage the
+town. But when the Hessians left, the American authorities began a
+vigorous search for Tories; and Parson Odell was obliged to conceal
+himself in good Mrs. Morris's "auger hole."
+
+Mrs. Morris was apparently a widow who lived alone with her two boys,
+and, having this refugee in her house, she was naturally very nervous
+about the movements of the American troops and the actions of her
+neighbors of the opposite party.
+
+She kept a journal of the things that happened about her in those
+eventful days, and from this we will give some extracts. It must be
+understood that in writing her journal, the people designated as the
+"enemy" were the soldiers under Washington, and that "gondolas" were
+American gunboats.
+
+     "From the 13th to the 16th we had various reports of the advancing
+     and retiring of the enemy; parties of armed men rudely entered the
+     town and diligent search was made for tories. Some of the gondola
+     gentry broke into and pillaged Rd Smith's house on the bank. About
+     noon this day [16th] a very terrible account of thousands coming
+     into the town, and now actually to be seen on Gallows Hill: my
+     incautious son caught up the spyglass, and was running towards the
+     mill to look at them. I told him it would be liable to
+     misconstruction."
+
+The journal states that the boy went out with the spyglass, but could
+get no good place from which he could see Gallows Hill, or any troops
+upon it, and so went down to the river, and thought he would take a view
+of the boats in which were the American troops. He rested his spyglass
+on the low limb of a tree, and with a boyish curiosity inspected the
+various boats of the little fleet, not suspecting that any one would
+object to such a harmless proceeding.
+
+But the people on the boats saw him, and did object very much; and the
+consequence was, that, not long after he reached his mother's house, a
+small boat from one of the vessels came to shore. A party of men went to
+the front door of the house in which they had seen the boy enter, and
+began loudly to knock upon it. Poor Mrs. Morris was half frightened to
+death, and she made as much delay as possible in order to compose her
+features and act as if she had never heard of a refugee who wished to
+hide himself from his pursuers. In the mild manner in which Quaker women
+are always supposed to speak, she asked them what they wanted. They
+quickly told her that they had heard that there was a refugee, to whom
+they applied some very strong language, who was hiding somewhere about
+here, and that they had seen him spying at them with a glass from behind
+a tree, and afterwards watched him as he entered this house.
+
+Mrs. Morris declared that they were entirely mistaken; that the person
+they had seen was no one but her son, who had gone out to look at them
+as any boy might do, and who was perfectly innocent of any designs
+against them. The men may have been satisfied with this explanation in
+regard to her son; but they asserted that they knew that there was a
+refugee concealed somewhere in that neighborhood, and they believed that
+he was in an empty house near by, of which they were told she had the
+key. Mrs. Morris, who had given a signal, previously agreed upon, to the
+man in the "auger hole," to keep very quiet, wished to gain as much time
+as possible, and exclaimed,
+
+"Bless me! I hope you are not Hessians."
+
+"Do we look like Hessians?" asked one of them rudely.
+
+"Indeed, I don't know."
+
+"Did you ever see a Hessian?"
+
+"No, never in my life; but they are men, and you are men, and may be
+Hessians, for anything I know. But I will go with you into Colonel Cox's
+house, though indeed it was my son at the mill; he is but a boy, and
+meant no harm; he wanted to see the troops."
+
+So she took the key of the empty house referred to, and went in ahead of
+the men, who searched the place thoroughly, and, after finding no place
+where anybody could be, they searched one or two of the houses
+adjoining; but for some reason they did not think it worth while to go
+through Mrs. Morris's own house. Had they done so, it is not probable
+that the good lady could have retained her composure, especially if they
+had entered the room in which was the linen closet; for, even had they
+been completely deceived by the piles of sheets and pillowcases, there
+is no knowing but that the unfortunate man in the "auger hole" might
+have been inclined to sneeze.
+
+But although she was a brave woman, and very humanely inclined, Mrs.
+Morris felt she could not any longer take the risk of a refugee in her
+house. And so that night, after dark, she went up to the parson in the
+"auger hole," and made him come out; and she took him into the town,
+where he was concealed by some of the Tory citizens, who were better
+adapted to take care of the refugee than this lone Quaker woman with her
+two inquisitive boys. It is believed that soon after this he took refuge
+in New York, which was then in the hands of the British.
+
+Further on in the journal, Mrs. Morris indulges in some moral
+reflections in regard to the war in which her countrymen were engaged,
+and no one of right feeling will object to her sentiments.
+
+     "Jan. 14. I hear Gen. Howe sent a request to Washington desiring
+     three days cessation of arms to take care of the wounded and bury
+     the dead, which was refused: what a woeful tendency war has to
+     harden the human heart against the tender feelings of humanity.
+     Well may it be called a _horrid art_ thus to change the nature of
+     man. I thought that even barbarous nations had a sort of religious
+     regard for their dead."
+
+After this the journal contains many references to warlike scenes on the
+river and warlike sounds from the country around. Numbers of gondolas
+filled with soldiers went up and down the river, at times cannon from
+distant points firing alarums. At other times the roaring of great guns
+from a distance, showing that a battle was going on, kept the people of
+Burlington in a continual excitement; and Mrs. Morris, who was entirely
+cut off from her relatives and friends, several of whom were living in
+Philadelphia, was naturally very anxious and disturbed in regard to
+events, of which she heard but little, and perhaps understood less.
+
+One day she saw a number of gunboats, with flags flying and drums
+beating, that were going, she was told, to attend a court-martial at
+which a number of refugees, men of her party, were to be tried by
+General Putnam; and it was believed that if they were found guilty they
+would be executed.
+
+After a time, Mrs. Morris found an opportunity of showing, that,
+although in principle she might be a Tory, she was at heart a good, kind
+Quaker lady, ready to give help to suffering people, no matter whether
+they belonged to the side she favored or to that which she opposed.
+
+Some of the people who came up the river in the gunboats--and in many
+cases the soldiers brought their wives with them, probably as
+cooks--were taken sick during that summer; and some of these invalids
+stopped at Burlington, being unable to proceed farther.
+
+Here, to their surprise, they found no doctors; for all the patriots of
+that profession had gone to the army, and the Tory physicians had
+departed to the British lines. But, as has been said before, the women
+in the early days of New Jersey were often obliged to be physicians; and
+among the good housewives of Burlington, who knew all about herb teas,
+homemade plasters, and potions, Mrs. Morris held a high position. The
+sick Continentals were told that she was just as good as a doctor, and,
+besides, was a very kind woman, always ready to help the sick and
+suffering.
+
+So some of the sick soldiers came to her; and from what Mrs. Morris
+wrote, one or two of them must have been the same men who had previously
+come to her house and threatened the life of her boy, who had been
+looking at them with a spyglass. But now they very meekly and humbly
+asked her to come and attend their poor comrades who were unable to
+move. At first Mrs. Morris thought this was some sort of a trick, and
+that they wanted to get her on board of one of the gunboats, and carry
+her away. But when she found that the sick people were in a house in the
+town, she consented to go and do what she could. So she took her bottles
+with her, and her boxes and her herbs, and visited the sick people,
+several of whom she found were women.
+
+They were all afflicted with some sort of a fever, probably of a
+malarial kind, contracted from living day and night on board of boats
+without proper protection; and, knowing just what to do in such cases,
+she, to use her own expression, "treated them according to art," and it
+was not long before they all recovered.
+
+What happened in consequence of this hospital work for those whom she
+considered her enemies, is thus related by Mrs. Morris:--
+
+     "I thought I had received all my pay when they thankfully
+     acknowledged all my kindness, but lo! in a short time afterwards, a
+     very rough, ill-looking man came to the door and asked for me. When
+     I went to him, he drew me aside and asked me if I had any friends
+     in Philadelphia. The question alarmed me, supposing that there was
+     some mischief meditated against that poor city; however, I calmly
+     said, 'I have an ancient father-in-law, some sisters, and other
+     near friends there.' 'Well,' said the man, 'do you wish to hear
+     from them, or send anything by way of refreshment to them? If you
+     do, I will take charge of it and bring you back anything you may
+     send for.' I was very much surprised, to be sure, and thought he
+     only wanted to get provisions to take to the gondolas, when he told
+     me his wife was one I had given medicine to, and this was the only
+     thing he could do to pay me for my kindness. My heart leaped for
+     joy, and I set about preparing something for my dear absent
+     friends. A quarter of beef, some veal, fowls, and flour, were soon
+     put up, and about midnight the man came and took them away in his
+     boat."
+
+Mrs. Morris was not mistaken in trusting to the good intentions of this
+grateful Continental soldier, for, as she says, two nights later there
+came a loud knocking at the door:--
+
+     "Opening the chamber window, we heard a man's voice saying, 'Come
+     down softly and open the door, but bring no light.' There was
+     something mysterious in such a call, and we concluded to go down
+     and set the candle in the kitchen. When we got to the front door we
+     asked, 'Who are you?' The man replied, 'A friend; open quickly:'
+     so the door was opened, and who should it be but our honest gondola
+     man with a letter, a bushel of salt, a jug of molasses, a bag of
+     rice, some tea, coffee, and sugar, and some cloth for a coat for my
+     poor boys--all sent by my kind sisters. How did our hearts and eyes
+     overflow with love to them and thanks to our Heavenly Father for
+     such seasonable supplies. May we never forget it. Being now so
+     rich, we thought it our duty to hand out a little to the poor
+     around us, who were mourning for want of salt, so we divided the
+     bushel and gave a pint to every poor person who came for it, and
+     had a great plenty for our own use."
+
+As the war drew to its close and it became plain to every one that the
+cause of the patriots must triumph, the feeling between the two parties
+of Americans became less bitter; and the Tories, in many cases, saw that
+it would be wise for them to accept the situation, and become loyal
+citizens of the United States of America, as before they had been loyal
+subjects of Great Britain.
+
+When peace was at last proclaimed, those Tories who were prisoners were
+released, and almost all of them who had owned farms or estates had them
+returned to them, and Mrs. Morris could visit her "ancient
+father-in-law" and her sisters in Philadelphia, or they could come up
+the river and visit her in her house on the beautiful Green Bank at
+Burlington, without fear or thought of those fellow-countrymen who had
+been their bitter enemies.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF TWO CAPTAINS.
+
+
+During the Revolution, New Jersey had a very hard time, harder in some
+ways than many of her sister States. This may be accounted for by the
+fact that much of her territory lay between the two important cities of
+Philadelphia and New York, and that it was therefore liable to be the
+scene of frequent battles and marches. In fact, it often happens that
+the march of an enemy through a quiet country is almost as bad as a
+disastrous battle.
+
+Country people and farmers, especially those of fruitful and prosperous
+countries, are generally much more opposed to war than people in cities;
+and so it happened in New Jersey. When the Revolution began, there were
+a good many people who did not care particularly about taxation, who had
+been happy and comfortable all their days, without any thought of
+independence, and who saw no reason why they should not continue to be
+so; and these did not immediately spring to arms when the first guns of
+the war were fired. There were no large cities in New Jersey. It was a
+rural community, a country of peaceable people.
+
+When the British troops first entered New Jersey, and before any battles
+had been fought, the commander in chief took advantage of this state of
+feeling, and endeavored as far as possible to make the people think that
+the Redcoats were in reality good friends, and intended them no harm. He
+protested, whenever he had a chance, that when these disturbances were
+over, any complaints that the people had to make in regard to the laws
+made by their English rulers, should be carefully attended to, and their
+grievances redressed as soon as possible.
+
+As has been said before, a great many of the people of the Colony were
+in favor of continuance of the British rule, and from these arose that
+Tory party which afterwards caused so much bitterness of feeling and
+bloody contention. But there were also others, who, although they were
+not Tories, were not in favor of fighting if it could be helped, and
+these the British commander most wished to conciliate. He issued a great
+many printed papers of protection, which he gave to those who had not
+yet taken sides against the Crown. The people who received these were
+assured, that, so long as they had them to show, no Redcoat soldier
+would in any way disturb them or their property.
+
+But when the English army actually spread itself over the country, and
+the soldiers began to forage about to see what they could find to eat
+and drink better than their rations, the Jersey farmers frequently
+discovered that these papers of protection were of no use at all. If
+shown to one of the Hessians, who were more dreaded than the other
+soldiers of the British army, the German could not read a word of it,
+and paid no attention to it. He wanted ducks and geese, and took them.
+And after a time the English soldiers determined that the Hessians
+should not take all they wanted while they stood by and had nothing, and
+so they began to pillage, without regard to the little printed papers
+which the angry farmers showed them.
+
+This state of things had a very good effect upon the rural population of
+New Jersey; and as the conduct of the British soldiers became more
+lawless, so did the determination to resist such outrageous actions
+become stronger and stronger in the hearts of the people of the country,
+and they readily listened to the calls to arms which were made by
+Washington and by Congress. The people who were in favor of the
+Revolution and independence stood together and formed themselves on one
+side, while those who were still loyal to the King formed themselves on
+the other. And thus, with both the Tories and the British against them,
+the citizens of New Jersey began in good earnest to fight for their
+liberties.
+
+In the war which was now waged in New Jersey, it very often happened
+that the British soldiers had no part whatever; and although the battles
+and skirmishes between the Tories and the Whigs were generally small and
+of no great importance, they were always violent and bloody. Sometimes
+the forces on each side were considerable enough to entitle the affair
+to be called a battle. The forces of the Whigs or patriots in these
+encounters were almost always composed of the militiamen of the State,
+who had not joined the regular army, but who had enlisted for the
+purpose of defending their own homes and farms. In various parts of the
+country there were men who, some on one side and some on the other, had
+distinguished themselves as soldiers.
+
+One of the most prominent of these was a Captain Huddy of Monmouth
+County. He had command of a company of militiamen, and he made himself
+very formidable to the bodies of Tories who had formed themselves in the
+country, and his name and fame as a great fighter began to spread over
+that part of the State. He lived in a good-sized house, for that time,
+in the village of Colt's Neck, and in this house he generally kept part
+of his command.
+
+But one evening he happened to be at home without any one with him
+except a servant, a negro girl about twenty years old. His men had all
+gone away on some errand, and the fact that the captain was at home by
+himself became known to some Tories in the neighborhood. These, led by a
+mulatto named Tye, made an attack upon his house.
+
+But although Captain Huddy's men were all away, they had left their guns
+behind; and so the brave Huddy, instead of surrendering to the force of
+fifty or sixty Tories who were outside, determined to fight them, with
+no garrison but himself and the negro girl, and he made ready to hold
+his house as long as he could. The girl loaded the guns; and Huddy,
+running from one window to another, fired at the Tories so rapidly and
+with such good effect, that they believed that there were a number of
+men in the house, and so did not dare to rush forward and break in the
+doors, as they certainly would have done if they had known that they
+were fighting two persons only, and one of them a girl.
+
+Several of the attacking party were wounded, and they found at last that
+there was little chance of capturing this fortress, so well defended: so
+they concluded to burn the house, and thus force the garrison to come
+out. While they were at work setting fire to the wooden building, Huddy
+shot the mulatto in the arm; but, finding that he could not prevent
+them from carrying out their purpose, he shouted to them that if they
+would put out the fire, he would surrender.
+
+When the fort had capitulated and the enemy marched in, the Tories were
+so angry to find that they had been fighting no one but a man and a
+negro girl, that many of them were inclined to fall upon these
+unfortunates, and butcher them on the spot; but they were restrained. As
+it was known that Huddy's men would probably soon return,--for the noise
+of the firing had aroused the neighborhood,--the enemy seized the
+captain and hurried him away, leaving the rest of the garrison behind.
+
+It may be said here that this girl, whose name was Lucretia Emmons,
+afterwards married a man named Chambers, and, like all other Jersey
+women who were of benefit to their State, lived to a good old age, and
+had a large posterity.
+
+Captain Huddy was hurried away to the boats in which the Tories had
+arrived; but the militiamen were in hot pursuit, and a running fight
+took place between them and the Tories, in which six of the latter were
+killed. The Tories, with their prisoner, got on board their boats; but
+they had not pushed very far from the shore, before the militiamen were
+firing at them again. During the hubbub which ensued, Captain Huddy made
+a bold dash for liberty. He sprang to his feet, plunged into the water,
+and began to swim to the shore. In so doing, unfortunately, he received
+a shot in the thigh from his own friends; but he raised his hands above
+his head and shouted, "I am Huddy, I am Huddy!" and so, with one leg and
+two arms, he continued to strike out for the shore, which he reached in
+safety. His wound could not have been very severe, for it was not long
+before he was again engaged in fighting the Tories.
+
+Two years after this, Captain Huddy was once more obliged to hold a fort
+against a superior body of Tories,--this time a rude structure of logs,
+or blockhouse, near Tom's River, close to the coast. His garrison
+consisted of twenty-five men. Here he was attacked by a number of
+refugees, some of them from New York, and some from the neighborhood.
+They gathered from various quarters during the night, and early on a
+Sunday morning they made a united attack on the blockhouse. Huddy and
+his men fought bravely; but when their ammunition was gone, and seven or
+eight of them were killed, he was obliged to surrender.
+
+Now, there was no one to rescue him, and he was marched away, put in
+irons, and confined in the hold of a prison ship anchored off the coast.
