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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Loyalists of America and Their Times,
+Vol. 2 of 2, by Edgerton Ryerson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Loyalists of America and Their Times, Vol. 2 of 2
+       From 1620-1816
+
+Author: Edgerton Ryerson
+
+Release Date: February 20, 2008 [EBook #24658]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOYALISTS OF AMERICA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jason Isbell, Graeme Mackreth and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+LOYALISTS OF AMERICA
+
+AND
+
+THEIR TIMES:
+
+FROM 1620 TO 1816.
+
+BY EGERTON RYERSON, D.D., LL.D.,
+
+_Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada from 1844 to 1876._
+
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES.
+
+VOL. II.
+
+TORONTO:
+
+WILLIAM BRIGGS, 80 KING STREET EAST;
+
+JAMES CAMPBELL & SON, AND WILLING & WILLIAMSON.
+
+MONTREAL: DAWSON BROTHERS.
+
+1880.
+
+ENTERED, according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year
+One thousand eight hundred and eighty, by the REV. EGERTON RYERSON,
+D.D., LL.D, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+ALLIANCE BETWEEN CONGRESS AND FRANCE NOT PRODUCTIVE OF THE
+EFFECT ANTICIPATED; EFFORTS OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT FOR
+RECONCILIATION WITH THE COLONIES                                       1-16
+
+Alliance deferred twelve months by France after it was
+applied for by Congress, until the King of France was assured
+that no reconciliation would take place between England and
+the Colonies                                                              1
+
+Lord Admiral Howe and his brother, General Howe, Commissioners
+to confer with Congress with a view to reconciliation; their
+power limited; Congress refuses all conference with them,
+but the vast majority of the Colonists in favour of reconciliation        2
+
+Reasons of the failure of the two Commissioners                           4
+
+New penal laws against the Loyalists                                      5
+
+Three Acts of Parliament passed to remove all grounds
+of complaint on the part of the Colonists, and the appointment
+of five Commissioners; Lord North's conciliatory speech;
+excitement and opposition in the Commons, but the bills were
+passed and received the royal assent                                      6
+
+Lord North's proposed resignation, and preparations for it                8
+
+Opinions of Lords Macaulay and Mahon as to the success
+of a commission; proposed terms of reconciliation if
+appointed and proposed by the Earl of Chatham                             8
+
+The large powers and most liberal propositions of the
+five Royal Commissioners for reconciliation between the
+Colonies and the Mother Country                                          11
+
+The refusal of all negotiation on the part of Congress;
+bound by treaty to the King of France to make no peace with
+England without the consent of the French Court                          12
+
+The three Acts of Parliament, and proposals of the five
+Commissioners of all that the Colonists had desired before
+the Declaration of Independence; but Congress had transferred
+allegiance from England to France, without even consulting
+their constituents                                                       12
+
+Appeal of the representative of France to the Canadians
+to detach Canada from England (in a note)                                12
+
+Sycophancy of the leaders of Congress to France against England          13
+
+The feeling of the people in both England and America
+different from that of the leaders of Congress                           14
+
+The war more acrimonious after the alliance between
+Congress and the Kingof France and the failure of the
+British Commissioners to promote reconciliation between
+Great Britain and the Colonies                                           16
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+COMPLETE FAILURE OF THE FRENCH FLEET AND ARMY,
+UNDER COUNT D'ESTAING, TO ASSIST THE CONGRESS                         17-32
+
+Count D'Estaing arrives in America with a powerful
+fleet and several thousand soldiers                                      17
+
+Anchors off Sandy Hook for eleven days; goes to Long Island
+by Washington's advice, and sails up Newport River, whither
+he is pursued by the Lord Admiral Howe with a less powerful
+fleet; the ships, with 4,000 French soldiers and 10,000 Americans,
+to land and attack the British on Long Island, who were
+only 5,000 strong                                                        17
+
+The two fleets separated by a storm; only fighting between
+individual ships                                                         18
+
+Count D'Estaing, against the remonstrances and protests of
+American officers, determines to sail for Boston Harbour for
+the repair of his ships                                                  18
+
+Bitter feeling and riot between the American sailors and
+citizens and French seamen and soldiers in the streets of Boston         19
+
+Raids in New England by British expeditions (in a note)                  19
+
+Differences between Count D'Estaing and the American
+officers as to the mode of attacking the British on Long Island          19
+
+Early in November Count D'Estaing with his fleet quitted
+the port of Boston and sailed for the West Indies, thus
+disappointing the hopes of the Americans from the French alliance        20
+
+Count D'Estaing, though strengthened by the fleet of
+Count De Grasse, could not be induced to come to close
+fight with Admiral Byron                                                 21
+
+The French take St. Vincent      21
+
+Count D'Estaing complained of by the Americans to the
+French Court, which orders him to return to the American
+coasts and assist the Colonists                                          22
+
+D'Estaing arrives suddenly on the American coasts with
+twenty-two sail-of-the-line and eleven frigates and six
+thousand soldiers; his magnificent plans and expectations                22
+
+D'Estaing arranges with General Lincoln to attack
+Savannah and rescue the province of Georgia, and afterwards
+other Southern provinces, from the British                               23
+
+Account of the Siege of Savannah, and the defeat
+of the French and their American allies; result of the contest           24
+
+Mutual recriminations and jealousies between the French
+and American officers; Count D'Estaing sails with his
+fleet for France                                                         25
+
+Why this minute account of Count D'Estaing's abortive
+expeditions to America; the barren results of the first
+two years' alliance between Congress and the King of France,
+by Dr. Ramsay                                                            27
+
+Spain joins France against England in 1779                               28
+
+Low state of the American army and finances; discouragement
+and despondency of the Americans in 1780                                 28
+
+The degeneracy of Congress in 1778, as stated by General Washington      29
+
+Depreciation of public credit; sale of the confiscated property
+of "Tories"                                                              30
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+1780--A YEAR OF WEAKNESS AND DISASTER TO THE AMERICAN CAUSE,
+AND OF SUCCESS TO THE BRITISH                                         32-41
+
+Depression of American finances                                          32
+
+Weakness of Washington's army                                            32
+
+La Fayette returns from France with a loan of money and
+reinforcements of naval and land forces                                  33
+
+The British receive naval reinforcement of war ships, and
+become superior to the French                                            33
+
+Failure of the French reinforcements                                     33
+
+Sir Henry Clinton goes South; besieges and takes Charleston              34
+
+Conditions of the surrender and treatment of the inhabitants,
+as stated by Dr. Ramsay and misrepresented by Mr. Bancroft               35
+
+Sir Henry Clinton's bad administration and bad proclamation
+in South Carolina; his exaggerated statements of his success;
+ re-embarks at Charleston for New York                                   36
+
+Expeditions to secure the universal submission of the people;
+but they weakened the cause of the British in the hearts of
+the people                                                               36
+
+The military power of Congress reduced and crushed in the
+Southern States                                                          37
+
+Lord Cornwallis's antecedents, and those of Lord Rawdon
+(afterwards Marquis of Hastings); but their severe policy
+unjustifiable and injurious to the British cause                         38
+
+Military proceedings in the North also unfavourable to the
+Congress; its confessed weakness and gloomy prospects                    40
+
+Appeal of Congress to France for men and money as their only hope        40
+
+Washington's despondency without French aid (in a note)                  41
+
+Mr. Hildreth, the historian, on the gloomy state of American
+affairs at the close of the year 1780, though the English
+victories and rule did not attract the hearts of the people
+to the British cause                                                     41
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+THE FRENCH AND CONGRESS ALLIES RECOVER VIRGINIA; SURRENDER OF
+LORD CORNWALLIS; RESULTS                                              42-52
+
+General Washington and the French Commander plan an
+expedition to the South                                                  42
+
+Sir Henry Clinton deceived as to their design                            43
+
+Count De Grasse sails for the Chesapeake with a fleet of
+28 ships and 7,000 French troops                                         43
+
+Remarkable march of the allied army, five hundred miles
+from New York to Virginia, without committing any depredations
+whatever upon the inhabitants, even in the season of fruits              43
+
+Plan of the siege of York Town                                           44
+
+Earl Cornwallis's measures of defence                                    44
+
+Position and strength of the allied forces, and their
+process of operations                                                    45
+
+Lord Cornwallis's courageous and protracted defence; is
+disappointed of promised reinforcements from New York                    45
+
+Lord Cornwallis capitulates to superior forces                           45
+
+Conditions of capitulation                                               46
+
+Circumstances of the Loyalists                                           46
+
+Groundless boastings of American orators and writers
+over the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, commanding but a small
+part of the British forces                                               47
+
+The unrivalled skill and courage of Washington undoubted,
+as well as the bravery and endurance of his soldiers; but
+the success of the siege of York Town chiefly owing to the
+French, but for whose ships, artillery and land forces, Lord
+Cornwallis would have been the conqueror, rather than conquered,
+in this famous siege and battle                                          47
+
+The resources of England; the peace party opposed to the
+continuance of the American War irrespective of the Battle
+of York Town                                                             48
+
+The war party and corrupt administration at length defeated
+in the House of Commons, after repeated and protracted debates
+and various intrigues                                                    50
+
+Change of Government, and end of Lord North's twelve years'
+administration                                                           51
+
+Seven years' war and bloodshed, and an unnatural alliance
+would have been prevented, liberty secured, and the united
+life of the Anglo-Saxon race saved, had Congress, in 1776,
+adhered to its previous professions (in a note)                          52
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+CHANGE OF ADMINISTRATION IN ENGLAND; CHANGE OF POLICY
+FOR BOTH ENGLAND AND THE COLONIES; PEACE NEGOTIATIONS AT
+PARIS; CAUSE OF THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS; CHANGE OF MINISTRY;
+THE KING COMPELLED TO YIELD                                           53-65
+
+Names of the new Ministers; death of the Marquis of
+Rockingham, the Premier, succeeded by the Earl of Shelburne,
+in consequence of which several Ministers resign, and are
+succeeded by others, among whom was Pitt, as Chancellor of
+the Exchequer (in a note)                                                53
+
+Correspondence between Dr. Franklin, at Paris, and the Earl
+of Shelburne, which led to negotiations for peace                        54
+
+Parliament does not pass an Act to authorize peace with
+America until three months after the accession of the new Ministry       54
+
+Dr. Franklin proposes to include _Canada_ in
+the United States                                                        54
+
+English and American Commissioners meet at Paris and hold
+protracted negotiations, with many delays, in regard to terms
+of peace                                                                 56
+
+Two most difficult questions of the treaty--The fishing
+grounds of Newfoundland and the Loyalists                                56
+
+It was agreed that the Americans should have the right
+to take fish on the Banks of Newfoundland, but not to
+dry or cure them on any of the King's settled dominions                  56
+
+Preamble and articles of the treaty (in a note)                          56
+
+The most important question of the Loyalists                             57
+
+They constituted the majority of the population of the
+Colonies at the beginning of the contest                                 57
+
+It was at length agreed that the Congress should recommend
+to the several States to compensate the Loyalists; but Dr.
+Franklin anticipated no success from it, as of course he
+did not desire it                                                        58
+
+Dr. Franklin's counter-scheme to defeat the proposition of
+the English Commissioners, who gave way                                  58
+
+Dr. Ramsay on the Loyalists being "sacrificed" to their sufferings       59
+
+Mr. Hildreth on the same subject                                         61
+
+What was demanded for the Loyalists had been sanctioned by
+all modern civilized nations in like circumstances                       61
+
+How honourable to the United States to have imitated such examples       62
+
+The fallacy of the plea or pretext that Congress had no
+power to grant an amnesty and compensation to the Loyalists              62
+
+Severe censure of the royal historian, Dr. Andrews, upon
+the English Commissioners for having agreed to sacrifice the
+Loyalists (in a note)                                                    62
+
+"All parties in the Commons unanimously demand amnesty
+and indemnity for the Loyalists." (Bancroft, in a note)                  62
+
+Dr. Franklin and his colleagues outwitted the English
+Commissioners not only in regard to the Loyalists but also in
+regard to immense territories                                            63
+
+Deplorable condition of the Loyalists during the war;
+utter abandonment by the English Commissioners                           64
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+ORIGIN OF REPUBLICANISM AND HATRED OF MONARCHY IN AMERICA;
+THOS. PAINE, SKETCH OF HIS LIFE, CHARACTER, AND WRITINGS, AND
+THEIR EFFECTS                                                         66-71
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+THE HIRING OF FOREIGN SOLDIERS AND EMPLOYMENT OF INDIANS
+IN THE CIVIL WAR                                                      72-84
+
+The policy of the British Ministry in employing foreign
+soldiers and Indians in the war with the Colonies deprecated by
+all classes in England and America and throughout Europe                 72
+
+Violent opposition in Parliament to the hiring of foreign
+troops; exasperation in the Colonies (in a note)                         73
+
+Unreliable and bad character of the Hessian mercenaries                  74
+
+Remarks upon the bad policy of employing them, and their
+bad conduct, by the royal historian (in a note)                          74
+
+The employment of Indians still more condemned and denounced
+than the hiring of foreign troops                                        74
+
+Employment of Indians by both the French and English during
+the war of 1755-63, between France and England                           75
+
+At the close of the war the French authorities recommended
+the Indians to cultivate the friendship of England                       75
+
+Both Congress and the English sought the alliance and
+co-operation of the Indians; misstatements of the Declaration
+of Independence on this subject (in a note); the advantages
+of the latter over the former in conciliating the Indians                75
+
+The employment of the Indians in every respect disadvantageous
+to England                                                               76
+
+English Generals in America individually opposed to the
+employment of the Indians in the military campaigns                      76
+
+Failure, if not defeat, of General Burgoyne's army by the
+bad conduct, and desertion, of his Indian allies                         76
+
+But Washington and Congress, as well as the English
+Government, sanctioned the employment of the Indians in the
+war, and the first idea of thus employing them originated with
+the first promoters of revolution in Massachusetts                       77
+
+Omissions of American writers to state that the aggressions
+and retaliations of the Congress soldiers and their coadjutors
+far exceeded in severity and destruction the aggressions and
+retaliations of the Indians on the white inhabitants                     77
+
+Many letters and biographies of actors in the Revolution show
+that very much of what was written or reported during the
+Revolution against the English Loyalists and Indians was
+fictitious or exaggerated                                                78
+
+Proceedings of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts
+(before the affairs of Concord and Lexington) to enlist and
+employ the Indians against the British                                   79
+
+General Washington, under date of July 27th, 1776, recommends
+the employment of Indians in the revolutionary cause                     80
+
+The Americans have no ground of boasting over the English
+in regard to the employment of Indians and their acts during
+the war                                                                  81
+
+Efforts of General Burgoyne to restrain the Indians, who were
+an incumbrance to his army, and whose conduct alienated great
+numbers of Loyalists from the British cause                              82
+
+The conduct and dread of the Indians roused great numbers
+to become recruits in General Gates' army, and thus rendered
+it far more numerous than the army of General Burgoyne (in a note)       83
+
+American invasion and depredations in the Indian country the
+latter part of 1776, as stated by Dr. Ramsay                             84
+
+The invasion unprovoked, but professedly as a "precaution"
+to "prevent all future co-operation between the Indians and
+British in that quarter" bordering in Virginia, North and South
+Carolina, and Georgia                                                    84
+
+Complete destruction of Indian settlements; their country a
+desolation                                                               84
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+THE MASSACRE OF WYOMING; FOUR VERSIONS OF IT BY ACCREDITED
+AMERICAN HISTORIANS, ALL DIFFERING FROM EACH OTHER; THE FACTS
+INVESTIGATED AND FALSE STATEMENTS CORRECTED                           85-98
+
+The original inflated and imaginary accounts of the
+"Massacre of Wyoming"                                                    85
+
+Four versions of it by accredited historians                             85
+
+The account given by Dr. Ramsay                                          87
+
+Remarks upon Dr. Ramsay's account                                        88
+
+Description of Wyoming                                                   88
+
+Mr. Bancroft's account of the "Massacre"                                 88
+
+Mr. Tucker's brief account of the "Massacre"                             90
+
+Mr. Hildreth's more intelligible and consistent account
+of the "Massacre"                                                        90
+
+Remarks on the discrepancies in four essential particulars
+of these four accounts                                                   94
+
+Supplementary remarks, founded on Colonel Stone's refutation
+of the original fabulous statements of the "Massacre," in
+his "_Life of Joseph Brant, including the Border Wars of
+the American Revolution_"                                                98
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+AMERICAN RETALIATION FOR THE ALLEGED "MASSACRE OF WYOMING,"
+AS NARRATED BY AMERICAN HISTORIANS                                   99-122
+
+Destruction of Indian villages and settlements for several
+miles on both sides of the Susquehanna by the Americans                  99
+
+Attack in retaliation "by Indians and Tories" on Cherry
+Valley, but more than revenged by Colonel G. Van Shaick
+on the settlements                                                       99
+
+The destruction of Indian villages and other settlements to
+the extent of "several miles on both sides of the Susquehanna,"
+more than an equivalent revenge for the destruction of Wyoming
+(in a note)                                                             100
+
+This only the beginning of vengeance upon the Indian
+settlements on the part of the "Continentals;" cruelties compared       100
+
+General Sullivan's expedition, and destruction of the
+towns, settlements, crops, and orchards of the Six Nations
+of Indians, as stated by Dr. Andrews                                    100
+
+The same expedition, as stated by Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Hildreth,
+Mr. Holmes, and Dr. Ramsay                                              102
+
+Further examples of "retaliation," so-called, inflicted upon
+the Indians and their settlements (in a note)                           106
+
+The "Tories," driven among the Indians as their only refuge,
+treated as traitors; their conduct and duty                             108
+
+Colonel Stone's account in detail of General Sullivan's expedition
+of extermination against the Six Nations of Indians                     108
+
+Dr. Franklin's fictions on the massacre and scalping of the
+whites by Indians, in order to inflame the American mind against
+England; his fictions recorded as history                               115
+
+Injustice done to the Indians in American accounts of them;
+their conduct compared with that of their white enemies                 119
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+SITUATION AND TREATMENT OF THE LOYALISTS DURING THE WAR    123-138
+
+Summary of the condition and treatment of the Loyalists                 123
+
+The relation of both parties before the Declaration of Independence     123
+
+How the Declaration of Independence changed the relations of
+parties both in England and America                                     123
+
+At the Declaration of Independence the adherents to England
+the largest part of the population of the Colonies                      124
+
+Elements of their affectionate attachment to England                    125
+
+Their claims to have their rights and liberties respected               125
+
+Their position and character stated by Mr. Hildreth; abused
+by mobs and oppressed by new Acts and authorities                       125
+
+John Adams the prompter and adviser for hanging "Tories;"
+his letter to the Governor of Massachusetts on the subject              127
+
+First scene of severity against Loyalists at Boston; new
+American maxim of morals for not forgiving "Tories"                     127
+
+Treatment of Loyalists in New York, Philadelphia, Virginia,
+and other places                                                        128
+
+Kindness of the French officers and soldiers after the
+defeat of Lord Cornwallis                                               129
+
+
+APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+State Legislative and Executive acts against the Loyalists              130
+
+Rhode Island; Connecticut                                               130
+
+Massachusetts                                                           131
+
+New Hampshire; Virginia; New York                                       131
+
+New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Delaware                                      132
+
+Maryland; North Carolina; Georgia                                       132
+
+South Carolina                                                          134
+
+Remarks on the Confiscation Acts and policy of the several
+States mentioned                                                        136
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+TREATMENT OF THE LOYALISTS ON THEIR APPLICATIONS FOR
+REDRESS AFTER THE REVOLUTION                                        139-144
+
+Impolicy of such persecuting proceedings on the part of
+the States, by an American writer                                       141
+
+
+APPENDIX "A" TO CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+Review of the principal characteristics of the American
+Revolution, and remarks on the feelings which should now
+be cultivated by both of the former contending parties,
+by Mr. J.M. Ludlow                                                      145
+
+
+APPENDIX "B" TO CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+Reflections of Lord Mahon on the American contest; apology
+for George III.; unhappiness of Americans since the Revolution;
+unity of the Anglo-Saxon Race                                           154
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+TREATMENT OF THE LOYALISTS BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT
+AND PARLIAMENT AFTER THE REVOLUTION                                 159-182
+
+
+PART FIRST.
+
+Proceedings in Parliament; refusal of the States to compensate
+the Loyalists, as proposed in the Treaty of Peace, and contrary
+to the example and practice of civilized nations                        159
+
+In the House of Commons, Mr. Wilberforce, Lord North, Lord
+Mulgrave, Secretary Townsend, Mr. Burke, Mr. Sheridan, Mr.
+Norton, Sir Peter Burrell, Sir William Bootle, and other
+members of Parliament, spoke on the subject                             160
+
+In the House of Lords, Lords Walsingham, Townsend, Stormont,
+Sackville, Loughborough and Shelburne, also advocated the
+claims of the Loyalists                                                 163
+
+Grounds of the responsibility of Parliament to the Loyalists
+for compensation                                                        164
+
+Unpopular and unprecedented omissions in the terms of Peace             164
+
+Fallacy of the argument of advocates of the Treaty                      165
+
+
+PART SECOND.
+
+Agents in England of the Loyalists; proceedings of the
+Parliamentary Commission; results                                   166-182
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+THE LOYALISTS DRIVEN FROM THE UNITED STATES TO THE
+BRITISH PROVINCES                                                   183-190
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+BRIEF SKETCHES OF SOME INDIVIDUAL LOYALISTS IN THE
+BRITISH PROVINCES; FIRST SETTLERS IN CANADA, AND HOW
+THEY TRAVELLED HITHER                                               190-208
+
+1. Samuel Anderson; 2. Rev. John Bethune; 3. Doanes--five
+brothers; 4. Stephen Jarvis; 5. Wm. Jarvis; 6. David Jones;
+7. Jonathan Jones; 8. Captain Richard Lippincott; 9. The
+McDonalds;10. John McGill; 11. Donald McGillis; 12. Thomas
+Merritt; 13. Beverley Robinson; 14. Beverley Robinson, jun.;
+15. Christopher Robinson; 16. Sir John Beverley Robinson;
+17. Sir Charles Frederick Phillipse Robinson; 18. Morris
+Robinson; 19. John Robinson; 20. Roger Morris; 21. Allen McNab;
+22. Luke Carscallen; 23. John Diamond; 24. Ephraim Tisdale;
+25. Lemuel Wilmot
+
+Dr. Canniff's account of the migration of the first Loyalists
+from Lower Canada, and settlement on the North Shore of the
+St. Lawrence, and in the country round and west of Kingston             204
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI.
+
+FIRST SETTLEMENT OF LOYALISTS IN THE BRITISH
+PROVINCES--ESPECIALLY OF UPPER CANADA,--THEIR ADVENTURES AND
+HARDSHIPS, AS WRITTEN BY THEMSELVES OR THEIR DESCENDANTS            208-270
+
+First settlement of the first company of Loyalists at the
+close of the Revolutionary War, in and near Kingston, Upper
+Canada, by the late Bishop Richardson, D.D.                             208
+
+First settlement of Loyalists in Nova Scotia, by a gentleman
+of that Province                                                        211
+
+Colonel Joseph Robinson, his adventures and settlement,
+by the late Hon. R. Hodgson, Chief Justine of Prince
+Edward Island                                                           213
+
+Robert Clark, his sufferings in the Revolutionary War, and
+settlement in the Midland District, U.C.; by his son, late
+Colonel John C. Clark                                                   216
+
+Captain William B. Hutchinson, his sufferings and settlement
+in Walsingham, County of Norfolk, U.C.; by his grandson,
+J.B. Hutchinson, Esq.                                                   218
+
+Patriotic feeling and early settlement of Prince Edward County
+and neighbouring Townships; by Canniff Haight, Esq.                     219
+
+Colonel Samuel Ryerse, his adventures, settlement, and
+character, in the County of Norfolk; in letters by his son,
+the late Rev. George J. Ryerse; and in a memorandum, including
+a history of the early settlement of the County of Norfolk,
+and recollections of the war of 1812-1815; by Mrs. Amelia
+Harris, of Eldon House, London, U.C.                                    226
+
+Colonel Joseph Ryerson, his adventures, sufferings, and
+settlement in the County of Norfolk, U.C.; by an intimate
+friend of the family                                                    257
+
+NOTE.--Colonel Samuel Ryerse and Colonel Joseph
+Ryerson were brothers, and both officers in the British army
+during the Revolutionary War; but in the commission of the
+former, his name was spelled Ryerse; and it being difficult
+at that time to correct such an error, he and his descendants
+have always spelt their name Ryerse, though the original name
+of the family, in the records of New Jersey, in Holland, and
+previously in the history of Denmark, is Ryerson.
+
+Interesting piece of local history; by the Rev. Dr. Scadding            259
+
+Loyalty and sufferings of the Hon. John Monroe; by his son              261
+
+Sufferings of the U.E. Loyalists during the Revolutionary War;
+vindication of their character--including that of Butler's
+Rangers--their privations and settlement in Canada; by the
+late Mrs. Elizabeth Bowman Spohn, of Ancaster, in the County of
+Wentworth, U.C., together with an introductory letter by the
+writer of this history                                                  264
+
+
+CHAPTER XLII.
+
+ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF BRITISH NORTH
+AMERICA.--NOVA SCOTIA                                               271-276
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIII.
+
+NEW BRUNSWICK                                                       277-280
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIV.
+
+PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND                                                    280
+
+
+CHAPTER XLV.
+
+GOVERNMENT OF LOWER CANADA                                          281-306
+
+The famous Quebec Act, 14th Geo. III.; its provisions;
+why and by whom opposed; opposed in the Lords and Commons,
+and in the Colonies; supposed to have promoted the American
+Declaration of Independence                                             281
+
+Constitutional Act of 1791--Act 31st George III., chapter 31            285
+
+Mr. Pitt explains the principal provisions of the Bill;
+provided against the imposition of taxes in the colonies by
+the Imperial Parliament; opposed by some members in the Commons;
+ rupture between Burke and Fox (in a note); Pitt's defence
+of the Bill                                                             285
+
+The Bill becomes an Act; separates Upper from Lower Canada;
+constitutes a legislature for each province; how the two branches
+of the legislature were constituted; the _representative_ form
+of government obtained by the United Empire Loyalists                   286
+
+The Administration of the Government and Legislation in Lower
+Canada under the new constitution                                       288
+
+Lord Dorchester Governor-General; first session of the
+Legislature; Speakers of the two Houses; a Speaker elected
+in the House of Assembly who could speak both the French and
+English language                                                        289
+
+The Governor's first speech to the Legislature                          290
+
+The cordial and loyal response of the House of Assembly                 290
+
+Useful and harmonious legislation; a noble example and
+illustration of loyalty by the House of Assembly before the
+close of the session                                                    292
+
+The Governor's speech at the close of the session                       294
+
+Unjust statements against the French corrected (in a note)              294
+
+Second session of the Legislature called by Lord Dorchester
+on his arrival from England; his cordial reception; beneficial
+legislation; Canadians recoil from the horrors of the French
+Revolution                                                              295
+
+French Republican agents endeavour to incite Canadians to
+revolt, and to excite hostilities against England in the
+United States                                                           297
+
+Mutual cordiality between the Governor-General and the House
+of Assembly                                                             297
+
+Visit of the Duke of Kent to Lower Canada as Commander of the
+Forces; his wise and patriotic counsels; beneficial influence
+of his visit and residence                                              297
+
+Lord Dorchester lays the public accounts before the Assembly;
+their contents; this proceeding highly satisfactory to the
+Assembly; bills passed and assented to                                  298
+
+Interval of quiet between the second and third Sessions of
+the Legislature; Lord Dorchester's practical and noble speech
+at the opening of the third Session; Mr. Christie's remarks upon
+it; cordial answer of the House of Assembly, to whom the public
+accounts were transmitted, even more comprehensive and complete
+than those sent down the previous Session                               299
+
+Commissioners first appointed to adjust the revenues between
+Upper and Lower Canada; their courteous and fair proceedings
+on both sides                                                           301
+
+Gratifying close of the third Session                                   302
+
+Auspicious opening, useful legislation, and happy conclusion
+of the fourth and last Session of the first Parliament of
+Lower Canada                                                            302
+
+Termination of Lord Dorchester's thirty-six years connection
+with Canada; review of his conduct and character by the historian
+Bancroft; cordial addresses to him, and his affectionate answers        303
+
+Meritorious conduct of the French Canadians                             305
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVI.
+
+GOVERNMENT OF UPPER CANADA                                          307-315
+
+How governed and divided by Lord Dorchester before the
+Constitutional Act of 1791                                              307
+
+The Constitutional Act of 1791, 31 George III., chapter 31, and
+construction of governments under it                                    307
+
+General John Graves Simcoe the first Governor; character of
+his government; arrives at Kingston 8th July, 1792, where the
+members of the Executive Legislative Councils were sworn into
+office, and writs issued for the election of members of the
+House of Assembly                                                       308
+
+The seat of government first established at Newark, now Niagara,
+where a small frame house was built for the Governor, and in
+which also the first Session of the Legislature was held                308
+
+Number of members of the Legislative Council and House of
+Assembly present at the opening of the Session; their character         309
+
+Number and character of the population of the country,
+including the Mohawk Indians, headed by Joseph Brant                    309
+
+First Session of the first Parliament and its work                      309
+
+Remarkable speech of Governor Simcoe at the close of the
+Session, explanatory of our constitution of government                  310
+
+Change of the seat of government and reasons for it                     311
+
+Governor Simcoe's work and policy; removal to the West Indies,
+and abandonment of his wise policy                                      311
+
+Parliament meets at Niagara until 1797; its legislation;
+Governor Simcoe's successor, the Hon. Peter Russell and
+General Hunter; population of Upper Canada in 1800                      312
+
+Legislation, progress, trade, custom-houses                             313
+
+Provision for one Grammar School Master in each of the
+eight districts                                                         314
+
+Emigration; legislation; experience of the country during
+sixteen years under the new constitution                                314
+
+State of the country in 1809                                            314
+
+Anticipated hostilities between Great Britain and the United
+States; concluding remarks on this period of Canadian history           315
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVII.
+
+WAR OF THE UNITED STATES AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN, FROM
+1812 TO 1815                                                        316-317
+
+Introductory and general remarks; illustrations of true
+loyalty; war struggles of England for human liberty when the
+United States joined the tyrant of Europe in war and invaded
+Canada; comparative population of Canada and the United States;
+Canada, almost unaided, successfully resists the eleven invasions
+of the United States against her; phases of the war against her         316
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVIII.
+
+DECLARATION OF WAR BY THE UNITED STATES AGAINST BRITAIN,
+AND PREPARATIONS FOR THE INVASION OF CANADA                         318-330
+
+The alleged and real causes of the war; the Democratic
+party in the United States always hostile to England and her
+colonies, and sympathisers with every raid against Canada               318
+
+Two alleged causes for the war by the United States; Berlin
+decrees, and answers to them by British Orders in Council--results      319
+
+Collusion between Napoleon and the President of the United
+States against England; seduction and desertion of British sailors
+(nearly 10,000) besides soldiers; the justice and acknowledged right
+of the British claims, and injustice and unreasonableness of the
+Madison Government's proceedings                                        319
+
+The event between the warships _Leopard_ and _Chesapeake_;
+American misrepresentations of it; dishonest conduct of President
+Madison in respect to it; noble and generous proposal of the
+British Government, disclaiming the conduct of the captain of the
+_Leopard_, and offering to compensate all parties for injuries
+done them by the _Leopard_                                              323
+
+The "Henry Plot" affair; conduct of President Madison in
+respect to it; declaration of war by the United States                  327
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIX.
+
+DECLARATION OF WAR BY THE UNITED STATES                             331-336
+
+Declaration of war, June 18, 1812; votes in the House of
+Representatives for and against it                                      331
+
+Character of the war party and its Generals                             333
+
+Opposition to the war, and reasons against it, by a State
+Convention of New York                                                  333
+
+Address of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts
+against the war                                                         334
+
+The Orders in Council, as administered, beneficial to
+American merchants                                                      335
+
+
+CHAPTER L.
+
+PREPARATIONS MADE BY THE CANADIANS FOR THEIR DEFENCE                337-351
+
+War against the Canadas being contemplated in the United States         337
+
+Preparations by Lower Canada; Sir George Prevost succeeds
+Sir James Craig as Governor-General; his character and first
+speech to the Legislature                                               338
+
+The loyal answer of the Assembly, and liberal provisions for
+the defence of the Province                                             338
+
+Organization of militia                                                 339
+
+American residents allowed twenty days to leave the Province            340
+
+Second Session of the War Legislature, 16th July, 1812;
+the Governor's speech, relying upon the Province, and noble
+reply, and further various and liberal supplies and measures of
+the Legislative Assembly to meet the emergency                          340
+
+Preparations in Upper Canada for self-defence                           341
+
+General Brock calls a meeting of the Legislature, July 27,
+1812; his stirring speech at the opening of the session;
+hearty response and liberal supplies of the House of Assembly           342
+
+Patriotic address of the Assembly to the people of Upper Canada,
+and remarks upon it                                                     342
+
+
+CHAPTER LI.
+
+FIRST INVASION OF UPPER CANADA, IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT,
+BY GENERAL HULL, AND HIS PROCLAMATION TO THE INHABITANTS OF UPPER
+CANADA, GIVEN ENTIRE IN A NOTE                                      346-351
+
+General Brock's manly and overwhelming reply to General
+Hull's proclamation, in an address to the people of Canada              349
+
+
+CHAPTER LII.
+
+GENERAL BROCK TAKES DETROIT, GENERAL HULL'S ARMY, THE
+TERRITORY OF MICHIGAN, AND IMMENSE MILITARY STORES                  352-364
+
+
+INCIDENTS OF THIS GREAT ACHIEVEMENT.
+
+1. Smallness of General Brock's army, and the manner in which
+he collected it                                                         353
+
+Preparations at Windsor for the attack upon Detroit before
+General Brock's arrival there                                           353
+
+Crossing the river, and the surrender of Fort Detroit, &c.              354
+
+2. General Brock's council with the Indians at Sandwich
+before crossing the river at Detroit; his conversation with
+the great chief Tecumseh; and after the taking of Detroit,
+takes off his sash and places it around Tecumseh, who next day
+placed it around the Wyandot chief, Round Head; reasons for
+it given to General Brock                                               355
+
+General Brock's estimate of Tecumseh, and the latter's
+watching and opinion on the conduct of the former                       356
+
+Particulars of Tecumseh's personal history and death (in a note)        357
+
+Surprise and taking of Michillimackinack, and other defeats,
+discouraging to General Hull, before his surrender of Detroit           358
+
+Particulars of the surrender                                            361
+
+General Brock's proclamation to the people of Michigan                  362
+
+Remarks on the difference in sentiment and style between
+this proclamation to the inhabitants of Michigan and that of
+General Hull to the inhabitants of Canada                               363
+
+General Brock's return to York; having in 19 days settled
+public legislative business, raised a little army, taken a
+territory nearly as large as Upper Canada, and an army three
+times as numerous as his own                                            364
+
+
+CHAPTER LIII.
+
+SECOND INVASION OF UPPER CANADA AT QUEENSTON                        365-371
+
+Crossing of the river from Lewiston to Queenston of 1,500
+regular troops, who, by a private path, gain Queenston Heights;
+death of General Brock; the invaders dislodged from the Heights
+and driven down the banks of the river; American militia refuse
+to cross the river; American soldiers surrender to General Sheaffe
+to the number of 900 men, besides officers, including General
+Wadsworth and Colonel Winfield Scott                                    365
+
+Armistice      368
+
+Incidents on the Niagara frontier after the death of General
+Brock, by Lieutenant Driscoll, of the 100th Regiment                    368
+
+
+CHAPTER LIV.
+
+THIRD AMERICAN INVASION OF CANADA                                   372-379
+
+A large American army assembled; confidence of its success              372
+
+No reinforcements from England; but the sacrifice and zeal
+of the Canadians for the defence of their country against this
+third and most formidable invasion of the year                          373
+
+The Commander-in-Chief's (General Smyth) address to his army,
+given entire in a note                                                  373
+
+Its effect to bring 2,000 volunteers from the State of Pennsylvania     374
+
+The troops embark; General Smyth does not appear; failure of
+the attempted invasion; General Smyth's flight from his own
+soldiers, who shoot off their guns in disgust and indignation           375
+
+Three armies, altogether of 10,000 men, defeated by less than
+1,000 Canadian volunteers and soldiers                                  378
+
+
+CHAPTER LV.
+
+AN INVADING ARMY OF 10,000 MEN, UNDER GENERAL DEARBORN,
+DEFEATED BY COLONEL DE SALABERRY, WITH 300 CANADIANS, AT
+CHATEAUGUAY; DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLE                              380-382
+
+The Canadian militia put in readiness to repel a second
+apprehended invasion, but General Dearborn does not venture it,
+and retires with his hosts into winter quarters                         381
+
+The Canadian militia allowed to retire for the winter                   382
+
+The armistice between Generals Sheaffe and Smyth injurious to
+Upper Canada (in a note)                                                382
+
+
+CHAPTER LVI.
+
+CAMPAIGNS OF 1813                                                   383-425
+
+Americans determined to conquer Canada this year                        383
+
+Disadvantage of the Governor-General of Canada from the
+fewness of his troops, regulars and militia, compared with
+those of the invading armies                                            383
+
+Three American invading armies--one consisting of 18,000 men,
+the second of 7,000 men, and the third of 8,000 men                     384
+
+General Proctor's slender force at Detroit                              384
+
+Battle of Frenchtown; victory of Colonel Proctor; American
+misrepresentations respecting it corrected                              385
+
+Colonel Proctor promoted to be General                                  388
+
+Several American plundering raids on Brockville and
+neighbourhood; retaliatory raid of the British on Ogdensburg;
+town ordnance, arms, &c., taken, and vessels destroyed                  388
+
+Canadian preparations in the winter of 1813 for the season's
+campaign; U.E. Loyalist regiment comes from Fredericton, New
+Brunswick, to Quebec, on snow shoes                                     390
+
+The American plan of campaign to invade and take Canada in 1813         390
+
+The American fleet on Lake Ontario superior to the British
+fleet; attack upon York with 1,700 men, commanded by Generals
+Dearborn and Pike; battle, explosion of a magazine; many of
+both armies killed; Canadians defeated and York taken                   391
+
+Americans evacuate York and return to Sackett's Harbour,
+after having destroyed public buildings, and taken much booty           393
+
+Americans attack Fort George, Newark (Niagara), by land
+and water, and after a hard fight take the town and fort,
+the British retiring to Queenston                                       393
+
+General Vincent, having destroyed the fortifications on the
+frontier, retreats to Burlington Heights, pursued by Generals
+Chandler and Winder, with an army of 3,500 infantry and 300 cavalry     394
+
+Colonel Harvey, with 700 men, surprises the whole American
+army at Stony Creek, captures their two generals and 150 men, &c.       395
+
+American army retreats in great disorder towards Fort George            396
+
+The affair at the Beaver Dams; the capture of 700 American
+soldiers, with their officers, by a small party of soldiers
+and Indians--the captured prisoners being five to one of
+their captors                                                           397
+
+The American army confined to Fort George and its neighbourhood         397
+
+A small party of the British retaliate the marauding game
+of the Americans by crossing the river at Chippewa, attacking
+and dismantling Fort Schlosser and bringing off military stores;
+and seven days afterwards, 11th July, crossing from Fort Erie
+to Black Rock, and burning the enemy's block-houses, stores,
+barracks, dockyards, &c.                                                397
+
+The two armies almost within gunshot of each other at Fort
+George; but the Americans could not be drawn out to a battle,
+though their numbers were two to one to the British                     398
+
+General Harrison prepares to prosecute the war for recovering
+the Territories of Michigan; General Proctor raises the siege
+of Lower Sandusky and retires to Amherstburg                            399
+
+Unsuccessful expedition of Governor-General Prevost and Sir
+James L. Yeo against Sackett's Harbour; Sir George Prevost
+orders the withdrawment of the troops, at the very crisis of
+victory, to the great disappointment and dissatisfaction
+of his officers and men                                                 399
+
+
+OCCURRENCES ON LAKE ONTARIO.
+
+Second unsuccessful attempt of Commodore Sir James Yeo on
+Sackett's Harbour                                                       401
+
+Commodore Chauncey's expedition to the head of the lake to
+take Burlington Heights is deferred by the preparations of
+Colonels Harvey and Battersby to receive him                            402
+
+Commodore Chauncey makes a second raid upon York (Toronto),
+plunders, burns, and departs; singular coincidence                      402
+
+The British fleet, sailing from Kingston the last day of July,
+with supplies for the army at the head of the lake, encounters
+the American fleet at Niagara, and after two days' manoeuvring,
+a partial engagement ensues, in which the British capture two small
+vessels--the _Julia_ and _Growler_                                      402
+
+A graphic account of the naval manoeuvring and battle by
+the American historian of the war, Brackenridge (in a note)             402
+
+Encounters and tactics of the British and American fleets on
+Lake Ontario for the rest of the season                                 404
+
+
+OCCURRENCES ON LAKE ERIE AND IN THE WEST.
+
+Fleet fitting out by Commodore Perry at Presqu' Isle (Erie)
+blockaded by Commodore Barclay, who, neglecting his duty and
+absenting himself from Presqu' Isle, allowed the American
+fleet to get over the bar at the mouth of the harbour, and getting
+into the lake with their cannon reshipped and completely equipped       405
+
+Commodore Barclay, the enemy too well manned and too powerful
+for him, sails for Amherstburg; is pursued by Commodore Perry
+and compelled to fight, in which he lost his fleet, though he
+fought bravely                                                          406
+
+In consequence of the loss of the fleet on Lake Erie, the
+British army in possession of the territory of Michigan, left
+without resources, evacuate the territory and Fort Detroit,
+before an American army of 7,000 men and 1,000 dragoons,
+under General Harrison                                                  407
+
+General Proctor retreats up the Thames; is pursued by
+General Harrison, with a force of 3,000 men, including 1,000
+Kentucky dragoons, and overtaken near Moravian Town, where a
+battle ensues, in which General Proctor is defeated with
+heavy loss--the Indians remaining loyal, fighting longest,
+suffering most, with the loss of their chief, Tecumseh                  408
+
+Shameful burning of Moravian Town by the Americans                      410
+
+Americans accept Indian alliance; Americans intoxicated by
+these successes, but driven from every inch of Canadian
+territory before the end of the year                                    410
+
+
+AMERICAN INVASION OF LOWER CANADA.
+
+Defeat of an American advance invading division, and capture
+of two vessels, the _Growler_ and _Eagle_, of eleven guns each,
+at the Isle-aux-Noix, by 108 men, under the command of Lieut.-Col.
+George Taylor                                                           411
+
+Attacks upon and capture and destruction of the American war
+materials, hospitals, barracks, &c., at Plattsburg, under
+Colonel Murray (General Moore retreating with 1,500 men),
+at Burlington (where was encamped General Hampton with 4,000 men),
+capturing and destroying four vessels, and afterwards at
+the towns of Champlain and Swanton, destroying the block-houses
+and barracks                                                            412
+
+These successes but preliminary to the Canadian victories
+of Chateauguay, and Chrystler's Farm                                     413
+
+
+BATTLE OF CHATEAUGUAY.
+
+General Hampton, with 5,000 men, defeated by the skill and
+courage of Colonel De Salaberry with 300 Canadians; the
+battle described, and the close of it witnessed, by the
+Governor-General Prevost and Major-General De Watteville                413
+
+General Hampton with his demoralized army retires into
+winter quarters at Plattsburg                                           417
+
+Next expedition against Montreal by the St. Lawrence, under
+command of General Wilkinson, with a force of 10,000 men;
+the American soldiers promised grand winter quarters at Montreal        417
+
+American army descends the St. Lawrence from near Kingston
+in 300 boats; is followed by a detachment of the British
+from Kingston, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Morrison,
+who overtakes and skirmishes with divisions of the American army
+on the way; at the American post, at the town of Hamilton,
+takes a considerable quantity of provisions and stores,
+and two pieces of ordnance                                              418
+
+
+BATTLE OF CHRYSTLER'S FARM.
+
+American force engaged between 3,000 and 4,000 men; the
+British forces were about 800 rank and file; preliminaries
+and description of the battle, said to be the most squarely
+and scientifically fought battle of the war                             419
+
+Losses; General Wilkinson's testimony as to the loyalty and
+courage of the Canadians                                                420
+
+General Wilkinson proceeds down the St. Lawrence with his
+flotilla; disappointment and mortification at General Hampton's
+disobedience and failure to meet him at St. Regis; crosses the
+St. Lawrence and retires into winter quarters at Salmon River           420
+
+The campaign of the season terminated in Lower Canada; the
+Canadian militia dismissed to their homes with thanks and applause      421
+
+
+BRITISH VICTORIES IN UPPER CANADA.
+
+In December, 1813, Lieutenant-General Drummond supersedes
+Major-General De Rottenburgh in command of Upper Canada, and
+proceeds to York and the head of the Lake at Burlington Heights;
+despatches Colonel Murray to arrest the predatory incursions of
+General McClure in the neighbourhood of Fort George, of which
+he was then in possession                                               422
+
+McClure's plundering the inhabitants; his barbarous act in
+burning the town of Newark (Niagara), and flight to the
+American side of the river                                              423
+
+The British, under command of Colonel Murray, take Fort Niagara,
+the whole garrison, and much warlike supplies                           423
+
+Lewiston, Manchester, Black Rock and Buffalo destroyed in
+retaliation for the burning of Newark (Niagara), and exposure
+of 400 women and children, by McClure                                   424
+
+Proclamation issued by General Drummond, deprecating this
+savage mode of warfare, and declaring his purpose not to pursue
+it, unless compelled by the measures of the American Government         425
+
+
+CHAPTER LVII.
+
+MOVEMENTS AND CAMPAIGNS IN 1814--THE THIRD AND LAST
+YEAR OF THE WAR                                                     426-434
+
+Two years' expensive failures of American invasions against
+Canada; preparations on both sides for the third year's campaigns       426
+
+Volunteers, soldiers and sailors, march through the woods
+from New Brunswick to Canada                                            426
+
+Expression of Royal satisfaction and admiration of the loyalty
+and courage of the Canadians during the war, making special
+mention of the affair of Chateauguay and Colonel De Salaberry           427
+
+First American invasion of Lower Canada in 1814; the
+American soldiers, crossing Lake Champlain on the ice, attack
+Le Colle Mill (Block-house), and are driven back by a small
+but heroic force of Canadians                                           427
+
+General Wilkinson returns with his army to Plattsburg; and,
+disappointed and mortified at his failures, retires from the army       428
+
+Prairie du Chien, on the Mississippi, taken by the British, and
+Fort Michillimackinack triumphantly defended against a large
+American force; and Sir John C. Sherbrook, Lieutenant-Governor
+of Nova Scotia, reduces an extensive portion of American territory
+adjoining New Brunswick, and adds it to that Province                   428
+
+Peace in Europe; reinforcements of 16,000 veteran soldiers
+from England to Canada                                                  430
+
+Sir George Prevost's abortive expedition against Plattsburg
+censured; recalled to England to be tried by court-martial;
+dies a week before the day of trial                                     330
+
+The estimate of Mr. Christie, the Canadian historian, of
+the character and policy of Sir George Prevost                          431
+
+Opening of the campaign in Upper Canada; expedition from
+Kingston against Oswego, which is dismantled, its fortifications
+destroyed, military stores, &c., seized                                 432
+
+British fleet, supreme on Lake Ontario, blockades Sackett's
+Harbour; intercepts supplies being sent from Oswego to Sackett's
+Harbour, but is unsuccessful in pursuing American supply boats up
+the Sandy Creek; the pursuers taken prisoners and well treated
+by the Americans                                                        433
+
+
+CHAPTER LVIII.
+
+LAST INVASIONS AND LAST BATTLES OF THE WAR                          435-460
+
+Americans, in two divisions, under command of Brigadier-Generals
+Scott and Ripley, cross the river and land on the Canadian
+side above and below Fort Erie, which is commanded by Major
+Buck, and surrendered without firing a shot, to the great loss
+of the British, and to the great advantage of the Americans             435
+
+General Brown, with a force of over 4,000 troops, advances
+down the river from Fort Erie, with a view of taking Chippewa;
+is encountered by General Riall, who is compelled to retire
+to the rear of his works at Chippewa; heroism of the Lincoln
+Militia                                                                 436
+
+General Riall retires to Fort George, pursued by General
+Brown; pillage of the American soldiers and officers in the
+neighbourhood of Fort George                                            437
+
+Both armies reinforced; General Brown in difficulties;
+retreats towards Chippewa; is pursued by General Riall; burns
+the village of St. David's; makes a stand at Lundy's Lane--called
+Bridgewater by the Americans                                            437
+
+Battle of Lundy's Lane; preliminaries to it                             438
+
+The battle itself; protracted and bloody struggle; Americans
+retreat to beyond Chippewa                                              439
+
+Forces engaged; losses on both sides; victory absurdly claimed
+on the American side                                                    441
+
+American army retreats to Fort Erie, pursued by General Drummond,
+who invests the fort                                                    443
+
+Storming the fort; terrible conflict; on the point of victory
+a magazine blown up, destroying all the British soldiers who
+had entered the fort--including Colonels Drummond and Scott--compelling
+the retirement of the assailants; British losses severe                 444
+
+The enemy shut up for a month in the fort by the British investment     445
+
+At the expiration of a month the enemy makes a sortie,
+with his whole force; surprises and destroys the batteries;
+a bloody conflict; the enemy compelled to return to the fort
+with a loss of 600 men                                                  445
+
+Incessant rains prevent General Drummond repairing his batteries;
+he raises the siege and tries in vain to bring General Brown
+to a general engagement, but he evades it and evacuates Fort Erie       446
+
+Thus terminates the last American invasion of Canada, without
+acquiring possession of an inch of Canadian territory                   446
+
+Summary review of Canadian loyalty, and the causes,
+characteristics, and the results of the war, in an address
+delivered at Queenston Heights, near Brock's Monument, by
+the author, at the anniversary of the Battle of Lundy's
+Lane, July, 1875                                                        447
+
+
+CHAPTER LIX.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS DOCUMENTS AND PAPERS EXTRACTED FROM
+UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST MANUSCRIPTS IN THE DOMINION
+LIBRARY AT OTTAWA                                                   461-464
+
+Character of the Canadian Militia                                       461
+
+American invasions of Canada and their military forces                  462
+
+Notice of Colonel John Clarke and his manuscript contributions          462
+
+The treatment of Canadians by the American invaders                     463
+
+The Royal Patriotic Society of Upper Canada and its doings
+in raising and distributing upwards of L20,000 to relieve
+Canadian sufferers by the war                                           466
+
+
+CHAPTER LX.
+
+STATE OF CANADA AFTER THE CLOSE OF THE WAR; CONCLUSION                  469
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+LOYALISTS OF AMERICA
+
+AND
+
+THEIR TIMES,
+
+FROM 1620 TO 1816.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+THE WAR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AFTER THE DECLARATION OF
+INDEPENDENCE--THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE CONGRESS AND KING OF FRANCE--THE
+ALLIANCE NOT PRODUCTIVE OF THE EFFECTS ANTICIPATED--EFFORTS OF THE
+BRITISH GOVERNMENT FOR RECONCILIATION WITH THE COLONIES NOT SUCCESSFUL.
+
+
+It was supposed, both in America and France, that when the alliance
+between the King of France and Congress, referred to in the last chapter
+of the previous volume, became known in England, though it was not
+publicly avowed until February, 1778, England would be weakened and
+discouraged from further warlike effort, and immediately offer terms of
+peace, upon the ground of American independence; but the reverse was the
+case.
+
+The alliance between Congress and the King of France was kept in
+abeyance by the latter during more than a twelvemonth after it was
+applied for by the agents of Congress, until after the defeat and
+capture of General Burgoyne and the refusal of Congress to confer with
+Lord and General Howe, as British Commissioners, without the previous
+acknowledgment by the Commissioners of the independence of the United
+States.[1]
+
+Lord Admiral Howe, having spent some months with his fleet at Halifax,
+did not arrive at Sandy Hook until the 12th of July, eight days after
+the Declaration of Independence. "Besides the troops, Lord Howe had
+brought with him a document which it was hoped might render them
+unnecessary--the Royal warrant appointing himself and General Howe
+Commissioners under the Act of Parliament for the pacification of
+America. No doubt the selection of such men was most wisely made. The
+memory of their elder brother, who had fallen gloriously in the wars
+against the French in Canada, was endeared to the colonists, who had
+fought by his side. Both Lord Howe and the General, but Lord Howe
+especially, had ever since cultivated a friendly intercourse with
+Americans, and now entertained a most earnest wish to conclude the
+strife against them. But judicious as was the choice of the
+Commissioners, the restricted terms of the Commission were certainly in
+the highest degree impolitic. Lord Howe had laboured, but vainly, to
+obtain its enlargement; it amounted, in fact, to little more than the
+power, first, of receiving submissions, and then, but not till then, of
+granting pardons and inquiring into grievances.[2] Yet, still, since
+these terms had not been divulged, and were much magnified by common
+rumour, the name of the Commission was not ill adapted for popular
+effect. Had Lord Howe arrived with it a few weeks before, as he might
+and should have done, we are assured by American writers that an
+impression might have been produced by it, in some at least of the
+thirteen colonies, to an extent which they 'cannot calculate,' or
+rather, perhaps, which they do not like to own. But these few months had
+been decisive in another direction. During these months both the feeling
+and the position of the insurgents had most materially changed."[3]
+
+"The two Royal Commissioners," says Dr. Ramsay, "Admiral and General
+Howe, thought proper, before they commenced their military operations,
+to try what might be done in their civil capacity towards effecting a
+reunion between Great Britain and the colonies. It was one of the first
+acts of Lord Howe to send on shore a circular letter to several of the
+Royal Governors in America, informing them of the late Act of Parliament
+'for restoring peace to the colonies, and granting pardon to such as
+should deserve mercy,' and desiring them to publish a declaration which
+accompanied the same. In this, he informed the colonists of the power
+with which his brother and he were entrusted 'of granting general or
+particular pardons to all those who, though they had deviated from their
+allegiance, were willing to return to their duty:' and of declaring 'any
+colony, province, county or town, port, district or place, to be in the
+peace of his Majesty.' Congress, impressed with the belief that the
+proposals of the Commissioners, instead of disuniting the people, would
+have a contrary effect, ordered them to be speedily published in the
+several American newspapers. Had a _redress of grievances_ been at this
+late hour offered, though the honour of the States was involved in
+supporting their late Declaration of Independence, yet the love of
+peace, and the bias of great numbers to their parent State, would, in
+all probability, have made a powerful party for rescinding the Act of
+Separation, and for re-uniting with Great Britain; but when it appeared
+that the power of the Royal Commissioners was little more than to grant
+pardons, Congress appealed to the good sense of the people for the
+necessity of adhering to the Act of Independence."[4]
+
+It was a diplomatic blunder and an unwise policy for the English
+Commissioners to make known to the public the restricted authority of
+their commission, instead of simply stating in general terms their
+commission under the authority of the Act of Parliament "for restoring
+peace to the colonies." On such grounds and for such an object the
+Congress could have offered no justifiable excuse for refusing a
+conference with the Royal Commissioners; and when, in the course of the
+discussion, it should have been found that the Commissioners could not
+agree with, and did not feel themselves authorized to accede to, all
+the demands of the agents of Congress, the Royal Commissioners (both of
+whom were known to be friends of the colonies, and opposed to the
+high-handed measures of the Parliament) could have noted the points of
+difference, and agreed to recommend the demands made upon them to the
+most favourable consideration of the King's Government: at all events,
+friendly intercourse and negotiations would have been opened which would
+have been probably followed by a suspension of hostilities, if not
+complete reconciliation. But this was what Congress, led by John Adams
+and Dr. Franklin--bitter enemies to reconciliation--dreaded; and they
+very shrewdly saw and improved the imprudent exposure of the Royal
+Commissioners, by directing the publication of their circular letter and
+declaration in all the provincial newspapers, "that the good people of
+the United States may be informed of what nature are the Commissioners,
+and what the terms, with expectation of which the insidious Court of
+Great Britain had endeavoured to amuse and disarm them; and that the few
+who still remain suspended by a hope, founded either on the justice or
+moderation of their late King, might now at length be convinced that the
+valour alone of their country is to save its liberties."
+
+Thus all conference with the Royal Commissioners was refused on the part
+of the leaders in Congress; war and bloodshed followed, and a year of
+disastrous defeats to the Revolutionists; but the position of the
+Loyalists may be inferred from the resolution of the New York
+Revolutionary Convention, adopted a few days after the Declaration of
+Independence, and before the actual commencement of hostilities, and
+which was as follows: "That all persons residing within the State of New
+York, and claiming protection from its laws, owed it allegiance; and
+that any person owing it allegiance, and levying war against the State,
+_or being an adherent to the King of Great Britain, should be deemed
+guilty of treason and suffer death_." The Convention also resolved:
+"That as the inhabitants of King's County had determined not to oppose
+the enemy, a Committee should be appointed to inquire into the
+authenticity of these reports, and to _disarm and secure the
+disaffected, to remove or destroy the stock of grain, and, if necessary,
+to lay the whole county waste_." Such treatment of adherents to the
+unity of the empire, and of even neutrals, at the very commencement of
+the war, goes far to account for the warfare of extermination in many
+places between the two parties in subsequent years. This mode of warfare
+was first instituted against the Loyalists, who acted on the defensive,
+and who have been loudly complained of by American historians for having
+afterwards, and on some occasions cruelly retaliated upon those who had
+driven them to desperation.
+
+A little more than eighteen months after the Declaration of
+Independence, 17th of February, 1778, three Bills were introduced into
+and passed by the British Parliament, which entirely removed all the
+grounds of complaint made by the colonists in previous years, and
+provided for the appointment of Commissioners to settle all differences
+between the colonies and the mother country. The first of these Bills
+was entitled, "For removing Doubts and Apprehensions concerning Taxation
+by the Parliament of Great Britain in any of the Colonies." It expressly
+repealed by name the tea duty in America, and declared: "That from and
+after the passing of this Act the King and Parliament of Great Britain
+will not impose any duty, tax, or assessment whatever in any of his
+Majesty's (American) colonies, except only such duties as it may be
+expedient to impose for the regulation of commerce; the net produce of
+such duties to be always paid and applied to and for the use of the
+colony in which the same shall be levied." "Thus," says Lord Mahon, "was
+the claim of parliamentary taxation fully, at last, renounced."
+
+The second Bill was "To enable his Majesty to appoint Commissioners with
+sufficient power to treat, consult, and agree upon the means of quieting
+the disorders now subsisting in certain of the colonies, plantations,
+and provinces of North America." The Commissioners were to be five in
+number, and were invested with extensive powers; they were to raise no
+difficulties as to the rank or title of the leaders on either side, but
+were left at liberty to treat, consult, and agree with any body or
+bodies politic, or any person or persons whatsoever; they might proclaim
+a cessation of hostilities on the part of the King's forces by sea or
+land, for any time, or under any conditions or restrictions; they might
+suspend any Act of Parliament relating to America passed since the 10th
+of February, 1763. In short, it was intimated that the Commissioners
+might accept almost any terms of reconciliation short of independence,
+and subject to be confirmed by a vote of Parliament.
+
+Lord North introduced his Bills in an able and eloquent speech of two
+hours, in which he reviewed his own career and the several questions of
+dispute with the colonies.[5]
+
+But though taunted from all sides, his Bills passed speedily through
+both Houses of Parliament. Lord Mahon remarks: "In spite of such taunts
+and far from friendly feelings on all sides, the Conciliatory Bills, as
+they have been termed, were not in reality opposed from any quarter.
+There was only one division on a clause moved by Mr. Powys, to repeal
+expressly by name the Massachusetts Charter Act. Lord North induced a
+large majority to vote against that clause, but agreed that the object
+in view should be attained by a separate measure. A Bill for that
+purpose was therefore introduced by Mr. Powys, and passed through
+Parliament concurrently with the other two. In the House of Lords the
+same arguments were, with little change, renewed. Lord Shelburne took
+occasion to declare his full concurrence in the sentiments of Lord
+Chatham, expressing 'the strongest disapprobation of every idea tending
+to admit the independence of America,' although acknowledging that
+future circumstances might create a necessity for such a submission.
+Lord Chatham himself was ill with gout at Hayes, and did not appear.
+There was no division; and on the 11th of March (1778), the King, seated
+on his throne, gave to all three measures the royal assent."[6]
+
+Lord North and other members of his Administration were convinced that
+the American problem could not be solved by their own party; that such a
+work could be accomplished by the Earl of Chatham alone, as he had a few
+years before, by his skill and energy, when the affairs of America were
+in a desperate state after five years' unsuccessful war with France,
+dispossessed France, in the short space of two years, of every inch of
+American territory. The Duke of Richmond advocated immediate surrender
+of independence to the Americans, and peace with them, in order to avoid
+a war with France; he doubted the possibility of even Lord Chatham being
+able to effect a reconciliation between the American colonies and Great
+Britain. Three-fourths of a century afterwards, Lord Macaulay expressed
+the same opinion; but Lord Mahon, in his History, has expressed a
+contrary opinion, and given his reasons in the following words, well
+worthy of being carefully read and pondered:
+
+"In the first place, let it be remembered with what great and what
+singular advantages Lord Chatham would have set his hand to the work. He
+had from the outset most ably and most warmly supported the claims of
+the colonists. Some of his eloquent sentences had become watchwords in
+their mouths. His statue had been erected in their streets; his
+portrait was hanging in their Council Chambers. For his great name they
+felt a love and reverence higher as yet than for any one of their own
+chiefs and leaders, not even at that early period excepting Washington
+himself. Thus, if even it could be said that overtures of reconciliation
+had failed in every other British hand, it would afford no proof that in
+Chatham's they might not have thriven and borne fruit.
+
+"But what at the same period was the position of Congress? Had that
+assembly shown of late an enlightened zeal for the public interests, and
+did it then stand high in the confidence and affection of its
+countrymen? Far otherwise. The factions and divisions prevailing at
+their town of York (in Virginia, where they removed from Baltimore), the
+vindictive rigour to political opponents, the neglect of Washington's
+army, and the cabals against Washington's powers, combined to create
+disgust, with other less avoidable causes, as the growing depreciation
+of the paper-money, the ruinous loss of trade, and the augmented burdens
+of the war. Is the truth of this picture denied? Hear then, as
+witnesses, the members of Congress themselves. We find in this very
+month of March (1778), one of them write to another on the necessity of
+joint exertions to "revive the expiring reputation of Congress." (Letter
+from William Duer, of New York, to Robert Morris, dated March 6th, 1778,
+and printed in the Life of Reed, Vol. I., p. 365.) We find another
+lamenting that 'even good Whigs begin to think peace, at some expense,
+desirable.' (General Reed to President Wharton, February 1, 1778.)
+
+"When such was the feeling in America, both as regarded Lord Chatham and
+as regarded the Congress, it would not certainly follow that any
+overture from the former would be rejected on account of the
+disapprobation of the latter. The provinces might, perhaps, have not
+been inclined to the deliberations, or even cast off the sway of the
+central body, and make terms of peace for themselves. At any rate, all
+such hope was not precluded; at least some such trial might be made.
+
+"Nor does it appear to me, as to Mr. Macaulay, that there was any, even
+the slightest, inconsistency in Lord Chatham having first pronounced
+against the conquest of America, and yet refusing to allow her
+independence. After the declaration in her behalf of France, Lord
+Chatham had said, no doubt, that America could not be conquered. Had he
+ever said she could not be reconciled? It was on conciliation, and not
+on conquest, that he built his later hopes. He thought the declaration
+of France no obstacle to his views, but rather an instrument for their
+support. He conceived that the treaty of alliance concluded by the
+envoys of the Congress with the Court of Versailles might tend beyond
+any other cause to rekindle British feelings in the hearts of the
+Americans. Were the glories of Wolfe and Amherst, in which they had
+partaken, altogether blotted from their minds? Would the soldier-yeomen
+of the colonies be willing to fight side by side with those French whom,
+till within fifteen years, they had found in Canada their bitter
+hereditary foes? That consequences like to these--that some such
+revulsion of popular feeling in America might, perhaps, ensue from an
+open French alliance, is an apprehension which, during the first years
+of the contest, we find several times expressed in the secret letters of
+the Revolution chiefs; it was a possibility which we see called forth
+their fears; why then might it not be allowed to animate the hopes of
+Chatham?"[7]
+
+But Lord Chatham was not destined even to try the experiment of giving
+America a second time to England; in a few days he fell in the House of
+Lords, to rise no more, with the protest on his lips against the
+separation of the American colonies from England. The Americans had no
+confidence in the professions of a Parliament and Ministry which had
+oppressed and sought to deceive them for twelve years. As low as the
+Congress had fallen in the estimation of a large part of the colonists,
+the English Ministry was regarded with universal distrust and aversion.
+The Congress refused even to confer with the Royal Commissioners, and
+had sufficient influence to prevent any province from entering into
+negotiations with them. All the former grounds of complaint had been
+removed by the three Acts of Parliament above referred to, and all the
+concessions demanded had been granted. The Royal Commissioners requested
+General Washington, on the 9th of June (1778), to furnish a passport for
+their Secretary, Dr. Ferguson with a letter from them to Congress; but
+this was refused, and the refusal was approved by Congress. They then
+forwarded, in the usual channel of communication, a letter addressed "To
+his Excellency Henry Laurens, the President, and other Members of
+Congress," in which they enclosed a copy of their commission and the
+Acts of Parliament on which it was founded; and they offered to concur
+in every satisfactory and just arrangement towards the following among
+other purposes:
+
+"To consent to a cessation of hostilities both by sea and land;
+
+"To restore free intercourse, to revive mutual affection, and renew the
+common benefits of naturalization through the several parts of this
+empire;
+
+"To extend every freedom to trade that our respective interests can
+require;
+
+"To agree that no military forces shall be kept up in the different
+States of North America without the consent of the General Congress, or
+particular Assemblies;
+
+"To concur in measures calculated to discharge the debts of America, and
+to raise the credit and value of the paper circulation;
+
+"To perpetuate our union by a reciprocal deputation of an agent or
+agents from the different States, who shall have the privilege of a seat
+and voice in the Parliament of Great Britain; or if sent from Great
+Britain, in that case to have a seat or voice in the Assemblies of the
+different States to which they may be deputed respectively, in order to
+attend to the several interests of those by whom they are deputed;
+
+"In short, to establish the power of the respective Legislatures in each
+particular State; to settle its revenue, its civil and military
+establishment, and to exercise a perfect freedom of legislation and
+internal government; so that the British States throughout North
+America, acting with us in peace and war under one common sovereign, may
+have the irrevocable enjoyment of every privilege that is short of total
+separation of interests, or consistent with that union of force on which
+the safety of our common religion and liberty depends."[8]
+
+The three Acts of Parliament and the proposals of the five English
+Commissioners were far in advance of any wishes which the colonists had
+expressed before the Declaration of Independence, and placed the
+colonists on the footing of Englishmen--all that the Earl of Chatham and
+Mr. Burke had ever advocated--all that the free, loyal, and happy
+Dominion of Canada enjoys at this day--all and nothing more than was
+required for the unity of the empire and of the Anglo-Saxon race; but
+the leaders of Congress had determined upon the dismemberment of the
+empire--had determined to sever all connection with the elder European
+branch of the Anglo-Saxon family--had determined, and that without even
+consulting the constituents whom they professed to represent, to
+transfer their allegiance from England to France, to bind themselves
+hand and foot to France--that they would make no peace with England,
+upon any terms, without the consent of the French Court.
+
+It may be easily conceived what an effect would be produced upon the
+truly national mind of both England and America by such a transition on
+the part of the leaders of Congress and their representatives abroad--a
+transition which might be called a revolution, involving new issues and
+new relations of parties; for the question was no longer one of mere
+separation from England, much less the question of Stamp Acts, or
+taxation without representation, or suspension of charters--all acts and
+pretensions of this kind having been repealed and renounced; but the
+question was now one of union with the hereditary foe of England and her
+colonies; and the unnatural alliance contemplated the invasion of
+England by the French, the destruction of British commerce, the wresting
+from England of the West Indies as well as Canada,[9] and the
+possession by France of whatever islands or territory her navy and army
+should conquer.
+
+All this was a different thing from mere independence of the mother
+country. The United Empire Loyalists and advocates of colonial rights
+were now subject to a new allegiance, and punished as rebels and their
+property confiscated if they would not unite with the French against
+their English forefathers and brethren. So enamoured were the leaders of
+Congress with their new allies, that they interrupted the reading of the
+official letter from the British Commissioners on account of a passage
+which reflected upon France, and debated three days whether they should
+allow the remaining part of the letter to be read.[10]
+
+But the feelings of all classes in England, and of a large part, if not
+the great majority, of the colonists, were different from those of the
+leaders of Congress, now depleted of many distinguished men who attended
+its previous year's sittings.[11]
+
+By this alliance with France the allied colonies became, as it were, a
+part of France, bound up in oneness with it--refusing all overtures or
+negotiations with the representatives of England without the approval of
+the French Court. The coasts, cities, towns, etc., of the American
+allies of France therefore became liable to the same treatment on the
+part of the British army and navy as the coasts, cities, and towns of
+France. Of this the British Commissioners informed the Congress, after
+the latter had declared its identity with France, and refused any
+further intercourse with them.[12]
+
+The war for a short time after this period became more acrimonious and
+destructive on both sides than before, as between the French and
+English. But this policy of devastation and retaliation was disapproved
+of by the British Government--was confined mostly to some certain coast
+towns in New England, while in the South the conduct of Col. Campbell,
+on the subjugation of Georgia, was marked by lenity and generosity.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: "While the American Commissioners were urging the Ministers
+of the King of France to accept the treaty proposed by Congress, they
+received assurances of the good wishes of the Court of France; but were
+from time to time informed that the important transactions required
+further consideration, and were enjoined to observe the most profound
+secrecy. Matters remained in this fluctuating state from December, 1776,
+till December, 1777. Private encouragement and public discountenance
+were alternated; but both varied according to the complexion of news
+from America. The defeat on Long Island, the reduction of New York, and
+the train of disastrous events in 1776, which have already been
+mentioned, sunk the credit of the Americans very low, and abated much of
+the national ardour for their support. Their subsequent successes at
+Trenton and Princeton effaced these impressions, and rekindled active
+zeal in their behalf. The capture of Burgoyne (October, 1777) fixed
+these wavering polities. The successes of the American campaign of 1777
+placed them on high ground. Their enmity proved itself formidable to
+Britain, and their friendship became desirable to France. It was
+therefore determined to take them by the hand and publicly espouse their
+cause. The Commissioners of Congress, on the 16th of December, 1777,
+were informed by M. Gerard, one of the Secretaries of the King's Council
+of State, 'that it was decided to acknowledge the independence of the
+United States, and to make a treaty with them; that in the treaty no
+advantage would be taken of their situation to obtain terms which
+otherwise it would not be convenient for them to agree to; that his Most
+Christian Majesty desired the treaty, once made, should be durable, and
+their amity to subsist for ever, which could not be expected if each
+nation did not find an interest in its continuance as well as in its
+commencement.'" (Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II.,
+Chap, xv., pp. 246, 247.)]
+
+[Footnote 2: "MS. Instructions, May, 6th, 1776, State Paper Office.--It
+is therein required as a preliminary condition, before any province
+shall be declared in the King's peace, that its Convention, or
+Committee, or Association 'which have usurped powers,' shall be
+dissolved."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Lord Mahon's History of England, Vol. VI., Chap. liii., pp.
+137, 138.
+
+Lord Mahon adds: "At the beginning of the troubles, as I have already
+shown, and for a long time afterwards, the vast majority of the
+Americans had no wish nor thought of separation from the mother country.
+Their object was substantially, and with some new safeguards for their
+rights, to revert to the same state in which they had been before the
+Administration of George Grenville. But the further the conflict
+proceeded, the less and less easy of attainment did that object seem.
+How hard, after what had passed, to restore harmonious action between
+the powers now at strife, for the people to trust the Governors
+appointed by the King, and for the King to trust the Assembly elected by
+the people. Even where the actual wrong might have departed, it would
+still leave its fatal legacy, rancour and suspicion, behind. Under the
+influence of these feelings a great number of persons in all the
+colonies were gradually turning their minds to the idea of final
+separation from the parent State. Still, in all these colonies, except
+only in New England, there were many lingering regrets, many deep-rooted
+doubts and misgivings. John Adams writes as follows: 'My dear friend
+Gates, all our misfortunes arise from a single source--the reluctance of
+the Southern colonies to republican government' (March, 1776, American
+Archives, Vol. V., p. 472). Here are the words of another popular
+leader: 'Notwithstanding the Act of Parliament for seizing our property,
+there is a strange reluctance in the minds of many to cut the knot which
+ties us to Great Britain'" (Letter of Reed to Washington, March 3rd,
+1776).--_Ib._, pp. 139, 140.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xi., pp. 121, 122.]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The impression on the House that night, while Lord North
+was speaking, and after he sat down, is well described by the pen of a
+contemporary--no other, in all probability, than Burke: 'A dull,
+melancholy silence for some time succeeded to this speech. It had been
+heard with profound attention, but without a single mark of approbation
+to any part, from any description of men, or any particular man in the
+House. Astonishment, dejection, and fear overclouded the whole assembly.
+Although the Minister had declared that the sentiments he expressed that
+day had been those which he always entertained, it is certain that few
+or none had understood him in that manner; and he had been represented
+to the nation at large as the person in it the most tenacious of those
+parliamentary rights which he now proposed to resign, and the most
+remote from the submissions which he now proposed to make.'
+
+"It may be said, indeed, that there was not a single class or section
+within the walls of Parliament to which the plan of Lord North gave
+pleasure. The Ministerial party were confounded and abashed at finding
+themselves thus requested to acknowledge their past errors and retrace
+their former steps. Some among them called out that they had been
+deceived and betrayed. In general, however, the majority acquiesced in
+sullen silence. On the other part, the Opposition were by no means
+gratified to see the wind, according to the common phrase, taken from
+their sails. They could not, indeed, offer any resistance to proposals
+so consonant to their own expressed opinions, but they took care to make
+their support as disagreeable and damaging as possible." (Lord Mahon's
+History of England, etc., Vol. VI., Chap. lvii., pp. 327-329.)]
+
+[Footnote 6: History of England, etc., Vol. VI., Chap. lvii, pp. 329,
+330.
+
+Lord Mahon adds: "Only two days previously, Lord North, who had opened
+his Budget on the 6th, had carried through his financial resolutions in
+the House of Commons, involving a new loan of L6,000,000, which was
+contracted on advantageous terms. Thus were funds provided to pursue the
+war, should that be requisite. Thus was an opening made for negotiations
+should they be practicable. In either case the path was cleared for a
+new Administration. Here then was the moment which Lord North had for
+some time past desired--the moment when, with most honour to himself and
+with most advantage to his country, he could fulfil his intentions of
+resigning." (Lord Mahon's History of England, Vol. VI., Chap. lvii, pp.
+330, 331.)]
+
+[Footnote 7: Lord Mahon's History of England, Vol. VI., Chap. lvii., pp.
+344-347.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xv., pp. 254, 255.]
+
+[Footnote 9: While Count D'Estaing was at Boston repairing his shattered
+fleet, he was not unmindful of an essential part of his commission--to
+detach Canada from England. "In pursuance of this design, a Declaration
+was published (dated the 28th of October, 1778), addressed in the name
+of the King of France to the French inhabitants of Canada, and of every
+other part of America formerly subject to that Crown. This Declaration
+contained the highest praises of the valour of the Americans; it laid
+before the inhabitants of Canada the mortification they must endure in
+bearing arms against the allies of their parent State; it represented to
+them, in the strongest terms, the ties formed by origin, language,
+manners, government, and religion, between the Canadians and the French,
+and lamented the misfortune which had occasioned a disjunction of that
+colony from France; it recalled to their remembrance the brave
+resistance they had made during the many wars they had been engaged in
+against England, especially the last; it reminded them of their
+favourite warriors and generals, particularly the valiant Montcalm, who
+fell at their head, in defence of their country; it earnestly entreated
+them to reflect seriously on their disagreeable subjection to strangers
+living in another hemisphere, differing from them in every possible
+respect, who could consider them no otherwise than as a conquered
+people, and would always, of course, treat them accordingly. It
+concluded by formally notifying, that the Count D'Estaing was authorized
+and commanded by the King of France to declare, in his name, that all
+his former subjects in North America who should renounce their
+allegiance to Great Britain might depend on his protection and support."
+(Dr. Andrews' History of the American War, Vol. III., Chap. xxxviii., p.
+171.)]
+
+[Footnote 10: The conciliatory acts of the British Parliament and the
+letter of the Commissioners were referred by the Congress to a Committee
+of three--all known to be opposed to any reconciliation with England.
+This Committee made, the next day after its appointment, a report which
+was adopted by Congress, that the British acts were merely intended to
+operate upon the hopes and fears of the American people, and to produce
+divisions among them; "that those who made any partial convention or
+agreement with the Commissioners of Great Britain would be regarded as
+enemies; and that the United States could hold no conference with such
+Commissioners until the British Government _first withdrew its fleets
+and armies, or acknowledged the independence of the United States_."
+
+"This _rejection_ of terms which they not long before would have
+cordially welcomed, _was, no doubt, caused by the confident expectation
+they then had of the support and alliance of France_; and accordingly
+the news of that alliance soon after reached them, and diffused a
+general joy throughout the land." (Tucker's History of the United
+States, Vol. I., Chap. iii., pp. 221, 222.)]
+
+[Footnote 11: "The Declaration of Independence effected an alteration of
+sentiments in England. It was esteemed by many of the most judicious
+persons in this country, a measure wholly unnecessary, and without
+recurring to which America might have compassed every point proposed by
+continuing its resistance to Britain on the same footing it had begun.
+This measure occasioned an alienation from its interests in the minds of
+many of its former adherents. It was looked upon as a wanton abuse of
+the success with which it had opposed the efforts of the British
+Ministry to bring them to submission, and as an ungrateful return for
+the warmth with which their cause had been espoused in Parliament, and
+by such multitudes as in the idea of many amounted to a plurality."
+
+"The Declaration of France completed the revolution that had been
+gradually taking place in the opinions of men on their being repeatedly
+apprised of the determination of Congress to break asunder all the bonds
+of former amity, and to unite themselves in the closest manner with that
+kingdom." (Dr. Andrews' History of the American War, Vol. III., Chap.