+The state of feeling at the time is shown by the way in which the
+commander of this expedition speaks of the village of Tom's River; for
+he says, "The Town, as it is called, consists of about a dozen houses,
+in which none but a piratical set of banditti reside."
+
+What afterwards happened to the captain was the result of a chain of
+events which could only have occurred in a country where neighbors and
+former friends were arrayed in bloody conflict against each other. A
+prominent Tory of that neighborhood, named White, had been captured by
+the patriots, and it happened that the father of one of White's guards
+had been murdered by a party of Tories of whom White was a member. White
+was shot soon after his capture; and it was generally believed that he
+had been killed by this guard, who wished to avenge his father's death.
+
+Thus one murder led to another, but the bloody business had not yet gone
+far enough. The friends of White were determined to avenge his death,
+and could think of no better way of doing it than by killing Captain
+Huddy. The Tories wished to get rid of him anyway, and here was a reason
+which was considered good enough in those days of furious animosity
+between fellow-countrymen. It was not long, therefore, before Huddy was
+taken from his prison, and, without even a show of a trial, was
+condemned to death. It was said that he assisted in the killing of
+White; and although he asserted boldly that this was an absurd charge,
+as he was in prison at the time White was shot, the Tories would not
+listen to any such plea. They were determined to kill him, and die he
+must.
+
+He was taken on shore at Sandy Hook, and on the beach a rude gallows was
+constructed of three fence rails, and there he was hung. Before he died,
+he wrote his will, resting the paper on the top of a flour barrel; and
+it is said that his handwriting was as firm and legible as if he had
+been sitting at a table in his own house.
+
+This inhuman and lawless execution of a man so well known and of such
+good reputation as Captain Huddy, created great indignation in the
+patriotic party all over the country, and there was a general demand
+that the British army should deliver up a man named Lippencot, who had
+been the leader of the party which had hung Huddy; but the British did
+not consent to this. They did make a show of investigating the matter;
+and Lippencot, who was an officer of a refugee regiment regularly
+enlisted in the British service, was tried by court-martial. But he was
+acquitted; and no satisfaction was offered to the Americans for this
+crime, which had been committed in open defiance of the laws of war.
+
+But the British commander in chief, who arrived about this time, was a
+man of honor and good sense, and he openly condemned the action of
+Lippencot and his men, and assured the Americans that he would do what
+he could to further investigate the matter.
+
+This, however, did not satisfy the country, and from every side there
+came demands that some one of the officers who were then prisoners in
+the American lines should be executed in retaliation for Huddy's murder,
+unless Lippencot were delivered up to the Americans. Here, then, opened
+the fourth act of this bloody play of progression, and we will tell the
+story of the other captain.
+
+It is a horrible thing to deliberately execute an innocent man because
+some one else has committed a crime; but war is horrible, and we must
+expect that horrible things will continually spring from it. As no
+satisfaction could be obtained from the British for this acknowledged
+outrage and murder,--for in acquitting Lippencot the British authorities
+virtually took upon themselves the responsibility of Huddy's
+execution,--the Americans, being at war and acting in accordance with
+the bloody rules of war, determined to select an officer from among the
+English prisoners in the American lines, who should be executed in
+retaliation for Huddy's death.
+
+As soon as this order had been issued, thirteen British officers, who
+were at liberty on parole in the American lines, were ordered to report
+at Lancaster, Penn., in order that one of them might be selected to be
+the victim of retaliation.
+
+These officers were assembled in a room of the Black Bear Tavern with
+several American officers, who conducted the proceedings, and a guard of
+mounted dragoons was stationed outside.
+
+The question was to be decided by lot according to the following plan:
+the thirteen names of the officers were written each upon a little slip
+of paper, and these were put into a hat. Then in another hat were placed
+thirteen other slips of the same size, all of them blank excepting one,
+on which was written the word "unfortunate." Two drummer boys were
+called in to draw out the slips, one from one hat, the other from the
+other. As one boy drew out the piece of paper and read the name of the
+officer written upon it, the other boy at the same time drew a slip from
+the other hat. After several drawings, in which the slips from the
+second hat had all been blank, one of the boys drew, and read upon the
+little piece of paper the name of Captain Asgill, and at the same time
+the other boy drew out a slip, and read the word "unfortunate." This
+decided the matter; and the American officer in command turned to the
+leader of the dragoons and said to him, "This gentleman, sir, is your
+prisoner."
+
+Now this most tragical meeting broke up, and we are told that every man
+in that room, except Captain Asgill himself, was in tears. The truly
+unfortunate man who had been chosen by this most doleful chance was a
+handsome young gentleman, scarcely more than a boy. He was beloved by
+every one who knew him, and he would have been the last man to have
+consented to any such deed as that for which he was to pay the penalty.
+When it became known that he had been selected by fate to be executed in
+retaliation, every one who knew anything about him, either in the
+British army or the American, deeply deplored the fact that the doom
+should have fallen on one who so little deserved it. Captain Asgill was
+taken to Philadelphia, and after a while was carried to New Jersey,
+where in Chatham, Morris County, he was held to await his end.
+
+Washington himself was greatly affected by this event; and he wrote to
+the colonel who had charge of Captain Asgill, to treat the unfortunate
+young man with all tenderness and respect while he should be in his
+hands, and to do everything for him that was consistent with propriety
+under the circumstances.
+
+Now, there came from many parts of this country, as well as from the
+English, all sorts of communications and memorials addressed to the
+government and the commander of the army, urging clemency in the case of
+this unfortunate young man; and it was no doubt in consequence of these,
+that his punishment was delayed from time to time.
+
+Captain Asgill's mother was a lady of good position in England, and,
+overwhelmed with grief at the impending fate of her son, she spared no
+efforts to save him. She wrote to every man of influence whom she knew;
+and among others she wrote to the Count de Vergennes, who was in this
+country as the representative of the court of France.
+
+The French, who had been the faithful friends of the Americans
+throughout the struggle, were as willing to assist their allies to be
+merciful and forgiving as they were to help them fight their battles.
+The ambassador addressed a strong letter to Congress, urging that young
+Captain Asgill might be spared, and sending a copy of the letter
+written by the heartbroken mother.
+
+Still war is war; and one of its laws is, that, if a prisoner is
+unjustly killed by an enemy, one of the enemy's men held as prisoner
+shall be killed in retaliation, the object being, of course, to put a
+stop to unjust executions. With this law in view, Congress did not
+consent to countermand the young man's execution.
+
+Captain Asgill had another friend, a powerful one, who did all that he
+could to save him from his impending fate. This was General Washington,
+who from the first had pitied the young man on account of his youth and
+general character; but he had also objected to the selection for the
+reason that he had been among the officers who surrendered with Lord
+Cornwallis, who had been promised that they should not be dealt with as
+hostages. There were other prisoners who might have been more justly
+taken as subjects of retaliation, but for some reason the thirteen
+officers who had been summoned to this trial by lot were not among those
+who were justly liable in the case. Washington felt that the selection
+of Asgill was a breach of good faith, and he did all that he could to
+induce the secretary of war to act justly and honorably in the matter.
+At all events, the efforts in behalf of the young officer had the effect
+of delaying the execution; and three months after his fatal lot had been
+drawn, he was allowed to go to Morristown and remain there a prisoner on
+parole.
+
+Not long after this, another reason arose for the pardon of Captain
+Asgill, which was used with effect by his friends. Peace was now
+approaching, and there was no need of the execution of hostages in order
+to prevent further outrages on the part of the enemy; and so the members
+of Congress began to feel that after this long delay, and the
+approaching general rejoicing in the success of American independence,
+it would seem like murder to execute this young man. Therefore a law was
+passed by Congress, directing that Captain Asgill should be set at
+liberty and allowed to return to his family.
+
+Dreadful months of suspense and fearful anticipation had darkened the
+souls of this young soldier, his family, and his friends; but they had
+probably produced a better effect upon the minds of the lawless bands of
+Tory refugees than would have resulted had the execution taken place;
+for, had Captain Asgill been hung, there is no doubt that an American
+prisoner would have suffered in his place; and how many more steps in
+the bloody business of retaliation would have taken place, no man can
+tell. So, if we look at the matter philosophically, it may have been a
+very good thing that the British officer selected to atone for the death
+of Captain Huddy happened to be a young man whom nobody wished to kill,
+for the merciful delay exercised in his case was the probable cause of
+the cessation of retaliation during the last months of the Revolution.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF TEMPE WICK.
+
+
+There are so many curious and unexpected things which may happen in time
+of war, especially to people who live in parts of a country where the
+enemy may be expected to come, or where the friendly army is already
+encamped, that it is impossible to guard against unpleasant occurrences;
+and it often happens that the only thing to be depended upon when an
+emergency arises, is presence of mind, and quickness of wit.
+
+In these qualities, New Jersey girls have never shown themselves behind
+their sisters of other parts of the country, and a very good proof of
+this is shown by an incident which took place near Morristown during the
+time that the American army was quartered in that neighborhood.
+
+Not far from the town was a farm then known as Wick's farm, situated in
+a beautiful wooded country. The daughter of Mr. Wick, named Tempe
+(probably short for Temperance), was the owner of a very fine horse, and
+on this beautiful animal it was her delight to ride over the roads and
+through the woods of the surrounding country. She had been accustomed
+to horses since she was a child, and was not afraid to ride anywhere by
+herself.
+
+When she first began to canter over these hills and dales, it had been
+in times of peace, when there was nothing in this quiet country of which
+any one might be afraid; and now, although these were days of war, she
+felt no fear. There were soldiers not far away, but these she looked
+upon as her friends and protectors; for Washington and his army had
+encamped in that region to defend the country against the approach of
+the enemy. If any straggling Redcoats should feel a desire to come along
+the hills, they would be very apt to restrain their inclinations so long
+as they knew that that brave American army was encamped near by.
+
+So Miss Tempe Wick, fearing nothing, rode far and wide, as she had been
+in the habit of doing, and every day she and her good steed became
+better and better acquainted with each other.
+
+One fine afternoon, as Tempe was slowly riding homeward, within a mile
+of her house, she met half a dozen soldiers in Continental uniform, and
+two of them, stepping in front of her, called upon her to stop. When she
+had done so, one of them seized her bridle. She did not know the men;
+but still, as they belonged to Washington's army, who were her
+countrymen and friends, she saw no reason to be afraid, and asked them
+what they wanted.
+
+At first she received no answer, for they were very busily occupied in
+looking at her horse and expressing their satisfaction at the fine
+points of the animal. Tempe had had her horse praised before; but these
+men were looking at him, and talking about him, very much as if he were
+for sale and they were thinking of buying. Presently one of the men said
+to her that this was a very excellent horse that she was riding, and
+they wanted it. To this Tempe exclaimed, in great amazement, that it was
+her own horse, that she wanted him herself, and had no wish to dispose
+of him. Some of the soldiers laughed, and one of them told her that the
+troops were about to move, and that good horses were greatly needed, and
+that they had orders to levy upon the surrounding country and take
+horses wherever they could find them.
+
+Now was Tempe astonished beyond measure. If half a dozen British
+soldiers had surrounded her, and had declared that they intended to rob
+her of her horse, she would not have wondered at it, for they would have
+taken it as the property of an enemy. But that the soldiers of her own
+country, the men on whom she and all her friends and neighbors depended
+for protection and safety, should turn on her and rob her, as if they
+had been a set of marauding Hessians, was something she could scarcely
+comprehend.
+
+But it did not take her long to understand, that no matter who they were
+or what they were,--whether they thought they had a right to do what
+they threatened, or whether they had no regard for right and
+justice,--they were in earnest, and intended to take her horse. When
+this conviction flashed into the mind of Tempe Wick, there also flashed
+into it a determination to show these men that a Jersey girl had a will
+of her own, and that if they wanted her property, they would have to do
+a great deal more than simply to come to her and ask her to hand it over
+to them.
+
+After a little parley, during which the man who held her bridle let go
+of it, supposing she was about to dismount, she suddenly gave her
+spirited horse a sharp cut with the whip, dashed between two of the
+soldiers, and, before they could comprehend what had happened, she was
+off and away.
+
+As fast as they could run, the soldiers followed her, one or two of them
+firing their guns in the air, thinking to frighten her and make her
+stop; but, as though she had been a deer and her pursuers ordinary
+hunters, she swiftly sped away from them.
+
+But they did not give up the chase. Some of them knew where this girl
+lived, and were confident that when they reached her house, they would
+have the horse. If they had known it was such a fine animal, they would
+have come after it before. According to their belief, good horses should
+go into the army, and people who staid at home, and expected other
+people to fight for them, ought to be willing to do what they could to
+help in the good cause, and at least give their horses to the army.
+
+As Tempe sat upon her bounding steed, she knew very well that the
+soldiers could never catch her; but her heart sank within her as she
+thought of what would happen when they came to the farm and demanded her
+horse. Running away from them was only postponing her trouble for a
+little while, for there was no one about the place who could prevent
+those men from going to the barn and taking away the animal.
+
+It would be of no use to pass her house and ride on and on. Where should
+she go? She must come back some time, and all the soldiers would have to
+do would be to halt at the farm, and wait until she returned. And even
+if she should take her horse into the Wood and tie him to a tree, they
+would know by her coming back on foot that she had left him at no great
+distance, and they would be sure to follow his tracks and find him.
+
+As Tempe rode swiftly on, her thoughts galloped as fast as her horse,
+and before she reached the house she had come to a conclusion as to the
+best thing to be done. She did not ride towards the barn, but dashed
+through the gateway of the large yard, and sprang from her steed. As she
+turned in, she looked down the road; but the men were not in sight. What
+she was going to do was something which people never did, but it was the
+only thing she could think of, and she was a girl whose actions were as
+quick as her ideas were original. Without stopping an instant, she took
+her horse to the back door, and led him boldly into the house.
+
+This was not the sort of stable to which Tempe's horse or any other
+American horse was accustomed; but this animal knew his mistress, and
+where she led, he was willing to follow. If one of the farm hands had
+attempted to take the creature into the house, there would probably have
+been some rearing and plunging; but nothing of this kind happened as our
+Jersey girl, with her hand on her horse's bridle, led him quickly inside
+and closed the door behind him. As the story goes, she took him through
+the kitchen, and then into the parlor, without the slightest regard to
+the injury his shoes might do to the well-kept floor; and from the
+parlor she led him into a bedroom on the lower floor, which was usually
+used as a guest chamber, but which never before had such a guest as
+this.
+
+This room had but a single window, the shutters of which were kept
+closed when it was not in use, and there was no entrance to it except
+through the door which opened from the parlor. The door was quickly
+closed, and Tempe stood with her horse in the darkness.
+
+When the soldiers reached the farm, they went to the barn. They examined
+the outhouses, visited the pasture fields, and made a thorough search,
+high and low, near and far; but no sign of a horse could they find. Of
+course, the notion that the animal was concealed in the house did not
+enter their minds, and the only way in which they could account for the
+total disappearance of the horse was, that Tempe had ridden off with
+him--where they knew not. We do not know how long they waited for the
+sight of a hungry horse coming home to his supper, but we do know that
+while there was the slightest danger of her dear horse being taken away
+from her, that animal remained a carefully attended guest in the spare
+room of the Wick house; and the tradition is, that he staid there three
+weeks. There Tempe waited on him as if he had been a visitor of high
+degree; and if she was afraid to go to the barn to bring him hay and
+oats, she doubtless gave him biscuit and soft bread,--dainties of which
+a horse is very fond, especially when they are brought to him by such a
+kind mistress as Tempe.
+
+When the cavalry moved away from their camp near Morristown, no one of
+them rode on that fine horse on which they had seen a girl gayly
+cantering, and which, when they had been about to put their hands upon
+it, had flown away, like a butterfly from under the straw hat of a
+schoolboy. When the troops were gone, the horse came out of the guest
+chamber and went back to his stall in the stable; and that room in which
+he passed so many quiet days, and the door through which the horse
+timidly stepped under the shadow of that hospitable roof, are still to
+be seen at the old Wick house, which stands now, as it stood then, with
+its shaded yard and the great willow tree behind it, on the pleasant
+country road by which we may drive from Morristown to Mendham by the way
+of Washington Corner.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF FORT NONSENSE.
+
+
+During three years of the Revolution the American army, under General
+Washington, wintered in New Jersey. Of course, we understand, that, when
+an army goes into winter quarters, it does so because the weather
+prevents operations in the field; and although Washington did not in the
+least object to fighting in the cold weather if a good opportunity
+showed itself, as we know from the fact that he fought the battle of
+Trenton on Christmas Day, still the winters in New Jersey were for the
+most part periods of inactivity.
+
+Histories give us full accounts of the important battles and marches
+which took place in New Jersey; but the life of the army in the long,
+cold months in which fighting and marching were almost impossible, is
+something with which we are not so well acquainted; and when we
+understand what the men of our army were obliged to suffer and to
+endure, and the responsibilities and anxieties which were so
+conscientiously borne by Washington and his officers, we are compelled
+to give as much credit to the soldiers of the Revolution for their
+heroism in their winter camps as for their courage upon the
+battlefield.
+
+This winter life in New Jersey, of men and officers from New England,
+the Middle States, Virginia, and the South, appears to us now as very
+interesting, and in many ways a curious life. Into a quiet country
+neighborhood there came an entirely novel element,--an army which had
+not come there to fight, but to live.