+xxxiv., pp. 82-84.)
+
+The Declaration of France in favour of the independence of the American
+colonies, and of alliance with them, was officially communicated to the
+British Government the 13th of March, 1778, a few days after which the
+French fleet under the command of Count D'Estaing sailed from Toulon,
+and arrived off the coast of America in July--after a long voyage of
+eighty-seven days. On learning the departure of the French fleet for
+America, the British Government sent out, in the same ships with the
+Peace Commissioners, orders to Sir Henry Clinton to concentrate his
+forces on Long Island and at New York. "The successor of Howe, Sir Henry
+Clinton, was," says Lord Mahon, "in character, as upright and amiable;
+in skill and enterprise, much superior. Had the earlier stages of the
+war been under his direction, his ability might not have been without
+influence upon them. But it was his misfortune to be appointed only at a
+time when other foes had leagued against us, when the path was beset
+with thorns and briars, when scarce any laurels rose in view. In
+consequence of the impending war with France, and in conformity with the
+advice of Lord Amherst to the King, instructions had been addressed to
+Sir Henry, on the 23rd of March, to retire from the hard-won city of
+Philadelphia, and concentrate his forces at New York. This order reached
+him at Philadelphia, in the month of May, only a few days after he had
+assumed the chief command; only a few days before, there came on shore
+the British Commissioners of Peace. These Commissioners might well
+complain with some warmth, in a secret letter to Lord George Germaine,
+that an order so important, so directly bearing on the success of their
+mission, should have been studiously concealed from them until they
+landed in America, and beheld it in progress of execution. Thus to a
+private friend wrote Lord Carlisle (one of the Commissioners): 'We
+arrived at this place, after a voyage of six weeks, on Saturday last,
+and found everything here in great confusion--- the army upon the point
+of leaving the town, and about three thousand of the miserable
+inhabitants embarked on board of our ships, to convey them from a place
+where _they think they would receive no mercy from those who will take
+possession after us_.'"
+
+"Thus from the first," says Lord Mahon, "the Commissioners had against
+them the news of a retreat from Philadelphia, and the news of the treaty
+of Paris; further, they had against them, as the Opposition in England
+had long foreseen and foretold, the fact of their connection with Lord
+North. Even at the outset, before their affairs could be known (June 14,
+1778), one of the leaders in America, General Joseph Reed, answered a
+private note from one of them as follows: 'I shall only say that after
+the unparalleled injuries and insults this country has received from the
+men who now direct the affairs of Great Britain, a negotiation under
+their auspices has much to Struggle with.'" "How different," remarks
+Lord Mahon, "might have been his feelings, had they brought their
+Commission from Lord Chatham." (History of England, Vol. VI., Chap.
+lviii., pp. 372-374.)
+
+Lord Mahon adds: "Not any, even the smallest opening, was afforded to
+these messengers of peace. They desired to despatch to the seat of
+Congress their Secretary, Dr. Adam Ferguson, the well-known Professor of
+Edinburgh, and they applied to Washington for a passport, but Washington
+refused it until the pleasure of Congress should be known. The Congress,
+on their part, had put forth a resolution declining even to hold any
+conference with the Commissioners unless, as a preliminary, they should
+either withdraw the fleets and armies, or else, in express terms,
+acknowledge the independence of the United States. In vain did the
+Commissioners address the President of the Congress, and entreat some
+consideration of their terms. (For the terms, see page 11.) To none of
+these terms, so tempting heretofore, would the Congress hearken; and
+after their first letter, they decided in a summary manner that no
+further reply should be returned."--_Ib._, pp. 374, 375.]
+
+[Footnote 12: "Finding it impossible to proceed with their negotiations,
+the Commissioners prepared to re-embark for England. First, however,
+they issued a manifesto, or proclamation, to the American people,
+appealing to them against the decisions of the Congress, and offering to
+the colonies at large, or singly, a general or separate peace. This
+proclamation was in most parts both ably and temperately argued. But
+there was one passage liable to just exceptions. The Commissioners
+observed, that hitherto the hopes of a reunion had checked the extremes
+of war. Henceforth the contest would be changed. If the British colonies
+were to become an accession to France, the law of self-preservation must
+direct Great Britain to render the accession of as little avail as
+possible to her enemy. Mr. Fox and others in the House of Commons
+inveighed with great plausibility against this passage, us threatening a
+war of savage desolation. Others again, as friends of Lord Carlisle and
+Mr. Eden (afterwards Lord Auckland), asserted that no such meaning was
+implied. The error, whatever it might be, lay with the Commissioners,
+and in no degree with the Government at home; for Lord North denied, in
+the most express terms, that his Ministers had intended to give the
+least encouragement to the introduction of any new kind of war in North
+America." (Debate in the House of Commons, Dec. 4, 1778.)
+
+Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol. VI., Chap. lviii., pp. 376,
+377.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+COMPLETE FAILURE OF THE FRENCH FLEET AND ARMY, UNDER COUNT D'ESTAING, TO
+ASSIST THE CONGRESS.
+
+
+The leaders of Congress were disappointed in the high expectations which
+they had entertained from their unnatural alliance with France. Count
+D'Estaing left France with a much more powerful fleet than Lord Howe
+commanded in America, besides bringing an army of several thousand
+soldiers. He had expected to surprise and capture the British ships in
+the River Delaware; but Lord Howe had sailed for New York several days
+before his arrival. Count D'Estaing pursued, and lay eleven days at
+anchor off Sandy Hook, not being able to get his large ships over the
+bar into New York harbour. He at length directed his course, by
+Washington's advice, to Long Island, and sailed up the Newport river,
+whither he was followed by Lord Howe. "An attack against the British in
+that quarter had been projected between the new allies. The French
+promised to land from their ships four thousand troops, and the
+Americans actually sent a detachment of ten thousand under General
+Sullivan. The British troops, only five thousand strong, retired within
+their lines at Newport.
+
+"At these tidings, Lord Howe, whose intended successor, Admiral Byron,
+had not yet arrived, issued forth from the Hudson and sailed in pursuit
+of D'Estaing. The two fleets were on the point of engaging when
+separated by a violent storm; there were conflicts between individual
+ships only, in which the honour of the British flag was worthily
+maintained. D'Estaing now declared his fleet so far damaged by the
+storm as to compel him to put into Boston harbour and refit. In this
+resolution he persisted, though Sullivan, Greene, and other American
+officers altogether denied the necessity, and even transmitted to him a
+written protest against it, couched in the most acrimonious terms."[13]
+
+Certain it is, that the course which D'Estaing pursued on this occasion
+not only forced the Americans to relinquish their enterprise upon Long
+Island, but roused up among them a bitter feeling against the French. To
+such an extent was this animosity carried that riots ensued in the
+streets of Boston[14] between the American seamen and their new
+allies.[15]
+
+Even in regard to the mode of attacking the British on Long Island,
+differences arose between Count D'Estaing and his new American friends
+on questions of etiquette. Mr. Tucker says: "D'Estaing's fastidiousness
+on points of etiquette, and his refusal to aid in what would have given
+so serious a blow to the British power in America, is calculated to
+raise a doubt whether he was really anxious to bring the war to an
+immediate conclusion."[16] Early in November, Count D'Estaing, with the
+French squadron, quitted the port of Boston and sailed for the West
+Indies, there to pursue exclusively French objects. "Deep was the
+disappointment and loud the animadversion of the Americans in the
+Northern provinces. They had formed the most sanguine hopes from the
+French alliance. They had found that alliance as yet little better than
+a name."[17]
+
+The results of Count D'Estaing's expedition, and of the French alliance
+thus far, are well summed up by Dr. Ramsay in the following words: "With
+the abortive expedition to Rhode Island there was an end to the plans
+which were in this first campaign projected by the allies of Congress
+for co-operation. The Americans had been intoxicated with hopes of the
+most decisive advantages; but in every instance they were disappointed.
+Lord Howe, with an inferiority of force, not only preserved his own
+fleet, but counteracted and defeated all the views and attempts of Count
+D'Estaing. The French fleet gained no direct advantages for the
+Americans; yet their arrival was of great service to their cause.
+Besides deranging the plans of the British, it carried conviction to
+their minds that his Most Christian Majesty was seriously disposed to
+support them. The good-will of their new allies was manifested to the
+Americans; and though it had failed in producing the effects expected
+from it, the failure was charged to winds, weather, and unavoidable
+incidents. Some censured Count D'Estaing; but while they attempted to
+console themselves by throwing blame on him, they felt and acknowledged
+their obligation to the French nation, and were encouraged to persevere
+in the war, from the hope that better fortune would attend their future
+co-operation."[18] Count D'Estaing proceeded with his fleet to the West
+Indies, where he did nothing worthy of the large fleet, reinforced by
+that of Count de Grasse with several thousand troops, against the
+English fleet under the command of Admiral Byron--much inferior in both
+men and metal; but the French admiral declined and evaded any general
+engagement, though repeatedly provoked to it. "The British fleet
+endeavoured in vain to compel the enemy to come to close fight; they
+avoided it with the utmost circumspection and dexterity."[19]
+
+It became indispensably necessary for Admiral Byron to provide a
+powerful convoy to the merchant shipping now on the eve of their
+departure for England, and whose cargoes were of immense value. Under
+all the circumstances, Admiral Byron determined to convoy the homeward
+trade with his whole fleet, till it was out of danger of being followed
+by Count D'Estaing or of falling in with M. de la Motte, who was on his
+way from France to the French islands with a strong squadron. During
+Admiral Byron's absence, Count D'Estaing directed an attack to be made
+on the island of St. Vincent, the garrison of which was very
+inconsiderable, and soon surrendered to the superior strength of the
+French, assisted by a great multitude of the Caribbee Indians, and who
+seized this opportunity of revenging themselves for injuries inflicted
+upon them by the English during the last French war.
+
+In the meantime Count D'Estaing was still further reinforced by the
+arrival of the squadron commanded by M. de la Motte. His fleet now
+consisted of twenty-six ships of the line and twelve frigates, and his
+land force amounted to ten thousand men. With this powerful armament he
+sailed for the island of Grenada, the strength of which consisted of
+about one hundred and fifty regulars and three or four hundred armed
+inhabitants. The garrison was compelled to yield to the prodigious
+superiority of force against them, after a most heroic defence, in
+which no less than three hundred of the French were killed and
+wounded.[20]
+
+The complaints of the Americans of the failure of Count D'Estaing's
+expedition to America, of his abandoning the expedition against Long
+Island, of his leaving the coasts of the Southern colonies unprotected
+and exposed, and proceeding to the West Indies, reached the French
+Court, which sent instructions to Count D'Estaing enjoining him to
+return with all speed to the assistance of the colonies. For this
+purpose he left the West Indies on the 1st of September. Mr. Tucker
+remarks: "General Lincoln (commander of the colonial forces in Carolina)
+having informed Count D'Estaing that the British ships had gone into
+port to repair the damages sustained in the late engagement with his
+fleet in the West Indies, and that a fair opportunity was presented of
+destroying the British army in Georgia, with the co-operation of the
+French fleet, the Count immediately left the West Indies, with
+twenty-two sail of the line and eleven frigates. He had on board six
+thousand land forces, and arrived so unexpectedly on the coast that a
+British fifty-gun ship and three frigates fell into his hands. He then,
+in conjunction with General Lincoln, planned an attack on the town of
+Savannah."[21]
+
+The arrangements for the attack having been made, the whole French fleet
+came to anchor at the mouth of the Savannah river on the 1st day of
+September. He was occupied ten days in landing his troops and
+artillery; on the 15th of September a junction was formed between the
+French and General Lincoln,[22] and with the utmost confidence of
+success.[23]
+
+They determined to take the town by siege rather than by storm in the
+first instance.[24]
+
+On the 16th of September they demanded, in a very confident and haughty
+tone, the surrender of the town to the arms of the King of France; but
+General Prevost declined surrendering on a general summons, and
+requested a specific statement of the terms of it. The Count replied
+that it was for the besieged to propose the terms. General Prevost
+requested and obtained twenty-four hours' suspension of hostilities to
+prepare his answer. Before the twenty-four hours had elapsed,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Maitland, with several hundred men who had been
+stationed at Beaufort, made their way through inland channels and
+swamps, and joined the royal standard at Savannah; and General Prevost
+gave his answer of no surrender. The French and Americans, who formed a
+junction the evening after, resolved to besiege the town, and consumed
+several days in preparing for it, while the works of the garrison were
+hourly strengthened by great labour and skill. From the 24th of
+September to the 4th of October a heavy cannonade on both sides was kept
+up; but the allied army, finding that they could make little or no
+impression on the works of the besieged, resolved on a bombardment, with
+a stronger cannonading than ever. On the 4th of October the besiegers
+opened on the town three batteries, with nine mortars, thirty-seven
+pieces of cannon from the land side, and fifteen from the water. The
+firing from these batteries lasted, with little intermission, during
+five days; but the damage they did was confined mostly to the town,
+where some houses were destroyed and some women and children killed.
+Soon after the commencement of the cannonade, General Prevost requested
+permission to remove the women and children out of the town to a place
+of safety; but this request was refused in offensive terms on the part
+of Count D'Estaing, by the advice of General Lincoln, on the pretext
+that a desire of secreting the plunder lately taken from the South
+Carolinas was covered under the veil of humanity, but the real reason
+was that the surrender of the town would be expedited by keeping the
+women and children in it.[25]
+
+Count D'Estaing, finding that his five days' cannonading made no
+impression on the defensive works of the city, and his officers
+remonstrating against his continuing to risk so valuable a fleet on a
+dangerous coast, in the hurricane season, and at so great a distance
+from shore that it might be surprised by a British fleet, now completely
+repaired in the West Indies and fully manned, he decided to assault the
+town. The attack was commenced in three columns on the 9th, an hour
+before sunrise.
+
+"Though the besieged were prepared for the assault, and their fire was
+very destructive, the assailants pressed on and planted (for a few
+minutes) the standard of both nations on the walls; but the contest
+being still obstinately continued, the assailants were brought to a
+pause by the fall of Count Pulaski (commanding an American corps), who
+received a mortal wound; and Major Glaziers, who commanded the garrison,
+rushing at the head of a body of grenadiers and marines, drove back the
+allied troops, who were ordered to retreat. The French lost seven
+hundred men; the Americans, two hundred and thirty-four. The British
+garrison lost only fifty-five in killed and wounded. On the 16th of
+October the siege was raised by the Count, who thus for the third time
+failed in his co-operation with the Americans, after the fairest
+prospects of success."[26]
+
+Mr. Bancroft states the final struggle of this eventful contest, and the
+results and effects of it on the Southern colonies, in the following
+words:--"After an obstinate struggle of fifty-five minutes to carry the
+redoubt, the assailants retreated before a charge of grenadiers and
+marines, led gallantly by Maitland. The injury sustained by the British
+was trifling; the loss of the Americans was about two hundred; of the
+French, thrice as many. The French withdrew their ships, and sailed for
+France; the patriots of Georgia who had joined them fled to the
+backwoods or across the river.
+
+"Lincoln repaired to Charleston, and was followed by what remained of
+his army; the militia of South Carolina returned to their homes; its
+continental regiments were melting away; and its paper money became so
+nearly worthless, that a bounty of twenty-five hundred dollars for
+twenty-one months' service had no attraction. The dwellers near the sea
+between Charleston and Savannah were shaken in their allegiance, not
+knowing where to find protection. Throughout the State the people were
+disheartened, and foreboded desolation."[27]
+
+I have given a more minute account of Count D'Estaing and his abortive
+expeditions to America, and of his final attack upon Savannah and its
+results; how completely disappointed were the American revolutionists
+thus far in their unnatural alliance with France against England; how
+little mutual respect or good-will, and what quarrels occurred, whenever
+they came or attempted to act together, whether at Boston, or Long
+Island, or Charleston, or Savannah; and how much feebler the army and
+more gloomy the prospects of the Congress party were at the end of 1779
+than they were two years before, when the alliance with France was
+formed. Dr. Ramsay well sums up these events as follows:
+
+"The campaign of 1779 is remarkable for the feeble exertions of the
+Americans. Accidental causes, which had previously excited their
+activity, had in a great measure ceased to have influence. An enthusiasm
+for liberty made them comparatively disregard property and brave all
+dangers in the first years of the war. The successes of their arms near
+the beginning of 1777, and the hope of capturing Burgoyne's army in the
+close of it, together with the brisk circulation of a large quantity of
+paper-money, in good credit, made that year both active and decisive.
+The flattering prospects inspired by the alliance with France in 1778
+banished all fears of the success of the revolution, but the failure of
+every scheme of co-operation produced a despondency of mind unfavourable
+to great exertions. Instead of driving the British out of the country,
+as the Americans vainly presumed, the campaigns of 1778 and 1779
+terminated without any direct advantage from the French fleet sent to
+their aid. Expecting too much from their allies, and then failing in
+these expectations, they were less prepared to prosecute the war with
+their own resources than they would have been if D'Estaing had not
+touched on their coast. Their army was reduced in its numbers and badly
+clothed.
+
+"In the first years of the war, the mercantile character was lost in the
+military spirit of the times; but in the progress of it the inhabitants,
+cooling in their enthusiasm, gradually returned to their former habits
+of lucrative business. This made distinctions between the army and
+citizens, and was unfriendly to military exertions. While several
+foreign events tended to the embarrassment of Great Britain,[28] and
+indirectly to the establishment of independence, a variety of internal
+causes relaxed the exertions of the Americans, and for a time made it
+doubtful whether they would ultimately be independent citizens or
+conquered subjects."[29]
+
+Even a year later--"The military force," says Mr. Tucker, "embarked in
+the beginning of 1781, to maintain the cause of independence, is thus
+stated in (Chief Justice) Marshall's Life of Washington: The Southern
+troops, from Pennsylvania to Georgia, did not exceed three thousand men.
+Of the Northern troops, twelve hundred had been detached to Virginia,
+under La Fayette; with these they amounted only to three thousand
+effective men in April. The cavalry and artillery was less than one
+thousand. With some small additions, the whole reached four thousand men
+in May. They were ill supplied with clothing, and were seriously
+threatened with a want of provisions. The quartermaster's department was
+without means of transport," (Marshall, Vol. IV., p. 446).[30]
+
+Such was the character and such the fruits of the alliance with France
+during the first two years of its existence; and such was the state of
+the revolutionary army in 1780, and which seems to have been largely
+owing to the incapacity and ill conduct of the Congress itself, which
+had become degenerate and corrupt--equal to that of any British
+Parliament, or of any Provincial Legislature, under any Royal
+Governor.[31]
+
+Abundant evidence can be adduced in proof and illustration of this
+statement from the warmest partizans of Congress; but the testimony of
+Washington himself is ample and indisputable. In the winter of 1778-9 he
+had to concert his measures with Congress at Philadelphia, and he writes
+from thence as follows to his friend Benjamin Harrison:
+
+"If I were to be called upon to draw a picture of the times and of men
+from what I have seen, heard, and in part known, I should in one word
+say that idleness, dissipation, and extravagance seem to have laid fast
+hold of them; that speculation, peculation, and an insatiable thirst for
+riches seem to have got the better of every other consideration and of
+every order of men; that party disputes and personal quarrels are the
+great business of the day; whilst the momentous concerns of an empire, a
+great and accumulating debt, ruined finances, depreciated money, and
+want of credit, which in its consequence is the want of everything, are
+but secondary considerations, and postponed from day to day, and from
+week to week, as if our affairs wore the most promising aspect. * * Our
+money is now sinking fifty per cent. a day in this city, and I shall not
+be surprised if in the course of a few months a total stop is put to the
+currency of it; and yet an assembly, a concert, a dinner, a supper, that
+will cost three or four hundred pounds, will not only take men from
+acting in this business, but from thinking of it; while a great part of
+the officers of our army, from absolute necessity, are quitting the
+service. * * I have no resentments, nor do I mean to point at particular
+characters. This I can declare upon my honour, for I have every
+attention paid me by Congress that I could possibly expect. * * But
+such is the picture which from my inmost soul I believe to be true; and
+I confess to you that I feel more real distress on account of the
+present appearances of things, than I have done at any time since the
+commencement of the dispute."[32]
+
+Such is General Washington's own account of the character and occupation
+of the Congress of the United States in the third year of the
+revolutionary war, and in the second year of their alliance with
+France--idleness, dissipation, extravagance, speculation, peculation,
+avarice, party and personal quarrels, dancing, feasting; while the
+credit was reduced almost to nothing, and the army neglected and
+suffering.[33]
+
+Such was the progress of the war; such the failure of the expeditions of
+the French alliance; such the state of the revolutionary army, and of
+the public credit; and such the degenerate character and proceedings of
+Congress and its surroundings in the beginning of 1780--the fifth year
+of the civil war.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 13: "They urged D'Estaing to return with his fleet into the
+harbour; but his principal officers were opposed to the measure, and
+protested against it. He had been instructed to go into Boston if his
+fleet met with any misfortune. His officers insisted on his ceasing to
+prosecute the expedition against Rhode Island, that he might conform to
+the orders of their common superiors. A protest was drawn up and sent to
+him, which was signed by John Sullivan, Nathaniel Greene, John Hancock,
+I. Glover, Ezekiel Cornel, William Whipple, John Tyler, Solomon Lovell,
+John Fitconnel. They protested against the Count's taking the fleet to
+Boston, as derogatory to the honour of France, contrary to the intention
+of his Christian Majesty and the interests of his nation, destructive in
+the highest degree to the welfare of the United States, and highly
+injurious to the alliance formed between the two nations. Had D'Estaing
+prosecuted his original plan within the harbour, either before or
+immediately after the pursuit of Lord Howe, the reduction of the British
+post on Rhode Island (which had been in the possession of the British
+since 1776) would have been probable; but his departure in the first
+instance to engage the English fleet, and in the second from Rhode
+Island to Boston, frustrated the whole." (Dr. Ramsay's History of the
+United States, Vol. II., Chap. xvi., p. 272.)
+
+"Whatever were the reasons which induced Count D'Estaing to adopt that
+measure (of sailing with his fleet direct for Boston), the Americans
+were greatly dissatisfied. They complained that they had incurred great
+expense and danger, under the prospect of the most effective
+co-operation; that depending thereon, they had risked their lives on an
+island, where, without naval protection, they were exposed to particular
+dangers; that in this situation they were first deserted, and afterwards
+totally abandoned, at a time when, by persevering in the original plan,
+they had well-grounded hopes of speedy success. Under these
+apprehensions the discontented militia went home in such crowds that the
+regular army, which remained was in danger of being cut off from a
+retreat. In these embarrassing circumstances, General Sullivan
+extricated himself with judgment and ability. He began to send off his
+heavy artillery and baggage on the 26th, and retreated from the lines on
+the night of the 28th." (Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol.
+VI., Chap. lviii., p. 173.)]
+
+[Footnote 14: "The inveteracy to the French, traditionally inherent in
+the lower classes of the New England people, could not be restrained
+from breaking out in Boston, in manner that might have been attended
+with the most serious consequences to the interests of both France and
+America, had not the prudence of the magistracy interposed on the one
+hand, and the sagacity of Count D'Estaing co-operated on the other. A
+desperate fray happened in that city between the populace and the French
+sailors, in which these were roughly handled, and had much the worse. A
+number of them were hurt and wounded, and some, it was reported, were
+killed."
+
+"Precisely at the same time, a disturbance of a like nature happened at
+Charleston, in South Carolina, between the French and American seamen,
+but it was carried to much greater extremities; they engaged on both
+sides with small arms, and even with cannon. A number of people were
+killed and wounded" (Dr. Andrews' History of the American War, Vol.
+III., Chap. xxxviii., pp. 172, 173)]
+
+[Footnote 15: Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol. VI., Chap.
+lviii, pp. 380, 381.
+
+"During this time Sir Henry Clinton sent out several expeditions in
+various quarters. Near Tappan, a body of American horsemen under Colonel
+Baylor were surprised and routed, or put to the sword. In Egg-Harbour,
+great part of Count Pulaski's foreign legion was cut to pieces. At
+Buzzard's Bay, and on the island called Martha's Vineyard, many American
+ships were taken or destroyed, store-houses burned, and contributions of
+sheep and oxen levied. In these expeditions the principal commander was
+General Charles Grey, an officer of great zeal and ardour, whom the
+Americans sometimes surnamed the 'No-flint General,' from his common
+practice of ordering the men to take the flints out of their muskets,
+and trust to their bayonets alone. After some twenty years of further
+service, the veteran was raised, by the favour of his Sovereign, to the
+peerage as Lord Grey of Howick, and afterwards Earl Grey. His son became
+Prime Minister (father of the present Earl Grey), and the greatest
+orator who, since the death of Chatham, had appeared in the House of
+Lords."--_Ib._, pp. 382, 383.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Tucker's History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap.
+iii., p. 231.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Lord Mahon's History of England, Vol. VI., Chap. lviii.,
+p. 384.
+
+Mr. Tucker remarks on this subject: "On the 3rd of November D'Estaing
+sailed for the West Indies, and thus ended the costly and fruitless
+expedition which bade fair to be decisive of the contest; and which
+failed first by disasters from the elements, and then from
+misunderstandings in which the interests of the common cause seem to
+have been sacrificed to paltry personal feelings on both sides."
+(History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap, iii., p. 234.)]
+
+[Footnote 18: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap,
+xvi., p. 275.]
+
+[Footnote 19: "Early in January, 1779, reinforcements under Admiral
+Byron transferred maritime superiority to the British; and D'Estaing for
+six months sheltered his fleet in the bay of Port Royal. At the end of
+June, Byron having left St. Lucia to convoy a company of British
+merchant ships through the passage, D'Estaing detached a force against
+St. Vincent, which, with the aid of the oppressed and enslaved Caribs,
+was easily taken. At the same time the French admiral made an attack on
+the island of Grenada, whose garrison surrendered on the 4th of July, at
+discretion." (Bancroft, Vol. X., Chap, xiii., p. 295.)]
+
+[Footnote 20: "Two days after the taking of Grenada," says Mr. Bancroft,
+"the fleet of Byron arrived within sight of the French, and, though
+reduced in number, sought a general close action, which his adversary
+knew how to avoid." (History of the United States, Vol. X., Chap, xiii.,
+p. 295.)]
+
+[Footnote 21: History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap, iii., p. 249.
+
+"Count D'Estaing's intentions and his hopes were, as before, directed to
+objects of the first magnitude. The first measure of the plan and
+contemplation was to expel the British forces out of Georgia, and to
+place that province and the contiguous province of South Carolina, and
+in short all the Southern colonies, on a footing of perfect security
+from any future invasions by the British troops. After the
+accomplishment of this object, he next proposed no less than a total
+deliverance of America from the terror of the British arms. This was to
+be effected by the destruction of the British fleet at New York. The
+latter part of the plan he doubted not to accomplish through the
+co-operation of the American army under Washington." (Dr. Andrews'
+History of the Late War, Vol. III., Chap. xlv., pp. 308, 309.)]
+
+[Footnote 22: "A junction being formed by the French and American
+forces, they amounted together to between nine and ten thousand men.
+Count D'Estaing had five thousand regulars, and near one thousand stout
+mulattos and free negroes, well armed. The body of Americans that joined
+him under the command of General Lincoln consisted of about two thousand
+at first, but were soon augmented to twice that number.
+
+"To oppose this formidable strength, General Prevost (the commander of
+Savannah) had no more, altogether, than three thousand men; but they
+were such as continual experience had shown he could place the utmost
+dependence on. Numbers were refugees (loyalists), _whom resentment for
+the usage they had received_ exasperated to a degree that rendered them
+desperate."--_Ib._, p. 312.]
+
+[Footnote 23: "As soon as the arrival of Count D'Estaing on the coast
+was known, General Lincoln, with the army under his command, marched for
+the vicinity of Savannah; and orders were given for the militia of
+Georgia and South Carolina to rendezvous near the same place. The
+British were equally diligent in preparing for their defence. The
+American militia, flushed with the hope of speedily expelling the
+British from their southern possessions, turned out with an alacrity
+which far surpassed their exertions in the previous campaign." (Dr.
+Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap. xvii., p. 302.)]
+
+[Footnote 24: "The French and the Americans encamped separately. Count
+D'Estaing thought it most prudent to keep them apart. He knew by
+experience how apt they were to disagree; and he hoped that, by acting
+asunder from each other, a reciprocal emulation would be excited. It was
+agreed, accordingly, that each of them should carry on their respective
+approaches without interference from the other side. This method was
+particularly agreeable to the French, who, looking upon themselves as
+incomparably superior to the Americans, did not choose to divide any
+honour with these, to which they imagined that they alone were
+entitled." (Dr. Andrews' History of the Late War, Vol. III., Chap, xlv.,
+pp. 312, 313.)]
+
+[Footnote 25: Count D'Estaing was afterwards so ashamed of this inhuman
+refusal, that after the repulse of his assault upon the garrison he
+apologized for it, and offered the permission requested, but which was
+no longer needed, and therefore refused.
+
+General Stedman, referring to this circumstance, says: "On the morning
+of the 4th of October, the batteries of the besiegers having opened with
+a discharge from fifty-three pieces of heavy cannon and fourteen
+mortars, a request was made by General Prevost that the women and
+children might be permitted to leave the town and embark on board
+vessels in the river, which should be placed under the protection of
+Count D'Estaing, and wait the issue of the siege. But this proposal,
+dictated by humanity, was rejected with insult. Fortunately, however,
+for the inhabitants as well as the garrison, although an incessant
+cannonade from so many pieces of artillery was continued from the 4th to
+the 9th of October, less injury was done to the houses in the town than
+might have been expected; few lives were lost, and the defences were in
+no respect materially damaged." (Stedman's History of the American War,
+Vol. II., Chap, xxx., p. 127.)]
+
+[Footnote 26: Tucker's History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap,
+iii., p. 250.
+
+This disastrous attack upon Savannah was followed by mutual
+recriminations between the French and American officers and soldiers.
+
+"No good agreement, it has been said, subsisted between the French and
+Americans from the commencement of the siege, and their mutual dislike
+was now increased by disappointment. After the assault, the French could
+no longer conceal their contempt for their new allies; they styled them
+'insurgents' in common conversation and even in written memorials."
+(General Stedman's History of the American War, Vol. II., Chap, xxx., p.
+132.)
+
+"While the British troops were enjoying the satisfaction resulting from
+the success that was due to their conduct and valour, the enemy was in a
+condition of discontent and sullenness which had like to have terminated
+fatally. The Americans could not conceal their disapprobation of the
+whole proceedings of Count D'Estaing, nor he the contemptuous light in
+which he held them. Reciprocal taunts and reproaches came to such a
+height between both the officers and soldiers of either party, that it
+was once thought they would have proceeded to actual violence.
+
+"A motive which strongly influenced the Americans was the jealousy they
+had conceived against the French commander, on account of his having
+summoned General Prevost to _surrender to the arms of France_, without
+including those of the United States of America. They inferred from
+thence, that either he considered them as unworthy of the honour of
+being mentioned conjointly with the King of France, or that he meant to
+retain the province of Georgia for that Crown in case of reduction.
+Whichever of the two was the meaning of the French commander, it exposed
+him equally to the indignation of the Americans.
+
+"To this it may be added, that the inhuman refusal of the request of
+General Prevost for a permission to the women and children to depart
+from the town of Savannah during the siege, was now by the French
+attributed to the Americans, whom they accused of brutality, and whose
+general, a French officer of rank, was loaded with the coarsest and most
+injurious appellations, in common with his other countrymen.
+
+"From the day of their repulse, both the French and Americans abandoned
+all further prosecution of the siege.
+
+"In this manner was the province of Georgia cleared a third time of the
+enemy, after the most sanguine expectations had been entertained by all
+America that the reduction of this province would have been a
+preparatory step to the expulsion of the British fleets and armies from
+every part of the continent." (Dr. Andrews' History of the War, etc.,
+Vol. III., Chap. xlv., pp. 316-318.)]
+
+[Footnote 27: Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. X., Chap.
+xiii., pp. 297, 298.]
+
+[Footnote 28: "In the latter part of this year (1779), Spain decided on
+joining France in the war, anxious as she was to take the chance of
+recovering Gibraltar, Jamaica, and the Floridas." (Tucker's History of
+the United States, Vol. I., Chap. iii., p. 251.)
+
+Thus England had arrayed against her two of the most powerful
+Governments, with the two most powerful fleets in Europe, besides the
+war in America.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xvii., pp. 305, 306.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Tucker's History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap.
+iii., p. 282.]
+
+[Footnote 31: "There were never more than forty members present--often
+no more than twenty. These small numbers, however, by no means insured
+harmony, nor precluded violent and unseemly quarrels, rumours of which
+were not slow in passing the Atlantic. 'For God's sake,' thus writes La
+Fayette from France, 'For God's sake prevent the Congress from disputing
+loudly together. Nothing so much hurts the interest and reputation of
+America.' (Letter of La Fayette to Washington, June 12th, 1779.) Thus
+the object of concealment, unless, perhaps, for private purposes, was
+most imperfectly attained, although, in name at least, the deliberations
+of Congress at this time were secret. Historically, even the Journal
+which they kept gives little light as to their true proceedings. An
+American gentleman, who has studied that document with care, laments
+that it is painfully meagre, the object being apparently to record as
+little as possible." (Life of President Reed, by Mr. William Reed, Vol.
+II., p. 18.)
+
+Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol. VI., Chap. lviii., pp. 420,
+421.]
+
+[Footnote 32: Letter to Benjamin Harrison, December 30th, 1778.
+Washington's Writings, Vol. VI., p. 151, quoted in Lord Mahon's History,
+Vol. VI., Chap. lviii., pp. 419, 420.]
+
+[Footnote 33: Dr. Ramsay, referring to this depreciation of the
+currency, says: "The confiscation and sale of the property of Tories,
+for the most part, brought but very little into the public treasury. The
+sales were generally made on credit, and by the progressive
+depreciation, what was dear at the time of the purchase, was very cheap
+at the time of payment. When this measure was first adopted, little or
+no injustice resulted from it, for at that time the paper bills were
+equal, or nearly equal, to gold or silver of the same nominal sum. In
+the progress of the war, when depreciation took place, the case was
+materially altered.
+
+"The aged, who had retired from the scenes of active business to enjoy
+the fruits of their industry, found their substance melting away to a
+mere pittance, insufficient for their support. The widow who lived
+comfortably on the bequests of a deceased husband, experienced a
+frustration of all his well-meant tenderness. The laws of the country
+interposed and compelled her to receive a shilling, where a pound was
+her due. The hapless orphan, instead of receiving from the hands of an
+executor a competency to set out in business, was obliged to give a
+final discharge on the payment of sixpence in the pound." (Dr. Ramsay's
+History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap. xviii., pp. 315, 316.)
+
+"The paper-money," says Lord Mahon, "had gradually fallen to
+one-twentieth, to one-thirtieth, nay, in some cases to not less than
+one-hundredth of its nominal value! But perhaps one practical instance
+may make this case clearer. In December of this year (1779), and in the
+State of Maryland, an English officer received an innkeeper's bill,
+which in his Travels he has printed at full length, amounting in
+paper-money to L732 and some shillings; and this bill he paid in gold
+with four guineas and a half." (Aubury's Travels, Vol. II., p. 492.)
+(Lord Mahon's History, etc., Vol. VI., Chap. lviii., p. 416.)
+
+General Washington thus describes this state of things in regard to
+every man in the public service: "What officers can bear the weight of
+prices that every necessary article is now got to? A rat, in the shape
+of a horse, is not to be bought at this time for less than two hundred
+pounds, nor a saddle under thirty or forty pounds; boots twenty, and
+shoes and other articles in like proportion. How is it possible,
+therefore, for officers to stand this without an increase of pay? And
+how is it possible to advance their pay when flour is selling at
+different places from five to fifteen pounds per hundredweight, hay from
+ten to thirty pounds, and beef and other essentials in like proportion?"
+The depreciation still proceeding, Washington a few months afterwards
+says that "a waggon load of money will now scarcely purchase a waggon
+load of provisions." (Letters to Governor Morris, October 4th, 1778; and
+to the President of the Congress, April 23rd, 1779.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+1780--A YEAR OF WEAKNESS AND DISASTER TO THE AMERICAN CAUSE, AND OF
+SUCCESS TO THE BRITISH ARMS.
+
+
+The year 1780 was inauspicious for the revolutionary cause, but
+auspicious for the English. The financial embarrassments arising from
+the depreciation of the paper-money engaged the anxious deliberations of
+Congress,[34] and Washington's army was by no means able to cope with
+the northern division of the English army.[35]
+
+But La Fayette, now returned from a recent visit to France, during which
+he had obtained from the French Court a loan of money and reinforcements
+of naval and land forces, Washington contemplated the recovery of New
+York, which had long been a favourite object with him. The French
+squadron of seven sail of the line, and five frigates and transports,
+under the command of Chevalier de Ternay, arrived at Newport harbour,
+Long Island, on the 10th July, having on board six thousand troops,
+under the command of Count de Rochambeau, who, in order to prevent the
+repetition of previous disputes, was directed to put himself under
+Washington's orders; and on all points of precedence and etiquette--this
+was the first division of the promised reinforcements from France--the
+French officers were to give place to the Americans. Washington and
+Count de Rochambeau agreed upon an attack on New York. The British had
+in New York only four ships of the line and a few frigates; but three
+days after the arrival of the French squadron, Admiral Graves reached
+New York with six ships of the line. Having now the naval superiority,
+the British, instead of waiting to be attacked, proposed to attack the
+French at Newport, and for which purpose Sir Henry Clinton embarked with
+six thousand men; but as Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Arbuthnot could
+not agree on a plan of operations, the British troops were disembarked.
+The fleet proceeded to blockade the French ships, and the revolutionary
+army was obliged to remain at Newport for their protection. "News
+presently arrived that the French second division was detained at Brest,
+blockaded there by another British squadron. Instead of being an
+assistance, the French auxiliaries threatened to be a burden; three
+thousand troops and five hundred militia were kept under arms at Newport
+to assist in guarding the French ships. Thus a third time--as it seemed,
+almost a sort of fatality--the attempt at French co-operation proved a
+failure."[36]
+
+Sir Henry Clinton, on leaving the Count D'Estaing after his defeat at
+Savannah, had left the coast of Georgia with his fleet for France,
+determined to extend his military operations south, with a view of
+completing the submission of the Southern States. Leaving the garrison
+of New York under the command of General Knyphausen, he proceeded in
+person on an expedition against South Carolina, and besieged Charleston,
+the capital. Information had been obtained at Charleston of Sir Henry
+Clinton's intention two months before the arrival of his fleet and
+troops, and the city was fortified on all sides, and on its redoubts,
+lines, and batteries were mounted eighty pieces of cannon and mortars.
+The commander, General Lincoln, had a force of 7,000 men of all
+denominations under arms, and was expecting large reinforcements. The
+army of Sir Henry Clinton was increased by a reinforcement of 3,000
+men--making in the whole about 9,000 men under his command.
+
+At the commencement of the siege, the Governor of the State, by the
+extraordinary powers conferred upon him by the Legislature, issued a
+proclamation requiring such of the militia as were regularly drafted,
+and all the inhabitants and _owners of property in the town, to repair
+to the American standard and join the garrison immediately, under pain
+of confiscation_.
+
+The siege commenced the 3rd of April, and was protracted to the 11th of
+May. The terms of capitulation proposed by each party in the earlier
+part of the siege were mutually declined. Cannonading continued on each
+side until the British opened batteries on the third parallel, played
+upon the American garrison with cannon and mortars at a distance of less
+than a hundred yards, advanced within twenty-five yards of the American
+works, and were ready for making a general assault by land and water
+when, on the 11th of May, "a great number of citizens addressed General
+Lincoln in a petition, expressing their acquiescence in the terms which
+Sir Henry Clinton had offered, and requested his acceptance of them. On
+the reception of this petition, General Lincoln wrote to Sir Henry, and
+offered to accept the terms before proposed. The royal commanders,
+wishing to avoid the extremity of storming the city, and unwilling to
+press to unconditional submission an enemy whose friendship they wished
+to conciliate, returned a favourable answer. A capitulation was signed
+on the 12th of May, and Major General Leslie took possession of the town
+the next day. Upwards of 400 pieces of artillery were surrendered.[37]
+By the articles of capitulation, the garrison was to march out of town
+and deposit their arms in front of the works, but the drums were not to
+beat a British march, nor the colours to be uncased. The continental
+troops and seamen were to keep their baggage and remain prisoners of war
+till exchanged. The militia were to be permitted to return to their
+respective homes, as prisoners on parole; and while they adhered to
+their parole, were not to be molested by the British troops in person or
+property. The inhabitants, of all conditions, were to be considered as
+prisoners on parole, and to hold their property on the same terms with
+the militia. The officers of the army and navy were to retain their
+servants, swords, pistols, and baggage unsearched. They were permitted
+to sell their horses, but not to remove them. A vessel was allowed to
+proceed to Philadelphia with General Lincoln's despatches unopened."[38]
+
+Shortly after the capture of Charleston, Sir Henry Clinton embarked for
+New York with the principal part of his army;[39] but before his
+departure he performed several important acts both as Royal Commissioner
+and as Commander-in-Chief of the army.
+
+After the surrender of the capital, it was proposed to awe the
+disaffected and secure the universal submission of the people by sending
+out three expeditions.
+
+"One expedition was sent by Clinton up the Savannah, to encourage the
+loyal and reduce the disaffected in the neighbourhood of Augusta:
+another proceeded for like purpose to the district of Ninety-Six, where
+Williamson surrendered his post and accepted British protection. A third
+and larger party, under Cornwallis, moved across the Santee towards
+Camden."[40]
+
+These expeditions rather weakened than strengthened the influence of the
+British cause, as compulsion rather than conciliation was employed to
+re-establish British supremacy; and the proclamations and orders issued
+by Sir Henry Clinton before his departure for New York, defeated rather
+than promoted the objects intended by them.[41]
+
+After issuing his proclamation (for the purport of which see previous
+note), Sir Henry Clinton took his departure, with the major part of his
+army, for New York, leaving Lord Cornwallis in command with four
+thousand troops.[42]
+
+"Lord Cornwallis, considering South Carolina as entirely reannexed to
+Great Britain, would admit of no neutrality among the inhabitants; but
+insisted on their taking the oath of allegiance, which, however, was
+generally taken with reluctance by the people of the lower country. This
+part of the State was still further alienated by the licentious and
+plundering habits of the British soldiers over a conquered country, and
+by the seduction of many of the slaves from their masters."[43]
+
+There can be no justification of Lord Cornwallis's policy; but there
+were some mitigating circumstances that palliate the severities which he
+inflicted. Among those who had been taken prisoners at the capture of
+Charleston, and professed loyalty, was, as Lord Mahon says, "One Lisle,
+who had not only taken the oath of allegiance, but accepted military
+rank as a King's officer; waited just long enough to supply his
+battalion with clothes, arms, and ammunition from the royal stores, and
+then quietly led them back to his old friends. Highly incensed at such
+signal acts of treachery as Lisle's, Lord Cornwallis had recourse to
+some severe orders in return. The penalty of death was denounced against
+all militiamen who, after serving with the English, went off to the
+insurgents. Several of the prisoners in the battle of Camden, men taken
+with arms in their hands and British protections in their pockets, were
+hanged. Other such examples were made at Augusta and elsewhere. Some who
+had been living on their parole at Charleston, and who, in spite of that
+parole, carried on a secret correspondence with their insurgent
+countrymen, were shipped off to St. Augustine. A proclamation was
+issued, sequestering the estates of those who had been the most forward
+to oppose the establishment of the royal authority within the province.
+Perhaps these measures exceeded the bounds of justice; certainly they
+did the bounds of policy. This was shown by the fatal event, when, on
+the overthrow of the royalist cause in South Carolina, the measures of
+Lord Cornwallis became the plea for other executions and for every act
+of oppression that resentment could devise."
+
+"Within the more limited sphere of his own command, Lord Rawdon had
+recourse to, or at the very least announced, some measures still more
+severe, and far less to be justified. In a letter to one of his
+officers, which was intercepted, we find, for example, what follows: 'I
+will give the inhabitants ten guineas for the head of every deserter
+belonging to the volunteers of Ireland; and five guineas only if they
+bring him in alive.' No amount of provocation or of precedent in his
+enemies, no degree of youthful ardour in himself, are at all adequate to
+excuse these most blamable words. When, however, he was called upon to
+vindicate them, Lord Rawdon declared that many of his threats were meant
+only 'to act on the fears and prejudices of the vulgar,' and by no means
+to be carried into practical effect."[44]
+
+During the latter part of the year there were various skirmishes and
+battles between volunteer parties of Independents, under such leaders as
+Sumpter and Clarke, and detachments of the British army, with various
+success, but nothing which affected the supremacy of the royal cause,
+though the moral influence of it was widely weakened by the arbitrary
+policy of the British commanders and the conduct of the British troops.
+The prospects of the revolution were very gloomy,[45] and its leaders
+were much disheartened. In these circumstances of depression and
+despondency, an earnest appeal was made to France for men and money,[46]
+and the transactions following show that the appeal was not made in
+vain, and that French ships and troops were the main instruments in
+deciding the battle which was followed by the acknowledgment of American
+Independence.[47]
+
+Mr. Hildreth, referring to the close of this year, says: "So far,
+indeed, as related to America, Great Britain had good reason to be
+satisfied with the late campaign. Georgia was entirely subdued, and the
+royal government re-established. The possession of Charleston, Augusta,
+Ninety-Six, and Camden, supported by an army in the field, secured
+entire control over all the wealthy parts of South Carolina. North
+Carolina was full of Tories, anxiously awaiting the approach of
+Cornwallis. The three Southern States were incapable of helping
+themselves, and those further north, exhausted and penniless, were
+little able to send assistance. It seemed as if the promises so often
+made by Lord George Germaine's American correspondents were now about to
+be fulfilled, and the rebel colonies to sink beneath the accumulated
+pressure of this long-protracted struggle."[48]
+
+Thus, at the close of 1780, the military conflicts were almost
+invariably successful on the side of the British; the resources of the
+revolutionists in both money and men were exhausted, and their hopes of
+success utterly extinguished without foreign aid. But though the British
+were successful on the fields of battle, they everywhere lost in the
+confidence, esteem, and affections of the people, even of the Loyalists.
+Yet the prospects of the war party of independence were gloomy indeed.
+General Washington felt that some great achievement was necessary to
+revive the hopes of his fellow-countrymen, and save from dissolution his
+daily decreasing army. His only hope was in aid from France. His words
+were:
+
+"Without an immediate, ample, and efficacious succour in money, we may
+make a feeble and expiring effort in our next campaign, _in all
+probability the period of our opposition_. Next to a loan in money, _a
+constant naval superiority on these coasts_ is the object the most
+interesting."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 34: "The commissaries, greatly in debt, had neither money nor
+credit, and starvation began to stare the soldiers in the face. To
+support his army, Washington was again obliged to resort to the harsh
+expedient of levying contributions on the surrounding country. Each
+county was called upon for a certain quantity of flour and meat; but as
+the civil authorities took the matter of supply in hand, for which
+certificates were given by the commissaries on the appraisement of two
+magistrates, the use of force did not become necessary." (Hildreth's
+History of the United States, Vol. III., Chap. xi., p. 301.)]
+
+[Footnote 35: "Washington's entire force scarcely exceeded ten thousand
+men, a number not equal to the (British) garrison of New York; and even
+of these a considerable number were militia drafts, whose terms of
+service were fast expiring."--_Ib._, p. 303.
+
+But though New York was in possession of the British, and strongly
+garrisoned, apprehensions were entertained of attacks upon the several
+English garrison posts in the State from invasions of marauding parties
+of the revolutionary army, from facilities of approach on account of the
+freezing over of all the rivers from the extreme severity of this
+winter. It is singular that while Benjamin Franklin was leader of the
+Revolutionists, and now United States Minister to France, his son was
+one of the leaders of the Loyalists. "It was now," says Mr. Hildreth,
+"that the 'Board of Associated Loyalists' was formed, of which Franklin,
+late Royal Governor of New Jersey, released by exchange from his tedious
+confinement in Connecticut, was made president. Washington, however, was
+in no condition to undertake an attack, and the winter passed off with
+few skirmishes." (Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. III.,
+Chap. xi., p. 303.)]
+
+[Footnote 36: _Ib._, pp. 311, 312.]
+
+[Footnote 37: "In the siege, the British lost seventy-six killed and one
+hundred and eighty-nine wounded; the Americans about an equal number.
+The prisoners, exclusive of sailors, amounted to five thousand six
+hundred and eighteen, counting all the adult males of the town."
+(Tucker's History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap. lii., p. 253.)]
+
+[Footnote 38: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xx., pp. 337, 338.
+
+Yet in the face of the facts above stated by Dr. Ramsay, who was an
+officer on General Washington's staff, and afterwards member of
+Congress, where he had access to the official documents and letters from
+which he compiled his history, Mr. Bancroft makes the following
+statements and remarks: "The value of the spoil, which was distributed
+by English and Hessian commissaries of captures, amounted to about
+L300,000 sterling, so that the dividend of a major-general exceeded
+4,000 guineas. There was no restraint on private rapine; the silver
+plate of the planters was carried off; all negroes that had belonged to
+the rebels were seized, even though they had themselves sought an asylum
+within the British lines; and at one embarkation 2,000 were shipped to a
+market in the West Indies. British officers thought more of amassing
+fortunes than of re-uniting the empire. The patriots were not allowed to
+appoint attorneys to manage or sell their estates, a sentence of
+confiscation hung over the whole land, and British protection was
+granted only in return for the unconditional promise of loyalty."
+(Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. X., Chap. xiv., pp. 305,
+306.)]
+
+[Footnote 39: "Sir Henry Clinton, having left about 4,000 men for
+Southern service, embarked early in June with the main army for New
+York. On his departure the command devolved on Lieutenant-General
+Cornwallis." (Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xx., p. 341.)
+
+"They saw South Carolina apparently won back to the royal cause, and
+with some probability that North Carolina would follow the example. But
+at this crisis intelligence reached Sir Henry Clinton that the Americans
+upon the Hudson (under the command of General Washington) were on the
+point of receiving considerable succours; that a French fleet sent to
+their aid, with several French regiments on board, might soon be
+expected off the New England coasts. Sir Henry deemed it his duty to
+provide in person for the safety of his principal charge. In the first
+days of June he accordingly re-embarked for New York, with a portion of
+his army; leaving, however, about 4,000 men under Lord Cornwallis's
+command. The instructions given to Lord Cornwallis were to consider the
+maintenance of Charleston, and in general of South Carolina, as his main
+and indispensable objects; but consistently with these, he was left at
+liberty to make 'a solid move,' as it was termed, into North Carolina,
+if he judged it proper or found it possible." (Lord Mahon's History,
+etc., Vol. VII., Chap. lxii., p. 70.)
+
+On the eve of leaving Charleston for New York, Sir Henry reported to the
+British Colonial Minister, Lord Germaine: "The inhabitants from every
+quarter declare their allegiance to the King, and offer their services
+in arms. There are few men in South Carolina who are not either our
+prisoners or in arms with us."]
+
+[Footnote 40: Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. X., Chap.
+xiv., p. 306.
+
+"The universal panic consequent on the capture of Charleston had
+suspended all resistance to the British army. The men of Beaufort, of
+Ninety-Six, and of Camden, had capitulated under the promise of
+security. They believed that they were to be treated as neutrals or as
+prisoners on parole. There remained to them no possibility of flight
+with their families; and if they were inclined to take up arms, there
+was no American army around which they could rally." (Bancroft's History
+of the United States, Vol. X., Chap. xiv., p. 307.)
+
+"No organized American force was now left in either of the Carolinas.
+The three most Southern States had not a battalion in the field, nor
+were the next three much better provided. The Virginia line had been
+mostly captured at Charleston, or dispersed in subsequent engagements.
+The same was the case with the North Carolina regiments. The recent
+battle of Camden had reduced the Maryland line to a single regiment--the
+Delaware line to a single company." (Hildreth's History of the United
+States, Vol. III., Chap. xi., p. 316.)]
+
+[Footnote 41: "On the 22nd of May, confiscation of property and other
+punishments were denounced against all who should thereafter oppose the
+King in arms, or hinder any one from joining his forces. On the 1st of
+June, a proclamation by the Commissioners Clinton and Arbuthnot, offered
+pardon to the penitent on their immediate return to allegiance; to the
+loyal, the promise of their former political immunities, including
+freedom from taxation, except by their own Legislature. This policy of
+moderation might have familiarized the Carolinians once more to the
+British Government; but the proclamation was not communicated to
+Cornwallis--so that when, three weeks later, two leading men, one of
+whom had been in a high station, and both principally concerned in the
+rebellion, went to that officer to surrender themselves under its
+provisions, he could only answer that he had no knowledge of its
+existence.
+
+"On the 3rd of June (the day of his departure from Charleston), Clinton,
+by a proclamation which he alone signed, cut up British authority in
+Carolina by the roots. He required all the inhabitants of the province,
+even those outside of Charleston, 'who were now prisoners on parole,' to
+take an active part in securing the royal government. 'Should they
+neglect to return to their allegiance,' so ran the proclamation, 'they
+will be treated as rebels to the government of the King.' He never
+reflected that many who accepted protection from fear or convenience,
+did so in the expectation of living in a state of neutrality, and that
+they might say, 'If we _must fight_, let us fight on the side of our
+friends, of our countrymen of America.'" (Bancroft's History of the
+United States, Vol. X., Chap. xiv., pp. 307, 308.)]
+
+[Footnote 42: "Earl (afterwards Marquis) Cornwallis was born in 1738.
+Early in life he had embraced the military profession, which he pursued
+with undeviating honour, though variable success. In him the want of any
+shining talents was in a great measure supplied by probity, by
+punctuality, by steady courage, by vigilant attention to his duties. In
+1776, on the Declaratory Bill, he had shown his conciliatory temper to
+the colonies; denying, with Lord Camden and only three Peers besides,
+any right we had to tax them while they remained unrepresented in the
+House of Commons. When, however, the war broke forth, he acted solely as
+became a soldier. Under Lord Cornwallis was now serving a young officer
+of no common spirit and daring, destined, like himself, to attain, at
+another period, the highest office that an Englishman out of England can
+fill--the office of Governor-General of India. This was Francis Lord
+Rawdon, subsequently better known, first as Earl of Moira, and then as
+Marquis of Hastings. In the ensuing battle of Camden, where he held a
+second rank, he played a distinguished part; he was not yet twenty-six
+years of age, and he had already gained renown five years before, in the
+battle of Bunker's Hill." (Lord Mahon's History, etc., Vol. VII., Chap.
+lxii., p. 71.)]
+
+[Footnote 43: Tucker's History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap.
+iii., p. 254.
+
+"There was no longer any armed American force in South Carolina; and
+Lord Cornwallis resorted to energetic means of preventing disaffection.
+All those who were found in arms after they had submitted to British
+protection were considered as having forfeited their lives, and several
+of them were hung on the spot. But these severities, instead of their
+intended effect, produced a strong reaction."--_Ib._, p. 256.]
+
+[Footnote 44: Lord Mahon's History, etc., Vol. VII., Chap. lxii., pp.
+75, 76.]
+
+[Footnote 45: "While the war raged in South Carolina, the campaign of
+1780, in the Northern States, was barren of important events. The
+campaign of 1780 passed away in the Northern States, as has been
+related, in successive disappointments and reiterated distresses. The
+country was exhausted; the continental currency expiring. The army, for
+want of subsistence, was kept inactive and brooding over its calamities.
+While these disasters were openly menacing the ruin of the American
+cause, treachery was silently undermining it. A distinguished officer
+(General Arnold) engaged, for a stipulated sum of money, to betray into
+the hands of the British an important post committed to his care," etc.
+(Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap. xxiv., pp.
+364-377.)]
+
+[Footnote 46: "Congress could do nothing, and confessed that it could do
+nothing. 'We have required,' thus they wrote to the States on the 15th
+of January, 1781, 'aids of men, provisions and money; the States alone
+have authority to execute.' Since Congress itself made a public
+confession of its powerlessness, nothing remained but _to appeal to
+France_ for rescue, not from a foreign enemy, but from the evils
+consequent on its own want of government. 'If France lends not a speedy
+aid,' wrote General Greene from the South to her Minister in
+Philadelphia, 'I fear the country will be for ever lost.' It was
+therefore resolved for the moment to despatch to Versailles, as a
+special minister, one who had lived in the midst of the ever-increasing
+distresses of the army, to set them before the Government of France in
+the most striking light. The choice fell on the younger Laurens, of
+South Carolina. To this agent Washington confided a statement of the
+condition of the country; and with dignity and candour avowed that it
+had reached a crisis out of which it could not rise by its own
+unassisted strength. To Franklin he wrote in the same strain; and La
+Fayette addressed a like memorial of ripe wisdom to Vergennes" (the
+French Minister for Foreign Affairs). (Bancroft's History of the United
+States, Vol. X., Chap., xix., pp. 417, 418.)
+
+"Scarce any one of the States had as yet sent an eighth part of its
+quota into the field; and there was no prospect of a glorious offensive
+campaign, unless their generous allies should help them with money, and
+with a fleet strong enough to secure the superiority at sea."--_Ib._, p.
+425.]
+
+[Footnote 47: It was in the latter part of this year, 1780, that the
+treachery of General Arnold and the melancholy tragedy of Major Andre's
+execution took place.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. III., Chap.
+xli., p. 331.
+
+"Though British conquests had rapidly succeeded each other, yet no
+advantages accrued to the victors. The minds of the people were
+unsubdued, or rather were alienated from every idea of returning to
+their former allegiance. Such was their temper, that the expense of
+retaining them in subjection would have exceeded all the profits of the
+conquest. British garrisons kept down open resistance, in the vicinity
+of the places where they were established; but as soon as they were
+withdrawn and the people left to themselves, a spirit of revolt hostile
+to Great Britain always displayed itself; and the standard of
+independence, whenever it was prudently raised, never wanted followers
+among the active and spirited part of the community." (Dr. Ramsay's
+History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap. xx., p. 363.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+THE FRENCH AND CONGRESS ALLIES IN 1781 RECOVER VIRGINIA--SURRENDER OF
+LORD CORNWALLIS--RESULTS.
+
+
+Under the adverse circumstances and gloom which attended and closed the
+year 1780, as stated in the preceding chapter, Washington felt the
+necessity of doing something bold and great to revive the confidence of
+his countrymen and arrest the decline of his army.
+
+Under these circumstances, a campaign of operations was devised and
+agreed upon by Washington and the commander of the French troops. The
+centres of British power in America were the army of about ten thousand
+men in New York, under the immediate command of Sir Henry Clinton, who
+was, indeed, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in North America;
+and secondly, the army of Virginia, about seven thousand men, under the
+command of Earl Cornwallis; and thirdly, the garrison of Charleston,
+South Carolina, under the command of Lord Rawdon; Savannah, the capital
+of Georgia, was also occupied by a British garrison. Washington's plan
+was to pretend an attack upon New York, but to make a real attack upon
+the army of Virginia, with the view of extinguishing British power in
+the Southern States. So well was the appearance of an intended attack
+upon New York kept up, that Sir Henry Clinton made all needful
+preparations for its defence, and actually ordered Lord Cornwallis to
+send a detachment of his men to New York to strengthen its defence; but
+after their embarkation for that purpose the order was countermanded,
+and Lord Cornwallis was allowed to retain them. Nothing could be more
+complete than the deception practised upon Sir Henry Clinton; nor did
+he suspect the real intention of the allied armies until they had
+crossed the Hudson and were on their way, through the Jerseys,
+Pennsylvania, and Maryland, to Virginia.[49]
+
+"In the latter end of August," says Dr. Ramsay, "the American army began
+their march to Virginia from the neighbourhood of New York. Washington
+had advanced as far as Chester before he received information of the
+arrival of De Grasse. The French troops marched at the same time, for
+the same place. In the course of this summer they passed through all the
+extensive settlements which lie between Newport and Yorktown. It seldom
+if ever happened before, that an army led through a foreign country at
+so great a distance from their own, among a people of different
+principles, customs, language, and religion, behaved with so much
+regularity. In their march to Yorktown they had to pass through five
+hundred miles of a country abounding in fruit, and at a time when the
+most delicious productions of nature, growing on and near the public
+highways, presented both opportunity and temptation to gratify their
+appetites, yet so complete was their discipline, that in this long march
+scarce an instance could be produced of a peach or an apple being taken
+without the consent of the inhabitants."[50]
+
+On the 14th of September, Washington and De Rochambeau, in advance of
+their armies and with their respective staffs of officers, arrived at
+Williamsburg; and with Generals Chastellux, Du Portail, and Knox,
+visited Count de Grasse on board his famous ship, the _Ville de Paris_,
+and agreed on the plan of operations against Earl Cornwallis at
+Yorktown, on York river, to which the allied armies at once proceeded,
+for the purpose of besieging it. On the 1st day of October, General
+Washington was able to report to the President of Congress that the
+investment of the place was completed. "Gloucester (on the opposite side
+of the river, not a mile wide there), which was held by Colonel Dundas,
+was beleaguered by some Virginian troops, and by the French legion of
+the Duke de Lauzun. Yorktown, where Cornwallis in person, and with his
+main force, commanded, saw to his left the division of La Fayette, and
+to his right the division of St. Simon. Other bodies of troops filled
+the space between them, while Washington and Rochambeau fixed their
+posts near together, towards the centre. They brought up fifty pieces of
+cannon, for the most part heavy, by aid from the French ships, as also
+sixteen mortars, and they lost no time in commencing their first
+parallel against the town.[51] By the 9th the first parallel was
+completed, when the town and its defences were cannonaded and shelled.
+Within another week a second parallel was completed within three
+hundred yards of the defences, two redoubts stormed and taken--one by
+the French and the other by the Americans--and the further defence of
+the town rendered impossible."
+
+"Down to this time, the 15th of October, Lord Cornwallis had expected
+reinforcements of ships and troops from New York;[52] but he now
+despaired of aid from that quarter, and attempted to escape with his
+army in the night across the river, which was prevented by a storm, when
+the only alternative left him was to surrender on the best terms he
+could obtain. On the morning of the 17th he sent a flag of truce to
+Washington, proposing a cessation of arms, and a treaty for the
+capitulation of his post. Hostilities ceased; the terms of surrender
+were discussed and agreed upon on the 18th by four commissioners, two
+field officers being named on each side. The army, and all that belonged
+to it, was surrendered to Washington; and the ships and seamen to Count
+de Grasse" (Tucker).
+
+"All the artillery and public stores in the two forts, together with the
+shipping and boats in the two harbours, were to be surrendered by the
+English. On the other hand, private property of every kind was to be
+respected by the Americans and French. The garrisons of York and
+Gloucester were to march out with the same honours of war as had been
+granted by Sir Henry Clinton at Charleston; the land forces to remain
+prisoners of the United States, and the naval forces prisoners of
+France. The soldiers were to be kept in Virginia, Maryland, or
+Pennsylvania, and as much by regiments as possible. The general staff
+and other officers not left with the troops to be permitted to go to New
+York, or to Europe, on parole."[53]
+
+The battle of Yorktown, and the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to the arms
+of the French and the Americans, may be regarded as the last battle of
+importance of the civil war in America. American writers and orators are
+fond of saying that here was brought face to face on the battle-field
+the strength of Old England and Young America, and the latter prevailed.
+No statement can be more unfounded, and no boast more groundless than
+this. England, without an ally, was at war with three kingdoms--France,
+Spain, and Holland--the most potent naval and military powers of Europe;
+while were also arrayed against her, by an "armed neutrality," Russia,
+Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden. England was armed to the teeth for the
+defence of her own shores against threatened invasion, while her navies
+were maintaining in sundry battles the honour of the British flag on
+three seas.
+
+A small part only of the British land and naval forces was on the coast
+of America; yet there were garrisons at Savannah and Charleston, and a
+much larger military force at New York, under the command of Sir Henry
+Clinton, than that of Yorktown, under Lord Cornwallis. In the following
+campaign the English fleet was victorious over the French fleet in the
+West Indies, capturing the great ship _Ville de Paris_, and taking Count
+de Grasse himself prisoner. In the siege of Yorktown there were about
+18,000 of the allied army of French and Americans, besides ships of the
+line and sailors, while the effective men under command of Lord
+Cornwallis amounted to less than 4,000. It was a marvel of skill and
+courage that with an army so small, and in a town so exposed and so
+incapable of being strongly fortified, and against an allied force so
+overwhelming, Lord Cornwallis was able to sustain a siege for a
+fortnight, until he despaired of reinforcements from New York.
+
+Be it also observed, that the greater part of the forces besieging
+Yorktown were not Americans, but French, who supplied the shipping and
+artillery; in short, all the attacking forces by water, and a duplicate
+land enemy--the one part under the command of Count de Rochambeau, and
+the other part under the command of the Marquis de La Fayette. Had it
+not been for the French fleet and the French land forces, Washington
+would not have attempted an attack upon Yorktown. The success of the
+siege was, therefore, more French than American, though Washington had
+the nominal command of the allied army.
+
+No one can doubt the undaunted courage and matchless skill of
+Washington, and his great superiority over any English general ever sent
+against him; nor can the bravery and endurance of his army be justly
+questioned; nor the dash and boldness and gallantry of the French army.
+But it is idle to speak of the siege of Yorktown as a trial of strength
+between Young America and Old England. And it is equally incorrect to
+say that the resources of England, in men or money, in ships or land
+forces, were exhausted, or that England was compelled to make peace in
+consequence of the disaster of Lord Cornwallis. There had been a peace
+party, both in and out of Parliament, opposed to the American war from
+the beginning. That party included some of the ablest statesmen in
+England, and increased in strength and influence from year to year, by
+exposing the incompetence, extravagance, and corruption of the
+Administration, the failure of all their plans, and the non-fulfilment
+of any of their promises in regard to America; that although they could
+defeat the Americans in the field of battle, they had not conquered and
+they could not conquer the hearts of the people, who became more and
+more alienated from England by the very example and depredations of the
+British officers and soldiers. The surrender of Lord Cornwallis, the
+importance of which was greatly magnified, increased the intensity of
+English feeling against the continuance of the American war, until the
+peace party actually gained a majority in the House of Commons,
+compelled the retirement of the old and corrupt Ministry, which had been
+the cause of all the oppressions in the American colonies and all the
+miseries of the war. Session after session, the leaders of the
+Opposition in both the Lords and Commons moved resolutions condemning
+the American war and the manner of conducting it; the Duke of Richmond,
+the Marquis of Rockingham, the Earl of Shelburne in the Lords; and
+General Conway, Mr. Fox, Mr. Burke, Lord John Cavendish, Mr. Hartley,
+Mr. Dunning (afterwards Lord Ashburton), and Sir James Lowther in the
+Commons. Several resolutions were introduced into the Commons
+condemnatory of the war in America, with a view of reducing the colonies
+to submission, and were defeated by small majorities--in one a majority
+of ten, and in another a majority of only _one_. At length they were
+censured and rejected by the Commons without a division.
+
+On the 22nd of February, General Conway moved "That an address should be
+presented to his Majesty, to implore his Majesty to listen to the advice
+of his Commons, that the war in America might no longer be pursued for
+the impracticable purpose of reducing the inhabitants of that country to
+obedience by force, and to express their hopes that his Majesty's desire
+to restore the public tranquillity might be forwarded and made effectual
+by a happy reconciliation with the revolted colonies."
+
+After a lengthened debate, this resolution was negatived--one hundred
+and ninety-three for the resolution, against it one hundred and
+ninety-four--a majority of one for the continuance of the war.
+
+The motion having been objected to as vague in its terms, General
+Conway, on the 27th of February, introduced another motion, the same in
+substance with the previous one, but varied in phraseology, so as to
+meet the rules of the House, and more explicit in its terms. This
+resolution was strongly opposed by the Ministry; and after a long debate
+the Attorney-General moved the adjournment of the House: For the
+adjournment voted two hundred and fifteen; against it, two hundred and
+thirty-four--majority of nineteen against the Ministry--so that the
+original question, and an address to the King, framed upon the
+resolution, were then earned without a division.[54] The King returned a
+gracious but vague answer.
+
+General Conway, after moving a vote of thanks to the King for his
+gracious answer, followed by moving a resolution: "That this House would
+consider as enemies to his Majesty and the country all those who should
+advise or by any means attempt the further prosecution of offensive war,
+on the continent of North America, for the purpose of reducing the
+revolted colonies to obedience by force." This motion, after a feeble
+opposition from the Ministry, was allowed to pass without a division.
+
+It might be supposed, under these circumstances, that the Ministry would
+forthwith resign; but they continued to hold on to office, which they
+had held for twelve years, to the great injury of England and her
+colonies.
+
+To bring the matter to an issue, the following resolution was moved on
+the 8th of March by Lord John Cavendish, seconded by Mr. Powys:
+
+"That it appears to this House, that since the year 1775 upwards of one
+hundred millions of money have been expended on the army and navy in a
+fruitless war.
+
+"That it appears to this House, that during the above period we have
+lost the thirteen colonies of America, which anciently belonged to the
+Crown of Great Britain (except the ports of New York, Charleston, and
+Savannah), the newly acquired colony of Florida, many of our valuable
+West India and other islands, and those that remain are in the utmost
+danger.
+
+"That it appears to this House, that Great Britain is at present engaged
+in an expensive war with America, France, Spain, and Holland, without a
+single ally.
+
+"That it appears to this House, that the chief cause of all these
+misfortunes has been the want of foresight and ability in his Majesty's
+Ministers.[55]"
+
+The facts stated in the first three of these resolutions were admitted
+on all sides; the discussion, therefore, turned upon the conclusion
+drawn in the last resolution, the justice of which was patent to all
+from the uniform failure and disgrace of the policy and all the separate
+measures of Ministers during the whole of their administration. It was
+attempted to be argued, in defence of Ministers, that misfortune did not
+always prove misconduct; that the failure of execution of measures might
+depend, not on those who planned them, but on the fault of those who
+were to execute them. But "this ground," says the Parliamentary
+Register, "appeared so weak, even to the friends of the Administration,
+that it was almost entirely deserted, except by the Ministers
+themselves; and the question was taken up with great art and ingenuity
+on other topics, as to who would succeed the Administration they were
+endeavouring to remove, and the diversity of opinions among them. But
+the efforts on the part of Ministers and their friends to create
+jealousies and discords among the members of the Opposition proved
+fruitless; and when the final vote was proposed, the Secretary of War
+evaded it by moving the order of the day, which was carried by a
+majority of ten."
+
+In the interval between the 8th and 14th, every intrigue was employed to
+create discord among the members of the Opposition, and to bring about a
+coalition under the presidency of Lord North, and a resolution was moved
+to that effect, which was lost by a majority of only nine.
+
+The Earl of Surrey gave notice that on the morning of the 20th inst. he
+would move, in substance, Lord John Cavendish's resolution directly
+condemnatory of the Ministry. On that morning Lord North and the Earl of
+Surrey rose at the same moment, and neither would give way to the other.
+The general cry was "Lord Surrey, and no adjournment." As soon as the
+House could be reduced to order, it was moved "That the Earl of Surrey
+be now heard," when Lord North, having obtained the right to speak,
+said, "I rise to speak to the motion before the House." He observed that
+had he been suffered to proceed before, he believed much unnecessary
+heat and disorder would have been prevented. He meant no disrespect to
+the noble earl; but as notice had been given that the object of the
+intended motion was the removal of his Majesty's Ministers, he meant to
+have acquainted the House that such a motion had become unnecessary. He
+could assure the House with authority that _the present Administration
+was no more_, and that his Majesty had come to a full determination of
+changing his Ministers; and that it was for the purpose of giving
+necessary time for new arrangements that he meant to have moved an
+adjournment.
+
+The noble lord then took leave of the House as a Minister of the Crown,
+and with many kind and courteous words thanked them for the honourable
+support they had given him during so long a course of years.[56]
+
+By such blows following each other in the Commons, in rapid succession
+and with accelerated force, was driven from power an Administration
+which had inflicted greater evils upon the Crown, the constitution, the
+people of England and of the colonies, than any Administration since the
+Revolution of 1688.[57]
+
+[Footnote 49: It appears, however, that in the first consultation, which
+"took place at Weathersfield, between Generals Washington, Knox, and Du
+Portail on the part of the Americans, and Count de Rochambeau and the
+Chevalier Chastellux on the part of the French, it was agreed to lay
+siege to New York in concert with the French fleet, which was to arrive
+on the coast in the month of August. Washington addressed letters to the
+executive officers of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New
+Jersey, requiring them to fill up their battalions, and to have their
+quotas of six thousand two hundred militia in readiness within a week
+after the time they might be called for. But all these States not adding
+five hundred men to Washington's army, Sir Henry Clinton having received
+a reinforcement of three thousand Germans, and intelligence having been
+received that Count de Grasse, with a French fleet of twenty-eight ships
+and seven thousand troops (besides seamen), had sailed for the
+Chesapeake, Washington and Count de Rochambeau changed their plan of
+operations and determined to proceed to Virginia, and, in combination
+with the French fleet and soldiers, to capture the army under the
+command of Earl Cornwallis in Virginia. The appearance of an intention
+to attack New York was nevertheless kept up. While this deception was
+played off, the allied army crossed the North River on August 24th, and
+passed on by the way of Philadelphia through the intermediate country to
+Yorktown, Virginia. An attempt to reduce the British force in Virginia
+promised success with more expedition, and to secure an object of nearly
+equal importance to the reduction of New York." (Ramsay's History of the
+United States, Vol. II., Chap. xxv., pp. 448-451.)]
+
+[Footnote 50: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xxv., pp. 450, 451.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol. VII., Chap.
+lxiv., p. 172.
+
+"On the other hand, Lord Cornwallis is admitted to have shown most
+undaunted resolution. The officers under him, and the troops, German and
+English, all did their duty well. For some weeks they had laboured hard,
+and unremittingly, in raising their defences; and they were now prepared
+with equal spirit to maintain their half-completed works. But besides
+the enemy without, they had another within--an epidemic sickness, that
+stretched many hundreds helpless in their pallet-beds. Nor could they
+hinder Washington from completing his first parallel and opening his
+fire upon them in the evening of the 9th of October. For two days the
+fire was incessant from heavy cannon, and from mortars and howitzers,
+throwing shells in showers on the town, until, says Cornwallis, all our
+guns on the left were silenced, our works much damaged, and our loss of
+men considerable. By these shells, also, the _Charon_, a ship of
+forty-four guns, together with three British transports in the river,
+were set in flames and consumed."--_Ib._, p. 173.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Before the investment of Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis sent a
+despatch to Sir Henry Clinton, informing him of the delicacy and danger
+of his situation, and requesting reinforcements. On the evening of the
+29th of September, Lord Cornwallis was cheered by the arrival of an
+express, bringing despatches from Sir Henry Clinton, dated the 24th,
+informing him that by the 5th of October a fleet of twenty-three sail of
+the line, three of which were three-deckers, with 5,000 men, rank and
+file, would start for his assistance. The auxiliary forces at New York
+were ready and eager to depart by the 5th of October; but the ships were
+delayed by the slowness and obstinacy of Admiral Arbuthnot. Sir Henry
+Clinton writes: "We had the misfortune to see almost every succeeding
+day produce some naval obstruction or other to protract our departure;
+and I am sorry to add, that it was the afternoon of the 19th before the
+fleet was fairly at sea. This was the day of Lord Cornwallis's
+capitulation. Five days afterwards the fleet with the 5,000 troops
+arrived off the Chesapeake, when they received the news of the surrender
+of Lord Cornwallis, and sailed back to New York. Had these auxiliary
+forces started from New York at the time promised, the siege of Yorktown
+would have been raised, the allied army defeated, and Lord Cornwallis
+and his little army would have been victors instead of prisoners."]
+
+[Footnote 53: Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol. VII., Chap.
+lxiv., pp. 177, 178.
+
+"The officers were to retain their side arms and private property of
+every kind, but all property obviously belonging to inhabitants of the
+United States to be subject to be reclaimed; the soldiers to be supplied
+with the same rations as were allowed to soldiers in the service of
+Congress. Cornwallis endeavoured to obtain permission for the British
+and German troops to return to their respective countries, under no
+other restrictions than an engagement not to serve against France or
+America. He also tried to obtain an indemnity for those of the
+inhabitants who had joined him; but he was obliged to recede from the
+former, and also to consent that the loyalists in his camp should be
+given up to the unconditional mercy of their countrymen. His lordship,
+nevertheless, obtained (from Washington) permission for the _Bonetta_
+sloop of war to pass unexamined to New York. This gave an opportunity of
+screening such of the loyalists as were most obnoxious to the
+Americans." (Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xxv., pp. 454, 455.)
+
+"The regular troops of France and America, employed in this siege,
+consisted of about 7,000 of the former (besides ships and seamen), and
+5,500 of the latter; and they were assisted by about 4,000 militia. The
+troops of every kind that surrendered prisoners of war were about 7,000;
+but so great was the number of the sick and wounded, that there were
+only 3,800 capable of bearing arms."--_Ib._, p. 455.]
+
+[Footnote 54: During the discussion on this question, it had been argued
+that the Americans are fed, clothed, and paid by France; they are led on
+by French officers; the French and the American armies are incorporated
+into one; it was merely a locality that should give name to a war.
+France had formerly been fought with success in Germany, and there could
+be no solid objection to fighting her in America. General Conway argued
+that French troops did not cost more than L40 per man a year, while the
+expense of the English troops cost L100 per man a year. General Conway
+reminded the House that though seventy-three thousand men were voted and
+paid for, we had never above half that number in actual service.
+Government had, therefore, only to complete the regiments, and they
+would have more men in America than ever they had before. (Annual
+Register of Parliament for 1782, pp. 158-161.)]
+
+[Footnote 55: Annual Register of Parliament for 1782, Vol. XXIX., p.
+173.]
+
+[Footnote 56: Abridged from the Parliamentary Register for 1782, Vol.
+XXV., Chap. vii. See also Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol.
+VII., Chap. lxv.
+
+Lord Mahon concludes his account of this Administration as follows:
+
+"Thus ended Lord North's Administration of twelve years. It is certainly
+strange, on contemplating these twelve years, to find so many harsh and
+rigorous measures proceed from the most gentle and good-humoured of
+Prime Ministers. Happy, had but greater firmness in maintaining his own
+opinions been joined to so much ability in defending opinions even when
+not his own.