+
+Washington's first winter in New Jersey was spent in Morristown in 1777.
+This place was chosen because it was a productive country, and well
+situated for sudden expeditions against the enemy in that part of the
+State. Although there was no fighting done in Morristown, so many small
+detachments of troops went out from the place, and so many sudden
+attacks were made upon the outposts of the enemy in the country round
+about, that by the end of the winter the British had no hold in New
+Jersey except at Perth Amboy and New Brunswick.
+
+But, as has been said before, it is not with the military operations
+that we are concerned, but with the winter life of the army in the camp.
+The first thing that has to be done when an army arrives to settle and
+make itself a home in and about a country town, is to provide a good
+house for the commander in chief and officers, and a suitable camping
+place for the men. Washington went to Arnold's Tavern, a large house on
+the corner of the Green; and the army encamped in the valley of the
+Loantika, a beautiful place in summer, but not particularly attractive
+in cold weather. Here they built themselves huts of logs, and here they
+tried to keep themselves warm and to be satisfied with what they had;
+for the government was poor, and found it hard to keep an army. There
+was plenty to eat and drink in the surrounding country, but there was
+very little money with which to buy it.
+
+It was a great thing for the Morristown people to see the tavern
+surrounded night and day by a guard of twenty-six soldiers, and to have
+their streets and roads made lively by soldiers on foot, clad in the
+various uniforms worn by the men from different States,--some with
+cocked hats, some with round hats with feathers stuck in them; some with
+green coats, some with blue; some with buckskin breeches, others with
+black,--while Washington, with the officers of his staff, galloped here
+and there, dressed in the regular Continental uniforms of blue and buff.
+
+Among the most conspicuous uniforms of the American army was that of the
+Jersey Blues. This was a volunteer organization formed in Essex County;
+and the first uniforms of these soldiers were furnished by the patriotic
+women of that region. They were not able to afford anything handsome or
+costly: so each soldier was provided with a frock coat and trousers made
+of tow cloth, which was dyed a bright blue by the same women who made it
+into soldiers' clothes. These Jersey Blues, although they must have
+presented a very peculiar appearance in the field, became famous
+soldiers, and were known throughout the war, and occupied high positions
+in the Continental army. The Jersey Blues were never disorganized, and
+still remain prominent among the citizen soldiers of the State.
+
+It was Washington's habit during the war, as soon as he had settled
+himself in his winter quarters, to send for Mrs. Washington to join him;
+and accordingly she came to Morristown very soon after his first arrival
+there. Men and officers were always delighted when the wife of the
+commander in chief came down to live among them, and they welcomed the
+sight of the carriage drawn by four horses, with the postilions and
+grooms dressed in Washington's own livery of scarlet and white. On this
+occasion, Washington went some distance to meet his wife, and waited in
+a little village until she should arrive. When the lady at the house
+where he was stopping saw the grand carriage drive up, she was prepared
+to behold an illustrious personage alight from it, and she was somewhat
+surprised when she saw a very plainly dressed, quiet lady step down from
+the high coach. She thought there surely must be some mistake; but when
+she saw the courteous affection with which the grand gentleman in the
+fine uniform and cocked hat greeted this plainly dressed lady, she knew
+that she had made no mistake.
+
+There was no ostentation or superciliousness about Mrs. Washington. She
+was hospitable and kind, and she put on no airs because she was a great
+lady from Virginia, and because she was the wife of the commander in
+chief of the army. The story is told, that, soon after her arrival, some
+ladies of the town went to pay their respects to her, and as they were
+going to visit the first lady of the land, they thought that they should
+dress themselves in their finest clothes. Arrayed in silks, satins, and
+ruffles, they were shown into the presence of Mrs. Washington, and were
+utterly amazed to find her wearing a striped homespun apron, and busily
+engaged in knitting stockings. She received them, however, with as much
+dignity and courtesy as if she had had a crown on her head and a scepter
+in her hand; and in the course of conversation she said that it was the
+duty of every one to try to do without the things which they were
+obliged to buy from foreign countries, and to make for themselves, as
+far as possible, what they needed; and that, while their husbands and
+brothers were fighting in the field, she thought that they should do
+what they could at home to help the great cause.
+
+Mrs. Washington entertained the ladies with accounts of her life at
+home. She said that in her house there were always sixteen spinning
+wheels at work. She showed them two morning dresses which had been made
+in her house from ravelings of old satin chair covers. But Mrs.
+Washington was not at all averse to cheerfulness and good company, and
+in that year there were many dances and parties in Morristown, which
+kept the place quite gay.
+
+Two years afterwards, Washington and his army wintered at Middlebrook,
+in Somerset County. Here the army had a comparatively comfortable time,
+for the weather was mild, without much snow or frost; and this, after
+the terrible sufferings which they had had at Valley Forge the winter
+before, was very well calculated to put men as well as officers in a
+cheerful state of mind. It is true that the difficulties of obtaining
+provisions were in some ways greater than they had been before; for the
+Continental money, with which all supplies were paid for, was
+depreciating so rapidly that now thirty or forty dollars of it were
+barely equal to one silver dollar, and the country people very much
+disliked to take it. But the army had just achieved some important
+victories, and there was a feeling in many circles that it would not be
+long before the war would end; and with this belief in the minds of
+many, and with the general satisfaction in the mild and pleasant
+weather, it is no wonder that there were some good times in the army
+during that winter at Middlebrook.
+
+General Washington always liked to have company at dinner, for he was
+very hospitable, and, besides this, he considered it his duty to become
+acquainted with his officers and with the people of the neighborhood;
+and sometimes as many as thirty persons sat down at the table. Even if
+the various articles of food were not of the finest quality, they were
+well cooked and well served. While in Middlebrook, Washington desired a
+dinner service of white queen's-ware, and he wrote to Philadelphia to
+obtain it. Among the articles he mentioned in his order were eight dozen
+shallow plates and three dozen soup plates, which gives an idea of the
+size of his dinner parties. But, although Philadelphia was searched from
+one end to the other, no queen's-ware of the kind could be found, and at
+last Washington was told that he could get what he wanted in New
+Brunswick, and there he bought his queen's-ware.
+
+Among other things which he ordered at that time were "six tolerably
+genteel but not expensive candle-sticks;" and he also wrote for a new
+hat, stating, "I do not wish by any means to be in the extreme of
+fashion, either in the size or manner of cocking it."
+
+At these dinners there was a good deal of state and ceremony, although
+the heads of the family were very courteous and attentive to their
+guests. As this was a military establishment, everything was done
+promptly and according to rule. Washington never waited longer than five
+minutes for any guest who was late. When such a person did arrive after
+the company had seated themselves at the table, he would always try to
+put him at his ease by some pleasant remark, sometimes saying that he
+had a cook "who never asks whether the company has come, but whether the
+hour has come."
+
+During this winter a great entertainment was given by General Knox and
+some other officers, and it was said to be the finest thing of the kind
+ever seen in that part of the State. It may be thought, and probably
+there were people who thought it then, that at a time when money was so
+much needed, and provisions were so hard to get, a great and expensive
+festival like this was extravagant and out of place; but it is likely
+that the gayety of that great day had a good and encouraging effect upon
+the army as well as the people of the country. They knew why the day had
+been celebrated, and because of the general rejoicings they believed
+there was reason to rejoice; and when people believe that there is a
+good thing coming, they are much more ready to fight for it than if they
+had no such belief.
+
+But it is not of these two winters that our story has to deal: it is
+with the second encampment at Morristown, during the cold, the snow, and
+the icy frosts of 1779-80. At this time, General and Mrs. Washington
+lived in the handsome house which is now known as "Washington's
+Headquarters," and has been preserved in the same condition as it was in
+those Revolutionary days. In this fine old mansion, General Washington
+and his wife kept up their hospitable customs; and at their table were
+seen such men as Alexander Hamilton, General Greene, Baron Steuben,
+Kosciusko, Pulaski, "Light Horse Harry" Lee, Israel Putnam, "Mad
+Anthony" Wayne, and Benedict Arnold. There also came to Morristown the
+minister from France (the Chevalier de la Luzerne) and an envoy from
+Spain (Don Juan de Mirailles). These two distinguished foreigners were
+received with great honor. An escort was sent out to meet them; there
+was a grand review of the troops, in which Washington and his generals,
+together with the Frenchman and the Spaniard, appeared on the field,
+splendidly mounted; while on the grand reviewing stand was the governor
+of the State and a great many citizens and distinguished people. After a
+salute of thirteen cannon, the parading army went through its
+evolutions, and in the evening there was a grand ball.
+
+But one of the guests to whom these honors were given did not appear at
+the ball. The Spanish envoy was taken sick, and a few days afterwards
+died at the headquarters. He was buried with great pomp and ceremony.
+The funeral procession was a mile long, and attended by Washington and
+all his officers. Minute guns boomed as the procession passed from the
+headquarters to the graveyard at the back of the First Presbyterian
+Church, and people came from all parts of the surrounding country to
+view the great procession.
+
+The funeral services were conducted by a Spanish priest with the
+impressive rites of the Catholic Church; and after a military salute had
+been fired over the grave, sentinels were placed to guard it, for the
+Spanish nobleman was buried in full regalia. A gold watch studded with
+diamonds was in his pocket; diamonds were on his fingers; and valuable
+seals were attached to his watchguard.
+
+There was not so much fear at this time of an attack from the enemy as
+there had been during the previous winter, when Washington was at
+Morristown. Now, there were only four guards at the headquarters,--two
+at the front of the house, and two at the back. But the most careful
+preparations were made in case the enemy should show itself, and now and
+then a false alarm showed the perfection of the discipline which was
+maintained.
+
+On such occasions a shot would be heard from one of the most distant
+outposts, then a sentinel near the town would fire, and so on until a
+report would be heard by the sentinels at the headquarters, who would
+fire their guns; then there were the guns in Morristown, and so on out
+to the camp, and very soon a detachment would hurry into the town at a
+quickstep. But before they reached the place, the life guard encamped
+near the headquarters would rush to the house, enter the lower story,
+and barricade the doors; and five men at each window, with muskets
+loaded and ready to fire, would await the approach of the enemy.
+
+But although no British soldiers ever reached Morristown, there was good
+reason for all the precautions taken. Besides the frequent attempts
+which were made by large bodies of the Redcoats to penetrate to the
+region occupied by Washington's army, there were small expeditions even
+more dangerous. One of these consisted of a party of picked British
+cavalrymen, who started from their camp near New York, by way of
+Elizabethtown, for the express purpose of capturing General Washington.
+They advanced in the direction of Morristown until they reached Chatham,
+about six miles distant, and there--being overtaken by a terrible storm,
+and finding so many difficulties ahead of them--they gave up their
+project.
+
+Outside of Morristown, on a high hill which stretches away to the
+southwest, the American army was encamped during this winter. Among
+these men we can scarcely believe there were many festivities or
+merrymakings. In fact, the sufferings and privations of the common
+soldiers at this time were very great, and even the table of the
+commander in chief was sometimes furnished with the plainest of food.
+In a letter written by Washington at this time, he says,--
+
+     "We have had the virtue and patience of the army put to the
+     severest trial. Sometimes it has been five or six days together
+     without bread; at other times as many days without meat; and once
+     or twice, two or three days without either. I hardly thought it
+     possible, at one period, that we should be able to keep it
+     together, nor could it have been done, but for the exertions of the
+     magistrates in the several counties of this state [Jersey], on whom
+     I was obliged to call, expose our situation to them, and in plain
+     terms declare that we were reduced to the alternative of disbanding
+     or catering for ourselves, unless the inhabitants would afford us
+     their aid. I allotted to each county a certain proportion of flour
+     or grain, and a certain number of cattle, to be delivered on
+     certain days; and for the honor of the magistrates, and the good
+     disposition of the people, I must add that my requisitions were
+     punctually complied with, and in many counties exceeded. Nothing
+     but this great exertion could have saved the army from dissolution
+     or starving, as we were bereft of every hope from the commissaries.
+     At one time the soldiers ate every kind of horse food but hay.
+     Buckwheat, common wheat, rye, and Indian corn composed the meal
+     which made their bread. As an army, they bore it with the most
+     heroic patience; but sufferings like these, accompanied by the want
+     of clothes, blankets, etc., will produce frequent desertions in all
+     armies; and so it happened with us, though it did not excite a
+     single mutiny."
+
+At this time, various circulars and printed bills were sent to the
+American army from the British, urging the men to fly from all their
+hardships and miseries, and join the English force, where they would be
+received, and furnished with every comfort. In this condition of things
+it was very important to keep the American soldiers, cold, hungry, and
+idle, from thinking too much of their troubles. Washington could not
+give them balls, nor invite them to dine; but he wisely considered that
+the best thing he could give them was occupation,--a most wonderful
+medicine for discontent. He therefore determined to build a fort upon
+the summit of the hill where the camp was situated.
+
+His engineers therefore planned a large fortification made up of
+earthworks; and on this the men were put to work, as if it had been
+expected that the enemy would soon arrive, and take the place. The
+desire to put their camp in a condition of defense, and the animation of
+steady labor, were of as much advantage to the spirits of the soldiers
+as bread and meat would be to their bodies; and, from sitting in idle
+groups about their camp fires and huts, they worked on the new
+intrenchments, ramparts, and redoubts with cheerful energy.
+
+Everything was done exactly as if the new fort were soon to be called
+upon to protect the town, which stretched itself beneath the hill; and
+the engineers and officers were as careful in making plans and giving
+directions as if they had been building a fort at the entrance of New
+York Bay.
+
+It was never expected that the fort would be attacked, and it was never
+supposed, that, if the British should come this way, the battle would be
+fought in or about the town; but the building of the fort was honestly
+intended for the defense and protection of the troops, not against
+muskets, cannon, and bayonets, but against discontent and
+despair,--enemies far more formidable to the suffering army of that day
+than British troops and Hessians.
+
+The result was a good one: Washington's army at Morristown stood by him
+as long as he staid there; and when they marched away, they left upon
+the top of that hill a monument to the wisdom, the kindness, and the
+knowledge of human nature, displayed by their great commander in chief
+in those hazardous days.
+
+We do not know what this earthwork was first called; but in time it came
+to be known as Fort Nonsense, simply because it appeared to the ordinary
+man as a great piece of work undertaken without any good purpose. But
+never was a name more inapplicable. If it had been called Fort Good
+Sense, it would have been much more suitable.
+
+The remains of this fort are still to be seen on the hill beyond
+Morristown; and a monumental stone has been set up there to mark its
+site, and explain its nature and purpose. Most of its ramparts and
+redoubts have been washed away by the storms of more than a century, and
+we can still perceive many of its outlines; but those skilled in the art
+of military fortification know that it was a good fortress, while
+students of human nature and of the influence of great minds upon the
+welfare of their fellow-beings, know that it acted an important part in
+the defense of our liberties and the establishment of our government.
+
+It may be remarked that in this story we have said a good deal about
+other things, and very little about Fort Nonsense. But there is very
+little of Fort Nonsense, and not much to say about it; and what has been
+told was the story of the camp life of Washington and his army in New
+Jersey, the most permanent and suggestive point of which is the
+earthwork called Fort Nonsense.
+
+
+
+
+AN AMERICAN LORD.
+
+
+Among the principal men of colonial days and of Revolutionary times,
+there were many whose social positions were much the same as the station
+of the ordinary European aristocrat. From their ancestors the colonists
+had inherited the disposition to recognize differences in rank; and men
+of wealth and high position in the colonial government were regarded to
+a certain extent as members of the nobility are regarded in England.
+Before the Declaration of Independence, it was not even assumed in this
+country that all men are born equal.
+
+But, although there were native-born personages in the Colonies who
+might well be termed aristocrats, their titles were political or
+military; and an American lord was, as he would be now, something
+entirely out of the common.
+
+But in those days there was an American lord; and a very good American
+he was, in spite of his being a lord. This was William Alexander, known
+as Lord Stirling. He was born in New York, of Scotch parents. When he
+was quite a young man, he went into military life, and served in the
+British colonial army in the French War. In the campaigns in which he
+served, he gained the military education which was afterwards of the
+greatest advantage, not only to him, but to the country.
+
+There was no British heir to the earldom of Stirling, a Scotch peerage;
+and, as he believed that he was a direct descendant of the last Lord
+Stirling, the young man went to England, and laid claim to the estate
+and title. He was successful in proving his direct descent from the
+earls of Stirling; but the House of Lords, who gave the final decision
+in the case, would not allow his claim. Even if the law had permitted
+his claim, it is not likely that the British House of Lords would have
+been anxious to welcome into the peerage an American-born person.
+
+But although he got nothing more, he really obtained his title, and he
+was known then, as he is known in history, as Lord Stirling. He was a
+man of wealth, and must have had a very good time in England, for he
+studied well the manners and customs of the nobility; and as his own
+habits and tastes were those which he observed in the great houses of
+England, he here received a social education which had a great effect
+upon his future career.
+
+He was also the means of educating some of the inhabitants of Great
+Britain, and the way in which he did it is shown by a little incident
+which occurred when he was visiting Scotland. He was invited to dine at
+the house of a gentleman, who informed his wife that an American was
+coming to take dinner with them. It is to be presumed that this
+announcement had about the same effect upon her as would now be
+produced if an American gentleman should inform his family that a chief
+from Madagascar was to dine with them.