+
+"Even as to the disasters and miscarriages, however, which could not be
+denied in his Administration, the friends of Lord North contended that
+in truth he was not answerable for them. The points in his favour were
+argued a few days before his fall by Mr. George Onslow in the House of
+Commons. 'Why,' said Mr. Onslow, 'have we in this war with America such
+ill success? Mainly,' he continued, 'from the support and countenance
+given in that House to American rebellion. The army of Washington had
+been called by the Opposition "our army;" the cause of the Americans had
+been called "the cause of liberty;" and one gentleman (this was Mr.
+Burke), while lavishing his praises on Dr. Franklin and Mr. Laurens, had
+declared he would prefer a prison with them to freedom in company with
+those who were supporting the cause of England.' But this vindication,
+though spirited, nay, though true, is faulty; because, though true, it
+is not the whole truth; because it overlooks what no statesman
+should--the certainty that when free principles are at stake,
+dissensions will always arise in a free country."--_Ib._, pp. 209, 210.]
+
+[Footnote 57: I have not a shadow of doubt, that had the leaders in
+Congress adhered to their pretensions of contending and fighting for
+British constitutional rights, as aforetime, instead of renouncing those
+rights and declaring Independence in 1776, the changes which took place
+in the Administration in England in 1783 would have taken place in 1777;
+for the corrupt Administration showed as strong symptoms of decline, and
+was as manifestly "tottering to its fall" in the parliamentary session
+which commenced in 1776, as it did in the session which commenced in
+1782. In both cases its predictions and assured successes had been
+completely falsified; in both cases the indignation of the nation was
+aroused against the Administration, and the confidence of Parliament was
+on the point of being withdrawn in 1776-77, as it was withdrawn in the
+session of 1782-83; but in 1776, the Congress, instead of adhering to
+its heretofore professed principles, was induced by its leaders, as
+related in Chapter xxvi., to renounce its former principles; to falsify
+all its former professions to its advocates in England and
+fellow-subjects in America; to renounce the maintenance of the
+constitutional rights of British subjects; to adopt a Declaration of
+Independence, of eternal separation from England; to extinguish the
+national life of the British empire and the unity of the Anglo-Saxon
+race, and seek an alliance with their own and Great Britain's hereditary
+enemies for a war upon their mother country, which had protected them
+for a hundred years against the French and Spaniards, who had also
+employed and rewarded the Indians to destroy them.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+CHANGE OF ADMINISTRATION IN ENGLAND--CHANGE OF POLICY FOR BOTH ENGLAND
+AND THE COLONIES--PEACE NEGOTIATIONS AT PARIS--THE CAUSE OF THE UNITED
+EMPIRE LOYALISTS.
+
+
+During the adjournment of Parliament from the 24th to the 28th of March,
+the new Administration was formed, and announced in the Commons on the
+28th, when the House adjourned over the Easter holidays, to give time
+for the re-election of such members as had accepted office. The King
+first sent for the Earl of Shelburne to form a new Administration,
+naming some members of it; but the Earl of Shelburne declined, as unable
+to form an Administration upon such conditions, and recommended the King
+to send for the Marquis of Rockingham. The King refused to see
+Rockingham face to face, but requested Shelburne to be the bearer of a
+message to him; but Shelburne only consented on the condition of "full
+power and full confidence." "Necessity," relates the King, "made me
+yield to the advice of Lord Shelburne." Before accepting the offer of
+First Lord of the Treasury, the Marquis of Rockingham, without
+neglecting some minor matters, stipulated that there should be no veto
+to the independence of America.[58] But it was nearly three months
+before an Act passed the Commons authorizing peace with America, and
+the acknowledgment of American Independence, and it was nearly a year
+before the treaty for that purpose was agreed upon.
+
+In the meantime, "Immediately before the fall of Lord North's Ministry,
+in anticipation of that event, Dr. Franklin had written from Paris to
+Lord Shelburne with general expressions of his pacific views. On
+receiving that letter, Lord Shelburne, then Secretary of State, sent to
+Paris, as agent, Mr. Richard Oswald, a London merchant well versed in
+American affairs. Dr. Franklin readily conferred with Mr. Oswald, and
+put into his hands a paper drawn up by himself, suggesting that, in
+order to produce a thorough reconciliation, and to prevent any future
+quarrel on the North American continent, England should not only
+acknowledge the thirteen united States, but concede to them the Province
+of Canada. Such a project was not likely to find favour in the eyes of
+any British statesman. Mr. Oswald, however, undertook to return to
+England and lay it before his chief, Dr. Franklin, at his departure,
+expressing an earnest hope that all future communications to himself
+might pass through the same hands.
+
+"Under these circumstances, the Cabinet determined that Mr. Oswald
+should go back to France and carry on the treaty with Franklin, though
+by no means with such concessions as the American philosopher
+desired."[59]
+
+After the termination of hostilities between Great Britain and the
+colonies, the American Commissioners evinced a desire to treat with
+England alone. Mr. Oswald, as early as July, 1782, wrote privately to
+Lord Shelburne, "The Commissioners of the colonies have shown a desire
+to treat and to end with us on a separate footing from the other
+Powers." "The separate negotiation thus arising was delayed," says Lord
+Mahon, "first by the severe illness of Dr. Franklin, and next by some
+points of form in the commission of Mr. Oswald. When at length the more
+solid part of the negotiation was commenced, the hints of Franklin for
+the cession of Canada were quietly dropped, with greater case from their
+having been transmitted in a confidential form. It is also worthy of
+note that Lord Shelburne prevailed, in his desire of acknowledging the
+independence of the United States, by an article of the treaty, and not,
+as Mr. Fox had wished, by a previous declaration."
+
+The two most difficult questions of the treaty related to the fishing
+grounds of Newfoundland, and the Loyalists or "Tories," as they were
+called. The English were unwilling to concede the use of the fishing
+grounds, but the Americans were firm; the result was, that by the
+provisions of the treaty it was agreed that the Americans should have
+the right to take fish on the banks of Newfoundland, but not to dry or
+cure them on any of the King's settled dominions.[60]
+
+But the question which transcended all others in importance, with which
+this work has chiefly to do, was that of the Loyalists--a class which,
+by the testimony of American historians themselves, constituted, at the
+beginning of the war, a majority of the population of the colonies.
+Their numbers had been greatly reduced from various causes during the
+war; they had been plundered and scattered by the alternate ascendancy
+of opposite parties; they had all of them suffered in their property and
+liberty; many of them had suffered imprisonment, and not a few of them
+had been executed as criminals for preferring their oath of allegiance
+and connection with the mother country to a renunciation of their former
+profession of faith, and absolute submission to a newly self-created
+authority of rule and a new political creed. At the conclusion of the
+war, and in the treaty of peace, "the question of Loyalists or Tories,"
+says Lord Mahon, "was, as it ought to be, a main object with the British
+Government to obtain, if possible, some restitution to the men who, in
+punishment for their continued allegiance to the King, had found their
+property confiscated and their persons banished. But from the first Dr.
+Franklin held out no hopes of any satisfaction on that point. 'The
+Commissioners,' he said, 'had no such power, nor had even Congress.'[61]
+They were willing that Congress should, with certain modifications,
+recommend those indemnities to the several States; and, as one of the
+negotiators from England tells us, they to the last 'continued to assert
+that the recommendation of Congress would have the effect we proposed.'
+The British diplomatists persevered in their original demand, and at one
+time there seemed a probability that the negotiations might break off,
+chiefly on this ground. Twice was Mr. Strachey, the Undersecretary of
+State, an able and experienced man, dispatched to Paris to aid Mr.
+Oswald with his counsel and co-operation. But at last the mind of
+Franklin, ever ingenious and fertile of resources, devised a counter
+scheme. He said that he would allow the losses which the Loyalists had
+suffered, provided another account were opened of the mischief they had
+done, as of slaves carried off, or houses burned; new Commissioners to
+be appointed to strike a balance between the two computations. At this
+formidable proposal, involving an endless train of discussions and
+disputes, the negotiators from England finally gave way."[62]
+
+This account of the negotiation in regard to the United Empire
+Loyalists, taken from Lord Mahon's impartial history, is corroborated in
+all essential particulars by American historians. Mr. Bancroft says that
+"Franklin having already explained that nothing could be done for the
+Loyalists by the United States, as their estates had been confiscated by
+laws of particular States, which Congress had no power to repeal, he
+further demonstrates that Great Britain had forfeited every right to
+intercede for them by its conduct and example, to which end he read to
+Oswald the orders of the British in Carolina for confiscating and
+selling the lands and property of all patriots under the direction of
+the military; and he declared definitely that, though the separate
+governments might show compassion where it was deserved, the American
+Commissioners for Peace could not make compensation of refugees a part
+of the treaty."
+
+"This last demand (adequate indemnity for the confiscated property of
+loyal refugees) touched alike the sympathy and the sense of honour of
+England. The previous answer, that the Commissioners had no power to
+treat on the business of the Loyalists, was regarded as an allegation
+that though they claimed to have full power, they were not
+plenipotentiaries; that they were acting under thirteen separate
+sovereignties, which had no common head. To meet the exigence, Shelburne
+proposed either an extension of Nova Scotia to the Penobscot, or
+Kennebec, or the Saco, so that a province might be formed for the
+reception of Loyalists; or that a part of the money to be received from
+sales of the Ohio lands might be applied to their subsistence."
+
+"On the 29th of November, 1782, Strachey, Oswald, and Fitzherbert, on
+the one side, and Jay, Franklin, Adams, and for the first time Laurens,
+on the other, came together for their last word at the apartments of
+Jay. The American Commissioners agreed that there should be no future
+confiscations nor prosecutions of Loyalists, that all pending
+prosecutions should be discontinued, and that Congress should recommend
+to the several States and their Legislatures, on behalf of refugees,
+amnesty and the restitution of their confiscated property." "On the
+30th, the Commissioners of both countries signed and sealed fair copies
+of the Convention." "The treaty was not a compromise, nor a compact
+imposed by force, but a free and perfect solution and perpetual
+settlement of all that had been called in question."[63]
+
+Dr. Ramsay observes: "From the necessity of the case, the Loyalists were
+sacrificed, nothing further than a simple recommendation for restitution
+being stipulated in their favour. * * The case of the Loyalists was
+undoubtedly a hard one, but unavoidable from the complex Constitution of
+the United States. The American Ministers engaged, as far as they were
+authorized, and Congress did all they constitutionally could; but this
+was no more than simply to recommend their case to the several States,
+for the purpose of making them restitution. To have insisted on more,
+under such circumstances, would have been equivalent to saying that
+there should be no peace. It is true, much more was expected from the
+recommendations of Congress than resulted from them; but this was not
+the consequence of deception, but of misunderstanding the principles of
+the confederation. In conformity to the letter and spirit of the treaty,
+Congress urged, in strong terms, the propriety of making restitution to
+the Loyalists, but to procure it was beyond their power. * * There were
+doubtless among the Loyalists many worthy characters, friends of peace
+and lovers of justice. To such restitution was undoubtedly due, and to
+many such it was made; but it is one of the many calamities incident to
+war, that the innocent, from the impossibility of discrimination, are
+often involved in the same distress with the guilty.
+
+"The return of the Loyalists to their former places of residence was as
+much disrelished by the Whig citizens of America as the proposal for
+reimbursing their confiscated property. In sundry places Committees were
+formed, who, in an arbitrary manner, opposed their peaceable residence.
+The sober and dispassionate citizens exerted themselves in checking
+these irregular measures; but such was the violence of party spirit, and
+so relaxed were the sinews of government, that, in opposition to legal
+authority and the private interference of the judicious and moderate,
+many indecent outrages were committed on the persons and property of the
+returning Loyalists.
+
+"Nor were these all the sufferings of those Americans who had attached
+themselves to the royal cause. Being compelled to depart from their
+native country, many of them were obliged to take up their abodes in the
+inhospitable wilds of Nova Scotia, or on the barren shores of the Bahama
+Islands. Parliamentary relief was extended to them; but this was
+obtained with difficulty, and distributed with a partial hand. Some, who
+invented plausible tales of loyalty and distress, received much more
+than they ever possessed; while others, less artful, were not half
+reimbursed for their actual losses."[64]
+
+Mr. Hildreth remarks, under date of September, 1783, "that at New York a
+general release of prisoners had taken place on both sides; but the
+necessity of finding transports for the numerous Loyalists assembled
+there protracted the evacuation of New York. In consequence of laws
+still in force against them, several thousand American Loyalists found
+it necessary to abandon their country. A considerable portion of these
+exiles belonged to the wealthier classes; they had been officials,
+merchants, large landholders, conspicuous members of the colonial
+aristocracy. Those from the North settled principally in Nova Scotia or
+Canada, provinces the politics of which their descendants continued to
+control until quite recently. Those from the South found refuge in the
+Bahamas and other West India islands. Still objects of great popular
+odium, the Loyalists had little to expect from the stipulated
+recommendations of Congress in their favour. Some of the States, whose
+territory had been longest and most recently occupied by the enemy, were
+even inclined to enact new confiscations."[65]
+
+In each and all of these historical statements it is clearly admitted
+that the claim of the Loyalists to compensation for loss of property was
+founded in equity, as well as in national policy. This is sanctioned by
+the admission of the American Commissioners and the recommendation of
+Congress. The want of power in Congress to do what is admitted to be an
+act of justice to the Loyalists is the plea for not restoring them the
+property which had gone into the hands of their opponents, who were
+proportionally enriched thereby. It was left to local avarice and local
+resentment to deal with the property of banished exiles.
+
+What was claimed by and in behalf of the Loyalists accorded with the
+practice of even modern nations, as well as with the sentiments of
+humanity. When the Dutch provinces asserted their independence of Spain,
+and after a long and bloody war obtained the recognition of it, they
+cordially agreed to an act of oblivion, and even restored to those who
+had adhered to the cause of Spain, their property of every denomination
+that had been confiscated, or the full value of it. Even Spain herself
+had twice thus acted towards the province of Catalonia--first, on its
+revolting from that Crown, and calling in the assistance of France; and
+secondly, on its refusing to acknowledge the Bourbon family, at the
+beginning of the last century. Though the inhabitants had forfeited life
+and property, yet, on their return to obedience, life, possessions, laws
+and immunities remained inviolate. England had conducted herself in the
+same spirit towards that party in Ireland which had taken up arms in
+support of James the Second. No proscriptions took place, and every man,
+on submitting to Government, was admitted to the undisturbed enjoyment
+of his property. Had this spirit actuated, and these examples, with many
+others of like character, influenced the Americans, how much more
+honourable to them, and more consistent with sound policy, to efface at
+once all remembrance of internal discords, than to pursue, in the
+execrable spirit of revenge and avarice, those of their countrymen who
+differed from them in opinion in the late contest, and sided with Great
+Britain.[66] That the plea that Congress had no power in granting
+amnesty and compensation to the Loyalists was a mere pretext, is
+manifest from the fact that the Commissioners agreed that there should
+be no more confiscations or proscriptions against the Loyalists; for if
+the laws under which these prosecutions were instituted and
+confiscations made were State laws, with which Congress had no power to
+interfere, how could the Congress Commissioners stipulate that there
+should be no more confiscations or proscriptions?
+
+Dr. Franklin, the most experienced and ablest of the American
+diplomatists, was the most crafty and overbearing against England. At
+the beginning of the negotiations for peace, he demurely proposed, and
+half converted Mr. Oswald to his proposition, to concede Canada (which
+at that time meant all British North America) to the United States,
+though his commission related simply to the independency of the thirteen
+colonies; and when the British Cabinet vetoed this extra-official and
+extravagant proposition, Dr. Franklin and his colleagues overreached the
+ignorance and weakness of the British diplomatists by carefully
+constructed maps for the purpose of making the boundary lines between
+the proposed possessions of Great Britain and the United States on their
+northern and north-western frontiers. These lines were so ingeniously
+drawn as to take from Great Britain and include in the United States the
+immense and valuable territories, back settlements, and the whole
+country between the Alleghany Mountains and the Mississippi, and which
+have since become the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa,
+Wisconsin, Missouri, Michigan, Minnesota, etc.--to not one foot of which
+the thirteen American colonies had the slightest claim--territories
+ample to compensate Loyalists for their losses and banishment, but whose
+interests, together with these most valuable possessions, were lost to
+Great Britain by the subserviency of the British Commissioner, Oswald (a
+London and American merchant), who looked to his own interests, and was
+the subservient tool and echo of Dr. Franklin. The above territories
+were a part of the domain of Congress, irrespective of any State, and
+therefore at the absolute disposal of Congress. Yet, with these immense
+accessions of resources, the American Commissioners professed that the
+Congress had no power or means to compensate the United Empire Loyalists
+for the confiscation and destruction of their property! One knows not at
+which most to marvel--the boldness, skill, and success of the American
+Commissioners, or the cowardice, ignorance, and recklessness of the
+British diplomatists.
+
+The result of these negotiations was, that the adherents to Great
+Britain during the civil war were deprived of the amnesty and
+restoration of property upon any ground of right, as had been granted at
+the termination of civil strife by all civilized nations--to the
+restoration of what had been taken from them during the war--and turned
+over as suppliant culprits to the several States by whose laws their
+property had been confiscated, and themselves declared guilty of
+treason, and condemned to the death of traitors. Dr. Franklin, in the
+beginning of his negotiations, had proposed to give all that now
+constitutes British North America to the United States, and thus leave
+to the British Loyalists not an inch of ground on which to place their
+feet; but all that was now left to them, as far as America was
+concerned, was to prostrate themselves as suppliants before the
+Legislatures of the several States, each of which was for the most part
+a seething cauldron of passion and resentment against them.[67]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 58: The new Cabinet was composed as follows: The Marquis of
+Rockingham, First Commissioner of the Treasury; the Earl of Shelburne
+and Mr. Fox, Secretaries of State; Lord Camden, President of the
+Council; Duke of Grafton, Privy Seal; Lord John Cavendish, Chancellor of
+the Exchequer; Admiral Keppel, raised to be a Viscount, First
+Commissioner of the Admiralty; General Conway, Commander of the Forces;
+Duke of Richmond, Master General of the Ordnance. Lord Thurlow was
+continued in the office of Lord High Chancellor, and Mr. Dunning raised
+to the peerage under the title of Lord Ashburton, as Chancellor of the
+Duchy of Lancaster. Mr. Burke was not made a member of the Cabinet, but
+was appointed to the lucrative office of Paymaster of the Forces, and
+was further gratified by the appointment of his son to a small office.
+
+About six months after the formation of the new Cabinet the Marquis of
+Rockingham died, and the Earl of Shelburne was appointed to succeed him,
+when the Duke of Richmond, Mr. Fox, and Lord John Cavendish seceded from
+the Cabinet, and were succeeded by Mr. Thomas Townsend and Lord Graham
+as Secretaries of State, while the place of Lord John Cavendish, as
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, was more than filled by Mr. Pitt.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol. VII., Chap
+lxvi., pp. 265, 266.
+
+"At Paris, the negotiations had been much impeded by the resignation of
+Mr. Fox and the return of Grenville. These events had, in many minds,
+cast a shade of doubt over the true intentions of the British
+Government. Lord Shelburne, however, renewed the most pacific
+assurances, sending to Paris, in place of Mr. Grenville and conjointly
+with Mr. Oswald, Mr. Alleyne Fitzherbert, well known in after years as
+Lord St. Helens. These gentlemen acted in amity and concert with each
+other, although, strictly speaking, negotiation with America was, as
+before, the province of Mr. Oswald, and negotiation with the European
+Powers the province of Mr. Fitzherbert. Dr. Franklin, on the other hand,
+had associated with him three other American Commissioners, arriving in
+succession--first, Mr. Jay, from Spain; then Mr. Adams, from Holland;
+and finally, Mr. Laurens, from London.
+
+"It became, ere long, apparent to the British agents that the Courts of
+France and Spain were by no means earnest and sincere in the wish for an
+immediate close of the war. With the hope of soon reducing Gibraltar, or
+of otherwise depressing England, they put forward at this time either
+inadmissible pretensions, or vague and ambiguous words. It therefore
+became an object of great importance to negotiate, if possible, a
+separate pacification with America. At first sight there appeared almost
+insuperable difficulties in the way of such a scheme. The treaty of
+alliance of February, 1778, between France and the United States,
+stipulated in the most positive terms that neither party should conclude
+a peace or truce with England, unless with the consent of the other
+party first obtained. Since that time the French, far from falling short
+of their engagement, had gone much beyond it. To say nothing of their
+despatch of a fleet and army, and besides their annual loans and
+advances to the United States, they had made, in 1781, a free gift of
+six millions of livres, and in the spring of 1782 granted another to the
+same amount.
+
+"On the other hand, however, there was a strong temptation to treat
+without delay. War, if still waged, would be mainly for French and
+Spanish purposes. It could be made clear that when the independence of
+the Americans was fully established and secured, they had no interest
+anymore than England in continuing an unprofitable contest."--_Ib._, pp.
+291-293.
+
+"Moreover, there had sprung up in the minds of the American
+Commissioners at Paris a strong feeling of distrust and suspicion
+against their new allies. That feeling we find most plainly expressed by
+Mr. Adams in relating his own conversations with Mr. Oswald. 'You are
+afraid,' said Mr. Oswald to-day, 'of being made the tools of the Powers
+of Europe?' 'Indeed I am,' said I. 'What Powers?' said he. 'All of
+them,' said I.
+
+"But in the minds of the American Commissioners, the distrust against
+France was more vehement than against any other State. The best American
+writers of the present day acknowledge that all surmises thence arising
+were, in truth, ill-founded; that the conduct of France towards the
+United States had been marked throughout not only by good faith and
+honour, but by generosity." (Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol.
+VII., Chap. lxvi., pp. 293, 294.)]
+
+[Footnote 60: In the preamble of the treaty, it was provided that "The
+treaty was not to be concluded until terms of peace shall be agreed upon
+between Great Britain and France." By this limitation (which was a mere
+form, as the provisional articles were to be meanwhile binding and
+effective), the Americans were in hopes of avoiding, at least of
+softening, their French allies. "The first Article acknowledged in the
+fullest terms the independence of the United States. The second fixed
+their boundaries, and certainly to their advantage. The third gave their
+people the right to take fish on all the banks of Newfoundland, but not
+to dry or cure them on any of the King's settled dominions in America.
+By the fourth, fifth, and sixth Articles, it was engaged that Congress
+should earnestly recommend to the several Legislatures to provide for
+the restitution of all estates belonging to real British subjects who
+had not borne arms against them. All other persons were to be at liberty
+to go to any of the provinces and remain there for twelve months to wind
+up their affairs, the Congress also recommending the restitution of
+their confiscated property, on their repayment of the sums for which
+they had been sold. No impediment was to be put in the way of recovering
+_bona fide_ debts; no further prosecutions were to be commenced, no
+further confiscations made. It was likewise stipulated in the seventh
+and eighth Articles, that the English should at once withdraw their
+fleets and armies from every port or place which they still possessed
+within the limits of the United States; and that the navigation of the
+Mississippi, from its source to the ocean, should be for ever free and
+open to both parties." (Lord Mahon's History, etc., Vol. VII., Chap.
+lxvi., pp. 297, 298.)
+
+"It is not to be supposed that the French Government could view with
+unconcern the studied secrecy of this negotiation. The appearances of
+amity were, indeed, for the sake of mutual interest, kept up on either
+side. But thus did the Comte de Vergennes (the French Minister of
+Foreign Affairs) unbosom himself in writing to the French Minister at
+Philadelphia: 'You will surely be gratified, as well as myself, with the
+very extensive advantages which our allies, the Americans, are to
+receive from the peace; but you certainly will not be less surprised
+than I have been with the conduct of the commissioners. * * They have
+cautiously kept themselves at a distance from me. Whenever I have had
+occasion to see any one of them, and enquire of them briefly respecting
+the progress of the negotiation, they have constantly clothed their
+speech in generalities, giving me to understand that it did not go
+forward, and that they had no confidence in the sincerity of the British
+Ministry. Judge of my surprise when, on the 30th of November, Dr.
+Franklin informed me that Articles were signed. The reservation retained
+on our account does not save the infraction of the promise which we have
+made to each other, not to sign except conjointly. * * This negotiation
+has not yet so far advanced in regard to ourselves as that of the United
+States; not but what the King, if he had shown as little delicacy in his
+proceedings as the American Commissioners, might have signed articles
+with England long before them.'"--_Ib._, pp. 298, 299.]
+
+[Footnote 61: It was self-contradictory to say that Congress had power
+to confiscate property, and yet had no power to restore it when
+confiscated.]
+
+[Footnote 62: Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol. VII., Chap.
+lxvi., pp 295, 296.]
+
+[Footnote 63: History of the United States, Vol. X., Chap, xxix., pp.
+555, 583, 589, 590, 591.]
+
+[Footnote 64: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap,
+xxvii., pp. 489, 490, 491.]
+
+[Footnote 65: Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. III., Chap,
+xlv., p. 439.]
+
+[Footnote 66: The royal historian, Dr. Andrews, remarks strongly on this
+subject as follows:
+
+"The demands of restitution to the Loyalists of their property
+confiscated during the war, for their attachment to our cause, had been
+refused by the American Commissioners, on pretence that neither they,
+nor Congress itself, could comply with it, any farther than by
+recommendation of it to the different States. The demand was in itself
+so just, and founded on so many historical precedents, that Congress
+could not possibly plead a want of foresight that it would be made. It
+had been usual in all ages, on the cessation of civil war, to grant a
+general amnesty. No other motive but that of the basest and most
+barbarous revenge could induce men to express an averseness to so humane
+and necessary a measure. Next to the cruelty of such a refusal was the
+meanness of those who submitted to it.
+
+"Circumstances empowered this nation to have acted with such firmness as
+to compel the Americans to relax their obstinacy in this particular.
+Until they had consented to a generous treatment of the Loyalists, we
+ought to have withheld the restitution of the many strong places still
+remaining in our hands, and made the surrender of them the price of
+their acquiescence in our demands in favour of the brave and faithful
+people who had suffered so much on our account." (Dr. Andrews' History
+of the Late War, Vol. IV., pp. 401, 402.)
+
+"All parties in the Commons unanimously demanded amnesty and indemnity
+for the Loyalists." (Bancroft, Vol. X., Chap, xxix., p. 586.)]
+
+[Footnote 67: Dr. Ramsay justly remarks: "The operation of treason laws
+added to the calamities of the war. Individuals on both sides, while
+they were doing no more than they supposed to be their duty, were
+involved in the penal consequences of capital crimes. The Americans, in
+conformity to the usual policy of nations, demanded the allegiance of
+all who resided among them; but many preferred the late royal
+government, and were disposed, when opportunity offered, to support it.
+While they acted in conformity to these sentiments, the laws enacted for
+the security of the new government condemned them to death. Of all wars,
+civil are most to be dreaded. They are attended with the bitterest of
+resentments, and produce the greatest quantity of human woes. In the
+American war the distresses of the country were greatly aggravated from
+the circumstance that every man was obliged, some way or other, to be in
+the public service. In Europe, where the military operations are carried
+on by armies hired and paid for the purpose, the common people partake
+but little of the calamities of the war; but in America, where the whole
+people were enrolled as a militia, and where both sides endeavoured to
+strengthen themselves by oaths and by laws, denouncing the penalties of
+treason on those who aided or abetted the opposite party, the sufferings
+of individuals were renewed as often as fortune varied her standard.
+Each side claimed the co-operation of the inhabitants, and was ready to
+punish them when it was withheld.
+
+"In the first institution of the American governments the boundaries of
+authority were not properly fixed. Committees exercised legislative,
+executive, and judicial powers. It is not to be doubted that in many
+instances these were improperly used, and that private resentments were
+often covered under the specious veil of patriotism. The sufferers, in
+passing over to the Loyalists, carried with them a keen remembrance of
+the vengeance of Committees, and when opportunity presented were tempted
+to retaliate. From the nature of the case, the original offenders were
+less frequently the objects of retaliation than those who were entirely
+innocent. One instance of severity begat another, and they continued to
+increase in a proportion that doubled the evils of common war. * * The
+Royalists raised the cry of persecution, and loudly complained that,
+merely for supporting the Government under which they were born, and to
+which they owed a natural allegiance, they were doomed to suffer all the
+penalties of capital offenders. Those of them who acted from principle
+felt no consciousness of guilt, and could not but look with abhorrence
+upon a Government which could inflict such severe punishments for what
+they deemed a laudable line of conduct. Humanity would shudder at a
+particular recital of the calamities which the Whigs inflicted on the
+Tories and the Tories on the Whigs. It is particularly remarkable, that
+many on both sides consoled themselves with the belief that they were
+acting and suffering in a good cause." (History of the United States,
+Vol. II., Chap. xxvi., pp. 467, 468, 469.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+ORIGIN OF REPUBLICANISM AND HATRED OF MONARCHY IN AMERICA--THOMAS PAINE:
+A SKETCH OF HIS LIFE, CHARACTER, AND WRITINGS, AND THEIR EFFECTS.
+
+
+No social or political phenomenon in the history of nations has been
+more remarkable than the sudden transition of the great body of the
+American colonists, in 1776, from a reverence and love of monarchical
+institutions and of England, in which they had been trained from their
+forefathers, to a renunciation of those institutions and a hatred of
+England. Whatever influence the oppressive policy of the British
+Administration may have had in producing this change, was confined to
+comparatively few in America, was little known to the masses, and had
+little influence over them. This sudden and marvellous revolution in the
+American mind was produced chiefly by a pamphlet of forty pages, written
+at the suggestion of two or three leaders of the American
+revolutionists, over the signature of "An Englishman." This Englishman
+was no other than Thomas Paine, better known in after years as Tom
+Paine, "the blasphemous infidel and beastly drunkard," as the New York
+_Observer_, in answer to a challenge, proved him to be beyond the
+possibility of successful contradiction. Tom Paine was of a Quaker
+family; was a staymaker by trade, but an agitator by occupation. He had
+obtained an appointment as exciseman, but was dismissed from his office,
+and emigrated to America in 1774. He somehow obtained an introduction to
+Dr. Franklin in London, who gave him a letter of introduction to a
+gentleman in Philadelphia, through whom he procured employment in the
+service of a bookseller. Beginning forthwith to write for a leading
+newspaper on the agitated questions of the day, his articles attracted
+attention and procured him the acquaintance of some influential persons,
+and he at length became editor of the "Pennsylvania Magazine." He was
+the master of a singularly attractive, lucid, and vituperative style,
+scarcely inferior to that of _Junius_ himself. At the suggestion of
+Franklin and one or two other leaders of the revolution, he wrote a
+pamphlet of forty pages in favour of Independence, entitled "Common
+Sense," and over the signature of "An Englishman," yet bitter against
+England and English institutions. It was addressed to the inhabitants of
+America, and was arranged under four heads: first, "Of the origin and
+design of government in general, with concise remarks on the English
+Constitution;" secondly, "Of monarchy and hereditary succession;"
+thirdly, "Thoughts on the present state of military affairs;" fourth,
+"Of the present ability of America, with some miscellaneous
+reflections." Mr. Frothingham says: "The portion on Government has
+little of permanent value; the glance at the English Constitution is
+superficial; and the attack on Monarchy is coarse. The treatment of the
+American question under the two last heads gave the pamphlet its
+celebrity."[68]
+
+Mr. Gordon says that "No publication so much promoted the cause of
+Independence as that. The statements which are now adopted were then
+strange, and Paine found difficulty in procuring a publisher to
+undertake it."
+
+Dr. Ramsay says: "The style, manner, and language of Thomas Paine's
+performance were calculated to interest the passions and to rouse all
+the active powers of human nature. With the view of operating on the
+sentiments of religious people, Scripture was pressed into his service;
+and the powers and name of a king were rendered odious in the eyes of
+numerous colonists who had read and studied the history of the Jews, as
+recorded in the Old Testament. Hereditary succession was turned into
+ridicule. The absurdity of subjecting a great continent to a small
+island on the other side of the globe was represented in such striking
+language as to interest the honour and pride of the colonists in
+renouncing the government of Great Britain. The necessity, the advantage
+and practicability of independence were forcibly demonstrated.
+
+"Nothing could be better timed than this performance. It was addressed
+to freemen, who had just received convincing proof that Great Britain
+had thrown them out of her protection, and engaged foreign mercenaries
+to make war upon them, and seriously designed to compel their
+unconditional submission to her unlimited power. It found the colonists
+most thoroughly alarmed for their liberties, and disposed to do and
+suffer anything that promised their establishment. In union with the
+feelings and sentiments of the people, it produced surprising effects.
+Many thousands were convinced, and were led to approve and long for a
+separation from the mother country. Though that measure, a few months
+before, was not only foreign to their wishes, but the object of their
+abhorrence, the current suddenly became so strong in its favour that it
+bore down all opposition. The multitude was hurried down the stream; but
+some worthy men could not easily reconcile themselves to the idea of an
+eternal separation from a country to which they had long been bound by
+the most endearing ties. * * The change of the public mind of America
+respecting connection with Great Britain is without a parallel. In the
+short space of two years, nearly three millions of people passed over
+from the love and duty of loyal subjects to the hatred and resentment of
+enemies."[69]
+
+The American press and all the American historians of that day speak of
+the electric and marvellous influence of Tom Paine's appeal against
+kings, against monarchy, against England, and in favour of American
+independence.
+
+The following remarks of the London _Athenaeum_ are quoted by the New
+York _Observer_ of the 10th of April, 1879:
+
+"A more despicable man than Tom Paine cannot be found among the ready
+writers of the eighteenth century. He sold himself to the highest
+bidder, and he could be bought at a very low price. He wrote well;
+sometimes as pointedly as Junius or Cobbett (who had his bones brought
+to England). Neither excelled him in coining telling and mischievous
+phrases; neither surpassed him in popularity-hunting. He had the art,
+which was almost equal to genius, of giving happy titles to his
+productions. When he denounced the British Government in the name of
+'Common Sense,' he found willing readers in the rebellious American
+colonists, and a rich reward from their grateful representatives. When
+he wrote on behalf of the 'Rights of Man,' and in furtherance of the
+'Age of Reason,' he convinced thousands by his title-pages who were
+incapable of perceiving the inconclusiveness of his arguments. His
+speculations have long since gone the way of all shams; and his
+charlatanism as a writer was not redeemed by his character as a man.
+Nothing could be worse than his private life; he was addicted to the
+most degrading vices. He was no hypocrite, however, and he cannot be
+charged with showing that respect for appearances which constitute the
+homage paid by vice to virtue. Such a man was well qualified for earning
+notoriety by insulting Washington. Only a thorough-paced rascal could
+have had the assurance to charge Washington with being unprincipled and
+unpatriotic."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 68: Frothingham's Rise of the Republic of the United States,
+Chap, xi., p. 472.
+
+The pamphlet was called "Common Sense," and was written by Thomas Paine,
+an Englishman, who held and expressed extreme opinions upon the "Rights
+of Man." He had been a staymaker in England, and was ruined; when, in
+the winter of 1774, by Franklin's advice, he came to America and rapidly
+grasped and comprehended the position of affairs. (Elliott's History of
+New England, Vol. II., Chap, xxviii., p. 383.)
+
+Referring to this demagogue of the American and French Revolution, his
+American biographer, Cheetham, says: "All sects have had their
+disgraceful members and offspring. Paine's father, a peaceful and
+industrious Quaker, connects him with the exemplary sect of the Friends.
+He received his education at the Grammar School of his native place,
+Thetford, in Norfolk, but attained to little beyond the rudiments of
+Latin. His first application to business was in the trade of his father,
+that of staymaker, which he followed in London, Dover, and Sandwich,
+where he married; afterwards he became a grocer and an exciseman, at
+Lewes, in Sussex. This situation he lost through some misdemeanor. After
+this, however, so well were the public authorities of his native country
+disposed to serve him, that one of the Commissioners of Excise gave him
+a letter of recommendation to Dr. Franklin, then a colonial agent in
+London, who recommended him to go to America. At this period he had
+first exercised his talents as a writer by drawing up a pamphlet
+recommending the advance of the salaries of excisemen.
+
+"His age at this time was thirty-seven. His first engagement in
+Philadelphia was with Mr. Aitkin, a respectable bookseller, who, in
+January, 1775, commenced the 'Pennsylvania Magazine,' the editorship of
+which work became the business of Mr. Paine, who had a salary of L50
+currency a year. When Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia, suggested to Paine the
+propriety of preparing the Americans for a separation from England, it
+seems that he seized with avidity the idea, and immediately commenced
+his famous pamphlet on that subject, which being shown in MS. to Doctors
+Franklin and Rush and Mr. Samuel Adams, was, after some discussion,
+entitled, at the suggestion of Dr. Rush, 'Common Sense.' For this
+production the Legislature of Pennsylvania voted him L500. Shortly
+afterwards Paine was appointed Secretary to the Committee of the United
+States on Foreign Affairs. His business was merely to copy papers,
+number and file them, and generally do the duty of what is now called a
+clerk in the Foreign Department. But in the title-page of his 'Rights of
+Man,' he styles himself 'Secretary for Foreign Affairs to the Congress
+of the United States in the Late War.' While in this office, he
+published a series of appeals on the struggle between Great Britain and
+the colonies. In 1777 he was obliged to resign his secretaryship on
+account of a quarrel with Silas Deane, American agent in France. The
+next year, however, he obtained the appointment of Clerk to the Assembly
+of Pennsylvania; and in 1785, on the rejection of a motion to appoint
+him historiographer to the United States, the Congress granted him three
+thousand dollars, and the Legislature of New York granted him an estate
+of 500 acres of highly cultivated land, the confiscated property of a
+Loyalist. Having no more revolutionary occupation in the United States,
+he embarked for France in 1787, with a letter of recommendation from Dr.
+Franklin to the Duke de la Rochefoucault. From Paris he went to London,
+where, the following year, he was arrested for debt, but was bailed by
+some American merchants. He went to Paris in 1791 to publish, under the
+name of 'Achilles Du Chatellet,' a tract _recommending the abolition of
+royalty_. He again returned to London and wrote the first part of his
+'Rights of Man,' in answer to Mr. Burke's 'Reflections on the French
+Revolution.' The second part was published early in 1792. He was ordered
+to be arrested and prosecuted for his seditious and blasphemous
+writings, but escaped to France, and was elected a member of the French
+National Convention--grateful for the honour which the bloody anarchists
+had conferred upon him by electing him a member of their order. His
+conduct, however, offended the Jacobins, and towards the close of the
+year 1793 he was excluded from the convention, was arrested and
+committed to the prison of the Luxembourg. Just before his confinement
+he had finished the first part of his 'Age of Reason,' and confided it
+to the care of his friend Joel Barlow for publication. He was now taken
+ill, to which circumstance he ascribed his escape from the guillotine;
+and on the fall of Robespierre was released. In 1795 he published, at
+Paris, the second part of his 'Age of Reason.' He returned to America in
+1802, bringing with him a woman named Madame Bonneville, whom he had
+seduced away from her husband, with her two sons, and whom he seems to
+have treated with the utmost meanness and tyranny. His friend and
+American biographer, Mr. Cheetham, in continuation, gives the following
+account of Paine's arrival at New York in 1802: 'The writer,' says Mr.
+Cheetham, 'supposing him (Paine) to be a gentleman, was employed to
+engage a room for him at Lovett's hotel, New York. On his arrival, in
+1802, about ten at night, he wrote me a note, desiring to see me
+immediately. I waited on him at Lovett's, in company with Mr. George
+Clinton, jun. We rapped at the door. A small figure opened it within,
+meanly dressed, having an old top-coat, without an under one; a dirty
+silk handkerchief loosely thrown around his neck, a long beard of more
+than a week's growth, a face well carbuncled as the setting sun, and the
+whole figure staggering under a load of inebriation. I was on the point
+of inquiring for Mr. Paine, when I noticed something of the portraits I
+had seen of him. We were desired to be seated. He had before him a small
+round table, on which were a beefsteak, some beer, a pint of brandy, a
+pitcher of water and a glass. He sat eating, drinking, and talking with
+as much composure as if he had lived with us all his life. I soon
+perceived that he had a very retentive memory, and was full of anecdote.
+The Bishop of Llandaff (Dr. Watson) was almost the first word he
+uttered, and it was followed by his informing us that he had in his
+trunk a manuscript reply to the bishop's 'Apology for the Bible.' He
+then calmly mumbled his steak, and ever and anon drinking his brandy and
+beer, repeated the introduction to his reply, which occupied nearly half
+an hour. This was done with deliberation and the utmost clearness, and a
+perfect apprehension, intoxicated as he was, of all that he repeated.
+Scarcely a word would he allow us to speak. He always, I afterwards
+found, in all companies, drunk or sober, would be listened to; in his
+regard, there were no _rights of men_ with him--no equality, no
+reciprocal immunities and obligations--for he would listen to no one.'
+
+"On the 13th of October, 1802, he arrived at Baltimore, under the
+protection of Mr. Jefferson. But it appears that curiosity induced no
+one of distinction to suffer his approach. While at his hotel he was
+principally visited by the lower class of emigrants from Scotland,
+England, and Ireland, who had read and admired his 'Rights of Man.' With
+them, it appears, 'he drank grog in the tap-room morning, noon, and
+night, admired and praised, strutting and staggering about, showing
+himself to all and shaking hands with all. The leaders of the party to
+which he had attached himself paid him no attention.'"
+
+Paine's subsequent years, until his miserable death in 1809, were
+characterized by the lowest degradation, blasphemy, drunkenness, and
+filthiness, which rendered him unfit for any human society, as his
+biographies, written even by his friends, abundantly testify.
+
+Those who knew Paine in his earlier years were, of course, not
+responsible for the depravity and degradation of his subsequent years;
+but from the beginning he was an infidel and an enemy of all settled
+government.
+
+Such was the author of American republicanism and of American hatred to
+England, to all British institutions, to all monarchy, and the advocate
+of the abolition of kings.]
+
+[Footnote 69: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xii., pp. 161, 162, 163.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+HIRING OF FOREIGNERS AND EMPLOYMENT AND TREATMENT OF INDIANS IN THE
+AMERICAN WAR.
+
+
+No two acts of the British Government in connection with the American
+war were more deprecated on both sides of the Atlantic than the
+employment of foreign troops and Indians against the colonists; they
+were among the alleged and most exciting causes of the Declaration of
+Independence; they weakened British influence throughout the colonies;
+they roused thousands to arms who would have otherwise remained
+peacefully at home. In England they were denounced by the highest
+personages both in and out of Parliament, and by the public at
+large.[70]
+
+These Hessian mercenaries, though much lauded at first, and dreaded by
+the colonists, proved to be inferior to the British soldiers, were not
+reliable, deserted in large numbers, and plundered everywhere, without
+regard to Loyalists or Disloyalists, and strengthened the American
+resistance far more than they strengthened the British army.[71]
+
+But if the hiring of foreign troops at an enormous expense was
+disgraceful and impolitic, the employment _of Indians_ against the
+colonists was still more impolitic and unnatural an outrage upon
+civilization and humanity; and what is still even more to be lamented is
+that this enlistment of savages in the warfare of one branch of the
+British family against another was sanctioned if not instigated by the
+King himself.[72]
+
+During the war between France and England, which commenced in 1755, both
+parties sought the alliance and support of the Indians, and employed
+them in the savage work of border warfare. The French succeeded in
+securing the greater number of the Indians, and used them with dreadful
+effect, murdering and scalping thousands of the British colonists along
+the inland frontiers of the several colonies. At the termination of the
+war by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763, and the extinction of French power
+in America, the French authorities commended the Indians to cultivate
+the friendship of England, whose great superiority and success in the
+war tended to turn the Indian affections and interest in favour of the
+British. Dr. Ramsay observes: "The dispute between Great Britain and her
+colonies began to grow serious, and the friendship of the Indians became
+a matter of consequence to both parties. Stretching for fifteen hundred
+miles along the whole north-western frontier of the colonies, they were
+to them desirable friends and formidable enemies. As terror was one of
+the engines by which Great Britain intended to enforce the submission of
+the colonies, nothing could be more conducive to the excitement of this
+passion than the co-operation of the Indians. Policy, not cruelty, led
+to the adoption of this expedient, but it was of that over refined
+species which counteracts itself. In the competition for the friendship
+of the Indians, the British had advantages far superior to any possessed
+by the colonists. The expulsion of the French from Canada--an event
+which had taken place only thirteen years before--was still fresh in the
+memory of many of the savages, and had inspired them with high ideas of
+the martial superiority of the British troops. The first steps taken by
+Congress to oppose Great Britain put it out of their power to gratify
+the Indians. Such was the effect of the non-importation agreement of
+1774. While Great Britain had access to the principal Indian tribes
+through Canada on the north, and Florida on the south, and was
+abundantly able to supply their many wants, the colonists had debarred
+themselves from importing the articles which were necessary for the
+Indian trade."[73]
+
+The employment of the Indians in this civil war was in every respect
+disadvantageous to England. It was disapproved and denounced throughout
+England and Europe, as unnatural and inhuman; it was disapproved by the
+English commanders and even Loyalists in America, and inflamed the
+colonists to the highest degree. Wherever the Indians were employed,
+they were a source of weakness to the English army, while their ravages
+and cruelties disgusted the Loyalists and brought disgrace upon the
+English arms and cause. Sir Guy Carleton forbade their crossing from
+Canada into the colonies, and was afterwards accused in England for
+disobedience in not employing them;[74] and General Burgoyne gave the
+strictest orders against their murdering and plundering. His defeat near
+Saratoga was largely owing to the conduct of the Indians in his army.
+
+American historians dilate with much eloquence and justice upon the
+employment of Indians against the colonists, and narrate, with every
+possible circumstance of aggravation, every act of depredation and
+cruelty on the part of the Indians against the white inhabitants that
+espoused the cause of Congress; but they omit to state in like manner
+that Congress itself endeavoured to enlist the Indians in its quarrel
+with the mother country; that General Washington recommended their
+employment against the English,[75] and that the very idea of engaging
+the Indians in this civil war originated with the first promoters of the
+revolution in Massachusetts. Nor do American historians state frankly
+and fairly that for every aggression and outrage committed by the
+Indians, the American soldiers, even under the express order of
+Congress, retaliated with a tenfold vengeance--not in the manner of
+civilized warfare, but after the manner and destruction of the savages
+themselves. The American writers had also great advantages in
+representing everything in regard to the proceedings of the
+revolutionists in the brightest light, and everything connected with the
+Loyalists and the English in the darkest colours, as they had the
+reports, letters, and all other papers relating to these subjects in
+their own exclusive possession, and published only such and so much of
+them as answered their purpose; even the internal proceedings of
+Congress were secret,[76] and only became known after the close of the
+war. And many of the most important historical facts relating to the war
+have been brought to light in the biographies and correspondence of the
+men who figured in the revolution; and many letters and papers of great
+historical value in throwing light upon the events and conduct of
+parties during that period have only been published during the present
+century, and some of them for the first time during the present
+generation. This is true in regard to much that relates to the
+employment and proceedings of the Indians, as well as in regard to those
+of the Loyalists and various events of the American revolution.
+According to American historians, the idea of employing the Indians in
+the civil war was the wicked conception of British malignity, and
+everywhere reprobated in America; while the idea was actually first
+conceived and embodied in a resolution by the Provincial Congress of
+Massachusetts. At Cambridge a new Provincial Congress had assembled,
+with the popular feeling in their favour, and with several thousands of
+militia or minute men under their command. But the most determined of
+all their measures was to enlist a company of Stockbridge Indians
+residing in their province. Further still, they directed a secret
+letter--and a secret it has been kept for more than fifty years--to a
+missionary much esteemed by the Indians in the western parts of New
+York, entreating "that you will use your influence with them to join us
+in the defence of our rights,"--in other words, to assail and scalp the
+British soldiers.[77] It is worthy of remark, that the Massachusetts
+delegates, the framers of this letter, were among those who expressed
+the highest astonishment and indignation when, at a later period, a
+similar policy was adopted on the British side.[78]
+
+"Under date of the 27th of July, 1776, General Washington wrote to
+Congress," says Mr. Allen, "expressing respectful anxiety that the
+Stockbridge Indians shall be employed, and remarks that they were
+dissatisfied at not being included in the late order for enlisting their
+people, and had inquired the cause of General Putman.
+
+"The reasons he assigns for recommending their employment are such as
+have influenced, and probably determined, the Americans from that time
+to the termination of the last war (1812-1815) with Great Britain--that
+is, the impossibility of keeping them neutral; the fear of their joining
+the enemy; while the customs of savage warfare are so repulsive to all
+the feelings of humanity and pride of the soldier, that it would seem no
+palliation could be received for the crime of having sanctioned them by
+example. Indians are active and serviceable when properly employed. They
+are the best defence against Indians. Acquainted from their birth with
+wiles and stratagems, they can trace the enemy, and tell its numbers,
+its footsteps, when the eye of the white man cannot discover a trace;
+and the moving of grass or rushes, which would be unregarded by a
+regular soldier, as the natural effect of winds, leads the Indian to be
+prepared for an ambush. The certainty that Indians can be restrained
+when it is wished, reconciles the opposite contradictions which are so
+often seen between the complaints made by the Americans that the enemy
+employed savages, at the very moment that they also employed them."[79]
+
+It is thus clear that both parties courted the co-operation of the
+Indians, and employed them to the utmost of their power; and therefore
+one party has no just ground of reproach against or advantage over the
+other party for the inhuman policy of enlisting the Indians in their
+cause, though the British had larger means and greater facilities in
+securing this savage co-operation.
+
+It has been alleged, and no doubt truly, that the American commanders
+restrained the cruel and plundering propensities of the Indians, and the
+English commanders did the same; but neither the English nor the
+Americans were always able to control their Indian allies on or after
+the day of battle. American writers have, however, charged the outrages
+of the Indians in the English army, and scouting parties, to the
+sanction of the British generals,[80] and the prompting of the British
+Loyalists, and some English writers have reiterated the charge. The
+employment of the Indians at all was against the judgment of both
+General Burgoyne and Sir Guy Carleton,[81] and only submitted to in
+obedience to the King's authority. As early as the 11th of July, 1776,
+Burgoyne (while pursuing his enterprise from Montreal to Albany)
+complains as follows of the conduct of the Indians to the Secretary of
+State: "Confidentially to your Lordship, I may acknowledge that in
+several instances I have found the Indians little more than a name. If,
+under the management of their conductors, they are indulged for
+interested reasons in all the caprices and humours of spoiled children
+like them, they grow more unreasonable and importunate upon every new
+favour. Were they left to themselves, enormities too horrid to think of
+would ensue; guilty and innocent, women and infants, would be a common
+prey."[82]
+
+While the Indians were an incumbrance to Burgoyne's army during his
+whole campaign, and forsook him in the eventful hour when he most needed
+them, their barbarities contributed greatly to swell the revolutionary
+army, and to alienate great numbers of Loyalists, weakening Burgoyne's
+army in the very country where he expected most support from the
+inhabitants, and giving the American general, Gates, a great
+preponderance of strength over him--the army of Burgoyne being reduced
+to 3,500 men fit for actual service, while that of Gates was increased
+to upwards of 16,000 fit for actual service.[83]
+
+But if the British exceeded the Americans in gaining the greater part of
+the Indians to their cause, and the corresponding disgrace and
+disadvantage of their accompanying the army, the Americans far outdid
+the English and the Indians themselves in the work of desolation and
+destruction. Dr. Ramsay remarks:
+
+"The undisturbed tranquillity which took place in South Carolina and the
+adjacent States after the British had failed in their designs against
+them in the spring and summer of 1776, gave an opportunity of carrying
+war into the Indian country. This was done, not so much to punish what
+was past, as to prevent all future co-operation between the Indians and
+British in that quarter. Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
+Georgia sent about the same time a considerable force, which traversed
+the Indian settlements, burned their towns, and destroyed their fields
+of corn. Above 500 of the Cherokees were obliged, from want of
+provisions, to take refuge in Florida, and were fed at the expense of
+the British Government."[84]
+
+It is to be observed that this was not an invasion of the white
+settlements by the Indians, but an invasion of the Indian settlements by
+the whites; it was a "carrying war into the Indian country;" it was not
+provoked by the Indians, but "was done to prevent all future
+co-operation between the Indians and British in that quarter." Yet this
+war of _invasion_, this war of _precaution_, was also a war more
+destructive to the Indians than any which they, even under the French,
+had inflicted on the white colonists; for not an Indian cornfield was
+left undestroyed, nor an Indian habitation unconsumed.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 70: The royal historian, Dr. Andrews, says:
+
+"The colonies were particularly exasperated at the introduction of
+foreign troops into this quarrel. They looked upon this measure as an
+unanswerable proof that all regard for their character as Englishmen was
+fled, and that Great Britain viewed them as strangers, whom, if she
+could not conquer and enslave, she was determined to destroy. This
+persuasion excited their most violent indignation; they considered
+themselves as abandoned to plunder and massacre, and that Britain was
+unfeelingly bent on their ruin, by whatsoever means she could compass
+it.
+
+"While the colonists represented this measure in so sanguinary a light,
+it was depicted at home in the same colour by their partisans. It was
+even reprobated by many individuals who were not averse to the other
+parts of the Ministerial plan, but who could not bring themselves to
+approve of the interference of foreign mercenaries in our domestic
+feuds.
+
+"It was not only throughout the public at large this measure occasioned
+so much discontent; after having in Parliament undergone the keenest
+censure of the Opposition, it fell under the displeasure of a
+considerable number of those who sided with the Minister and were
+generally used to support the measures of Government; but on this
+occasion they loudly dissented from them. Several quitted the House
+without voting; others, who voted in his favour, obliged him previously
+to give them an assurance that he would remove all their doubts and
+scruples, and satisfy them clearly on this subject." (Dr. Andrews'
+History of the Late War, Vol. II., Chap. xviii., pp. 76, 77.)]
+
+[Footnote 71: "The employment of foreign troops to reduce America was an
+object animadverted upon by the Opposition with peculiar violence and
+indignation. This, indeed, of all the Ministerial measures, met with the
+most acrimonious notice both in and out of Parliament. * * Foreigners
+said the Opposition were now taught that Britain, with all its boasted
+greatness, could not find people at home to fight its battles. * * Who
+could behold so disgraceful a measure without feeling for that loss of
+national honour which it must occasion? * * But exclusive of the
+disgrace entailed upon our character, the danger of the system was no
+less apparent. What reason had we to trust an army of foreigners, who
+could possibly harbour no motives of enmity to the people against whom
+they were to be employed? The country where these foreigners were to
+wage war for us, was precisely that to which we had so often enticed
+numbers to emigrate from their native homes by promises of more _ease_
+and happiness than they could enjoy in their own country. * * Of all the
+measures that had been taken against the Americans, that of hiring
+foreigners to invade their country had given the highest offence.
+British soldiers, though acting in the capacity of foes, still retained
+the feelings of countrymen, and would not shed blood without some
+compunction. They were born and bred in a country noted for humanity,
+and the constitution of which inculcated mildness. But the Hessians were
+of a ferocious disposition; educated under a despotic Government, they
+knew no rights but those of force. They carried destruction wherever
+they were masters, plundering all before them without distinction, and
+committing the most barbarous ravages.
+
+"They had, it was said, been told before their departure from Germany
+that they were to be put in possession of the lands of those whom they
+conquered, and they were full of this expectation at their arrival. But
+upon discovering their mistake, they resolved, however, to make
+themselves amends by appropriating whatever they could lay their hands
+upon. * * The conduct of the Hessians was extremely offensive to the
+British commanders, but they were too powerful a body to restrain by
+compulsion, as they composed almost one-half of the army.
+Notwithstanding the prudence and steadiness with which General Howe
+conducted himself upon this emergency, it was not possible to restrain
+their excesses, nor even prevent them from spreading among the English
+troops in a degree to which they would not have certainly been carried
+had they not such examples for a plea.
+
+"The depredations of the Hessians grew at last, it was said, so
+enormous, that the spoils they were loaded with became an absolute
+incumbrance to them, and a frequent impediment to the discharge of their
+military duties.
+
+"The desolation of the Jerseys was one of the consequences of this
+spirit of rapine. The Americans who adhered to Britain attributed to it
+the subsequent decline of the British cause in these and other parts. As
+the devastation was extended indiscriminately to friend and foe, it
+equally exasperated both parties; it confirmed the enmity of the one,
+and raised up a new enemy in the other; and it injured the British
+interest in all the colonies." (Dr. Andrews' History of the Late War,
+Vol. II., Chaps. xvii. and xxii., pp. 53, 54-268, 269.)
+
+Dr. Andrews adds, in another place, that--
+
+"The resentment occasioned by the depredations that had been carried on
+in the Jerseys had left few, if any, friends to Britain in that
+province. The dread of seeing those plunderers return, who had spared
+neither friend nor foe, rendered all parties averse to the cause in
+which they were employed. To this it was owing that their motions were
+observed with such extreme vigilance, that they stood little or no
+chance of succeeding in any of their enterprises. So many had suffered
+through them, that there was no deficiency of spies to give instant
+information of whatever they were suspected to have in view; and as much
+mischief was done them by such as acted secretly from motives of private
+revenge, as by those who took an open part against them in the field."
+(Dr. Andrews' History of the American War, etc., Vol. II., Chap, xxiii.,
+pp. 301, 302.)]
+
+[Footnote 72: "At the north, the King called to mind that he might 'rely
+upon the attachment of his faithful allies, the Six Nations of Indians,'
+and he turned to them for immediate assistance. To insure the fulfilment
+of his wishes, the order to engage them was sent directly in his name to
+the unscrupulous Indian agent, Guy Johnson, whose functions were made
+independent of Carleton. 'Lose no time,' it was said; 'induce them to
+take up the hatchet against his Majesty's rebellious subjects in
+America. It is a service of very great importance; fail not to exert
+every effort that may tend to accomplish it; use the utmost diligence
+and activity.'" (Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. VII.,
+Chap. xxxiii., p. 349.)]
+
+[Footnote 73: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xix., pp. 320, 321.
+
+"It was unfortunate for the colonies that since the peace of Paris,
+1763, the transactions with the Indians had been mostly carried on by
+superintendents appointed and paid by the King of Great Britain. These
+being under obligations to the Crown, and expectants of further favours
+from it, generally used their influence with the Indians in behalf of
+the mother country and against the colonies. * * The Americans were not
+unmindful of the savages on their frontier. They appointed commissioners
+to explain to them the grounds of their dispute, and to cultivate their
+friendship by treaties and presents. They first sought to persuade the
+Indians to join them against Great Britain, but having failed in that,
+they endeavoured to persuade the Indians that the quarrel was by no
+means relative to them, and that therefore they should take part with
+neither side.
+
+"For the greater convenience of managing the intercourse between the
+colonies and the Indians, the latter were divided into three
+departments--the northern, southern, and middle--and commissioners were
+appointed for each. Congress also resolved to import and distribute
+among them a suitable assortment of goods, to the amount of L40,000
+sterling, on account of the United States; but this was not executed."
+(Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap. xix., p.
+321.)]
+
+[Footnote 74: "Anxious (1775, October) to relieve St. John's, Carleton,
+after the capture of Allen, succeeded in assembling about nine hundred
+Canadians at Montreal; but a want of mutual confidence, and the
+certainty that the inhabitants generally favoured the Americans,
+dispirited them, and they disappeared by desertions thirty or forty of a
+night, till he was left almost as forlorn as before. The Indians, too,
+he found of little service; 'they were easily dejected, and chose to be
+of the strongest side, so that when they were most wanted they
+vanished'. But history must preserve the fact that though often urged to
+let them loose on the rebel provinces, in his detestation of cruelty he
+would not suffer a savage to pass the frontier." (Bancroft's History of
+the United States, Vol. VIII., Chap. lii., p. 186.)]
+
+[Footnote 75: "Reading at the present day, we can see how the passionate
+and declamatory rhetoric of the Declaration of Independence has left its
+stain to this hour on most of the political writing and oratory of
+America, and may wish that the birth of a nation had not been screamed
+into the world after this fashion. Nothing could have been easier than,
+in the like rhetorical language, to draw up a list of lawlessness and
+utter outrage committed by the colonists. Some of the charges will not
+bear examination.
+
+"For instance, the aid of the Indians had been willingly accepted by the
+colonists in the Canadian expedition since September, 1775; the general
+question of their employment had been considered by Washington in
+conference with a Committee of Congress and delegates of New England
+Governments in October of the same year; and the main objection which
+Washington and other officers urged against it, as shown by a letter of
+his to General Schuyler, January 27, 1776, and the answer from the
+latter, was that of expense. He had, nevertheless (April 19, 1776),
+advised Congress 'to engage them on our side,' as 'they must, and no
+doubt soon will, take an active part either for or against us;' and the
+Congress itself had, on June 3rd--not a month before the Declaration of
+Independence was actually accepted--passed a resolution to raise 2,000
+Indians for the Canadian service, which, shortly afterwards, was
+extended by another (referred to in a letter of Washington's of June
+20), authorizing General Washington to employ such Indians as he should
+take into the service in any place where he might think that they would
+be most useful, and to offer them bounties, not indeed for scalps, but
+for every officer and soldier of the King's troops whom they might
+capture in the Indian country or on the frontiers of the colonies. When
+all this had been done, it needed the forgetfulness and the blind
+hypocrisy of passion to denounce the King to the world for having
+'endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless
+Indian savages;' yet the American people have never had the self-respect
+to erase this charge from a document generally printed in the fore-front
+of their Constitution and Laws, and with which every schoolboy is
+sedulously made familiar.
+
+"Perhaps, indeed, it would have been otherwise had not the charge been
+one which circumstances appeared to confirm. For, in fact, owing to
+causes already indicated, the Americans never could make friends of the
+Indians in the contest, and consequently the 'merciless savages'
+continue in history to figure on the side of the British. Who could
+wonder at it? At the date of the Declaration of Independence, the Indian
+child had only just reached man's estate, who in the year of his birth
+might have escaped being a victim to the bounty of L20, held out for the
+scalp of every Indian woman and child, by Massachusetts, in 1775, whilst
+one of L40 had been offered for that of his father, raised in 1776 to
+L300. It did not require the retentive memory of the redskin to make him
+look with suspicion on solicitations of friendship from men who might
+have been parties to such schemes of extermination to his race." (The
+Ludlow's History of the War of Independence, 1777-1783, Chap. v., pp.
+124-126.)
+
+"But Jefferson's violent pamphlet should, in fact, be looked upon less
+as a Declaration of Independence than as a Declaration of War--less as
+an assertion of right than as a cry of defiance uttered in the hour of
+grave peril, and in the face of a formidable foe."--_Ib._, p. 126.]
+
+[Footnote 76: Some of the members of Congress were, at times, not so
+reticent as their oaths of secrecy required, and the squabbles of
+Conference became known abroad. It is a curious illustration of the
+dignity and character of a body, when the least publication of its
+proceedings becomes its disgrace.
+
+"In those days (1779), far unlike our own, the Congress resembled a
+Committee or a Junta, much rather than a chamber of debate. The
+speeches, it is said, were all in the style of private conversation.
+There were never more than forty members present, often no more than
+twenty. These small numbers, however, by no means ensured harmony, nor
+precluded violent and unseemly quarrels, rumours of which were not slow
+in passing the Atlantic. 'For God's sake,' thus wrote La Fayette from
+France, 'for God's sake, prevent the Congress from disputing loudly
+together. Nothing so much hurts the interest and reputation of America.'
+Thus the object of concealment, unless, perhaps, for private purposes,
+was most imperfectly attained, although, in name at least, the
+deliberations of Congress at this time were secret. Historically, even
+the Journal which they kept gives little light as to their true
+proceedings. An American gentleman, who has studied that document with
+care, laments that it is 'painfully meagre, the object being apparently
+to record as little as possible.'" (Lord Mahon's History of England,
+Vol. VII., Chap. lviii., pp. 420, 421; quoting as his authority, "Letter
+of La Fayette to Washington, June 12, 1779," and "Life of President
+Reed," by Mr. Wm. Reed, Vol. II., p. 18.)]
+
+[Footnote 77: Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol. VII., Chap,
+lii., pp. 52, 53.]
+
+[Footnote 78: This letter, dated Concord, April 4, 1775, may be seen at
+length in the Appendix to Sparks' edition of Washington's Writings, Vol.
+III., p. 495. The letter, it will be seen, was written a fortnight
+before the affair of Concord and Lexington, which took place the 19th of
+April, when the first blood was shed in the revolution.]
+
+[Footnote 79: Allen's History of the American Revolution, Vol. I., Chap,
+xiv., pp. 423, 424.
+
+"Lord Suffolk, in his speech (in reply to Lord Chatham), undertook to
+defend the employment of the savages. 'The Congress,' he said,
+'endeavoured to bring the Indians over to their side, and if we had not
+employed them they would most certainly have acted against us.' This
+statement, which at the time was doubted or denied, has been, it must be
+owned, in no small degree borne out by documents that have subsequently
+come to light. Even several months later, we find Congress in treaty to
+engage several parties of Indians in their service." (Lord Mahon's
+History, etc., Vol. VII., Chap. lvi., p. 305.)
+
+"See Washington's Writings, Vol. V., p. 273, and Appendix to Vol. III.,
+p. 494. 'Divesting them,' says Washington, 'of the savage customs
+exercised in their wars against each other, I think they may be made of
+excellent use as scouts and light troops, mixed with our own parties.'
+But what more did the English ever design or desire?" (Lord Mahon's
+History, etc., Vol. VII., Chap. lvi., p. 305.)]
+
+[Footnote 80: Even so amiable and generous a man as Burgoyne did not
+escape these imputations. "It may well be imagined that while Burgoyne
+was advancing, declamations against his and the Indians' cruelty (for no
+distinction was admitted) were rife on the American side. By such means,
+and still more, perhaps, by the natural spirit of a free-born people
+when threatened with invasion, a resolute energy against Burgoyne was
+roused in the New England States."--_Ib._, p. 261.]
+
+[Footnote 81: "Carleton from the first abhorred the measure of employing
+the Indians, which he was yet constrained to promote." (Bancroft, Vol.
+VII., p. 119.)]
+
+[Footnote 82: Quoted in Lord Mahon's History, Vol. VII., Chap. lvi., p.
+259. After quoting this letter, Lord Mahon adds:
+
+"It is due to Burgoyne to state, that from the first he had made most
+strenuous exertions, both by word and deed, to prevent any such
+enormities. The testimony, for example, of his aide-de-camp, Lord
+Petersham, when examined before the House of Commons, is clear and
+precise upon that point. (See Burgoyne's Narrative and Collection of
+Documents, pp. 65, 66, second edition.) But in spite of all restraints,
+the cruel temper and lawless habits of these savages would sometimes
+burst forth--sometimes not more fatally to their enemies than to their
+friends. The tragical fate of Miss MacRea raised one loud cry of
+indignation on both sides of the Atlantic. This lady, in the bloom of
+youth and beauty, the daughter of an American Loyalist, was betrothed to
+an officer in the British provincial troops. Anxious for her security,
+the officer engaged some Indians to escort her from her home and convey
+her to the British camp, where the marriage would be solemnized. As a
+further precaution, he promised to reward the person who should bring
+her safe to him with a barrel of rum. But this very precaution, as it
+seemed to be, was the cause of the disaster which ensued. Two of the
+Indians who took charge of her began a quarrel on the way, as to which
+of them should first present her to the bridegroom. Each was eager for
+the rum; each resolute that his companion should not receive it in his
+place. At last one of them in sudden fury raised his tomahawk, struck
+Miss MacRea upon the head, and laid her a corpse at his feet. General
+Burgoyne at this news displayed his utmost resentment and concern. He
+compelled the Indians to deliver up the murderer, and designed to put
+him to death. He was only induced to spare his life upon the Indians
+agreeing to terms which the General thought would be more effectual than
+any execution, in deterring them from similar barbarities. Deterred,
+indeed, they were. But when they found themselves precluded from their
+expected delights of plundering and scalping, they began to desert and
+go home. Of nearly five hundred who at the outset had joined Burgoyne,
+less than threescore at last remained beneath his banner."--_Ib._, pp.
+259-261.
+
+At the first general encampment of Burgoyne's army on the western side
+of Lake Champlain, he met a deputation of the Indians in alliance with
+Great Britain, and made an animated speech to them. "He exhorted them to
+behave with courage and fidelity to their friends, and to avoid all
+barbarity towards their enemies. He entreated them to be particularly
+careful in distinguishing between the adherents and foes to the British
+nation. He earnestly requested that they would put none to death but
+such as actually opposed them with arms in their hands, and to spare old
+men, women, children, and prisoners; to scalp only such as they had
+killed in action, and to treat compassionately the wounded and dying. He
+promised them a reward for every prisoner they brought in, but assured
+them he would look narrowly into every demand for scalps." (Dr. Andrews'
+History of the Late War, Vol. II., Chap, xxviii., p. 383.)]
+
+[Footnote 83: "The apprehensions of those who had been averse to the
+employment of the Indians in the British army began to be justified.
+Notwithstanding the care and precautions taken by General Burgoyne to
+prevent the effects of their barbarous disposition, they were sometimes
+carried to an excess that shocked his humanity--the more, as it was
+totally out of his power to control them in the degree that he had hoped
+and proposed. The outrages they committed were such as proved highly
+detrimental to the royal cause. They spared neither friend nor foe, and
+exercised their usual cruelties with very little attention to the
+threats that were held out in order to restrain and deter them.
+
+"Several instances of this nature happened about this time, which
+contributed powerfully to alienate the minds of many from the cause in
+which they served. One was recorded, in particular, that equally struck
+both parties with horror. A young lady, the daughter of Mr. MacRea, a
+zealous royalist, being on her way to the British army, where she was to
+be married to an officer, unhappily fell into the hands of the Indians,
+who, without regarding her youth and beauty, murdered her with many
+circumstances of barbarity.
+
+"Scenes of this nature served to render the royal party extremely
+odious. However the Americans might be conscious that the Indians were
+as offensive, and as much abhorred by their enemies as by themselves,
+still they could not forgive them the acceptance of such auxiliaries as
+must necessarily disgrace the best cause.
+
+"The resentment occasioned by the conduct of the Indians, and no less
+the dread of being exposed to their fury, helped considerably to bring
+recruits from every quarter to the American army. It was considered as
+the only place of refuge and security at present. The inhabitants of the
+tracts contiguous to the British army took up arms against it almost
+universally. The preservation of their families was now become an object
+of immediate concern. As the country was populous, they flocked in
+multitudes to the American general's camp; and he soon found himself at
+the head of an army which, though composed of militia and undisciplined
+men, was animated with that spirit of indignation and revenge which so
+often supplies all military deficiencies." (Dr. Andrews' History of the
+Late War, Vol. II., Chap. xxviii., pp. 393, 394.)]
+
+[Footnote 84: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xix., p. 322.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+THE MASSACRE OF WYOMING--FOUR VERSIONS OF IT BY ACCREDITED AMERICAN
+HISTORIANS, ALL DIFFERING FROM EACH OTHER--THE FACTS INVESTIGATED, AND
+FALSE STATEMENTS CORRECTED.
+
+
+It would be useless and tedious to attempt even a condensed account of
+the battles and warfare in which the Indians took part between the
+English and the Congress; but there is one of these revengeful and
+murderous occurrences which must be minutely stated, and the American
+accounts of it thoroughly investigated, as it has been the subject of
+more misrepresentation, more declamation, more descriptive and poetic
+exaggeration, and more denunciation against the English by American
+historians and orators than any other transaction of the American
+revolution--namely, what is known as the "Massacre of Wyoming." There
+are four versions of it, by accredited American histories.
+
+The account of this massacre is thus given in the words of Dr. Ramsay's
+history:
+
+"A storm of Indian and Tory vengeance burst in July, 1778, with
+particular violence on Wyoming, a new and flourishing settlement on the
+eastern branch of the Susquehanna. Unfortunately for the security of the
+inhabitants, the soil was claimed both by Connecticut and Pennsylvania.
+From the collision of contradictory claims, founded on Royal Charters,
+the laws of neither were steadily enforced. In this remote settlement,
+where government was feeble, the Tories were under less control, and
+could easily assemble undiscovered. Nevertheless, twenty-seven of them
+were taken and sent to Hartford, in Connecticut, but they were
+afterwards released. These and others of the same description,
+instigated by revenge against the Americans, from whom some of them had
+suffered banishment and loss of property, made common cause with the
+Indians, and attacked the Wyoming settlement with their combined forces,
+estimated at 1,100 men, 900 of whom were Indians. The whole was
+commanded by Colonel John Butler, a Connecticut Tory. One of the forts
+which had been constructed for the security of the inhabitants, being
+very weak, surrendered to this party; but some of the garrison had
+retired to the principal fort at Kingston, called Forty Fort. Colonel
+John Butler next demanded the surrender thereof. Colonel Zebulon Butler,
+a continental officer, who commanded, sent a message to him, proposing a
+conference at a bridge without the fort. This being agreed to, Colonel
+Zebulon Butler, Dennison, and some other officers repaired to the place
+appointed, and they were followed by the whole garrison, a few invalids
+excepted. None of the enemy appeared. The Wyoming people advanced, and
+supposed that the enemy were retiring. They continued to march on till
+they were about three miles from the fort. They then saw a few of the
+enemy, with whom they exchanged a few shots; but they presently found
+themselves ambuscaded and attacked by the whole bodies of Indians and
+Tories. They fought gallantly, till their retreat to the fort was cut
+off. Universal confusion ensued. Out of 417 who had marched out of the
+fort, about 360 were instantly slain. No quarter was given. Colonel John
+Butler again demanded the surrender of Forty Fort. This was agreed to,
+under articles of capitulation, by which the effects of the people
+therein were secured to them. The garrison, consisting of thirty men and
+two hundred women, were permitted to cross the Susquehanna, and retreat
+through the woods to Northampton county. The most of the other scattered
+settlers had previously retired, some through the woods to Northampton,
+others down the river to Northumberland. In this retreat, some women
+were delivered of children in the woods, and many suffered from want of
+provisions. Several of the settlers at Wyoming had erected good houses
+and barns, and made considerable improvements. These and the other
+houses in the vicinity were destroyed. Their horses, cattle, sheep, and
+hogs were, for the most part, killed or driven away by the enemy. A
+large proportion of the male inhabitants were in one day slaughtered.
+In a single engagement, near two hundred women became widows, and a much
+greater number of children were left fatherless." (Dr. Ramsay's History
+of the United States, Vol. II., Chap. xix., pp. 323, 324.)
+
+
+REMARKS UPON DR. RAMSAY'S ACCOUNT.
+
+Such is the account of this melancholy affair by Dr. Ramsay, a friend of
+General Washington, and a distinguished officer in the American army.
+Let us note Dr. Ramsay's admissions and his omissions. He admits that
+the Tories or Loyalists had been persecuted, imprisoned, plundered, and
+banished; that no less than twenty-seven of them had been taken, and
+sent to Hartford, in Connecticut, but were afterwards released; yet he
+might have added that they were kept prisoners nearly a year, and then
+discharged for want of any evidence against them. It is also admitted
+that "others of the same description (as those who had been sent
+prisoners to Connecticut) were instigated by _revenge_ against the
+Americans, from whom some of them had suffered banishment and loss of
+property." It is likewise admitted that the whole invading party
+consisted of but 1,100 men, of whom only 200 were Tories, the remaining
+900 being Indians. But it is not stated that those Indians were
+neighbours, and many of them the connections of the northern tribes of
+those Indians whose settlements had been invaded, their fields and towns
+destroyed, as a precaution lest they should co-operate with the British;
+nor is it said that many of these Indians were residents in the
+neighbourhood, and were treated like the Tories.
+
+It furthermore appears from this narrative that the Americans in Wyoming
+were not even taken by surprise, but were prepared for their enemy; that
+none were killed except in the conflict of the battle; that the thirty
+men and two hundred women in the garrison were not murdered, but were
+"permitted (with their effects) to cross the Susquehanna and retreat to
+Northampton." The taking of the cattle and burning of the houses and
+barns was after the example of the Americans in invading and destroying
+the Indian settlements. It is therefore clear, according to Dr. Ramsay's
+own narrative, that the "Massacre of Wyoming" was not an _unprovoked
+aggression_, like that of the Americans against the more Southern
+Indians, but a _retaliation_ for injuries previously inflicted by the
+aggressors.[85]
+
+But as the "Massacre of Wyoming" is the case selected by American
+historians and poets to exhaust their indignation against English
+cruelty in employing the Indians in the civil war, we will not dismiss
+it with the above cursory remarks, but will examine it with some degree
+of minuteness.
+
+Wyoming was a pleasant and fertile valley, situated on the eastern
+branch of the Susquehanna, and consisted of eight townships, five square
+miles each. It had been claimed as part of Pennsylvania; but
+Connecticut, relying upon the authority of a more ancient Charter, had
+since the last war made a large settlement on the banks of that
+beautiful river. "The exquisitely beautiful valley of Wyoming, where, on
+the banks of the Susquehanna, the wide and rich meadows, shut in by
+walls of wooded mountains, attracted emigrants from Connecticut, through
+their claim of right under the Charter of their native colony, was in
+conflict with the territorial jurisdiction of the proprietaries of
+Pennsylvania."[86]
+
+Such was the scene of a tragedy which thrilled all America and Europe;
+for the accounts published in Europe were the repetitions of the
+exaggerated American statements, omitting for the most part the causes
+of the tragedy and the retaliation which followed it.
+
+I will now present and collate the three other accounts, with that of
+Dr. Ramsay, of those tragical events on both sides.
+
+Mr. Bancroft states as follows:
+
+"The Seneca tribe, fresh from the memory of their chiefs and braves who
+fell in conflict with the New York husbandmen at Oriskany. Their king,
+Sucingerachton, was, both in war and in council, the foremost man of
+all the Six Nations. Compared with him, the Mohawk Brant, who had been
+but lately known upon the warpath, was lightly esteemed.[87] His
+attachment to the English increased to a passion on the alliance of the
+Americans with the French, for whom he cherished implacable hate.
+Through his interest, and by the blandishments of gifts and pay and
+chances of revenge, Colonel John Butler lured the _Seneca_ warriors to
+cross the border of Pennsylvania under the British flag.
+
+"The party of savages and rangers, numbering between five hundred and
+seven hundred men, fell down the Tioga river, and on the last day of
+June hid in the forests above Wyoming. The next day the two northernmost
+forts capitulated. The men of Wyoming, old and young, with one regular
+company, in all hardly more than three hundred, took counsel with one
+another, and found no hope of deliverance for their families but through
+a victorious encounter with a foe twice their number, and more skilful
+in the woods than themselves. On the 3rd day of July, the devoted band,
+led by Colonel Zebulon Butler, who had just returned from the
+continental service, began their march up the river.[88] The horde of
+invaders, pretending to retreat, crouched themselves on the ground in
+the open wood. The villagers of Wyoming began firing as they drew near,
+and at the third volley stood within a hundred yards of the ambush, when
+the Seneca braves began the attack, and were immediately seconded by the
+rangers. The Senecas gave no quarter, and in less than half an hour took
+two hundred and twenty-five scalps, among them those of two field
+officers and seven captains. The rangers saved but five of their
+captives. On the British side only two whites were killed and eight
+Indians wounded. The next day the remaining forts, filled chiefly with
+women and children, capitulated. The long and wailing procession of
+survivors flying from their fields of corn, their gardens, the flames of
+their cottages, the unburied bodies of their beloved defenders, escaped
+by a pass through the hills to the eastern settlements. Every fort and
+dwelling was burned down.