+
+The Scotch lady, no doubt, expected to see a copper-colored brave, in
+war paint and feathers, with tomahawk, and bows and arrows, and perhaps
+a few scalps hanging from his belt. Probably she had busied herself
+devising a dinner which would suit a savage who was a native of that
+far-away land of America, and hoped she might give him something which
+would compensated him for the loss of a cannibal repast; but when she
+beheld the handsome young gentleman who came into the house with her
+husband, she could not repress her astonishment, and exclaimed, "Bless
+my soul! The animal is white." Ignorance of foreign countries was at
+that time not uncommon in Great Britain.
+
+Although born in New York, Lord Stirling established himself in New
+Jersey, and it was in connection with this State that he was afterwards
+generally known. His father had owned a large tract of land at Basking
+Ridge, a beautifully situated town not far from Morristown; and here
+Lord Stirling built himself a stately mansion with fine gardens, and a
+great park in which were herds of deer. It was built in the fashion of
+the lordly country seats of England, around a courtyard paved with
+flagstones, and contained grand halls and stately apartments beautifully
+ornamented and furnished. The barns and outbuildings were grand, like
+the mansion itself, with cupolas and gilded vanes, and altogether the
+establishment was imposing and beautiful.
+
+This young man had brought with him from England servants, butlers,
+valets, hairdressers, and a great many fine horses, and carriages with
+arms emblazoned upon their panels. He lived in grand state, and his
+house was generally filled with guests; for the best people of the
+country were glad to visit this beautiful home, where the best of
+company and the freest hospitality were always to be found. The lord of
+the manor was an affable and courteous gentleman, and the writers of
+those days have given glowing accounts of the gracious Lady Stirling and
+her charming daughter, Lady Kitty.
+
+But notwithstanding the fact that he felt as a lord and lived as a lord,
+this grand gentleman never forgot that he was not only a lord, but an
+American; and when the Colonies began to assert their claim to
+independence, Lord Stirling promptly showed his colors on the patriotic
+side. He commanded the first body of troops raised in New Jersey in the
+colonial days; and he very soon became one of the most prominent
+officers in the Revolutionary army.
+
+After he was made general, he distinguished himself at the battle of
+Long Island, where he performed some daring feats. The odds were greatly
+against the Americans on that occasion, and, in order to secure the
+retreat of the main part of his command, Lord Stirling took four hundred
+men, and made a bold attack upon a house that was occupied by the
+British general, Cornwallis. During the desperate fight which followed,
+in which his little force was far outnumbered by the enemy, his command
+made a successful retreat, but he himself was captured, and afterwards
+imprisoned on a war ship.
+
+But he did not stay there long. Washington could not do without the
+services of this man, who was not only a most earnest patriot, but an
+educated and efficient soldier; and, as the Americans held several
+English officers as prisoners of war, one of them was exchanged, with
+the least possible delay, for Lord Stirling.
+
+One of the earliest and most daring exploits of this brave soldier was
+the capture, by an infantry force, of an armed British ship which was on
+its way to Boston with stores and supplies for the English army there.
+
+This vessel, which was called the "Blue Mountain Valley," had met with
+rough weather, and, having been badly damaged, was lying off Sandy Hook,
+waiting for assistance from two British men-of-war then in New York
+Harbor.
+
+But Lord Stirling, who was stationed not far from the coast, and to whom
+the situation of the vessel became known, determined that, if possible,
+he would get to this valuable storeship before the enemy's men-of-war
+could reach her. So, with a number of the regular soldiers under his
+command, and some volunteers from the neighborhood, he put out to sea in
+some small craft, one of them a pilot boat. The English vessel had for
+her defense six guns, and was what is called an armed transport, but
+Stirling's men carried only ordinary muskets. However, they boldly
+attacked the vessel, and bearing down upon her as if she had been a
+column of infantry, in spite of the cannon and guns of the crew,
+captured her.
+
+As soon as this victory had been won, Lord Stirling had all sails set;
+and the "Blue Mountain Valley" waited no longer for the men-of-war to
+come to her assistance, but sailed away for Perth Amboy, which was in
+possession of the Americans. Here she was found to be a most valuable
+prize, although Lord Stirling was sorry, as he afterwards stated when he
+made his report to Congress, that her cargo was not arms, instead of
+coal and provisions.
+
+Lord Stirling fought well in the battles of New Jersey. At Monmouth he
+especially distinguished himself by the way in which he managed the
+artillery which was under his command; and it is said that the enemy
+were amazed to find batteries so splendidly handled in the ranks of the
+Americans, who were not supposed by most British officers to be
+possessed of great military ability, although the erroneousness of this
+supposition was gradually impressed upon their minds as the war went on.
+
+Our nobleman, however, had given another proof of his ability to adapt
+himself to military circumstances. When Washington and his army were
+wintered at Morristown, there was an evident desire among the British
+commanders to attack him at that place, and there was constant danger of
+an advance from the forces about New York. Lord Stirling was with the
+troops under General Greene, defending the principal approaches to
+Morristown on the east, and he very often had fights and skirmishes with
+British detachments sent out to reconnoiter the country, or to break
+into the American lines.
+
+At one time a very large force, led by Clinton, advanced towards
+Morristown; and this was believed to be a serious and determined attempt
+to attack Washington, whose army was in a pretty bad plight, and not at
+all prepared to fight large bodies of well-appointed troops. Lord
+Stirling, with the other officers of the regular army, aided by forces
+of militiamen greatly excited by atrocities which had been committed by
+the British troops in the neighborhood, made a determined stand in the
+region of the "Short Hills," and a battle was fought near Springfield.
+Although the American forces were not able to defeat the British, they
+so harassed them, placing themselves in all the passes through which it
+was necessary to advance, that at last the Redcoats gave up the attempt
+to reach Morristown, and retired to Elizabeth.
+
+Throughout the war, this gentleman with the grand house, the park, the
+deer, the splendid carriages, the butlers, and the hairdressers, fought
+as earnestly and as patriotically as if he had been a sturdy farmer who
+had left his cornfield for the battlefield, with an old blunderbuss over
+his shoulder. Not only was he a good soldier, but he was a trustworthy
+friend to the cause of the Colonies and to General Washington; and it is
+said that it was through his means that the conspiracy among some of the
+officers of the army against General Washington, of whom they were
+jealous, was discovered and broken up.
+
+Officers of the army were frequently quartered at his house at Basking
+Ridge, where they found most delightful company; and in every way our
+American lord did what he could for the cause and the people who were
+defending it. His title was generally recognized; and Washington, who
+was very particular in regard to matters of rank and social propriety,
+always called him "my lord." He was said to be a fine-looking man; in
+fact, he and Washington were of more imposing and dignified appearance
+than any other officers of the American army.
+
+Of course, as he was a very notable person among the Continental
+officers, the British were very anxious to capture him. In 1781, when he
+was in command of the Northern Department at Albany, this design of the
+enemy came very near being carried out, but was frustrated by the
+faithful services of one of those good women who were continually
+turning up in colonial history. A servant girl in the family of a house
+near Albany, where Lord Stirling was staying, had been visiting her
+parents during the day, and had there heard a plot of the Tories of the
+neighborhood to capture Lord Stirling. Being of a patriotic disposition,
+she told her mistress of the plot as soon as she got home; and when in
+the night a large body of the enemy came to the house, they were met
+with a surprise.
+
+Lord Stirling had not gone out of town without taking with him a guard
+of dragoons; and these men, instead of being quartered at a distance, as
+the Tories evidently supposed they would be, had all been brought into
+the house; and when the attack was made in the night, the bullets and
+pistol balls which whizzed and whistled from that ordinarily peaceful
+mansion astonished the Tories, who fled.
+
+But although Lord Stirling did so much for American independence, he did
+not live to enjoy the fruits of it, for he died in Albany, while still
+in command of the Northern Department. After his death, the estate at
+Basking Ridge was sold, and payment for it was made in Continental
+money, which afterwards became of almost no value; so that for this fine
+property, it might be said, his family received nothing but a pile of
+badly printed paper. The mansion and the deer park and the emblazoned
+carriages are gone and forgotten; but the brave soldier, who gave up all
+the pleasures of a lordly position for his country, will live in
+history.
+
+
+
+
+MOLLY PITCHER.
+
+
+At the battle of Monmouth, where Lord Stirling so distinguished himself
+for the management of the artillery, another person of an entirely
+different station in life, of different nationality, and even different
+sex, played a very notable part in the working of the American cannon on
+that eventful day.
+
+This was a young Irishwoman, wife of an artilleryman. She was of a
+different disposition from ordinary women, who are glad enough to hide
+themselves in places of safety, if there is any fighting going on in
+their neighborhood. Molly was born with the soul of a soldier, and,
+although she did not belong to the army, she much preferred going to war
+to staying at home and attending to domestic affairs. She was in the
+habit of following her husband on his various marches, and on the day
+of the Monmouth battle she was with him on the field.
+
+The day was very hot. The rays of the sun came down with such force that
+many of the soldiers were taken sick and some died; and the constant
+discharges of musketry and artillery did not make the air any cooler.
+Molly devoted herself to keeping her husband as comfortable as possible,
+and she made frequent trips to a spring not far away to bring him water;
+and on this account he was one of the freshest and coolest artillerymen
+on the ground. In fact, there was no man belonging to the battery who
+was able to manage one of these great guns better than Pitcher.
+
+Returning from one of her trips to the spring, Molly had almost reached
+the place where her husband was stationed, when a bullet from the enemy
+struck the poor man and stretched him dead, so that Molly had no sooner
+caught sight of her husband than she saw him fall. She ran to the gun,
+but scarcely had reached it before she heard one of the officers order
+the cannon to be wheeled back out of the way, saying that there was no
+one there who could serve it as it had been served.
+
+Now Molly's eyes flashed fire. One might have thought that she would
+have been prostrated with grief at the loss of her husband, but, as we
+have said, she had within her the soul of a soldier. She had seen her
+husband, who was the same to her as a comrade, fall, and she was filled
+with an intense desire to avenge his death. She cried out to the officer
+not to send the gun away, but to let her serve it; and, scarcely
+waiting to hear what he would say, she sprang to the cannon, and began
+to load it and fire it. She had so often attended her husband, and even
+helped him in his work, that she knew all about this sort of thing, and
+her gun was managed well and rapidly.
+
+It might be supposed that it would be a very strange thing to see a
+woman on the battlefield firing a cannon; but even if the enemy had
+watched Molly with a spyglass, they would not have noticed anything to
+excite their surprise. She wore an ordinary skirt, like other women of
+the time; but over this was an artilleryman's coat, and on her head was
+a cocked hat with some jaunty feathers stuck in it, so that she looked
+almost as much like a man as the rest of the soldiers of the battery.
+
+During the rest of the battle, Molly bravely served her gun; and if she
+did as much execution in the ranks of the Redcoats as she wanted to do,
+the loss in the regiments in front of her must have been very great. Of
+course, all the men in the battery knew Molly Pitcher, and they watched
+her with the greatest interest and admiration. She would not allow any
+one to take her place, but kept on loading and firing until the work of
+the day was done. Then the officers and men crowded about her with
+congratulations and praise.
+
+The next day General Greene went to Molly,--whom he found in very much
+the condition in which she had left the battlefield, stained with dirt
+and powder, with her fine feathers gone and her cocked hat
+dilapidated,--and conducted her, just as she was, to General
+Washington. When the commander in chief heard what she had done, he gave
+her warm words of praise. He determined to bestow upon her a substantial
+reward; for any one who was brave enough and able enough to step in and
+fill an important place, as Molly had filled her husband's place,
+certainly deserved a reward. It was not according to the rules of war to
+give a commission to a woman; but, as Molly had acted the part of a man,
+Washington considered it right to pay her for her services as if she had
+been a man. He therefore gave her the commission of a sergeant, and
+recommended that her name be placed on the list of half-pay officers for
+life.
+
+Every one in the army soon came to hear of the exploit of Molly Pitcher,
+and it was not long before she was called Captain Molly. The officers of
+the French regiment on the American side were particularly pleased with
+this act of heroism in a woman, and invited Molly to review their
+troops; and as she walked down the long line of soldiers, nearly every
+man put a piece of money in the cocked hat which she held in her hand.
+
+This was the last battlefield on which Molly Pitcher appeared, but it
+had not been her first. Not long before, she had been with her husband
+in Fort Clinton when it was attacked by a very large force of the
+British. After a vigorous defense, the Americans found that it was
+impossible to defend the fort, and a retreat was ordered. As the
+soldiers were rushing out of the rear of the fort, Molly's husband
+turned away from his gun, threw down his match,--a piece of rope soaked
+in combustible substances, and slowly burning at one end, which was used
+in those days for discharging cannon,--and ran for his life. Molly
+prepared to follow him; but as she saw the glowing match on the ground,
+and knew that her husband's gun was loaded, she could not resist the
+desire to take one more crack at the enemy. So she stopped for an
+instant, picked up the match, touched off the gun, and dashed away after
+her husband. The cannon which then blazed out in the face of the
+advancing British was the last gun which the Americans fired in Fort
+Clinton.
+
+Molly did not meet with the reward which was accorded so many other
+Jersey women who were of benefit to their State and country. She died
+not long after the close of the war; and if she had known that she was
+to be famous as one of the heroes of the Revolution, there is no doubt
+that she would have hoped that people would be careful to remember that
+it was a man's service that she did to the country, and not a woman's.
+
+But Captain Molly was not the only Jersey woman who was willing to act a
+man's part in the War for Independence. Among those of whom there is
+historical mention was Mrs. Jinnie Waglum, who lived near Trenton. At
+the time when Washington was arranging to march upon Princeton, she was
+visiting her friend, whose husband was the landlord of The True American
+Inn, just out of Trenton; and this tavern was Washington's headquarters
+at the time. In this way Mrs. Jinnie heard of the intended advance; and
+she also heard that there was no one in the American forces who knew the
+country well enough to conduct the army from Trenton to Princeton by any
+route except the highways, on which the advance would be observed by the
+enemy.
+
+She therefore sent word to Washington that she would guide the army if
+he wished, and that there was no one who knew the country better than
+she did. Washington was a man who had sense enough to avail himself of
+good service whenever it was offered; and when he had made inquiries
+about Mrs. Waglum, he was perfectly willing to put his army under her
+guidance, and very glad indeed that she had offered her services.
+
+When a woman acts the part of a man, it is not surprising that she
+likes to look like a man; so Mrs. Jinnie put on a soldier's coat and a
+soldier's hat, and, mounting a horse, she headed the Continental army,
+commanded by Washington. This was a proud position, but she was equal to
+it; and on she rode, with all the cavalry and the infantry and the
+artillery and the general and staff following behind her. She took them
+along by Sand Town and Quaker Bridge, by roads over which she had often
+traveled; and the American army reached Princeton in good time for the
+battle which took place next day.
+
+
+
+
+THE MORRISTOWN GHOSTS.
+
+
+In the early days of American history there was in New Jersey, as well
+as in New England and other parts of the country, a firm belief in the
+existence of witches and ghosts. Of course, there were people who knew
+enough not to put faith in supernatural apparitions and magical power;
+but there were so many who did believe in these things, that it was
+often unsafe, or at least unpleasant, to be an ugly old woman, or a
+young woman in not very good health, for it was believed that into such
+bodies the evil spirits delighted to enter.
+
+Nearly all the older towns had their ghost stories, their witch stories,
+and their traditions of hidden treasure, guarded by spirits of persons
+who had been murdered, and buried with the gold in order that their
+spirits might act as a charm to frighten away anybody who should presume
+to dig in those spots. In Burlington were two great trees which were
+regarded with admiration and fear by many of the inhabitants. One was a
+large willow tree, which was called the Witches' Tree, around which
+these horrible spirits were supposed to dance on many a wild night.
+Another was the Pirates' Tree, a great walnut, under the roots of which
+many of the inhabitants firmly believed that the famous Blackbeard and
+his band had buried many pots of gold, silver, and precious stones; and
+these pots would have been dug up had it not been for the fear that the
+spirit of the savage pirate, who had been buried with the treasure,
+would have been the first thing to meet the eyes of the sacrilegious
+disturber of the pirate treasure vault.
+
+There are other ghost stories of other places in New Jersey; but
+Morristown, some years after the close of the Revolution, took the lead
+of all the other Jersey towns as a scene of ghostly performances.
+
+For years back many of the people had been convinced that an occasional
+witch had appeared among them, getting into the churns and preventing
+the butter from coming, breaking the legs of sheep in jumping over the
+fence, causing their horses to become suddenly mysteriously sick, and
+making themselves obnoxious in various ways. But it was not until the
+year 1788 that New Jersey ghosts determined to go regularly into
+business at this place.
+
+Supernatural occurrences of this period attracted a great deal of
+attention, not only in the town itself, but in the surrounding country;
+and an account of what happened in Morristown during the time that the
+spirits were holding their visitations at that place is related in an
+old pamphlet published in 1792, written by an anonymous person who had
+no faith whatever in ghosts, but who had a firm belief in the efficacy
+of long words and complicated phraseology. We will take the story from
+this old pamphlet.