+
+"The Senecas spread over the surrounding country, adepts in murder and
+ruin. The British leader boasted in his report that his party had burned
+a thousand houses and every mill (a great exaggeration). Yet, marauders
+came to destroy and deal deaths, not to recover or hold; and the ancient
+affection for England was washed out in blood (more truly, the revenge
+for wrongs previously received). When the leader of the inroad turned to
+desolate other scenes, Pennsylvania was left in undisputed possession of
+her soil." (Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. X., Chap. v.,
+pp. 137, 138.)
+
+Mr. Tucker briefly states the affair in the following words:
+
+"The settlement of Wyoming, in Pennsylvania, was assailed in July by a
+large body of savages, who, having obtained easy possession of it,
+indiscriminately butchered both the garrison and the inhabitants; and
+soon afterwards Wilkesbarre shared the same fate. Near three thousand
+had succeeded in effecting their escape.[89]
+
+"To prevent their return to the scenes of their former happiness,
+everything that could contribute to their comfort--houses, crops,
+animals--were, with an industry equal to their malignity, destroyed by
+the savages." (Tucker's History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap.
+iii., p. 239.)
+
+The following account of the "Wyoming Massacre" appears more
+intelligible and consistent than any of the preceding. Says Mr.
+Hildreth:
+
+"There had come in among the Connecticut settlers at Wyoming a number of
+Dutch and Scotch from New York, some thirty of whom, shortly after the
+commencement of the war, had been seized under the suspicion of being
+Tories, and sent to Connecticut for trial. They were discharged for want
+of evidence; but if not Tories before, they soon became so. Returning
+to the valley of the Mohawk, whence they had emigrated to Wyoming, they
+enlisted into the partisan corps of Johnson and Butler, and waited
+eagerly for chances of revenge.
+
+"Though Wyoming did not number three thousand inhabitants, it had
+furnished two full companies (one writer says, a thousand men) to the
+continental army, and had thus in a manner deprived itself of the means
+of defence. Congress, upon rumours of intended Indian hostilities, had
+ordered a third company to be raised as a local garrison; but this corps
+was as yet hardly organized, and very imperfectly armed. Such was the
+state of the settlement when there appeared at the head of the valley an
+overwhelming force of Tories and Indians, principally of the Seneca
+tribe of the Six Nations, led by Colonel Butler. Some of the inhabitants
+were waylaid and slain. The upper fort, held by disaffected persons,
+surrendered at once. The continentals, with such others as could be
+mustered, marched out to meet the enemy: but they were surrounded,
+defeated, and driven back with heavy loss, and several who were taken
+prisoners were put to death by the Indians with horrible tortures. Those
+who escaped fled to Fort Wyoming, which was speedily invested. The
+surviving continentals, to avoid being taken prisoners, embarked and
+escaped down the river; after which the fort surrendered, upon promise
+of security of life and property. Desirous to fulfil these terms, Butler
+presently marched away with his Tories, but he could not induce the
+Indians to follow. They remained behind, burned the houses, ravaged the
+fields, killed such as resisted, and drove the miserable women and
+children through the woods and mountains to seek refuge where they
+might.
+
+"These barbarities, greatly exaggerated by reports embodied since in
+poetry and history, excited everywhere a lively indignation. Wyoming was
+presently re-occupied by a body of continental troops. A continental
+regiment of the Pennsylvania line, stationed at Schoharie, penetrated to
+the neighbouring branches of the Upper Susquehanna, and _destroyed the
+settlement_ of Unadilla, occupied by a mixed population of Indians and
+refugees. The Indians and Loyalists soon took their _revenge_ by
+surprising Cherry Valley. The fort, which had a continental garrison,
+held out; Colonel Alden, who lodged in the town, was killed, the
+lieutenant-colonel was made prisoner, and the settlement suffered
+almost the fate of Wyoming." (Hildreth's History of the United States,
+Vol. III., Chap, xxxviii., pp. 262, 263.)
+
+
+REMARKS ON THESE FOUR ACCOUNTS OF THE MASSACRE.
+
+The attentive reader has doubtless observed that the four versions given
+above, by four accredited American historians, in regard to the
+"Massacre of Wyoming," differ from each other in several essential
+particulars.
+
+1. Two of these versions imply that the "massacre" was a mere marauding,
+cruel, and murderous invasion of an inoffensive and peaceful settlement;
+while the other two versions of Dr. Ramsay and Mr. Hildreth clearly show
+the provocation and cruel wrongs which the Loyalists, and even Indians,
+had experienced from the continentals and inhabitants of Wyoming; that
+the settlement of Wyoming was the hot-bed of revolutionism, in which,
+out of three thousand inhabitants, several hundred had volunteered into
+the continental army, while they, as may be easily conceived, insulted,
+imprisoned, banished and confiscated the property of those who regarded
+their oath of allegiance as inviolate as their marriage vow, "for better
+for worse," until death released them from it. Instead of treating a
+solemn oath as secondary to caprice and passion, the Loyalists carried
+it to an excess of integrity and conscience; they were to be the more
+respected and honoured, rather than made on that account criminals and
+outlaws, subject to imprisonment and banishment of their persons and the
+confiscation of their property.
+
+2. Two of these four versions import that the inhabitants, men, women,
+and children, were "indiscriminately butchered;" the other two versions
+import that none were "butchered" except in battle, and none were
+"scalped" except those who had fallen in battle.
+
+3. In two of these versions it is stated that those who were in the
+forts after their surrender were "massacred," without respect to age or
+sex; in the other two versions it is stated that not one of them was
+massacred, but they were all permitted to cross the Susquehanna with
+their effects.
+
+4. In one of these versions, Colonel John Butler is represented as not
+only the commander of the whole party of invasion, but the author of all
+the cruelties perpetrated in the "massacre" of Wyoming; yet Mr.
+Hildreth's statement shows the reverse--that Colonel Butler had accepted
+the surrender of Fort Wyoming "upon the promise of security to life and
+property;" that "desirous to fulfil these terms, he presently marched
+away with his Tories; but he could not induce the Indians to follow;"
+that "the depredations which followed were inflicted by the Indians
+alone, and whom Colonel Butler could not command, and against his
+remonstrance and example and that of his Tories."
+
+It is therefore plain that the accounts at the time of the "Massacre of
+Wyoming," published by the Congress party, were of the most exaggerated
+and inflammatory character, containing the grossest misrepresentation,
+and doing the greatest injustice to the leaders and conduct of the
+expedition, of which accounts they had no knowledge, nor any means of
+correcting them. These partial and shamefully exaggerated accounts and
+misrepresentations were spread through Europe, and produced the most
+unfavourable impression in regard to the "Tories" and their mixture with
+the Indians--the only place of refuge for them, as they were driven from
+their homes to escape the sentences of death, imprisonment, or
+banishment, subject in all cases, of course, to the destruction and
+confiscation of their property. The English Annual Register for 1779,
+after reproducing these unjust and inflated accounts, candidly says:
+
+"It is necessary to observe, with respect to the destruction of Wyoming,
+that as no narrative of the exploits of the leaders in that transaction,
+whether by authority or otherwise, has yet appeared in this country, we
+can only rely for the authenticity of the facts which we have stated
+upon the accounts published by the Americans.
+
+"Happy should we deem it, for the honour of humanity that, the whole
+account was demonstrated to be a fable." (Vol. IV., p. 14.)
+
+The testimony furnished by the four versions of the transaction by
+American historians shows how largely the original accounts of it were
+fabulous.
+
+Since compiling and analysing the foregoing four historical versions of
+the "Massacre of Wyoming," I have read Colonel Stone's _Life of Joseph
+Brant, Thayendanegea, including the Border Wars of the American
+Revolution_, and have carefully examined his account of the "Massacre of
+Wyoming." Colonel Stone visited the place (1838), and obtained all the
+information which the oldest inhabitants and family letters could give,
+and examined all the papers in the State Paper Office, and obtained much
+information from correspondence and personal interviews with aged and
+distinguished inhabitants, well acquainted with all the particulars of
+the alleged "Massacre." The result of his researches was to justify the
+hopes of the British Annual Register, quoted on previous page, which,
+after having republished the American accounts of the "Massacre," says:
+"Happy should we deem it, for the honour of humanity, that the whole
+account were demonstrated to be a fable."
+
+This has been done by Colonel Stone after the lapse of more than half a
+century. In the fifteenth chapter of the first volume of his eloquent
+and exhaustive work he gives a history of the settlement, and of the
+many years' wars between the rival claimants of Connecticut and
+Pennsylvania--the former styled "the Susquehanna Company," and the
+latter "the Delaware Company." The question was also complicated by
+Indian claims, as the land had been once acquired by the Six Nations,
+and alleged to have been sold to both companies. Many of the Mohawks and
+other Indians resided in and near the settlement. On the breaking out of
+the war, politics largely entered into the disputes, and armed conflicts
+ensued, and no less than ten forts were erected in the settlement.
+
+According to Colonel Stone, the "Massacre" was not the result of
+surprise, nor did it involve the indiscriminate massacre of women and
+children, but was the result of a pitched battle between the Loyalists
+and Continentals, in which the latter were the assailants and were
+defeated, and whatever "massacre" there was followed the battle.[90]
+
+Colonel Stone, after having given an account of the battle, as stated
+in previous note, and having corrected several erroneous statements,
+makes the following correction of what had been often written and
+generally believed respecting the famous Chief Brant:
+
+"There is another important correction to be made in reference to every
+written history of this battle extant, not even excepting the revised
+edition of the Life of Washington, by Chief Justice Marshall. This
+correction regards the name and just fame of Joseph Brant, whose
+character has been blackened with all the infamy, both real and
+imaginary, connected with this bloody expedition. Whether Captain Brant
+was at any time in company with this expedition, is doubtful; but it is
+certain, in the face of every historical authority, British and
+American, that so far from being engaged in the battle, he was many
+miles distant at the time of its occurrence. Such has been the uniform
+testimony of the British officers engaged in the expedition, and such
+was always the word of Thayendanegea (Brant's Indian name) himself. It
+will, moreover, be seen toward the close of the present work that after
+the publication of Campbell's 'Gertrude of Wyoming,' in which poem the
+Mohawk chieftain is denounced as 'the Monster Brant,' his son repaired
+to England, and in correspondence with the poet, successfully vindicated
+his father's memory from the calumny."--_Ib._, p. 338.
+
+To all this Colonel Stone adds the following important note. He says:
+"Since the present chapter was written, and while the work was under
+revision, the author received a letter from Mr. Samuel C. Frey, of Upper
+Canada, a son of the late Philip Frey, Esquire, a Loyalist of Tryon
+County, who was ensign in H.B.M.'s Eighth Regiment, and who, with his
+regiment, was engaged in the campaign and battle of Wyoming. Philip R.
+Frey, the ensign spoken of, died at Palatine, Montgomery (formerly
+Tryon) County, in 1823. It was his uniform testimony that Brant was not
+at Wyoming. Mr. Frey writes to the author that there were no chiefs of
+any notoriety with the Indians in that expedition, and that the Indians
+themselves were led from Detroit by Captain Bird, of the Eighth
+Regiment. Bird had been engaged in a love affair at Detroit, but being
+very ugly, besides having a hare-lip, was unsuccessful. The affair
+getting wind, his fellow-officers made themselves merry at his expense;
+and in order to steep his grief in forgetfulness, he obtained permission
+to lead an expedition somewhere against the American frontier. Joining
+the Indians placed under him and a detachment of his regiment to
+Butler's Rangers, they concerted the descent upon Wyoming. Ensign Frey
+stated that Bird was ill-natured during the whole march, and acted with
+foolhardiness at the battle. He further stated, according to the letter
+of his son, that the American colonel challenged them to a fair
+field-fight, which challenge was accepted. 'The next morning, about nine
+o'clock, the Americans poured out of the fort, about 340 in number; the
+Indians fell back over a hill; the troops on both sides drew up in
+battle array and soon commenced. After a few rounds fired, the American
+colonel ordered his drum-major to beat a charge; the drum-major mistook
+the order, and beat a retreat; the Americans became disordered
+immediately, and ran helter-skelter; the moment the Indians saw them
+running, they poured down upon them from their hiding-places, so that no
+more than about forty survived out of 340.'"
+
+"Rarely, indeed," adds Colonel Stone, "does it happen that history is
+more at fault in regard to facts than in the case of Wyoming. The remark
+may be applied to nearly every writer who has attempted to narrate the
+events connected with the invasion of Colonel John Butler. Ramsay and
+Gordon and Marshall--nay, the British historians themselves have written
+gross exaggerations. Marshall, however, in his revised edition, has made
+corrections, and explained how and by whom he was led into error. My
+excellent friend, Charles Miner, Esq., long a resident of Wyoming, a
+gentleman of letters and great accuracy, furnished the biographer of
+Washington with a true narrative of the transactions which he made the
+basis of the summary account contained in his revised edition. Other
+writers, of greater or less note, have gravely recorded the same
+fictions, adding, it is to be feared, enormities not even conveyed to
+them by tradition. The grossest of these exaggerations are contained in
+Thatcher's Military Journal and in Drake's Book of the Indians. The
+account of the marching out of a large body of the Americans from one of
+the forts to hold a parley, by agreement, and then being drawn into an
+ambuscade and all put to death, is false; the account of seventy
+continental soldiers being butchered after having surrendered, is
+totally untrue. No regular troops surrendered, and all escaped who
+survived the battle of the 3rd. Equally untrue is the story of the
+burning of the houses, barracks, and forts, filled with women and
+children."--_Ib._, p. 338, 339.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 85: "The aggressors on this occasion were a troop of wild
+Indians, in conjunction with some Tory exiles. They were headed by
+Colonel Butler, a partisan commander of note, and by Joseph Brant, a
+half Indian by birth, a whole Indian in cruelty. Unhappily, at Wyoming,
+the soil was claimed both by Connecticut and Pennsylvania. From this
+conflict of pretensions and consequent laxity of law, there had been the
+freer license for rigours against the Loyalists. Few of them in that
+district but had undergone imprisonment, or exile, or confiscation of
+property; and thus they were provoked to form a savage alliance and to
+perpetrate a fierce revenge." (Lord Mahon's History, etc., Vol. VII.,
+Chap. lviii., pp. 382, 383.)]
+
+[Footnote 86: Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. V., Chap.
+ix., p. 165.]
+
+[Footnote 87: Brant was not at Wyoming. This appears from Butler's
+report; and compare Broadhead documents, Vol. VIII., p. 572 (note by Mr.
+Bancroft).]
+
+[Footnote 88: This is what Dr. Ramsay, in his account quoted above, on
+pages 85 and 86, erroneously states was a proposed conference as to
+terms of capitulation.]
+
+[Footnote 89: _Note._--Mr. Hildreth says that "Wyoming did not number
+three thousand inhabitants." (History of the United States, Vol. III.,
+Chap. xxxviii., p. 262.) The number of the slain could not have been
+greater than those mentioned above by Dr. Ramsay (p. 86), who states
+that, instead of those in the garrison being "indiscriminately
+butchered," they were allowed to cross the Susquehanna and make their
+way through the woods to neighbouring settlements.]
+
+[Footnote 90: Colonel Stone states that the Provincials "intended to
+make a quick movement, and take the enemy by surprise;" but their
+purpose was discovered by an Indian scout. He then gives the following
+account of the battle and of the "massacre" which followed:
+
+"The Provincials pushed rapidly forward; but the British and Indians
+were prepared to receive them, 'their line being formed a small distance
+in front of their camp, in a plain thinly covered with pine, shrub, oaks
+and undergrowth, and extending from the river to a marsh at the foot of
+the mountain' (Marshall). 'On coming in view of the enemy, the
+Americans, who had previously marched in a single column, instantly
+deployed into a line of equal extent, and attacked from right to left at
+the same time' (Col. Z. Butler's letter). 'The right of the Americans
+was commanded by Colonel Zebulon Butler, opposed to Colonel John Butler,
+commanding the enemy's left. Colonel Dennison commanded the left of the
+Americans, and was opposed by the Indians forming the enemy's right'
+(Chapman). The battle commenced at about forty rods distance, without
+much execution at the onset, as the brushwood interposed obstacles to
+the sight. The militia stood the fire well for a short time, and as they
+pressed forward there was some giving way on the enemy's right.
+Unluckily, just at this moment the appalling war-whoop of the Indians
+rang in the rear of the Americans' left; the Indian leader, having
+conducted a large party of his warriors through the marsh, succeeded in
+turning Dennison's flank. A heavy and destructive fire was
+simultaneously poured into the American ranks; and amidst the confusion,
+Colonel Dennison directed his men to 'fall back,' to avoid being
+surrounded, and to gain time to bring his men into order again. This
+direction was mistaken for an order to 'retreat,' whereupon the whole
+line broke, and every effort of their officers to restore order was
+unavailing. At this stage of the battle, and while thus engaged, the
+American officers mostly fell. The flight was general. The Indians,
+throwing away their rifles, rushed forward with their tomahawks, making
+dreadful havoc; answering the cries for mercy with the hatchet, and
+adding to the universal consternation those terrific yells which invest
+savage warfare with tenfold horror. So alert was the foe in his bloody
+pursuit, that less than sixty of the Americans escaped either the rifle
+or the tomahawk. Of the militia officers, there fell one
+lieutenant-colonel, one major, ten captains, six lieutenants, and two
+ensigns. Colonel Durkee and Captains Hewett and Ransom were likewise
+killed. Some of the fugitives escaped by swimming the river, and others
+by flying to the mountains. As the news of the defeat spread down the
+valley, the greater part of the women and children, and those who had
+remained to protect them, likewise ran to the woods and mountains, while
+those who could not escape thus sought refuge in Fort Wyoming. The
+Indians, apparently wearied with pursuit and slaughter, desisted and
+betook themselves to secure the spoils of the vanquished.
+
+"On the morning of the 4th, the day after the battle, Colonel John
+Butler, with the combined British and Indian forces, appeared before
+Fort Wyoming and demanded its surrender. 'The inhabitants, both within
+and without the fort, did not on that emergency sustain a character for
+courage becoming men of spirit in adversity. They were so intimidated as
+to give up without fighting; great numbers ran off; and those who
+remained all but betrayed Colonel Zebulon Butler, their commander' (Col.
+Z. Butler's letter). 'The British Colonel Butler sent several flags,
+requiring an unconditional surrender of his opposing namesake and the
+few continental troops yet remaining, but offering to spare the
+inhabitants their property and effects. But with the American colonel
+the victor would not treat on any terms; and the people thereupon
+compelled Colonel Dennison to comply with conditions which his commander
+had refused.' The consequence was that Colonel Zebulon Butler contrived
+to escape from the fort with the remains of Captain Hewett's company of
+regulars (_Idem._), and Colonel Dennison entered into articles of
+capitulation. 'By these it was stipulated that the settlers should be
+disarmed, and their garrison demolished; that all prisoners and public
+stores should be given up; that the property of the people called Tories
+should be made good, and they be permitted to remain peaceably upon
+their farms. In behalf of the settlers it was stipulated that their
+lives and property should be preserved, and that they should be left in
+the unmolested occupancy of their farms' (Chapman's History).
+
+"Unhappily, however, the British commander either could not or would not
+enforce the terms of capitulation (see page 91, where Mr. Hildreth says
+that 'Colonel Butler, desirous to fulfil these terms of capitulation,
+presently marched away with his Tories, but he could not induce the
+Indians to follow. They remained behind, burned the houses, ravaged the
+fields, killed such as resisted, and drove the miserable women and
+children through the woods and mountains to seek refuge where they
+might.'), which were to a great extent disregarded as well by the Tories
+as the Indians. Instead of finding protection, the valley was again laid
+waste, the houses and improvements were destroyed by fire, and the
+country plundered. Families were broken up and dispersed, men and their
+wives separated, mothers torn from their children and some of them
+carried into captivity, while far the greater number fled to the
+mountains, and wandered through the wilderness to the older settlements.
+Some died of their wounds, others from want and fatigue, while others
+were still lost in the wilderness or were heard of no more. Several
+perished in a great swamp in the neighbourhood, which, from the
+circumstance, acquired the name of 'the Shades of Death,' and retains it
+to this day. These were painful scenes. But it does not appear that
+anything like a massacre followed the capitulation." (Life of Joseph
+Brant, and Border Wars of the American Revolution, Vol. I., Chap. xv.,
+pp. 334-336.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+AMERICAN RETALIATION FOR THE ALLEGED "MASSACRE OF WYOMING," AS NARRATED
+BY AMERICAN HISTORIANS.
+
+
+We will now state from the same historical authorities the _revenge_
+which the continentals took for the "Massacre of Wyoming."
+
+Dr. Ramsay says: "Soon after the destruction of the Wyoming settlement,
+an expedition was carried on against the Indians by Colonel Zebulon
+Butler, of the Pennsylvania troops. He and his party having gained the
+head of the Delaware, October 1st, marched down the river two days, and
+then struck across the country to the Susquehanna. They burnt or
+destroyed the Indian villages both in that quarter and the other
+settlements; but the inhabitants escaped. The destruction was extended
+for several miles on both sides of the Susquehanna. They completed the
+expedition in sixteen days."[91]
+
+This destruction of "Indian villages" and "other settlements" to the
+extent of "several miles on both sides of the Susquehanna" was more than
+an equivalent revenge for the destruction of Wyoming. But it was only
+the beginning of vengeance and destruction, not only against the
+immediate offenders in the case of Wyoming, but the pretext for a
+resolution and order of Congress itself for the entire destruction of
+the Six Indian Nations, though their chiefs had held no council and
+given no order as to the attack upon the settlement of Wyoming, and had
+nothing to do with it, except that one of their tribes, with possibly a
+few stragglers from some of the other tribes. With this exception, as is
+shown by the narratives above quoted, the Six Nations had no connection
+with the destruction of Wyoming; were living quietly and industriously
+on their well-cultivated farms, though friendly to the royal cause. Yet
+Congress, by an order which, we believe, has no parallel in the annals
+of any civilized nation, commands the complete destruction of those
+people as a nation. It is cruel, indeed, and revolting to humanity, to
+kill and scalp ever so small a number of individuals, including women
+and children; but is it less cruel and revolting to render them
+houseless by thousands, to destroy the fruits of their labours, to exile
+them from their homes (after having destroyed them), and leave them to
+nakedness and starvation? Yet such was the case in the execution of the
+order of Congress for the extermination of the Six Nations.
+
+"The determination," says Dr. Andrews, "was now taken by Congress to
+destroy this Indian nation. * * The intelligence of the preparations
+that were making against them was received by the Indians with great
+courage and firmness. * * They took a strong position in the most woody
+and mountainous part of the country, which they fortified with great
+judgment. * * General Sullivan attacked them in this encampment on the
+29th of August. They stood a hot cannonade for more than two hours; but
+the breastwork of logs being almost destroyed, and the Americans having
+reached the top of the hill on their left, they were apprehensive of
+being surrounded, and retreated immediately with the utmost speed. * *
+The behaviour of the Indians on this day was very courageous; they
+returned the fire of the Americans with great spirit and regularity; and
+would, it was thought, have maintained their ground had not the
+Americans been provided with a train of artillery, to which the defeat
+of the Indians was principally owing. * * This engagement proved
+decisive. After their trenches were forced, they fled without making any
+further endeavour to rally. They were pursued two or three miles; but
+their flight was so swift that they could not be overtaken. Their loss
+in slain and wounded was very considerable, though few prisoners were
+made.
+
+"The consternation occasioned among the Indians by this defeat was such,
+that they lost all hope of retrieving their fortunes, and dropped all
+idea of further resistance. As the Americans advanced, they retreated
+before them with the utmost precipitation, and suffered them to proceed,
+without any obstruction, in the destructive operations they were
+commissioned to perform.
+
+"In pursuance of the orders he had received, General Sullivan penetrated
+into the heart of the country inhabited by the Five Nations, spreading
+everywhere the most extensive desolation. His letter to the Congress,
+giving an account of the progress and proceedings of the army under his
+command, was as complete a journal of destruction as ever was penned. No
+less than forty towns and settlements were destroyed, besides detached
+habitations. All their fields of corn and all their orchards and
+plantations; whatever, in short, was in a state of cultivation,
+underwent the same fate. The devastation was such, that on the American
+army's leaving that country not a house was left standing to their
+knowledge, nor an Indian to be seen.
+
+"Such was the issue of this celebrated expedition, undertaken by way of
+retaliation for the outrages which the Indians (Senecas) had committed
+on the frontiers, and particularly in destroying the unfortunate
+settlement of Wyoming during the preceding summer.
+
+"What rendered this total ruin of the country possessed by the Five
+Nations the more remarkable was the degree of knowledge and expertness
+in agriculture and in various domestic arts to which it was now for the
+first time discovered that the Indians had attained. It appeared by
+General Sullivan's account that the lands about the towns were
+excellently cultivated, and their houses large and elegantly
+constructed. The extent of their industry may be conjectured by his
+asserting that the quantity of corn destroyed could not, by a moderate
+computation, amount to less than 160,000 bushels; that their orchards
+were so well stocked that no less than 1,500 trees were cut down in one
+orchard only, numbers of which had evidently been planted many years;
+and that their garden grounds contained immense quantities of vegetables
+of every kind."[92]
+
+Mr. Bancroft represents what he in one place terms "the great
+expedition" as a mere raid for the chastisement of the Seneca Indians.
+He says: "Moved by the massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley, Congress,
+on the 25th of February, had directed Washington to protect the inland
+frontiers and chastise the Seneca Indians. * * The best part of the
+season was gone when Sullivan, on the last of July, moved from Wyoming.
+His arrival at Tioga sent terror to the Indians. * * Several of the
+chiefs said to Colonel Bolton, in council, 'Why does not the great king,
+our father, assist us? Our villages will be cut off, and we can no
+longer fight his battles.'
+
+"On the 22nd of August, the day after he was joined by New York troops
+under General James Clinton, Sullivan began his march up the Tioga into
+the heart of the Indian country. On the same day, Little David, a Mohawk
+chief, delivered a message from himself and the Six Nations to General
+Haldimand, then Governor of Canada: 'Brother! for these three years past
+the Six Nations have been running a race against fresh enemies, and are
+almost out of breath. Now we shall see whether you are our loving strong
+brother, or whether you deceive us. Brother! we are still strong for the
+King of England, if you will show us that he is a man of his word, and
+that he will not abandon his brothers the Six Nations.' * * The march
+into the country of the Senecas, on the left, extended to Genesee; on
+the right, detachments reached Cayuga lake. After destroying eighteen
+villages and their fields of corn, Sullivan, whose army had suffered for
+want of supplies, returned to New Jersey."[93]
+
+Mr. Hildreth's account of this expedition, though brief, is more
+comprehensive and satisfactory than that of Mr. Bancroft. Mr. Hildreth
+says:
+
+"The command of the enterprise against the Indians, declined by Gates,
+was given to Sullivan. Three brigades from the main army, under Poor,
+Hand, and Maxwell--New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey
+troops--were assembled at Wyoming. A New York brigade ('upwards of 1,000
+men,' says Dr. Ramsay), under General James Clinton, hitherto employed
+in guarding the frontier of that State, crossed from the Mohawk to Lake
+Otsego (one of the sources of the Susquehanna), dammed the lake, and so
+raised its level, and then by breaking away the dam produced an
+artificial flood, by the aid of which the boats were rapidly carried
+down the north-east branch of the Susquehanna, to form a junction with
+Sullivan. * *
+
+"Sullivan's army, amounting to 5,000 men, passed up the Chemung branch
+of the Susquehanna. At Newton, now Elmira, they encountered a strong
+body of the enemy,[94] partly Indians and partly Tories, under Brant,
+the Butlers and Johnson, entrenched on a rising ground and disposed in
+ambuscade. Sullivan detached Poor to gain the rear, while he attacked
+them in front with artillery. Having put them to rout, he crossed to
+the hitherto unexplored valley of the Genesee. That want of food might
+compel the Indians and their Tory allies to emigrate, everything was
+ravaged. The ancient Indian orchards were cut down; many bushels of corn
+were destroyed, and eighteen villages, composed largely of frame houses,
+were burned. Provisions failed. Such at least was the reason that
+Sullivan gave, and the attack upon Niagara, the great object of the
+enterprise, was abandoned.
+
+"A simultaneous expedition from Pittsburg ascended the Alleghany, and
+visited with similar devastation all the villages along the river.
+Pending these operations, and to prevent any aid from Canada, divers
+artifices were employed by Washington to create the belief of an
+intended invasion of that province."[95]
+
+The account of this expedition given by Dr. Ramsay corresponds, with
+some additional particulars, with that given by Dr. Andrews, as above
+quoted, and almost in the same words. He says:
+
+"The Indians who form the confederacy of the Six Nations, commonly
+called Mohawks, were the objects of this expedition. They inhabit that
+immense and fertile tract of country which lies between New England, the
+Middle States, and the Province of Canada. * * The Indians, on hearing
+of the expedition projected against them, acted with firmness. They
+collected their strength, took possession of proper ground, and
+fortified it with judgment. General Sullivan, on the 29th of August,
+attacked them in their works. They stood a cannonade for more than two
+hours, but then gave way. This engagement proved decisive. After the
+trenches were forced, the Indians fled without making any attempt to
+rally. The consternation occasioned among them by this defeat was so
+great, that they gave up all ideas of further resistance. As the
+Americans advanced into their settlements, the Indians retreated before
+them, without throwing any obstruction in their way. General Sullivan
+penetrated into the heart of the country inhabited by the Mohawks, and
+spread desolation everywhere. Many settlements in the form of towns were
+destroyed. All their fields of corn, and whatever was in a state of
+cultivation, underwent the same fate. Scarcely anything in the form of
+a house was left standing, nor was an Indian to be seen.
+
+"To the surprise of the Americans, they found the lands about the Indian
+towns well cultivated, and their houses both large and commodious. The
+quantity of corn destroyed was immense. Orchards, in which were several
+hundred fruit trees, were cut down; and of them many appeared to have
+been planted for a long series of years. Their gardens, replenished with
+a variety of useful vegetables, were laid waste."[96]
+
+From this review of the invasions and contests between the Americans and
+Indians, it is clear that the Indians were the greater sufferers in life
+and property. The mutual hatreds of former years, when the colonies were
+warring with the French (instead of being, as now, in alliance with
+them), and the Indians were in the interest and service of the French,
+seems to have been perpetuated on both sides, and to have become more
+intense on the part of the Americans after the failure of their efforts
+to secure the Indians to their side. The old contests between the
+Southern colonists and the Indians were renewed and repeated with
+intense bitterness; and in the Northern colonies the policy of Congress
+and its agents was to crush and exterminate the Indians altogether. In
+acts of individual cruelty, their historical and characteristic mode of
+war, the Indians exceeded the Americans; but in acts of wholesale
+destruction of life and property, the Americans far outdid the Indians,
+adopting the Indian instead of a civilized mode of warfare, and
+including in their sweep of destruction women and children as well as
+men.
+
+The employment of Indians at all on the part of Great Britain against
+the colonists, is, in our opinion, the blackest crime recorded in the
+annals of the British Government, prompted apparently by the cowardly
+and execrable General Gage, but condemned by Generals Carleton and
+Burgoyne, as well as by General Howe. The use, however, which the
+Americans sought to make of the Indians, and their cruel and
+exterminating mode of warfare against them, leave them no ground of
+boasting on the score of humanity against either the British Government
+or the Indians.
+
+To this may be added the unfortunate condition and treatment of the
+Loyalists or "Tories" among the Indians. For adhering, or suspected of
+adhering to the faith of their fathers, and even of the present
+persecution down to within less than six years, they were, however
+peaceably they might be living, driven from their homes and their
+property seized and alienated, and they left no place for the soles of
+their feet except among the Indians, and then termed monsters and
+treated as traitors, for joining their protectors in the defence of
+their places of refuge, and, as far as possible, for the recovery of
+their homes. What else, as men, as human beings, could they do? They
+were denied and banished from the homes which they had, unless they
+would reverse their political faith and oath of allegiance, and forswear
+allegiance, to enrol themselves in arms against the country of their
+forefathers and of their affection. They could not but be chafed with
+the loss of their freedom of speech and of conviction of their
+citizenship and their property, and of being driven into exile; and they
+must have been more or less than men had they not acted loyally and to
+the best of their ability with their protectors, however abhorrent to
+their views and feelings were many acts of the Indians--acts imitated
+and even excelled, in so many respects, by the Americans themselves, in
+their depredations into the Indian territories.
+
+
+COLONEL STONE'S ACCOUNT, IN DETAIL, OF GENERAL SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION OF
+EXTERMINATION OF THE SIX NATIONS OF INDIANS.
+
+In his _Life of Brant, including the Border Wars of the American
+Revolution_, Colonel Stone gives a much more elaborate account of this
+expedition of destruction against the Six Nations, or rather the Five
+Nations, for the Oneidas and some of the Tuscaroras joined the
+Americans. Colonel Stone narrates the progress and work of General
+Sullivan from place to place. We will add a few extracts from his
+narrative, after some preliminary explanations.
+
+Colonel Stone corrects a very common error, which views the whole race
+of North American Indians as essentially alike--"all as the same roving,
+restless, houseless race of hunters and fishermen, without a local
+habitation and with scarce a name." He gives examples of the varieties
+of Indian character, not less marked than between the English and the
+French--some following the buffalo in his migrations, others finding a
+precarious subsistence in the forest chase, others again fishing and
+trapping; tribes who pass most of their time in canoes, while others,
+woodland tribes, cultivate the soil, and gradually become organized, and
+acquire a higher state of civilization, and present a marked difference
+of character and taste from the hunter and fishermen tribes. "This
+higher state of social organization among the Six Nations," says Colonel
+Stone "greatly increased the difference. They had many towns and
+villages giving evidence of perseverance. They were organized into
+communities whose social and political institutions, simple as they
+were, were still as distinct and well-defined as those of the American
+Confederacy. They had now acquired some arts, and were enjoying many of
+the comforts of civilized life. Not content with small patches of
+cleared lands for the raising of a few vegetables, they possessed
+cultivated fields and orchards of great productiveness at the West.
+Especially was this the fact with regard to the Cayugas and Senecas. The
+Mohawks having been driven from their own rich lands (in the valley of
+the Mohawk and Susquehanna rivers), the extensive domains of the
+westernmost tribes of the confederacy (in the Genesee country) formed
+the granary of the whole. And in consequence of the superior social and
+political organization just referred to, and the Spartan-like character
+incident to the forest life, the Six Nations, though not the most
+numerous, were beyond doubt the most formidable of the tribes then in
+alliance with the Crown. It was justly considered, therefore, that the
+only way _to strike them effectively would be to destroy their homes_
+and the growing produce of their farms, and thus, _by cutting off their
+means of supply, drive them from their own country deeper into the
+interior, and perhaps throw them altogether upon their British allies
+for subsistence_."
+
+These facts will go far to account for the desire of the Mohawks to
+recover the homes from which they had been driven, and for the relations
+between the Six Nations to the Crown of Great Britain and the revolting
+portion of the colonists.
+
+It has been intimated that the Oneida Indians and part of the Onondagos
+adhered to the revolting colonists. Colonel Stone observes: "It was the
+intention of General Sullivan that General Clinton should employ in his
+division as large a number of the Oneida warriors as could be induced to
+engage in the service. The latter officer was opposed to this
+arrangement; but through the importunities of Sullivan, the Rev. Mr.
+Kirkland, their missionary, who was now a chaplain in the army, had been
+summoned to Albany for consultation. From thence Mr. Kirkland was
+despatched to Pennsylvania, directly to join Sullivan's division; while
+to Mr. Deane, the interpreter connected with the Indian Commissioner at
+Fort Schuyler (formerly Fort Stanwix), was confided the charge of
+negotiating with the Oneida chiefs on the subject. The Oneidas
+volunteered for the expedition almost to a man; while those of the
+Onondagos who adhered to the cause of the Americans were equally
+desirous of proving their fidelity by their deeds. Under these
+circumstances, Clinton wrote to Sullivan on the 26th, that on the
+following Saturday Mr. Deane, with the Indian warriors, would join him
+at the head of the lake. A sudden revolution, however, was wrought in
+their determination by an address to the Oneidas from General Haldimand
+(Governor of Canada), received at Fort Schuyler the 22nd. This document
+was transmitted to them in their own language; and its tenor was so
+alarming as to induce them suddenly to change their purpose, judging
+very correctly, from the threats of Haldimand, that their presence was
+necessary at home for the defence of their own castles. Still Mr. Deane
+wrote that an arrangement was on foot by which he hoped to obtain the
+co-operation of a considerable number of the Oneida warriors."
+
+"General Haldimand's address was written in the Iroquois (Mohawk)
+language, of which a translation was made by Mr. Deane and enclosed to
+General Clinton."
+
+In this address General Haldimand charged the Oneida Indians with having
+"taken a different course from the rest of the Five Nations, your
+confederates, and have likewise deserted the King's cause through the
+deceitful machinations and snares of the rebels, who intimidated you
+with their numerous armies, by which means you became bewildered and
+forgot all your engagements with and former care and favour from the
+Great King of England, your Father. You also soon forgot the frequent
+bad usage and continual encroachments of the Americans upon the Indian
+lands throughout the continent. I say, therefore, that at the breaking
+out of these troubles, you firmly declared to _observe a strict
+neutrality in the dispute_, and made your declaration known to Sir Guy
+Carleton, my predecessor, _who much approved of it, provided you were in
+earnest_.[97] I have hitherto strictly observed and examined your
+conduct, and find that you did not adhere to your assertion, although I
+could trace no reason, on the side of Government as well as the Indians,
+why you should act so treacherous and double a part; by which means we,
+not mistrusting your fidelity, have had many losses among the King's
+subjects, and the Five Nations, your friends and connections."
+
+After further reproaches, admonitions, and threatenings, General
+Haldimand concluded in the following severe words: "These are facts,
+Brothers, that, unless you are lost to every sense of feeling, cannot
+but recall in you even a most hearty repentance and deep remorse for
+your past vile actions."
+
+The effect of General Haldimand's address was to cause a conference--Mr.
+Deane, at the head of thirty-five Oneida warriors--with General Clinton,
+to apologize for the absence of their brethren from the expedition, and
+to make those explanations in regard to their own situation already
+communicated by Mr. Deane by letter, together with the address of
+General Haldimand. In his reply, General Clinton, among other things,
+said: "It is not my desire that the whole of your warriors should leave
+their castles. I have given a general invitation to our brethren the
+Oneidas, the Tuscaroras, and such of the Onondagos as have entered into
+friendship with us. In order to give all our Indian friends an equal
+chance of evidencing their spirit and determination to partake of our
+fortune, I am entirely satisfied that such only should join me as think
+proper."
+
+Colonel Stone, after stating that on the 22nd of August General Clinton
+arrived at Tioga, and formed a junction with General Sullivan, says:
+"The entire command amounted to 5,000, consisting of the brigades of
+Generals Clinton, Hand, Maxwell, and Poor, together with Proctor's
+artillery and a corps of riflemen." Then, after relating the battle of
+Newton (the present site of Elmira), as described in extracts from the
+historians in previous pages, Colonel Stone narrates the progress and
+work of the invading army of extermination and destruction. We give the
+following extracts from his narrative:
+
+"It is apprehended that but few of the present generation are thoroughly
+aware of the advances which the Indians, in the wide and beautiful
+country of the Cayugas and Senecas, had made in the march of
+civilization. They had several towns and many large villages laid out
+with a considerable degree of regularity. They had framed houses, some
+of them well furnished, having chimneys, and painted. They had broad and
+productive fields; and in addition to an abundance of apples, were in
+the enjoyment of the pear, and the still more delicious peach. But after
+the battle of Newton, the Indians everywhere fled at Sullivan's
+advance, and the whole country was swept as with a besom of destruction.
+On the 4th (September), as the army advanced, they destroyed a small
+settlement of eight houses, and two days afterwards reached the more
+considerable town of Kendaia, containing about twenty houses, neatly
+built and well finished. These were reduced to ashes, and the army spent
+nearly a day in destroying the fields of corn and the fruit trees. Of
+these there were great abundance, and many of them appeared to be
+ancient."
+
+"On the 7th, Sullivan crossed the outlet of Seneca Lake, and moved in
+three divisions upon the town of Kanadaseagea, the Seneca capital,
+containing about sixty houses, with gardens and numerous orchards of
+apple and peach trees. It was Sullivan's object to surround the town and
+take it by surprise. But although Butler had endeavoured to induce the
+Indians to make a stand at the place, his importunities were of no
+avail. They said it was no use to contend with such an army; and their
+capital was consequently abandoned as the other towns had been before
+the Americans could reach it. A detachment of 400 men was sent down on
+the west side of the lake to destroy Gotheseunquean, and the plantations
+in the neighbourhood; while at the same time a number of volunteers,
+under Colonel Harper, made a forced march in the direction of Cayuga
+Lake, and destroyed Schoyere. Meantime the residue of the army was
+employed, on the 8th, in the destruction of the town, together with the
+fruit trees and fields of corn and beans. Here, as elsewhere, _the work
+of destruction was thorough and complete_."
+
+"The main army then moved forward upon Kanandaigua, at which place it
+arrived in two days. Here they 'found twenty-three very elegant houses,
+mostly framed, and in general large, together with very extensive fields
+of corn--all of which were destroyed. From Kanandaigua they proceeded to
+the small town of Honeoye, consisting of ten houses, which were
+immediately burnt to the ground. A post was established by General
+Sullivan at Honeoye, to maintain which a strong garrison was left, with
+heavy stores and one field-piece. With this precautionary measure the
+army prepared to advance upon the yet more considerable town of
+Genesee--the great capital of the western tribes of the
+confederacy--containing their stores and their broadest cultivated
+fields."
+
+"The valley of the Genesee, for its beauty and fertility, was beheld by
+the army of Sullivan with astonishment and delight. Though an Indian
+country, and peopled only by wild men of the woods, its rich intervales
+presented the appearance of long cultivation, and were then smiling with
+the harvests of ripening corn. Indeed, the Indians themselves professed
+not to know when or by whom the lands upon that stream were first
+brought into cultivation. Instead of a howling wilderness, Sullivan and
+his troops found the Genesee flats, and many other districts of the
+country, resembling much more the orchards and farms and gardens of
+civilized life. But all was now doomed to speedy devastation. The
+Genesee Castle was destroyed. The troops scoured the whole region round
+about, and burnt and destroyed everything that came in their way. The
+town of Genesee contained 128 houses, mostly large and very elegant. It
+was beautifully situated, almost encircled with a clear flat, extending
+a number of miles, over which extensive fields of corn were waving,
+together with every kind of vegetable that could be conceived. But the
+entire army was immediately engaged in destroying it, and the axe and
+the torch soon transformed the whole of that beautiful region from the
+character of a garden to a scene of sickening desolation. Forty Indian
+towns, the largest containing 128 houses, were destroyed. Corn, gathered
+and ungathered, to the amount of 160,000 bushels, shared the same fate;
+the fruit trees were cut down; and the Indians were hunted like wild
+beasts, till neither house, nor fruit tree, nor field of corn, nor
+inhabitant remained in the whole country. The gardens were enriched with
+great quantities of useful vegetables of different kinds. The size of
+the corn-fields, as well as the high degree of cultivation, excited
+wonder, and the ears of corn were so remarkably large that many of them
+measured twenty-two inches in length. So numerous were the fruit trees,
+that in one orchard they cut down 1,500."
+
+"Having completed the objects contemplated by the expedition to the
+point at which he had arrived, General Sullivan recrossed the Genesee
+with his army the 16th of September, and set out on his return. Why he
+did not follow up his success, and strike the enemy's citadel at
+Niagara, which at that time was in no situation for formidable
+resistance, is a question difficult of solution. Unquestionably, in the
+organization of the expedition, the conquest of Niagara, the
+headquarters of the foe of all descriptions, and the seat of British
+influence and power among the Indians, was one of the principal objects
+in view. Certain it is, that the most important feature of the
+enterprise was not undertaken; and it will be seen in the sequel that
+but small ultimate advantage resulted from the campaign. Stimulated by a
+keener thirst for revenge, clouds of savages were again and again seen
+to sweep through the valley of the Mohawk with the scalping knife and
+the torch."
+
+"The return of the army was along the same tract by which it had
+advanced. On the 20th, having recrossed the outlet of Seneca Lake,
+Colonel Zebulon Butler was detached with the rifle corps of 500 men to
+pass round the foot of Cayuga Lake, and lay waste the Indian towns on
+its eastern shore; while Lieutenant-Colonel Dearborn, with 200 men, was
+detached to perform the same service on the south-western shore. The
+main army pursued the most direct route to the Chemung and Tioga. On the
+26th Colonel Dearborn's detachment returned, and on the 28th they were
+rejoined by Colonel Zebulon Butler, who had burnt three towns of the
+Cayugas, including their capital. Dearborn had burnt six towns in his
+route, destroying at the same time large quantities of corn. On the same
+day, Colonels Van Courtlandt and Dayton were detached upon a similar
+service--for the destruction of large fields of corn growing upon the
+banks of the Tioga and its tributaries."
+
+"The army then resumed its march, and passing through Wyoming, arrived
+at Easton on the 15th of October. The distance thence to Genesee Castle
+was 280 miles. With the exception of the action at Newton, the
+achievements of the army in battle were not great. But it had scoured a
+broad extent of country, and had laid more towns in ashes than had ever
+been destroyed on the continent before. The red men were driven from
+their beautiful country, their habitations left in ruins, their fields
+laid waste, their orchards uprooted, and their altars and the tombs of
+their fathers overthrown."[98]
+
+All the devastations of settlements, burnings and slaughter committed by
+the "Tories and Indians" during the whole war shrink into insignificance
+in regard to extent of territory, the number of inhabitants and towns,
+the extent of cultivated farms and gardens, when compared with General
+Sullivan's one vast sweep of ruin and misery, in the course of which, as
+the historian says, "_the Indians were hunted like wild beasts, till
+neither house nor fruit tree, nor field of corn nor inhabitant, remained
+in the whole country_."
+
+All this was done by an express order of Congress to the
+Commander-in-Chief; and for doing this General Sullivan and his army
+received the cordial approbation and thanks of the Congress.
+
+It was very natural that the survivors of the Six Nations and the
+"Tories," who took refuge and resided among them, should seek revenge on
+every possible occasion, in months following, in the regions of their
+own sufferings, especially upon those individuals and communities who
+they knew had prompted and aided the executioners of Congress. There
+were partizan leaders, with adventurous followers, on both sides, in the
+Southern as well as in the Northern States, who inflicted many acts of
+barbarity and desolation; but these retaliatory cruelties and raids of
+destruction acquired a greater intensity of bitterness and cruelty after
+the terrible ravages and cruelties perpetrated by General Sullivan and
+his army.
+
+Besides, the history of the Indians, as well as of the "Tories,"
+throughout the whole war, was written by their adversaries, and it was
+considered a master-stroke of policy to exaggerate the alleged misdeeds
+and paint the character of both the Indians and Tories in the blackest
+colours. The story of the "Massacre of Wyoming" is a sample of the
+manner in which the American writers of the day made history against the
+Indians and the "Tories." When facts could not be sufficiently seasoned
+to stimulate recruits for the army and appropriations from the people
+for its support, fiction pure and simple was resorted to; and Dr.
+Franklin himself did not think it unworthy of his antecedents, age and
+position to employ this method to bring disrepute upon the "Tories," the
+Indians, and the British Government itself, and to excite the hatred of
+his countrymen against them. The accomplished author of the _Life of
+Brant and the Border Wars of the American Revolution_ forcibly observes:
+
+"The Indians of the Six Nations, in common with their chief, were loaded
+with execrations for atrocities of which all were alike innocent,
+because the deeds recorded were never committed, it having been the
+policy of the public writers and those in authority, not only to magnify
+actual occurrences, but sometimes, when those were wanting, to draw upon
+their imaginations for such deeds of ferocity and bloodshed as might
+best serve to keep alive the strongest feelings of indignation against
+the parent country, and likewise induce the people to take the field in
+revenge, if not driven thither by the nobler impulse of patriotism."[99]
+
+Such deliberate fictions, for political purposes, as that by Dr.
+Franklin, just referred to, were probably rare; but the investigations
+into which the author has been, in the preparation of the present work,
+have satisfied him that, from other causes, much exaggeration and
+falsehood has obtained a permanent footing in American history. Most
+historians of that period, English and American, wrote too near the time
+when the events they were describing occurred, for a dispassionate
+investigation of the truth; and other writers who have succeeded, have
+too often been content to follow the beaten track, without incurring the
+labour of diligent and calm inquiry. Reference has been made above to
+Wyoming, concerning which, to this day, the world has been abused with
+monstrous fictions, with tales of horror never enacted. Nor were the
+exaggerations in regard to the invasion of Wyoming greater than were
+those connected with the irruption into and destruction of Cherry
+Valley, as the reader will discover in the course of the ensuing pages.
+Indeed, the writer, in preparation of materials for this work, has
+encountered so much that is false recorded in history as sober verity,
+that he has at times been disposed almost to universal scepticism in
+regard to uninspired narration.
+
+The "deliberate fictions, for political purposes, by Dr. Franklin," as
+the biographer of Brant expresses it, "were written as facts;" or, as
+the author quoted expresses it, "the well-known scalp story of Dr.
+Franklin was long believed, and recently revived and included in several
+books of authentic history." The details of Dr. Franklin's publication
+were so minute and varied as to create a belief that they were perfectly
+true. "It was long supposed to be authentic," as the author quoted says
+in introducing the document, in Appendix No. 1 to Volume I., "but has
+since been ascertained to be a publication from the pen of Dr. Franklin,
+for political purposes."
+
+The names introduced are of course fictitious, as well as the
+statements, but introduced with such an air of plausibility as to
+preclude the suspicion that they were fictitious. The publication will
+be a curiosity to most of the readers of these pages, as it has been to
+the writer. It is as follows:
+
+_Extract of a letter from Captain Gerrish, of the New England Militia,
+dated Albany, March 7th_, 1782:
+
+"The peltry taken in the expedition will, as you see, amount to a good
+deal of money. The possession of this booty at first gave us pleasure;
+but we were struck with horror to find among the packages eight large
+ones, containing scalps of our unhappy folks taken in the last three
+years by the Seneca Indians, from the inhabitants of the frontiers of
+New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and sent by them as a
+present to Colonel Haldimand, Governor of Canada, in order to be
+transmitted by him to England. They were accompanied by the following
+curious letter to that gentleman:
+
+"TIOGA, January 3rd, 1782.
+
+"May it please Your Excellency,
+
+"At the request of the Seneca chiefs, I send herewith to your
+Excellency, under the care of James Boyd, eight packs of scalps, cured,
+dried, hooped, and painted with all the Indian triumphal marks, of which
+the following is invoice and explanation:
+
+"No. 1, containing forty-three scalps of Congress soldiers killed in
+different skirmishes; these are stretched on black hoops, four inch
+diameter; the inside of the skin painted red, with a small black spot to
+note their being killed with bullets. Also sixty-two farmers, killed in
+their houses, the hoops red; the skin painted brown, and marked with a
+hoe; a black circle all round, to denote their being surprised in the
+night; and a black hatchet in the middle, signifying their being killed
+with that weapon.
+
+"No. 2, containing ninety-eight farmers killed in their houses; hoops
+red; figure of a hoe, to mark their profession; great white circle and
+sun, to show they were surprised in the daytime; a _little red foot_,
+to show they stood upon their defence, and died fighting for their lives
+and families.
+
+"No. 3, containing ninety-seven farmers; hoops green, to show they were
+killed in the fields; a large white circle, with a little round mark on
+it for the sun, to show that it was in the daytime; black bullet mark on
+some, hatchet on others.
+
+"No. 4, containing 102 farmers, mixed of the several marks above; only
+eighteen marked with a little yellow flame, to denote their being
+prisoners burnt alive, after being scalped, their nails pulled out by
+the roots, and other torments; one of these latter supposed to be of a
+rebel clergyman; his band being fixed to the hoop of his scalp. Most of
+the farmers appear by the hair to be young or middle-aged men; there
+being but sixty-seven grey heads among them all, which makes the service
+more essential.
+
+"No. 5, containing eighty-eight scalps of women; hair long, braided in
+the Indian fashion, to show they were mothers; hoops blue; skin yellow
+ground, with red tadpoles, to represent, by way of triumph, the tears of
+grief occasioned to their relations; a black scalping-knife or hatchet
+at the bottom, to mark their being killed with these instruments;
+seventeen others, hair very grey; black hoops; plain brown colour, no
+mark but the short club or cassetete, to show that they were knocked
+down dead, or had their brains beat out.
+
+"No. 6, containing 193 boys' scalps, of various ages; small green hoops;
+whitish ground on the skin, with red tears in the middle, and black
+bullet marks, knife, hatchet, or club, as their death happened.
+
+"No. 7, 211 girls' scalps, big and little; small yellow hoops; white
+ground; tears, hatchet, club, scalping knife, etc.
+
+"No. 8. This package is a mixture of all the varieties above mentioned,
+to the number of 122; with a box of birch bark, containing twenty-nine
+little infants' scalps of various sizes; small white hoops, white
+ground.
+
+"With these packs, the chiefs send to your Excellency the following
+speech delivered by Coneiogatchie in council, interpreted by the elder
+Moore, the trader, and taken down by me in waiting:
+
+"'_Father!_--We send you herewith many scalps, that you may see that we
+are not idle friends.--A blue belt.
+
+"'_Father!_--We wish you to send these scalps over the water to the
+Great King, that he may regard them and be refreshed; and that he may
+see our faithfulness in destroying his enemies, and be convinced that
+his presents have not been made to ungrateful people.--A blue and white
+belt with red tassels.
+
+"'_Father!_--Attend to what I am going to say; it is a matter of much
+weight. The Great King's enemies are many, and they grow fast in number.
+They were formerly like young panthers; they could neither bite nor
+scratch; we could play with them safely; we feared nothing they could do
+to us. But now their bodies are become big as the elk and strong as the
+buffalo; they have also got great and sharp claws. They have driven us
+out of our country by taking part in your quarrel. We expect the Great
+King will give us another country, that our children may live after us,
+and be his friends and children as we are. Say this for us to the Great
+King. To enforce it we give this belt.--A great white belt with blue
+tassels.
+
+"'_Father!_--We have only to say further, that your traders exact more
+than ever for their goods; and our hunting is lessened by the war, so
+that we have fewer skins to give for them. This ruins us. Think of some
+remedy. We are poor, and you have plenty of everything. We know you will
+send us powder and guns, and knives and hatchets; but we also want
+shirts and blankets.--A little white belt.'
+
+"I do not doubt but that your Excellency will think it proper to give
+some further encouragement to those honest people. The high prices they
+complain of are the necessary effect of the war. Whatever presents may
+be sent for them through my hands shall be distributed with prudence and
+fidelity. I have the honour of being
+
+"Your Excellency's most obedient and most humble servant,
+
+"JAMES CRAUFURD."
+
+This chapter of Congress vengeance to exterminate the Six Nations of
+Indians, and of its writers to picture them as human monsters, cannot be
+better concluded than in the words of the historian of Brant,[100] and
+of the Border Wars of the American Revolution:
+
+"No Indian pen traces the history of their tribes and nations, or
+records the deeds of their warriors and chiefs, their prowess and their
+wrongs. Their spoilers have been their historians; and although a
+reluctant assent has been awarded to some of the nobler traits of their
+nature, yet, without yielding a due allowance for the peculiarities of
+their situation, the Indian character has been presented with singular
+uniformity as being cold, cruel, morose, and revengeful; unrelieved by
+any of those varying traits and characteristics, those lights and
+shadows which are admitted in respect to other people no less wild and
+uncivilized than they.
+
+"Without pausing to reflect that, even when most cruel, they have been
+practising the trade of war--always dreadful--as much in conformity to
+their own usages and laws as have their more civilized antagonists, the
+white historian has drawn them with the characteristics of demons.
+Forgetting that the second of Hebrew monarchs did not scruple to saw his
+prisoners with saws, and harrow them with harrows of iron; forgetful
+likewise of the scenes of Smithfield, under the direction of our own
+British ancestors; the historians of the poor untutored Indians, almost
+with one accord, have denounced them as monsters _sui generis_, of
+unparalleled and unapproachable barbarity; as though the summary
+tomahawk were worse than the iron tortures of the harrow, and the torch
+of the Mohawk hotter than the faggots of Queen Mary.
+
+"Nor does it seem to have occurred to the 'pale-faced' writers that the
+identical cruelties, the records and descriptions of which enter so
+largely into the composition of the earlier volumes of American history,
+were not barbarities in the estimation of those who practised them. _The
+scalp lock was an emblem of chivalry._ Every warrior shaving his head
+for battle was careful to leave _the lock of defiance upon his crown_,
+as for the bravado, 'Take it if you can.' The stake and the torture
+were identified with their rude notions of the power of endurance. They
+were inflicted upon captives of their own race, as well as upon whites;
+and with their own braves these trials were courted, to enable the
+sufferer to exhibit the courage and fortitude with which they could be
+borne--the proud scorn with which all the pain that a foe might inflict
+could be endured.
+
+"But (it is said) they fell upon slumbering hamlets in the night and
+massacred defenceless women and children. This, again, was their own
+mode of warfare, as honourable in their estimation as the more courteous
+methods of committing wholesale murder laid down in the books.
+
+"But of one enormity they were ever innocent. Whatever degree of
+personal hardship and suffering their female captives were compelled to
+endure, their persons were never dishonoured by violence; a fact which
+can be predicated, we apprehend, of no other victorious soldiery that
+ever lived.
+
+"In regard, moreover, to the countless acts of cruelty alleged to have
+been perpetrated by the savages, it must still be borne in mind that the
+Indians have had no writer to relate their own side of the story. The
+annals of man, probably, do not attest a more kindly reception of
+intruding foreigners than was given to the Pilgrims landing at Plymouth
+by the faithful Massassoit, and the tribes under his jurisdiction. Nor
+did the forest kings take up arms until they but too clearly saw that
+either their visitors or themselves must be driven from the soil which
+was their own--the fee of which was derived from the Great Spirit. And
+the nation is yet to be discovered that will not fight for their homes,
+the graves of their fathers, and their family altars. Cruel they were in
+the prosecution of their contests; but it would require the aggregate of
+a large number of predatory incursions and isolated burnings to balance
+the awful scene of conflagration and blood which at once extinguished
+the power of Sassacus, and the brave and indomitable Narragansets over
+whom he reigned. No! until it is forgotten that by some Christians in
+infant Massachusetts it was held to be right to kill Indians, as the
+agents and familiars of Azazel; until the early records of even tolerant
+Connecticut, which disclose the fact that the Indians were seized by the
+Puritans, transported to the British West Indies, and sold as slaves,
+are lost; until the Amazon and La Plata shall have washed away the
+bloody history of the Spanish American conquest; and until the fact that
+Cortez stretched the unhappy Guatimozin naked upon a bed of burning
+coals (or General Sullivan's devastation of the Six Indian Nations) is
+proved to be a fiction, let not the American Indians be pronounced the
+most cruel of men."[101]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 91: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xix., p. 325.
+
+"About four weeks after Colonel Zebulon Butler's return, some hundreds
+of Indians, a large body of Tories, and about fifty regulars, entered
+Cherry Valley, within the State of New York. They made an unsuccessful
+attempt on Fort Alden; but they killed and scalped thirty-two of the
+inhabitants, mostly women and children; and also Colonel Alden and ten
+soldiers."--_Ib._, p. 325. Then, on the side of the continentals,
+"Colonel G. Van Shaick, with fifty-five men, marched from Fort Schuyler
+to the Onondago settlements, and on the 19th of April, 1779, burnt the
+whole, consisting of about fifty houses, together with a large quantity
+of provisions. Horses and stock of every kind were killed. The arms and
+ammunition of the Indians were either destroyed or brought off, and
+their settlements were laid waste. Twelve Indians were killed and
+thirty-four made prisoners. This expedition was performed in less than
+six days, and without the loss of a man."--_Ib._, pp. 326, 327.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Dr. Andrews' History of the Late War, Vol. III., Chap.
+xli., pp. 436-439.]
+
+[Footnote 93: Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. X., Chap.
+x., pp. 230, 231, 232.
+
+Mr. Bancroft's tame account of "the great expedition" against the Five
+Nations, limiting it to a chastisement of the Senecas, can only be
+accounted for from his contempt of General Sullivan, his desire to pass
+over as slightly as possible an expedition of destruction so
+disproportionate to the alleged cause of it, and against a whole rural
+and agricultural people for the alleged depredations of some of them.
+There were, as might be expected, marauding parties along the borders on
+the part of both the Indians and Americans, but the former always seem
+to have suffered more, and the latter to have excelled the former in
+their own traditionary mode of savage warfare.
+
+"Other expeditions," says Mr. Holmes, "besides this decisive one were
+conducted against the Indians in course of the year. In April, Colonel
+Van Shaick, with fifty-five men, marched from Fort Schuyler, and burnt
+the whole Onondago settlements, consisting of about fifty houses, with a
+large quantity of provisions, killed twelve Indians and made thirty-four
+prisoners, without the loss of a single man. In the month of August,
+Colonel Broadhead made a successful expedition against the Mingo,
+Munsey, and Seneca Indians." (American Annals, Vol. II., p. 302.)]
+
+[Footnote 94: Mr. Bancroft says that "the British Rangers and men of the
+Six Nations (who constructed the defensive breastwork at Newton) _were
+in all about_ 800." (History of the United States, Vol. X., Chap. x, p.
+232.)
+
+It was certainly no great feat of military courage and skill for 5,000
+men, with the aid of artillery, to defeat and disperse 800 Indians and
+Tories, without artillery, and then ravage and devastate an undefended
+country.]
+
+[Footnote 95: Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. III., Chap.
+xxxix., pp. 287-289.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap.
+xix., pp. 327-329.
+
+We will select from the same historian, though the same facts may be
+found in other histories of the time, a few examples in addition to
+those already given of the terrible retribution which the Americans
+inflicted upon the Indians in retaliation for any incursions which they
+may have made into the white settlements.
+
+"The Cherokee Indians made an incursion into Ninety-Six district, in
+South Carolina, massacred some families and burned several houses.
+General Pickens, in 1781, collected a party of the militia, and
+penetrated into their country. This he accomplished in fourteen days, at
+the head of 394 horsemen. In that short space he burned thirteen towns
+and villages, killed upwards of forty Indians, and took a number of
+prisoners. Not one of his party was killed, and only two were wounded.
+The Americans did not expend over two pounds of ammunition, and yet only
+three Indians escaped after having been once seen. * *
+
+"Towards the end of the war, in 1782, there was a barbarous and
+unprovoked massacre of some civilized Indians who had settled near the
+Muskingum. These, under the influence of some pious missionaries of the
+Moravian persuasion, had been formed into some degree of religious
+order. They abhorred war, and would take no part therein, giving for a
+reason that 'the Great Spirit did not make men to destroy men, but to
+love and assist each other.' From love of peace they advised those of
+their own colour, who were bent on war, to desist from it. They were
+also led from humanity to inform the white people of their danger, when
+they knew their settlements were about to be invaded. This provoked the
+hostile (American) Indians to such a degree, that they carried these
+quite away from Muskingum to a bank of the Sandusky Creek. They, finding
+corn dear and scarce in their new habitations, obtained liberty to come
+back in the fall of the same year to Muskingum, that they might collect
+the crops they had planted before their removal.
+
+"While the white (American) people at and near the Monongahela heard
+that a number of Indians were at the Moravian towns on the Muskingum,
+they gave out that their intentions were hostile. Without any further
+enquiry, 160 of them crossed the Ohio, and put to death these harmless,
+inoffensive people, though they made no resistance. In conformity to
+their religious principles, these Moravians submitted to their hard
+fate, without attempting to destroy their murderers. Upwards of ninety
+of this pacific race were killed by men who, while they called
+themselves Christians, were more deserving of the name of savages than
+those whom they inhumanly murdered." (Dr. Ramsay's History of the United
+States, Vol. II., Chap. xix., pp. 330-332.)
+
+Mr. Hildreth gives the following account of the proceedings of the
+eighty or ninety men who murdered the peaceful Indians: "Arrived at the
+middle Moravian village, they found a party of Christian Indians
+gathering corn. The Indians at another neighbouring village were sent
+for, and the whole were placed together in two houses. A council was
+then held to decide upon their fate. Williamson, their Commander,
+heretofore accused of too great lenity to the Indians, referred the
+matter to his men. Only sixteen voted for mercy; all the rest,
+professing a faith common on the frontier, that 'an Indian has no more
+soul than a buffalo,' were for murder. They rushed on their prey,
+scalping-knife in hand, and upwards of ninety Indians, men, women, and
+children, soon lay bleeding and gasping." (History of the United States,
+Vol. III., Chap. lxv., p. 423.)
+
+"Soon after this unprovoked massacre, a party of Americans set out for
+Sandusky, to destroy the Indian towns in that part; but the Delawares,
+Wyandots, and other Indians opposed them. An engagement ensued, in which
+some of the white people were killed, and several were taken prisoners.
+Among the latter were Colonel Crawford and his son-in-law. The colonel
+was sacrificed to the manes of those Indians who were massacred in the
+Moravian towns. The other prisoners were put to death with the tomahawk.
+
+"Throughout the American war, the desolation brought by the Indians on
+the frontier settlements of the United States, and on the Indians by the
+Americans, was sufficient to excite compassion in the most obdurate
+heart.
+
+"Not only men and warriors, but women and children indiscriminately
+murdered, while whole settlements were involved in promiscuous
+desolation. Each was made a scourge to the other; and the unavoidable
+calamities of war were rendered doubly distressing by the dispersion of
+families, the breaking up of settlements, and an addition of savage
+cruelties, to the most extensive devastation of those things which
+conduce to the comfort of human life."]
+
+[Footnote 97: The biographer of Brant and historian of the Border Wars
+of the American Revolution thinks that Sir Guy Carleton was not opposed
+to the employment of the Indians in the war with the Congress (Vol. I.,
+pp. 89, 90), and quotes Brant as his authority; but General Haldimand
+(who himself favoured the employment of the Indians in the war) appears
+to be the safest interpreter of the views of Sir Guy Carleton, who
+intended, by the friendly alliance of the Indians with the King, that
+they should be neutral.]
+
+[Footnote 98: Stone's Life of Joseph Brant, including the Border Wars of
+the American Revolution, Vol. II., Chap. i.]
+
+[Footnote 99: Life of Brant, including the Border Wars of the American
+Revolution.]
+
+[Footnote 100: Brant himself was educated at Philadelphia, married and
+lived quietly on his land in the Mohawk Valley, entertained the
+missionaries, and assisted in translating portions of the New Testament;
+but when the revolution commenced he was not allowed to live in peace
+unless he joined the revolutionary party. He determined to maintain, as
+he said, the covenant faith of his forefathers to the King of England,
+and entered upon the "warpath," in which he became so distinguished a
+hero; in the course of which he perpetrated many deeds of cruelty, but
+also, as his biographer records, performed many acts of humanity,
+kindness, and generosity.]
+
+[Footnote 101: Stone's Brant and the Border Wars of the American
+Revolution, Vol. I., Introduction, pp. 13, 14, 15.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+SITUATION AND TREATMENT OF THE LOYALISTS DURING THE WAR.
+
+
+The condition of the United Empire Loyalists for several months before,
+as well as after, the Declaration of Independence, was humiliating to
+freemen and perilous in the extreme; and that condition became still
+more pitiable after the alliance of the revolutionists with the
+French--the hereditary enemies of both England and the colonies. From
+the beginning the Loyalists were deprived of the freedom of the press,
+freedom of assemblage, and under an espionage universal, sleepless,
+malignant--subjecting the Loyalists to every species of insult, to
+arrest and imprisonment at any moment, and to the seizure and
+confiscation of their property.
+
+Before the Declaration of Independence, both parties were confessedly
+British subjects, professing allegiance to the same sovereign and
+constitution of government, both professing and avowing their adherence
+to the rights of British subjects; but differing from each other as to
+the extent of those rights in contradistinction to the constitutional
+rights of the Crown and those of the people--as in the case of party
+discussions of all constitutional questions, whether in the colonies or
+mother country for centuries past. Both parties had their advocates in
+the British Parliament; and while the prerogative advocates supported
+the corrupt Ministry of the day--or the King's party, as it was
+called--the Opposition in Parliament supported the petitions and
+remonstrances of those colonists who claimed a more popular colonial
+government; but all the advocates of the constitutional rights of the
+colonists, in both Houses of Parliament, disclaimed, on the part of
+those whom they represented, the least idea of independence or
+separation from England. The Declaration of Independence essentially
+changed the relations of parties, both in Great Britain and America. The
+party of independence--getting, after months of manipulation by its
+leaders, first a majority of one in the Congress, and afterwards
+increasing that majority by various means--repudiated their former
+professed principles of connection with England; broke faith with the
+great men and parties in England, both in and out of Parliament, who had
+vindicated their rights and professions for more than ten years; broke
+faith also with their numerous fellow-subjects in America who adhered to
+the old faith, to the old flag, and connection with England, and who
+were declared by resolutions of Conventions, from Congress, provinces,
+counties, to townships and towns, enemies of their country, rebels and
+traitors, and treated as such.[102] Even before the Declaration of
+Independence, some of these popular meetings, called Conventions,
+assumed the highest functions of legislation and government, and dealt
+at pleasure with the rights, liberties, property, and even lives of
+their Tory fellow citizens. There had been violent words, terms of
+mutual reproach, as in all cases of hot political contests; but it was
+for the advocates of independent liberty to deny to the adherents of the
+old faith all liberty of speech or of opinion, except under penalties of
+imprisonment or banishment, with confiscation of property. For a large
+portion of the community[103] to be thus stript of their civil rights by
+resolutions of a Convention, and reduced to the position of proscribed
+aliens or slaves, must have been galling to Loyalists beyond
+expression, and well calculated to prompt them to outbreaks of passion,
+and retaliations of resentment and revenge, each such act followed by a
+corresponding act from the opposite party.[104]
+
+It might be supposed that forbearance and respect would have been shown
+to those who remained "steadfast and immovable" in the traditional faith
+of British monarchy and British connection, notwithstanding a corrupt
+and arbitrary party was in power for the time being; but the very
+reverse of this was the case on the part of those who professed, as one
+cardinal article of their political creed, that "all men are born free
+and equal," and therefore that every man had an equal right to his
+opinions, and an equal right to the expression of them; but all this was
+reversed in the treatment of the Loyalists. Mr. Hildreth well describes
+the position and treatment of the Loyalists, both before and after the
+Declaration of Independence, in the following words:
+
+"In the position of that considerable class of persons who had remained
+in doubt, the Declaration of Independence and the assumption of State
+government made a decided change. It was now necessary to choose one
+side or the other.
+
+"Very serious, too, was the change in the legal position of the class
+known as Tories, in many of the States a large minority, and in all
+respectable for wealth and social position. Of those thus stigmatized,
+some were inclined to favour the utmost claims of the mother country;
+_but the greater part, though determined to adhere to the British
+connection, yet deprecated the policy which had brought on so fatal a
+quarrel_. This loyal minority, especially its more conspicuous members,
+as the warmth of political feeling increased, had been exposed to the
+violence of mobs, and to all sorts of personal indignities, in which
+private malice or a wanton and insolent spirit of mischief had been too
+often gratified under the disguise of patriotism. The barbarous and
+disgraceful practice of tarring and feathering and carting Tories,
+placing them in a cart and carrying them about as a sort of spectacle,
+had become in some places a favourite amusement. To restrain these
+outrages, Congress had specially committed the oversight of Tories and
+suspected persons to the regularly appointed Committees of Inspection
+and Observation for the several counties and districts. But even these
+Committees were not always very judicious or discriminating in the
+exercise of despotic powers implied in that delicate trust.
+
+"By the recent political changes, Tories and suspected persons became
+exposed to dangers from the law as well as from mobs. Having boldly
+seized the reins of government, the new State authorities claimed the
+allegiance of all residents within their limits, and under the lead and
+recommendation of Congress, those who refused to acknowledge their
+authority, or who adhered to their enemies, were exposed to severe
+penalties, confiscation of property, imprisonment, banishment, and
+finally death."[105]
+
+It does not appear that these lawless outrages upon "Tories" were ever
+checked or discountenanced, or their authors ever even reproved by the
+so-called authorities, but were actively or tacitly encouraged; so that
+before and during the very first months of Independence, the Loyalists
+were subject to the penalties of the mobs on one side and to the more
+cruel penalties of new-made law by a newly self-created authority on the
+other side. Perhaps no one did as much to promote this cruel policy
+against the Loyalists as Mr. John Adams, who was the ruling spirit in
+all the proceedings of Boston for years, the advocate of the Declaration
+of Independence, and the chief member of the Secret Committee of
+Congress for years, and was at length appointed Ambassador from the
+American Congress to Holland, whence he wrote a letter to Thomas
+Cushing, then Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts, but which was
+intercepted on board of the prize brigantine _Cabot_, and carried to St.
+Christopher's, in the West Indies. This letter was published in the
+Annual Register for 1781, pp. 259-261. It is dated "Amsterdam, December
+15th, 1780," more than four years after the Declaration of Independence,
+and fully indicates the source of all those cruel acts against the
+Loyalists at the commencement and during the early years of the American
+civil war. Mr. Adams says:
+
+"It is true, I believe, what you suggest, that Lord North showed a
+disposition to give up the contest, but was diverted from it not
+unlikely by the representation of the Americans in London, who, in
+connection with their coadjutors in America, have been thorns to us
+indeed on both sides of the water; but I think their career might have
+been stopt on your side if the executive officers had not been too timid
+in a point which I so strenuously recommended at the first--namely, to
+fine, imprison, and hang all inimical to the cause, without favour or
+affection. I foresaw the evil that would arise from that quarter, and
+wished to have timely stopt it. I would have hanged my own brother had
+he taken a part with our enemy in the contest."
+
+Such was the "strenuously recommended" wholesale hanging policy of Mr.
+John Adams for the extermination of the "Tories"--a curious illustration
+of his professed doctrine, that "all men are born free and equal," and
+which largely accounts for the treatment of Loyalists during the war,
+and for the exasperated feelings which existed between them and their
+persecutors and oppressors of the Independence party. One of the first
+manifestations of this relentless feeling against the Loyalists occurred
+in Mr. Adams' native city of Boston, on its evacuation by General Howe,
+who, as Lord Mahon says, "had taken with him, at their own urgent
+request, above a thousand of the inhabitants of Boston, who had espoused
+the cause of the parent State, and who dreaded on that account the
+vengeance of their countrymen. Before they had embarked, they had, as
+Washington informs his brother, publicly declared that 'if they thought
+the most abject submission would procure them peace, they never would
+have stirred.'"[106] (Letter to John Augustine Washington, March 13th,
+1776, as printed in the American Archives.)
+
+"Indeed, throughout this contest, and amidst all those qualities
+displayed by the Americans, many of those qualities being entitled to
+high respect and commendation, there was none certainly less amiable
+than their merciless rancour against those among them who adhered to the
+royal side. In reference to those, a ferocious saying came to be current
+in America, that though we are commanded to forgive our enemies, we are
+nowhere commanded to forgive our friends. In reference to them, true
+Jetburgh justice was more than once administered--first the punishment,
+then the accusation, and last of all the evidence."[107]
+
+The Convention of the State of New York (1776) resolved that "any person
+being an adherent to the King of Great Britain should be guilty of
+treason and suffer death."[108]
+
+The Loyalists experienced similar treatment in other provinces.
+
+"Previous to their evacuation of Philadelphia, the Congress had ordered
+some of the principal Quakers and other gentlemen of the first
+consideration in that place, above twenty in number, to be taken into
+custody, as strongly attached to the royal cause, and known enemies to
+the ruling powers. These gentlemen had repeatedly refused to give any
+written or verbal acknowledgment of allegiance or submission to the
+American Government, or promise of holding no correspondence with its
+enemies. Notwithstanding the evident danger their persons were in, they
+had even the resolution to refuse confining themselves to their
+respective dwellings. The spirit of these gentlemen was unconquerable to
+the last, as they still persisted, in defiance of threats, and in spite
+of all solicitations and entreaty, immovable in their principles and in
+their determination to reject the test that was proposed to them. They
+were sent prisoners to Stanton, in Virginia, as soon as it was
+apprehended that the British troops would take possession of
+Philadelphia."[109]
+
+After the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, the defenceless
+Loyalists were the objects of vengeance as they went further north. The
+army of Lord Cornwallis received civil treatment from Washington's
+army,[110] and great kindness from the French officers and soldiers.
+Lord Mahon observes:
+
+"The followers of the English army, left defenceless at Yorktown, were
+exposed to much ill-treatment on the part of the native soldiers,
+thirsting, it was said, for vengeance. Abbe Robin[111] saw an English
+lady, a colonel's wife, come in tears to implore for herself and for her
+children the protection of French generosity against American outrage.
+On the other hand, we find the English officers and soldiers, the actual
+prisoners of war, bear willing testimony to the kindness they received.
+Thus speaks Lord Cornwallis in his letter to Sir Henry Clinton: 'The
+treatment in general that we have received from the enemy since our
+surrender has been perfectly good and proper. But the kindness and
+attention that has been shown us by the French officers in particular,
+their delicate sensibility of our situation, their generous and pressing
+offer of money, both public and private, to any amount, has really gone
+beyond what I can possibly describe, and will, I hope, make an
+impression on the breast of every English officer, whenever the fortune
+of war should put any of them into our power.'" (Lord Mahon's History of
+England, etc., Vol. VII., Chap. lxiv., pp. 181, 182.)
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+THE ACTS OF LEGISLATIVE BODIES FOR THE PUNISHMENT OF THE ADHERENTS TO
+THE CROWN WERE NUMEROUS.
+
+
+"In _Rhode Island_, death and _confiscation_ of estate were the
+penalties by law for any person who communicated with _the Ministry_ or
+their agents, _or_ who afforded supplies to the forces, _or_ piloted the
+armed ships of the King. Besides these general statutes, several Acts
+were passed in that State to confiscate and sequester the property of
+certain persons who were designated by name.
+
+"In _Connecticut_, the offences of supplying the royal army or navy, of
+giving them information, of enlisting or procuring others to enlist in
+them, and of piloting or assisting naval vessels, were punished more
+mildly, and involved only the loss of estate and personal liberty for a
+term not exceeding three years. To _speak_ or _write_ or act against the
+doings of Congress or of the Assembly of Connecticut, was punishable by
+_disqualification for office, imprisonment_, and the disarming of the
+offender. Here, too, was a law for seizing and confiscating the estates
+of those who sought royal protection, and absented themselves from their
+homes or the country.
+
+"In _Massachusetts_, a person _suspected_ of enmity to the Whig cause
+could be _arrested_ under a magistrate's warrant and banished, unless he
+would swear fealty to the friends of liberty; and the select men of
+towns could prefer charges of political treachery in town meetings, and
+the individual accused, if convicted by a jury, could be sent into the
+enemy's jurisdiction (banished). Massachusetts also designated by name,
+and generally by occupation and residence, 380 of her people, of whom
+seventeen had been inhabitants of Maine, who had fled from their homes,
+and denounced against any one of them who should return, apprehension,
+imprisonment, and transportation to a place possessed by the British;
+and for a second voluntary return, without leave, _death_ without the
+benefit of clergy. By another law, the property of twenty-nine persons
+who were denominated 'notorious conspirators,' was confiscated--two had
+been governors, one lieutenant-governor, one treasurer, one
+attorney-general, one chief justice, and four commissioners of customs.
+
+"_New Hampshire_ passed Acts similar to these, under which seventy-six
+of her former citizens were prohibited from coming within her borders,
+and the estates of twenty-eight were declared to be forfeited.
+
+"_Virginia_ passed a resolution to the effect that persons of a given
+description should be deemed and treated as aliens, and that their
+property should be sold, and the proceeds go into the public treasury
+for future disposal; and also a law prohibiting the migration of certain
+persons to that commonwealth, and providing penalties for the violation
+of its provisions.
+
+"In _New York_, the County Committees were authorized to apprehend and
+decide upon the guilt of such inhabitants as were _supposed_ to hold
+correspondence with the enemy, or had committed some other specified
+act; and they might punish those whom they adjudged to be guilty with
+imprisonment for three months, or banishment. There, too, persons
+opposed to liberty and independence were prohibited from practising law
+in the Courts; and the effects of fifty-nine persons, of whom three were
+women, and their rights of remainder and reversion, were to pass by
+confiscation from them to the people. So, also, a parent whose sons went
+off and adhered to the enemy was subjected to a tax of ninepence on the
+pound of the parents' estate for each and every such son; and until a
+revision of the law, Whigs were as liable to this tax as others.
+
+"In _New Jersey_, one Act was passed to punish traitors and disaffected
+persons; another, for taking charge of and leasing the real estates, and
+for forfeiting the personal estates of certain fugitives and offenders;
+and a third for forfeiting to, and vesting in the State, the real
+property of the persons designated in the second statute; and a fourth,
+supplemental to the Act first mentioned.
+
+"In _Pennsylvania_, sixty-two persons, who were designated by name, were
+required by the Executive Council to surrender themselves to some Judge
+of a Court, or Justice of the Peace, within a specified time, and abide
+trial for _treason_, or in default of appearance to stand attainted; and
+by an Act of a subsequent time, the estates of thirty-six other persons,
+who were also designated by name, and who had been previously attainted
+of treason, were declared to be confiscated.
+
+"The Act of _Delaware_ provided that the property, both real and
+personal, of certain persons who were named, and who were forty-six in
+number, should be forfeited to the State, 'subject, nevertheless, to the
+payment of the said offenders' just debts,' unless, as in Pennsylvania,
+they gave themselves up to trial for _the crime of treason in adhering
+to the royal cause_.
+
+"_Maryland_ seized, confiscated, and appropriated all property of
+persons in allegiance to the British Crown, and appointed Commissioners
+to carry out the terms of three statutes which were passed to effect
+these purposes.
+
+"In _North Carolina_, the Confiscation Act embraced sixty-five specified
+individuals, and four mercantile firms, and by its terms not only
+included the 'lands' of these persons and commercial houses, but their
+'negroes and other personal property.'
+
+"The law of _Georgia_, which was enacted very near the close of the
+struggle, declared certain persons to have been guilty of treason
+against that State, and their estates to be forfeited for their
+offences."[112]
+
+"_South Carolina_ surpassed all the other members of the confederacy,
+Massachusetts excepted. The Loyalists of the State, whose rights,
+persons, and property were affected by legislation, were divided into
+four classes. The persons who had offended the least, who were
+forty-five in number, were allowed to retain their estates, but were
+amerced twelve per cent. of their value. Soon after the fall of
+Charleston, and when disaffection to the Whig cause was so general, 210
+persons, who styled themselves to be 'principal inhabitants' of the
+city, signed an address to Sir Henry Clinton, in which they state that
+they have every inducement to return to their allegiance, and ardently
+hope to be re-admitted to the character and condition of British
+subjects. These 'addressers' formed another class. Of these 210,
+sixty-three were banished and lost their property by forfeiture, either
+for this offence or the graver one of affixing their names to a petition
+to the royal general, to be armed on the royal side. Another class,
+composed of the still larger number of eighty persons, were _also
+banished and divested of their estates_, for the crime of holding civil
+or military commissions under the Crown, after the conquest of South
+Carolina. And the same penalties were inflicted upon thirteen others,
+who, on the success of Lord Cornwallis at Camden, presented his lordship
+with congratulations. Still fourteen others were _banished and deprived
+of their estates_ because they were _obnoxious_. Thus, then, the
+'addressers,' 'petitioners,' 'congratulators,' and 'obnoxious
+Loyalists,' who were proscribed, and who suffered the loss of their
+property (in South Carolina), were 170 in number; and if to these we add
+the forty-five who were fined twelve pounds in the hundred of the value
+of their estates, the aggregate will be 215.
+
+"Much of the legislation of the several States appears to have
+proceeded from the recommendations made from time to time _by Congress_,
+and that body passed several acts and resolutions of its own. Thus they
+subjected to _martial law_ and to _death_ all who should furnish
+provisions and certain other articles to the King's troops in New
+Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; and they resolved that all Loyalists
+taken in arms should be sent to the States to which they belonged, there
+to be _dealt with as traitors_" (not as prisoners of war, as were
+Americans taken in arms against the British).[113]
+
+
+REMARKS ON THE CONFISCATION ACTS ABOVE CITED.
+
+The Draconian Code or the Spanish Inquisition can hardly be said to
+exceed in severity and intolerance, the acts of the several State
+Legislatures and Committees above quoted, in which mere opinions are
+declared to be treason, as also the refusal to renounce a solemn oath of
+allegiance. The very place of residence, the non-presenting one's self
+to be tried as a traitor, the mere _suspicion_ of holding Loyalist
+opinions, involved the loss of liberty and property. Scores of persons
+were made criminals, not after trial by a verdict of a regularly
+empanelled jury, but by name, in acts or resolutions of Legislatures,
+and sometimes of Committees. No modern civilized country has presented
+such a spectacle of the wholesale disposal, by name, of the rights,
+liberties and properties, and even lives of citizens, by inquisition and
+various bodies, as was here presented against the Loyalists, guilty of
+no crime against their neighbours except holding to the opinions of
+their forefathers, and the former opinions of their present persecutors,
+who had usurped the power to rob, banish, and destroy them--who embodied
+in themselves, at one and the same time, the functions of law makers,
+law judges, and law executioners, and the receivers and disposers, or,
+as was the case, the possessors of the property which they confiscated
+against the Loyalists.
+
+Is it surprising, then, that under such a system of oppression and
+robbery, Loyalists should be prompted to deeds of heroism, and sometimes
+of desperation and cruelty, to avenge themselves for the wrongs
+inflicted upon them, and to recover the liberties and properties of
+which they had thus been deprived, rendering themselves and their
+families homeless, and reducing them to poverty and distress? No one can
+justify many deeds of the Loyalists; but who could be surprised had they
+been more desperate than they were? And this the more so as they were,
+probably, superior in wealth and nearly equal in numbers to their
+oppressors, who had suddenly seized upon all military sources of power,
+disarmed the Loyalists, and erected tribunals for their ruin.[114]
+American writers often speak of the havoc committed by the "Tories," but
+the acts of Legislatures and Committees above quoted furnish ample
+causes and provocation for retaliation, and the most desperate
+enterprises and efforts to recover lawful rights and hard-earned
+property. Where these Confiscating Acts had been most sweeping and
+severe, as in the case of South Carolina, and the two parties nearly
+equal, this internecine war against life and property was the most
+relentless.[115]
+
+It is as easy as it is unfair for American writers to narrate and
+magnify the murderous acts of the "Tories," and omit those perpetrated
+by the "Whigs," as well as the cruel laws against the liberties,
+property, and lives of the "Tories," which gave rise to these barbarous
+acts.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 102: "Committees exercised legislative, executive, and
+judicial powers. It is not to be doubted that, in many instances, these
+were improperly used, and that private resentments were often covered
+under the specious veil of patriotism. The sufferers, in passing over to
+the Royalists, carried with them a keen remembrance of the vengeance of
+Committees, and when opportunity presented were tempted to retaliate."
+(Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap. xxvi., pp.
+467, 468.)]
+
+[Footnote 103: "Until the Declaration of Independence they were by far
+the largest party, who not only expected but prayed for a
+reconciliation. England was their home, and by that affectionate name
+was always spoken of; all the wrongs which were heaped upon the children
+could not make them forget their home, or entirely alienate them from
+their parent. The ligaments that connect nations are never less
+powerful, though less tender, than those which unite individuals,
+families, and clans. Consanguinity, affinity, alliance, operate alike on
+each." (Allen's History of the American War.)
+
+"The disaffected, or rather the Loyalists, were a formidable party in
+the Middle States. They might be forgiven--many of them acted from
+principle, from a conscientious regard to their duty, from affection to
+their 'Sovereign,' and however mistaken they may have been, they deserve
+no censure. It is the infirmity of men's nature to err, and the majority
+cannot complain if the minority insist on the same privilege for which
+the predominant party are contending--the liberty of judging for
+themselves."--_Ib._, Vol. I., p. 483.]
+
+[Footnote 104: Even in South Carolina. Mr. Hildreth remarks:
+
+"Not, however, by armies alone were hostilities carried on. All the
+scattered settlements bristled in hostile array. Whigs and Tories
+pursued each other with little less than savage fury. Small parties,
+everywhere under arms, some on one side, some on the other, with very
+little reference to greater operations, were desperately bent on plunder
+and blood." (Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. III., Chap.
+xli., p. 329.)]
+
+[Footnote 105: Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. III., Chap,
+xxxiii., pp. 137, 138.]
+
+[Footnote 106: Having thus recovered their capital (Boston), one of the
+first acts of government exercised by the Provincial Assembly was to
+order the effects and the estates of those who fled with the British
+troops to Halifax to be publicly disposed of, and their produce applied
+to the use of the State. Such adherents to Britain as had risked to
+remain behind, were treated with great severity. They were prosecuted as
+enemies and betrayers of their country, and their estates were
+confiscated accordingly. (Dr. Andrews' History of the Late War, Vol.
+II., Chap. xix., p. 159.)]
+
+[Footnote 107: Lord Mahon's History, etc., Vol. VI., Chap. liii., pp.
+127, 128.
+
+"The American Loyalists, in arms on the side of England, had grievous
+cause throughout the war to complain of the merciless treatment of such
+among them as fell into their countrymen's hands."--_Ib._, Vol. VII.,
+Chap. lxvi., p. 250.
+
+"The Legislature of North Carolina passed a law (1780) to put a stop to
+the robbery of poor people under the pretence that they were Tories--a
+practice carried on even to the plundering of their clothes and
+household furniture." (Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol.
+III., Chap. xli., p. 329.)
+
+"In New York, in 1776, a rage for plundering, under pretence of taking
+Tory property, infected many of the common soldiery, and even some of
+the officers." (Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II.,
+Chap. xi., p. 154.)]
+
+[Footnote 108: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II.,
+Chap. xi.]
+
+[Footnote 109: Dr. Andrews' History of the Late War, Vol. II., Chap.
+xxvi., pp. 370, 371.]
+
+[Footnote 110: In connection with these transactions, we have an
+illustration of the uniform and generous treatment of Loyalists by
+General Washington, although he once gave expression to ill-feeling
+towards them at Boston in the spring of 1775; for says Lord Mahon:
+
+"Cornwallis, on his part, was honourably anxious to protect from harm
+the native Loyalists within his lines; and he proposed, as the tenth
+Article, that no such men were to be punished on account of having
+joined the British army. Washington wrote in reply: 'This cannot be
+assented to, being altogether of civil resort.' Means were found,
+however, with Washington's connivance, to obtain the same object in
+another form. It was stipulated that, immediately after the
+capitulation, the _Bonetta_ sloop-of-war was to sail for New York,
+unsearched, with despatches from Lord Cornwallis to Sir Henry Clinton,
+and with as many soldiers on board as he should think fit to send;
+provided only that the vessel was returned, and that the soldiers were
+accounted for as prisoners in a future exchange. By this expedient was
+the British chief enabled to secure a safe conduct for his American
+adherents." (Lord Mahon's History, etc., Vol. VII., Chap. lxiv., p.
+179.)]
+
+[Footnote 111: "The abbe was struck at seeing, from several indications,
+how much keener was at that time the animosity between the English and
+Americans than between the English and French. Thus the English
+officers, when they laid down their arms and were passing along the
+enemy's lines, courteously saluted every French officer, even of the
+'lowest rank,' a compliment which they withheld from every American man
+of the highest." (Voyage en Amerique, par l'Abbe Robin, p. 141, ed.
+1782; quoted in Lord Mahon's History, Vol. VI., Chap. lxiv., p. 181.)]
+
+[Footnote 112: _Note_ by the Author.--The above statement of the
+confiscating law of Georgia gives a very inadequate idea of that law.
+Savannah was taken, and General Lincoln and his army were driven out of
+Georgia by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, in 1778, who treated all classes
+with such kindness and generosity that the Legislature and Government,
+as previously existed, was restored and remained until 1782, when
+Savannah was evacuated by the British. Just at the juncture of Colonel
+Campbell's conquest of Georgia, the Legislature of that State was
+passing a Confiscation Act against "Tories" and preparing to carry it
+into effect. During the latter part of the nearly four years of British
+occupation, the Congress party elected a Governor and organized their
+Legislature, meeting at Augusta. Two months before the evacuation of
+Savannah by the British, the Legislature of the Congress party passed
+the Confiscation Act referred to in the text. We find a copy of this act
+in a pamphlet published in London in 1783, entitled _The Particular Case
+of the Georgia Loyalists_. This Act may serve as a specimen of
+Confiscation Acts passed in other States. We give it entire, remarking
+that it curiously assumes in the preamble that there had been no break
+in the Government of the State from 1778 to 1782, though the English had
+ruled the State during the whole of that period. The Act is as follows:
+
+"Whereas on the 1st day of March, which was in the year of our Lord
+1778, an Act was passed for attainting certain persons therein mentioned
+of treason, and confiscating their estates for the use and benefit of
+this State, which said Act has not yet been carried into full execution:
+And whereas it is necessary that the names of the said persons so
+attainted by the same law should be inserted in a law, with the names of
+various other persons who have since the aforesaid time been guilty of
+treason against this State, and the authority of the same, by
+traitorously adhering to the King of Great Britain, and by aiding,
+assisting, abetting, and comforting the generals and other officers,
+civil and military, of the said King, to enforce his authority in and
+over this State, and the good people of the same: And whereas the
+_aforesaid treason_, and other atrocious crimes, justly merit forfeiture
+of protection and property:
+
+"Be it enacted, by the representatives and freemen of the State of
+Georgia in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same, that
+all and each of the following persons, viz. (here follow the names of
+286 persons, late inhabitants of Georgia), be and they are hereby
+declared to be banished from this State for ever; and if any of the
+aforesaid shall remain in this State sixty days after the passing of
+this Act, or shall return to this State, the Governor or
+Commander-in-Chief for the time being is hereby authorised and required
+to cause such persons so remaining in or _returning_ to this State to be
+apprehended and committed to jail, there to remain without bail or
+mainprize, until a convenient opportunity shall offer for transporting
+the said persons beyond the seas to some part of the British King's
+dominions, which the Governor or Commander-in-Chief for the time being
+is hereby required to do; and if any of the said persons shall return to
+this State after such transportation, then and in such case he or they
+shall be adjudged and hereby declared to _be guilty of felony_, and
+shall, on conviction of their having so returned as aforesaid, _suffer
+death_ without the benefit of clergy.
+
+"And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that all and
+singular the estates, real and personal, of each and every one of the
+aforesaid persons, which they held, possessed or were entitled to, in
+law or equity, on the 19th of April, 1775, or which they have held
+since, or do hold in possession, or others hold in trust for them, or to
+which they are or may be entitled in law or equity, or which they may
+have, hold, or be possessed of, in right of others, together with all
+debts, dues, and demands that are or may be owing to the aforesaid
+persons, or either of them, _be confiscated to and for the use and
+benefit of this State_; and the monies arising from the sales which take
+place by virtue of and in pursuance of this Act, to be applied to such
+uses and purposes as the Legislature shall hereafter direct.
+
+"And whereas divers others persons, citizens of this State, and owing
+allegiance thereto (whose names are not herein recited), did, in
+violation of said allegiance, traitorously assist, abet, and participate
+in the aforesaid treasonable practices: Be it therefore enacted, by the
+authority of the aforesaid, that all and every of the person or persons
+under this description shall, on full proof and conviction of the same
+in a court of law, be liable and subjected to all the like pains,
+penalties, and forfeitures inflicted by this Act on those offenders
+whose names are particularly mentioned therein.
+
+"And be it further enacted, that all debts, dues, or demands due or
+owing to merchants and others residing in Great Britain, be and they are
+hereby sequestered, and the Commissioners appointed by this Act, or a
+majority of them, are hereby empowered to recover, receive, and deposit
+the same in the Treasury of this State, in the same manner and under the
+same regulations as debts confiscated, there to remain for the use of
+this State until otherwise appropriated by this or any other House of
+Assembly.
+
+"And whereas there are various persons, subjects of the King of Great
+Britain, possessed of or entitled to estates, real and personal, which
+justice and sound policy require should be applied to the benefit of
+this State: Be it therefore enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that
+all and singular the estates, real and personal, belonging to persons
+being British subjects, of whatever kind or nature, of which they may be
+possessed, or others in trust for them, or to which they are or may be
+entitled in law or equity, and also all debts, dues, or demands owing or
+accruing to them, be confiscated to and for the use and benefit of this
+State; and the monies arising from the sale which shall take place by
+virtue of and in pursuance of this Act, to be applied to such uses and
+purposes as the Legislature shall hereafter direct.
+
+"And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that the State
+will and do guarantee and defend the Commissioners appointed by this
+Act, or a majority of them, in all their proceedings for carrying the
+powers and authorities given them by the same into full effect; and will
+also warrant and for ever defend all and every sale or sales which the
+said Commissioners, or a majority of them, shall make to any purchaser
+or purchasers of any part or parts of the real and personal estates
+confiscated by this Act.
+
+"Augusta, State of Georgia, 4th May, 1782."]
+
+[Footnote 113: Historical Introduction to Col. Sabine's Biographical
+Sketches of the American Loyalists, pp. 77-81.]
+
+[Footnote 114: In the historical essay above quoted, the author says:
+"The examination now completed of the political condition of the
+colonies, of the state of parties, and of the divisions in particular
+classes in society, and avocations in life, leads to the conclusion that
+the number of our countrymen who wished to continue their connection
+with the mother country was very large. In nearly every Loyalist letter
+or other paper which I have examined, and in which the subject is
+mentioned, it is either assumed or stated in terms that the LOYAL were
+_the majority_; and this opinion, I am satisfied, was very generally
+entertained by those who professed to have a knowledge of public
+sentiment. That the adherents of the Crown were mistaken, is certain.
+But yet in the Carolinas, and Georgia, and possibly in Pennsylvania the
+two parties differed but little in point of strength, while in New York
+the Whigs were far weaker than their opponents." (Historical
+Introduction to Col. Sabine's Biographical Sketches of the American
+Loyalists, p. 65.)]
+
+[Footnote 115: In the historical essay above quoted we have the
+following words:
+
+"What was the nature of the conflict between the two parties in South
+Carolina? Did the Whigs and their opponents meet in open and fair fight,
+and give and take the courtesies and observe the rules of civilized
+warfare? Alas, no! They murdered one another. I wish it were possible to
+use a milder word; but murder is the only one that can be employed to
+express the truth. Of this, however, the reader shall judge. I shall
+refrain from a statement of my own, and rely on the testimony of others.
+
+"Gen. Greene thus spoke of the hand-to-hand strifes, which I stigmatize
+as murderous. 'The animosity,' said he, 'between the Whigs and Tories
+renders their situation truly deplorable. The Whigs seem determined to
+extirpate the Tories, and the Tories the Whigs. Some thousands have
+fallen in this way in this quarter, and the evil rages with more
+violence than ever. If a stop cannot be soon put to these massacres, the
+country will be depopulated in a few months more, as neither 'Whig' nor
+'Tory' can live." (Historical Introduction to Colonel Sabine's
+Biographical Sketches of the American Loyalists, p. 33.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+TREATMENT OF THE LOYALISTS BY THE AMERICANS, AT AND AFTER THE AMERICAN
+REVOLUTION.
+
+
+It remains now to ascertain the reception with which the applications of
+Loyalists were met in the several State Legislatures. During the last
+three years of the war, the principal operations of the British army
+were directed to the Southern States; and there the exasperations of
+party feeling may be supposed to have been the strongest.[116]
+
+No where had arbitrary authority been exercised more unmercifully
+towards the revolutionists than by Earl Cornwallis and Lord Rawdon in
+South and North Carolina. Dr. Ramsay says: "The troops under the command
+of Cornwallis had spread waste and ruin over the face of all the
+country, for 400 miles on the sea coast, and for 200 miles westward.
+Their marches from Charleston to Camden, from Camden to the River Dan,
+from the Dan through North Carolina to Wilmington, from Wilmington to
+Petersburg, and from Petersburg through many parts of Virginia, till
+they finally settled in Yorktown, made a route of more than 1,100 miles.
+Every place through which they passed in these various marches
+experienced the effects of their rapacity. Their numbers enabled them to
+go where they pleased; their rage for plunder disposed them to take
+whatever they had the means of removing; and their animosity to the
+Americans led them often to the wanton destruction of what they could
+neither use nor carry off. By their means, thousands had been involved
+in distress."[117]
+
+It was therefore in South Carolina, more than any other State, that
+animosity might be expected to be intense and prolonged against the
+Loyalists; but among these men of the South, with their love of freedom,
+and dash and energy in war, there was a potent element of chivalry and
+British generosity which favourably contrasts with the Massachusetts
+school of persecuting bigotry and of hatred, from generation to
+generation, to England and English institutions. Accordingly we learn
+from Moultrie's Memoirs, Vol. II., p. 326, that "after the peace, a
+Joint Committee from the Senate and House of Representatives in South
+Carolina, chosen to hear the petitions of Loyalists who had incurred the
+penalties of the confiscation, banishment, and amercement laws, made a
+report to the separate Houses in favour of the great majority of the
+petitioners; and a great part of those names which were upon the
+confiscation, banishment and amercement lists were struck off."
+
+"The petitions of others were afterwards presented from year to year,
+and ultimately almost the whole of them had their estates restored to
+them, and they were received as citizens."[118]
+
+As to the proceedings of the other States, after the close of the war,
+in regard to the United Empire Loyalists, the following summary, from
+the _Historical Introduction_ to Colonel Sabine's _Biography of the
+American Loyalists_, will be sufficient:
+
+"At the peace, justice and good policy both required a general amnesty,
+and the revocation of the acts of disability and banishment, so that
+only those who had been guilty of flagrant crimes should be excluded
+from becoming citizens. Instead of this, however, the State Legislatures
+generally continued in a course of hostile action, and treated the
+conscientious and pure, and the unprincipled and corrupt, with the same
+indiscrimination as they had done during the struggle. In some parts of
+the country there really appears to have been a determination to place
+these misguided but then humbled men beyond the pale of human sympathy.
+In one legislative body, a petition from the banished, praying to be
+allowed to return to their homes, was rejected without a division; and a
+law was passed which denied to such as had remained within the State,
+and to all others who had opposed the revolution, the privilege of
+voting at the elections or of holding office. In another State, all who
+had sought royal protection were declared to be aliens, and to be
+incapable of claiming and holding property within it, and their return
+was forbidden. Other Legislatures refused to repeal such of their laws
+as conflicted with the conditions of the treaty of peace, and carried
+out the doctrines of the States alluded to above without material
+modification. But the temper of South Carolina was far more moderate.
+Acting on the wise principle that 'when the offenders are numerous, it
+is sometimes prudent to overlook their crimes,' she listened to the
+supplications made to her by the fallen, and restored to their civil and
+political rights a large portion of those who had suffered under her
+banishment and confiscation laws. The course pursued by New York,
+Massachusetts, and Virginia was different. These States were neither
+merciful nor just; and it is even true that Whigs, whose gallantry in
+the field, whose prudence in the Cabinet, and whose exertions in
+diplomatic stations abroad, had contributed essentially to the success
+of the conflict, were regarded with enmity on account of their attempts
+to produce a better state of feeling and more humane legislation. Had
+these States adopted a different line of conduct, their good example
+would not have been lost, probably, upon others, smaller and of less
+influence; and had Virginia especially been honest enough to have
+permitted the payment of debts which her people owed to British subjects
+before the war, the first years of our freedom would not have been
+stained with a breach of our public faith, and the long and angry
+controversy with Great Britain, which well-nigh involved us in a second
+war with her, might not have occurred.
+
+"Eventually, popular indignation diminished; the statute book was
+divested of its most objectionable enactments, and numbers were
+permitted to occupy their old homes, and to recover the whole or part of
+their property; but by far the greater part of the Loyalists who quitted
+the country at the commencement of, or during the war, never returned;
+and of the many thousands who abandoned the United States after the
+peace, and while these enactments were in force, few, comparatively, had
+the desire or even the means to revisit the land from which they were
+expelled. Such persons and their descendants form a very considerable
+proportion of the population of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Upper
+Canada.
+
+"It is equally to be regretted on grounds of policy that the
+_majorities_[119] in the State Legislatures did not remember, with Mr.
+Jefferson, that separation from England 'was contemplated with
+affliction by all,' and that, like Mr. Adams, many sound Whigs 'would
+have given everything they possessed for a restoration to the state of
+things before the contest began, provided they could have had sufficient
+security for its continuance.' Then they might have done at an early
+moment after the cessation of hostilities, what they actually did do in
+a few years afterwards--namely, have allowed the banished Loyalists to
+return from exile, and, excluding those against whom enormities could
+have been proved, have conferred upon them, and upon those who had
+remained to be driven away at the peace, the rights of citizens. Most of
+them would have easily fallen into respect for the new state of things,
+old friendships and intimacies would have been revived, and long before
+this time all would have mingled in one mass. * *
+
+"As a matter of _expediency_, how unwise was it to perpetuate the
+feelings of the opponents of the revolution, and to keep them a distinct
+class for a time, and for harm yet unknown! How ill-judged the measures
+that caused them to settle the hitherto neglected possessions of the
+British Crown! Nova Scotia had been won and lost, and lost and won, in
+the struggle between France and England, and the blood of New England
+had been poured out upon its soil like water. But when the Loyalists
+sought refuge there, what was it? Before the war, the fisheries of its
+coast, for the prosecution of which Halifax itself was founded,
+comprised, in public estimation, its chief value; and though Great
+Britain had quietly possessed it for about seventy years, the emigration
+to it of the adherents of the Crown from the United States, in a single
+year, more than doubled its population. Until hostile events brought
+Halifax into notice, no civilized people were poorer than the
+inhabitants of that colony; since, in 1775, the Assembly estimated that
+L1,200 currency--a sum less than $5,000--was the whole amount of money
+which they possessed. By causing the expatriation, then, of many
+thousands of our countrymen, among whom were the well-educated, the
+ambitious, and the well-versed in politics, we became the founders of
+two agricultural and commercial colonies; for it is to be remembered
+that New Brunswick formed a part of Nova Scotia until 1784, and that the
+necessity of the division then made was of our own creation. In like
+manner we became the founders of Upper Canada. The Loyalists were the
+first settlers of the territory thus denominated by Act of 1791; and the
+principal object of the line of division of Canada, as established by
+Mr. Pitt's Act, was to place them, as a body, by themselves, and to
+allow them to be governed by laws more congenial than those which were
+deemed requisite for the government of the French on the St. Lawrence.
+Our expatriated countrymen were generally poor, and some of them were
+actually without the means of providing for their common wants from day
+to day. The Government for which they had become exiles was as liberal
+as they could have asked. It gave them lands, tools, materials for
+building, and the means of subsistence for two years; and to each of
+their children, as they became of age, two hundred acres of land. And
+besides this, of the offices created by the organization of a new
+Colonial Government, they were the chief recipients. The ties of kindred
+and suffering in a common cause created a strong bond of sympathy
+between them, and for years they bore the appellation of 'United Empire
+Loyalists.'"[120]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 116: Writing under date of January, 1782, Mr. Hildreth says:
+"The surrender of Cornwallis was soon felt in the Southern department.
+Wilmington was evacuated, thus dashing all the hopes of the North
+Carolina Tories. Greene approached Charleston, and distributed his
+troops so as to confine the enemy to the neck and adjacent islands.
+
+"In re-establishing the State Government of _South Carolina, none were
+allowed to vote who had taken British protection_. John Matthews was
+elected Governor. Among the earliest proceedings of the Assembly was the
+passage of a law _banishing the most active British partisans and
+confiscating their property_. The services of Greene were also
+gratefully remembered in a vote of 10,000 guineas, or $50,000, to
+purchase him an estate.
+
+"The Georgia Assembly, in meeting at Augusta, chose John Martin as
+Governor, _and passed a law of confiscation and banishment very similar
+to that of South Carolina_. Greene presently received from this
+Province, also, the present of a confiscated plantation. _North
+Carolina_ acknowledged his services by a grant of wild lands." (History
+of the United States, Vol. III., Chap. xliii., p. 373.)]
+
+[Footnote 117: Dr. Ramsay's History of the United States, Vol. II.,
+Chap, xxv., p. 456.
+
+"Under the immediate eye of Cornwallis," says Mr. Bancroft, "the
+prisoners who had capitulated in Charleston were the subjects of
+perpetual persecution, unless they would exchange their paroles for
+oaths of allegiance. Mechanics and shopkeepers could not collect their
+dues except after promises of loyalty.
+
+"Lord Rawdon, who had the very important command on the Santee, raged
+equally against deserters from his Irish regiment and against the
+inhabitants. The chain of forts for holding South Carolina consisted of
+Georgetown, Charleston, Beaufort, and Savannah on the sea; Augusta,
+Ninety-Six, and Camden in the interior. Of these, Camden was the most
+important, for it was the key between the north and south. On the rumour
+of an advancing American army, Rawdon called on all the inhabitants
+round Camden to join in arms. One hundred and sixty who refused he shut
+up during the heat of midsummer in one prison, and loaded more than
+twenty of them with chains, some of whom were protected by the
+capitulation of Charleston." (Bancroft's History of the United States,
+Vol. X., Chap. xv., pp. 311, 312, 313.)
+
+"Peace was restored to Georgia (July, 1782), after having been four
+years in possession of the British. That State is supposed to have lost
+1,000 of its citizens and 4,000 slaves." (Moultrie's Memoirs, Vol. II.,
+p. 340; quoted in Holmes' American Annals, Vol. II., p. 340.)]
+
+[Footnote 118: Quoted in Holmes' Annals, Vol. II., p. 351.]
+
+[Footnote 119: "I say _majorities_, because I am satisfied that in
+almost every State there were minorities, more or less numerous, who
+desired the adoption of a more moderate course. In New York it is
+certain that the first political parties, after the peace, were formed
+in consequence of divisions which existed among the Whigs as to the
+lenity or severity which should be extended to their vanquished
+opponents."]
+
+[Footnote 120: Historical Essay, introductory to Colonel Sabine's
+Sketches of the American Loyalists, pp. 86-90.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A. TO CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, AND
+REMARKS ON THE FEELINGS WHICH SHOULD NOW BE CULTIVATED BY BOTH OF THE
+FORMER CONTENDING PARTIES.
+
+
+The entire failure of the Americans to conquer Canada in the war of
+1812-1815 is an illustration of the folly of coercing the allegiance of
+a people against their will. Upper Canada at that time consisted of less
+than 100,000 inhabitants; yet, with the extra aid of only a few hundred
+English soldiers, she repelled for three years the forces of the United
+States--more than ten times their number, and separated only by a river.
+
+Mr. J.M. Ludlow, in his brief but comprehensive "History of the War of
+American Independence, 1775-1783," Chapter vii., well states _the folly
+of England in endeavouring to conquer by arms the opinions_ of three
+millions of people, and the impossibility of the American colonists
+achieving their independence without the aid of men and money, and ships
+from France, to which, in connection with Spain and Holland, the
+Americans are actually indebted for their independence, and not merely
+to their own sole strength and prowess, as American writers so
+universally boast. Mr. Ludlow observes:
+
+"At a time when steam had not yet baffled the winds, to dream of
+conquering by force of arms, on the other side of the Atlantic, a people
+of the English race, numbering between 3,000,000 and 4,000,000, with
+something like 1,200 miles of seaboard, was surely an act of enormous
+folly. We have seen in our own days the difficulties experienced by the
+far more powerful and populous Northern States in quelling the secession
+of the Southern, when between the two there was no other frontier than
+at most a river, very often a mere ideal line, and when armies could be
+raised by 100,000 men at a time. England attempted a far more difficult
+task, with forces which, till 1781, never exceeded 35,000 men, and never
+afterwards exceeded 42,075, including 'Provincials,' _i.e._, American
+Loyalists." (But England, repeatedly on the verge of success, failed
+from the incapacity and inactivity of the English generals.)
+
+"Yet it is impossible to doubt that not once only, but repeatedly during
+the course of the struggle, England was on the verge of triumph. The
+American armies were perpetually melting away before the
+enemy--directly, through the practice of short enlistments; indirectly,
+through desertions. These desertions, if they might be often palliated
+by the straits to which the men were reduced through arrears of pay and
+want of supplies, arose in other cases, as after the retreat from New
+York, from sheer loss of heart in the cause. The main army, under
+Washington, was seldom even equal in numbers to that opposed to him. In
+the winter of 1776-77, when his troops were only 4,000 strong, it is
+difficult to understand how it was that Sir William Howe, with more
+than double the number, should have failed to annihilate the American
+army."
+
+
+"WEAKNESS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY.
+
+"In the winter of 1777-78 the 'dreadful situation of the army for want
+of provisions,' made Washington 'advise' that they should not have been
+excited to a general mutiny and desertion. In May, 1779, he hardly knew
+any resource for the American cause _except in reinforcements from
+France_, and did not know what might be the consequence if the enemy had
+it in their power to press the troops hard in the ensuing campaign. In
+December of that year his forces were 'mouldering away daily,' and he
+considered that Sir Henry Clinton, with more than twice his numbers,
+could 'not justify remaining inactive with a force so superior.' A year
+later he was compelled, for want of clothing, to discharge the levies
+which he had always so much trouble in obtaining; and 'want of flour
+would have disbanded the whole army' if he had not adopted this
+expedient.
+
+"In March, 1781, again the crisis was 'perilous,' and though he did not
+doubt the happy issue of the contest, he considered that the period for
+accomplishment might be too far distant for a person of his years. In
+April he wrote: 'We cannot transport provisions from the States in which
+they are assessed to the army, because we cannot pay the teamsters, who
+will no longer work for certificates. It is equally certain that our
+troops are approaching fast to nakedness, and that we have nothing to
+clothe them with; that our hospitals are without medicines, and our sick
+without nutriment, except such as well men eat; and that all our public
+works are at a stand, and the artificers disbanding. * * It may be
+declared in a word that we are at the end of our tether, and that now or
+never our deliverance must come.' Six months later, when Yorktown
+capitulated, the British forces remaining in North America, after the
+surrender of that garrison by Cornwallis, were more considerable than
+they had been as late as February, 1779, and Sir Henry Clinton even then
+declared that with a reinforcement of 10,000 he would be responsible for
+the conquest of America.
+
+"_The main hope of success on the English_ side lay in the idea that the
+spirit and acts of resistance to the authority of the mother country
+were in reality only on the part of a turbulent minority--that the bulk
+of the people desired to be loyal. It is certain indeed that the
+struggle was, in America itself, much more of a civil war than the
+Americans are now generally disposed to admit. In December, 1780, there
+were 8,954 'Provincials' among the British forces in America, and on
+March 7th, 1781, a letter from Lord George Germaine to Sir H. Clinton,
+intercepted by the Americans, says: 'The American levies in the King's
+service are more in number than the whole of the enlisted troops in the
+service of the Congress.' As late as September 1st, 1781, there were
+7,241. We hear of loyal 'associations' in Massachusetts, Maryland, and
+Pennsylvania; of 'associated Loyalists' in New York; and everywhere of
+'Tories,' whose arrest Washington is found suggesting to Governor
+Trumbull, of Connecticut, as early as November 12th, 1775. But New York,
+New Jersey, and Pennsylvania remained long full of Tories. By June 28th,
+1776, the disaffected on Long Island had taken up arms, and after the
+evacuation of New York by Washington a brigade of Loyalists was raised
+on the island, and companies were formed in two neighbouring counties to
+join the King's troops. During Washington's retreat through New Jersey,
+'the inhabitants, either from fear or disaffection, almost to a man
+refused to turn out.' In Pennsylvania, the militia, instead of giving
+any assistance in repelling the British, exulted at their approach and
+over the misfortunes of their countrymen. On the 20th of that month the
+British were 'daily gathering strength from the disaffected.' In 1777,
+the Tories who joined Burgoyne in his expedition from the North are said
+to have doubled his force. In 1778, Tories joined the Indians in the
+devastation of Wyoming and Cherry Valley; and although the
+indiscriminate ravages of the British, or of the Germans in their pay,
+seem to have aroused the three States above mentioned to self-defence,
+yet, as late as May, 1780, Washington still speaks of sending a small
+party of cavalry to escort La Fayette safely through the 'Tory
+settlements' of New York. Virginia, as late as the spring of 1776, was
+'alarmed at the idea of independence.' Washington admitted that his
+countrymen (of that State), 'from their form of government, and steady
+attachment heretofore to royalty,' would 'come reluctantly' to that
+idea, but trusted to 'time and persecution.' In 1781, the ground for
+transferring the seat of war to the Chesapeake was the number of
+Loyalists in that quarter. In the Southern States the division of
+feeling was still greater. In the Carolinas, a royalist regiment was
+raised in a few days in 1776, and again in 1779. In Georgia and in South
+Carolina the bitterest partisan warfare was carried on between Whig and
+Tory bands; and a body of New York Tories contributed powerfully to the
+fall of Savannah in 1778, by taking the American forces in the rear.
+
+"On the other hand, the British generals did not receive that support
+from the Loyalists which they had expected. They seem to have looked
+upon the Loyalists as an inferior class of aids to the regular soldiery;
+their advice seems to have been unsought, and the mode of war pursued
+was European, and not adapted to the peculiar circumstances of America.
+The Loyalist volunteers were looked upon as the rivals to rather than
+fellow-soldiers of the regular army; and no provincial Loyalist was
+promoted to lead any expedition or command any position of importance.
+This depreciation of the Loyalists by the English (utterly incompetent)
+generals exactly answered the purposes of American writers. _But the
+real cause of its protraction_, though it may be hard to an American to
+admit the fact, lay in the incapacity of the American politicians, and,
+it must be added, in the supineness and want of patriotism of the
+American people. If indeed importing into the views of later date, we
+look upon it as one between two nations, the mismanagement of the war by
+the Americans on all points save one--the retention of Washington in the
+chief command--is seen to have been so pitiable, from first to last, as
+to be in fact almost unintelligible."
+
+
+"DESCRIPTION OF THE AMERICAN ARMY, AND THE MANNER OF RAISING IT.
+
+"We can only understand the case when we see there was no such thing as
+an American nation in existence, but only a number of revolted colonies,
+jealous of one another, and with no tie but that of common danger. Even
+in the army divisions broke out. Washington, in a General Order of
+August, 1776, says: 'It is with great concern that the general
+understands that jealousies have arisen among the troops from the
+different provinces, and reflections are frequently thrown out which
+can only tend to irritate each other and injure the noble cause in
+which we are engaged.'"
+
+
+"WANT OF PUBLIC SPIRIT AND PATRIOTISM IN THE STATES.
+
+"It was seldom that much help could be obtained in troops from any
+State, unless the State were immediately threatened by the enemy; and
+even then these troops would be raised by that State for its own
+defence, irrespectively of the general or 'continental army.' 'Those at
+a distance from the seat of war,' wrote Washington, in April, 1778,
+'live in such perfect tranquillity, that they conceive the dispute to be
+in a manner at an end, and those near it are so disaffected that they
+serve only as embarrassments.' In January, 1779, we find him
+remonstrating with the Governor of Rhode Island, because that State had
+'ordered several battalions to be raised for the State only; and this
+before the proper measures are taken to fill the continental regiments.'
+The different bounties and rates of pay allowed by the various States
+were a constant source of annoyance to him."
+
+
+"DECLINE OF CONGRESS.
+
+"After the first year, the best men were not returned to Congress, and
+did not return to it. Whole States remained frequently unrepresented. In
+the winter of 1777-78, Congress was reduced to twenty-one members. But
+even with a full representation it could do little. 'One State will
+comply with a requisition,' writes Washington in 1780, 'another neglects
+to do it, a third executes by halves, and all differ either in the
+manner, the matter, or so much in point of time, that we are always
+working up-hill.'
+
+"At first, Congress was really nothing more than a voluntary Committee.
+When the Confederation was completed, which was only, be it remembered,
+on March 1, 1781, it was still, as Washington wrote in 1785, 'little
+more than a shadow without a substance, and the Congress a nugatory
+body;' or, as it was described by a late writer, 'powerless for
+government, and a rope of sand for union.'"
+
+
+"DECLINE OF ENERGY AND SPIRIT AMONG THE COLONISTS AND ARMY.
+
+"Like politicians, like people. There was, no doubt, a brilliant display
+of patriotic ardour at the first flying to arms of the colonists.
+Lexington and Bunker's Hill were actions decidedly creditable to their
+raw troops. The expedition to Canada, foolhardy though it proved, was
+pursued up to a certain point with real heroism. But with it the heroic
+period of the war (individual instances excepted) may be said to have
+closed. There seems little reason to doubt that the revolution would
+never have been commenced if it had been expected to cost so tough a
+struggle. 'A false estimate of the power and perseverance of our
+enemies,' wrote James Duane to Washington, 'was friendly to the present
+revolution, and inspired that confidence of success in all ranks of the
+people which was necessary to unite them in so arduous a cause.' As
+early as November, 1775, Washington wrote, speaking of military
+arrangements: 'Such a dearth of public spirit, and such want of
+virtue--such stock-jobbing and fertility in all the low arts to obtain
+advantage of one kind or another, I never saw before, and pray God's
+mercy that I may never be witness to it again.' Such a 'mercenary
+spirit' pervaded the whole of the troops that he should not have been
+'at all surprised at any disaster.' At the same date, besides desertion
+of thirty or forty soldiers at a time, he speaks of the practice of
+plundering as so rife that 'no man is secure in his effects, and
+scarcely in his person.' People were 'frightened out of their houses
+under pretence of those houses being ordered to be burnt, with a view of
+seizing the goods;' and to conceal the villainy more effectually, some
+houses were actually burned down. On February 28th, 1777, 'the
+scandalous loss, waste, and private appropriation of public arms during
+the last campaign' had been 'beyond all conception.' Officers drew
+'large sums under pretence of paying their men, and appropriated them.'
+
+"'Can we carry on the war much longer?' Washington asks in 1778, after
+the treaty with France and the appearance of the French fleet off the
+coast. 'Certainly not, unless some measures can be devised and speedily
+executed to restore the credit of our currency and restrain extortion
+and punish forestallers.' A few days later: 'To make and extort money in
+every shape that can be devised, and at the same time to decry its
+value, seems to have become a mere business and an epidemical disease.'
+On December 30th, 1778, 'speculation, peculation, and an insatiable
+thirst for riches seems to have got the better of every consideration,
+and almost of every order of men; * * party disputes and personal
+quarrels are the great business of the day (in Congress), whilst the
+momentous concerns of an empire, a great and accumulating debt, ruined
+finances, depreciated money, and want of credit, which in its
+consequences is the want of everything, are but secondary
+considerations."
+
+
+"DECLINE OF PATRIOTIC FEELING ON THE PART OF THE AMERICANS.
+
+"After the first loan had been obtained from France and spent, and a
+further one was granted in 1782, so utterly unpatriotic and selfish was
+known to be the temper of the people that the loan had to be kept
+secret, in order not to diminish such efforts as might be made by the
+Americans themselves. On July 10th of that year, with New York and
+Charleston still in British hands, Washington writes: 'That spirit of
+freedom which at the commencement of the contest would have gladly
+sacrificed everything to the attainment of its object, has long since
+subsided, and every selfish passion has taken its place.' But, indeed,
+the mere fact that from the date of the battle of Monmouth (July 28th,
+1778), Washington was never supplied with sufficient means, even with
+the assistance of the French fleets and troops, to strike one blow at
+the English in New York--though these were but very sparingly reinforced
+during the period--shows an absence of public spirit, one might almost
+say of national shame, scarcely conceivable, and in singular contrast
+with the terrible earnestness exhibited on both sides, some eighty years
+later, in the Secession War."
+
+
+"INCAPACITY OF ENGLISH GENERALS IN AMERICA.
+
+"Why, then, must we ask on the other side, did the English fail at last?
+
+"The English were prone to attribute their ill success to the
+incompetency of their generals. Lord North, with his quaint humour,
+would say, 'I do not know whether our generals will frighten the enemy,
+but I know they frighten me whenever I think of them.' When, in 1778,
+Lord Carlisle came out as Commissioner, in a letter speaking of the
+great scale of all things in America, he says, 'We have nothing on a
+great scale with us but our blunders, our losses, our disgraces and
+misfortunes.' No doubt, it is difficult to account for Gage's early
+blunders; for Howe's repeated failure to follow up his own success, or
+profit by his enemy's weakness; and Cornwallis's movement, justly
+censured by Sir Henry Clinton, in transferring the bulk of his army from
+the far south to Virginia, within marching distance of Washington,
+opened the way to that crowning disaster at Yorktown, without which it
+is by no means impossible that Georgia and the Carolinas might have
+remained British."
+
+
+"INEFFECTIVE MILITARY ARRANGEMENTS IN AMERICA.
+
+"Political incapacity was, of course, charged upon Ministers as another
+cause of disaster; and no doubt their miscalculation of the severity of
+the struggle was almost childish. But no mistakes in the management of
+the war by British statesmen can account for their ultimate failure.
+However great British mismanagement may have been, it was far surpassed
+by the Americans. There was nothing on the British side equal to that
+caricature of a recruiting system in which different bounties were
+offered by Congress, by the States, by the separate towns, so as to make
+it the interest of the intended soldier to delay enlistment as long as
+possible, in order to sell himself to the highest bidder; to that
+caricature of a war establishment, the main bulk of which broke up every
+twelvemonth in front of the enemy, which was only paid, if at all, in
+worthless paper, and left continually without supplies. On the whole, no
+better idea can be had of the nature of the struggle on the American
+side, after the first heat of it had cooled down, than from the words of
+Count de Rochambeau, writing to Count de Vergennes, July 10th, 1780:
+'They have neither money nor credit; their means of resistance are only
+momentary, and called forth when they are attacked in their own homes.
+They then assemble for the moment of immediate danger and defend
+themselves.'"
+
+
+"FRENCH MONEY, TROOPS, AND SHIPS TURN THE SCALE IN FAVOUR OF AMERICAN
+INDEPENDENCE.
+
+"A far more important cause in determining the ultimate failure of the
+British was the aid afforded by France to America, followed by that of
+Spain and Holland. It was impossible for England to re-conquer a
+continent and carry on a war at the same time with the three most
+powerful naval States of Europe. The instincts of race have tended on
+both the English and American side to depreciate the value of the aid
+given by France to the colonists. It may be true that Rochambeau's
+troops, which disembarked on Rhode Island in July, 1780, did not march
+till July, 1781; that they were blockaded soon after their arrival,
+threatened with attack from New York, and only disengaged by a feint of
+Washington's on that city. But more than two years before their arrival,
+Washington wrote to a member of Congress: 'France, by her supplies, has
+saved us from the yoke thus far.' The treaty with France alone was
+considered to afford a 'certain prospect of success' to 'secure'
+American independence. The arrival of D'Estaing's fleet, although no
+troops joined the American army, and nothing eventually was done,
+determined the evacuation of Philadelphia. The discipline of the French
+troops, when they landed in 1780, set an example to the Americans;
+chickens and pigs walked between the lines without being disturbed. The
+recruits of 1780 could not have been armed without fifty tons of
+ammunition supplied by the French. In September of that year,
+Washington, writing to the French envoy, speaks of the 'inability' of
+the Americans to expel the British from the South unassisted, or perhaps
+even to stop their career; and he writes in similar terms to Congress a
+few days later. To depend 'upon the resources of the country, unassisted
+by foreign loans,' he writes to a member of Congress two months later,
+'will, I am confident, be to lean upon a broken reed.' In January, 1781,
+writing to Colonel Laurens,[121] the American envoy in Paris, he presses
+for 'an immediate, ample, efficacious succour in money from France,'
+also for the maintenance on the American coasts of 'a constant naval
+superiority,' and likewise for 'an additional succour in troops.' And
+since the assistance so requested was in fact granted in every shape,
+and the surrender of Yorktown was obtained by the co-operation both of
+the French army and fleet, we must hold that Washington's words were
+justified by the event."[122]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 121: War of American Independence, 1777-1783, by John Malcolm
+Ludlow, Chap, vii., pp. 215-227.]
+
+[Footnote 122: Dr. Ramsay says: "Pathetic representations were made to
+the Ministers of his Most Christian Majesty by Washington, Dr. Franklin,
+and particularly by Lieutenant-Colonel John Laurens, who was sent to the
+Court of Versailles as a special Minister on this occasion. The King of
+France _gave_ the United States a subsidy [as a present] of six millions
+of livres, and became their security for ten millions more, borrowed for
+their use in the United Netherlands." (History of the United States,
+Vol. II., Chap. xxiii., p. 407.)]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B. TO CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+REFLECTIONS OF LORD MAHON ON THE AMERICAN CONTEST AND ITS
+RESULTS--APOLOGY FOR GEORGE THE THIRD--UNHAPPINESS OF AMERICANS SINCE
+THE REVOLUTION--UNITY OF THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE.
+
+
+At this period (Declaration of Independence), the culminating point in
+the whole American war, I may be forgiven for desiring to interrupt its
+narrative in order to review its course and its results. That injurious
+and oppressive acts of power had been inflicted by England upon America,
+I have in many places shown, and do most fully acknowledge. That from
+the other side, and above all from Massachusetts, there had been strong
+provocation, I must continue to maintain. I should not deem it
+consistent with candour to deny that the Americans had sufficient ground
+for resisting, as they did resist, the Ministerial and Parliamentary
+measures. But whether these had yet attained a pitch to justify them in
+discarding and renouncing their allegiance to the Throne is a far more
+doubtful question--a question on which perhaps neither an Englishman nor
+yet an American could quite impartially decide.
+
+"The time has come, however, as I believe and trust, when it is possible
+to do equal justice to the many good and upright men who in this great
+struggle embraced the opposite sides. The great mass of the people meant
+honestly on both shores of the Atlantic. The two chief men in both
+countries were alike pure-minded. On the one side there were deeds that
+savoured of tyranny; on the other side there were deeds that savoured of
+rebellion; yet at heart George the Third was never a tyrant, nor
+Washington ever a rebel. Of Washington I most firmly believe, that no
+single act appears in his whole public life proceeding from any other
+than public, and those the highest motives. But my persuasion is no
+less firm that there would be little flattery in applying the same terms
+of respect and commendation to the 'good old king.' I do not deny,
+indeed, that some degree of prejudice and pride may, though
+unconsciously, have mingled with his motives. I do not deny that at the
+outset of these troubles he lent too ready an ear to the glozing reports
+of his governors and deputies, the Hutchinsons or Olivers, Gateses,
+Dunmores, etc., assuring him that the discontents were confined to a
+factious few, and that measures of rigour and repression alone were
+needed. For such measures of rigour he may deserve, and has incurred,
+his share of censure. But after the insurgent colonies had proclaimed
+their independence, is it just to blame King George, as he often has
+been blamed, for his steadfast and resolute resistance to that claim?
+Was it for him, unless after straining every nerve against it, to
+forfeit a portion of his birthright and a jewel of his crown? Was it for
+him, though the clearest case of necessity, to allow the rending asunder
+his empire--to array for all time to come of several millions of his
+people against the rest? After calling on his loyal subjects in the
+colonies to rise, after requiring and employing their aid, was it for
+him, on any light grounds, to relinquish his cause and theirs, and yield
+them over, unforgiven, to the vengeance of their countrymen? Was it for
+him to overlook the consequences, not even yet, perhaps in their full
+extent unfolded, of such a precedent of victory to popular and colonial
+insurrection? May not the King, on the contrary, have deemed that on
+such a question, touching as it did both his honour and his rights, he
+was bound to be firm--firmer than even the firmest of his Ministers?
+Not, of course, that he could be justified for persevering; but in
+truth, he did not so persevere after every reasonable hope had failed.
+Not, of course, that he could be excused from continuing to demand, or
+to expect, unconditional submission; but, as his own letters to Lord
+North assure us, such an idea was never harboured in his mind. To do his
+duty conscientiously, as he should answer it to God hereafter, and
+according to the lights he had received, such was his unceasing aim and
+endeavour from the day when, young but superior to the frailties of
+youth, he first assumed the reins of government, until that dismal
+period, half a century later, when, bowed down by years and sorrows,
+and blind, doubly blind, he concluded his reign, though not, as yet, his
+life.
+
+"Before the American war had commenced, and during its first period,
+nearly all the statesmen and writers of England argued, or rather took
+for granted as too plain to stand in need of argument, that separation
+from our colonies would most grievously impair, if not wholly ruin, the
+parent State. * * It is worthy of note how much our experience has run
+counter to the general prognostication--how little the loss was felt, or
+how quickly the void was supplied. An historian of high and just
+authority--Mr. Macaulay--has observed that England was never so rich, so
+great, so formidable to foreign princes, so absolutely mistress of the
+sea, as since the alienation of the American colonies. (Essays, Vol.
+II.) The true effect of that alienation upon ourselves, as time has
+shown, has been not positive, but by comparison it has lain not in the
+withdrawal of wealth and population and resources, but in raising up a
+rival State from the same race, and with powers and energies not
+inferior to our own.
+
+"But how far, and in what degree, has the new form of government
+promoted the happiness of the United States themselves? * * It would be
+folly, or worse than folly, to deny that since their independence the
+prosperity of the United States has advanced with gigantic strides; that
+they have grown to be a first-rate power; that immense works of public
+utility have been achieved with marvellous speed; that the clearing of
+new lands and the building of new cities have been such as to outstrip
+the most sanguine calculations; that among them the working classes have
+been, in no common degree, well paid and prosperous; that a feeling for
+the national honour is in no country stronger; that the first elements
+of education have been most widely diffused; that many good and brave
+men have been trained and are training to the service of the
+Commonwealth. But have their independent institutions made them, on the
+whole, a happy and contented people? That, among themselves, is often
+proclaimed as undeniable; and certainly among themselves it may not
+always be safely denied. That, however, is not always the impression
+conveyed to him who only sojourns in their land, by the careworn faces,
+by the hurried steps, by the unsocial meals which he sees, or by the
+incessant party cries which he hears around him; by the fretful
+aspirations and the feverish hopes resulting from the unbounded space of
+competition open to them without check or barrier; and by the
+innumerable disappointments and heartburnings which in consequence
+arise. On the true condition of North America, let us mark the
+correspondence between two of the greatest and most highly gifted of her
+sons. There is now open before me a letter which, in August, 1837, and
+on the annexation of Texas, Dr. Channing wrote to Mr. Clay. In that
+letter, as published in Boston, I find the following words (and what Dr
+Channing said in 1837 has been illustrated in scores of instances since
+that time, and greatly enhanced by the events of the civil war):
+
+"'I cannot do justice to this topic without speaking freely of our
+country, as freely as I should of any other; and unhappily we are so
+accustomed, as a people, to receive incense, to be soothed by flattery,
+and to account reputation a more important interest than morality, that
+my freedom may be construed into a kind of disloyalty. But it would be
+wrong to make concessions to this dangerous weakness. * * Among us a
+spirit of lawlessness pervades the community which, if not repressed,
+threatens the dissolution of our present forms of society. Even in the
+old States, mobs are taking the government into their hands, and a
+profligate newspaper finds little difficulty in stirring up multitudes
+to violence. * * Add to all this the invasions of the rights of speech
+and of the press by lawless force, the extent and toleration of which
+oblige us to believe that a considerable portion of our citizens have no
+comprehension of the first principles of liberty. It is an undeniable
+fact that, in consequence of these and other symptoms, the confidence of
+many reflecting men in our free institutions is very much impaired. Some
+despair. That main pillar of public liberty--mutual trust among
+citizens--is shaken. That we must seek security for property and life in
+a stronger government is a spreading conviction. Men who in public talk
+of the ability of our institutions, whisper their doubts, perhaps their
+scorn, in private.
+
+"'Whether the people of the United States might have been as thriving
+and more happy had they remained British subjects, I will not presume to
+say. Certainly not if violent men like Lord Hillsborough, or corrupt men
+like Mr. Rigby, had continued to take part in the administration. With
+other hands at the helm the case might have been otherwise. Jefferson,
+at least, in his first draft of the Declaration of Independence, said of
+his countrymen and of the English: "We might have been a free and great
+people together." One thing, at all events, is plain, that had these
+colonies shared the fate of the other dominions of the British Crown,
+the main curse and shame--the plague spot of the system of
+slavery--would have been long since removed from them (before it was);
+but, as in the case of Jamaica, not without a large compensation in
+money to the slave owners. It is also plain that in the case supposed
+they would have equally shared in our pride and glory at the wondrous
+growth of the Anglo-Saxon race--that race undivided and entire,
+extending its branches as now to the furthest regions of the earth, yet
+all retaining their connection with the parent stem--all its members
+bound by the same laws, all animated by the same loyalty, and all
+tending to the same public-spirited aim. How great a nation should we
+and they be together!--how great in the arts both of peace and war!
+scarcely unequal now to all other nations of the world combined!" * *
+
+"Since 1782 at the latest, views like these are merely day-dreams of the
+past. In place of them, let us now indulge the hope and expectation that
+the American people may concur with ours in desiring that no further
+resentment may be nourished, no further strife be stirred, between the
+kindred nations; so that both, mindful of their common origin, and
+conscious of their growing greatness, may both alike discard, as
+unworthy of them, all mean and petty jealousies, and be ever henceforth
+what nature has designed them--friends."[123]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 123: Lord Mahon's History of England, etc., Vol. VI., Chap.
+liii., pp. 150-160.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+TREATMENT OF THE LOYALISTS BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND PARLIAMENT
+AFTER THE REVOLUTION.
+
+
+PART I.
+
+PROCEEDINGS IN PARLIAMENT--REFUSAL OF THE STATES TO COMPENSATE THE
+LOYALISTS.
+
+It has been seen, by the fact stated in the last preceding chapter, that
+the promised recommendations of Congress to the several States, as
+agreed upon by the English and American Commissioners of the peace
+negotiations at Paris, were, as had been expected and predicted by Dr.
+Franklin at the time, without any result, the State Legislatures passing
+Acts to proscribe rather than compensate the Loyalists. In justification
+of these Acts, the American writers of that period, and largely down to
+the present time, assailed the character of the Loyalists in the
+grossest language of calumny and abuse; but the most respectable
+American writers of the present age bear testimony to the intelligence,
+wealth, and respectability of the Loyalists; and the fact, no longer
+questionable, that they sacrificed wealth, liberty, country, and chose
+poverty and exile, in support of their principles, has fully vindicated
+their character and presented their conduct in advantageous contrast
+with that of those who deprived them of their liberty, and largely
+profited by the confiscation of their immense property, while they and
+their families were pining in exile and want.
+
+The only resource of the exiled and impoverished Loyalists, under such
+circumstances, was the Government and Parliament of the mother country
+to which they had so faithfully adhered, and nothing could be more
+honourable than the testimony borne in the British Parliament to their
+character and merits, and the consideration given to their wants and
+claims. The fifth Article of the Treaty of Paris, leaving the Loyalists
+to the recommendation of the Congress to the Legislatures of the several
+States, was severely reprobated in both Houses of Parliament. In the
+House of Commons, Mr. Wilberforce said that "when he considered the case
+of the Loyalists, he confessed he felt himself conquered; there he saw
+his country humiliated; he saw her at the feet of America; still he was
+induced to believe that Congress would religiously comply with the
+Article, and that the Loyalists would obtain redress from America.
+Should they not, this country was bound to afford it them. They _must be
+compensated_; Ministers, he was persuaded, meant to keep _the faith of
+the nation with them_."
+
+Lord North (who had been Prime Minister during twelve years, including
+the war) said:
+
+"And now let me, Sir, pause on a part of the treaty which awakens human
+sensibility in a very irresistible and lamentable degree. I cannot but
+lament the fate of those unhappy men, who, I conceive, were in general
+objects of our _gratitude_ and _protection_. The Loyalists, from their
+attachments, surely had some claim to our affection. But what were not
+the claims of those who, in conformity to their _allegiance_, their
+_cheerful obedience_ to the _voice of Parliament_, their confidence in
+the proclamation of our generals, invited under every assurance of
+_military, parliamentary, political, and affectionate protection,_
+espoused with the hazard of their lives, and the forfeiture of their
+properties, the cause of Great Britain? _I cannot but feel for men thus
+sacrificed for their bravery and principles_--men who have sacrificed
+all the dearest possessions of the human heart. They have exposed their
+lives, endured an age of hardships, deserted their interests, forfeited
+their possessions, lost their connections, and ruined their families _in
+our cause_. Could not all this waste of human enjoyment excite one
+desire of protecting them from a state of misery, with which the
+implacable resentment of the States has desired to punish their loyalty
+to their Sovereign and their attachment to their mother country? Had we
+not espoused their cause from a _principle of affection and gratitude_,
+we should, at least, have _protected_ them _to have preserved our own
+honour_. If not tender of _their feelings_, we should have been tender
+_of our own character_. Never was the _honour_, the _principles_, the
+policy of a nation so grossly abused as in the desertion of those men,
+who are now exposed to _every punishment_ that _desertion_ and _poverty_
+can inflict, _because they were not rebels_."
+
+Lord Mulgrave said: "The Article respecting the Loyalists he never could
+regard but as a lasting monument of _national disgrace_. Nor was this
+Article, in his opinion, more reproachful and derogatory to the _honour
+and gratitude_ of Great Britain than it appeared to be wanton and
+unnecessary. The honourable gentleman who had made the motion had asked
+if those gentlemen who thought the present peace not sufficiently
+advantageous to Great Britain, considering her circumstances, could
+consent to pay the amount which another campaign (twenty millions) would
+have put us to, for the degree of advantage they might think we had a
+right to expect? In answer to this, he declared, for one, he had rather,
+large as the estimated sum in question was, have had it stipulated in
+the treaty, _that Great Britain should apply it to making good the
+losses of the Loyalists_, than that they should have been so _shamefully
+deserted and the national honour so pointedly disgraced_ as it was by
+the fifth Article of the treaty with the United States."
+
+_Mr. Secretary Townsend_ (afterwards Lord Sydney) said "he was ready to
+admit that many of the Loyalists had the strongest claims upon the
+country; and he trusted, should the recommendation of Congress to the
+American States prove unsuccessful, which he flattered himself would not
+be the case, _this country_ would feel itself bound _in honour to make
+them full compensation for their losses_."
+
+_Mr. Burke_ said: "At any rate, it must be agreed on all hands that a
+vast number of Loyalists had been deluded by this country, and had
+risked everything in our cause; to such men the _nation owed protection,
+and its honour was pledged for their security at all hazards_."
+
+_The Lord Advocate_ said: "With regard to the Loyalists, they merited
+_every possible effort on the part of this country_."
+
+_Mr. Sheridan_ "execrated the treatment of those unfortunate men, who,
+without the least notice taken of their civil and religious rights, were
+handed over as subjects to a power that would not fail to take
+vengeance on them for their zeal and attachment to the religion and
+government of this country. This was an instance of _British degradation
+not inferior_ to the unmanly petitions to Congress for the wretched
+Loyalists. Great Britain at the feet of Congress, suing in vain, was not
+a humiliation or a stigma greater than the infamy of consigning over the
+loyal inhabitants of Florida, as we had done, without any conditions
+whatsoever."
+
+"_The Honourable Mr. Norton_ said that 'Under the circumstances, he was
+willing to approve of the two former (European treaties with France and
+Spain); but on account of the Article relating to the Loyalists, he felt
+it impossible to give his assent to the latter."
+
+_Sir Peter Burrell_ said: "The fate of the Loyalists claimed the
+compassion of every human breast. These helpless, forlorn men, abandoned
+by the Ministers of a people on whose _justice, gratitude_, and
+_humanity_ they had the best-founded claims, were left at the mercy of a
+Congress highly irritated against them. He spoke not from party zeal,
+but as an independent country gentleman, who, unconnected with party,
+expressed the emotions of his heart and gave vent to his honest
+indignation."
+
+_Sir William Bootle_ said: "There was one part of the treaty at which
+his heart bled--the Article relative to the Loyalists. Being a man
+himself, he could not but feel for men so cruelly abandoned to the
+malice of their enemies. It was scandalous; it was disgraceful. Such an
+Article as that ought scarcely on any condition to have been admitted on
+our part. They had fought for us and run every hazard to assist our
+cause; and when it most behoved us to afford them protection, we
+deserted them."
+
+Several other members spoke to the same effect. The treaty recognizing
+the Independence of America could not be reversed, as an Act passed the
+previous session had expressly authorized the King and his Cabinet to
+make it; but it was denied that a treaty sacrificing the Loyalists and
+making the concessions involved had been authorized; in consequence of
+which an express vote of censure was passed by the Commons by a majority
+of seventeen. The Earl of Shelburne, the Prime Minister, forthwith
+resigned in consequence of this vote of censure, and it was nearly three
+months before a new Administration could be formed; and during this
+administrative interregnum affairs were in great confusion.
+
+In the _House of Lords, Lord Walsingham_ said that "he could neither
+think nor speak of the dishonour of leaving these deserving people to
+their fate with patience." _Lord Viscount Townsend_ considered that "to
+desert men who had constantly adhered to loyalty and attachment, was a
+circumstance of such cruelty as had never before been heard of." _Lord
+Stormont_ said that "Britain was bound in justice and honour, gratitude
+and affection, and by every tie, to provide for and protect them." _Lord
+Sackville_ regarded "the abandonment of the Loyalists as a thing of so
+atrocious a kind, that if it had not been painted in all its horrid
+colours he should have attempted the ungracious task but never should
+have been able to describe the cruelty in language as strong and
+expressive as were his feelings;" and again, that "peace on the
+sacrifice of these unhappy subjects must be answered in the sight of God
+and man." _Lord Loughborough_ said that "the fifth Article of the treaty
+had excited a general and just indignation, and that neither in ancient
+nor modern history had there been so shameful a desertion of men who had
+sacrificed all to their duty and to their reliance on British faith."
+
+In reply, _Lord Shelburne_, the Prime Minister, frankly admitted that
+the Loyalists were left without better provision being made for them
+"from the unhappy _necessity_ of public affairs, which induced the
+extremity of submitting the fate of their property to the discretion of
+their enemies;" and he continued: "I have but one answer to give the
+House--it is the answer I gave my own bleeding heart--a _part_ must be
+wounded, that the whole of the empire may not perish. If better terms
+could be had, think you, my lords, that I would not have embraced them?
+_I had but the alternative either to accept the terms proposed or
+continue the war._" The _Lord Chancellor_ held that the stipulations of
+the treaty were "specific," and said: "My own conscious honour will not
+allow me to doubt the good faith of others, and my good wishes to the
+Loyalists will not let me indiscreetly doubt the disposition of
+Congress, since the understanding is that all these unhappy men shall be
+provided for; yet, if it were not so, Parliament could take cognizance
+of their case, and impart to each suffering individual that relief
+which reason, perhaps policy, certainly virtue and religion, required."
+
+Such were the sentiments of members in both Houses of Parliament, and of
+both parties, as to the character and merits of the Loyalists. But there
+were no prospects of the States compensating them for their losses.
+Indeed, this idea was entertained by Lord Shelburne himself, and that
+compensation would have to be made to the Loyalists by Parliament when,
+in the speech above quoted, he said that "without one drop of blood
+spilt, and without one-fifth of the expense of one year's campaign,
+happiness and ease can be given to them in as ample a manner as these
+blessings were ever in their enjoyment." This was certainly a very low
+and mercenary view of the subject. It was one thing for the Loyalists to
+have their rights as British subjects maintained while they were obeying
+the commands of the King and maintaining their allegiance to the empire,
+and another thing for them to become pensioners upon the bounty of the
+British Parliament, to be paid in pounds, shillings, and pence for the
+rights and privileges which should have been secured to them by national
+treaty as British subjects. The House of Commons had adopted a
+resolution against continuing the American war for the _purpose of
+enforcing the submission of the colonies_; but it had not resolved
+against continuing the war to protect the rights and property of British
+subjects in the colonies. A campaign for this purpose, on the refusal of
+the American Commissioners to recognize what was sanctioned by the laws
+and usages of nations, would have been honourable to the British
+Government, would have been popular in England, and would have divided
+America; for there were many thousand "Whigs" in America, who believed
+in the equity of treating the Loyalists after the war as all others were
+treated who conformed to the laws, as has been the case in Holland,
+Ireland, and Spain. England was then mistress of the seas, held New
+York, Charleston, Rhode Island, Penobscot, and other military posts, and
+could soon have induced the Americans to do what their Peace
+Commissioners at Paris had refused to do--place British subjects in
+America upon the same footing as to property that they possessed before
+the war, and that they possess in the United States at this day. England
+could have easily and successfully refused granting to the United
+States a foot of land beyond the limits of the thirteen colonies, and
+thus have secured those vast western territories now constituting the
+larger part of the United States, and retained the garrisons of New
+York, Rhode Island, and Charleston as guarantees until the stipulated
+conditions in regard to the Loyalists should be fulfilled. A joint
+Commission in America could have settled upon equitable grounds all
+disputed claims in much less time than the six years occupied by a
+Parliamentary Commission in examining into and deciding upon the
+individual claims of Loyalist claimants. If the war to reduce the
+colonies to absolute submission had been unpopular in England, the peace
+upon the terms submitted to by the English Commissioners and the
+Ministry was equally unpopular. If England had been wrong in its war of
+coercion against the revolting colonists, was she not equally wrong, and
+more than wrong, in abandoning to their enemies those who had abided
+faithful to her laws and commands? The language of the speeches of
+members of both Houses of Parliament, above quoted, is as just as it is
+severe; although much could be and was said in justification of the
+policy of the Government in promoting peace upon almost any terms,
+seeing that England was at war with the three most powerful naval
+nations of Europe, besides that in America.
+
+The fallacy of the argument employed by the advocates of the treaty,
+that the Americans would honourably fulfil the recommendations of
+Congress, was illustrated by the following facts:
+
+"The province of Virginia, a short time before the peace, had come to an
+unanimous conclusion 'that all demands or requests of the British Court
+for the restoration of property confiscated by the State were wholly
+impossible; and that their delegates should be instructed to move
+Congress that they should direct the deputies for adjusting peace not to
+agree to any such restitution.'"
+
+_The State of New York_ resolved, "That it appears to this Legislature
+that divers of the inhabitants of this State have continued to adhere to
+the King of Great Britain, after these States were declared free and
+independent, and persevered in aiding the said king, his fleets and
+armies, to subjugate the United States to bondage: Resolved, That as on
+the one hand the scales of justice do not require, so on the other the
+public tranquillity will not permit, that such adherents who have been
+attainted should be restored to the rights of citizens, and that there
+can be no reason for restoring property which has been confiscated or
+forfeited."
+
+
+PART II.
+
+AGENTS OF LOYALISTS--PROCEEDINGS OF PARLIAMENTARY COMMISSION--RESULTS.
+
+Of course all hope of obtaining relief under the stipulations of the
+treaty was abandoned by the Loyalists, who "now applied to the
+Government which they had ruined themselves to serve, and many of them,
+who had hitherto been 'refugees' in different parts of America, went to
+England to state and recover payment for their losses. They organized an
+agency, and appointed a Committee composed of one delegate or agent from
+each of the thirteen States,[124] to enlighten the British public, and
+adopt measures of proceeding in securing the attention and action of the
+British Ministry in their behalf. In a tract printed by order of these
+agents (which now lies before us, entitled _The Case and Claim of
+American Loyalists impartially Stated and Considered_, published in
+1783), it is maintained that 'it is an established rule, that all
+sacrifices made by individuals for the benefit and accommodation of
+others shall be equally sustained by all those who partake of it,' and
+numerous cases are cited from Puffendorf, Burlamaqui and Vattel, to show
+that the 'sacrifices' of the Loyalists were embraced in this principle.
+As a further ground of claim, it is stated that in case of territory
+alienated or ceded away by one sovereign power to another, the rule is
+still applicable; for that in the treaties of international law it is
+held, 'The State ought to indemnify the subject for the loss he has
+sustained beyond his proportion.' And in the course pursued at the close
+of the civil war in Spain, when the States of Holland obtained their
+independence, under the Treaty of Utrecht, and at various other periods,
+proved that the _rights_ of persons similarly situated had been
+respected and held inviolate. The conclusion arrived at from the
+precedents in history, and diplomacy, and in the statute-books of the
+realm, is, that as the Loyalists were as 'perfectly subjects of the
+British State as any man in London or Middlesex, they were entitled to
+the same protection and relief.' The claimants had been 'called by their
+sovereign, when surrounded by tumult and rebellion, to defend the
+supreme rights of the nation, and to assist in suppressing a rebellion
+which aimed at their destruction. They have received from the highest
+authority the most solemn assurances of protection, and even reward, for
+their meritorious services;' and that 'His Majesty and the two Houses of
+Parliament having thought it necessary, as the _price of peace_, or to
+the interest and safety of the empire, or from some other motive of
+public convenience, to ratify the Independence of America, _without
+securing any restitution whatever to the Loyalists_, they conceive that
+the nation is bound, as well by the fundamental laws of society as by
+the invariable and external principles of natural justice, to make them
+compensation.'"[125]
+
+Though the treaty of peace left the Loyalists to the mercy--rather to
+the resentment (as the result proved)--of the American States, and as
+such received the censure of the House of Commons, British justice and
+honour recognized the claims of the Loyalists to compensation for their
+losses, as well as to gratitude for their fidelity to the unity of the
+empire. The King, at the opening of the session of Parliament, said: "I
+have ordered inquiry to be made into the application of the sum to be
+voted in support of the American sufferers; and I trust you will agree
+with me, that a due and generous attention ought to be shown to those
+who have relinquished their properties or professions from motives of
+loyalty to me, or attachment to the mother country." Accordingly, a
+Bill was introduced and passed without opposition in June, 1783,
+entitled "An Act Appointing Commissioners to Inquire into the Losses and
+Services of all such Persons who have Suffered in their Rights,
+Properties, and Professions, during the late Unhappy Dissensions in
+America, in consequence of their Loyalty to his Majesty and Attachment
+to the British Government."
+
+The Commissioners named were John Wilmot, M.P., Daniel Parker Coke,
+M.P., Esquires, Col. Robert Kingston, Col. Thomas Dundas, and John
+Marsh, Esquire, who, after preliminary preparations, began their inquiry
+in the first week of October, and proceeded, with short intermissions,
+through the following winter and spring. The time for presenting claims
+was first limited by the Act to the 20th of March, 1784; but the time
+was extended by the renewal of the Act, from time to time, until 1789,
+when the Commissioners presented their _twelfth_ and last report, and
+Parliament finally disposed of the whole matter in 1790, seven years
+after its commencement.
+
+The Commissioners, according to their first report, divided the
+Loyalists into _six_ classes, as follows: 1. Those who had rendered
+service to Great Britain. 2. Those who had borne arms for Great Britain.
+3. Uniform Loyalists. 4. Loyal English subjects resident in Great
+Britain. 5. Loyalists who had taken oaths to the American States, but
+afterwards joined the British. 6. Loyalists who had borne arms for the
+American States, but afterwards joined the British navy or army. The
+reason for this classification is not very apparent; for all showed
+alike who were able to establish their losses, without reference to
+differences of merit, or the time or circumstances of their adhering to
+the Crown.
+
+Every applicant was required to furnish proof of his loyalty, and of
+every species of loss for which he claimed compensation; in addition to
+which each claimant was put upon his oath as to his alleged losses; and
+if in any case _perjury_ or _fraud_ were believed to have been
+practised, the claimant was at once cut off from his whole claim. The
+rigid rules which the Commissioners laid down and enforced in regard to
+claimants, examining each claimant and the witnesses in his behalf
+separately and apart, caused much dissatisfaction, and gave the
+proceeding more the character of an Inquisition than of Inquiry. It
+seemed to place the claimants almost in the position of criminals on
+whom rested the burden of proof to establish their own innocence and
+character, rather than in that of Loyalists who had faithfully served
+their King and country, and lost their homes and possessions in doing
+so. Very many, probably the large majority of claimants, could not
+possibly prove the exact value of each species of loss which they had
+sustained years before, in houses, goods, stocks of cattle, fields with
+their crops and produce, woods with their timber, etc., etc. In such a
+proceeding the most unscrupulous would be likely to fare the best, and
+the most scrupulous and conscientious the worst; and it is alleged that
+many false losses were allowed to persons who had suffered no loss,
+while many other sufferers received no compensation, because they had
+not the means of bringing witnesses from America to _prove_ their
+losses, in addition to their own testimony.