+
+For a long time there had been a tradition that a vast treasure was
+buried on Schooley's Mountain, or, as it was then spelled, Schooler's
+Mountain, which was at that time a wild and desolate region more than
+twenty miles from Morristown. It is said that there were two gentlemen
+of the place who were particularly strong in their belief in this
+treasure, and they felt sure that all that was necessary in order to
+obtain it was to find some man who had knowledge of the habits and
+customs and requirements of the spirits in regard to treasures. Having
+their minds on this subject, it was not long before they heard of such a
+man. This was Mr. Ransford Rogers, a schoolmaster in Connecticut, who
+knew many things, and who pretended to know many more. He really did
+understand something about chemistry, was very ingenious and plausible,
+and had been frequently heard to say that he was not afraid of spirits,
+and was able to call them up, converse with them, and afterwards cause
+them to disappear. This was exactly the man needed by the two gentlemen
+of Morristown, and they went to Connecticut to see him.
+
+When the business of the visitors was made known to Rogers, he was
+delighted, for here was an opportunity to get into a good business,
+which would probably be infinitely more pleasant than teaching. So he
+gave up his school and came to Morristown, being under contract to the
+two gentlemen to do what he could to induce the spirits to reveal the
+place of the concealed treasure in Schooley's Mountain. But as it would
+not do for a stranger to come into the town and hang out a sign,
+stating that he was a spirit raiser, it was necessary for Rogers to
+pretend that he had come on other business, and so he took charge of a
+small school outside of the town, but gave the greater part of his time
+to investigating the minds of the people of Morristown, in order that he
+might find out what he could do in the way of duping them; and in the
+words of the old writer, he found that this would be a good place for
+the "marvelous exhibitions which he was able to facilitate with the
+greatest alacrity."
+
+Of course, he was not at all willing to begin business with the support
+of only two persons, and the first thing he did was to gather together
+as many men as possible who really wished to be rich, and who were
+willing to be governed by him in regard to the way in which they should
+go about obtaining the vast hoard buried far away in the mountain. After
+a time he succeeded in getting together as many as forty men, who all
+thoroughly believed in his honesty and in his ability to take them out
+to Schooley's Mountain, to call up the spirits who guarded the treasure,
+to induce them to turn it over to them, and then to vanish peaceably,
+without offering to molest or harm any one.
+
+But it was a long time before Rogers was ready to lead his company on
+the great quest. There were many, many things that had to be done before
+they could start, and he soon found that he was not able to work out his
+great scheme alone; so he went back to Connecticut and got another
+schoolmaster, to whom he divulged his secret, and brought him to
+Morristown, and the two together went into the spirit business with
+great energy and enterprise. Night after night the company of treasure
+seekers met together, sometimes in a dark room, and sometimes out in the
+wild, lonely fields, close to black forests, and out of sight and
+hearing of human abodes.
+
+Rogers was a chemist; and he frequently went out to one of these lonely
+meeting places in the afternoon and prepared a mine, which he exploded
+during the midnight meetings, and thus created a great wonder and terror
+among his followers. When they were indoors, there would be knockings
+and strange voices heard coming through the cracks; these voices
+proceeding from the other schoolmaster, who covered his mouth with what
+the writer of the pamphlet calls "a superficial machine," probably a bit
+of tin with a hole in it, which so disguised his voice that it was not
+recognized.
+
+When they were out of doors in the black night, they would sometimes see
+a ghost flit about under the trees at the edge of the woods; and the
+second schoolmaster, well wrapped up in a sheet, seems to have made as
+good a ghost as could have been found anywhere. There were many
+supernatural performances, and among them was a great act, in which each
+one of the members of the company lay flat on his face in the field with
+his eyes shut, holding in one outstretched hand a sheet of paper. This
+was done in the hope that the spirits would write their instructions on
+the paper. Mr. Rogers knelt down with the others and held his paper; but
+it was not a blank sheet like the others. When this performance was
+over, all the papers were shaken together, and then they were drawn out
+one by one; and judge of the surprise and awe of all present, when one
+of them would contain some writing,--generally in a beautiful hand, such
+as could only be expected from a supernatural being (or a
+schoolmaster),--which would be found to be instructions as to what must
+be done.
+
+The most important of these directions ordered that before any march
+could be made toward Schooley's Mountain, or any definite directions
+given in regard to the whereabouts of the treasure, each member should
+pay to the spirits, through Mr. Rogers, who would kindly act as agent,
+the sum of twelve pounds. And, moreover, this must not be paid in the
+paper money then current in New Jersey, which was called "loan money",
+and which would not pass outside of the State, but in gold or silver.
+When every member had paid in his twelve pounds, then the party would be
+led to the place of the treasure.
+
+When they found out what they had to do, each man went to work to try,
+if possible, to raise the twelve pounds; but Rogers soon saw that it
+would be impossible for some of them to do this, as specie money was so
+hard to get, and he reduced the sum, in some cases, to six or four
+pounds. He was a good business manager, and would not try to get out of
+a man more than that man could pay.
+
+Not one of the people engaged in this affair had the slightest idea that
+Rogers was deceiving them. It is not likely that any of them were people
+of much culture or means; and it is said that some of them went so far
+as to sell their cattle, and mortgage their farms, in order to get gold
+or silver to pay to the good schoolmaster who was generously acting as a
+mutual friend to both parties. But what were these sacrifices compared
+to the treasure they would obtain when at last they should be permitted
+to dig up the buried hoard on Schooley's Mountain!
+
+It was now winter, and of course they could not start on the expedition
+in bad weather; but meeting after meeting was held, and it was at last
+definitely promised that the expedition should go forth from Morristown
+early in May. On the first of that month, they all gathered at midnight
+in the lonely field, and there was a terrible scene. There were more
+fireworks and explosions than usual, and one of the spirits appeared at
+the edge of the wood greatly excited, stamping his feet, and rushing
+about under the trees; and when Rogers went to see what was the
+matter,--for of course none of the others would dare to speak to a
+spirit,--he found that the supernatural beings with whom they had so
+long been in communication, and who were now scattered about in all
+parts of the woods, were very angry and incensed because they had become
+aware that some of the party were unfaithful, and had divulged the
+secrets which had been made known to them. They were so thoroughly
+indignant, in fact, that they refused to go on with the affair for a
+time, and announced that the expedition to Schooley's Mountain would be
+postponed until they were positively certain that every man who was to
+go there was the sort of man who would never let anybody into the awful,
+soul-dazzling secret which would be divulged. So they must all go home,
+and wait until this important matter could be satisfactorily arranged.
+
+Strange to say, they all did go home, and waited, and not one of them
+suspected Rogers.
+
+The schoolmaster had obtained a good deal of money, but he had not
+enough. So, in less than a month, he started another company, this time
+a small one, and began to go through his performances with them. But he
+soon found he could not make much money out of five men, and he began to
+get a little braver, and thought he would try what he could do with the
+better class of people in Morristown; and, having discovered that a very
+good ghost could be called up by means of a white sheet and a
+"superficial machine", he dressed himself up one night, and made a
+supernatural call upon a gentleman in good standing in the church. When
+he had appeared at the bedside of this good man, he told him all about
+the treasure of Schooley's Mountain, and, if he wanted some of it, how
+he might obtain it.
+
+The gentleman, having never seen a ghost, supposed, of course, that this
+was an authorized apparition, and became greatly interested in what was
+told him. The next day, according to directions, he went around among
+his friends in the church, and soon formed a considerable company, who
+all believed, that, if they did what they were told to do, they could go
+to Schooley's Mountain and become immensely wealthy.
+
+They did a great many things that they were told to do: they met in dark
+rooms, as the other party had met; they went out into a lonely field at
+midnight; they held out papers to be written on; and, more than that,
+they conducted their meetings with prayer and other solemnities. And
+they all promised to pay twelve pounds in gold as an earnest of their
+good faith in the spirits, and to deliver the money to that great
+miracle worker, Mr. Rogers, who would remit it to the spirits.
+
+The schoolmaster found it necessary to be more mystical and weird in his
+dealings with this second party than with the first. He did a great many
+strange things which savored of magic and alchemy. Among other things,
+he got some fine bone dust, which he assured his followers was the dust
+of the bodies of the spirits who were to lead them to the treasure; and
+a little of this, wrapped up in a paper, he gave to each one of them,
+which they were to keep secret, and preserve as a magical charm.
+
+One of the company, an old gentleman who was sometimes a little
+absent-minded, went to bed one night and left the magical packet in one
+of his pockets; and his wife, probably looking for small change, found
+it. She could not imagine what it was, but she was afraid it was
+something connected with witchcraft, and was greatly troubled about it.
+The next day she told her husband of the discovery, and was so very
+persistent that he should explain to her what it meant, that at last he
+thought it wise to tell her the whole proceeding, and so prevent her
+from interfering with the great and important business with which he was
+concerned. He made her promise secrecy, and soon she had heard all about
+Rogers, the spirits, and the buried gold. She became convinced that it
+was all the work of the devil, and she went off among her friends and
+began to talk about it.
+
+Now there was a great excitement, not only on the part of the believers,
+but among the spirits themselves; and Rogers, who had enlisted two new
+men in his scheme, made his ghosts work hard to keep up the delusion
+among his followers. All four of them, dressed in sheets, went about
+making communications whenever they had a chance, and assuring the
+members of the band of treasure hunters that everything would soon be
+all right, and that they must not allow their faith to be shaken by
+gossipers and scandalmongers.
+
+Rogers himself, in his ghostly costume, went one night to the house of
+a gentleman who was his follower, and made some important communications
+to him; but as the schoolmaster had been encouraging himself by some
+strong drink before setting out on his round of apparitions, he talked
+in such a queer way to his disciple, that the latter became suspicious.
+The next morning he found horse tracks from his door to Rogers's house,
+and so discovered that the ghost had come from that place on horseback.
+Further investigations followed, and it was not long before it became
+quite plain that Rogers had been playing a well-planned trick upon the
+inhabitants of Morristown, and he was arrested.
+
+Every one, however, had not lost faith in him, and there was an old
+gentleman--whose name the ancient pamphlet very kindly conceals, calling
+him by the name of "Compassion"--who went bail for him, and he was
+released; whereupon he and his friends decamped. However, Rogers was
+again arrested, and this time he confessed the whole of his share in
+raising the ghosts of Morristown.
+
+But, as has been said, he was a man of ability, and able to take care of
+himself, and in some way he managed to escape from custody, and was seen
+no more in New Jersey. His followers, who had sent their gold and silver
+to the spirits by means of his kind offices, never saw their money
+again; and the vast treasures buried at Schooley's Mountain still remain
+hidden from all men.
+
+
+
+
+A JERSEYMAN AND HIS ROYAL CROWN.
+
+
+We have told the story of the lord who lived at Basking Ridge; now we
+will tell the story of a much more exalted personage, one who had sat
+upon a throne, and worn a crown and royal robes rich with diamonds and
+precious stones, and who lived on a breezy hill on the banks of the
+Delaware. What he was doing in New Jersey, and how he had come to wear a
+crown and royal robes, we will now proceed to tell.
+
+This exalted personage was not a king when he was living in New Jersey,
+but he had been a king. In fact, if we may not say that he had been two
+kings, we can say that he had been a king twice. He was Joseph
+Bonaparte, the eldest brother of the great emperor, Napoleon, who, after
+having conquered a great many nations of Europe, and having deposed
+their kings, supplied them with new sovereigns out of his own family.
+Joseph was sent to Italy to be King of Naples. He did not particularly
+want to be king, and he knew that the people did not want him, and after
+he had been in Naples some time, reigning under his brother's orders
+with no great success, the emperor determined to transfer him to Spain,
+whose throne had just been made vacant. Having been informed that he
+was to go to Madrid, Joseph obeyed, but he did not like it.
+
+Moreover, the people of Spain did not like it, and after a time they
+rose up in rebellion, and were assisted by the English and Portuguese,
+and forced the king to fly from Spain.
+
+The ex-king of Naples and Spain had various adventures in France and
+Switzerland; and when the power of the great Napoleon came to an end, he
+was obliged to fly, or he also might have been sent to Elba or some
+other place equally undesirable, so he determined to come to America. In
+a little brig of two hundred tons, a very small vessel to sail on the
+ocean, he crossed the Atlantic in disguise, not even the captain of the
+vessel knowing who he was. He was accompanied by his secretary; and when
+the two reached America and made themselves known, they were treated
+with great respect and attention. In fact, America owed so much to
+France, that she was very willing to show her gratitude.
+
+Now that he was well out of Europe, Joseph Bonaparte gave up all idea of
+returning, and in deciding to settle here it was not surprising that he
+chose to make his home in New Jersey. He bought a place near Bordentown,
+on a high wooded hill called Point Breeze, and built a house, which was
+truly splendid for those days. It had grand halls and staircases and
+banquet halls, and it must have been larger and more imposing than Lord
+Stirling's. His estate, which covered more than a thousand acres, was
+beautifully laid out in drives and gardens and lawns, and everything on
+the place was arranged in a style of beauty and grandeur.
+
+It was three years before this great house, with its surroundings, was
+finished, and ready for the ex-king's residence; and when at last he
+went there, he lived in ex-regal style. His wife was not with him,
+having remained in Italy on account of ill health, and her physicians
+would never allow her to come to America. But he had two daughters who
+were with him during part of his residence in New Jersey, and there were
+persons who asserted that he had also brought with him the crown of
+Spain and the royal robes of Italy.
+
+It generally happens, when a sovereign is obliged to abdicate and to fly
+from his kingdom, that he arranges matters so that he shall not become a
+pauper when he arrives at the place of refuge. If he is not able to
+carry away anything more than a valise, he is much more likely to put
+his royal jewels into it than to fill it up with night clothes and
+hairbrushes; so when Bonaparte came to New Jersey, he came as a very
+rich man.
+
+When his kingly mansion was ready to be supplied with art treasures,
+such as ornamented the palaces of Europe, the ex-king sent across the
+ocean for costly paintings and beautiful sculpture with which to fill
+his new house; and if any crowned heads had happened to visit him, he
+would not have been ashamed to welcome them beneath his roof. People of
+royal blood--that is, the same kind of royal blood that he had--did come
+over to visit him. Louis Napoleon, afterward Emperor of France, came,
+when a young man, and spent some weeks with his uncle. While there, it
+is said, this young man went out shooting on the estate, and, finding
+the birds near the house easier to hit than those at a distance, he
+blazed away at any feathered creatures he saw in the garden, so that the
+gardener made a complaint.
+
+But even then this young Louis Napoleon had begun to have dreams in
+regard to his succession to the imperial throne of France, and he did
+not like to be snubbed and scolded by an uncle who had had all the regal
+honors he was ever likely to get, and who therefore had no right to put
+on airs in his dealings with the prospective wearer of a crown. So there
+was a quarrel between the two, and there are reports to the effect that
+Louis Napoleon took revenge upon his uncle by cutting his fruit trees
+with a hatchet, without, however, imitating Washington in regard to
+subsequent truthfulness.
+
+Besides visitors from abroad, many distinguished Americans visited the
+ex-king. Among these were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Quincy
+Adams. General Lafayette, also, when he came to this country, was
+received with great state by the Count de Survilliers, the title under
+which Joseph Bonaparte lived at Bordentown.
+
+This ex-king never became an American citizen by taking out
+naturalization papers; but the Legislature of New Jersey treated him
+very well, and passed a resolution which enabled him to hold property in
+this State, and to thus become, in fact, a Jerseyman.
+
+But although our ex-king was now established on the free soil of
+America, he did not feel altogether safe. His family had come to grief;
+and there was reason to fear, that, as a member of that family, England,
+or France, or Spain, might demand him as a prisoner, to be taken across
+the ocean to answer the charge of unlawful occupation of a throne.
+
+It is quite possible that the people of the neighborhood imagined that
+the ex-king was in greater fear of molestation from his former royal
+brethren than was really the case. Their reasons for supposing that he
+was anxious to defend himself against surprise and capture had some
+ground, for there were some strange things about that ex-royal
+estate,--things that were not known in any other part of New Jersey.
+There was a tall building called a belvedere, from which the country and
+the river might be surveyed for a long distance in every direction; but,
+stranger far than that, there were subterranean passages which led from
+the house to unfrequented parts of the grounds. These passages were well
+built, arched with brick, and high enough for people to walk upright in
+them; and although persons of quiet and unimaginative minds thought
+that they were constructed for the purpose of allowing the occupants to
+go down to the lake or to the other portions of the grounds without
+getting wet if it should happen to be raining, there were many people
+who believed that for sudden showers a good stock of umbrellas would be
+cheaper and quite as useful, and that these costly passages could be
+meant for nothing else than to give opportunity for escape, in case
+foreign emissaries or officers of the law should come in search of an
+ex-king who was wanted on the other side of the Atlantic.
+
+For whatever reason these passages were built, the spectacle of an
+ex-king, carrying a crown and his royal robes in a hand bag, slipping
+out from among some bushes to tramp along the dusty road to Trenton or
+Burlington, was never seen. Nobody ever thought it worth while to come
+to New Jersey to demand him or his property.