+
+The chairman of the Commission admits the delay and difficulty caused by
+the mode of proceeding adopted by the Commissioners. He says: "The
+investigation of the property of each claimant, and of the value of each
+article of that property, real and personal, could not but be attended
+with a good deal of time as well as much caution and difficulty, each
+claim in fact branching out into so many articles, or rather distinct
+causes, in which the Commissioners were obliged to execute the office of
+both judge and jury, or rather of arbitrators between the nation on one
+side, and the individual on the other, whose whole patrimony as well as
+character depended on their verdict."[126]
+
+The Act passed in 1783, authorizing the inquiry, being limited to two
+years, expired in July, 1785, but was renewed with some additions, one
+of which was a clause to empower the Commissioners to appoint proper
+persons to repair to America "to inquire into such circumstances as they
+might think material for better ascertaining the several claims which
+had been or should be presented to them under this or the former Act of
+Parliament." The Commissioners appointed John Anstey, Esq., a
+barrister-at-law, as agent to the United States, "to obtain information
+as to the confiscation, sale, and value of landed estates, and the total
+loss of the property of the claimants," respecting which he procured
+much valuable and authentic information and testimony. They sent Colonel
+Thomas Dundas and Mr. Jeremy Pemberton, two members of the Board, to
+visit Nova Scotia and Canada, "to inquire into the claims of such
+persons as could not without great inconvenience go over to Great
+Britain."
+
+Before the 25th of March, 1784, the latest period allowed by the first
+Act for presenting claims, the number of claimants was 2,063, and the
+property alleged by them to have been lost, according to their
+schedules, amounted to L7,046,278, besides debts to the amount of
+L2,354,135. The sum was very large, but the losses were undoubtedly very
+great. The Commissioners made their first report in July, 1784; and
+after having detailed their assiduous proceeding in the fulfilment of
+their trust, and care in examining and deciding on individual cases,
+reported on the part of the cases submitted, and awarded L201,750 for
+L534,705 claimed, reducing the amount by more than half the amount
+claimed.
+
+The _second_ report of the Commissioners was made in December of the
+same year, and states that 128 additional cases had been examined and
+disposed of, the amount claimed being L693,257, and the amount allowed
+was L150,935--less than one-fourth the amount claimed.
+
+One hundred and twenty-two (122) cases were examined into and disposed
+of in May and July, 1785, according to the third and fourth reports--the
+amount claimed being L898,196, and the amount allowed being
+L253,613--less than one-third of the amount claimed.
+
+In April, 1786, the fifth report of the Commissioners was presented,
+announcing that 142 other claims had been considered and decided, the
+claims amounting to L733,311, on which the Commissioners allowed
+L250,506--a little more than one-third of the amount claimed.
+
+The Commissioners proceeded in the same manner with their
+investigations, and with about the same results, in 1786 and 1787.[127]
+
+On the 5th of April, 1788, the Commissioners reported that they had
+examined into and declared upon 1,680 claims, and had allowed the sum of
+L1,887,548 for their payment.
+
+Under all the circumstances, it appears scarcely possible that the
+Commissioners could have proceeded with more despatch than they did. But
+the delay caused much dissatisfaction among the Loyalists, whose agents
+petitioned both King and Parliament on the delay, or on the course
+pursued by the Commissioners, or on some subject connected with the
+claims of the Loyalists. Essays and tracts were published; letters and
+communications appeared in the newspapers on the subject; in 1786, the
+agents of the Loyalists presented a petition to Parliament, which
+contained among other things the following touching words: "It is
+impossible to describe the poignant distress under which many of these
+persons now labour, and which must daily increase should the justice of
+Parliament be delayed until all the claims are liquidated and reported;
+* * ten years have elapsed since many of them have been deprived of
+their fortunes, and with their helpless families reduced from
+independent affluence to poverty and want; some of them now languishing
+in British jails; others indebted to their creditors, who have lent them
+money barely to support their existence, and who, unless speedily
+relieved, must sink more than the value of their claims when received,
+and be in a worse condition than if they had never made them; others
+have already sunk under the pressure and severity of their misfortunes;
+and others must, in all probability, soon meet the same melancholy fate,
+should the justice due them be longer postponed. But, on the contrary,
+should provision be now made for payment of those whose claims have been
+settled and reported, it will not only relieve them from their distress,
+but give credit to others whose claims remain to be considered, and
+enable all of them to provide for their wretched families, and become
+again useful members of society."
+
+Two years later, in 1788, a tract was published by a Loyalist, entitled
+"The Claim of the American Loyalists Reviewed and Maintained upon
+Incontrovertible Principles of Law and Justice." The writer of that
+tract thus forcibly states the situation of the Loyalists: "It is well
+known that this delay of justice has produced the most melancholy and
+shocking events. A number of sufferers have been driven into insanity
+and become their own destroyers, leaving behind them their helpless
+widows and orphans to subsist upon the cold charity of strangers. Others
+have been sent to cultivate the wilderness for their subsistence,
+without having the means, and compelled through want to throw themselves
+on the mercy of the American States, and the charity of former friends,
+to support the life which might have been made comfortable by the money
+long since due by the British Government; and many others with their
+families are barely subsisting upon a temporary allowance from
+Government, a mere pittance when compared with the sum due them."
+
+Shortly after the publication of the pamphlet containing these
+statements, the Commissioners submitted their eleventh report, April,
+1788, and Mr. Pitt, Chancellor of the Exchequer, yielded the following
+month to the pressing entreaties of the claimants to allow their
+grievances to be discussed in Parliament. "Twelve years had elapsed
+since the property of most of them had been alienated under the
+Confiscation Acts, and five since their title to recompense had been
+recognized by the law under which their claims had been presented and
+disposed of."
+
+We will give an abridged account of the proceedings in Parliament and by
+the Commissioners in their own words:
+
+"The business came on in the House of Commons on the 6th of June, 1788,
+which Mr. Pitt opened in a very handsome and eloquent speech respecting
+the merits of the American Loyalists, and which, he did not doubt, would
+meet with the unanimous acknowledgment of the House; and he trusted,
+therefore, there would be no difference of opinion as to the principle,
+though there might be as to the mode of compensation and the
+distribution which he thought it his duty to propose.
+
+"The first principle he laid down was, that however strong their claims
+might be on the generosity of the nation, the compensation could not be
+considered as _a matter of right and strict justice_;[129] in the mode,
+therefore, he had pursued, he had marked the principle in the various
+quotas of compensation he should propose to be made to the various
+classes of the American Loyalists.
+
+"He considered the three first classes of them, stated by the
+Commissioners in their reports as the most meritorious, and who were
+likewise the most numerous, viz.:
+
+"1st. Loyalists who had rendered services to Great Britain. Number, 204.
+
+"2nd. Loyalists who had borne arms in the service of Great Britain--481.
+
+"3rd. Zealous and uniform Loyalists--626.
+
+"Total number of these three classes--1,311.
+
+"The number of the remaining classes were much fewer, viz.:
+
+"4th. Loyal British subjects resident in Great Britain--20.
+
+"5th. Who took the oath to the Americans, but afterwards joined the
+British--27.
+
+"6th. Who bore arms for the Americans, but afterwards joined the
+British--23.
+
+"7th. Ditto, losses under the Prohibitory Act--3.
+
+"8th. Loyal British proprietors--2.
+
+"9th. Subject or settled inhabitants of the United States--25.
+
+"10th. Claims disallowed and withdrawn--313.
+
+"11th. Loyal British subjects who appear to have relief by the Treaty of
+Peace, but state the impossibility of procuring it--4.
+
+"Mr. Pitt proposed to pay classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, whose liquidated
+losses did not amount to more than L10,000 each, the full amount of
+their losses; and if they should exceed the sum of L10,000, to deduct
+the sum of ten per cent. from excess only of L10,000, provided such
+losses did not exceed L35,000; and if they exceeded L35,000, then
+fifteen per cent. from the excess of L10,000, and not above L50,000; and
+if they exceeded L50,000, then to deduct twenty per cent. from the
+excess of L10,000; and which principle, he informed the Committee, he
+meant to follow in every other class.
+
+"With regard to the 4th and 8th classes, viz., of loyal British subjects
+and loyal British proprietors resident in Great Britain during the war,
+he did not mean to propose any deduction from the losses under L10,000;
+but from the losses which amounted from L10,000 to L50,000 he proposed a
+deduction of twenty per cent. should be made; and a further deduction
+from those losses amounting to above L50,000, and a still further
+deduction of seventy per cent. from those from L50,000 to L200,000; and
+so on in proportion.
+
+"He next considered the case of those Loyalists whose losses
+principally, if not solely, arose from their loss of office or
+profession, by which they had been deprived of their livelihood, or
+means of support, both for themselves or families. These persons were
+distinct from those who had been in trade or other branches of business,
+or gained their livelihood by their manual labour. Though these losses
+were not of so substantial a nature as those who lost property real or
+personal, yet they could not be easily reinstated in the same lucrative
+professions which they had enjoyed--civil employment, in the law, in the
+Church, or in physic--and therefore he thought them entitled to a
+liberal compensation. But as they were not precluded from exercising
+their industry and talents in this country, he proposed that all those
+persons who were reported by Commissioners to have lost incomes not
+exceeding L400 _per annum_, should receive pensions at the rate of L50
+_per cent._ of such income, and L40 _per cent._ for every L100 above
+L400 per annum; where the value did not exceed L1,500 _per annum_, L30
+_per cent._ for every L100 per annum exceeding L400; thus the
+_percentage_ would be governed by and diminish in proportion to the
+increase of the income lost.
+
+"Having expatiated on these various classes of claimants, Mr. Pitt said
+he meant to propose that the amount of these various sums should be
+issued in debentures bearing interest at three and a half per cent.,
+which would be nearly equal to a money payment, and that the whole
+should be paid off by instalments.
+
+"He began, therefore, by moving 'that provision should be made
+accordingly.'
+
+"This plan met with general approbation and applause from all sides of
+the House; not only from the friends of the Minister, but from leaders
+of the Opposition, particularly from Mr. Fox and Mr. Burke; and Mr. Pitt
+congratulated the House on their concurrence with him in the plan he
+laid before the Committee.
+
+"Soon after a motion was made for continuing the Act another year, for
+the purpose principally of enabling the Commissioners to inquire into
+claims of certain other persons therein specified, who, it was stated,
+appeared to have been prevented by particular circumstances from
+preferring their claims before; provided the Commissioners were
+satisfied, by proof made on oath, with the reasons assigned by those
+persons for not having before preferred their respective claims; and the
+Act passed, including these and other purposes.
+
+"As the Commissioners who had gone to Nova Scotia and Canada had by this
+time returned to England, and Mr. Anstey was daily expected from the
+United States, there was more than sufficient to employ the
+Commissioners, independent of the Act for carrying into effect the plan
+of relief and compensation into execution.
+
+"The Commissioners immediately, viz., in August, 1788, proceeded with
+the various matters referred to them.
+
+"Colonel Dundas and Mr. Pemberton, having returned from Nova Scotia and
+Canada, made a separate report of the proceedings to the Board of
+Treasury and the Secretaries of State;[130] but the Commissioners,
+before they finished their deliberations, united the proceedings of both
+Boards in order to give a comprehensive view of the whole.
+
+"Mr. Anstey also having returned from the United States in September,
+the Commissioners took a general review of the whole of their
+proceedings from the commencement of the inquiry, and were thus enabled
+to supply any defects, to correct any mistakes, and to reconsider any
+points in which, perhaps, too great humanity to the individuals on the
+one hand, or too great anxiety to reduce claims which appeared
+exaggerated on the other, might have led them into error.
+
+"Having thus wound up the business in the spring of 1789, they presented
+their twelfth and last Report on the 15th of May; and likewise, pursuant
+to the order of the House of Commons of the 10th of June, 1789,
+presented a statement of them to that House, comprising the whole of
+their proceedings in one view, specifying what had been granted by
+Parliament and what still remained for consideration; but as the
+inquiring into these claims was not completed, and the Minister thought
+proper to give way once more to strong applications from various
+persons, who had been still prevented from preferring or prosecuting
+their claims under the former Acts of Parliament, the Commission was
+renewed once more, and it was not till the spring of 1790 that the
+business was finally settled and adjusted by Parliament. In the
+beginning of April, in consequence of an order of the House of Commons,
+on the 31st of March, 1790, the Commissioners laid before the House a
+statement of the claims and losses of the American Loyalists up to the
+25th of March, 1790, with the terms already granted, and of what
+remained for the consideration of Parliament.
+
+"The general result of this was, that the number of claims preferred in
+England and Nova Scotia was 3,225--
+
+"Of which were examined  3,225
+"Disallowed       343  }
+"Withdrawn         38  }   934
+"Not prosecuted   553  }
+
+"The amount of the claims preferred was L10,358,413.
+
+"The amount of the claims examined was L8,216,126.
+
+"The amount allowed in liquidation thereof amounted to L3,033,091.
+
+"Of which had been provided L2,096,326.
+
+"There remained for consideration of Parliament L936,764.[131]
+
+"The amount of pensions paid to 204 Loyalists, on account of losses of
+office or profession, was L25,785 _per annum_, besides annual allowances
+to 588 persons, chiefly widows, orphans, and merchants, who had no means
+of livelihood, but had lost no real or personal estate except debts due
+them,[132] and which had not been gone into for reasons before given.
+
+"As many of the Loyalists who had received pensions or allowances are
+since deceased, the Lords of the Treasury, by his Majesty's direction,
+have continued some part of those annual payments to their widows.
+
+"Thus had the nation extended an inquiry for seven successive years into
+the losses of those who, from motives of loyalty to his Majesty and
+attachment to the British Government, had risked their lives and
+sacrificed their fortunes in support of the constitutional dependence of
+the colonies on Great Britain.
+
+"Whatever may be said of this unfortunate war, either to account for, to
+justify, or to apologize for the conduct of either country, all the
+world has been unanimous in applauding the virtue and humanity of Great
+Britain in rewarding the services, and in compensating, with a liberal
+hand, the losses of those who suffered so much for their firm and
+faithful adherence to the British Government."
+
+We will conclude these extracts by giving the Commissioners' account of
+their mode of proceeding and the reasons for it, together with the
+acknowledgment of the agents of the claimants in a formal address to the
+King:
+
+"The principle which has directed our mode of conducting the inquiry,"
+say the Commissioners, "has been that of requiring the very best
+evidence which the nature and circumstances of the case would admit. We
+have in no instance hitherto thought fit to dispense with the personal
+appearance and examination of the claimant, conceiving the inquiry would
+be extremely imperfect and insecure against fraud and misrepresentation
+if we had not the advantage of cross-examining the party himself, as
+well as his witnesses; nor have we, for the same reason, allowed much
+weight to any testimony that has not been delivered on oath before
+ourselves. We have investigated with great strictness the titles to real
+property, wherever the necessary documents could be exhibited to us; and
+where they have not been produced we have required satisfactory evidence
+of their loss, or of the inability of the claimant to procure
+them."[133]
+
+The Commissioners conclude their twelfth and last Report in the
+following words:
+
+"Great as is the length of time which hath been consumed in the
+prosecution of this inquiry, it may without difficulty be accounted for
+by a survey of the multiplicity and complicated nature of the objects to
+which the Acts of Parliament extended our scrutiny; and when to these
+are added the investigation (delegated to us by your lordships) of the
+numerous claims for present relief and temporary support (which alone
+formed a heavy branch of business, demanding daily attention), the
+several reviews and modifications of pension lists, and the various
+other extraneous matters which have incidentally devolved upon us, we
+trust we shall, on due consideration of this extensive scene of
+employment, at least stand exculpated by your lordships of inactivity
+and unnecessary delay. We have felt with anxious solicitude the urgency
+as well as the importance and delicate nature of the trust reposed in
+us, and to this impression our exertions towards the speedy, faithful,
+and honourable execution of it have been proportioned. We cannot flatter
+ourselves that no errors have been committed; but we have this
+consolation, that the most assiduous endeavours have not been wanting on
+our part to do justice to the individuals and to the public. Supported
+by this reflection in our retirement from this arduous and insidious
+employment, we shall feel no inconsiderable satisfaction in having been
+instrumental towards the completion of a work which will ever reflect
+honour on the character of the British nation.
+
+(Signed)   "JOHN WILMOT.
+"ROBERT KINGSTON.
+"JOHN MARSH.
+
+"Office of American Claims,
+"Lincoln's Inn Fields,
+"May 15th, 1789."
+
+A proper sequel to this whole proceeding will be the following Address
+of the Agents for the American Loyalists, presented to the King by Sir
+William Pepperell, Bart., and the other agents, being introduced by the
+Lord of his Majesty's Bedchamber in waiting; which address his Majesty
+was pleased to receive very graciously, and they all had the honour to
+kiss his Majesty's hand:
+
+"_To the King's Most Excellent Majesty._
+
+"The Humble Address of the Agents for the American Loyalists.
+
+"Most Gracious Sovereign,--
+
+"Your Majesty's ever dutiful and loyal subjects, the agents of the
+American Loyalists, who have heretofore been the suppliants of your
+Majesty in behalf of their distressed constituents, now humbly beg leave
+to approach your Throne, to pour forth the ardent effusions of their
+grateful hearts for your most gracious and effectual recommendation of
+their claims to the just and generous consideration of Parliament.
+
+"To have devoted their fortunes and hazarded their lives in defence of
+the just rights of the Crown and the fundamental principles of the
+British Constitution, were no more than their duty demanded of them, in
+common with your Majesty's other subjects; but it was their peculiar
+fortune to be called to the trial, and it is their boast and their glory
+to have been found equal to the task.
+
+"They have now the distinguished happiness of seeing their fidelity
+approved by their Sovereign, and recompensed by Parliament, and their
+fellow-subjects cheerfully contributing to compensate them for the
+forfeiture their attachment to Great Britain incited them to incur;
+thereby adding dignity to their own exalted character among the nations
+of the world, and holding out to mankind the glorious principles of
+justice, equity, and benevolence as the firmest basis of empire.
+
+"We should be wanting in justice and gratitude if we did not upon this
+occasion acknowledge the wisdom and liberality of the provisions
+proposed by your Majesty's servants, conformable to your Majesty's
+gracious intentions for the relief and accommodation of the several
+classes of sufferers to whose cases they apply; and we are convinced it
+will give comfort to your royal heart to be assured they have been
+received with the most general satisfaction.
+
+"Professions of the unalterable attachment of the Loyalists to your
+Majesty's person and government we conceive to be unnecessary; they
+have preserved it under persecution, and gratitude cannot render it less
+permanent. They do not presume to arrogate to themselves a more fervent
+loyalty than their fellow-subjects possess; but distinguished as they
+have been by their sufferings, they deem themselves entitled to the
+foremost rank among the most zealous supporters of the British
+Constitution. And while they cease not to offer up their most earnest
+prayers to the Divine Being to preserve your Majesty and your
+illustrious family in the peaceful enjoyment of your just rights, and in
+the exercise of your royal virtues in promoting the happiness of your
+people, they humbly beseech your Majesty to continue to believe them at
+all times, and upon all occasions, equally ready, as they have been, to
+devote their lives and properties to your Majesty's service and the
+preservation of the British Constitution.
+
+"W. Pepperell, for the Massachusetts Loyalists.
+
+"J. Wentworth, for the New Hampshire Loyalists.
+
+"George Rowe, for the Rhode Island Loyalists.
+
+"Ja. Delancey, for the New York Loyalists.
+
+"David Ogden, for the New Jersey Loyalists.
+
+"Joseph Galloway, for the Pennsylvania and Delaware
+Loyalists.
+
+"Robert Alexander, for the Maryland Loyalists.
+
+"John R. Grymer, for the Virginia Loyalists.
+
+"Henry Eustace McCulloch, for the North Carolina
+Loyalists.
+
+"James Simpson, for the South Carolina Loyalists.
+
+"William Knox, for the Georgia Loyalists.
+
+"John Graham, late Lieutenant-Governor of Georgia,
+and joint agent, for the Georgia Loyalists."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 124: The names of the agents, or delegates, are as follows: W.
+Pepperell, for the Massachusetts Loyalists; J. Wentworth, jun., for the
+New Hampshire Loyalists; George Rowe, for the Rhode Island Loyalists;
+Ja. Delancey, for the New York Loyalists; David Ogden, for the New
+Jersey Loyalists; Joseph Galloway, for the Pennsylvania and Delaware
+Loyalists; Robert Alexander, for the Maryland Loyalists; John R. Grymes,
+for the Virginia Loyalists; Henry Eustace McCulloch, for the North
+Carolina Loyalists; James Simpson, for the South Carolina Loyalists;
+William Knox, for the Georgia Loyalists.]
+
+[Footnote 125: Another very able pamphlet was issued some time
+afterwards, entitled "Claims of the American Loyalists Reviewed and
+Maintained upon the Incontrovertible Principles of Law and Justice;"
+printed in London, 1788.]
+
+[Footnote 126: "Historical View of the Commission for Inquiry into the
+Losses, Services, and Claims of the American Loyalists, at the Close of
+the War between Great Britain and her Colonies in 1783; with an Account
+of the Compensation granted to them by Parliament in 1785 and 1788." By
+John Eardley Wilmot, Esq., London, 1815. Dedicated "To His Most Gracious
+Majesty George the Third, equally distinguished for justice and
+beneficence to his subjects and for humanity to his enemies."]
+
+[Footnote 127: It has already been mentioned that the Legislature of
+South Carolina (the only State of the American Republic) had taken steps
+to restore the estates of several of her Loyalists. This "caused the
+withdrawal of the claims of their owners (before the English
+Commissioners), except that in instances of alleged strip and waste,
+amercements, and similar losses, inquiries were instituted to ascertain
+the value of what was taken compared with that which was returned."
+
+The English Commissioners, in their twelfth and last report, remark on
+this subject as follows:
+
+"We thought it our duty to state, in our second report of the 24th
+December, 1784, that the State of South Carolina had, by an Act of the
+24th March, 1784, restored the confiscated property of certain
+Loyalists, subject to the restrictions therein mentioned; and that in
+consequence thereof many had withdrawn the claims they had before
+presented to us. We find, however, that in many instances the parties
+have not been able to reap that advantage they had expected, and which
+the Act above-mentioned held out to them. In some instances the property
+restored has been so wasted and injured as to be of little value; in
+others, the amercements and charges have been nearly equal to the value
+of the fee simple of the estates; and in many, where the indents[128]
+being the species of money received by the State, have been restored to
+the former proprietors, an inevitable and considerable loss has been
+sustained by the depreciation. In all these cases we have made minute
+inquiry into the real benefit that has been derived from such
+restitution, whether of the property itself, or of the _indents_ in lien
+of it; and having endeavoured to ascertain, as nearly as the
+circumstances would admit, the value of what was lost and the value of
+what was restored, we have considered the difference as the real loss of
+the party."]
+
+[Footnote 128: _Indent_--A certificate, or indented certificate, issued
+by the Government of the United States at the close of the revolution,
+for the principal or interest of the public debt.--Webster.]
+
+[Footnote 129: The principle thus laid down was neither just, nor true,
+nor generous. The claimants had not asked for _charity_, but for
+_compensation_, and that not as a favour, but upon the principles of
+"right and of strict justice." The British Ministry and Parliament alone
+originated and were responsible for the policy and measures which had
+led to the calamities so ruinous to the Loyalists, who now claimed
+compensation. The claimants had had nothing to do with passing the Stamp
+Act; with imposing duties on tea and other articles imported into the
+colonies; with making naval officers collectors of customs; with
+erecting courts of admiralty, and depriving the trading colonists of
+trial by jury, and of rendering the officers of the admiralty courts,
+and the complainants before them, the recipients of the first
+confiscations imposed by such events; with the acts to close the Port of
+Boston, and supersede the chartered constitution of Massachusetts, all
+of which, separately and collectively, with other like measures, roused
+and united the colonists to resistance, from Maine to Georgia, and in
+consequence of which a majority of the General Congress of the colonists
+seized the opportunity to renounce their allegiance to the British
+Throne, and to declare their separation from the mother country. And
+even after the character of the contest became thus changed from one for
+British constitutional rights to one for Republican independence, the
+Loyalists had nothing to do with the selection of British generals, or
+with their incapacity, their want of tact and energy, their mistakes and
+rapacity, together with that of their officers and soldiers, from all
+which the Loyalists grievously suffered. In the camp, on the march, and
+in the field of battle, the Loyalists were always on the alert, and
+performed the severest and most perilous services. No class of men had
+stronger claims on the nation, upon the principles of right and strict
+justice, than the Loyalist claimants before Parliament. This was
+acknowledged by all the speakers on both sides, and in both Houses of
+Parliament, and even by Mr. Pitt himself, and the objectionable and
+offensive principle which he laid down at the outset was contravened by
+the whole tenor and spirit of his speech.]
+
+[Footnote 130: The number of claims examined by the Commissioners in
+Nova Scotia and Canada was 1,272; the amount of claims was L975,310; the
+losses allowed were L336,753.]
+
+[Footnote 131: What remained for consideration, and which was afterwards
+granted by Parliament, consisted of seven Articles, and was as follows:
+
+"1. Additional claims liquidated since 1788, to the
+amount of                                                       L224,406
+
+"2. The proprietary claims of Messrs. Pennes                    L500,000
+
+"3.    Do.   Do.  Trustees under the will of
+Lord Granville, North Carolina                                    60,000
+
+"4. The proprietary claims of Robert Lord Fairfax, proprietor
+of Virginia                                                       60,000
+
+"5. Claims of subjects, settled inhabitants of the United
+States, many of which were cases of great merit and peculiar
+hardship                                                          32,462
+
+"6. Claims of persons who appeared to have relief under
+the Treaty of Peace                                               14,000
+
+"7. Claims of creditors on ceded lands in Georgia                 45,885"]
+
+[Footnote 132: The case of such merchants was peculiarly distressing. In
+the "Historical Review of the Commission," the Commissioners state:
+
+"The claims for debts due from subjects of the United States, as well
+from the magnitude of their amount as the peculiar hardship and
+injustice under which the claimants labour respecting them, form a
+subject which appears strongly to press for the attention and
+interposition of Government. The Treaty of Peace having provided that
+'Creditors on either side should meet with no lawful impediment to the
+recovery of the full value of their debts in sterling money,' losses of
+this nature have not been considered as within the inquiry directed by
+the Act, because we cannot consider any right or property as lost to the
+party where the Government of the country has expressly provided and
+stipulated for a remedy by a public treaty. We think it, however,
+incumbent upon us to represent that the claimants uniformly state to us
+the insuperable difficulties they find themselves under, as individuals,
+in seeking the recovery of their debts according to the provision of the
+treaty, whilst themselves are the objects of prosecution in courts of
+justice here for debts due to the subjects of the United States. Under
+such circumstances, the situation of this class of sufferers appears to
+be singularly distressing--disabled on the one hand by the laws or
+practice of the several States from recovering the debts due them, yet
+compellable on the other to pay all demands against them; and though the
+stipulation in the treaty in their favour has proved of no avail to
+procure them the redress it holds out in one country, yet they find
+themselves excluded by it from all claims to relief in the other."]
+
+[Footnote 133: It is certain that but a small proportion of the American
+Loyalists presented claims before the Parliamentary Commissioners in
+England for compensation for services or loss of property; and many of
+those who presented claims did not prosecute them. The Commissioners
+give the following explanation on this point:
+
+"It may, perhaps, appear singular that so many claims presented, viz.,
+448, have been withdrawn; but it may be owing, in the first place, to
+the circumstance of many of these claimants having recovered possession
+of their estates, and, in the next place, to the uncertainty, at the
+commencement of the inquiry, as to the nature of the Commission, and the
+species of loss which was the object of it, and perhaps to the
+consciousness of others that they were not able to establish the claims
+they had presented."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+THE LOYALISTS DRIVEN FROM THE UNITED STATES TO THE BRITISH PROVINCES.
+
+
+The Loyalists, after having been stripped of their rights and property
+during the war, and driven from their homes, and hunted and killed at
+pleasure, were exiled from all right of residence and citizenship at the
+close of the war; and though the Treaty of Peace engaged that Congress
+should recommend the several States to compensate them for the losses of
+their property, the Legislatures of the several States (with one
+exception) refused any compliance with this stipulation of the national
+treaty; and the Legislature of New York actually ordered the punishment
+of those Loyalists who applied for compensation. At the close of the
+war, therefore, instead of witnessing, as in the case of all other
+civilized nations at the termination of a civil war, however rancorous
+and cruel, a general amnesty and the restoration of all parties to the
+rights and property which they enjoyed at the commencement of the
+strife, the Loyalists found themselves exiled and impoverished, and
+their enemies in possession of their homes and domains. It is true about
+3,000 of the Loyalists were able to employ agents, or appear personally,
+to apply to the English Government and Parliament for compensation for
+their losses; and the preceding chapter records the noble appreciation
+of their character and services by British statesmen, and the liberality
+of Parliament in making them compensation for their losses and
+sufferings in maintaining their fidelity to the mother country. But
+these 3,000 constituted not one-tenth of the Loyalists who had suffered
+losses and hardships during the civil war; upwards of 30,000 of them
+were driven from the homes of their birth, and of their forefathers, to
+wildernesses of everlasting snow. It was a policy as inhuman and
+impolitic as that of Spain in expelling upwards of 600,000 Moors, the
+most skilful and profitable of their manufacturers and artizans; or of
+France, in compelling the escape of above 500,000 of the best workers in
+the finest manufactures to other countries where they laid the
+foundation of industries which have proved a source of boundless wealth
+to England at the expense of the commerce and manufactures of France.
+The Democrats were then the ruling party in most of the States; the more
+moderate voice and liberal policy of the Conservative Republicans were
+hushed and fanned down by the Democratic leaders, who seemed unable to
+look beyond the gratification of their resentment and avarice; they
+seemed to fear the residence and presence of men of intelligence,
+ability, and energy, who might in the future rival if not eclipse them.
+The maxim of the Loyalists was, obedience to law; heretofore they looked
+upon the enactments of the States and of Congress as usurpation; those
+enactments were now recognized as law by England herself, in the
+acknowledgment of American Independence; and the Loyalists would have
+been among the most obedient and law-abiding citizens had they been
+allowed to remain in the land of their nativity and forefathers, and
+would have largely added to its social advancement, literature, and
+wealth, and would undoubtedly, before now, have led to the unity of the
+Anglo-Saxon race under one free and progressive government. Historians
+and statesmen have long since condemned this resentful and narrow-minded
+policy of the States against the Loyalists after the close of the
+revolutionary war, as do now even American historians.[134]
+
+The Americans inaugurated their Declaration of Independence by enacting
+that all adherents to connection with the mother country were rebels and
+traitors; they followed the recognition of Independence by England by
+exiling such adherents from their territories. But while this wretched
+policy depleted the United States of some of their best blood, it laid
+the foundation of the settlement and institutions of the then almost
+unknown and wilderness provinces which have since become the
+wide-spread, free and prosperous Dominion of Canada.
+
+Until very recently, the early history of the Loyalists of America has
+never been written, except to blacken their character and misrepresent
+their actions; they were represented as a set of idle office-seekers--an
+imputation which has been amply refuted by their braving the forests of
+northern countries, and converting them into fruitful fields, developing
+trade and commerce, and establishing civil, religious, and educational
+institutions that are an honour to America itself. Yet, when exiled from
+their native land, they were bereft of the materials of their true
+history. A living American writer truly observes:
+
+"Of the reasons which influenced, of the hopes and fears which agitated,
+and of the miseries and rewards which awaited the Loyalists--or, as they
+were called in the politics of the time, the Tories--of the American
+Revolution, but little is known. The most intelligent, the best informed
+among us, confess the deficiency of their knowledge. The reason is
+obvious. Men who, like the Loyalists, separate themselves from their
+friends and kindred, who are driven from their homes, who surrender the
+hopes and expectations of life, and who become outlaws, wanderers, and
+exiles--such men leave few memorials behind them. Their papers are
+scattered and lost, and their very names pass from human recollection.
+* * Of several of the Loyalists who were high in office, of others who
+were men of talents and acquirements, and of still others who were of
+less consideration, I have been able, after long and extensive
+researches, to learn scarcely more than their names, or the single fact
+that for their political opinions or offences they were proscribed and
+banished."[135]
+
+The circumstances under which the Loyalists were banished from the
+States and deprived of their property will largely account for the
+alienation of feeling which long existed between the Americans and
+Canadians, which gave intensity to the war of 1812-15, which exists to
+some extent at this day, but which is gradually subsiding, and is being
+gradually superseded by feelings of mutual respect and friendship,
+strengthened by large commercial and social relations, including many
+intermarriages.
+
+To understand the sacrifices which the Loyalists made, and the courage
+and energy they evinced, in leaving their old homes and associations in
+the sunny parts of America, and in seeking a refuge and a home in the
+wilds of the remaining British Provinces, it will be necessary to notice
+what was then known, and the impression then existing, as to the
+climate, productions, and conditions of these provinces.[136]
+
+At that time New Brunswick formed a part of Nova Scotia, and was not
+organized into a separate province until 1784. The impressions then
+entertained as to the climate of Nova Scotia (including New Brunswick)
+may be inferred from the following extracts from a pamphlet published in
+England in 1784:
+
+"It has a winter of almost insufferable length and coldness; * * there
+are but a few inconsiderable spots fit to cultivate, and the land is
+covered with a cold spongy moss in place of grass. * * Winter continues
+at least seven months in the year; the country is wrapt in the gloom of
+a perpetual fog; the mountains run down to the sea coast, and leave but
+here and there a spot to inhabit." Some of the officers, embarking at
+New York for Nova Scotia, are said to have remarked that they were
+"bound for a country where there were nine months of winter and three
+months of cold weather every year." Lower Canada was known as a region
+of deep snow, intense cold, and little fertility; a colony of the
+French; its capital, Quebec, the scene of decisive battles between the
+English and French under Wolfe and Montcalm, and afterwards between
+Murray and Montgomery, the latter the leader of the American revolters
+and invaders. Montreal was regarded as the place of transit of the fur
+trade from the Hudson's Bay Company to England.
+
+Upper Canada was then unknown, or known only as a region of dense
+wilderness and swamps, of venomous reptiles and beasts of prey, the
+hunting grounds and encampments of numerous Indian tribes, intense cold
+of winter, and with no other redeeming feature except abundance of game
+and fish.[137]
+
+The entire ignorance of the climate of Upper Canada which prevailed at
+the close of the revolutionary war, may be inferred from the facts
+stated in a succeeding chapter, when the British commander of New York,
+being unable to transport any more Loyalists to Nova Scotia and New
+Brunswick, sent for a Mr. Grass, who had been a prisoner during the
+French war for two or three years at Kingston, then Frontenac, to
+inquire of him what sort of a country Upper Canada was, and whether
+people could live there. Grass replied that he thought Upper Canada was
+a good country, and that people could live there. The British commander
+expressed much joy at the reply, and asked Mr. Grass if he would
+undertake to conduct a colony of Loyalists to Canada; the vessels,
+provisions, etc., would be furnished for that purpose. Mr. Grass asked
+three days to consider the proposal, and at length consented to
+undertake the task. It appears that five vessels were procured and
+furnished to convey this first colony of banished refugee Loyalists to
+Upper Canada; they sailed around the coast of New Brunswick and Nova
+Scotia, and up the St. Lawrence to Sorel, where they arrived in October,
+1783, and where they built themselves huts or shanties and wintered; and
+in May, 1784, they prosecuted their voyage in boats, and reached their
+destination, Cataraqui, afterwards Kingston, in July. The manner of
+their settlement and providing for their subsistence is described in a
+succeeding chapter.
+
+Other bands of Loyalists made their way to Canada by land; some by the
+military highway to Lower Canada, Whitehall, Lake Champlain,
+Ticonderoga, Plattsburg, and then turning northward proceeded to
+Cornwall; then ascending the St. Lawrence, along the north side of which
+many of them settled. This Champlain route was the common one to Lower
+Canada, descending the River Richelieu from St. John's to Sorel.
+
+But the most common land route from New York to Upper Canada, chosen by
+the Loyalists at the close of the war, was to Albany 180 miles up the
+Hudson river, which divides into two branches about ten miles north of
+Albany. The western branch is called the Mohawk, leading to Rome,
+formerly Fort Stanwix. A branch of the Mohawk, called Wood Creek, leads
+towards the Oneida lake, which was reached by a portage. From Oneida
+Lake, Lake Ontario was reached by the Oswego river. Flat-bottom boats,
+specially built or purchased for the purpose by the Loyalists, were used
+in this journey. The portages over which the boats had to be hauled, and
+all their contents carried, are stated to be thirty miles. On reaching
+Oswego, some of the Loyalists coasted along the eastern shore of Lake
+Ontario to Kingston, and thence up the Bay of Quinte; others went
+westward, along the south shore of the lake to Niagara and Queenston;
+some pursued their course to the head of the lake at Burlington; others
+made their way up the Niagara river to Queenston, conveyed their boats
+over the portage of ten or twelve miles to Chippewa, thence up the river
+and into Lake Erie, settling chiefly in what was called the "Long Point
+Country," now the county of Norfolk. This journey of hardship,
+privation, and exposure occupied from two to three months. The parents
+and family of the writer of this history were from the middle of May to
+the middle of July, 1799, in making this journey in an open boat.
+Generally two or more families would unite in one company, and thus
+assist each other in carrying their boats and goods over the portages.
+
+A considerable number came to Canada from New Jersey and the
+neighbourhood of Philadelphia on foot through the then wilderness of New
+York, carrying their little effects and small children on pack horses,
+and driving their cattle, which subsisted on herbage of the woods and
+valleys. Some of the families of this class testified to the relief and
+kindness they received in their extreme exigencies from the Indians.
+
+The hardships, exposures, privations and sufferings which the first
+Loyalists endured in making their way from their confiscated homes to
+Canada, were longer and more severe than anything narrated of the
+Pilgrim and Puritan Fathers of New England in their voyages from England
+to Massachusetts Bay; and the persecutions to which the emigration of
+the Puritans from England is attributed were trifling indeed in
+comparison of the persecutions, imprisonments, confiscations, and often
+death, inflicted on the loyal adherents to the Crown of England in the
+United States, and which drove the survivors among them to the
+wilderness of Canada. The privations and hardships experienced by many
+of these Loyalist patriots for years after the first settlement in
+Canada, as testified by the papers in the subsequent chapter, were much
+more severe than anything experienced by the Pilgrim Fathers during the
+first years of their settlement in Massachusetts. These latter could
+keep a "Harvest Home" festival of a week, at the end of the first year
+after their landing in the Bay of Massachusetts; but it was years after
+their arrival in Canada before the Loyalists could command means to keep
+any such festival. The stern adherence of the Puritans to their
+principles was quite equalled by the stern adherence of the Loyalists to
+their principles, and far excelled by their sacrifices and sufferings.
+
+Canada has a noble parentage, the remembrance of which its inhabitants
+may well cherish with respect, affection, and pride.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 134: "Had we pursued a wise course, people of our own stock
+would not have become our rivals in ship-building, in the carriage of
+our great staples, in the prosecution of the fisheries, and in the
+production of wheat and other breadstuffs. Nor is this all: we should
+not have had the hatred, the influence and the talents of persons of
+Loyalist origin to contend against in the questions which have and may
+yet come up between us and England.
+
+"Thus, as it seems to me, humanity to the adherents of the Crown, and
+prudent regard for our own interests, required a general amnesty; as it
+was, we not only dealt harshly with many, and unjustly with some, but
+doomed to misery others, whose hearts and hopes had been as true as
+those of Washington himself. Thus in the divisions of families which
+everywhere occurred, and which formed one of the most distressing
+circumstances of the conflict, there were wives and daughters, who,
+although bound to Loyalists by the holiest ties, had given their
+sympathies to the right from the beginning, and who now, in the triumph
+of the cause which had their prayers, went meekly--as woman ever meets a
+sorrowful lot--into hopeless, interminable exile." (Introductory
+Historical Essay to Sabine's Sketches of the Loyalists of the American
+Revolution, pp. 90, 91.)]
+
+[Footnote 135: Preface to Colonel Sabine's Biographical Sketches of the
+American Loyalists, or Adherents to the British Crown, in the War of the
+Revolution.]
+
+[Footnote 136: The Loyalists who were attached to military corps raised
+in the extreme South were principally of the Southern States, and a
+large portion of them settled in the Bahamas, Florida, and the British
+West Indies. "Some of the officers who belonged to the 'Maryland
+Loyalists,' and some of the privates of that corps, embarked for Nova
+Scotia, but were wrecked in the Bay of Fundy, and a part perished."
+(Sabine.)]
+
+[Footnote 137: "The western part of Canada, abandoned after the conquest
+_as an Indian hunting ground_, or occupied at its western extremity on
+Lake Erie by a few of the ancient French colonists, began now to assume
+importance, and its capability of supporting a numerous population along
+the Great River and the lakes became evident. Those excellent men, who,
+preferring to sacrifice life and fortune rather than forego the enviable
+distinction of being British subjects, saw that this vast field afforded
+a sure and certain mode of safety and of honourable retreat, and
+accordingly, in 1783, ten thousand (10,000) were enumerated in that
+portion of Canada, who, under the proud title of United Empire
+Loyalists, had turned their backs for ever upon the new-fangled
+republicanism and treason of the country of their birth.
+
+"The obstacles, privations, and miseries these people had to encounter
+may readily be imagined in a country where the primeval forest covered
+the earth, and where the only path was the river or the lake. They
+ultimately were, however, blessed with success; and to this day the
+original letters U.E., after the name of an applicant for land, ensure
+its grant." (Sir Richard Bonnycastle's Canada Before 1837, Vol. I., pp.
+24, 25.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+BRIEF SKETCHES OF SOME INDIVIDUAL LOYALISTS--FIRST SETTLERS IN CANADA
+AND OTHER BRITISH PROVINCES.
+
+
+It is not possible to give biographical sketches of all the old
+Loyalists, officers and soldiers. To do justice to their character and
+merits would require a massive volume. Besides, the data for such a
+volume are for the most part wanting. It is not the object of this
+history to give a biography of the Loyalists; that must be done by
+others, if attempted at all. The Loyalists were not writers, but
+workers. Almost the only history of them has been written by their
+enemies, whose object was to conceal the treatment they received, to
+depreciate their merits and defame their character, for the vindication
+of which it is only of late years that materials have been procured. It
+is the object of this history to vindicate their character as a body, to
+exhibit their principles and patriotism, and to illustrate their
+treatment and sufferings.
+
+The best, and indeed only biography of the Loyalists extant is Sabine's
+"_American Loyalists, or Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the
+British Crown in the War of the Revolution_,"--especially the first, not
+the second edition. The author has more than once quoted the excellent
+historical essay introductory to the sketches of this work, and from
+which Dr. Canniff has enriched the pages of his valuable "_History of
+the Settlement of Upper Canada, with special reference to the Bay of
+Quinte_." From these sources we will condense brief notices of some of
+the early Loyalists, preliminary to the information in regard to others
+furnished us in the interesting letters and papers which follow. These
+notices will further illustrate the character and sacrifices of the
+Loyalist combatants--the treatment they received and the courage they
+displayed.
+
+1. _Samuel Anderson_, of New York, entered the service of the Crown, and
+was a captain in the regiment of Sir John Johnson. In 1783 he settled
+near Cornwall, Upper Canada, and received half-pay; held several civil
+offices, such as those of Magistrate, Judge of the District Court,
+Associate Justice of King's Bench, etc. He continued to reside on his
+property near Cornwall until his decease in 1836, at the age of one
+hundred and one. His property in New York was abandoned and lost.
+
+2. _Rev. John Bethune_ (father of the late Bishop of Toronto), of North
+Carolina, was chaplain to the Loyal Militia; was taken prisoner at the
+battle of Cross Creek; was confined in jail, first at Halifax and
+finally in Philadelphia. After his release, his continued loyalty
+reduced him to great distress. He was appointed to the 84th Regiment and
+restored to comfort. At the peace, he settled in Upper Canada, at
+Williamston, near Cornwall, and died in 1815, at the age of sixty-five.
+
+3. _Doane_, of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Of this family there were
+five brothers--Moses, Joseph, Israel, Abraham, and Mahlon. They were men
+of fine figure and address, elegant horsemen, great runners and leapers,
+and excellent at stratagems and escapes. Their father was respectable,
+and possessed a good estate. The sons themselves, prior to the war, were
+men of reputation and proposed to remain neutral; but harassed
+personally, their property sold by the Whigs, because they would not
+submit to the exactions of the time, they determined to avenge
+themselves by a predatory warfare upon their persecutors, and to live in
+the open air as best they could. They became the terror of the
+surrounding country; they spared the weak, the poor, and the peaceful;
+they aimed at public property and at public men. Generally their
+expeditions were on horseback. Sometimes the five went together; at
+other times separately, with accomplices. Whoever of them was
+apprehended, broke jail; whoever of them was assailed, escaped. In a
+word, such was their course, that a reward of L300 was offered for the
+head of each. Ultimately, three were slain; Moses, after a desperate
+fight, was shot by his captor; and Abraham and Mahlon were living at
+Philadelphia. Joseph, before the revolution, taught school. During the
+war, while on a marauding expedition, he was shot through the cheeks,
+and was taken prisoner. He was committed to await his trial, but escaped
+to New Jersey. A reward of $800 was offered for his apprehension, but
+without success. He resumed his former employment in New Jersey and
+lived there under an assumed name for nearly a year, but finally fled to
+Canada. The only mention of Israel is that "in February, 1783, he
+appealed to the Council of Pennsylvania to be released on account of his
+own sufferings and the destitute condition of his family, and that his
+petition was dismissed."
+
+4. _Stephen Jarvis_, in 1782 was a lieutenant of cavalry in the South
+Carolina Royalists; was in several battles; was in New Brunswick; after
+the revolution came to Upper Canada, and died at Toronto in 1840, aged
+eighty-four.
+
+5. _William Jarvis_ was an officer of cavalry in the Queen's Rangers;
+was wounded at the siege of Yorktown. At the Peace he settled in Upper
+Canada, became Secretary of the Province, and died at York (Toronto) in
+1817.
+
+6. _David Jones_ was captain in the royal service, and the reputed
+spouse or husband of the "beautiful and good Jane McCrea," whose cruel
+death in 1777, by the Indians, on her way to join him, is so universally
+known and lamented. He lived in Canada to an old age, but never married.
+Jane McCrea was the daughter of the Rev. James McCrea, a Loyalist.
+
+7. _Jonathan Jones_, of New York, was brother of Captain David Jones,
+and assisted in the latter part of 1776 in raising a company in Lower
+Canada, and joined the British garrison at Crown Point. Later in the war
+he was captain under General Frazer.
+
+8. _Captain Richard Lippincott_ was born in Shrewsbury, New Jersey, on
+the 2nd of January, 1745. He was descended from an old colonial family,
+and served during the revolution as a captain in the New Jersey
+volunteers. He was married on the 4th of March, 1770, to Esther Borden,
+daughter of Jeremiah and Esther Borden, of Bordentown, New Jersey. On
+the outbreak of the revolution he warmly espoused the side of the Crown,
+and was early in the war captured and confined in Burlington jail, from
+which he escaped in the year 1776, and made his way to the British army
+at Staten Island. During the remainder of the war he served with his
+regiment. His connection with the execution of Captain Joshua Huddy, of
+the rebel service, attracted a great deal of attention both in Europe
+and America. Captain Huddy was a partisan officer of some repute in New
+Jersey, and had been concerned in the murder of a Loyalist named Philip
+White, who was a relative of Lippincott, and a resident of Shrewsbury.
+One Edwards of the same neighbourhood had also been put to death about
+the same time. Shortly after, Captain Huddy was captured and taken as
+prisoner to New York. The "Board of Associated Loyalists of New York"
+sent Captain Lippincott to Middleton Point, or Sandy Hook, with Captain
+Huddy and two other prisoners, to exchange them for prisoners held by
+the rebels. He was authorized to execute Huddy in retaliation for White,
+who had already been put to death. Therefore, on the 12th of April,
+1782, having exchanged the two other prisoners, Captain Lippincott hung
+Huddy on a tree by the beach, under the Middleton Heights. In 1867 the
+tree was still to be seen, and tradition keeps alive in the
+neighbourhood the story connected with it. Captain Lippincott, who was
+evidently only obeying orders, pinned a paper on Huddy's breast with the
+following inscription:
+
+"We, the Refugees, having long with grief beheld the cruel murders of
+our brethren, and finding nothing but such measures carrying into
+execution,--we therefore determine not to suffer without taking
+vengeance for the numerous cruelties, and thus begin, having made use of
+Captain Huddy as the first object to present to your view, and further
+determine to hang man for man while there is a refugee existing.
+
+"UP GOES HUDDY FOR PHILIP WHITE."
+
+Washington, upon hearing of Huddy's death, demanded the surrender of
+Captain Lippincott from the Royalist authorities, in order that he might
+be put to death. This demand was refused, and Washington then ordered
+the execution of one officer of equal rank to be chosen by lot from
+among the prisoners in his hands. The lot fell upon Captain Asgill, of
+the Guards, who was only nineteen years of age. The British authorities
+secured a respite under promise of trying Captain Lippincott by
+court-martial. After a full inquiry, Lippincott was honourably
+acquitted. In the meantime, Lady Asgill, Captain Asgill's mother,
+appealed to the Count de Vergennes, the French Minister, and, in
+response to her most pathetic appeal, the Count was instructed by the
+King and Queen of France, in their joint names, to ask of Washington the
+release of Captain Asgill "as a tribute to humanity." Washington, after
+a long delay, granted this request, but Asgill and Lippincott were not
+set at liberty till the close of the war. Asgill lived to become a
+general, and to succeed to his father's baronetcy.
+
+After the war Captain Lippincott moved to New Brunswick, to a place
+called Pennfield, where he lived till the fall of 1787, when he went to
+England, where he remained till the end of 1788. He was granted half pay
+as a captain of the British army, and in 1793 he moved from New
+Brunswick to Canada, when he was granted for his U.E. Loyalist services
+3,000 acres of land in the township of Vaughan, near Toronto.
+
+He lived near Richmond Hill for many years. His only surviving child,
+Esther Borden Lippincott, was married in 1806 to the late Colonel George
+Taylor Denison, of Bellevue, Toronto, at whose house Captain Lippincott
+died in 1826, aged eighty-one years. The family of Denisons of Toronto
+are all descendants of Captain Lippincott through this marriage.
+
+9. _McDonald._--There were many of this name who took part with the
+loyal combatants, and of whom several settled in Canada.
+
+Alexander McDonald was a major in a North Carolina regiment, and was the
+husband of the celebrated Flora McDonald, who was so true and devoted to
+Prince Charles Edward, the last of the Stuarts who sought the throne of
+England. They had emigrated to North Carolina; and when the revolution
+broke out, he, with two sons, took up arms for the Crown. Those who
+settled in Canada were Donald McDonald, of New York, who served under
+Sir John Johnson for seven years, and died at Wolfe Island, Upper
+Canada, aged 97; and Allan McDonald, of Tryon (afterwards Montgomery),
+New York, who was associated with Sir John Johnson in 1776, and died at
+a great age, at Three Rivers, in Lower Canada, 1822.
+
+10. _John McGill_ was, in 1782, an officer of infantry in the Queen's
+Rangers, and at the close of the war went to New Brunswick; removed
+thence to Upper Canada, became a man of note and member of the
+Legislative Council, and died at Toronto, in 1834, at the age of
+eighty-three.
+
+11. _Donald McGillis_ resided at the beginning of the revolution on the
+Mohawk river, New York. Embracing the royal side in the contest, he
+formed one of a "determined band of young men," who attacked a Whig
+post, and, in the face of a superior force, cut down the flag-staff and
+tore in strips the stars and stripes attached to it. Subsequently he
+joined a grenadier company called the Royal Yorkers, and performed
+efficient service throughout the war. At the peace he settled in Canada;
+and entering the British service again in 1812, was appointed captain in
+the colonial corps by Sir Isaac Brock. He died at River Raisin, Canada,
+in 1844, aged eighty years.
+
+12. _Thomas Merrit_, of New York (father of the late Hon. W. Hamilton
+Merrit), was in 1782 cornet of cavalry in the Queen's Rangers. He
+settled in Upper Canada, and held the office of high sheriff of the
+Niagara district. He died at St. Catharines, May, 1842, at the age of
+eighty years.
+
+_The Robinson family_ was one of the distinguished families in America
+before, during, and after the revolution, and its members have filled
+some of the most important offices in the provinces of Nova Scotia, New
+Brunswick, Lower and Upper Canada.
+
+13. _Beverley Robinson_, of New York, was the son of the Honourable John
+Robinson, of Virginia, who was President of that colony on the
+retirement of Governor Gooch. He removed to New York, and married
+Susanna, daughter of Frederick Phillipse, Esquire, who owned an immense
+landed estate on the Hudson river. By this connection Mr. Robinson added
+greatly to his wealth and became very rich. When the revolutionary
+controversy commenced, he was living on that portion of the Phillipse
+estate which had been given to his wife, and there he desired to remain
+in the quiet enjoyment of country life, and in the enjoyment of his
+large domains. That such was his inclination is asserted by the late
+President Dwight, and is fully continued by circumstances and by his
+descendants. He _was opposed to the measures of the British Ministry,
+gave up the use of imported merchandize, and clothed himself and family
+in fabrics of domestic manufacture_.
+
+_But he was opposed to the separation of the colonies from the mother
+country._ Still he wished to take no part in the conflict of arms. The
+importunity of friends overruled his own judgment, and he entered the
+military service of the Crown. Of the Loyal American Regiment, raised
+principally in New York by himself, he was commissioned the colonel. He
+also commanded the corps called Guides and Pioneers. Of the former, or
+the Loyal Americans, his son Beverley was lieutenant-colonel, and Thomas
+Barclay, major. He and Washington had been personal friends until
+political events produced separation between them.
+
+At the peace, Colonel Robinson, with a part of his family, went to
+England. His name appears as a member of the first Council of New
+Brunswick; but he never took his seat at the Board. His wife, with
+himself, was attainted for high treason; in order to secure her property
+to the Americans, she was included in the Confiscation Act of New York,
+and the whole of the estate derived from her father passed from the
+family. The value of her interest may be estimated from the fact that
+the British Government granted her and her husband the sum of L17,000
+sterling, which, though equal to $80,000, _was considered only a partial
+compensation_.
+
+Colonel Robinson has highly respectable descendants in New Brunswick as
+well as in Canada. William Henry, who was afterwards King William the
+Fourth, enjoyed Colonel Robinson's hospitality in New York at a later
+date. The Robinsons were unquestionably immediate sufferers from the
+events which drove them into exile. But though Colonel Robinson was not
+amply compensated in money by the Government for which he sacrificed
+fortune, home, and his native land, yet the distinction obtained by his
+children and grand-children in the colonies, though deprived of their
+inheritance, has not been without other and substantial recompense, as
+no persons of the Loyalist descent have been more favoured in official
+stations and powerful family alliances than the heirs of the daughters
+of Frederick Phillipse, Susanna Robinson, and Mary Morris (see under the
+names of Colonel Roger Morris and Colonel Thomas Barclay).
+
+14. _Beverley Robinson (jun.)_ was son of Colonel Beverley Robinson, and
+lieutenant-colonel in the Loyal American Regiment, commanded by his
+father; was a graduate of Columbia College, New York, and at the
+commencement of the revolutionary troubles was a student of law in the
+office of James Duane. His wife, Nancy, whom he married during the war,
+was daughter of the Reverend Henry Barclay, D.D., rector of Trinity
+Church, New York, and sister of Colonel Thomas Barclay. At the
+evacuation of New York, Lieutenant-Colonel Robinson was placed at the
+head of a large number of Loyalists who embarked for Shelburne, Nova
+Scotia, and who laid out that place in a very handsome manner, in the
+hope of its becoming a town of business and importance. The harbour of
+Shelburne is represented to be one of the best in North America; the
+population rapidly increased to about 12,000 persons, but soon as
+rapidly declined, being outrivalled by Halifax--and many abandoned
+Shelburne for other parts of the British provinces. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Robinson went to New Brunswick, and resided near the city of St. John.
+His deprivations and sufferings for a considerable time after leaving
+New York were great, but were finally relieved by the receipt of
+half-pay as an officer in the service of the Crown. In New Brunswick he
+was a member of his Majesty's Council; and at the period of the French
+revolution, and on the occurrence of the Napoleonic war between England
+and France, he was entrusted with the command of the regiment raised in
+that colony, possessed great energy, and contributed much by his
+exertions and influence to settle and advance the commercial emporium of
+New Brunswick. In the Confiscation Act of New York, by which his estate
+was taken from him, he was styled "Beverley Robinson the younger." He
+died in 1816, at New York, while on a visit to two of his sons who were
+residing in that city.
+
+15. _Christopher Robinson_, of Virginia, was kinsman of Colonel Beverley
+Robinson; entered William and Mary College with his cousin Robert,
+escaped with him to New York, and received a commission in the Loyal
+Canadian Regiment; served at the South, and was wounded. At the peace he
+went first to New Brunswick, and then to Nova Scotia, receiving a grant
+of land in each province. He soon removed to Upper Canada, where
+Governor Simcoe gave him the appointment of Deputy-Surveyor-General of
+Crown Lands. His salary, half pay, and an estate of 2,000 acres, placed
+him in comfortable circumstances.
+
+16. _Sir John Beverley Robinson_ was a son of Christopher Robinson, of
+Virginia; received his early legal education in England, and was
+admitted to the English bar. He returned to Upper Canada while yet
+young; served with distinction in the war of 1812, and was in several
+battles. He was early appointed Attorney-General, and held a seat in the
+House of Assembly for ten years; after which he was appointed Member and
+Speaker of the Legislative Council. During the insurrection of 1837, in
+Upper Canada, he took his musket and went into the ranks, accompanied by
+his two sons. He was born in 1791; was appointed Attorney-General of
+Upper Canada in 1818; was raised to the Bench as Chief Justice in 1829;
+was created Baronet in 1854; and died in 1863, aged seventy-two.
+
+17. _Sir Charles Frederick Phillipse Robinson_, G.C.B., of New York, was
+the son of Colonel Beverley Robinson; entered the King's service early
+in the Revolution, and at the peace returned with his father to England,
+where he was continued in the British army; became Lieutenant-General,
+and received the honour of knighthood. He was with the Duke of
+Wellington, and saw much hard service. At the storming of St. Sebastian
+he was dangerously wounded. He was in the battle of Vittoria, Nive,
+Orthes, and Toulouse. During the war of 1812 he came to America, and was
+employed in Canada. He commanded the British force in the attack on
+Plattsburg, under Prevost, and protested against the order of his
+superior, when directed to retire, because from the position of his
+troops he was of opinion that his loss of men would be greater in
+retreat than in advance upon the American works. After the conclusion of
+hostilities he embarked at New York for England.
+
+18. _Morris Robinson_, of New York, was also son of Colonel Beverley
+Robinson, and was captain of the Queen's Rangers. When that corps was
+disbanded at the close of the war, most of the officers were dismissed
+on half pay, and settled in New Brunswick; but Captain Robinson, by good
+fortune, was continued in commission, and at the time of his decease he
+was lieutenant-colonel, and assistant-barrackmaster-general in the
+British army. He had three sons officers in the British army, and two
+daughters, Susan and Joane; the former became the wife of Robert Parker,
+judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick; and the latter the wife of
+Robert T. Hagien, Esq., barrister-at-law, master in chancery, and
+formerly mayor of the city of St. John.
+
+19. _John Robinson_, of New York, likewise a son of Colonel Beverley
+Robinson, was during the revolution a lieutenant of the Loyal American
+Regiment, commanded by his father; and when the corps was disbanded at
+the close of the war, he settled in New Brunswick, and received half
+pay. He embarked, and successfully, in mercantile pursuits, and held
+distinguished public stations, being deputy-paymaster-general of his
+Majesty's forces in the Province, a member of the Council, treasurer of
+New Brunswick, mayor of St. John, and president of the first bank
+chartered in the colony. He died at St. John in 1828, aged sixty-seven.
+
+Several other Robinsons were engaged on the royal side in the American
+Revolution, but none of them so prominently connected with the British
+provinces as those above mentioned.
+
+20. _Roger Morris_, of New York, was a captain in the British army, in
+the French war, and one of the aides of the ill-fated Braddock. He
+married Mary, daughter of Frederick Phillipse, Esq., and settled in New
+York. At the commencement of the revolution he was a member of the
+Council of the colony, and continued in office until the peace, although
+the Whigs organized a government, under a written Constitution, as early
+as 1777. A part of the Phillipse estate was in possession of Colonel
+Morris in right of his wife, and was confiscated. In order that the
+whole property should pass from the family into the hands of the
+Americans, Mrs. Morris was included with her husband in the New York
+Confiscation Act of attainder. It is believed that this lady, her sister
+Mrs. Robinson, and Mrs. Ingles, were the only ladies who were attainted
+of treason during the revolution, and that merely to get possession of
+their property. "Imagination," says Sabine, "dwells upon the attainting
+of a lady whose beauty and attractions had won the admiration of
+Washington.[138] Humanity is shocked that a woman was attainted of
+treason for no crime but that of clinging to the fortunes of the husband
+whom she had vowed on the altar of religion never to desert."
+
+But it appeared in due time that the Confiscation Act did not affect the
+rights of Mrs. Morris's children, who were not named in, and therefore
+not disqualified by the Act of Confiscation. In 1787, the
+Attorney-General of England examined the case and gave the opinion that
+the reversionary interest (or property of the children at the decease of
+the parents) was not included in their attainder, and was recoverable
+under the principles of law and of right. In the year 1809, their son,
+Captain Henry Gage Morris, of the Royal Navy, in behalf of himself and
+his two sisters, sold his reversionary interest to John Jacob Astor,
+Esquire, of New York, for the sum of L20,000 sterling. In 1828, Mr.
+Astor made a compromise with the State of New York, by which he received
+for the rights thus purchased by him (with or without associates) the
+large amount of $500,000. The terms of the arrangement required that he
+should execute a deed of conveyance in fee simple, with warranty against
+the claims of the Morrises, husband and wife, their heirs, and all
+persons claiming under them; and that he should obtain the judgment of
+the Supreme Court of the United States, affirming the validity and
+perfectibility of his title. These conditions were complied with, and
+the purchasers of the confiscated lands were thus quieted in their
+titles derived from the sales of the Commissioners of Confiscated
+Property.
+
+21. _Allan McNab_ was a lieutenant of cavalry in the Queen's Rangers,
+under Colonel Simcoe. During the war he received thirteen wounds. He
+accompanied his commander to Upper Canada, then a dense unpeopled
+wilderness. He was appointed Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Assembly
+of Upper Canada, and held the office for many years. He was father of
+the late Sir Allan McNab, who was born at Niagara, in 1798, of Scotch
+extraction, whose grandfather, Major Robert McNab, of the 42nd Regiment,
+or Black Watch, was Royal Forester in Scotland, and resided on a small
+property called Dundurn, at the head of Loch Earn. Sir Allan McNab,
+though very young, distinguished himself in the war of 1812. In the
+insurrection of 1837 he was appointed to the command of the militia,
+dispersed the rebels, and cut out and burnt the rebel steamer
+_Caroline_, at Black Rock, for which he was knighted. He was Speaker of
+the House of Assembly of Upper Canada before the union of the two
+Canadas, and was afterwards Speaker of the Legislative Council of United
+Canada.
+
+22. _Luke Carscallen_ (resident of Bay of Quinte) was an Irishman by
+birth, and had served in the British army; he had retired and emigrated
+to the American colonies prior to the revolution. He desired to remain
+neutral and take no part in the contest. The rebels, however, said to
+him, that inasmuch as he was acquainted with military tactics, he must
+join them or be regarded as a King's man. His reply was that he had
+fought for the King, and he would do it again, consequently an order was
+issued to arrest him; but when they came to take him, he had secreted
+himself. The escape was a hurried one, and all his possessions were at
+the mercy of the rebels--land to the amount of 12,000 acres. They,
+disappointed at not catching him, took his young and tender son, and
+threatened to hang him if he would not reveal his father's place of
+concealment. The brave little fellow replied, "Hang away!" and the cruel
+men, under the name of liberty, carried out their threat, and three
+times was he suspended until he was almost dead, yet he would not tell;
+and then, when taken down, one of the monsters actually kicked him.
+(Canniff.)
+
+23. _John Diamond_ was born in Albany, with several brothers. An elder
+brother was drafted, but he tried to escape a service so repugnant to
+his feelings; was concealed for some time, and upon a sick bed. The
+visits of the doctor led to suspicion, and the house was visited by
+rebels. Although he had been placed in a bed so arranged that it was
+thought his presence would not be detected, his breathing betrayed him.
+They at once required his father to give a bond for $1,200 that his son
+should not be removed while sick. He got well, and some time after again
+sought to escape, but was caught, and handcuffed to another. Being
+removed from one place to another, the two prisoners managed to knock
+their guards on the head, and ran for life through the woods, chained
+together. One would sometimes run on one side of a sapling, and the
+other on the opposite side. At night they managed to rub their handcuffs
+off, and finally escaped to Canada. Of the other brothers, two were
+carried off by the rebels and were never more heard of; John was taken
+to the rebel army when old enough to do service, but he also escaped to
+Canada, and enlisted in Rogers' Battalion, in which he served until the
+end of the war, when he settled with the company at Fredericksburg. He
+married Miss Loyst, a native of Philadelphia, whose ancestors were
+German. She acted no inferior part, for a woman, during the exciting
+times of the revolution. They were married in Lower Canada. They spent
+their first summer in Upper Canada in clearing a little spot of land,
+and in the fall got a little grain in the ground. They slept during the
+summer under a tree, but erected a small hut before winter set in.
+
+24. _Ephraim Tisdale_, of Freetown, Massachusetts. In 1775, he fled from
+home, and went to New York. During the war, while on a voyage to St.
+Augustine, Florida, he abandoned his vessel at sea to avoid capture, and
+gained the shore in safety. Though nearly destitute of money, he
+accomplished an overland journey to New York, a distance, by the route
+which he travelled, of fifteen hundred miles. In 1783 he embarked at New
+York for New Brunswick, in the ship _Brothers_, Captain Walker; and on
+the passage his wife gave birth to a son, who was named for the master
+of the ship. Mr. Tisdale held civil and military offices in New
+Brunswick. He removed to Upper Canada in 1808, settled in the Township
+of Charlotteville, near Vittoria, and died in 1816. He left eight sons
+and four daughters. Walker Tisdale, Esq., of St. John (the son above
+referred to), was in Canada in 1845, when the descendants of his father
+there were 169, of whom he saw 163. The Tisdales were active on the side
+of the Crown in the insurrection of 1837. The whole family have always
+been distinguished for loyalty.
+
+25. _Lemuel Wilmot_, of Long Island, New York, entered the King's
+service as an officer, and at the peace was captain in the Loyal
+American Regiment. In 1783 he settled on the River St. John, New
+Brunswick, near Fredericton, where he continued to reside until his
+death, which took place in 1814. Five sons survived him. The Honourable
+Lemuel A. Wilmot, the son of his younger son William, was a member of
+the Legislative Assembly, and leader of the Liberal party; became
+Attorney-General, and afterwards Chief Justice, and ultimately
+Lieutenant-Governor of the province. He had for many years been
+superintendent of the Sunday-school, and leader of the choir in the
+(Methodist) Church to which he belonged, and continued to discharge the
+duties of both offices during the five years that he was
+Lieutenant-Governor, and until his death, which occurred suddenly in
+May, 1878.
+
+I have not space to extend these notices of individual combatants in the
+American Revolution, though I might add scores to the number of those I
+have already noticed, equally loyal and courageous, and equal in their
+energy, sacrifices and sufferings in fleeing to Canada from American
+Republican persecution, far beyond anything endured by the Pilgrim and
+Puritan Fathers of New England, to whose enterprise, energy, and
+privations I have done ample justice in the first volume of this
+history.
+
+The Loyalists fled to Canada, and settled chiefly in Lower Canada, on
+the northern banks of the St. Lawrence, between Montreal and Kingston,
+on the Bay of Quinte, Prince Edward, the frontiers of the Niagara
+district, and the northern shores of Lake Erie. In the following chapter
+I will present an epitome of the immigration of the first Loyalists to
+the Bay of Quinte, to the Niagara frontier, and to the northern shores
+of Lake Erie, especially of what was called the "Long Point" country,
+their modes of struggling their way thither, the privations and labours
+of their early settlement. I will here add a few passages from Dr.
+Canniff's _Settlement of Upper Canada, with Special Reference to Bay
+Quinte_, in regard to the Loyalists fleeing into Lower Canada, and
+making their way up the St. Lawrence to Kingston and Bay Quinte.
+
+"The batteaux," says the late Sheriff Sherwood, of Brockville, "by which
+the refugees emigrated were principally built at Lachine, nine miles
+from Montreal. They were calculated to carry four or five families, with
+almost two tons weight. Twelve boats constituted a brigade, and each
+brigade had a conductor, with five men in each, one of whom steered. The
+duty of the conductor was to give directions for the safe management of
+the boats, to keep them together, and when they came to a rapid they
+left a portion of the boats in charge of one man. The boats ascending
+were doubly manned, and drawn by a rope fastened at the bow of the boat,
+having four men in the boat with setting poles; thus the men walked
+along the side of the river, sometimes in the water or on the edge of
+the bank, as circumstances occurred. Having reached the head of the
+rapids the boats were left with a man, and the other men went back for
+the other boats;" and so they continued until the rapids were mounted.
+Lachine was the starting place--a place of some twenty dwellings.
+
+It was by these batteaux that the Loyalist refugee officers and their
+families, as well as the soldiers and their families, passed from the
+shores of Lake Champlain, from Sorel and St. Lawrence, where they had
+temporarily lived, to Upper Canada. It was also by these or the
+Schenectady or Durham boat that the pioneer Loyalists made their way
+from Oswego.
+
+"Thus it is seen that to gain the northern shore of the St. Lawrence and
+Lake Ontario was a task of no easy nature, and the steps by which the
+Loyalists came were taken literally inch by inch, and were attended by
+hard and venturesome labour. Records are not wanting of the severe
+hardships endured by families on their way to their wooded lands.
+Supplied with limited comforts, perhaps only the actual necessaries of
+life, they advanced slowly by day along dangerous rapids, and at night
+rested under the blue sky. But our Loyalist forefathers and mothers were
+made of stern stuff, and all was borne with noble heroism.
+
+"This toilsome mode of travelling continued for many a year. John
+Ferguson, writing in 1788 from Fredericksburg, Bay Quinte, to a friend
+in Lachine, Lower Canada, says of his journey: 'After a most tedious
+and fatiguing journey I arrived here, nineteen days on the way,
+sometimes for whole days up to the waist in water or mire.' But the
+average time required to ascend the rapids was from ten to twelve days,
+and three or four to descend.
+
+"With the later coming loyal refugees was introduced another kind of
+flat bottomed boat. It was generally small, rigged with an ungainly
+sail; and usually built in the town of Schenectady; hence its name.
+Schenectady is a German word, and means _pine barren_. Families about to
+come to Canada would build one or more of these boats to meet their
+requirements.
+
+"The Loyalists not only came in summer, by batteaux or the Schenectady
+boat, but likewise in winter. They generally followed, as near as
+possible, some one of the routes taken in summer. To undertake to
+traverse a wilderness with no road, and guided only by rivers and
+creeks, or blazed trees, was no common thing. Several families would
+sometimes join together to form a train of sleighs. They would carry
+with them their bedding, clothes, and the necessary provisions. We have
+received interesting accounts of winter journeyings from Albany along
+the Hudson, across to the Black River country, and to the St. Lawrence.
+Sometimes the train would follow the military road, along by Champlain,
+St. George, as far as Plattsburg, and then turn north to the St.
+Lawrence, by what was then called the Willsbury wilderness, and
+'Chataquee' woods. At the beginning of the present century there was but
+one tavern through all that vast forest, and that of the poorest
+character. Indeed, it is said that while provision might be procured for
+the horses, none could be had for man. Those who thus entered Canada in
+winter found it necessary to stay at Cornwall until spring. Two or more
+of the men would foot it along the St. Lawrence to the Bay Quinte, and
+at the opening of navigation, having borrowed a batteau, descend to
+Cornwall for the women, children, and articles brought with them. While
+the families and sleighs were transported in the batteaux, the horses
+were taken along the shore by the larger boys, if such there were among
+them. The French train was occasionally employed in these winter
+journeys. It consisted of a long rude sleigh, with several horses
+driven tandem style; this allowed the passage among the trees to be made
+more easily.
+
+"Travellers from Montreal to the west would come by a batteau, or Durham
+boat, to Kingston. Those who had business further west, says Finkle,
+'were conveyed to Henry Finkle's, in Ernest Town, where they commonly
+stopped a few days. Thence they made their journey on horseback. A white
+man conducted them to the River Trent, where resided Colonel Bleecker,
+who was at the head and had control of all Mississauga Indians, and
+commanded the entire country to Toronto. At this place the traveller was
+furnished with a fresh horse, and an Indian guide to conduct him through
+an unsettled country, the road being little better than a common Indian
+path, with all its windings. The road continued in this state until
+about the year 1798. Sometimes the traveller continued his journey
+around the head of Lake Ontario, on horseback, to Queenston, where
+resided Judge Hamilton."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 138: An interesting incident occurred in the early life of
+Mrs. Morris--no other than that Washington desired to become her
+suitor--a fact which rests on the highest authority. In Sparks' Life of
+Washington there is the following passage: "While in New York, in 1756,
+Washington was lodged and kindly entertained at the house of Mr.
+Beverley Robinson, between whom and himself an intimacy of friendship
+subsisted, which indeed, continued without change till severed by their
+opposite fortunes twenty years afterwards in the revolution. It happened
+that Miss Mary Phillipse, a sister of Mrs. Robinson, and a young lady of
+rare accomplishments, was an inmate of the family. The charms of the
+lady made a deep impression upon the heart of the Virginia colonel. He
+went to Boston, returned, and was again welcomed to the hospitality of
+Mr. Robinson. He lingered there till duty called him away; but he was
+careful to entrust his secret to a confidential friend, whose letters
+kept him informed of every important event. In a few months intelligence
+came that there was a rival in the field, and that consequences could
+not be answered for if he delayed to renew his visits to New York.
+Whether time, the bustle of the camp, or the scenes of war, had
+moderated his admiration, or whether he despaired of success, is not
+known. He never saw the lady again, till she was married to that same
+rival, Captain Morris, his former associate in arms, and one of
+Braddock's aide-de-camps."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI.
+
+FIRST SETTLEMENT OF LOYALISTS IN THE BRITISH PROVINCES, ESPECIALLY UPPER
+CANADA--THEIR ADVENTURES AND HARDSHIPS, AS WRITTEN BY THEMSELVES OR
+THEIR DESCENDANTS.
+
+
+In 1861 I addressed a printed circular to the United Empire Loyalists
+and their descendants in the British Provinces of North America, stating
+the design and scope of the history I proposed to write respecting them,
+in compliance with a call which had been made upon me by the press and
+members of all parties, and requesting the surviving Loyalists and their
+descendants to communicate to me, at my expense, any letters or papers
+they might possess which would throw light upon the early history of the
+fathers and founders of our country.
+
+This chapter contains the letters and papers which I received in answer
+to my circular. These letters and papers, with repetitions of some
+incidents, contain, in a variety of style, statements and narratives of
+a remarkable character, and of intense interest, and introduce the
+reader to the inner life and privations of the bold, self-denying, and
+energetic pioneers of Canada and of other British provinces.
+
+_First Settlement of the First Company of Loyalists, after the close of
+the Revolutionary War._
+
+Letter from the Rev. Dr. Richardson, late Bishop of the Methodist
+Episcopal Church in Canada:
+
+"_To the Rev. Dr. Ryerson._
+
+"DEAR SIR,--
+
+"The following is the narrative of which I spoke to you, relative to the
+early settlement of Upper Canada, as related to me by the late Mr. John
+Grass, of the Township of Kingston, some years since, and which you
+requested might be furnished for insertion in your forthcoming history
+of _our_ country. I give it to you as near as may be in Mr. Grass's own
+words. The old gentleman, his father, I knew well when I was a boy; his
+residence was next to my father's for several years in Kingston. He was
+a genuine sample of an honest, plain, loyal German. The narrator was
+about eleven years old at the time he migrated with his father and the
+company of Loyalists from New York to 'Frontenac,' and therefore had a
+distinct recollection of all the incidents he relates. Being seated in
+his parlour one evening, while partaking of his hospitality, the
+conversation naturally turned on events connected with the first
+settlement of the township of Kingston and its early inhabitants, most
+of whom had descended to their graves; Mr. Grass was led to state as
+follows:
+
+"My father had been a prisoner among the French at Frontenac (now
+Kingston), in the old French war, and at the commencement of the
+American revolution he resided in a farm on the borders of the North
+River, about thirty miles above New York. Being solicited by General
+Herkimer to take a captain's commission in the American service, he
+replied, sternly and promptly, that he had sworn allegiance to one King,
+meaning George the Third, and could not violate his oath, or serve
+against him.
+
+"For this he was obliged to fly from his home and take refuge within New
+York, under British protection. His family had soon to follow him, being
+driven from their home, which by the enemy was dilapidated and broken
+up. They continued in that city till the close of the war, living on
+their own resources as best they could. On the return of peace, the
+Americans having gained their independence, there was no longer any home
+there for the fugitive Loyalists, of which the city was full; and the
+British Governor was much at a loss for a place to settle them. Many had
+retreated to Nova Scotia or New Brunswick; but this was a desperate
+resort, and their immense numbers made it difficult to find a home for
+them all, even there. In the meantime, the Governor, in his perplexity,
+having heard that my father had been a prisoner among the French at
+Frontenac, sent for him and said: 'Mr. Grass, I understand you have
+been at Frontenac, in Canada. Pray tell me what sort of a country is it?
+Can people live there? What think you?' My father replied: 'Yes, your
+Excellency, I was there a prisoner of war, and from what I saw I think
+it a fine country, and that people might live there very well.' 'Oh! Mr.
+Grass,' exclaims the Governor, 'how glad I am to hear that, for the sake
+of these poor Loyalists. As they cannot all go to Nova Scotia, and I am
+at a loss how to provide for them, will you, Mr. Grass, undertake to
+lead thither as many as may choose to accompany you? If so, I will
+furnish a conveyance by Quebec, and rations for you all till such time
+as you may be able to provide for yourselves.' My father requested his
+Excellency to allow him three days to make up his mind. This was
+granted, and accordingly, at the expiration of the three days, my father
+went to the Governor and said he would undertake it. Notices were then
+posted up through the city, calling for all that would go to Frontenac
+to enrol their names with Mr. Grass; so in a short time the company of
+men, women, and children was completed, a ship provided and furnished,
+and off they started for the unknown and far distant region, leaving the
+homes and friends of their youth, with all their endearing
+recollections, behind them--the fruits of all their former toil and
+suffering--a sacrifice to their loyalty. The first season they got no
+further than Sorel, in Lower Canada, where they were obliged to erect
+log huts for the winter. Next spring they took boats, and proceeding up
+the St. Lawrence, at length reached _Frontenac_, and pitched their tents
+on _Indian Point_, where the marine docks of Kingston now stand. Here
+they awaited the surveying of the lands, which was not accomplished so
+as to be ready for location before July. In the meantime several other
+companies had arrived by different routes under their respective
+leaders, who were all awaiting the completing of the surveys. The
+Governor, also, who by this time had himself come to Quebec, paid them a
+visit, and riding a few miles along the lake shore on a fine day,
+exclaimed to my father: 'Why, Mr. Grass, you have indeed got a fine
+country! I am really glad to find it so.' While the several companies
+were together waiting for the survey, some would say to my father: 'The
+Governor will not give you the first choice of the townships, but will
+prefer Sir John Johnson and his company, because he is a great man.'
+But my father replied that he did not believe that, for if the Governor
+should do so he should feel himself injured and would leave the country,
+as he was the first man to mention it to the Governor in New York, and
+to proceed hither with his company for settlement.
+
+"At length the time came, in July, for the townships to be given out.
+The Governor came, and having assembled the companies before him, called
+for Mr. Grass, and said: 'Now, you were the first person to mention this
+fine country, and have been here formerly as a prisoner of war. You must
+have the first choice. The townships are numbered first, second, third,
+fourth, and fifth. Which do you choose?' My father says: 'The _first_
+township (Kingston).' Then the Governor says to Sir John Johnson, 'Which
+do you choose for your company?' He replies, 'The _second_ township
+(Ernest Town).' To Colonel Rogers, 'Which do you choose?' He says, 'The
+_third_ township (Fredericksburg).' To Major Vanalstine, 'Which do you
+choose?' He replies, 'The _fourth_ township (Adolphustown).' Then
+Colonel M'Donnell, with his company, got the fifth township
+(Marysburgh). So after this manner the first settlement of Loyalists in
+Canada was made.
+
+"But before leaving, the Governor very considerately remarked to my
+father, 'Now, Mr. Grass, it is too late in the season to put in any
+crops.' What can you do for food? My father replied, 'If they were
+furnished with turnip seed, they might raise some turnips.' 'Very well,'
+said the Governor, 'that you shall have.' Accordingly from Montreal he
+sent some seed, and each man taking a handful thereof, they cleared a
+spot of ground in the centre of where the town of Kingston now stands,
+and raised a fine crop of turnips, which served for food the ensuing
+winter, with the Government rations.
+
+"The above is at your service.
+
+"With much respect,
+
+"JAS. RICHARDSON.
+
+"Clover Hill, Toronto, 1st December, 1859."
+
+Transmitted to the Author by a gentleman in Nova Scotia, taken from the
+"Political Magazine," published in London 1783:
+
+"When the loyal refugees from the Northern provinces were informed of
+the resolution of the House of Commons against offensive war with the
+rebels, they instantly saw there were no hopes left them of regaining
+their ancient settlements, or of settling down again in their native
+country.
+
+"Those of them, therefore, who had been forward in taking up arms, and
+in fighting the battles of the mother country, finding themselves
+deserted, began to look out for a place of refuge, and Nova Scotia being
+the nearest place to their old plantations, they determined on settling
+in that province. Accordingly, to the number of 500 embarked for
+Annapolis Royal; they had arms and ammunition, and one year's
+provisions, and were put under the care and convoy of his Majesty's ship
+the _Amphitrite_, of 24 guns, Captain Robert Briggs. This officer
+behaved to them with great attention, humanity, and generosity, and saw
+them safely landed and settled in the barracks at Annapolis, which the
+Loyalists soon repaired. There was plenty of wild fowl in the country,
+and at that time, which was last fall, a goose sold for two shillings,
+and a turkey for two shillings and sixpence. The captain was at L200
+expense out of his own pocket in order to render the passage and arrival
+of the unfortunate Loyalists in some degree comfortable to them. Before
+Captain Briggs sailed from Annapolis, the grateful Loyalists waited on
+him with the following address:
+
+"_To Robert Briggs, Esquire, Commander of His Majesty's Ship
+'Amphitrite.'_
+
+"The loyal refugees who have emigrated from New York, to settle in Nova
+Scotia, beg your acceptance of their warmest thanks for the kind and
+unremitted attention you have paid to their preservation and safe
+conduct at all times during their passage.
+
+"Driven from their respective dwellings for their loyalty to our King,
+after enduring innumerable hardships, and seeking a settlement in a land
+unknown to us, our distresses were sensibly relieved during an
+uncomfortable passage by your humanity, ever attentive to our
+preservation.
+
+"Be pleased to accept of our most grateful acknowledgments, so justly
+due to you and the officers under your command, and be assured we shall
+remember your kindness with the most grateful sensibility.
+
+"We are, with the warmest wishes for your health, happiness,
+and a prosperous voyage,
+
+"With the greatest respect,
+
+"Your most obedient humble servants,
+
+"In behalf of the refugees,
+
+"AMOS BOTSFORD,
+"TH. WARD,
+"FRED. HANSIR,
+"SAM. CUMMINS,
+"ELIJAH WILLIAMS.[139]
+
+"Annapolis Royal, the 20th of October, 1782."
+
+_Letter with Enclosure from the Hon. R. Hodgson, Chief Justice of Prince
+Edward Island._
+
+"CHARLOTTETOWN, Prince Edward Island, 12th June, 1861.
+
+"SIR,--
+
+"I recently perused, in a newspaper published in Halifax, Nova Scotia,
+called the 'British Colonist,' a statement to the purport that you
+contemplate publishing a history of 'The British United Empire Loyalists
+of America,' and have issued a circular to the descendants of the
+Loyalists, asking for information relating to the lives and adventures
+of their forefathers.
+
+"I have not seen your circular, and possibly the whole thing may be a
+mere newspaper fabrication; but it is stated so circumstantially as to
+carry with it an air of truth, and I have been induced to copy a brief
+memoir of my maternal grandfather, Lieut.-Colonel Joseph Robinson, in
+his own handwriting, now in my possession, and to enclose it to you
+herewith, to be made use of as you think fit in your intended
+publication. The memoir would appear, from a statement contained in it,
+to be written in obedience to some order from the then Secretary at War,
+possibly calling upon the Loyalists in receipt of half-pay from the
+British Government for a record of their services, to meet parliamentary
+enquiry; it is marked on the back of the draft, in Colonel Robinson's
+handwriting, as 'transmitted.' He died in this Island (formerly St.
+John's Island, now Prince Edward Island) in 1808 or 1809. Colonel
+Robinson was a native of Virginia, and emigrated from somewhere about
+James River, in that province, to South Carolina, where he resided at
+the commencement of the revolution. After a reward had been offered for
+his life, as stated in his memorial, and he had been compelled to
+abscond, a party of rebels visited his plantation and burned to the
+ground his dwelling-house and every building upon it, scarcely giving
+time to my grandmother (as she has often told me) to drag out of the
+house her two female children in time to save their lives. My
+grandmother was a woman of heroic spirit, and she, accompanied by a
+single faithful negro slave, made her way on horseback, in an overland
+journey of several hundred miles, to East Florida, where she joined her
+husband. In this journey she carried one of her children before her on
+the same horse, and the negro man carried the other in the same way on
+the horse he rode.
+
+"At the termination of the contest, my grandfather's property, a large
+and valuable one, was confiscated by the victors, and he embarked with
+his family for the island of Jamaica, was unfortunately shipwrecked by
+the way, and lost every particle of property he had left, he, his wife
+and children, with difficulty escaping drowning. After a short residence
+in that island he emigrated to St. John's, in the Province of New
+Brunswick, and ultimately came to this island.
+
+"He was a member of the House of Assembly of this colony, and its
+Speaker afterward; an Assistant-Justice of the Supreme Court, and member
+of the Executive Council, such Council at that time also exercising
+legislative functions. These last-named offices of Judge and member of
+Council he held up to his decease.
+
+"I was much too young at his death to be enabled to say anything of my
+personal knowledge of him; but from his papers which I have perused, I
+am warranted in saying that he was a man of a refined mind, an excellent
+classical scholar, with a great taste for astronomy, and possessing no
+ordinary talent in that science, which seems to have amused and occupied
+his mind in his latter years. The only reward he received was the
+half-pay of a lieutenant-colonel (his Judgeship was an honorary one,
+having no salary or emolument); this he enjoyed up to the period of his
+decease.
+
+"I have somewhat hurriedly put together these observations. You may rely
+upon the truth of the facts stated, and they are at your service if
+coming within the scope and meaning of your intended history. At the
+same time, if the thing be a newspaper hoax, I must beg you to excuse
+the liberty I have taken in addressing you, and please burn this and the
+copy of the memoir.
+
+"I have the honour to be, Sir,
+
+"Your obedient servant,
+
+"R. HODGSON,
+
+"_Chief Justice of Prince Edward Island._"
+
+_Report of Joseph Robinson, Lieutenant-Colonel of the late Regiment of
+South Carolina Royalists, now residing in the Island of St. John, in the
+Gulf of St. Lawrence._
+
+"To the Right Honourable William Wyndham, Secretary at War.
+
+"At the commencement of the American rebellion, I was an inhabitant of
+the Province of South Carolina, and major of a regiment of the King's
+Militia in Cambden District.
+
+"The insurgents formed a camp in Ninety-six district, and were
+recruiting men, declaring that as soon as they had forces sufficient for
+their purpose they would burn and destroy the houses and property of all
+persons who refused to join them in opposing the King and the authority
+of Great Britain.
+
+"I then waited upon Lord William Campbell, the Governor of the Province,
+and received written orders from his lordship to levy forces and march
+against the rebels, in consequence of which I advanced with about 2,000
+men, and found them fortified at Ninety-six Court-house. We defeated
+them and destroyed their fortifications.
+
+"But in the meantime the violence of the insurgents obliged Lord William
+Campbell to depart from his Province, and our small army of Royal
+Volunteers was left without further orders, money, or military stores;
+wherefore, with much reluctance, I was under the necessity of desiring
+the men to return to their respective habitations, and by all means not
+to suffer any false pretences of the rebel party to deceive them, or to
+efface their principles of loyalty, until we should enjoy a more
+favourable opportunity.
+
+"A reward being then offered for my life, personal safety induced me to
+retire to the Cherokee Indian nation, afterwards to the Creek Indians,
+and, passing through many dangers and suffering various hardships, at
+length arrived at Saint Augustine, in the Province of East Florida, in
+the year 1777. Soon afterwards, a party of about 300 men, being some of
+those I formerly commanded in South Carolina, joined me there.
+
+"I formed the regiment, which was styled the South Carolina Royalists,
+of which General Prevost appointed me lieutenant-colonel, and soon after
+I received my commission from Sir Henry Clinton, the Commander-in-Chief.
+
+"The said regiment acted in East Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina,
+in the course of which service I was in several engagements against the
+enemy--viz., at the Alligator Bridge, in East Florida; at Doctor
+Brimstone's Plantation, in Georgia; at New Port Meeting-house, in
+Georgia; at New Port Bridge, in Georgia; at Stone Ferry, in South
+Carolina; and afterwards at the reduction of Sunbury Fort, in the
+Province of Georgia, and the fortifications of Charlestown, in South
+Carolina. The order from the office of the Secretary at War was not seen
+or known by me until the 24th of April, 1797; and that I am now
+fifty-five years of age.
+
+(Signed)    "JOSEPH ROBINSON,
+
+"_Lieut.-Colonel of the late South Carolina Royalist Regiment._
+
+"Charlottetown, Island of St. John,
+
+"April 26th, 1797.
+
+"Half-pay commenced 7th November, 1783."
+
+_Letter from Colonel John C. Clark, respecting his Father's Sufferings
+in the Revolutionary War, and Settlement in the Midland District._
+
+"ERNEST TOWN, July 9th, 1861.
+
+"Rev. Egerton Ryerson, D.D.
+
+"REVEREND SIR,--
+
+"Having seen your circular, I write to inform you of my late father's
+connection with the war of the revolution in the then British colonies.
+My father, Robert Clark, Esq., late of the township of Ernest Town, in
+the county of Addington, deceased, was born March 16th, 1744, on Quaker
+Hill, in Dutchess county, and Province of New York. He learned the trade
+of carpenter and millwright, and was the owner of two farms. When the
+war commenced, his loyal proclivities made it dangerous for him to
+remain at home, and he joined the British standard as a volunteer in
+1776. He had a few opportunities of visiting his family privately, who
+consisted then of a wife and two children (boys); another son was born
+during his absence, who was called Robert (after his father), on which
+occasion the nurse--being a violent _Tory_--whispered the secret to some
+of the rebels' wives in the vicinity, that Robert Clark was at home,
+well knowing the secret would be divulged; and for several days and
+nights after 'there were liers-in-wait' about the house to capture the
+Tory when he made his exit. At length the said nurse told them they had
+been hoaxed.
+
+"I have a powder-horn now in my possession, which my father owned in the
+time of the war, with his name cut on it, with the date 'Fort Edward,
+November 4th, 1776.' His family were driven from their home and his
+lands confiscated. Being with General Burgoyne's army on the 16th of
+October, 1777, the day previous to the general's surrender of his army
+to Generals Gates and Arnold, Burgoyne mustered the provincial
+volunteers, and told them that he was obliged to surrender his army;
+that they must leave the camp that night, and, if possible, avoid the
+army, and try to find their way to Canada.
+
+"They left accordingly, and after some weeks of great suffering and
+privation, my father reached Canada. He subsequently served two years in
+his Majesty's provincial regiment called 'Loyal Rangers,' commanded by
+Major Edward Jessup, and was in Captain Jonathan Jones' company, and was
+discharged the 24th of December, 1783.
+
+"In 1782-83 he was employed by Government to erect the Kingston Mills
+(then Cataraqui), preparatory to the settlement of the Loyalists in this
+section of the Province of Quebec. While there employed, his wife and
+three children arrived in Canada, in the autumn of 1783; they wintered
+at Sorel, where they all were afflicted with the small-pox, and being
+entirely among strangers, most of whom spoke a language not understood
+by them, they were compelled to endure more than the usual amount of
+suffering incident to that disease; the husband being at a distance, and
+in the employ of Government, could not leave to administer to their
+necessity.
+
+"In 1784 his family joined him at the Mills, after immense suffering,
+having been separated by the vicissitudes of war for the term of _seven
+years_.
+
+"In 1785 he removed with his family to lot No. 34, in the 1st concession
+of Ernest Town (where he had three children born, and of the six I am
+the only survivor), in which year he was again employed by Government to
+build the Napanee Mills.
+
+"He was appointed a Justice of the Peace for the (then) district of
+Mecklenburg in July, 1788, and subsequently an officer in the militia;
+he joined the first Methodist class formed in Ernest Town by the Rev.
+William Losee, in 1791, and remained a consistent member during his
+life. He died the 17th December, 1823.
+
+"If you can glean anything from the above sketch to assist you in your
+new work, I shall be much gratified.
+
+"I have the honour to be, Rev. Sir,
+
+"Your obedient servant,
+
+"JOHN C. CLARK."
+
+
+_Adventures and Sufferings of Captain William Hutchison, and his
+Settlement in Walsingham, County of Norfolk; communicated by his
+grandson, J.B. Hutchison, Esquire._
+
+"In the beginning of the wars of 1776, William Hutchison (my
+grandfather) was urged to join the rebel army (he living at that time in
+New Jersey); but he boldly declared, _death_ before _dishonour_. After
+being harassed about for some time, and leaving a wife and eight
+children to the mercy of their enemies, he with a number of others tried
+to make their way to the British army, and were followed by a large
+force of the enemy; but when they found themselves so greatly
+outnumbered (being about ten to one), they tried to make their escape to
+an old barn; but every one of the unfortunate men was caught and hanged
+but himself. They did not succeed in finding him, he hiding among the
+bushes. While he lay hidden among some elder bushes, one of the enemy
+pulled up the bush where he lay, saying 'this would be a d----d good
+place for a----to hide,' but the shadow falling on him completely hid
+him from sight. His captain, James J. Lett, was among the unhappy
+victims, grandfather being lieutenant under him at the time. His
+comrades being all killed, he tried to escape from his covert, but they
+had stationed sentries all around; he could hear them swearing vengeance
+on him if they could find him. It being bright moonlight, he could see
+quite a long distance. He crawled along on his hands and knees across a
+field, and got into the middle of the road; when the sentries, one on
+either side of him, got into a quarrel and came close to him before they
+settled their dispute; having done so, they turned to go away; he then
+made his escape and got to the British army. After suffering all the
+horrors of a war lasting seven years, losing his property--everything
+but his loyalty--and that, having extended faithfully through the _whole
+family_, is not likely to be lost. His wife and six of his children died
+from the sufferings consequent upon such a war. Previous to this he had
+received a captain's commission. After the war closed, he went to New
+Brunswick, and remained there fourteen years, coming to Canada in 1801,
+and settled in the township of Walsingham. My father, Alexander
+Hutchison, was the only surviving son by his first wife. In the war of
+1812, my grandfather went out against the enemy with his sons,
+Alexander, David, and James, in which war my father lost his life.
+
+"Hoping you may be able to find something in these fragments which will
+be interesting to you,
+
+"I remain, with the greatest respect,
+
+"Yours most faithfully,
+
+"J.B. HUTCHISON."
+
+
+_Patriotic feelings--Early Settlement of Prince Edward County and
+Neighbouring Townships._
+
+Extracts of an address entitled "Scraps of Local History," delivered by
+Canniff Haight, Esq., before the Mechanics' Institute of Picton, March
+16th, 1859:
+
+"If I feel a pride in one thing more than another, it is that I am a
+Canadian. I rejoice more in being the descendant of these early pioneers
+of Canada, than if noble blood coursed my veins. I point you back with
+more unmitigated pleasure to that solitary log cabin in the wilderness
+which once bordered your fine bay, as the home of my fathers, than I
+would to some baronial castle in other lands.
+
+"Is there for honest poverty,
+  That hangs his head, and a' that?
+
+"The coward slave we pass him by--
+  We dare be poor for a' that.
+For a' that, and a' that,
+  Our toils obscure and a' that;
+The rank is but the guinea's stamp,
+  The man's the gowd for a' that!'
+
+"We love our country. Thousands of sweet recollections cluster round our
+childhood's homes, and as we think of them the words of Scott occur to
+us:
+
+"'Breathes there a man with soul so dead,
+Who never to himself hath said,
+  This is my own, my native land;
+Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned.
+As home his footsteps he hath turned'----
+
+"What part of the world can you point me to to show such rapid changes
+as have occurred here? Where among the countries of the earth shall we
+find a quicker and more vigorous growth? Seventy years ago this
+beautiful and wealthy county of Prince Edward was one dense and untrod
+forest. We can hardly realize the fact, that even one century has not
+passed away since those strong-hearted men pushed their way into the
+wilderness of Upper Canada. Were they not heroes?
+
+"In the summer of the year 1795, or thereabouts, a company of six
+persons, composed of two married men and their wives, with two small
+children, pushed a rough-looking and somewhat unwieldy little boat away
+from the shore in the neighbourhood of Poughkeepsie, and turned its prow
+up the Hudson. A rude sail was hoisted, but it flapped lazily against
+the slender mast. The two men betake themselves to the oars. The sun was
+just showing his face above the eastern woods as they pulled out into
+the river. The boat was crowded with sundry household matters--all
+carefully packed up and stowed away; a very small place was left at the
+stern, and was occupied by the two women and the children. The mother
+was a small and delicate-looking creature, well and neatly dressed. Had
+you been there, you would have observed tear after tear dropping from
+the pale cheek, as she bent in silence over her youngest babe; and see,
+the eyes of that young father, too, are suffused with tears. Why do they
+weep? Whither are they bound? Not a word is spoken. They are too sad to
+talk. Still the oar keeps its measured stroke, and they glide slowly
+on, and thus may we follow them day after day. Now and then a gentle
+breeze fills the sail, and wafts the small boat on. When the shades of
+evening begin to fall around them, they push to shore, and rear a
+temporary tent. Then the frugal supper is spread upon the green grass,
+and they gather round it, and forget their toils in speculations upon
+the future. But the morrow draws on, with its demands upon their
+strength; so they lay them down to rest. In due course they reach
+Albany, then a small Dutch town filled with Dutch people, Dutch comforts
+and frugality, and Dutch cabbage. This in those days was one of the
+outposts of civilization. Beyond was a wilderness-land but little known.
+Some necessaries are purchased, and again our little company launch
+away. They reach the place where the city of Troy now stands, and turn
+away to the left into the Mohawk river, and proceed slowly, and often
+with great difficulty, up the rapids and windings of the stream. The
+rich and fertile valley of the Mohawk of to-day was then the home of the
+Indian. There the celebrated Chief Brant had lived but a short time
+before, but had now withdrawn into the wilds of Western Canada. The
+voyagers, after several days of hard labour and difficulty, emerge into
+the little lake Oneida, lying in the north-western part of the State of
+New York, through which they pass with ease and pleasure. The most
+difficult part of their journey had been passed. They reach the Onondago
+river, and soon pass down it to Oswego, then an old fort which the
+French had reared when they possessed the country as a barrier against
+the encroachments of the wily Indian. Several bloody frays have occurred
+here, but our friends did not pause to learn their history. Their small
+craft now danced upon the wide bosom of Ontario, but they did not push
+out into the lake, and away across it. No; they are careful sailors, and
+they believed no doubt 'that small boats should not venture far from
+shore,' and so they wind along it until they reach Gravely Point, now
+known by the more dignified name of Cape Vincent. Here they strike
+across the channel, and thence around the lower end of Wolf Island, and
+into Kingston Bay, when they come to shore and transact some business.
+There were not many streets or fine store-houses in Kingston at this
+time. A few log-houses composed the town. An addition was made to their
+diminished stock of eatables, and away they push again. They steer now
+up the Bay of Quinte; and what a wild and beautiful scene that must have
+been! Could those toil-worn voyagers have failed to mark it? Why do they
+slacken their pace? Why do they so often rest upon their oars and look
+around? Why do they push into this little cove and that? Why do they
+laugh and talk more than usual? Perhaps their journey is drawing to an
+end! We shall see. They go up the bay until they reach township number
+five. This township, now known as Adolphustown, is composed of five
+points or arms of land, which run out into the bay. They run round three
+of these points, and turn down an arm of the bay called Hay-bay, and
+after proceeding some two miles pull to shore. Their journey it would
+seem had come to an end, for they begin at once to unload their boat and
+build a tent. The sun sinks down behind the western woods, and they,
+weary and worn, lay down to rest. Six weeks had passed since we saw them
+launch away in quest of this wilderness home. Look at them, and tell me
+what you think of the prospect. Is it far enough away from the busy
+haunts of men to suit you? or would you not rather sing,
+
+"'Oh, Solitude, where are the charms
+  Which sages have seen in thy face?
+Better dwell in the midst of alarms,
+  Than reign in this horrible place.'
+
+"With the first glimmer of the morning's light, all hands are up and at
+work. A small spot is cleared away; trees are felled and a house is
+built. I fancy that it was not large nor commodious; that the rooms were
+not numerous nor spacious. The furniture, I suppose, did not amount to
+much either in quality or quantity; an inventory thereof would probably
+run somewhat after this fashion--a pot or two, perhaps a few quite
+common plates, cups and saucers, knives and forks, a box or two of
+linen, a small lot of bed-clothes, etc., with a
+
+"'Chest contriv'd a double debt to pay--
+A bed by night, a chest of drawers by day.'
+
+"This, ladies and gentlemen, is no fancy sketch, but one drawn from the
+shadows of the past. You may find hundreds of similar adventures in the
+past history of our country. Such was the first home of the young wife
+whom I have mentioned. She had once lived in comfort, but by the fate
+of war the home of a father and husband had been confiscated, and hence
+they had sought for a dwelling-place in Canada, when England offered
+other homes to those who had fought her battles. A grandchild of that
+couple now stands before you.
+
+"We can form no correct idea of the difficulties which beset these early
+inhabitants, nor of the hardships and privations they endured. They were
+not unfrequently reduced to the very verge of starvation, yet they
+struggled on. Tree after tree fell before the axe, and the small
+clearing was turned to immediate account. A few necessaries of life were
+produced, and even these, such as they were, were the beginnings of
+comfort--comfort indeed, but far removed from the idea we associate with
+the term.
+
+"But time rolled on. The openings in the forest grew larger and wider.
+The log cabins began to multiply, and the curling smoke told a silent
+but cheerful tale. There dwelt a neighbour, miles perhaps away, but a
+neighbour nevertheless. The term bears a wide difference now-a-days. If
+you would like an idea of the proximity of humanity and the luxury of
+society in those days, just place a few miles, say six or eight, of
+dense woods between you and your neighbour, and you may get a faint
+conception of the delights of a home in the woods.
+
+"There are some here, I presume, who have heard their parents or their
+grandparents tell of the dreadful sufferings they endured the second
+year after the settlement of the Bay of Quinte country. The Government
+was to provide food, etc., for two years. It could hardly be expected
+that men could go into the woods with their families, and clear up and
+raise enough for their support, the first or even the second year. The
+second year's Government supply, through some bad management, was frozen
+up in the lower part of the St. Lawrence, and in consequence the people
+were reduced to a state of famine. Men willingly offered pretty much all
+they possessed for food. I could show you one of the finest farms in
+Hay-bay that was offered to my grandfather for a half hundred of flour,
+and refused. A very respectable old lady, whom numbers of you knew, but
+who some time since went away to her rest--whose offspring, some at
+least, are luxuriating in comfort above the middle walks of life--was
+wont in those days to wander away early in the spring to the woods and
+gather and eat the buds of the basswood, and then bring an apron or
+basketfull home to the children. Glad were they to pluck the rye and
+barley heads, as soon as the kernel had formed, for food; and not many
+miles from Picton a beef's bone passed from house to house, and was
+boiled again and again in order to extract some nutriment. It seems
+incredulous, but it is no fiction, and surely no homoeopathist would
+desire to be placed on a lower regimen.
+
+"I feel it unnecessary almost for me to tell you that the largest
+proportion of the first settlers of this province were Americans who had
+adhered to the cause of England. After the capture of General Burgoyne,
+many of the Royalists with their families moved into Canada; and upon
+the evacuation of New York, at the close of the war, a still greater
+number followed. A large proportion of these were soldiers, disbanded
+and left without employ. Some there were who had lost their estates by
+confiscation; so that nearly all were destitute and dependent upon the
+liberality of the country whose battles they had fought, and for whose
+cause they had suffered. In order, therefore, to reward their loyalty
+and relieve their present necessities, as well as to supply some means
+of future subsistence, the British Government determined upon making
+liberal grants of the land in Upper Canada and other provinces to the
+American Loyalists. The measure was not only an act of justice and
+humanity, but it was sound in policy and has been crowned with universal
+success.
+
+"The grants were made free of expense and upon the following scale: A
+field-officer received 5,000 acres; a captain, 3,000; a subaltern,
+2,000; and a private soldier, 200 acres. A survey was accordingly made,
+commencing near Lake St. Francis, then the highest French settlement,
+and extended along the shores of the St. Lawrence up to Lake Ontario,
+and thence along the lake, and round the Bay of Quinte. Townships were
+laid out, and then subdivided into concessions and lots of 200 acres.
+These townships were numbered, but remained without names for many years
+afterwards. Of these numbers there were two divisions--one including the
+townships below Kingston on the river, east to the St. Francis
+settlement; the others from Kingston, west to the head of the Bay of
+Quinte. This will at once explain to you the reason why the old people
+used to talk of first, second, third, fourth town, etc., as far back as
+we can remember and up to the present. No names were given to the
+townships by legal proclamation, as we said before, until long after
+they were settled, and hence the habit was formed of designating them by
+numbers.
+
+"The settlement of the surveyed portion of the Midland district, so
+named because of its then central position, commenced in the summer of
+1784. The new settlers were supplied with farming utensils, building
+materials, provisions, and some clothing, for the two first years, at
+the expense of the nation; and in order that the love of country may
+take deeper root in the hearts of these true men, the Government
+determined to put a mark of honour, as the Orders of Council expressed
+it, upon the families who had adhered to the unity of the empire, and
+joined the Royal standard in America before the treaty of separation in
+the year 1783. A list of such persons was directed in 1789 to be made
+out and returned, to the end that their posterity might be discriminated
+from the future settlers. From these two emphatic words, the Unity of
+the Empire, it was styled the U.E. List, and they whose names were
+entered upon it were distinguished as U.E. Loyalists. You are aware of
+the fact that this was not a mere empty distinction, but was, in
+reality, a title of some consequence; for it not only provided for the
+U.E.'s themselves, but guaranteed unto all their children, upon arriving
+at the age of twenty-one years, 200 acres of land free from all expense.
+I always look back on these early acts of the English nation with the
+fathers of this growing Canada with pleasure, and I venerate the memory
+of those true and noble-hearted men, who loved their fatherland so well
+that they even preferred to live under the protection of her flag in the
+wild woods of Canada, and endure hunger and want, than enjoy the
+comforts of home under the banner of a rebellious but now independent
+people. And I hope, ladies and gentlemen, that we, the sons and
+daughters of those whom our mother country was wont to honour, may never
+love our country and its institutions less than they.
+
+"Kingston is the oldest Upper Canadian town by many years. Here the
+white man found his way over a century before any settlement was made or
+thought of. The crafty and industrious French Governor, De Courcelles,
+in order to check the encroachments of the Five Nations, despatched a
+messenger from Quebec to their chiefs, stating that he had some business
+of great importance to communicate, and desired them to proceed to
+Cataraqui, where he would meet them. (I observe here that Cataraqui is
+an Indian name, and means 'Rocks above water.') As soon as the deputies
+of the Indians arrived, a Council was held. The Governor informed them
+that he was going to build a fort there, simply to facilitate the trade
+between them and to serve as a depot for merchandise. The chiefs,
+ignorant of the real intent of the design, readily agreed to a
+proposition which seemed to be intended for their advantage; but this,
+so far from being the case, or what the Indians expected, was really to
+be a barrier against them in future wars. While measures were being
+completed to build the fort, Courcelles was recalled and Count de
+Frontenac sent out in his place. Frontenac carried out the designs of
+his predecessor and completed the fort in 1672, which received and
+retained his name for many years. Kingston was subsequently substituted,
+and the county received the name of Frontenac."
+
+
+_Letters from the late Rev. George J. Ryerse, dated June 12th and June
+23rd, 1861, give some particulars of his father's coming to Canada, and
+of the earliest settlement of the London District._
+
+His father, Colonel Samuel Ryerse, was appointed Lieutenant of the
+county, and authorized to organize the militia and appoint the officers,
+as also the local civil court, of which he was the first Judge. The
+following letters indicate what he sacrificed and endured for his
+allegiance to the unity of the empire, and for which allegiance he and
+thousands of others were banished from the United States and their
+property confiscated; but the writer has never heard a word from any one
+of these veteran Loyalists regretting the part he had taken:
+
+"PORT RYERSE, 12th June, 1861.
+
+"MY DEAR COUSIN,--
+
+"I received your circular some time since, but, through forgetfulness, I
+did not at once give an answer. I am highly gratified with your noble
+undertaking, and humbly trust that you may live to succeed and be amply
+rewarded. I am sorry that I have no documents that would be of use to
+you. You are aware of the staunch loyalty that was inherent in our
+parents, that made them sacrifice everything out of regard for the
+British Throne, and endure every privation in their early settlement in
+this country. It was in 1794 my father came here, and gave orders to his
+family that if he should decease while on his way through the United
+States, to take his body to British soil for burying. At that time there
+were but eight families residing within thirty miles of this place,
+except Indians; no roads; the nearest mill 100 miles distant by water
+(at Niagara Falls). My father purchased corn of the Indians at the Grand
+River, thirty miles from home, and carried it home on his shoulders.
+Afterwards he bought a yoke of oxen of the Indians, and on a toboggin
+sled put his son, and with his axe and compass made his way through the
+woods and streams to his beloved home. Two years afterwards he built a
+saw mill, and afterwards a grist mill. These nearly proved his ruin, not
+understanding the business, and very little to sustain them; they were
+badly built, and proved a bother to him, but still a great help to the
+settlement for a long time. Merchandise was so very expensive and
+produce so very cheap that the early settlers could barely exist; but
+they loved their country, and they have gone to their rest, and I feel
+proud that so many of their children inherit their spirit.
+
+"I am, yours truly,
+
+"GEORGE J. RYERSE.
+
+"Rev. E. Ryerson."
+
+"PORT RYERSE, 23rd June, 1861.
+
+"DEAR COUSIN,--
+
+"Your kind letter I received, and in answer to your suggestions I have
+to state that my father was a captain in the New Jersey Volunteers
+during the American Revolution; and at its close in 1783, having his
+property confiscated in the United States, he went to New Brunswick and
+drew lands according to his rank as captain; but being disappointed both
+in soil and climate, finding it to be sterile and uncongenial, he
+determined to remove to Canada. In the spring of 1794 he started and
+went to Long Island, the place where the city of Brooklyn now stands,
+and there left his family. While on foot, he went to Canada (U.C.) to
+better his condition by looking out a more congenial place. Having
+accomplished his purpose, he started, at the opening of navigation, with
+his family, in company with Captain Bonta's family, first on board a
+sloop (as all was then done by sloops) to Albany, thence by land to
+Schenectady, where they procured a flat-bottomed boat, in which families
+and baggage were put; thence, with poles and oars, against a strong
+current, they made their way up the Mohawk river a long distance, until
+they came to a place called Wood Creek, which they again navigated for a
+long-distance toward Lake Ontario, until they approached a stream called
+the Oswego, which to enter they had to draw their boat by hand across a
+portage (I think some two miles); thence down this stream to the lake to
+Oswego; thence up the lake in this boat westward to the Niagara river;
+thence up the Niagara as far as Queenston, where again they had to pass
+over a portage of nine miles around the Falls to Chipawa; thence up the
+river eighteen miles to Lake Erie; thence up the lake westward eighty
+miles to the place my father had selected (and which is now my home),
+arriving here 1st July, 1795. It was in this boat that they went to
+mill, as before stated to you. A kind Providence furnished plenty of
+fish and game at this early day, or the people could not have survived.
+The total absence of roads, schools, and religious teachers for many
+years were among the heavy privations that the early settlers had to
+endure.
+
+"I remain, yours truly,
+
+"GEORGE J. RYERSE.
+
+"Rev. E. Ryerson."
+
+
+_Historical Memoranda by Mrs. Amelia Harris, of Eldon House, London,
+Ontario, only daughter of the late Colonel Samuel Ryerse, and sister of
+the late Rev. Geo. J. Ryerse, writer of the foregoing short letters._
+
+The husband of Mrs. Harris was an active and scientific officer in the
+Royal Navy, having been employed with the late Admirals Bayfield and
+Owen in the survey of the Canadian lakes and rivers, by the Admiralty,
+during the years 1815 to 1817. It was during the progress of this survey
+that Miss Ryerse married. After a few years' residence at Kingston, Mr.
+and Mrs. Harris returned to a beautiful homestead on Long Point Bay,
+intending to reside there permanently. In the days of the early
+settlement, a more refined and cultivated society was to be found in the
+country than usually in the towns and villages. Mr. Harris was at once
+selected by the various Governments of the day to be the recipient of
+various Government offices. During the years 1837-38 he took an active
+part in quelling the rebellion, and is believed by many to have been the
+head and front and organizer of the expedition which sent the steamer
+_Caroline_ over the Falls. He was the first man on her deck, and the
+last to leave, having set her on fire.
+
+The late Edward Ermatinger, in his Life of Colonel Talbot, refers to the
+Harris family as follows:
+
+A.D. 1834. "By degrees the officers of the Court removed to London, and
+Mr. Harris was the first to build a house of considerable dimensions on
+a handsome piece of ground highly elevated above the banks of the River
+Thames. This house was long the resort of the first men in Canada, and
+in this house the venerable founder of the Talbot settlement lay during
+his first serious illness, while on his way to England. Every man of
+rank or distinction who visited this part of Canada became the guest of
+Mr. Harris--the late Lord Sydenham, the various lieutenant-governors and
+governor-generals, and the present Lord Derby, were among the number."
+
+In the following memoranda, which Mrs. Harris wrote more than twenty
+years since, at the wish of her children, but not for publication, she
+gives a graphic and highly interesting account of her father's early
+settlement in Canada, and the circumstances of the first settlers, and
+the state of society of that time:
+
+"Captain Samuel Ryerse, one of the early settlers in Canada, was the
+descendant of an old Dutch family in New Jersey, and both his father and
+grandfather held judicial appointments under Kings George II. and III.
+When the rebellion commenced in 1776, and the British Government was
+anxious to raise provincial troops, they offered commissions to any
+young gentlemen who could enlist a certain number of young men; sixty, I
+think, entitled them to a captaincy. My father, Captain Ryerse, being
+popular in his neighbourhood, found no difficulty in enlisting double
+the number required, and on presenting himself and men at headquarters,
+New York, was gazetted captain in the 4th Battalion New Jersey
+Volunteers, in which regiment he served with distinction during the
+seven years' war.
+
+"After the acknowledgment of American Independence by England, and the
+British troops were about to be disbanded, the British Government
+offered them a free transport to New Brunswick, and a grant of land.
+When there, little choice was left to those who had sacrificed all for
+connection with the mother country. On my father's arrival in New
+Brunswick he obtained a lot of land in or near Fredericton, the present
+seat of government; and there he met my mother, who was a refugee also,
+and they were married.
+
+"After remaining there several years, his friends entreated him to
+return to New York, holding out great inducements if he would consent to
+do so. He accepted the offer of his friends and returned, but he soon
+discovered that the rancorous, bitter feelings which had arisen during
+the war were not extinct, and that it was too soon for a British subject
+to seek a home in the United States. My mother loved her native city,
+and might not have been induced again to leave it had it not been for
+domestic affliction. She brought from the healthy climate of New
+Brunswick four fine children, all of whom she buried in New York in
+eight weeks. She gave birth to four more; three of those had died also,
+and she felt sure if she stayed there she would lose the only remaining
+one. Therefore she readily consented to my father's proposal to come to
+Canada, where his old friend, General Simcoe, was at that time governor.
+In the summer of 1794 my father and a friend started for Canada. The
+journey was then a most formidable one, and before commencing it wills
+were made and farewells given, as if a return was more than doubtful.
+
+"On his arrival at Niagara he was warmly greeted by his old friend,
+General Simcoe, who advised him by all means to settle in Canada,
+holding out many inducements for him to do so. He promised my father a
+grant of 3,000 acres of land as a captain in the army, 1,200 as a
+settler, and that my mother and each of her sons should have a grant of
+1,200, and each of her daughters a grant of 600 acres.
+
+"My father was pleased with what he saw of the country, and heard a
+favourable account of the climate, and decided at once to return as
+early the ensuing year as possible. On his return to New York he
+commenced making arrangements for his move the ensuing spring.
+
+"It would be much easier for a family to go from Canada to China now,
+than it was to come from New York to Canada then. He had to purchase a
+boat large enough to hold his family and goods, with supplies of
+groceries for two or three years, with farming utensils, tools, pots,
+boilers, etc., and yet the boat must not be too large to get over the
+portage from the Hudson to the Mohawk. As there were no waggon roads
+from Albany to the Niagara frontier, families coming to Canada had to
+come down the Mohawk to Lake Ontario, and enter Canada in that way. My
+father found it a weary journey, and was months in accomplishing it.
+
+"On my father's arrival at Niagara, at that time the seat of government,
+he called on his Excellency General Simcoe, who had just returned from a
+tour through the Province of Canada West, then one vast wilderness. He
+asked General Simcoe's advice as to where he should choose his
+resting-place. He recommended the county of Norfolk (better known for
+many years as Long Point), which had been recently surveyed.
+
+"As it was now drawing towards the close of summer, it would require all
+their time to get up a shanty and prepare for the winter. Consequently,
+arrangements were made immediately for continuing their journey. The
+heavy batteau was transported from Queenston to Chippawa, around the
+Falls, a distance of twelve miles. Supplies were added to those brought
+from New York, and they once more started on their journey, bidding
+goodbye to the last vestige of civilization. They were twelve days
+making 100 miles--not bad travelling in those days, taking the current
+of the river and lake, adverse winds, and an unknown coast into
+consideration.
+
+"When my father came within the bay formed by Long Point, he watched the
+coast for a favourable impression, and, after a scrutiny of many miles,
+the boat was run into a small creek, the high banks sloping gradually on
+each side.
+
+"Directions were given to the men to erect the tent for my mother. My
+father had not been long on shore before he decided that that should be
+his home. In wandering about, he came to an eminence which would, when
+the trees were felled, command a view of the harbour. He gazed around
+him for a few moments and said, 'Here I will be buried,' and there,
+after fourteen years' toil, he sleeps in peace.
+
+"The men my father hired in New York all wished to settle in Canada, and
+were glad to avail themselves of an opportunity of coming free of
+expense, and promised to remain with him until he had a log-house built,
+and had made himself comfortable. He had paid them a great portion of
+their wages in advance, to enable them to get necessaries in New York.
+Immediately on his arrival at Niagara they left him, with one exception,
+and went in search of localities for themselves, very little regard at
+that time being paid to engagements, and there being no means to enforce
+them; consequently, he had to hire fresh hands at Niagara, who were men,
+like the former, on the look-out for land. After one day's rest at
+Ryerse Creek, they re-embarked, and went fourteen miles further up the
+bay, to the house of a German settler who had been there two years, and
+had a garden well stocked with vegetables.
+
+"The appearance of the boat was hailed with delight by those solitary
+beings, and my mother and child were soon made welcome, and the best
+that a miserable log-house, or rather hut, could afford was at her
+service. This kind, good family consisted of father, mother, one son and
+one daughter. Mr. Troyer, the father, was a fine-looking old man with a
+flowing beard, and was known for many years throughout the Long Point
+settlement as 'Doctor Troyer.' He possessed a thorough knowledge of
+witches, their ways and doings, and the art of expelling them, and also
+the use of the divining rod, with which he could not only find water,
+but could also tell how far below the surface of the earth precious
+metals were concealed, but was never fortunate enough to discover any in
+the neighbourhood of Long Point. Here my father got his goods under
+shelter and left my mother, and returned to Ryerse Creek, intending to
+build a log-house as soon as possible. Half a dozen active men will
+build a very comfortable primitive log-house in ten or twelve days; that
+is, cut and lay up the logs and chink them, put on a bark roof, cut
+holes for the windows and door, and build a chimney of mud and sticks.
+Sawing boards by hand for floor and doors, making sash and shingles, is
+an after and longer process.
+
+"But soon after my father returned he fell ill with Lake fever; his men
+erected a shanty, open in front like an Indian camp, placed my father in
+it, and left him with his son, a lad of fifteen years of age, the son of
+a former wife, as his only attendant. When my father began to recover,
+my half brother was taken ill, and there they remained almost helpless,
+alone for three weeks.
+
+"My mother hearing nothing of or from them, became almost frantic, as
+some of the party were to have returned in a few days. She prevailed
+upon Mike Troyer, the son, to launch his bark canoe, and to take her and
+my brother, then a year and a half old, in search of my father. On
+approaching Ryerse Creek, after a many days' paddle along the coast,
+they saw a blue smoke curling above the trees, and very soon my mother
+stood in front of the shanty, where my father sat with a stick, turning
+an immense turkey, which hung, suspended by a string, before a bright
+fire. The day previous, a large flock of wild turkeys had come very near
+his camp, and commenced fighting. Without moving from his shanty, he
+killed six at one shot. He afterwards, at single shots, killed eight
+more, and the united strength of him and my brother was scarcely
+sufficient to bring them into camp. My mother used to look back upon
+that evening as one of the happiest of her life. She had found her loved
+ones, after torturing her mind with all sorts of horrors--Indians, wild
+beasts, snakes, illness, and death had all been imagined. The next day,
+Mike Troyer's canoe was laden with wild turkeys, and he returned alone,
+as my mother refused to separate herself again from my father. A few
+days after, a party of pedestrians arrived, on the look-out for land,
+and they at once set to work and put up the wished-for log-house or
+houses, for there were two attached, which gave them a parlour, two
+bedrooms, and a kitchen and garret. On removing from the shanty to this
+house, my mother felt as if in a palace. They bought a cow from Mr.
+Troyer and collected their goods, and when cold weather set in they were
+comfortable.
+
+"My father found it necessary to return to Niagara to secure the patent
+for the lands he had selected, and also to provide for wants not
+previously known or understood. The journey was long and tedious,
+travelling on foot on the lake shore, and by Indian paths through the
+woods, fording the creeks as he best could. At the Grand River, or River
+Ouse, there was an Indian reservation of six miles on each side of the
+river from its mouth to its source, owned by two tribes of Indians,
+Mohawks and Cayugas, whose wants were well supplied with very little
+exertion of their own, as the river and lake abounded with fish, the
+woods with deer and smaller game, and the rich flats along the river
+yielded abundance of maize with very little cultivation. They were kind
+and inoffensive in their manner, and would take the traveller across the
+river, or part with their products for a very small reward.
+
+"On my father's application for the lots he had chosen, he was told by
+the Council that the two at Ryerse Creek could only be granted
+conditionally, as they possessed very valuable water privileges, and
+that whoever took them must build both a flour and a saw-mill. My father
+accepted the conditions, secured the grant for his own lands, but left
+my mother's for a future day, and at once made arrangements for
+purchasing the necessary material for his mills--bolting cloths,
+mill-stones, iron, and screws, etc.--and then with a back load of twine,
+provisions for his journey, and his light fusee, he commenced his return
+home, where he arrived in good health, after an absence of twelve days.
+It is only the settlers in a new country that know what pleasure a safe
+return can give.
+
+"Long Point now boasted four inhabitants in twenty miles, all settled on
+the lake shore. Their nearest neighbour, Peter Walker, at the mouth of
+Patterson's Creek [now Port Dover], was three miles distant by water and
+six by land. But from this time, 1795, for several years to come, there
+was a constant influx of settlers.
+
+"Few days passed without some foot traveller asking a night's rest. The
+most of the travellers would set to work cheerfully for a few days, and
+assist in cutting roads, making sheds, sawing boards, or felling timber.
+The winter was now fast approaching, and much was to be done in
+preparation for the coming spring. My father succeeded in hiring five or
+six men for as many months. The great object was to get some land
+cleared, so that they could plant maize, potatoes, and garden vegetables
+for the next year's consumption. They had also to make preparations for
+sugar-making, by hollowing out troughs, one to each tree that was
+tapped, sufficiently large to hold the sap that would run in one day.
+
+"Their evenings were devoted to netting the twine, which my father had
+purchased at Niagara for that purpose. My mother hired Barbara Proyer as
+a help, and time passed less heavily than she had imagined. My father
+had brought with him a sufficient quantity of flour and salt pork to
+last them a year; for fresh meat and fish he depended upon his gun and
+spear, and for many years they had always a good supply of both. My
+father had a couple of deer-hounds, and he used to go to the woods for
+his deer as a farmer would go to his fold for a sheep. Wild turkey and
+partridge were bagged with very little skill or exertion, and when the
+creek and lake were not frozen he need scarcely leave his own door to
+shoot ducks; but the great sporting ground--and it is still famous, and
+the resort of sporting gentlemen from Toronto, London, and indeed all
+parts of Canada West--is at the head of Long Point Bay. I have known
+him, several years later, return from there with twenty wild geese and
+one hundred ducks, the result of a few days' shooting. Pigeons were so
+plentiful, so late as 1810 and 1812, that they could be knocked down
+with poles. Great would have been the sufferings of the early settlers
+had not a kind and heavenly Father made this provision for them. But
+deer were not the only animals that abounded in the woods; bears and
+wolves were plentiful, and the latter used to keep up a most melancholy
+howl about the house at night, so near that my mother could scarcely be
+persuaded that they were not under the window. The cow, for security,
+was tied to the kitchen door every night; during the day she accompanied
+the men to the field they were chopping, and fed upon browse, which kept
+her fat and in good heart--the men making a point of felling a maple
+tree each morning for her special benefit. Their first sugar-making was
+not very beautiful, but they made sufficient of a very bad quality for
+the year's consumption. The potatoes gave a great yield; the maize was
+eaten and destroyed by the racoons; the apple and pear pips grew nicely,
+as did the peach, cherry, and plum stones, and my mother's balsams and
+few flowers from the new rich soil were beautiful.
+
+"The summer of 1796 passed away with few incidents at Ryerse Creek,
+except the arrival of settlers.
+
+"This year there was a total failure of the grain crops, not only in the
+new settlements, but throughout the United States. The Indians alone had
+preserved the maize from destruction by the racoons, squirrels and
+bears, which had invaded the settlements by thousands in search of food,
+as there were no nuts in the woods. The settlers had now to depend upon
+the Indians at the Grand River for their bread, and they continued to
+sell their maize at the same price as formerly, and during the year of
+scarcity never raised it. My father procured his year's supply, but
+there were no mills; the nearest ones were south of the Short Hills,
+seventy miles distant. Lucky was the family that owned a coffee mill in
+the winter of 1797. My father had a number of hands getting out timber
+for his mills and clearing land, and when they returned from their work
+in the evenings they used to grind in the coffee-mill maize for the next
+day's consumption. They soon learned the exact quantity required, and
+each man ground his own allowance, dividing that of the rest of the
+household amongst them. The meal was made into johnny-cakes, eaten hot
+for breakfast, cold for dinner, and the remainder in mush with milk for
+supper; and upon this fare they enjoyed perfect good health, were always
+cheerful, and apparently happy.
+
+"The greatest good-feeling existed amongst the settlers, although they
+were of all nations and creeds and no creeds. Many of those families who
+had remained neutral during the revolution to save their property, and
+still retained their preference for the British Government, now sought
+homes in Canada, or assisted their sons to do so. The Quakers and
+Yunkers were amongst the best settlers, as they always brought some
+property with them, and were generally peaceable and industrious.
+
+"Lands were so easily obtained, and so much encouragement was given by
+Government to settlers, that many of the half-pay officers and soldiers
+who had gone to New Brunswick found their way here, as well as many of
+the idle, discontented, dissipated, vicious and worthless of the United
+States. But at the Settler's Home all were made welcome; the meals,
+victuals and night's lodging were freely given to all, and for years
+after, to my recollection, during the summer season our house was never
+free from travellers; not that there was any particular merit due to our
+hospitality, for the man that would have closed his door against a
+traveller would have been looked upon as worse than a savage. My mother,
+this summer, had a dreadful alarm, which she used to describe to me with
+great feeling many years after. My little brother (George), for whose
+sake she had encountered all the privations and hardships of an early
+settler, gave rise to numerous fears and anxieties if he was out of her
+sight a few minutes. Endless misfortunes might befall him; he might be
+eaten up by wild beasts; or, he might be stolen by the Indians (their
+stealing children not being a very uncommon occurrence in those days,
+and during the summer season there used to be hundreds encamped on the
+beach); or, he might be drowned; or, he might wander away and be lost in
+the woods; and he would steal away and follow the men to the field when
+not closely watched. One day George was missing, and great was the
+commotion. Search was made everywhere, and George's name sounded through
+the forest in every direction. At last his hat was found in the creek.
+My mother sat perfectly quiet on the bank, with feelings not easily
+described, while my father probed the deep holes, and thrust his spear
+under the driftwood, expecting every time he drew it out to see George's
+red frock rise to the surface, when she heard with delight a little
+voice say 'Mamma,' from the opposite side of the creek. And there was
+George, with his little bare head peeping through the bushes, with his
+pet cat by his side. The reaction was too much for my mother; she fell
+fainting to the ground. George had lost his hat walking over a log which
+the men used as a bridge.
+
+"The settlement was now considered in a most prosperous state; in a
+half-circle of twenty miles, probably there was a population of a
+hundred. People had ceased to count the families on their fingers, but
+no census was taken. The mills were fast advancing towards completion.
+Some few of the settlers grew wheat sufficient for their own
+consumption, and a little to sell; but the squirrels, racoons, and
+pigeons were very destructive to the grain of the early settlers. A dog
+that was trained for hunting the racoons, or a 'coon dog,' as they were
+called, was of great value, and the young lads, for many years after,
+used to make coon parties on fine moonlight nights, and go from farm to
+farm, killing those animals; and, although the necessity has long passed
+away, these parties still continue; and, though a virtue and kindness in
+the commencement, have ended in vice, and the coon parties now meet
+together to rob orchards and gardens of their best fruit and melons. One
+bitter cold night in February, 1798, the household was alarmed by the
+announcement of my mother's illness. No assistance was to be had nearer
+than three miles; no horses and no roads--only a track through the
+woods. Mr. Powel, who had just secured a lot near us, volunteered to go
+in search of Granny McCall, with the ox-team. After some weary hours'
+watching, the 'gee haw!' was heard on the return in the woods, and Mrs.
+McCall soon stood beside my mother, and very soon after the birth of a
+daughter was announced. That daughter is now making this record of the
+past. The settlement was now increasing so fast that the general voice
+was for a town, and my father was petitioned to lay one out at the mouth
+of Ryerse Creek, and was at last prevailed upon to do so, and called it
+Clarence. The first applicant for a lot was a Mr. Corklin, a very good
+blacksmith, a mechanic that was very much wanted in the settlement. He
+was a very intelligent young man for his class, and a great favourite
+with everyone, although he had one fault, that of indulging in strong
+drinks occasionally. He bargained for a lot, and put up a frame for a
+house. My father bought him a set of blacksmith's tools to commence
+with, and built him a shop. The next thing was a wife. My mother soon
+saw that a tender feeling was growing up between the young blacksmith
+and her nurse, a pretty girl, to whom she was much attached. My mother's
+advice was against the marriage, on account of his one bad habit; but of
+course she was not listened to, and they were married.
+
+"A few months after the marriage, Mr. Corklin went in a log canoe to the
+head of the bay, on business, and was to return the next day; but day
+after day passed, and no Mr. Corklin appeared. At last the poor wife's
+anxiety became so great that a messenger was sent in search of him. He
+had been at Dr. Proyer's, but left the day he was expected home. The
+alarm was given, and search commenced along the lake shore. They found
+his canoe drifted on shore, laden with game, vegetables and a few
+apples, his hat, and an empty bottle that smelt of rum; but he was gone.
+They supposed that he had fallen overboard without upsetting the canoe.
+His body they could not find for days after, and his wife used to wander
+along the lake shore, from early dawn until dark, with the hope that she
+might find his body. One day she saw a number of birds on a drift log
+that was half out of the water. By the side of this log lay the remains
+of her husband. The eagles had picked his eyes out, but had only
+commenced their feast. This was the first death in the settlement. My
+father took back the lot, paid for the frame house, kept his smith's
+tools, and so ended his town.
+
+"Upon more mature reflection, he decided that the neighbourhood of a
+small town would be the reverse of agreeable, as the first inhabitants
+would be those that were too idle to improve a farm for themselves, and
+bad habits are generally the attendants of idleness, and that he, in
+place of being the owner of all, would only be proprietor in common with
+all the idle and dissipated of a new country.
+
+"On my father's arrival in the country he had been sworn in a justice of
+the peace for the London and Western districts--a very extensive
+jurisdiction over wild lands with few inhabitants; for those districts
+embraced all the lands between Lake Erie and Lake Huron, the Grand
+River, and Rivers Detroit and St. Clair. Courts were held at Sandwich, a
+distance of nearly two hundred miles, without roads, so that magistrates
+had to settle all disputes as they best could, perform all marriages,
+bury the dead, and prescribe for the sick. In addition to the medicine
+chest, my father purchased a pair of tooth-drawers, and learned to draw
+teeth, to the great relief of the suffering. So popular did he become in
+that way, that in after years they used to entreat him to draw their
+teeth in preference to a medical man--the one did it gratuitously, the
+other, of course, charged. My father put up two or three small
+log-houses which were tenanted by very poor people whose labour he
+required. From one of these houses my mother hired a nurse, Poll
+Spragge, who was a merry, laughing, 'who-cares' sort of girl. Upon my
+mother remarking the scantiness of her wardrobe, which was limited to
+one garment, a woollen slip that reached from the throat to the feet,
+Poll related a misfortune which had befallen her a short time before.
+She then, as now, had but the one article of dress, and it was made of
+buckskin, a leather something like chamois; and when it became greasy
+and dirty, her mother said she must wash it that afternoon, as she was
+going visiting, and that Poll must have her slip dry to put on before
+her father and brother returned from the field. During the interval, she
+must, of necessity, represent Eve before her fall. Poll had seen her
+mother, in the absence of soap, make a pot of strong ley from wood
+ashes, and boil her father's and brother's coarse linen shirts in it.
+She subjected her leather slip to the same process. We all know the
+effect of great heat upon leather. When Poll took her slip from the pot
+it was a shrivelled-up mass, partly decomposed by the strong ley. Poor
+Poll was in despair. She watched for the return of her family with no
+enviable feelings, and when she heard them coming she lifted a board and
+concealed herself in the potato hole, under the floor. Her mother soon
+discovered what had befallen Poll, and search was made for her. After a
+time, a feeble voice was heard from under the floor, and Poll was
+induced to come forth, by the promise of her mother's second petticoat,
+which was converted into the slip she then wore. She ended her recital
+with a merry laugh, and said now she had got service she would soon get
+herself clothes. But clothing was one of the things most difficult to
+obtain then. There were very few sheep in the settlement, and if a
+settler owned two or three, they had to be protected with the greatest
+care, watched by the children during the day that they might not stray
+into the woods, and at night penned near the house in a fold, built very
+high, to secure them from the bears and wolves, which could not always
+be done.
+
+"There were instances of wolves climbing into pens that they could not
+get out of. On these occasions they did not hurt the sheep, but were
+found lying down in a corner like a dog. It is said that the first
+thought of a wolf on entering a fold is how he is to get out again; and
+if he finds that difficult, his heart fails him and he makes little
+effort.
+
+"Wolves were the pests of the country for many years, and, even after
+they were partially expelled by the settlers, they used to make
+occasional descents upon the settlements, and many a farmer that counted
+his sheep by twenties at night, would be thankful if he could muster
+half a score in the morning. It was flax, the pedlar's pack, and
+buckskins that the early settlers had to depend upon for clothing when
+their first supply was run out. Deerskins were carefully preserved and
+dressed, and the men had trowsers and coats made of them. Though not
+very becoming, they were said to be very comfortable and strong, and
+suitable to the work they had to do. Chopping, logging, and clearing
+wild lands required strong clothing.
+
+"One part of the early clearing was always appropriated to flax, and
+after the seed was in the ground the culture was given up to the women.
+They had to weed, pull and thrash out the seeds, and then spread it out
+to rot. When it was in a proper state for the brake, it was handed over
+to the men, who crackled and dressed it. It was again returned to the
+women, who spun and wove it, making a strong linen for shirts and plaid
+for their own dresses. Almost every thrifty farmhouse had a loom, and
+both wife and daughters learnt to weave. The pedlar's pack supplied
+their little finery, the pack generally containing a few pieces of very
+indifferently printed calicoes at eight and ten shillings, New York
+currency, a yard; a piece of book-muslin at sixteen and eighteen
+shillings a yard, and a piece of check for aprons at a corresponding
+price; some very common shawls and handkerchiefs, white cotton stockings
+to match, with two or three pieces of ribbon, tape, needles, pins and
+horn combs; these, with very little variety, used to be the contents of
+the pedlar's pack. Opening the pack caused much more excitement in a
+family then than the opening of a fashionable shopkeeper's show-room
+does at the present day.
+
+"About this time, 1799, a great number of old soldiers, who had served
+under and with my father, found their way to the Long Point Settlement.
+One of these soldiers had been taken prisoner with my father at
+Charleston, and when they were plundered of everything he managed to
+conceal a doubloon in his hair. With this he supplied my father's wants,
+who was wounded and suffering. My father now exchanged with him one of
+his choice lots, that he might be in the settlement and near a mill; and
+took his location, which was far back in the woods. My uncle [Joseph
+Ryerson], and several other half-pay officers, came from New Brunswick
+to visit my father. The pleasure of seeing those loved and familiar
+faces, and again meeting those who had fought the same battles, shared
+the same dangers, and endured the same hardships, fatigues, and
+privations for seven long years, and had the same hopes and fears, and
+the bitter mortification of losing their cause, was indeed great. How
+many slumbering feelings such a reunion awakened! how many long tales of
+the past they used to tell, of both love and war! Those officers that
+came from New Brunswick to visit the country all returned, after a few
+years, as settlers. The climate of Canada was much preferable, and as an
+agricultural country was very superior. The population was now becoming
+so great that the Government thought it necessary to have all the male
+population, between the ages of sixteen and sixty, enrolled in the
+Militia. My father was requested to organize a regiment, and to
+recommend those whom he thought, from their intelligence, good conduct,
+and former service, most entitled to commissions. He was appointed
+Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia and Lieutenant of the County, a situation
+that was afterwards done away with. This duty of selecting officers gave
+rise to the first ill-natured feelings that had been exhibited towards
+him in the settlement. Every man thought he ought to be a captain at the
+least, and was indignant that my father did not appreciate his merits.
+Some threatened to stone him; others, to shoot him. The more moderate
+declared they would not come to his mill, although there was no other
+within seventy miles. John McCall did not care for my father; he would
+be a captain without his assistance. He built a large open boat and
+navigated her for several years, and gloried in the designation of
+Captain McCall. But, notwithstanding all opposition, the regiment of
+militia was formed. They used to meet one day in the year for company
+exercise, and there was a general muster on the 4th of June, the King's
+birthday, for a general training. These early trainings presented a
+strange mixture. There were a few old officers, with their fine military
+bearing, with their guns and remains of old uniforms; and the old
+soldier, from his upright walk and the way he handled his gun, could
+easily be distinguished, though clothed in home-spun and buckskin, with
+the coarse straw hat. The early settlers all had guns of some
+description, except the very juvenile members, who used to carry canes
+to represent guns. Those trainings used to be looked forward to with
+intense interest by all the boys of the neighbourhood, and afforded
+subjects of conversation for the ensuing year. It was no easy thing in
+that day to find a level piece of ground that was tolerably clear from
+stumps sufficiently large to serve for their general trainings.
+
+"Amongst the early settlers there were very few who could afford to hire
+assistance of any kind. Those that could pay found it easy to get men as
+labourers; but women servants, unless by mere chance, were not to be
+had. The native American women would not and will not, even at the
+present day, go out to service, although almost any of the other
+neighbours' daughters would be glad to go as helps, doing the same work
+and eating at the table with their mistress. My father, for many years,
+used occasionally to take the head of the table with his labourers, to
+show them he was not too proud to eat with them. My mother was exempt
+from this, but the help ate at her table, which was considered a
+sufficient proof of her humility. Many of those helps of early days have
+since become the wives of squires, captains, majors and colonels of
+Militia, and are owners of large properties, and they and their
+descendants drive in their own carriages.
+
+"In the summer of 1800 my mother had a very nice help as nurse. Jenny
+Decow had been apprenticed to a relative, and, at the age of eighteen,
+she received her bed, her cow, and two or three suits of clothing (those
+articles it was customary to give to a bound girl), and was considered
+legally of age, with the right to earn her own living as she best could.
+
+"My mother soon discovered that Jenny had a wooer. On Sunday afternoon,
+young Daniel McCall made his appearance, with that peculiar, happy,
+awkward look that young lads have when they are 'keeping company,' as it
+is called. At that time, when a young man wanted a wife, he looked out
+for some young girl whom he thought would be a good help-mate, and,
+watching his opportunity, with an awkward bow and blush he would ask her
+to give him her company the ensuing Sunday evening. Her refusal was
+called 'giving the mitten,' and great was the laugh against any young
+man if it was known that he had 'got the mitten,' as all hopes in that
+quarter would be at an end. But young McCall had not got 'the mitten;'
+and it was customary on those occasions, when the family retired to
+bed, for the young man to get up and quietly put out the candles, and
+cover the fire, if any; then take a seat by the side of his lady-love,
+and talk as other lovers do, I suppose, until twelve o'clock, when he
+would either take his leave and a walk of miles to his home, that he
+might be early at work, or he would lie down for an hour or two with
+some of the boys, and then be away before daylight. Those weekly visits
+would sometimes continue for months, until all was ready for marriage.
+But they did not always end in matrimony. Sometimes those children of
+the woods were gay Lotharios in their way, as well as in more refined
+society, and it would be discovered that a favourite Adonis was keeping
+company with two or three young girls at the same time, and _vice versa_
+with some young coquettes. But such unprincipled conduct would furnish
+gossip for a whole neighbourhood, and be discountenanced by all. Nor
+must you for a moment imagine that there was anything wrong in this
+system of wooing. It was the custom of the country in an early day, and
+I think it is still continued in settlements remote from towns. But the
+lives of hundreds of estimable wives and mothers have borne testimony to
+the purity of their conduct. When Jenny had been with my mother about
+six months, young McCall made his appearance in the middle of the week,
+and my father and some visitors commenced bantering him why he did not
+marry at once. Why did he spend his time and wear out his shoes in the
+way he was doing? He said he would go and talk to Jenny, and hear what
+she said. He returned in a few minutes and said they would be married.
+In an hour afterwards they were man and wife. They married in their
+working dresses--he in his buckskin trowsers, and she in her home-spun.
+She tied up her bundle of clothes, received her wages, and away they
+walked to their log-house in the woods. Thirty years afterwards they
+used to show me some little articles that had been purchased with
+Jenny's wages; and they appeared to look back upon that time with
+pleasure. They became rich; he was colonel of militia, and some of their
+descendants are worth thousands. During their early struggles, Mrs.
+McCall was in the field with her husband, pulling flax, when she felt
+what she thought was a severe blow on her foot. A rattlesnake had bitten
+her. Her husband killed the snake; vulgar prejudice thought that, by
+killing the snake, the poison would be less severe. He then put his lips
+to the wound, sucked it, and, taking her in his arms, carried her to the
+house. Before he reached it, her foot had swollen and burst. They
+applied an Indian remedy, a peculiar kind of plantain, which relieved
+her, but she was years before she perfectly recovered from the effects
+of the poison. Two children that were born during that time turned
+spotted, became sore and died; but her third child was strong and
+healthy, and is still living. These reptiles, that are now almost
+unknown in the country, were then plentiful. They had a den at the mouth
+of the Grand River, and there was another at the Falls. For many years
+the boatmen going up and down Lake Erie used to stop at the mouth of the
+Grand River for an hour or two's sport, killing rattlesnakes. My father
+and boat's crew, on one of these occasions, killed seventy. The oil of
+the rattlesnake was thought to possess great medicinal virtues.
+
+"There was a sad want of religious instruction amongst the early
+settlers. For many years there was no clergyman nearer than Niagara, a
+distance of 100 miles, without roads. My father used to read the Church
+Service every Sunday to his household, and any of the laborers who would
+attend. As the country became more settled, the neighbours used to meet
+at Mr. Barton's, and Mr. Bostwick, who was the son of a clergyman, used
+to read the service, and sometimes a sermon. But there were so few
+copies of sermons to be obtained, that after reading them over some
+half-a-dozen times they appeared to lose their interest. But it was for
+the children that were growing up that this want was most severely felt.
+When the weekday afforded no amusements, they would seek them on Sunday;
+fishing, shooting, bathing, gathering nuts and berries, and playing
+ball, occupied, with few exceptions, the summer Sundays. In winter they
+spent them in skating, gliding down the hills on hand sleighs. And yet
+crime was unknown in those days, as were locks and bolts. Theft was
+never heard of, and a kindly, brotherly feeling existed amongst all. If
+a deer was killed, a piece was sent to each neighbour, and they, in
+turn, used to draw the seine, giving my father a share of the fish. If
+anyone was ill, they were cared for by the neighbours and their wants
+attended to. But the emigrant coming to the country in the present day
+can only form a very poor idea of the hardships endured by the early
+pioneers of the forest, or the feelings which their isolated situation
+drew forth. Education and station seemed to be lost sight of in the one
+general wish to be useful to each other, to make roads and improve the
+country.
+
+"I think it was in 1802 that I first saw Colonel Talbot, a distinguished
+settler, who had a grant of lands seventy miles further up the lake, at
+a place afterwards called Port Talbot, where he had commenced building
+mills. People were full of conjecture as to the cause that could induce
+a young gentleman of his family (the Talbots of Malahide) and rank in
+the army to bury himself in Canada.
+
+"He and Sir Arthur Wellesley had been at the same time on the staff of
+the Duke of Buckingham, when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and it was said
+the field of glory was equally open to both. Colonel Talbot afterwards
+came to this country, and was on the staff of General Simcoe when he
+made a tour through the Upper Province. At that time he selected his
+future home. Some said that he left the army in disgust at not getting
+an appointment that he felt himself entitled to; others, again, said
+that neither Mars nor Venus presided at his birth. But one thing was
+certain: he had chosen a life of privation and toil, and right manfully
+he bore the lot he had chosen. When in the army, he was looked upon as a
+dandy; but my first impressions would place him in a very different
+light. He had come to Port Ryerse with a boat-load of grain to be ground
+at my father's mill. The men slept in the boat, with an awning over it,
+and had a fire on shore. In front of this fire, Colonel Talbot was
+mixing bread in a pail, to be baked in the ashes for the men. I had
+never seen a man so employed, and it made a lasting impression upon my
+childish memory. My next recollection of him was his picking a wild
+goose, which my father had shot, for my mother to dress for dinner. Thus
+commenced an acquaintance which lasted until his death in 1853.
+
+"My father, on his arrival at Long Point, promised my mother that if she
+would remain contented for six years at Port Ryerse, and give the
+country a fair trial, if she then disliked it, and wished to return to
+New York, he would go back with her--that party feeling would by that
+time have greatly subsided. My mother now claimed my father's promise.
+He at once acquiesced, and left it to her to decide when they should go,
+my father well knowing that however much my mother might wish to return,
+when left to her to decide, her better judgment would say 'Not yet,' as
+his improvements must all be a sacrifice. To sell his property was
+impossible. My mother postponed the return for a few years, but could
+not relinquish the hope of emerging from the woods, and being once more
+within the sound of the church-going bell. My father's property was fast
+improving. He had planted an orchard of apple, peach, and cherry trees,
+which he procured from Dr. Proyer, whose young trees were a year or two
+in advance of his own, and he had procured a few sheep which were
+pastured in a field immediately in front of the house. But all their
+watching could not preserve them from the wolves. If they escaped by the
+greatest care for a year or two, and the flock increased to twenty or
+thirty, some unlucky day they would find them reduced to ten or a dozen.
+
+"A tree sometimes unobserved would fall across the fence, and the sheep
+would stray into the woods, which was fatal to them; or, the fastening
+to their pen would be left just one unlucky night not secured, and the
+morning would show a melancholy remainder of the fine flock that had
+been folded the night before. All of these mishaps were serious
+vexations to the early settlers. The mill was a constant draw upon my
+father's purse. A part of his lands had been sold at a very low price
+(but not low at that time)--one dollar the acre--to assist in building
+it, and now it had to be kept in repair. The dam breaking, machinery
+getting out of order, improvements to be made, bolting cloths wanted,
+and a miller to be paid--to meet all this was the toll, every twelfth
+bushel that was ground. During the summer season the mill would be for
+days without a bushel to grind, as farmers got their milling done when
+they could take their grists to the mill on ox-sleds upon the snow. Few
+grew more than sufficient for their own consumption and that of the
+new-coming settler; but had they grown more, there was no market, and
+the price of wheat, until the war of 1812, was never more than half a
+dollar a bushel; maize, buckwheat, and rye, two shillings (York) a
+bushel. The flour mill, pecuniarily speaking, was a great loss to my
+father. The saw-mill was remunerative; the expense attending it was
+trifling, its machinery was simple, and any commonly intelligent man
+with a day or two's instruction could attend to it. People brought logs
+of pine, oak, and walnut from their own farms, and my father had half
+the lumber for sawing; and this, when seasoned, found a ready sale, not
+for cash (cash dealings were almost unknown), but for labour, produce,
+maple sugar or anything they had to part with which my father might
+want, or with which he could pay some of his needy labourers. There were
+some wants which were almost unattainable with poor people, such as
+nails, glass, tea, and salt. They could only be procured in Niagara, and
+cash must be paid for them. There was not yet a store at Long Point.
+Great were the advantages of the half-pay officers and those who had a
+little money at their command, and yet their descendants appear not to
+have profited by it. It is a common remark in the country that very many
+of the sons of half-pay officers were both idle and dissolute; but I am
+happy to say there are many honourable exceptions. At the head of the
+list of these stand our present Chief Justice (Sir John Robinson), and
+Dr. Ryerson, the Superintendent of Education, and many others who deem
+it an honour to be descended from an United Empire Loyalist. From a
+multiplicity of care, my father had postponed, from time to time, going
+to Toronto, or Little York, as it was then called (where the seat of
+government had been removed), to secure the grant of land which had been
+promised to his family, until after the departure of his friend General
+Simcoe, who was succeeded as Governor by General Hunter.
+
+"When my father made application to General Hunter, he was told that an
+order from the Home Government had limited the grants to the wives and
+children of the U.E. Loyalists to 200 acres each; but said that if the
+Order in Council had passed for the larger grants, of course my father
+should have the lands he had selected; but he, not foreseeing the
+change, had not secured the order, and General Simcoe's verbal promise
+could not be acted upon.
+
+"The autumn of 1804 found us still in the original log-house. It had
+been added to and improved, but the stick chimney had not been replaced
+by brick, as my father looked forward from year to year to building a
+better house in a better situation; but he found so many improvements
+actually necessary, and so much to be done each spring and summer, that
+although a great deal of material had been prepared, the house was not
+yet commenced. One fine bright morning, as some visitors were taking
+their departure, there was an alarm of fire, and, sure enough, the stick
+chimney had caught and communicated to the garret, and in a few minutes
+the whole of the upper part of the house was in flames. Our visitors,
+who had not gone beyond the threshold, joined with the family and
+labourers in getting out the furniture as fast as possible. Nearly
+everything was saved from the lower part of the house, but all that was
+in the garret was lost. The garret had been used as a store-room, and
+contained cases which had not been unpacked since they came from New
+York, but were left until a better house could be built. These
+things--linen, bedding, and some nice little articles of furniture, and
+various little nicknacks which were prized beyond their value--were a
+great loss: but the greatest loss was a box or two of books. These were
+not to be replaced this side of New York, and to a young family the loss
+was irreparable. A part of Pope's works, a copy of Milton's Paradise
+Lost, Buchan's Family Medicine, and a Testament with commentaries, were
+all that were saved. A small quantity of plate also, which had not been
+unpacked, was found in a very unsatisfactory state. The family took
+shelter in a house built for and occupied by the miller and his family,
+sending them to a smaller tenement. The situation was airy and
+beautiful, and, with a few alterations and improvements, was more
+comfortable than the first log-house. This my mother rather regretted,
+as discomfort would have hastened the new house. Although allusions were
+made to New York, no time had yet been named for their return. My father
+used to assure my mother and friends that he would go as soon as she
+said the word; yet these remarks were always accompanied by a
+particularly humorous expression of countenance.
+
+"About this time the London district was separated from the Western, and
+composed what now forms the counties or districts of Middlesex, Elgin,
+Huron, Bruce, Oxford, and Norfolk. The necessary appointments were made,
+and the London district held its own courts and sessions at Turkey
+Point, six miles above us on the lake shore. The people, in a most
+patriotic manner, had put up a log-house, which served the double
+purpose of court-house and jail. The courts were held in the upper
+story, which was entered by a very rough stairway, going up on the
+outside of the building. The jail consisted of one large room on the
+ground floor, from which any prisoner could release himself in half an
+hour unless guarded by a sentinel. The juries for some years held their
+consultations under the shade of a tree. Doubtless it was pleasanter
+than the close lock-up jury-room of the present day. My father, in
+addition to his other commissions, was appointed Judge of the District
+Court and Judge of the Surrogate Court. Turkey Point is a very pretty
+place; the grounds are high, and from them there is a very fine view of
+the bay and lake. General Simcoe had selected it for the county town,
+and the site of a future city. Now it boasted of one house, an inn kept
+by Silas Montross. There was also a reservation of land for military
+purposes. But the town never prospered; it was not in a thoroughfare,
+and did not possess water privileges. Twenty years afterwards it
+contained but the one solitary house. The county town was changed to a
+more favourable situation, Vittoria. My father's young family now gave
+him great anxiety. How they were to be educated was a question not
+easily solved. Schools there were none, nor was it possible to get a
+tutor. A man of education would not go so far into the woods for the
+small inducement which a private family could offer.
+
+"Magistrates were not allowed to marry by license, nor could the parties
+be called in church, for there were no churches in the country. The law
+required that the parties should be advertised--that is, that the banns
+should be written out and placed in some conspicuous place for three
+Sundays. The mill door was the popular place, but the young lads would
+endeavour to avoid publicity by putting the banns on the inside of the
+door; others would take two or three witnesses and hold it on the door
+for a few minutes for three successive Sundays, allowing no one but
+their friends to see it. In many places marriages used to be solemnized
+by persons not authorized, and in a manner that made their legality very
+doubtful; but the Legislature have very wisely passed Acts legalizing
+all marriages up to a certain date. The marriages that took place at my
+father's used to afford a good deal of amusement. Some very odd couples
+came to be united. The only fee my father asked was a kiss from the
+bride, which he always insisted on being paid; and if the bride was at
+all pretty, he used, with a mischievous look at my mother, to enlarge
+upon the pleasure that this fee gave him, and would go into raptures
+about the bride's youth, beauty, and freshness, and declare that it was
+the only public duty he performed that he was properly remunerated for.
+
+"Application had several times been made to the Rev. Mr. Addison, the
+only clergyman in the country, who was living at Niagara, entreating him
+to come to Long Point and baptize the children. All who had been born
+there remained unbaptized. This summer his promised visit was to take
+place, and was looked forward to with intense anxiety by both parents
+and children. I used to discuss it with my elder brother, and wonder
+what this wonderful ceremony of christening could mean. My mother had
+explained it as well as she could, but the mystical washing away of sin
+with water, to me was incomprehensible, as was also my being made member
+of a Church which was to me unknown. I wondered what God's minister
+could be like, and whether he was like my father, whom I looked up to as
+the greatest and best of anyone in my little world. At last Parson
+Addison arrived, and my curiosity was satisfied on one point, and in my
+estimation my father stood higher than the clergyman.