+
+During his residence at Bordentown, which continued for about fourteen
+years, Joseph Bonaparte was very popular with the people of the
+neighborhood. They looked upon him as a friend and neighbor; but at the
+same time they did not lose sight of the fact, that although he was now
+a country gentleman of New Jersey, with his lawn and his flower garden
+to look after, he had sat upon two thrones, and had been a sovereign of
+Naples and Spain. They called him "king," and his house was known as the
+"palace;" and for this reason the people of other States made some mild
+fun of New Jersey, calling it a foreign country.
+
+But if this ex-king had been a rich country gentleman of the
+neighborhood, he could not have made himself more popular. He was
+hospitable, and frequently gave entertainments, and he sent flowers and
+fruits from his gardens to his friends and neighbors. He made roads, and
+contributed in many ways to the improvement of the country round about
+his home. In winter time the boys of Bordentown came to skate upon his
+ponds; and at such times he nearly always offered them refreshments,
+which consisted of quantities of chestnuts, which he scattered on the
+ice so that the youngsters might scramble for them.
+
+In many ways his kind and sociable disposition made him so much liked,
+that it is very probable that if the officers of the law had come to
+take him back to Europe, he would have received such timely notice of
+their approach that it would not have been necessary for him to hurry
+away through his underground passages. New Jersey is a reasonable and
+hospitable State, and when an ex-king comes to reside within her
+borders, he will be as well treated, so long as he behaves himself, as
+if he were a poor immigrant from Europe, coming with his wife and family
+to clear away the forest, and make himself a home.
+
+Just before Joseph started for America, the affairs of his family were
+at their lowest ebb. His great brother, the emperor, had fallen from his
+high state, and could look forward to nothing but imprisonment by the
+European countries, whose thrones he had for so long been in the habit
+of upsetting or threatening. In his last interview with Napoleon, when
+on his way to the ship which was to take him to America, Joseph
+generously offered to change places with his brother, and to let the
+ex-emperor fly to America instead of the ex-king. It was very difficult
+for any one of the Napoleon family to get away from France at that time;
+but Joseph had made a very excellent plan by which passports were
+provided for two persons coming to America on business, and his brother
+could have used one of those as well as himself.
+
+But the great Napoleon declined to run away in this manner. He remained,
+and was sent to St. Helena. What would have occurred in the neighborhood
+of Bordentown, N.J., had Napoleon Bonaparte, conqueror of Europe, ruler
+of nations, and disposer of crowns, the hero of Austerlitz, Marengo,
+and Wagram, taken up his residence at Point Breeze, and established
+himself as a citizen of the State, cannot easily be imagined. The
+geniality, sociability, and hospitality of the ex-king could hardly have
+been expected from the ex-emperor; and, surrounded as he would have been
+in time by devoted followers who would have exiled themselves from their
+country for his sake, there might have been a little empire in New
+Jersey which would have been exceedingly interesting to tourists.
+
+Moreover, if the allied powers of Europe had sent over a fleet to bring
+back their great enemy, who knows but that they might have found, when
+they reached Bordentown, not a tall lookout tower and underground
+passages for escape, but a fort with ramparts, redoubts, a moat, a
+drawbridge, and mounted cannon ready to sweep the Delaware and the
+surrounding country? However this might have been, it is certain that
+Napoleon's refusal to take his brother's place must ever be a source of
+satisfaction to the people of Bordentown and the rest of the country.
+
+As a proof that Joseph Bonaparte had had enough of royalty, and not
+enough of New Jersey, it is stated that a delegation of prominent men
+from Mexico, which country was then in a very disturbed condition, came
+to him during his residence at Bordentown, and offered him the throne of
+Mexico. In making answer to this proposition, our ex-king did not
+hesitate a moment. He told the delegation, that, having already worn two
+crowns, he desired never again to wear another. The old fable of the fox
+which had lost its tail did not probably come into his mind; but if it
+had, he might well have spoken of it to his Mexican visitors.
+
+After years had elapsed without any attempt on the part of European
+powers to arrest him, our ex-king, Joseph, began to feel safe, and he
+made a visit to England. He returned to America, but went back again,
+and died in Italy in 1844, having given to New Jersey the peculiar and
+unique position of being the only State in the Union which ever numbered
+among her citizens the owner of a royal crown and regal robes.
+
+To be sure, there is nothing in this for the people of a republican
+State to be proud of; but New Jersey may be allowed to say that there
+never was a royal person who was of less injury to the people among whom
+he dwelt than her ex-king at Bordentown, and she may add that there have
+been very few of his class who have been of as much advantage to his
+neighbors.
+
+
+
+
+THE DEY, THE BEY, AND SOME JERSEY SAILORS.
+
+
+New Jersey is very intimate with the ocean. For nearly the whole of her
+length, from Cape May to Sandy Hook, the waves of the Atlantic roll and
+roar. Wherever one may be in this State, it is not necessary to travel
+very far in order to smell the fresh sea air.
+
+It is true that but few of the great commercial vessels leave and arrive
+at the ports of New Jersey, and that the presence of naval vessels in
+her waters is due to the fact that she is part owner of the Bay of New
+York; but it is also true, that, although she has not sent forth ships
+to fight the battles of her country upon the ocean wave, she has sent
+out to command those ships some of the best-known men who have ever worn
+the American naval uniform.
+
+One of the first occasions in which our naval vessels played a part in
+foreign waters was of a rather romantic nature, though not particularly
+calculated to raise our country's flag in our own estimation or that of
+other nations.
+
+It was at the end of the eighteenth century, when we had begun to trade
+in various parts of the world, that our merchant vessels sailing on the
+Mediterranean were greatly molested by the pirates of what was called
+the Barbary Coast. The half-civilized and warlike people of Tripoli,
+Algiers, Tunis, and Morocco, had long been in the habit of sending out
+their armed vessels to prey upon the ships of all civilized countries;
+and when American ships entered the Mediterranean, they soon found out
+the state of affairs. Several vessels were captured, and the crews were
+sent on shore and imprisoned or enslaved.
+
+Nearly all the European maritime powers had defended their commerce
+against these savage pirates, not by great guns and vessels of war, but
+by humbly paying tribute. Every year these great nations sent money and
+gifts to the Dey of Algiers, the Bey of Tunis, and the other rascals;
+and in consideration of this tribute, their vessels were graciously
+allowed to sail on the Mediterranean without molestation.
+
+It was not long before the government of the United States saw very
+plainly that it must pay tribute, conquer the Barbary States, or
+quietly submit to the capture of all American merchantmen which might
+sail into the Mediterranean. The easiest thing to do was to pay the
+tribute; and as the other civilized nations did this, the United States
+followed their example.
+
+In the year 1800 a United States vessel bearing the name of "George
+Washington," and commanded by William Bainbridge, a Jerseyman who had
+been at sea ever since he was fourteen years old, sailed to Algiers,
+carrying on board the ship which bore the name of the great man who had
+made his country free and independent of the most powerful nation of the
+earth, the tribute which was annually due from the United States to an
+African sovereign, the Dey of Algiers.
+
+This commission of the United States vessel seemed more humiliating from
+the fact that our country had just come out of a war with France, in
+which our frigate "Constellation" had defeated and captured one of the
+vessels of that great naval power. But we had agreed to pay for the
+privilege of trading in the Mediterranean, and, although the countries
+of the Barbary Coast had no more right in that sea than Spain, France,
+or Italy, they chose to assert their right, and we had acknowledged it.
+
+When Bainbridge had arrived at Algiers, and had handed over the tribute
+which he had brought, he supposed that his business was over, and
+prepared to sail away; but the Dey, who was a potentate accustomed to
+ask for what he wanted and to get it, informed the United States
+commander that he wished to send him upon an errand.
+
+These Barbary powers were all subject to the great head of the
+Mohammedan nations, the Sultan of Turkey; and the Dey desired to send an
+ambassador to his imperial master, and as the "George Washington" was
+about to sail, he determined to make use of her.
+
+When Captain Bainbridge was informed that the Dey commanded him to take
+the ambassador to Constantinople, he very naturally declined, and
+thereupon a great hubbub arose. The Dey informed Bainbridge, that, as
+the United States paid him tribute, its people were his slaves; they
+were bound, as were his other subjects, to obey his commands, and to do
+what he told them without hesitation or question. If they were not his
+slaves, why did they come here, meekly bearing money and other gifts to
+their master?
+
+All this had no effect in convincing Captain Bainbridge that he was a
+slave of the Dey of Algiers, and bound to go upon his errands; but there
+was an American consul there, and he saw that the matter was very
+serious indeed. The harbor was commanded by forts mounted with heavy
+guns, and if these were brought to bear upon the "George Washington,"
+she would certainly be blown to pieces without much chance of defending
+herself; and, moreover, such a conflict would surely bring about a war
+with Algiers, and it was not at all desirable that an American officer,
+bound upon friendly business, should provoke war between his country and
+another.
+
+This reason was a very bitter dose for Captain Bainbridge; but after
+consideration he found himself obliged to take it. If he refused, there
+would be a United States ship the less; and he knew not how many
+American ships, now sailing without fear upon the Mediterranean, might
+be seized and burned, and their crews thrown into horrible slavery. He
+had no right to precipitate anything of this sort, and consequently,
+under protest, he agreed to take the Algerine ambassador to
+Constantinople. But this was not all the high-minded Dey demanded. He
+insisted that when the "George Washington" sailed out of the harbor, she
+should sail, not as a United States vessel, but as a ship of Algiers,
+and that she should carry on the mainmast, where generally floated the
+stars and stripes, the Algerine flag, while he kindly consented that the
+flag of her own country might float from the foremast. It was as
+difficult to refuse this second demand as it was the first, and so the
+"George Washington" went out of Algiers with the pirate's flag proudly
+floating from its mainmast.
+
+As soon as he got out of sight of land, Bainbridge hauled down the
+Algerine flag and put up his own; but this was a very small satisfaction
+and not particularly honorable.
+
+When the "George Washington" reached Constantinople, she created a
+sensation. Never before in the waters of the Golden Horn had the stars
+and stripes been seen, and the people of the city could not imagine
+where this strange ship came from. Some of these people had heard of
+America and the United States, but they knew of it only in a vague and
+misty way, very much as we understand some parts of the interior of
+China. If Captain Bainbridge had told them he was from New Jersey, he
+might as well have told them he came from the moon.
+
+But the Americans were very well received in Constantinople, and the
+officers of the government were glad to welcome them and do them honor.
+Captain Bainbridge and the Turkish admiral became very good friends; and
+when the latter heard how the former had been treated at Algiers, he
+condemned the insolent Dey, and laid the matter before the Turkish
+Government. In consequence of this, Bainbridge was given a paper, signed
+by the Sultan, which would protect him thereafter from any such
+disrespectful treatment from any of the minor Mohammedan powers. When
+Captain Bainbridge had enjoyed all the Turkish hospitality his duties
+permitted him to receive, he sailed from Constantinople and again
+entered the port of Algiers. The Dey was glad to see him come back, for
+he had some more business for him; and our Jersey captain was soon
+informed that he must sail away again on another errand for his Barbary
+master. But this time the Barbary master was very much astonished, for
+Bainbridge peremptorily refused to do anything of the kind.
+
+Now the blood of the Dey boiled hot, and he vowed that if the "George
+Washington" did not immediately sail forth upon his service, he would
+declare war upon this miserable little country which owned it, and he
+would put the commander and crew of the ship in chains, and clap them
+into dungeons. But Bainbridge did not turn pale, nor did he tremble. He
+simply pulled from his pocket the paper which he had received from the
+Sultan, and allowed the furious Dey to glance over it. When the raving
+pirate read the words of his imperial master, all the fury and the
+courage went out of him, and he became as meek and humble as if he had
+been somebody come to pay a tribute to himself. He received Bainbridge
+as a friend and an equal, and, from commanding and threatening him,
+became so gracious, and made so many offers of service and friendship,
+that Bainbridge decided to take advantage of this auspicious change of
+temper.
+
+Not long before, the French consul at Algiers had been seized and
+imprisoned, together with all the Frenchmen who were doing business in
+that place; for, so long as people belonged to a country which was a
+great way off, the Dey considered himself an all-powerful ruler, who
+could do what he pleased with them without fear of their far-away
+government. Bainbridge determined to try to do something for these poor
+men; and when he again met the smiling and pleasant Dey, he urged their
+release. The paper which Bainbridge received from the Sultan must have
+been written in very strong terms; for, although the demand of the
+American captain was a heavy one, the Dey agreed to it, and when the
+"George Washington" sailed from Algiers, she carried away all the
+Frenchmen who had been living there.
+
+Bainbridge was not at all satisfied with this Algerine business; and
+when he reported the affair to the authorities at home, he requested
+that he might never again be sent to carry tribute to Algiers unless he
+could deliver it from the mouths of his cannon.
+
+The next year the Bashaw of Tripoli, who had had no tribute from the
+United States, began to be very uneasy in his mind because he did not
+fare so well as the other Barbary potentates, to whom money and
+merchandise were delivered every year. He accordingly spoke up in
+defense of his rights. It is not likely that he knew where the United
+States was, what sort of a country it was, or how large or how small its
+army and navy might be. He knew that the Americans were miserable,
+humble people, who paid tribute to the Bey and the Dey, and he could see
+no particular reason why they should not pay it to the Bashaw.
+Consequently he wrote a letter to the President of the United States, in
+which he expressed his views very pointedly, and informed him, that, if
+proper arrangements were not made in six months, he would destroy all
+the American ships on the Mediterranean, and declare war against the
+United States.
+
+Strange to say, a thrill of terror did not run through the government of
+the United States; and six months passed without any notice having been
+taken of this impertinent communication. Thereupon the Bashaw cut down
+the flag pole in front of the American consul's office at Tripoli, and
+commenced the great work of annihilating the United States of America.
+He began on the small American trading vessels which he found along the
+Barbary Coast, intending probably, when his convenience would permit, to
+sail out upon the Atlantic, find the United States, and help himself to
+the treasures which its government had so disrespectfully declined to
+hand over to him. The example of the Bashaw had a great effect upon the
+Dey and the Bey and the sub-Sultan; and Algiers, Tunis, and Morocco also
+informed the President of the United States that they were going to war
+with him if he did not immediately promise to pay tribute more regularly
+and in articles of better quality.
+
+But the United States was getting tired of this sort of thing, and
+determined, no matter what the other civilized powers chose to do, that
+no more tribute should be paid by it to these insolent pirates.
+Consequently our government informed the mighty monarchs of the Barbary
+Coast that it was quite ready for war, and sent four ships to the
+Mediterranean, one of which, the "Essex," was commanded by Bainbridge.
+
+But the fleet did not do very much on this expedition, and the war with
+North Africa dragged considerably. Bainbridge came back to America, and
+after a time returned in command of the "Philadelphia." There was a
+small squadron with him, but he sailed faster than the other vessels,
+and reached the Mediterranean alone. Here he overhauled a Moorish vessel
+which had captured an American brig under a commission from Morocco.
+Having rescued the American vessel, the crew of which were prisoners in
+the pirates' hold, the "Philadelphia" took the Moorish vessel as a prize
+to Gibraltar, and then started out again to see what could be done to
+humble the port of Tripoli.
+
+In this undertaking our Jerseyman did not meet with good fortune. In
+chasing a Tripolitan vessel which was discovered near the harbor, the
+"Philadelphia" ran upon a reef, and there stuck fast. Everything was
+done that could be done to get her off; even the cannon were thrown
+overboard to lighten her, but it was of no use. She was hard and fast;
+and when the people of Tripoli found out what had happened, their
+gunboats came out of the harbor, and the "Philadelphia" was captured,
+and all on board, including Bainbridge, were made prisoners. They were
+taken to Tripoli, and there remained in captivity nineteen months. Now
+the soul of the Bey swelled high in his bosom as he smiled at this
+attempt of the little country across the ocean to resist his power.
+
+The Tripolitans found that they had gained a great prize in the
+"Philadelphia," that fine war ship, which seemed to have been left on
+the reef as a present to them. After a good deal of work, they towed her
+into the harbor close to the town, where they repaired her leaks, and
+put her in order to use against their enemies the Americans, who did not
+know how to keep a good thing when they had it. When Commodore Preble
+came, six months afterwards, to blockade the port of Tripoli, he
+discovered that the "Philadelphia" was nearly ready for sea; and, to
+prevent the disaster of having a United States ship with United States
+cannon bear down upon them, he determined to destroy the "Philadelphia,"
+if possible, and an excellent plan for the purpose was devised. A small
+vessel called the "Intrepid," which had been captured some time
+previously, was manned with a crew of over eighty men, commanded by
+Lieutenant Decatur, who, years after, finished the Algerine war.
+
+This brave little vessel sailed into the harbor as if she had been an
+ordinary merchantman, and managed to drift down close to the fine
+frigate which the Tripolitans had snatched from their blundering enemy.
+The crew on board the "Philadelphia" did not suspect the character of
+the little vessel which came so close to them, until she was made fast,
+and more than eighty men sprang up from the places where they had been
+lying concealed on deck, and swarmed over the side of the frigate.
+
+Among these was a young sailor, Lawrence, from Burlington, N.J., who had
+begun life early, having been a midshipman when he was only sixteen
+years old. When Commodore Preble asked for volunteers to go on this
+expedition to snatch from the hands of the pirates the prize which they
+thought they had won, Lawrence was one of the first volunteers, and
+acted as second in command of this expedition.
+
+The fight was not long. Many of the turbaned crew jumped overboard, and
+the others were quickly subdued. It would have been a grand thing if
+Decatur and his gallant sailors could have carried off the
+"Philadelphia," and have taken her out to the squadron. But this was
+absolutely impossible. Her foremast had been cut down in order to
+lighten her so that she could be floated off the reef, and many of her
+sails were wanting. Knowing that the vessel would not be found in
+sailing trim, Preble had issued positive orders that no attempt should
+be made to capture her, but that she should be burned.
+
+The cannon from the town and from the war vessels in the port now began
+to fire; but the men with Decatur and Lawrence knew exactly what they
+had to do, everything having been carefully arranged beforehand. They
+went to work without losing a minute, and set fire to the frigate in
+many places. The flames and the smoke spread so rapidly that some of
+them had hardly time to get out of the hold. Lieutenant Lawrence found
+he could not get on deck the way he came down, and was obliged to run
+along the hold and climb up forward. As quickly as possible every one
+jumped on board the "Intrepid," and, without relying entirely on their
+sails to enable them to get away, they put out sixteen great oars, which
+were pulled with a will by three or four men to each oar.
+
+Now the whole harbor of Tripoli was in wild commotion. The Americans
+stopped rowing for a moment to give three great cheers, and soon cannon
+shot were flying fast and furious after the retreating little vessel.
+But only one of them touched her, and that passed through a sail without
+doing much damage; and she rowed until her sails caught the wind, and
+then went out of the harbor, and returned in triumph to the squadron.
+
+Soon after they had left the "Philadelphia," that great vessel, with her
+hull blazing and the flames crackling and climbing up her masts, took it
+upon herself, in these last minutes of her existence, to strike a blow
+for the flag of her country. Possibly suspecting that some attempt might
+be made to rescue the ship they had captured, the Tripolitans had loaded
+all her cannon so as to be ready to fire upon any vessel that might
+approach her. As the fire spread over her hull, the time came when the
+"Philadelphia" could do something for herself; and when the guns were
+hot enough, she let fly a broadside into the town, and then another one
+among the shipping. How much damage she did, we do not know; but the
+soul of the Bashaw ceased to swell as he heard the roar of her last
+broadsides, and beheld her burning fragments scattered over the waters
+of the harbor.
+
+But when the Bashaw of Tripoli imprisoned Bainbridge, and even after he
+had seen the frigate he had captured disappear in flames and smoke, he
+found he was not yet rid of Jersey sailors. Some months afterwards, when
+Commodore Preble was still off the Barbary Coast, there was a vessel in
+the squadron called the "Nautilus," which was commanded by a young
+Jerseyman named Somers. He was a brave sailor, and had already
+distinguished himself on several occasions.
+
+Fighting the Bey was a good deal like trying to get at a rat in a hole,
+and, although there were some good fights in the Tripolitan waters, the
+fleet did not meet with much success at first. But the Americans were
+very anxious to do something effective, for at that time Bainbridge and
+his crew were imprisoned in the town, and no one knew what hardships and
+cruelties they might be enduring.
+
+After much consideration it was thought that a good way to strike a
+decisive blow would be to send a vessel loaded with shells and gunpowder
+into the harbor of Tripoli by night, and explode her there. This might
+result, it was thought, in the destruction of the forts and ships, and
+possibly part of the town, and so terrify the Bey that he would come to
+terms. Lieutenant Somers, who had been foremost in contriving this
+project, volunteered to command the expedition. The whole affair was so
+extremely dangerous that no one was ordered to take part in it, and all
+those who wished to go went of their own free will.
+
+The "Intrepid," the small vessel on which Decatur and Lawrence had
+sailed to burn the "Philadelphia," was still with the fleet, and this
+was heavily loaded with explosives of all kinds. The plan was, that
+after nightfall the "Intrepid" should be sailed as near as possible to
+the town, and that, after lighting the slow match which communicated
+with the terrible cargo, those on board should take to two small boats
+which they had in tow, and row out of the harbor as fast as possible,
+leaving there the "Intrepid" to hurl fire and destruction into the
+enemy's strongholds.
+
+Before Somers started out on this perilous voyage, he addressed the few
+men who were to accompany him, and told them that he wanted no one to go
+who would not be willing to blow himself up rather than be captured. It
+was well known that the Tripolitans were short of ammunition, and if
+they suspected what sort of a vessel it was which floated by night into
+the harbor, they would board her and capture her, if it should be
+possible, and thus gain possession of a great quantity of powder and
+shell. Rather than that this should happen, Somers told his men that he
+would blow up the little vessel with all on board, if the enemy should
+take it. But no man flinched; and after they had all taken leave of
+their friends on the fleet, as if they had been going to execution, the
+"Intrepid" slowly sailed away into the harbor, and it was not long
+before she was lost to view in the mists of the night.
+
+But after a time it became apparent to those on the American fleet that
+she was not lost to view to those in the harbor, for the guns of the
+fort began to fire on her. Everybody who had a glass kept it fixed on
+that part of the harbor where it was supposed Somers and his little
+vessel must be, and in course of time they saw a light rapidly moving
+as if some one were carrying a lantern from one end of the vessel to the
+other. Then in less than a minute there was a blaze and a roar, and the
+whole harbor of Tripoli was lighted up as if there had been an explosion
+of fireworks. Sparks and fiery fragments flew into the air, and the
+waters seemed to be shaken as if by an earthquake. Then all was silent
+and dark.
+
+Of course, the "Intrepid" had blown up, but how or why nobody on the
+fleet could know; nor did Somers and his brave crew ever come back to
+tell them. Some people thought, and still think, that the "Intrepid" was
+about to be captured, and that Somers carried out his resolution to blow
+up the vessel under him rather than allow it to be taken. Others suppose
+that a red-hot cannon ball from one of the forts may have set the vessel
+on fire; but the truth no one knows. We only know that this brave young
+Jerseyman went out to his fate determined to do his duty, no matter what
+happened, and that he died in doing it.
+
+
+
+
+SEA FIGHTS WITH A NOBLER FOE.
+
+
+The war with the Barbary pirates was all sorts of a war. Sometimes there
+was fighting, and sometimes there was none; and after Bainbridge was
+released, he was engaged part of the time in the mercantile service
+until the war with Great Britain broke out in 1812. Early in this war,
+Bainbridge took command of the "Constitution," the same vessel which, a
+few months before, had had a fight with the "Guerriere," in which the
+latter was captured. It is a good deal better, sometimes, to fight with
+a strong enemy who will stand up bravely in front of you, and let you
+see what he is, than to contend with a mean little one who is
+continually getting out of the way and bobbing up at unexpected places,
+and making it very difficult either to get at him or to know when he is
+going to get at you. Consequently there is no doubt that Bainbridge much
+preferred to do battle with the naval power of Great Britain rather than
+with the pirates of Barbary.
+
+He sailed down the coast of South America, and there he met the "Java,"
+a British frigate. He had a hard fight and a long fight, and the end of
+it was that the "Java" hauled down her flag after having a great
+portion of her crew killed and wounded; and, as she was so thoroughly
+shattered and broken up by the guns of the "Constitution," the victors
+could not take her home as a prize, but were obliged to burn her.
+
+If any one had been inclined to deride the Jerseyman at sea, after what
+had happened to Bainbridge in the Mediterranean, he changed his opinion
+after the affair with the "Java." In fact, a gold medal was voted to the
+gallant captain by Congress. When the war with Great Britain was over,
+Bainbridge took a squadron to the Mediterranean to try his hand again at
+protecting American commerce, and humbling the pirates; but fortune did
+not favor him this time, for Decatur had already settled the matter with
+the Dey, the Bey, and the rest of them, and peace was declared before
+Bainbridge arrived on the scene. Our Jersey sailor did not do any more
+fighting, but he held high positions in our navy, and died an honored
+commodore.
+
+Years after the affair with the "Philadelphia," when war had begun
+between the United States and Great Britain, there was a great chance
+for America to show what she could do on the sea. Then the fighting men
+in ships were more important to the country than the fighting men on
+shore; and Captain Lawrence, our fighting sailor from Burlington, showed
+himself among the foremost of our naval heroes.
+
+Very early in the war he was in command of the "Hornet," a snappish
+vessel with more stings than one, and while cruising in South American
+waters he met the British man-of-war "Peacock." Now, when a hornet and
+a peacock quarrel, lively times are likely to ensue, and so it happened
+in this case.
+
+The two vessels began by endeavoring to get into favorable positions,
+each anxious to rake the deck of the other. The "Peacock" did not spread
+her tail, but she spread her sail, and the "Hornet" buzzed this way and
+that, with her stings ready for action as soon as the proper moment
+should arrive. When at last they actually began to fight, the battle was
+a terrible one, such as was possible only in those days of wooden ships.
+But a short distance apart, they poured into each other heavy shot and
+small shot; musketry and cannon cracked and roared, while the clouds of
+smoke nearly hid the vessels from each other. This tremendous
+bombardment lasted about a quarter of an hour, and at the end of that
+time the "Peacock" struck her colors and surrendered. The captain and a
+good many of the crew had been killed, and the vessel was in such a
+demolished condition that there was not time to get all the prisoners
+and the wounded on board the "Hornet." The officers and men of the
+American vessel labored hard to save those on board their unfortunate
+enemy; but the "Peacock" sank before this could be entirely
+accomplished, and several of the British sailors, with three of those
+from the "Hornet," sank with her.
+
+Captain Lawrence was not only a brave man, but he was a very kind one.
+He treated the officers and crew of the "Peacock" so well, even
+providing them with clothes (for they had no time to bring anything from
+their own vessel), that when the prisoners reached New York, the
+officers publicly thanked him in a paper which they drew up and signed.
+This victory, following our other brilliant exploits at sea, gave
+Lawrence great fame both here and abroad.
+
+A few months after the battle between the "Hornet" and the "Peacock,"
+Lawrence was again the hero of a great sea fight. The coast of New
+England was blockaded by a British fleet, and in the harbor of Boston
+lay the frigate "Chesapeake," commanded by Captain Lawrence. He had been
+recently appointed to this vessel, and in fact had been in command only
+ten days when he received a challenge to fight a naval duel.
+
+This proposition came from the captain of the British frigate "Shannon,"
+one of the blockading fleet, about the same size and strength as the
+"Chesapeake." The British captain sent a very polite letter to Captain
+Lawrence; for when people propose to fight duels, whether on land or
+sea, they are always extremely courteous before they begin to try to
+kill each other. The British captain said, that, as he understood the
+"Chesapeake" was now ready to go to sea, he would like her to come out
+and fight the "Shannon" for the honor of their respective flags. He
+offered the American captain choice of fighting ground inside of certain
+limits, and promised that the rest of the British fleet should keep far
+away, so that Captain Lawrence need have no fear of being troubled by
+any vessel except the "Shannon."
+
+When Captain Lawrence read this challenge, he was as willing to go out
+and fight the duel as the British captain was anxious to have him do
+so; but he knew that his vessel was not nearly so well prepared as was
+the "Shannon." The British ship had been at sea for a long time, she was
+manned by a crew of brave sailors, and her captain was well acquainted
+with his ship and his men.
+
+The case was very different with the "Chesapeake." Lawrence had been on
+board scarcely long enough to find out what sort of a ship she was, but
+he had been on board long enough to discover that her crew was a very
+poor one. Many of them were Portuguese, they had not been well drilled,
+and, worse than that, they did not want to fight. Few of them had been
+in the service long enough to have a taste for naval warfare; and if
+they had had their way, they would have let the "Shannon" lie outside
+until her captain grew gray, before they would go out and accept his
+challenge. The harbor was much more to their mind.
+
+But Captain Lawrence had no such idea. He accepted the challenge without
+hesitation, and prepared to go out and fight the duel. He would have
+been glad enough if he had had a good crew, but he would do his best
+with the crew he had. He put his ship in fighting trim, and his men in
+the best order possible, and early on a summer afternoon the
+"Chesapeake" went out to meet the "Shannon," which was boldly flying the
+flag of St. George.
+
+In those days, when men-of-war, as well as all other ships, were sailing
+vessels, the tactics of naval combats were very different from what they
+are now. Each of the commanders of vessels was obliged to think, not
+only of what his enemy was about, but what the wind was about. A steamer
+can take what position she pleases; she can steam far away from her
+enemy, or she can use her long-range guns, or dash down upon her to
+break in her sides with her ram. But in the old sailing times, maneuvers
+were very much more difficult, and if the winds ever desired to stop a
+sea fight, it often happened that they could do it simply by dying away
+themselves.
+
+The two ships sailed this way and that, each trying to get a position
+which would be good for herself and bad for the other; and at last, when
+they were very close, so near that their captains might have talked with
+each other, their cannon began to speak. From their mouths came rolling
+of thunder. From each ship, volleys of great shot swept the decks of the
+other, while the rattle of musketry became incessant. This tremendous
+fire was kept up for nearly ten minutes, and in this short time the
+"Chesapeake" lost nearly one hundred men, killed and wounded, on her
+upper deck.
+
+Still she had the best of the fight, for in a few minutes she would have
+taken a position in which she could have raked the decks of the enemy.
+But unfortunately some of her rigging was shot away, and she could not
+take advantage of the wind, and did not obey her helm. Nothing could be
+worse than this; for, with sails flapping wildly in the wind, precision
+of sailing, so necessary in a sea fight, was absolutely impossible.
+
+But not only was the "Chesapeake" unable to take the position she
+wanted, but she could not get out of the way, and she drifted against
+the "Shannon;" and the rigging of the two vessels became entangled, with
+the "Chesapeake" exposed to the full fire of the guns of the other ship.
+In this case there was only one thing to be done, and Captain Lawrence
+was the brave man to do it. He must board the "Shannon," and he and his
+men must fight her captain and his men hand to hand. There was no use
+trying to fight any longer with the "Chesapeake's" cannon.
+
+Instantly Lawrence ordered the boarders to be called on deck, and he was
+ready to put himself at their head and dash on board the "Shannon." He
+was slightly wounded, but he did not care for that. But now came another
+misfortune. The man who should have called the boarders to action by the
+roll of the drum was not on duty, and the bugler was ordered to sound
+the call. He was so frightened by this awful fight that he ran and hid
+himself, and when he was pulled out from his retreat, he had not breath
+enough to blow his bugle. Some of the men were sent below to shout for
+the boarders and call them on deck,--a very slow procedure at such a
+time; but before any of them arrived, the brave Lawrence was stretched
+upon the deck by a musket ball.
+
+The captain of the "Chesapeake" was not immediately killed, but he was
+mortally wounded; and when he was carried below, he showed that, near
+death as he was, he was still the bravest man on board. He thought
+nothing of himself, he thought only of his country and his ship; and his
+last orders were, "Don't give up the ship. Fight her till she sinks."
+
+But it was not much use trying to fight the "Shannon" any longer; there
+were no officers on the deck of the "Chesapeake," except two midshipmen,
+and the British captain saw that he had a good chance to board his
+enemy. So his crew were soon clambering over the sides of the American
+vessel. Some wounded officers rushed up from below to help repel this
+attack. Many of the American sailors fought bravely even at these great
+odds; but some of the crew, especially the Portuguese, basely deserted
+their comrades and hurried below. The fight on the deck of the
+"Chesapeake" was not a long one; and very soon the stars and stripes
+were hauled down from her masthead, and the British colors hoisted in
+their place.
+
+So ended the great duel between the "Chesapeake" and the "Shannon," and
+the last words of the brave Lawrence were never forgotten. "Don't give
+up the ship" became the watchword of the navy.
+
+After this bloody sea fight, which lasted only fifteen minutes, but in
+which nearly two hundred and fifty men were killed and wounded, the
+"Shannon" sailed away for Halifax, taking with her the "Chesapeake,"
+with the dead body of its brave commander on board. When the two vessels
+entered the harbor, Lawrence lay upon the quarter-deck, wrapped in the
+great flag of the "Chesapeake," while all the men on the British vessels
+in the harbor manned their yards, and shouted a wild welcome to the
+victorious "Shannon." But the flag which floated from the masthead of
+the British frigate held no more honorable position than that which
+covered the dead body of the American hero.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE TELEGRAPH AND THE STEAMBOAT.
+
+
+It will always be a source of commendable pride to the people of New
+Jersey, that their State was never backward in the political, social, or
+mechanical progress of this country. In fact, several of the most
+important steps in great movements for popular good have been made upon
+the soil of the State.
+
+Among the claims to preeminence which New Jersey can make in this
+respect is the claim that the first telegraphic message that was ever
+transmitted through a wire was sent at the Iron Works at Speedwell, near
+Morristown, at which place Professor Morse and Mr. Vail, son of the
+proprietor of the works, were making experiments with the telegraph. The
+first public message was sent more than six years later from Washington
+to Baltimore; but the message at Speedwell stands first, in the point of
+priority, of all the dispatches by magnetic telegraph which the world
+has known.
+
+When Professor Morse conceived the idea of communicating between distant
+points by means of electricity, he was not able to carry out experiments
+for himself, and having made the acquaintance of Alfred Vail, son of the
+proprietor of the Iron Works at Speedwell, he gave up his business as a
+portrait painter and went to Speedwell, where he and Mr. Vail worked
+hard in experimenting with the new invention. At last, when they thought
+they had brought it to such a point that they could make practical use
+of it, they determined to try to send a message through three miles of
+wire. If that could be done, they believed they could send one to any
+distance desirable.
+
+Currents of electricity had been sent through long lengths of wire by
+Mr. Morse in previous experiments, but in these cases nothing more was
+attempted than signals; no words or message had been sent, and the
+proposed experiment, therefore, was of great importance. Its success or
+failure meant success or failure to the magnetic telegraph.
+
+The upper story of a house on the grounds of the Iron Works was one very
+large room, and round the walls of this they stretched their three miles
+of wire, until the room was encircled by lines of wire, one above
+another, but nowhere touching. At one end of this wire was placed a
+telegraphic instrument, and at the other, another; and with great
+anxiety, although with strong faith in the success of their work, Mr.
+Vail sent to Mr. Morse the first real telegraphic message, which ran
+thus: "A patient waiter is no loser."
+
+The house in which this first message was sent is still standing, near
+the Whippany River, not far out of Morristown. Alfred Vail and Mr.
+Morse, assisted by the advice of Professor Joseph Henry, superintendent
+of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, continued to work upon the
+telegraph at Speedwell; and as Mr. Vail furnished the capital, and did
+a great deal of the most important mechanical work, a large portion of
+the credit for this wonderful invention is due to him; and the whole
+system of telegraphy which now encircles and animates the world may be
+said to have sprung from the Iron Works near Morristown.
+
+Another great invention, as important as the telegraph, made its first
+appearance before the world in New Jersey. In the frozen waters about
+the North Pole, on the rivers of Africa, in the seas of China and Japan,
+on the stormy ocean about Cape Horn, and in almost all navigable waters
+of the world, are steamboats and steamships,--floating palaces on rivers
+and lakes, steam yachts and great Atlantic liners, swift war cruisers
+and line-of-battle ships like floating forts of iron and steel; but the
+first vessel which was ever propelled by steam paddled its way along the
+Delaware River, and was made in New Jersey.
+
+In 1787 John Fitch, who was a native of Connecticut, but who lived at
+that time in Trenton, N.J., where he had been a clock maker and
+manufacturer of arms, constructed a boat which was moved through the
+water by means of a steam engine on board. He had long been working on
+this invention, making experiments, and endeavoring to obtain assistance
+from people with money. He had applied to Congress to give him the
+exclusive right to the great results of his work if he should be
+successful; but this aid was refused.
+
+New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, however, gave him the right for
+fourteen years to propel vessels upon the waters of those States; and
+thus encouraged he built the first steamboat. This little vessel was
+imperfect in many ways, and its highest speed was four miles an hour;
+but still it was a steamboat, and it was the first that man had ever
+seen. Of course, it attracted a good deal of attention; and after it had
+been proved that it could move without sails or oars, and that it was
+not dangerous, people began to believe in it, and a steamboat company
+was organized by Fitch. Another boat was built, which carried passengers
+who paid their fare, and afterwards a larger boat was constructed, in
+the hope that a good passenger traffic might be established.
+
+We cannot wonder that there should have been a desire among enterprising
+people to establish some better method of transportation in travel than
+existed in the early days of New Jersey. At first the only roads in the
+State were narrow paths, sometimes more than fifty miles long, but only
+wide enough for the easy passage of a man on horseback. After that,
+better roads gradually came into use; and in the beginning of the
+eighteenth century there was a "stage wagon," intended for the carriage
+of merchandise, not passengers, which made a trip every two weeks from
+Perth Amboy to Philadelphia. This was considered as a great public
+convenience; because, before that, there was no regular method of
+shipping merchandise from New York to Philadelphia, except by sea.
+
+After a time, stage wagons, which carried passengers, began to run in
+some parts of New Jersey; and in 1750 a grand stage line was
+established, intended especially for the transportation of travelers. In
+an advertisement the proprietor of this line announced to all persons
+"who have occasion to transport themselves, goods, stores, or
+merchandise from New York to Philadelphia," that he would take them in
+"forty-eight hours less than by any other line," and he promised to "use
+the people in the best manner." It is stated that this trip by land and
+water between New York and Philadelphia lasted seven or eight days,
+although it now seems almost impossible to travel so slowly.
+
+Sixteen years afterward, a new and improved line of stage wagons was
+established, which were faster and very much more comfortable than any
+which had yet been known. They were actually mounted on springs, and it
+was promised that the trip would be made in two days in summer, and
+three days in winter. These stagecoaches were so much swifter than
+anything else of the kind ever known in the State, that they were called
+"flying machines."
+
+Fifteen years afterward, the price of conveyance between New York and
+Philadelphia on one of these "flying machines" was forty shillings in
+gold or silver for each passenger, and as much for each hundred and
+fifty pounds of baggage.
+
+The mail facilities in those days were as poor as the methods for
+transportation; and we can get an idea of the postal arrangements from
+an extract from a New York paper published in 1704, which states, "In
+the pleasant month of May, the last storm put our Pennsylvania post a
+week behind, and has not yet com'd in." But although this was rather
+slow communication, New Jersey was better off than many of the civilized
+communities of the day; for she had a regular postal system, which had
+been invented by Colonel John Hamilton.
+
+Colonel Hamilton's system was considered so good, that the British
+Government gave him a patent for it, and adopted it for the mother
+country, it being considered much better than the system then in use.
+The mails were generally carried in canvas bags by men on horseback; and
+this method of transportation was known as the "express" as a horse and
+his rider could go much more rapidly than even the best "flying
+machines." Mail service in New Jersey greatly improved before the end of
+the century.
+
+But it was very hard to persuade the public to encourage Fitch's new
+enterprise, even although it promised cheaper and more rapid
+transportation than any methods in use; and of course it was still
+harder, from the fact that the new steamboats had not yet gone faster
+than a sailing vessel with a good breeze. And so, notwithstanding the
+value of a system of navigation by which vessels could be made to move
+whether there was a breeze or not, and in any direction no matter how
+the wind was blowing, there was very little support to the new
+steamboat, and the enterprise was so unprofitable that it was given up.
+
+Nearly ten years after Fitch's largest steamboat had been sold as a
+piece of useless property, Robert Fulton made a steamboat which ran on
+the Hudson River at the rate of five miles an hour; and after this the
+practicability of steam navigation began to be slowly acknowledged. But
+the waters of New Jersey were the first which were ever ruffled by the
+paddles of a steamboat.
+
+New Jersey has another claim to distinction in connection with steam
+navigation, for at the Speedwell Iron Works were manufactured some of
+the larger portions of the machinery of the "Savannah," the first
+steamship which ever crossed the ocean.
+
+
+
+
+NEW JERSEY AND THE LAND OF GOLD.
+
+
+There was another famous American sailor who came out of New Jersey, who
+was perhaps of as much value to his country as any other naval
+commander, although he was not the hero of any great sea fights.
+
+This was Robert F. Stockton, who was born in Princeton, and who entered
+the navy early in life. He became an excellent officer and a great
+fighter. His disposition to do battle showed itself not only in leading
+men into action, but in doing a great deal of fighting himself. He
+distinguished himself in several naval combats during the war with
+Algiers. He commanded the "Spitfire" during this war, and, besides
+taking one of the enemy's vessels in an ordinary naval combat, he
+captured an Algerine brig, one might almost say, with his own hands.
+With as many men as a small boat could carry, he left his vessel, rowed
+to this brig, and at the head of his bold sailors boarded her,
+vanquished the crew, and carried her off as a prize.
+
+He was afterwards transferred to a larger vessel, and was stationed for
+a time at Gibraltar. There was a very bad feeling at that time between
+the American naval officers and those of Great Britain. The War of 1812
+was over; but the British were not inclined to treat the officers of the
+United States Navy with the respect which the latter thought was due to
+them. Stockton was not a man to stand still and allow himself to be
+treated disrespectfully; and whenever he received anything that seemed
+like an insult from a British officer, he was ready to fight that
+officer, whoever he might be. It is said that at one time he challenged
+all the officers in Gibraltar to meet him in single combat, one after
+another, and he actually did engage in duels with several of them.
+
+During the British war and the Algerine war, Stockton distinguished
+himself in various ways, both on land and sea. But in 1821 he undertook
+a very important enterprise in Africa. Many naval vessels had gone from
+the United States to Africa, but none of them on an errand such as this.
+Our gallant Jersey captain did not sail to pay tribute, bombard cities,
+sink vessels, humble African potentates, or to shed African blood; he
+went on an errand of charity and humanity.
+
+He sailed from America in the interests of the Colonization Society, and
+his object was to make arrangements on the west coast of Africa for the
+establishment of a colony, to be composed of negroes who had been slaves
+in the United States, but who had obtained their freedom. There were
+many humane people in the United States who believed that the negroes
+who had been set free from slavery would be much happier and more likely
+to prosper in their native land, or in the land of their ancestors, than
+in the United States.
+
+In company with an agent of this society, Stockton sailed for the west
+coast of Africa in command of an armed schooner called the "Alligator;"
+and when he arrived at his destination, he took upon himself nearly all
+the difficult work of selecting territory suitable for the purposes
+desired, of buying land from the savage natives, of making them
+understand the character of the settlers who were coming to Africa and
+of the powerful nation who intended to protect them. He made treaties of
+commerce and friendship with the ignorant Africans, who, until he came,
+scarcely knew what was meant by a treaty.
+
+The performance of these complicated and difficult duties required a man
+of courage and diplomatic ability, who could take things as they came,
+and who was always ready to act promptly in sudden emergencies. Stockton
+proved himself to be that man, and he established in the native land of
+the negro a country to which the Africans who had once been slaves in
+the United States might freely go, carrying with them all that they had
+learned of civilization in this country, and where they might live
+without fear of reenslavement by the warlike tribes, whose principal
+business in life then was to capture their fellow-countrymen, and sell
+them into slavery.
+
+This new country, which was called Liberia, was at first a colony of the
+United States. It grew and prospered, and in 1847 it became an
+independent nation, and soon after was recognized as such by Great
+Britain and the United States; and since then it has made treaties with
+most of the European countries.
+
+Thus was established the new nation of Liberia, and it is not likely
+that there was a man in the United States who could have accomplished
+this great work better than the fighting sailor from Princeton.
+
+After having finished the Liberian business on land, Stockton did some
+work at sea more in the line of a naval commander. While sailing along
+the coast, the "Alligator" was sighted by a Portuguese war vessel, the
+"Marianna Flora," who mistook her for a pirate, and determined to
+capture her. But when the "Marianna" got near enough, and opened fire on
+the supposed pirate, she found that the work she had undertaken was very
+different from what she had expected. To speak figuratively, the
+"Alligator" lashed her tail, opened her jaws, and began to fight with
+such fury, that in twenty minutes the "Marianna" was beaten and
+captured. Stockton put her under the command of one of his own officers
+with an American crew, and sent her away as a prize to America.
+
+The government of Portugal, when it heard what had happened, declared,
+that, as their country and the United States were not at war, our Jersey
+sailor had no right to take one of their vessels; but, as it was
+asserted on the other side that one of their vessels had first tried to
+take his, there seemed to be a good deal of justice in what had been
+done. However, the matter was settled by his exoneration from all blame
+in the matter, and the return of the "Marianna" to Portugal.
+
+Some time later, the "Alligator" fell in with a French slave ship and
+captured her; and it is stated that the legal proceedings which
+followed this capture established the point of international law, that
+war vessels of all nations have a perfect right to capture a slave ship,
+wherever it may be found. This was the first step in the work of
+breaking up the slave trade, which was then carried on by many of the
+civilized nations of the world.
+
+In later cruises, Stockton sailed about in the West Indies, capturing
+several slavers, and also making a vigorous war on pirates and
+freebooters, who at that time made the vicinity of these islands very
+dangerous for peaceable vessels.
+
+In 1838 our commander was made a captain. There was no war now in which
+he might engage, but his mind was very busily occupied in regard to the
+proper construction of war vessels. In 1841 the United States Navy did
+not possess a single steamship. They were all old-style sailing vessels.
+Several steamers had been planned: one had blown up, and two others were
+still on the stocks. But Captain Stockton did not believe that if these
+were finished they would be effective as vessels of war. One great
+reason for this was the fact that their engines were situated so near
+the upper deck, that a shot from an enemy might easily destroy them, and
+so render the vessel worthless. Another objection was that they were
+side-wheelers, and it would be a very easy thing for a cannon ball to
+knock an exposed side-wheel into a worthless condition.
+
+Stockton's idea was to put the engines and machinery deep down in the
+vessel, below the water line, where it would be almost impossible to
+injure them, and to have the ship moved by means of a submerged screw
+in the stern, instead of by paddle wheels. The naval constructors and
+authorities opposed this new-fangled scheme; but our New Jersey sailor
+was an energetic man in whatever he had to do, and he fought the naval
+constructors as vigorously as he ever fought a pirate. Consequently he
+got authority from Congress to build a war ship after his own plan, and
+arm it with cannon, which he thought would be much better than the guns
+then in use in the navy.
+
+Under Stockton's directions, there was built at Philadelphia a vessel of
+war, which he named the "Princeton," and which was constructed according
+to his plans. On her deck were two great guns of wrought iron, which
+were also devised by him; and each of these carried a two hundred and
+twenty-five pound shot,--much heavier than those then used in naval
+warfare.
+
+Great public interest was excited in the "Princeton," the first
+steamship of our navy, and on her trial trip she was found to be an
+excellent seagoing vessel. She went to Washington, and there started out
+on an excursion, during which her great guns were to be tried. There was
+a very distinguished company on board,--officers of the army and navy,
+and several members of the Cabinet, and other guests.
+
+It was found, however, that the ship was much superior to her great
+guns; for when one of them, named the "Peacemaker," was fired, it
+exploded, killing several people, among whom were the secretary of war,
+the secretary of the navy, and the father-in-law of the President;
+while others, including Captain Stockton, were wounded.
+
+This terrible event shocked the whole nation; but although there were no
+more wrought-iron cannon made, the building of naval steamships, which
+began with Stockton's "Princeton," went steadily on, growing and
+improving, until it reached the high point shown by the swift and
+powerful ironclad men-of-war which now fly the stars and stripes.
+
+In 1846 Stockton found himself on the coast of California, with the rank
+of commodore, and in command of a squadron. Since he had started from
+the United States, war had been declared with Mexico; and when he
+arrived, the towns of Monterey and San Francisco had been taken by
+Commodore Sloat, who had preceded him. A state of war exactly suited
+Stockton's disposition; and as there was no more immediate need of
+fighting on the seacoast, he organized a little army of marines and
+sailors from his ships, which was afterwards joined by a body of
+adventurers and hunters of the United States, and also by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Fremont, an officer of the United States Army, who
+had been sent into that region to explore the country, and who had
+already done some fighting with the little band under his command.
+
+Los Angeles, the Mexican capital of California, was attacked and taken.
+Commodore Stockton now declared himself the conqueror of California, and
+organized a provisional government for the captured territory,
+appointing John C. Fremont as governor.
+
+At the same time, however, there was another Jerseyman in the field
+intent upon the capture of California. This was General Stephen Kearney,
+an army officer who had made a wonderful march across the plains and
+mountains towards the coast. After he arrived on the scene, there were
+several battles with the Mexican forces and with the Indians; but the
+contest ended in a complete victory for the land forces commanded by
+Kearney from Newark, and the naval forces by Stockton from Princeton,
+under whom Fremont held his position.
+
+But now arose a dispute between the general and the commodore. When
+Kearney arrived at Los Angeles, he would not recognize the authority of
+Fremont, who had been appointed governor by Stockton, because he
+considered that an army officer is higher in rank than one in the navy;
+and he took the governorship himself. A court-martial was convened for
+the purpose of deciding the question, and it was settled that Kearney
+was of the higher rank, and he therefore retained the governorship. But
+between the two Jerseymen the United States obtained the land of gold.
+
+A year or two after this, Commodore Stockton resigned from the navy, and
+subsequently went to Congress as a senator from New Jersey. But although
+no longer in the navy, he did not cease to work for the benefit of the
+brave sailors he had so often commanded and led; and he obtained the
+passage of a bill abolishing the punishment of flogging in the navy,
+thus adding another great gift to his country and civilization.
+
+When the country which had been captured from Mexico was discovered to
+be not only a fertile and pleasant land, but a land filled with rich
+treasures of gold, the true value of the gift made to the United States
+by our two Jerseymen became known and appreciated; and the names of
+Stockton and Kearney, with that of the brave Fremont, will ever be
+associated with that State whose principal water portal is well called
+the "Golden Gate."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & CO., NORWOOD, MASS.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+This edition, being encoded in ASCII, cannot display accented characters,
+a few of which were used in this book. The following details how these
+characters have been handled.
+
+The names Andre and Fremont should have an e acute accent.
+
+Guerriere should have a e grave on the second e.
+
+The "ae" in Caesaria and Encyclopaedia were both printed with a
+ligature.
+
+Lastly, preeminence and reenslavement both had a diaresis on the second
+e.
+
+In addition to these accent changes, the word "pounds" has been used
+instead of the British pound sign.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF NEW JERSEY***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 24713.txt or 24713.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/1/24713
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/24713.zip b/24713.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..759ccb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24713.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e03cbdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #24713 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24713)