+
+"The neighbourhood was notified, and all the children, from one month to
+eight or nine years old, were assembled to receive baptism. The house
+was crowded with people anxious to hear the first sermon preached in the
+Long Point Settlement by an ordained minister. Upon my own mind I must
+confess that the surplice and gown made a much more lasting impression
+than the sermon, and I thought Mr. Addison a vastly more important
+person in them than out of them; but upon the elder part of the
+community, how many sad and painful feelings did this first sermon
+awaken, and recall times long past, friends departed, ties broken, homes
+deserted, hardships endured! The cord touched produced many vibrations,
+as Mr. Addison shook hands with every individual, and made some kind
+inquiry about their present or future welfare. The same God-hopeful
+smile passed over every face, and the same 'Thank you, sir, we find
+ourselves every year a little better off, and the country is improving.'
+'If we only had a church and a clergyman we should have but little to
+complain of.' But it was a hope deferred for many long years. A Baptist
+minister, the Rev. Mr. Finch, was the first clergyman who came to the
+little settlement to reside. His meetings were held in different parts
+of the settlement each Sunday, so that all might have the opportunity of
+hearing him if they chose to attend. He preached in houses and barns
+without any reward, labouring on his farm for his support. He, like all
+the early Dissenting ministers who came to the province, was uneducated,
+but possessed and sincerely believed a saving knowledge of the Gospel,
+and in his humble sphere laboured to do all the good in his power. Many
+of the young people joined his Church. He was soon followed by the
+Methodists. Too much cannot be said in praise of the early ministers of
+these denominations; they bore every privation and fatigue, praying and
+preaching in every house where the doors were not closed against
+them--receiving the smallest pittance for their labour. A married man
+received $200 a year and a log-house for his family; an unmarried man
+had half that sum, the greater portion of which was paid in home-made
+cloth and produce. Their sermons and prayers were very loud, forcible
+and energetic, and if they had been printed _verbatim_, would have
+looked a sad jumble of words. They encouraged an open demonstration of
+feeling amongst their hearers--the louder the more satisfactory. But
+notwithstanding the criticisms cast upon these early preachers, were
+they not the class of men who suited their hearers? They shared their
+poverty and entered into all their feelings; and although unlearned,
+they taught the one true doctrine--to serve God in spirit and in
+truth--and their lives bore testimony to their sincerity. In this world
+they looked forward to neither preferment nor reward; all they expected
+or could hope for was a miserable subsistence. Nor was it surprising
+that in twenty years afterwards, when the path was made smooth, the
+church built, and the first clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Evans, came, that he
+found a small congregation. Every township had one or two Methodist and
+Baptist chapels. I do not recollect one Roman Catholic family in the
+neighbourhood. Although the Long Point Settlement was in existence
+thirty years before we had a resident clergyman of the Church of
+England, yet I cannot recollect one member who had seceded from the
+Church. Many had died, and many communed with the Methodists, who did
+not belong to them."
+
+POSTSCRIPT.--At the author's request, Mrs. Harris, in June, 1879,
+brought down her recollections to the close of the war of 1812-1815. The
+following pages are the result--written by Mrs. Harris, twenty years
+after writing the previous memoranda, in the eighty-first year of her
+age, containing some interesting particulars of the war, and stating the
+cause of the loss of the British fleet on Lake Erie, and the disasters
+which followed.
+
+The author has not seen cause to alter a sentence or a word of Mrs.
+Harris's manuscript, written by herself in a clear, bold hand,
+notwithstanding her advanced age:
+
+"In 1810 my father showed signs of failing health. A life of hardship
+and great exertion was telling upon a naturally strong constitution. He
+decided upon resigning all his offices, and his resignation was accepted
+upon this assurance, that from ill-health he could no longer fulfil the
+duties they involved. The Hon. Thomas Talbot was appointed his successor
+as colonel commandant of the militia, and the late Judge Mitchell
+succeeded him as Judge of the District and Surrogate Courts. At this
+time there were strong rumours of war between America and England, and
+the militia anticipated being called into active service. At the close
+of 1811, a large body of the militia which my father had organized
+waited upon him, and urged him to resume the command, as in him they had
+confidence. Colonel Talbot was a stranger amongst them, and lived at a
+distance. My father at that time was in the last stage of consumption,
+and died in the June following, in 1812, aged sixty years. In six days
+after his death war was declared, and then came troubles to my widowed
+mother in various shapes. My father in seventeen years had seen a lonely
+wilderness changed into a fruitful country. Most of the original
+log-houses had given place to good frame buildings, and the inhabitants
+generally seemed prosperous and content. Immediately after the
+declaration of war, the militia had to do military duty and neglect
+their farms. British troops passed through Port Ryerse, on their way to
+Amherstburg and Sandwich, and every available building was used as
+barracks. All merchant vessels were converted into ships of war, and
+they, with one or two small ships belonging to the Provincial Navy, were
+placed under the command of Captain Barclay, of the Royal Navy; Captain
+Finnes, R.N., was second in command. His ships were all of light
+tonnage; there were several transports, which were in constant use
+conveying troops and army supplies to Sandwich and Amherstburg. The lake
+was clear of enemies, as the Americans were blockaded within Erie
+Harbour, where they had two or three large ships on the stocks. They
+could not cross the bar at Erie without lightening their ships and
+taking out part of their guns. This they could not do in the presence of
+Barclay's fleet. When the weather was too rough for the blockading
+squadron to remain outside the harbour, it was too rough for the
+American fleet to get over the bar; consequently we felt very safe. This
+was during the summer of 1813. During this summer General Brock called
+out the militia of Norfolk, and asked for volunteers to go with him to
+Detroit; every man volunteered. He made his selection of the strong and
+active young men. Right gallantly the militia throughout the province
+behaved during the three years' war, casting no discredit upon their
+parentage--the brave old U.E. Loyalists. During the summer, Captain
+Barclay used to have private information--not very reliable, as the
+result proved--of what progress the ships were making on the stocks. He
+used occasionally to leave the blockade and go to Amherstburg and come
+to Ryerse. The Americans took note of this, and made their plans and
+preparations for his doing so. There was a pretty widow of an officer of
+some rank in Amherstburg, who was very anxious to go to Toronto. Captain
+Barclay offered her a passage in his ship and brought her to Ryerse, and
+then escorted her to Dr. Rolph's, where he and some of his officers
+remained to dinner the following day. When they came in sight of Erie,
+they saw all the American fleet riding safely at anchor outside the bar.
+The Americans had everything in readiness; and as soon as the
+watched-for opportunity came, and the British fleet left the station,
+they got their own ships over the bar, their guns in, and all things
+ready for defence or attack. They far outnumbered the British fleet, and
+were of heavier tonnage. Captain Barclay consulted his senior officers
+whether it would be best to come into Long Point Bay to winter, where
+they could get supplies across the country from Burlington Bay of all
+the munitions of war, and leave the ship on the stocks at Amherstburg
+(the _Detroit_) to her fate, as neither the guns to arm nor the men to
+man her had yet been forwarded, and now could not unless by land, which
+for heavy guns and the munitions of war was the next thing to an
+impossibility. It was with great difficulty that food and clothing could
+be forwarded, where there was little more than an Indian path and no
+bridges. The wisdom of the fleet decided upon going to Amherstburg and
+trusting to arming the ships with the guns from the fort, and manning
+them with sailors from the fleet, and with soldiers and volunteers. They
+landed Captain O'Keefe, of the 41st Regiment, who was doing marine duty
+at or near Otter Creek, to find his way to Ryerse, and to tell the
+militia commandant that the whole frontier on Lake Erie was now open to
+American invasion, the new ship was launched, imperfectly armed and
+manned; and without a sufficient supply of ammunition for the fleet, and
+with little more than a day's rations for his men, Commodore Barclay was
+necessitated to risk an action. The result is too well known. Nearly all
+the officers were killed or severely wounded. Captain Barclay, who had
+already lost one arm, was disabled in the other arm; but they did not
+strike their colours to Commodore Perry's superior force until their
+ammunition in some ships was all exhausted, and in others nearly so. No
+one could have fought more bravely than Captain Barclay. At the same
+time, those who knew of his leaving the blockade could not help feeling
+that all the disasters of the upper part of the province lay at his
+door. In May of 1814 we had several days of heavy fog. On the morning of
+the 13th, as the fog lifted, we saw seven or eight ships under the
+American flag anchored off Ryerse, with a number of small boats floating
+by the side of each ship. As the fog cleared away they hoisted sail and
+dropped down three miles below us, opposite Port Dover. Of course an
+invasion was anticipated. Colonel Talbot was then in Norfolk, and he
+ordered all the militia to assemble the next day at Brantford, a
+distance of thirty miles, which they did with great reluctance, as many
+of both officers and men thought that an effort should have been made to
+prevent the Americans landing; but no resistance was offered. On the
+14th, the Americans burnt the village and mills of Dover; on the 15th,
+as my mother and myself were sitting at breakfast, the dogs kept up a
+very unusual barking. I went to the door to discover the cause; when I
+looked up, I saw the hill-side and fields, as far as the eye could
+reach, covered with American soldiers. They had marched from Port Dover
+to Ryerse. Two men stepped from the ranks, selected some large chips,
+and came into the room where we were standing, and took coals from the
+hearth without speaking a word. My mother knew instinctively what they
+were going to do. She went out and asked to see the commanding officer.
+A gentleman rode up to her and said he was the person she asked for. She
+entreated him to spare her property, and said she was a widow with a
+young family. He answered her civilly and respectfully, and expressed
+his regret that his orders were to burn, but that he would spare the
+house, which he did; and he said, as a sort of justification of his
+burning, that the buildings were used as a barrack, and the mill
+furnished flour for British troops. Very soon we saw columns of dark
+smoke arise from every building, and of what at early morn had been a
+prosperous homestead, at noon there remained only smouldering ruins. The
+following day Colonel Talbot and the militia under his command marched
+to Port Norfolk (commonly known as Turkey Point), six miles above
+Ryerse. The Americans were then on their way to their own shores. My
+father had been dead less than two years. Little remained of all his
+labours excepting the orchard and cultivated fields. It would not be
+easy to describe my mother's feelings as she looked at the desolation
+around her, and thought upon the past and the present; but there was no
+longer a wish to return to New York. My father's grave was there, and
+she looked to it as her resting-place. Not many years since a small
+church was built on a plot of ground which my father had reserved for
+that purpose; in the graveyard attached are buried two of the early
+settlers--my father and my mother. A.H."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The writer of the following paper seems to have been perfectly
+acquainted with the subject on which he writes, but is entirely unknown
+to the author of this history. The paper appears to have been written
+shortly after the decease of Colonel Ryerson, and was enclosed to the
+author on a printed slip. It throws much light on the history and
+character of the times of which it speaks:
+
+"_Last of the Old U.E. Loyalists._
+
+"Died, at his residence, near Vittoria, county of Norfolk, on Wednesday,
+the 9th of August, 1854, after a short illness of three days, Colonel
+Joseph Ryerson (father of the Rev. Messrs. George, William, John,
+Egerton, and Edwy Ryerson), in the ninety-fourth year of his age.
+
+"Colonel Ryerson was born near Paterson, New Jersey, about fourteen
+miles from the city of New York, the 28th of February, 1761. His
+ancestors were from Holland; he was the seventh son; he lost his father
+in childhood. At the breaking out of the American revolution, two of the
+brothers entered the British army. Samuel (father of Mrs. Harris, Eldon
+House, London) was nine years older than Joseph, and was the first in
+that part of the country to join the Royal standard. On arriving at New
+York, he was informed by the British commander that if he would raise
+sixty men he would receive a captain's commission. He returned to his
+native place, and raised the complement of men in a few days. Joseph,
+who was then only fifteen years of age, entered the army the 6th of May,
+1776, as a cadet. He was too small and weak to handle a musket, and
+received a light fowling-piece, with which he learned the military
+exercise in a few days. In the course of a few months an order was
+received to embody a portion of these New Jersey volunteers into a corps
+of Light Infantry, to go to the South to besiege Charleston. Joseph
+Ryerson was one of the 550 volunteers for this campaign. When Colonel
+Ennis (the Inspector-General of the troops at New York) came to Joseph
+Ryerson, he said, 'You are too young and too small to go.' The lad
+replied, 'Oh! sir, I am growing older and stouter every day.' The
+colonel laughed heartily, and said, 'Well, you shall go then.' These
+Light Infantry volunteers were attached at different times to different
+regiments; and Mr. Ryerson was successively attached to the 37th, 71st,
+and 84th Regiments. Such was the hard service performed by these Light
+Infantry volunteers, that out of 550 men, rank and file, exclusive of
+officers, only eighty-six of them returned, three years afterwards,
+after the evacuation of Charleston.
+
+"The Light Infantry corps having been broken up, the few remains of the
+men composing it returned to the regiments out of which they had
+volunteered. About eighteen months after leaving New York, before he was
+seventeen years of age, Mr. Ryerson received an ensign's commission, and
+he was, in the course of a year, promoted to a lieutenancy in the Prince
+of Wales' Regiment. His first commission was given him as the immediate
+reward of the courage and skill he displayed as the bearer of special
+despatches from Charleston, 196 miles into the interior, in the course
+of which he experienced several hairbreadth escapes. He was promoted to
+his lieutenancy for the manner in which he acquitted himself as the
+bearer of special despatches by sea to the north, having eluded the
+enemy in successive attacks and pursuits. He was in six battles, besides
+several skirmishes, and was once wounded. At the close of the war in
+1783, he, with his brother Samuel, and many other Loyalists and
+discharged half-pay officers and soldiers, went to New Brunswick, where
+he married in 1784, and settled and resided in Majorville, on the River
+St. John, near Fredericton, in 1799, when he removed to Upper Canada and
+settled in Charlotteville, near his brother--they both having drawn land
+from the Government for their services.
+
+"While in New Brunswick he was appointed captain of militia; on his
+arrival in Canada he was appointed major, and a few years afterwards
+colonel. On the organization of London district in 1800 (including the
+recent districts of Talbot, London, Brock, and Huron), he was appointed
+high sheriff--an office which he resigned, after a few years, in favour
+of his son-in-law, the late Colonel Bostwick, of Port Stanley.
+
+"During the late war with the United States, in 1812, Colonel Ryerson
+and his three eldest sons took an active part in the defence of the
+country. He was for many years a magistrate and Chairman of the Quarter
+Sessions; but he would never accept of any fees as a magistrate.
+
+"Some ten years since he resigned whatever offices he held. In 1850 he
+lost his wife, aged eighty-four years--a woman of sound understanding
+and rare excellence. He continued healthy and vigorous to the
+last--having the Friday before his decease rode several miles, and
+walked from Vittoria to his own house--a distance of nearly two
+miles--after which he conversed with much animation and cheerfulness.
+
+"Shortly after his attack on Sunday night, he expressed his belief that
+he should not recover, and stated his entire trust in God, through the
+merits of Jesus Christ, in whom he felt that he had good hope of eternal
+life.
+
+"His funeral was attended by a large concourse of people--especially of
+the old inhabitants. Six of his old neighbours acted as
+pall-bearers--namely, Colonel Potts, F. Walsh, Aquilla Walsh, Abner
+Owen, Joseph Culver, and S. Ellis, Esquires--whose joint ages amounted
+to almost 400 years. The Scripture lesson was read, and prayers offered
+up at the house by the Rev. Mr. Clement, Wesleyan minister; and the
+service was read at the grave by the Rev. George Salmon (an old friend
+of the family), in the absence of the Rev. Mr. Evans, rector of
+Woodhouse, to the erection of the church of which rectory Colonel
+Ryerson had been the largest contributor.
+
+"Colonel Ryerson is probably the last of the old United Empire Loyalists
+in Canada who joined the British army in 1776--a race of men remarkable
+for longevity and energy, and a noble enthusiasm for British
+institutions."[140]
+
+_Interesting piece of Local History by the Rev. Dr. Scadding._
+
+"NIAGARA, Aug. 3rd, 1861.
+
+"DEAR SIR,--
+
+"I have deferred acknowledging the circular announcing your intended
+work on the U.E. forefathers of the Canadian people, until now, from not
+having had before a moment of leisure to prepare the contribution which
+I intended to offer for your acceptance and use. I only hope that my
+delay may not have rendered the communication too late.
+
+"Such a work as that which you propose to bring out is a desideratum,
+and cannot fail to be interesting, and increasingly so as years roll on.
+I am glad that you have been moved to this undertaking, as I feel sure
+that it will be executed with vigour and thoroughness, in a patriotic
+spirit, and with a real affection. Our neighbours in the United States
+have long since seen the propriety of collecting and permanently
+recording the otherwise rapidly evanescent memorials of their past. The
+volumes put forth by their Historical Societies and State Government and
+by individuals amongst them, on this subject, possess extraordinary
+interest not only for United States' citizens, but also for the general
+reader, and particularly for the inhabitants of the existing British
+North American Colonies. I have often wished that we could have for
+Canada some such publication as Lossing's Field Book of the Revolution,
+to preserve for the eye, by woodcuts worked into the text, sketches and
+plans of historic places and buildings as they were in their primitive
+state--objects which, in a country like this, from the perishing nature
+of materials in many instances, from the levelling of streets,
+straightening of roads, railway excavations, esplanades, building and
+other processes and causes, are being so rapidly obliterated.
+
+"As you invite information in regard to early settlers generally, I have
+thought it simply a duty to send some memoranda--which I hope may be
+deemed not unworthy of use--respecting my father, whom I have supposed
+you might, perhaps, find an occasion of noticing in connection with a
+mention of Whitby, in a note or otherwise.
+
+"I am, dear Sir,
+
+"Very truly yours,
+
+"H. SCADDING."
+
+"The Rev. Dr. Ryerson."
+
+"This town was, at its commencement, about the year 1819, named Windsor,
+by its projector, Mr. John Scadding, the original grantee of a thousand
+acres in this locality. On a natural harbour of Lake Ontario, popularly
+known as 'Big Bay,' Mr. S. laid out the town, built the first house, and
+named the streets, three of them, after his three sons--John, Charles,
+and Henry. The appellation 'Windsor' had no reference to the
+world-renowned royal residence, but to a very humble property so
+designated, once possessed by Mr. S. in the parish of Luppitt, in
+Devonshire, from which neighbourhood, viz., Dunkeswell, he first
+emigrated to Upper Canada in 1793. Before this transplantation, his
+family, with numerous kith and kin, had had their home in these old
+Wessex regions for many a generation. Local registries, tombstones, and
+other records constantly exhibit the name, which will also be found in
+the minute Ordnance maps of England, attached to a small hamlet in the
+vicinity of Wellington, in the closely adjoining county of Somerset.
+Through the instrumentality of Governor Simcoe, to whom he was
+personally and in the most friendly manner known in Devonshire before
+his emigration, Mr. S. was also the owner and first cultivator of a
+section of land watered through its whole length by the River Don, from
+the second concession to the lake's edge, in the township of York. It
+was while putting off trespassers on a portion of this last-mentioned
+property, which is now to a great extent included within the limits of
+the city of Toronto, but which was at the time, for the most part, in
+its primitive natural state, that he was, at the age of seventy,
+unfortunately killed by the falling of a tree in 1824. His widow, Mrs.
+Melicent Scadding, survived until 1860, attaining the age of
+ninety-three years. In 1854, the town of Windsor was incorporated by the
+Act of Parliament 18 Vic., c. 28, on which occasion its name was changed
+to 'Whitby,' ambiguities and inconveniences having arisen from the
+existence of another Windsor on the Detroit river."
+
+_Loyalty and Sufferings of the Hon. John Munroe, of Fowlis._
+
+"Born in Scotland, in 1731; came to America in 1756; married in Albany
+Miss Brower, of Schenectady, in 1760; lived at Matilda, U.C., and died
+at Dickenson's Landing in October, 1800, aged sixty-nine.
+
+"During the revolutionary war he resided near Fort Bennington, where he
+possessed considerable property, which was confiscated by the United
+States' Government. He was captain in Sir John Johnston's regiment, and
+his son Hugh was a lieutenant. The appended certificates state his
+services, sufferings and merits."
+
+The above summary statement, and the following certificates, were
+enclosed to the writer of this history several years since by a son of
+Captain Munroe, who held several situations in Upper Canada, such as
+judge, sheriff, etc.
+
+_Brigadier-General Allen Maclean's Certificate._
+
+"I do hereby certify that the bearer hereof, Captain Munroe, was the
+first man that joined me at New York, on the 3rd of June, 1775, to take
+up arms in defence of his King and country, and that he was of infinite
+service to me at that time. That during the time I was engaged at Boston
+he remained in and about New York, till my return, when he gave me every
+information in respect to the danger of my being taken prisoner; in
+consequence of which I divested myself of every military appearance, and
+secured my papers, etc., on board the _Asia_ man-of-war, and at the risk
+of his life he conducted me upwards of 200 miles through the province of
+New York to a gentleman's house near Schenectady, whose son conducted me
+up the Mohawk river, on my journey to Canada by way of Oswego, the
+communication on all other places being shut up. I do also certify that
+Captain Munroe did engage a great number of men to serve his Majesty
+against the rebels, and that an information was lodged against him on
+that account, and was taken up and tried; that though many of the men
+were never able to join the King's troops in Canada, yet numbers joined
+Sir John Johnston's regiment, and others joined the 84th, under my
+command; and that in defiance of all the hardships, difficulties, and
+dangers he was exposed to, he has ever adhered to the same loyal
+principles, notwithstanding he was eighteen months a close prisoner,
+mostly in irons; that he made his escape from prison in Albany; was
+unfortunately retaken and confined at Esopsus, on the Hudson river, and
+would infallibly have been hanged (his sentence having been pronounced)
+had he not made his escape; that I am acquainted with Mrs. Munroe and
+her family of eight children, which has hitherto been brought up in a
+genteel sphere of life; and that I always understood Captain Munroe to
+be a gentleman of considerable property in the province of New York, and
+as an officer always behaved with becoming spirit and resolution.
+
+"ALLEN MACLEAN,
+
+"Late Brigadier-General in Canada."
+
+_Captain Duncan Campbell's Certificate, Late of the 84th Regiment._
+
+"I do hereby certify, that I have been well acquainted with Captain John
+Munroe, late of the King's Regiment, of New York, for many years, while
+he followed the mercantile way of business in America's last war, and
+ever since; that he always bore the character of an honest and
+respectable gentleman amongst his numerous acquaintances. I also knew
+him to be a zealous friend to the interest of his King and country, and
+that he and his family have suffered the greatest cruelties by the
+rebels, and the loss of all his property. I also know that he laid a
+permanent foundation for his family in the province of New York by his
+indefatigable industry; that I have been different times at his last
+place of abode, where I have seen most part of the improvements he had
+made, though at that time in a manner beginning, where he had an
+excellent dwelling-house, a saw and grist mills, with other
+improvements.
+
+"That I know him to have a very large family, and a thriving and growing
+property in the county of Albany, and province of New York.
+
+"DUNCAN CAMPBELL,
+
+"Late Captain of the 84th Regiment.
+
+"No. 8 Fley Market, St. James."
+
+_General Tryon's Certificate._
+
+"I do certify that I know Captain Munroe, during the time that I was
+Governor of the Province of New York, to be an active magistrate; that
+in the year 1776, at the period I was on board the _Duchess of Gordon_,
+he came from his place of abode, two hundred miles through the rebel
+posts, on the Hudson river, and with difficulty got on board, when he
+informed me of several particulars relative to the situation of the
+rebel armies, and the preparations they were making for defence in the
+highlands.
+
+"He also communicated to me his distress for want of money to pay the
+recruits he had engaged for General Maclean's regiment, on which I
+advanced him such a sum as he thought he could carry with safety. About
+that time a packet arrived from England, which brought dispatches for
+the Bishop of Quebec. These I requested he would take charge of, and
+forward them with diligence and secrecy. To facilitate this business, I
+offered him fifty pounds to defray the expense thereof. He took charge
+of the dispatches, which I heard were safely delivered, though he
+declined accepting the fifty pounds. Such conduct, and his indefatigable
+diligence to forward his Majesty's service, merits the attention of
+Government, particularly as he has lost his property and suffered
+imprisonment in the royal cause.
+
+"WM. TRYON,
+
+"Upper Grosvenor St., 14th February, 1785."
+
+
+SUFFERINGS OF THE U.E. LOYALISTS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY
+WAR--VINDICATION OF THEIR CHARACTER--THEIR PRIVATIONS AND SETTLEMENT IN
+CANADA.
+
+_A Letter from the late Mrs. Elizabeth Bowman Spohn, of Ancaster, County
+of Wentworth, dated July 3rd, 1861, together with an Introductory Letter
+by the Writer of this History, dated February 15, 1875._
+
+"_To the Editor of the Christian Guardian._
+
+"MY DEAR SIR,--
+
+"At the request of the family, I have prepared, and I send you herewith,
+a brief obituary notice of Mrs. Elizabeth Bowman Spohn, only child of
+the honoured and widely-known late Peter and Elizabeth Bowman, near the
+village of Ancaster, in the county of Wentworth.
+
+"I here subjoin for publication a remarkable letter which I received
+from Mrs. Spohn in 1861, in answer to a circular which I sent out to the
+United Empire Loyalists of Canada and their descendants, to procure
+information and testimonies from themselves as to their early history
+and settlement in this country.
+
+"I had long been impressed with the injustice done to the character and
+acts of our Canadian forefathers by the partial and often unfounded
+statements of American historians and utter neglect of English
+historians. I had, in accordance with my own strong convictions and in
+compliance with many solicitations, determined to attempt an act of
+justice and gratitude to that noble generation of men and women. I have
+been favoured with a large number of letters similar to that which
+follows, and which will form an interesting Appendix of information and
+testimony to any history which may be written of them. I have not been
+able to complete my task; but if my life and strength be spared, and if
+I can be released from official labours which weigh so heavily upon my
+time and strength, I shall be able to complete what I have undertaken
+and long prosecuted, namely, contribute something to settle many
+unsettled and disputed facts of American and Canadian history, and to
+do, at least, a modicum of justice to a Canadian ancestry whose heroic
+deeds and unswerving Christian patriotism form a patent of nobility more
+to be valued by their descendants than the coronets of many modern
+noblemen.
+
+"The following letter is founded on the testimony of those who were
+incapable of knowingly perverting the truth in any particular, and tends
+to prove and illustrate, by its artless statements, the true
+disinterested loyalty and Christian patriotism of those who adhered to
+British connection in the American revolution; their cruel treatment
+from the professed friends of liberty; their privations, sufferings,
+courage, and industry in settling this country; or who, as it is
+beautifully expressed in the following letter, 'with their hoes planted
+the germ of its future greatness.'
+
+"Yours very faithfully,
+
+"E. RYERSON.
+
+"Toronto, February 15, 1875."
+
+"ANCASTER, July 23rd, 1861.
+
+"REV. AND DEAR SIR,--
+
+"I have long wished some person would give the world a true history of
+that much-traduced and suffering people, the U.E. Loyalists; and I
+assure you that when your circular came I was greatly rejoiced to learn
+that they would at least get justice from such an able source as
+yourself; and if the plain narrative of the sufferings of my forefathers
+will assist you in the least in your arduous and praiseworthy
+undertaking, I will be exceedingly gratified.
+
+"My great-grandfather emigrated from Germany in the reign of Queen Anne.
+He settled near the Mohawk river, at a creek that still bears his name
+(Bowman's Creek). My grandfather, Jacob Bowman, joined the British army
+in the French war; at the conclusion of peace he was awarded 1,500
+acres of land on the Susquehanna river, where he made improvements until
+the revolutionary war broke out. The delicate state of my grandmother
+obliged him to remain at home, while nearly all that remained firm to
+their allegiance left for the British army.
+
+"He was surprised at night, while his wife was sick, by a party of
+rebels, and with his eldest son, a lad of sixteen years of age, was
+taken prisoner; his house pillaged of every article except the bed on
+which his sick wife lay, and that they stripped of all but one blanket.
+Half an hour after my grandfather was marched off, his youngest child
+was born. This was in November. There my grandmother was, with an infant
+babe and six children, at the commencement of winter, without any
+provisions, and only one blanket in the house. Their cattle and grain
+were all taken away.
+
+"My father, Peter Bowman, the eldest son at home, was only eleven years
+old. As the pillage was at night, he had neither coat nor shoes; he had
+to cut and draw his firewood half a mile on a hand-sleigh to keep his
+sick mother from freezing; this he did barefooted. The whole family
+would have perished had it not been for some friendly Indians that
+brought them provisions. One gave my father a blanket, coat and a pair
+of mocassins. A kind squaw doctored my grandmother, but she suffered so
+much through want and anxiety that it was not until spring that she was
+able to do anything. She then took her children and went to the Mohawk
+river, where they planted corn and potatoes; and in the fall the
+commander of the British forces at Niagara, hearing of their destitute
+situation, sent a party with some Indians to bring them in. They brought
+in five families: the Nellises, Secords, Youngs, Bucks, and our own
+family (Bowman), five women and thirty-one children, and only one pair
+of shoes among them all. They arrived at Fort George on the 3rd of
+November, 1776; from there they were sent first to Montreal, and then to
+Quebec, where the Government took care of them--that is, gave them
+_something to eat_ and barracks to sleep in. My grandmother was exposed
+to cold and damp so much that she took the rheumatism, and never
+recovered.
+
+"In the spring of 1777 my father joined Butler's Rangers, and was with
+Colonel Butler in all his campaigns. His brother, only nine years old,
+went as a fifer.
+
+"But to return to my grandfather, Jacob Bowman: his captors took him and
+his son to Philadelphia, where he was confined in jail eighteen months.
+An exchange of prisoners then took place, and they were sent to New
+York; from there he, with his son and Philip Buck, started for their
+homes, not knowing that these homes they never would see again, and that
+their families were far away in the wilds of Canada. The third evening
+after they started for their homes, they came to a pond, and shot some
+ducks for their supper. The report of their guns was heard by some
+American scouts, who concealed themselves until our poor fellows were
+asleep, when they came stealthily up and fired. Six shots took effect on
+my uncle, as he lay with his hat over his ear. Five balls went through
+it, and one through his thigh. My grandfather and Buck lay on the
+opposite side of the fire. They sprang into the bushes, but when they
+heard the groans of my uncle, grandfather returned and gave himself up.
+Buck made his escape. They then marched off, carrying the wounded boy
+with them.
+
+"They were taken to the nearest American station, where grandfather was
+allowed the privilege of taking care of his wounded son. As he began to
+recover, grandfather was again ordered to abjure the British Government,
+which he steadfastly refused to do. He was then taken to Lancaster jail,
+with Mr. Hoover. They were there fastened together by a band of iron
+around their arms, and a chain with three links around their ankles, the
+weight of which was ninety-six pounds; and then fastened by a ring and
+staple to the floor. In that condition they remained either three years
+and a half or four years and a half, until the flesh was worn away and
+the bones laid bare four inches.
+
+"Men, women, and children all went to work, clearing land. There were
+none to make improvements in Canada then but the U.E. Loyalists, and
+they, _with their hoes, planted the germ of its future greatness_. About
+this time, my father with his brother returned from the army; they
+helped their father two years, and then took up land for themselves near
+Fort Erie.
+
+"My father married the daughter of a Loyalist from Hudson, North River
+(Mr. Frederick Lampman); he was too old to serve in the war, but his
+four sons and two sons in-law did. They were greatly harassed, but they
+hid in the cellars and bushes for three months, the rebels hunting them
+night and day. At length an opportunity offered, and they made their
+escape to Long Island, where they joined the British army. One of his
+sons, Wilhelmus Lampman, returning home to see his family, was caught by
+the rebels within a short distance of his father's house, and _hanged_,
+because, as they said, he was a Tory.
+
+"At the restoration of peace, the whole family came to Canada. They
+brought their horses and cattle with them, which helped to supply the
+new country. They settled in the township of Stamford, where their
+descendants are yet.
+
+"My father settled on his land near the fort; he drew an axe and a hoe
+from Government. He bought a yoke of yearling steers; this was the
+amount of his farming utensils. Mother had a cow, bed, six plates, three
+knives, and a few other articles. It was the scarce year, on account of
+the rush of Loyalists from the States, who had heard that Canada was a
+good country, where they could live under their own loved institutions,
+and enjoy the protection of England.
+
+"The amount of grain that the U.E. Loyalists had raised was hardly
+sufficient for themselves; still they divided with the new comers, as
+all were alike destitute. After planting corn and potatoes, they had
+nothing left. My father cleared two acres, on which he planted corn,
+potatoes, oats, and flax; his calves were not able to work, and he had
+to carry all the rails on his shoulders until the skin was worn off them
+both. This was the way he made his first fence. In the beginning of May
+[1789], their provisions failed; none to be had: Government promised
+assistance, still none came. All eyes turned toward their harvest, which
+was more than three months away; their only resource was the leaves of
+trees. Some hunted ground nuts; many lived on herbs; those that were
+near the river, on fish. My father used to work until near sun-down,
+then walk three miles to the river, get light wood, fish all night, in
+the morning divide the fish, carry his share home on his back, which
+they ate without bread or salt. This he did twice a week, until the
+middle of June, when the moss became so thick in the river that they
+could not see a fish; still they worked on, and hoped on every day. My
+father chopped the logs and they had milk for their breakfast, then
+went to work until noon; took their dinner on milk; to work again till
+night, and supped on milk. I have frequently heard my mother say she
+never was discouraged or discontented; thankful they were that they
+could eat their morsel in peace.
+
+"Their only crime was loyalty to the Government which they had sworn
+fealty to. The God of Heaven saw all this, and the sword of vengeance is
+now, in 1861, drawn over the American people (now they know how to
+appreciate loyalty), and will perhaps never be sheathed again until they
+make some restitution for the unheard-of cruelties they inflicted upon
+those most brave and loyal people.
+
+"At the close of the war they were liberated. Grandfather was sent to
+the hospital for nearly a year, but his leg never got entirely well. As
+soon as he was able to walk, he sent for his family (it had been eight
+years since he saw them): they had suffered everything but death. Coming
+in the boats from Quebec, they got out of provisions and were near
+starving. He never had his family all together again. He drew land near
+the Falls of Niagara, where he went to work in the woods, broken down
+with suffering, worn out with age; his property destroyed, his land
+confiscated, and his family scattered; without money or means, and worse
+than all, without provisions. Still, to work they went with willing
+hands and cheerful hearts, and often did he say he never felt inclined
+to murmur. He had done his duty to God and his country; his own and his
+family's sufferings he could not help. Theirs was not a solitary case;
+all the Loyalists suffered. The Government found seed to plant and sow
+the first year; they gave them axes and hoes, and promised them
+provisions. How far that promise was fulfilled, you well know; they got
+very little; they soon found that they had to provide for themselves.
+
+"As soon as the wheat was large enough to rub out, they boiled it, which
+to them was a great treat. Providence favoured them with an early
+harvest; their sufferings were over, and not one had starved to death.
+They now had enough, and they were thankful. Heaven smiled, and in a few
+years they had an abundance for themselves and others.
+
+"I have no memorandum to refer to. I have just related the tale I have
+often heard my parents tell, without any exaggeration, but with many
+omissions. I have not told you about my father's sufferings in the army,
+when, upon an expedition near Little Miamac, he and some others were
+left to carry the wounded. They got out of provisions: went three days
+without anything to eat, except one pigeon between nine. I will give you
+his own words. He says: 'The first day we came to where an Indian's old
+pack-horse had mired in the mud; it had lain there ten days in the heat
+of summer; the smell was dreadful; still some of our men cut out slices,
+roasted and ate it; I was not hungry enough. The next day I shot a
+pigeon, which made a dinner for nine; after that we found the skin of a
+deer, from the knee to the hoof. This we divided and ate. I would
+willingly, had I possessed it, have given my hat full of gold for a
+piece of bread as large as my hand. Often did I think of the milk and
+swill I had seen left in my father's _hog-trough_, and thought if I only
+had that I would be satisfied.'
+
+"Such were some of the sufferings of my forefathers for supremacy. They
+have gone to their reward. Peace to their ashes!
+
+"Yours, respectfully,
+
+"Dr. E. Ryerson." "ELIZABETH BOWMAN SPOHN."
+
+"P.S.--One thing more I must add: My father always said there never was
+any cruelty inflicted upon either man, woman or child by Butler's
+Rangers, that he ever heard of, during the war. They did everything in
+their power to get the Indians to bring their prisoners in for
+redemption, and urged them to treat them kindly; the officers always
+telling them that it was more brave to take a prisoner than to kill him,
+and that none but a coward would kill a prisoner; that brave soldiers
+were always kind to women and children. He said it was false that they
+gave a bounty for scalps. True, the Indians did commit cruelties, but
+they were not countenanced in the least by the whites. E.S."
+
+"N.B.--To this last statement of Mrs. Spohn's it may be added that it is
+also true that the Indians were first employed by the Revolutionists
+against the Loyalists, before they were employed by the latter against
+the former. The attempt to enlist the Indians in the contest was first
+made by the Revolutionists. Of this the most conclusive evidence can be
+adduced.
+
+"E.R."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 139: This must be the grandfather of General W. Fenwick
+Williams, of Kars.]
+
+[Footnote 140: Dr. Canniff, in his excellent "History of the Settlement
+of Upper Canada," with special reference to Bay Quinte, has the
+following respecting Colonel Ryerson, who commanded a company and was
+called captain, though not yet gazetted:
+
+"One of Captain Joseph Ryerson's old comrades, Peter Redner, of the Bay
+Quinte, says: 'He was a man of daring intrepidity, and a great favourite
+in his company.' He represented Captain Ryerson as one of the most
+determined men he ever knew. With the service of his country uppermost
+in his mind, he often exposed himself to great danger to accomplish his
+desires." (p. 119.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLII.
+
+GOVERNMENTS OF THE BRITISH PROVINCES--NOVA SCOTIA.
+
+
+To the painful narrative given of the banishment of the Loyalists, and
+confiscation of their property, at the close of the revolutionary war,
+and their settlement in the British provinces of Nova Scotia, New
+Brunswick, Lower and Upper Canada, so fully detailed in the preceding
+pages, it is proper to add some account of the Provincial Governments.
+
+_Nova Scotia_ is the oldest of the present British American Provinces.
+This territory had the general appellation of New France, or Acadia, and
+comprehended, until 1784, New Brunswick and Cape Breton. It was
+originally regarded as a part of Cabot's discovery of Terra Nova, and as
+such claimed by the English Government, and was afterwards comprehended
+within the boundary of a large portion of America, called North
+Virginia. In the wars between France and England this country changed
+masters several times; but in 1710 Nova Scotia was again re-conquered by
+the forces of her Britannic Majesty Queen Anne, sent from New England,
+under the command of General Nicholson; and by the Treaty of Utrecht, in
+1712, it was finally ceded and secured to Great Britain, and has ever
+since continued in her possession.[141]
+
+"There were originally three sorts of government established by the
+English on the continent of America: Charter Governments, such as those
+of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; Proprietary
+Governments, as Pennsylvania and Maryland; and Royal Government, as
+Nova Scotia. A Royal Government is immediately dependent upon the Crown,
+and the King appoints the Governor and officers of State, and the people
+only elect the representatives, as in England."[142]
+
+"Peace was declared between France and England the 8th of November,
+1762; and by the treaty which followed, all the French possessions in
+Canada, with Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and the islands in the Gulf of
+the St. Lawrence, were ceded to Great Britain. In the year 1764, the
+Island of St. John, named Prince Edward Island in 1799, in honour of the
+Duke of Kent, was annexed to Nova Scotia.
+
+"Of Acadia, and accordingly of Nova Scotia, during its early government
+by the English, the province now known as New Brunswick formed a part,
+and to the colony was added, in 1758, the Island of Cape Breton, then
+finally taken from the French. In the same year the military rule which
+had prevailed was exchanged for a regular Constitution, in which a
+Governor, representing the British Crown, presided over a Legislative
+Council and a House of Assembly modelled to some extent from the two
+estates of the English Parliament."[143]
+
+The first Assembly of Nova Scotia met on the 7th of October, 1758, at
+Halifax, and elected Robert Sanderson as Speaker. A number of laws
+passed by the Governor and Council were passed with slight alterations;
+and the Assembly, on the question being put whether any money should be
+paid them for their services, unanimously resolved that the members
+should serve without any remuneration that session. (This was repealed
+by the members of the next elected Assembly.) The usual Speech from the
+Throne was made, and a complimentary address was moved in reply; and the
+Governor and his new Assembly got on better together than he had
+expected.[144]
+
+"On October 19th, 1760, Governor Lawrence died from inflammation of the
+lungs, brought on by a cold taken at a ball at the Government House. He
+was deeply mourned by the colony, and his loss was severely felt. He was
+accorded a public funeral, and the Legislature caused a monument to be
+erected to his memory in St. Paul's Church, Halifax, as a mark of their
+sense of the many important services he had rendered the province. He
+was a wise and impartial administrator, and zealous and indefatigable in
+his endeavours for the public good; even his opposition to calling a
+General Assembly made him few enemies, and his strongest opponent in the
+matter, Chief Justice Belcher, who succeeded him in the administration,
+remained on good terms with him."[145]
+
+In the same month that Governor Lawrence died, occurred the death of
+George the Second, in consequence of which the first House of Assembly
+of Nova Scotia was dissolved, and a new election, with some changes in
+the electoral districts, took place. The first meeting of the new
+Assembly was held the 1st of July, 1761, and the members of the House
+again agreed to give their services gratuitously. From the death of
+Governor Lawrence to the close of the American Revolution in 1783, there
+were ten governors and lieutenant-governors of Nova Scotia, under whose
+administration the colony was quiet and prosperous, though there was
+little increase in the population (until the influx of the U.E.
+Loyalists), and domestic manufactures were discouraged in the interests
+of English manufacturers.[146]
+
+Down to the year 1783, at the close of the American revolutionary war,
+the population of Nova Scotia amounted to only a few thousand; but in
+the following year, by the forced exodus of the Loyalists from the
+United States, the population more than doubled. "Even before
+hostilities began, a number of loyal families emigrated from Boston, and
+settled on the River St. John, founding the town of Parrtown, now St
+John, N.B. They found the climate and soil both much better than they
+had expected; and the colony soon began to thrive apace. Settlements
+were made at Oromocto, where a fort was built, and one bold explorer
+penetrated as far as the present site of Fredericton, and cleared a farm
+there for himself. These emigrants numbered about 500, and the district
+they settled in was made the county of Sunbury. This, however, was only
+the advance guard of the immense army of emigrants which was to be
+attracted to the colony at the close of the war, and which was destined
+to play so important a part in the history of the Maritime Province. The
+exodus of the Loyalists from New England commenced immediately after the
+opening of negotiations for peace in November, 1782; for so bitter was
+the action of the different State Legislatures against them that Sir Guy
+Carleton (afterwards Lord Dorchester) could not await the action of
+Parliament, but took upon himself to commence their removal to Nova
+Scotia. On the 18th of May, 1783, the ships bearing the first instalment
+of Loyalist emigrants arrived at Navy Island, and during the summer they
+continued to arrive, until about 5,000 had settled between Parrtown (St.
+John) and St. Anne's. The peninsula now occupied by the city of St. John
+was then almost a wilderness, covered with shrubs, scrubby spruce, and
+marsh. Large numbers of emigrants also arrived at Annapolis, Port
+Roseway, and other points; and Governor Parr, in a letter to Lord North
+in September, 1783, estimates the whole number that had arrived in Nova
+Scotia and the island of St. John (Prince Edward's Island) at 13,000.
+
+"These emigrants included all classes--disbanded soldiers, lawyers,
+clergymen, merchants, farmers, and mechanics; all in indigent
+circumstances, but willing to build up their own fortunes, and those of
+the land of their adoption, by honest labour and industry."[147]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 141: General Description of Nova Scotia. Printed at the Royal
+Canadian School, 1825, p. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 142: General Description of Nova Scotia, p. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 143: Bourne's Our Colonies and Emigration, pp. 100, 101.
+
+"The proclamation inviting emigrants to Nova Scotia _guaranteed them the
+same form of government and rights as the other colonies_; but owing to
+alleged difficulties in the way of electing an Assembly, no Assembly was
+chosen, and laws were made and the affairs of the colony were
+administered by the Governor and Council, until Chief Justice Belcher
+raised the question in 1755, in a letter to the Lords of Trade, as to
+the constitutionality of several laws passed by the Governor and Council
+without the endorsement of a representative Assembly. The question was
+referred to the Attorney and Solicitor-General of England, who decided
+that the Governor and Council alone had not the right to make laws, and
+that any laws so made were unconstitutional. The Lords of Trade
+_advised_ the Governor (Lawrence) to convene an Assembly without delay,
+but he objected to it as needless and impracticable; when the Lord of
+Trade replied sharply, that he knew their desires on the subject; and as
+he did not seem disposed to gratify them, they were obliged to _order
+him to do so_; adding, that they knew that many had left the province
+and gone to other colonies on account of the discontent at the delay of
+calling an Assembly."
+
+In obedience to these instructions, Governor Lawrence brought the
+subject before his Council the 20th of May, 1758, and a resolution
+(prepared by Chief Justice Belcher the year before) was passed, to the
+effect "That a House of Representatives of the inhabitants of this
+province be a civil Legislature thereof, in conjunction with the
+Governor for the time being, and the Council; that the first House shall
+be known as the General Assembly, and shall consist of sixteen members,
+to be elected by the province at large--four by the township of Halifax,
+and two by the township of Lunenburg; and that as soon as any other
+township which might be erected had fifty electors (freeholders), it
+should be entitled to elect two representatives to the Assembly, as well
+as having the right of voting for representatives for the Province at
+large. Eleven members besides the Speaker were to form a quorum."
+(Tuttle's History of the Dominion of Canada, Chap, li., pp. 238, 239.)]
+
+[Footnote 144: _Ib._, p. 239.
+
+"Lawrence was an active and able officer, and paid great attention to
+developing the resources of the province and promoting the welfare of
+the people. He opposed the Government scheme of making the colony a
+military settlement, and was permitted to invite a more desirable class
+of emigrants, farmers, mechanics, etc. A proclamation was issued, and
+inquiry soon followed as to the inducements offered to settlers. The
+terms were liberal. The townships were laid out at twelve miles square,
+or one hundred thousand acres each; and each settler was entitled to one
+hundred acres for himself, and fifty acres for every member of his
+family, on condition that he cultivated the land within thirty years;
+and each township was to have the right to send two members to the
+Legislature as soon as it contained fifty families. Agents from parties
+in Connecticut and Rhode Island visited Halifax in 1759, with a view to
+emigration, and selected Minas, Chignecto, and Cobequid, which had
+formerly been settled by the Acadians, as sites for townships.
+Emigration soon set in steadily towards the province; six vessels, with
+two hundred settlers, arrived from Boston; four schooners, with one
+hundred, came from Rhode Island; New London and Plymouth furnished two
+hundred and eighty; and three hundred came from Ireland, under the
+management of Alexander McNutt."--_Ib._]
+
+[Footnote 145: Tuttle's History of the Dominion of Canada, Chap, li., p.
+239.]
+
+[Footnote 146: Governor Francklin wrote to the Earl of Shelburne, in
+1766, that "The country, in general, work up for their own use, into
+stockings and a stuff called home-spun, what little wool their few sheep
+produce; and they also make part of their coarse linen from the flax
+they produce."--"I cannot omit representing to your lordship on this
+occasion, _that this Government has at no time given encouragement to
+manufactures which could interfere with those of Great Britain_, nor has
+there been the least appearance of any association of private persons
+for that purpose."--"It may be also proper to observe to your lordship,
+that all the inhabitants in this colony are employed either in
+husbandry, fishing, or providing lumber; and that all the manufactures
+for their clothing, and the utensils for farming and fishing, are made
+in Great Britain." (Tuttle, Chap. lxvi, p. 325.)]
+
+[Footnote 147: Tuttle's History of the Dominion of Canada, Chap. lxvi.,
+p. 327.
+
+"The Loyalists who settled at the St. John River did not agree very well
+with the original settlers. They grew angry with the Governor because
+their grants of land had not been surveyed. He in turn charged them with
+refusing to assist in the surveys, by acting as chainmen, unless they
+were well paid for it. Then they demanded additional representation in
+the Assembly. Nova Scotia was then divided into eight counties, and
+there were thirty-six representatives in the Assembly, the districts
+where a number of Loyalists had settled being included in the county of
+Halifax. Governor Parr opposed an increase of representation, as his
+instructions forbade his increasing or diminishing the number of
+representatives in the Assembly.
+
+"The Loyalists then began to agitate for a division of the province--a
+policy which was strongly opposed by the Governor, and which gave rise
+to much excitement and ill-feeling. Parr went so far as to remove some
+of the Loyalists to the other side of the Bay of Fundy, in the hope that
+that would settle the agitation; but it only increased it, and the
+Loyalists, who had many warm and influential friends at court, urged a
+division so earnestly that the Ministry yielded to their wishes, and the
+Province of New Brunswick was created (in 1784), so called out of
+compliment to the reigning family of England. The River Missiquash was
+constituted the boundary line between the two provinces, and the
+separation took place in the fall of 1784, and the first Governor of New
+Brunswick, Colonel Thomas Carleton (brother of Lord Dorchester), arrived
+at St. John on the 21st of November. In the same year Cape Breton was
+made a separate colony[148]; and as the Island of St. John (Prince
+Edward Island) had been separated from Nova Scotia in 1770, there were
+now four separate governments in what at present constitute the Maritime
+Provinces." (Tuttle's History of the Dominion of Canada, Chap. lxvi.,
+pp. 328, 329.)]
+
+[Footnote 148: In 1829, Cape Breton was restored to Nova Scotia, of
+which it now forms a part.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIII.
+
+NEW BRUNSWICK.
+
+
+The population of New Brunswick at the time of its separation from Nova
+Scotia, in 1784, was about 12,000. The governments of both provinces
+were similarly constituted--a Governor, an Executive and Legislative
+Council, members of the latter appointed by the Crown for life, and an
+Assembly or House of Commons, elected periodically by the freeholders:
+and both provinces were prosperous and contented for many years under
+successive governors, who seemed to have ruled impartially, and for the
+best interests of the people, though with narrower views of free
+government than those which obtained at a later period. The Loyalists
+not only obtained the establishment of New Brunswick as a province, but
+constituted the principal members of its Legislature, the officers of
+its government, and founders of its institutions; and the chief public
+men of the province have been from that day to this either U.E.
+Loyalists or their descendants.
+
+Mr. Andrew Archer, in his excellent _History of Canada for the Use of
+Schools_, prescribed by the Board of Education for New Brunswick, gives
+the following account of the formation of the government of that
+province, and its founders:
+
+"On Sunday, the 21st of November, 1784, Colonel _Thomas Carleton_
+(brother to Sir _Guy Carleton_), the first Governor of New Brunswick,
+arrived in St. John harbour and landed at Reed's Point. He had commanded
+a regiment during the revolutionary war, and was much esteemed by his
+Majesty's exiled Loyalists. The province was formally proclaimed the
+next day.
+
+"The government of New Brunswick consisted of a Governor and a Council
+that united both executive and legislative functions, and a House of
+Assembly of twenty-six representatives. The Council was composed of
+twelve members. They were men of great talent, and had occupied before
+the war positions of influence in their native States. Chief Justice
+_Ludlow_ had been a judge of the Supreme Court of New York; _James
+Putman_ was considered one of the ablest lawyers in all America; the
+Rev. and Hon. _Jonathan Odell_, first Provincial Secretary, had acted as
+chaplain in the Royal army, practised physic and written political
+poetry; Judge _Joshua Upham_, a graduate of Harvard, abandoned the Bar
+during the war, and became a colonel of dragoons; Judge _Israel Allen_
+had been colonel of a New Jersey Volunteer corps, and lost an estate in
+Pennsylvania through his devotion to the Loyalist cause; Judge _Edward
+Winslow_, nephew of Colonel _John Winslow_, who executed the decree that
+expelled the Acadians from Nova Scotia, had attained the rank of colonel
+in the Royal army; _Beverley Robinson_ had raised and commanded the
+Loyal American Regiment, and had lost great estates on Hudson river;
+_Gabriel G. Ludlow_ had commanded a battalion of Maryland Volunteers;
+_Daniel Bliss_ had been a commissary of the Royal army; _Elijah Willard_
+had taken no active part in the war; _William Hagen_ and _Guildford
+Studholme_ were settled in the province before the landing of the
+Loyalists; Judge _John Saunders_, of a cavalier family in Virginia, had
+been captain in the Queen's Rangers, under Colonel Simcoe, and had
+afterwards entered the Temple and studied law in London. He was
+appointed to the Council after the death of Judge Putman. The government
+of the young province was governed with very few changes for several
+years.
+
+"The town and district of Parr was incorporated in 1785, and became the
+city of _St. John_. It was the first, and long continued to be the only
+incorporated town in British America. It was governed by a mayor and a
+board of six aldermen and six assistants. The first two sessions of the
+General Assembly (1786-87) met in St. John. On meeting the Legislature
+at its first session, Governor Carleton expressed his satisfaction at
+seeing the endeavours of his Majesty to procure for the inhabitants the
+protection of a free government in so fair a way of being finally
+successful. He spoke of the peculiar munificence which had been
+extended to New Brunswick--the asylum of loyalty--and all the
+neighbouring States; and expressed his conviction that the people could
+not show their gratitude in a more becoming manner than by promoting
+sobriety, industry, and religion; by discouraging all factious and party
+distinctions, and by inculcating the utmost harmony between the
+newly-arrived Loyalists and the subjects formerly settled in the
+province.
+
+"Two years afterwards (1788), the seat of government was removed to St.
+Anne's Point, Fredericton, which was considered the most central
+position in the province. It is said that Fredericton was chosen to be
+the seat of government because Albany, the seat of the Legislature of
+New York (from which State the great body of the Loyalists came), is
+situated many miles up the River Hudson, and is thus removed from the
+distracting bustle, the factious and corrupting influences of the great
+commercial metropolis at its mouth."[149]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 149: Chap. xxvi., pp. 260-262.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIV.
+
+PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
+
+
+_Prince Edward Island_ was first called by the French St. John's Island,
+on account of the day on which the French landed on it; but in 1799 its
+name was changed, and it was called Prince Edward's Island in honour of
+the Duke of Kent, (William Edward) afterward William IV. After the close
+of the American Revolution in 1783, a considerable number of the exiled
+Loyalists went to Prince Edward's Island and became merchants and
+cultivators of the soil.
+
+"In 1763 the island was incorporated with Nova Scotia; but in 1770 it
+was made a separate province, in fulfilment of a curious plan of
+civilization. It was parcelled out in sixty-seven townships, and these
+were distributed by lottery among the creditors of the English
+Government, each of whom was bound to lodge a settler on every lot of
+two hundred acres that fell to him. The experiment was not at first very
+successful, but gradually the shares passed from the original
+speculators to men who knew how to use the rich soil and usually healthy
+climate of the island."[150]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 150: Bourne's "Our Colonies and Emigration," Chap. viii., p.
+105.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLV.
+
+LOWER CANADA.
+
+
+_Lower Canada_ was first possessed by the French, and under the rule of
+France the government was purely despotic, though not cruel or harsh. On
+the conquest of Lower Canada in 1759, and its final ceding to England by
+the Treaty of Paris, 1763, a military government was instituted, which
+continued until 1774, when the famous "Quebec Act" was passed by the
+Imperial Parliament, known as the 14th George the Third, Chapter 83; or
+as "the Quebec Act"--it was introduced into the House of Lords on the
+2nd of May, 1774--"for Making more Efficient Provision for the Province
+of Quebec." By the provisions of this famous Act, the boundaries of the
+province of Quebec were extended from Labrador to the Mississippi,
+embracing in one province the territory of Canada, together with all the
+country north-west of the Ohio to the head of Lake Superior and the
+Mississippi, and consolidating all authority over this boundless region
+in the hands of a Governor and Council of not less than seventeen or
+more than twenty-three members, with power to pass ordinances for the
+peace, welfare, and good government of the province. At the close of the
+war between England and France by the Peace of Paris, 1763, English
+emigration was invited to Lower Canada, with the promise, by Royal
+Proclamation, of _representative government_, as in the other colonies.
+That promise, however, was not fulfilled by the Act of 1774; but the
+Catholics were not displeased that the promise of a Representative
+Assembly was not kept, as a Representative Assembly, to which none but
+Protestants could at that time be chosen, was less acceptable to them
+than the despotic rule of a Governor and Council nominated by the Crown.
+The Quebec Act authorized the Crown to confer places of honour and
+business upon Catholics. The owners of estates were further gratified by
+the restoration of the French system of law. The English emigrants might
+complain of the want of jury trials in civil processes, but the French
+Canadians were grateful for relief from statutes which they did not
+comprehend. The nobility of New France, who were accustomed to arms,
+were still further conciliated by the proposal to enrol Canadian
+battalions, in which they could hold commissions on equal terms with
+English officers. The great dependence of the Crown, however, was on the
+clergy. The capitulation of New France had guaranteed to them freedom of
+public worship, but the laws for their support were held to be no longer
+valid. By the Quebec Act they were confirmed in the possession of their
+ancient churches and their revenues; so that the Roman Catholic worship
+was as effectually established in Canada as the Presbyterian Church in
+Scotland.[151]
+
+This Act encountered very strong opposition both in England and America.
+The Mayor, Aldermen, and Council of the city of London presented a
+petition to the King against the Bill, praying his Majesty not to sign
+it. In that long and ably drawn up petition, occur the following words:
+
+"We beg leave to observe that the English law, and that wonderful effort
+of human wisdom, the trial by jury, are not admitted by this Bill in any
+civil cases, and the French law of Canada is imposed on all the
+inhabitants of that extensive province, by which both the persons and
+properties of very many of your Majesty's subjects are rendered insecure
+and precarious. We humbly conceive that this Bill, if passed into a law,
+will be contrary not only with the compact entered into with the various
+settlers of the Reformed religion, who were invited into the said
+province under the sacred promise of enjoying the benefit of the laws of
+your realm of England, but likewise repugnant to your Royal Proclamation
+of the 7th of October, 1763, for the speedy settlement of the said new
+government. * * That the whole legislative power of the province is
+vested in persons to be wholly appointed by your Majesty, and removable
+at your pleasure, which we apprehend to be repugnant to the leading
+principles of this free Constitution, by which alone your Majesty now
+holds, or legally can hold, the Imperial Crown of these realms."
+
+In the House of Commons the Bill was strongly opposed by Messrs. Fox,
+Burke, Townsend and others, chiefly on the ground of its
+unconstitutionality, and every effort was made to amend it, but without
+success. The Bill was finally passed by a vote of 56 to 20.
+
+In the House of Lords, the Bill was vehemently opposed by the Earl of
+Chatham, who protested against it "as a most cruel, oppressive, and
+odious measure, tearing up justice and every good principle by the
+roots," and "destructive of that liberty which ought to be the
+groundwork of every constitution." The Bill, however, passed the Lords
+by a vote of 26 to 7, and received the royal assent on the prorogation
+of Parliament, the 22nd of June, the King stating in regard to it that
+"it was founded on the clearest principles of justice and humanity, and
+would, he doubted not, have the best effect in quieting the minds and
+promoting the happiness of his Canadian subjects."
+
+The feeling against the Act was intense both in England and the
+colonies, regarding it as a type of Imperial legislation for the
+colonies. "The strongest excitement prevailed in England for some months
+after the passing of the Act; and the papers were filled with little
+else than letters and remarks upon it." The British Loyalist settlers in
+Canada were indignant, and meetings were held in Quebec and Montreal, at
+which strong resolutions were passed, and petitions unanimously signed
+to the King, Lords and Commons, praying for the repeal of the Act, and
+forwarded to England.
+
+"On the 17th of May, 1775, Lord Camden moved in the House of Lords for
+the repeal of the Act, but the motion was defeated by a vote of 88 to
+28." A similar motion by Sir George Saville, in the Commons, was
+likewise defeated by a vote of 174 to 86.[152] The feeling of the
+Loyalists throughout Canada was very strong against this Act; and its
+operations gave no satisfaction to any party.[153]
+
+From the prevalent dissatisfaction among all parties in Canada with the
+Quebec Act of 1774, the Imperial Government having, in 1788, sanctioned
+ordinances to restore the _Habeas Corpus_ Act, and the _trial by jury_
+in civil cases, and obtained full and minute information as to the
+internal state of Canada, a Bill was prepared and introduced into the
+House of Commons by Mr. Pitt, pursuant to a message from the King, on
+the 4th of March, 1791, establishing a representative government for
+Canada, after the model as far as possible of the British Constitution.
+This Act is sometimes called the "Grenville Act," having been chiefly
+prepared by Grenville, and conducted by him through the House of Lords;
+it is sometimes called the "Pitt Act," having been introduced and
+carried through the House of Commons by Pitt; but it is generally known
+in Canada as the Constitutional Act, 31 George III., Chapter 31--the Act
+which gave to Canada its first constitutional government, and under the
+provisions of which Canada was governed for fifty years, until the union
+of the two Canadas in 1841.
+
+Mr. Pitt in introducing his Bill stated "that the division of the
+province into Upper and Lower Canada, he hoped would put an end to the
+competition between the old French inhabitants and the new settlers from
+Britain and the British colonies. This division he trusted would be made
+in such a manner as to give each a majority in their own particular
+part; although it could not be expected to draw a complete line of
+separation. Any inconvenience, however, to be apprehended from ancient
+Canadians being included in the one or British settlers in the other,
+would be averted by a local Legislature to be established in each.
+
+"In imitation of the Constitution of the mother country, he would
+propose a Legislative Council and House of Assembly for each; the
+Assembly to be constituted in the usual manner, and the members of the
+Council to be for life; reserving to his Majesty to annex to certain
+honours an hereditary right of sitting in Council (a power never
+exercised). All laws and ordinances of the province to remain in force
+till altered by the new Legislature. The _Habeas Corpus_ Act was already
+law by an ordinance of the province, and was to be continued as a
+fundamental principle of the Constitution.
+
+"It was further meant to make a provision for a Protestant clergy in
+both divisions, by an allotment of lands in proportion to those already
+granted.
+
+"The tenures were to be settled in Lower Canada by the local
+Legislature. In Upper Canada, the settlers being chiefly British, the
+tenures were to be soccage tenures.
+
+"To prevent any such dispute as that which separated the thirteen
+colonies from the mother country, it was provided that the British
+Parliament should impose no taxes but such as might be necessary for the
+regulation of trade and commerce; and to guard against the abuse of this
+power, such taxes were to be levied and disposed of by the Legislature
+of each division."
+
+The Bill was opposed in the House of Commons by Mr. Fox and others, upon
+the grounds that it created two provinces and two Legislatures, and made
+the members of the Legislative Councils nominees of the Crown for life,
+instead of leaving their election to the people; but the Bill was
+supported by Edmund Burke, who, with Fox, had voted side by side against
+the Quebec Act of 1774, but who opposed each other on the Canada Bill of
+1791.[154]
+
+Mr. Pitt, in reply to the objection of Mr. Fox and others, stated among
+other things, "That the population of _Upper Canada_ amounted to only
+10,000 inhabitants, and that of _Lower Canada_ to not more than
+100,000."[155]
+
+With such preparation and explanations the Bill passed both Houses of
+Parliament and received the royal assent, conferring on Canada a new
+Constitution.
+
+This Act separated the province of Quebec into two provinces, _Upper_
+and _Lower Canada_, the division line between which was the River
+Ottawa.
+
+For each province a Legislature was established consisting of a
+_Governor_, a _Legislative Council_ and _House of Assembly_--in
+imitation of the Constitution of England; for the Governor was to
+represent the Sovereign, the Legislative Council the House of Lords, and
+the Assembly the House of Commons.
+
+The members of the Legislative Council were to be discreet persons,
+appointed by Royal authority for life; the members of the Assemblies
+were to be chosen by the people, once in four years, unless oftener
+called upon, by dissolution, to elect new members.
+
+The Act was to come in force not later than the 31st of December, 1791;
+and the date of meeting of the new Legislature was not to be later than
+the 31st December, 1792.
+
+Thus in fulfilment of a promise made in a Royal Proclamation in 1763,
+Canada obtained a _representative_ form of government in 1791.
+
+It has been seen that _the representative_ form of government was
+obtained both for _Nova Scotia_ and _New Brunswick_ by the
+representation and influence of the _United Empire Loyalists_; it was so
+in Canada. Thus are we indebted to the _United Empire Loyalists_ not
+only for our unity with the British empire, but for the original
+constitution of representative government which, with enlarged
+application, is the basis of that free government which now prevails
+throughout all the provinces of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+
+GOVERNMENT OF LOWER CANADA.
+
+In 1786, Lord Dorchester had been appointed Governor of Canada and
+Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in North America.[156] But he
+left for England in August, 1791, on a year's leave, and in his absence
+the administration of the Government was entrusted to the
+Lieutenant-Governor, General Alured Clarke, a retired British officer.
+The elections took place in June, 1792, and were in some instances
+warmly contested. Lower Canada had been divided into twenty-one
+counties, eighteen of which elected two members each, and three--the
+counties of Gaspe, Bedford, and Orleans--returned one member each; the
+cities of Quebec and Montreal were each represented by four members, and
+Three Rivers by two. Of the fifty members elected to the first House of
+Assembly, fifteen were of British origin, and thirty-five were of French
+origin.[157]
+
+The Legislative Council consisted of fifteen members.
+
+On the 30th of October, the Provincial Parliament was commanded to meet
+at Quebec the 17th of December, 1792, for the actual despatch of
+business. On the meeting of the Legislative Council that day, the Hon.
+Chief Justice William Smith was appointed Speaker. The House of Assembly
+did not agree upon the election of Speaker on the first day--the French
+and English-speaking members advocating respectively the election of a
+Speaker of their own language; but at length Mr. J.A. Panet was elected
+by a large majority--he speaking both languages with equal
+fluency.[158]
+
+The Lieutenant-Governor made a speech expressing the solicitude and
+consideration of the King for his Canadian subjects, in recommending to
+his Parliament such a change in their colonial government as
+circumstances might require and admit. "On a day like this," said his
+Excellency, "signalized by the commencement in this country of that form
+of government which has raised the kingdom to which it is subordinate to
+the highest elevation, it is impossible not to feel emotions difficult
+to be expressed.
+
+"To give an opportunity for your loyal and grateful acknowledgments to
+his Majesty is one of my motives for calling you together, and that debt
+discharged, your Council will doubtless be next employed for enacting
+the laws necessary to confirm and augment the property of your country."
+
+The Lieutenant-Governor concluded in the following words:
+
+"Great Britain being happily at peace with all the world, and I hope
+without apprehension of its interruption, the present moment must be
+most fit and urgent for all those arrangements best made at a season of
+tranquillity, and falling within the sphere of our trust. The conviction
+I feel of your disposition to cultivate that harmony amongst yourselves
+and each branch of the Legislature, which is always essential to the
+public good and private satisfaction, makes it unnecessary for me to
+enlarge upon this subject.
+
+"Such objects as it may become my duty to recommend to your
+consideration, shall be occasionally communicated to you by message."
+
+The address of the Assembly in answer to his Excellency's speech
+breathed a spirit of grateful affection and loyalty. After expressing
+their warmest gratitude to the King and Parliament of Great Britain, "in
+granting to his Majesty's subjects in this province a new and liberal
+Constitution for their colonial government," the Assembly proceeds:
+
+"We cannot express the emotions which arose in our breasts, on that
+ever-memorable day when we entered on the enjoyment of a Constitution
+assimilated to that form of government which has carried the glory of
+our mother country to the highest elevation. * *
+
+"It is an unparalleled happiness for us to have an opportunity of
+presenting to his Majesty our loyal thanks, and of expressing to him our
+gratitude; such homage is the language of our hearts, and it is due from
+us, for all the favours with which we have been loaded. That duty
+fulfilled, we will turn our attention with most ardent zeal to framing
+such laws as may tend to the prosperity and advantage of our country.
+
+"We hear with pleasure that Great Britain is at peace with all the
+world, and we consider this as the most favourable time for the
+consideration of the objects that fall within the sphere of our charge,
+to cultivate harmony among ourselves and each branch of the Legislature;
+that it is a condition essentially necessary to the public good and our
+own private satisfaction.
+
+"We will at all times give the most speedy and deliberate consideration
+to such messages as we may receive from your Excellency."
+
+Throughout this address of the Assembly there is the true ring of manly
+sincerity, and heartfelt loyalty to the Throne and to the unity of the
+empire. The Governor soon sent several messages to the Assembly,
+submitting, by command of the King, various subjects for their
+consideration, for which he received their cordial thanks, and
+assurances that the subjects submitted would receive their best
+consideration.
+
+There was one subject of discussion which created much feeling and
+protracted debate--namely, the language in which the proceedings of the
+Assembly should be conducted, recorded, and published; but the rising
+storm was allayed and unity restored by the decision to leave each
+member at liberty to address the House in French or English at his
+pleasure--to have all motions, before being put to the House, read in
+both languages, and the record of the proceedings kept and published in
+both languages--a happy arrangement, which has been continued to this
+day.
+
+The House of Assembly, in their reply to the opening speech of the
+Lieutenant-Governor, expressed their intention of presenting their
+heartfelt thanks to his Majesty for the new and liberal Constitution
+conferred upon them. That truly loyal address was as follows, and does
+lasting honour to its authors and the Imperial Government:
+
+"We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the representatives
+of Lower Canada, met in Assembly for the first time under our new
+Constitution, humbly approach the Throne, to express to your most
+gracious Majesty our sentiments of gratitude and joy on the happy change
+which has taken place in the forms of our government.
+
+"The Constitution which it hath pleased your Majesty and Parliament to
+give us, modelled upon that of Great Britain--a Constitution which has
+carried the empire to the highest pitch of glory and prosperity--assures
+to this colony the most solid advantages, and will for ever attach it to
+the parent State.
+
+"Now, partaking without distinction the benefits of a government which
+protects all equally, we offer our thanks to Divine Providence for the
+happiness prepared for us. Our prayers are for the general prosperity of
+the nation of which we make a part, and for the preservation and
+felicity of our august and virtuous Sovereign.
+
+"May it please your Majesty to receive favourably our respectful homage,
+and permit us anew to express our loyalty and attachment.
+
+"May it please your Majesty and Parliament to receive our most humble
+thanks for the favour conferred upon this colony.
+
+"Such are the heartfelt wishes of the representatives of the people of
+Lower Canada."
+
+Such were the auspicious circumstances and cordiality of feeling
+attendant upon the inauguration of constitutional government in Lower
+Canada. The session continued upwards of four months--from December
+until May--during which time a great many subjects were introduced
+respecting expenses and revenues, salaries of officers, affairs
+appertaining to legislation, to the militia, to the administration of
+justice, and the welfare of the country; but only eight _Bills_ were
+passed, and which were assented to in the King's name by the
+Lieutenant-Governor, who prorogued the Legislature on the 9th of May,
+1793, with a short and complimentary speech.
+
+It is not my object to narrate in detail the legislation or proceedings
+of any of the colonies, except in so far as may be necessary to
+illustrate the history of _the Loyalists of America_. A most impressive
+illustration of true loyalty was given by the Assembly of Lower Canada
+before the close of its first session. In the Lieutenant-Governor's
+speech at the opening of the session, he informed the Legislature that
+Great Britain was at peace with all the world, and that there was no
+apprehension of its interruption. But before the close of the session
+intelligence was received at Quebec that the revolutionary authorities
+of France had declared war against Great Britain.
+
+On the 25th of April, 1793, the Lieutenant-Governor sent a message to
+the Assembly, informing them that he had received a letter from the
+Secretary of State, of the 9th of February previous, stating that "the
+persons exercising the supreme authority in France had declared war
+against his Majesty."[159]
+
+The answer to the message breathes the _Loyalists'_ spirit. They thanked
+his Excellency for his message, and assured him that "it was with horror
+they had heard that the most atrocious act which ever disgraced society
+had been perpetrated in France (alluding to the recent decapitation of
+the unfortunate Louis XVI.), and that it was with concern and
+indignation they now learned that the persons exercising the supreme
+authority there had declared war against his Majesty.
+
+"His Majesty's faithful subjects earnestly pray that his arms may be
+crowned with such signal success over his enemies as shall speedily
+bring about a peace honourable, safe, and advantageous to his Majesty
+and the empire."
+
+In conclusion, the Assembly assured his Excellency that "the House would
+immediately proceed to a revision of the Militia laws, and if
+alterations and amendments were necessary they would make such
+amendments as should be deemed the most fit and proper to secure and
+protect the province from every insult and injury of his Majesty's
+enemies."
+
+At the close of the session, after assenting, on behalf of the King, to
+the eight Bills which had been passed, the Lieutenant-Governor delivered
+the proroguing speech, in which he thanked the Assembly for the diligent
+and practical consideration which they had given to the various subjects
+which had been submitted to them, and the "further regulations necessary
+for the better organizing and more effectually calling forth the militia
+for the defence of this extensive and valuable country, when our enemies
+of any description shall make it necessary." His Excellency alluded to
+the war of the rulers of France against England in the following words:
+
+"Gentlemen, at the first meeting of the Legislature, I congratulated you
+upon the flattering prospects which opened to your view and upon the
+flourishing and tranquil state of the British empire, then at peace with
+all the world. Since that period, I am sorry to find its tranquillity
+has been disturbed by the unjustifiable and unprecedented conduct of the
+persons exercising the supreme power in France, who, after deluging
+their own country with the blood of their fellow-citizens, and imbruing
+their hands in that of their Sovereign, have forced his Majesty and the
+surrounding nations of Europe into a contest which involves the first
+interests of society. In this situation of public affairs, I reflect
+with peculiar pleasure upon the loyal and faithful attachment of his
+Majesty's subjects of this province to his royal person, and to that
+form of government we have the happiness to enjoy."[160]
+
+The second session of the Parliament was summoned by Lord Dorchester
+himself, the 11th of November, 1793.[161] This session lasted seven
+months and a half, though only six Bills were passed. In his speech at
+the opening of the session, Lord Dorchester recommended the due
+administration of justice, together with the arrangements necessary for
+the defence and safety of the province, as matters of the first
+importance. His Excellency also informed the Assembly that he would
+order to be laid before them an account of all the receipts of the
+provincial revenues of the Crown since the division of Upper and Lower
+Canada.
+
+The purport of his Excellency's speech, and the spirit of the Assembly,
+and the relations between the colony and the parent state, may be
+inferred from the following cordial and complimentary address of the
+Assembly in answer to the Governor's opening speech:
+
+"Fully convinced of the happy effects to be derived from a solid and
+invariable administration of justice, and of the indispensable necessity
+for an establishment for assuring the defence and safety of the
+province, we will lose no time in resuming the consideration of these
+important subjects, and in making such amendments in the existing laws
+as may best protect the persons and property of its inhabitants.
+
+"By receiving from your Excellency an account of the receipts of the
+provincial revenues of the Crown, we shall be enabled to deliberate on
+the means by which they may be rendered more productive; and penetrated
+with gratitude to the parent state for having hitherto defrayed the
+surplus expenditure of the province, we flatter ourselves that, in
+consideration of our situation, we shall continue to receive her
+generous assistance--a hope further strengthened by your Excellency's
+intention of not requiring from us any subsidy at present, which
+confirms the benevolence of the mother country.
+
+"In the infancy of our Constitution, we perceive the necessity of
+greater circumspection in the formation of laws that may tend to support
+and establish it; and also to cultivate amongst the different branches
+of the Legislature that cordial harmony and concord so necessary to
+promote the measures essential to the happiness and well-being of our
+country."
+
+The Assembly bestowed much attention upon the Judicature Bill of the
+previous session, and on the Militia Bill, and brought them to maturity;
+also an Alien Bill was introduced and passed, establishing "regulations
+respecting aliens and certain subjects of his Majesty, who have resided
+in France, coming into this province and residing therein, and for
+empowering his Majesty to receive and detain persons charged with or
+suspected of high treason, and for the arrest and commitment of all
+persons who may individually, by seditious practices, attempt to disturb
+the government of this province."[162]
+
+It happened at the commencement of this session that Edward, Duke of
+Kent, the father of our beloved Queen Victoria, was in Canada, and held
+military command of the troops. The day after the assembling of the
+Legislature, the Assembly presented him with a most cordial and
+affectionate address, as did subsequently the Legislative Council,
+clergy, and citizens of Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers, styling the
+prince "the son of the best of sovereigns." The prince delighted all by
+his answers, his amiable manners and exemplary conduct. All were
+especially delighted with his declared disapprobation of the terms _the
+King's old and new subjects; French and English inhabitants_. He said
+all were "the King's Canadian subjects."[163]
+
+Lord Dorchester transmitted to the Assembly, on the 29th of April, 1794,
+a message peculiarly interesting from its being the first financial
+statement laid before the Legislature of Lower Canada. The message
+commences: "The Governor has given directions for laying before the
+House of Assembly an account of the provincial revenue of the Crown from
+the commencement of a new Constitution to the 10th of January,
+1794."[164]
+
+The House, by an address, thanked his Excellency for the message and
+papers accompanying it; they observed that they saw in it an additional
+proof of the paternal solicitude of his Majesty to ease the burdens of
+his subjects, and of his Excellency's anxiety to promote the interests
+of this province; and that the magnitude and utility of the objects
+recommended to their consideration could not fail engaging their serious
+attention as soon as the important matters now before them, and in a
+state of progression, were accomplished.[165]
+
+In closing the session, the 31st of May, 1794, Lord Dorchester assented,
+in the King's name, to five Bills, reserving the Judicature Bill for the
+royal pleasure (which was approved and became law the following
+December), and one for appointing Commissioners to treat with
+Commissioners on behalf of Upper Canada, relating to duties and
+drawbacks to be allowed to that province on importations through the
+lower province. The closing speech of his Excellency, among other
+things, contained the following words:
+
+"I have no doubt that, on returning to your respective homes, you will
+zealously diffuse among all ranks of people those principles of justice,
+patriotism, and loyalty which have distinguished your public labours
+during this session, and that you will use your best exertions to find
+out and bring to justice those evil-disposed persons who, by
+inflammatory discourses, or the spreading of seditious writings,
+endeavour to deceive the unwary and disturb the peace and good order of
+society; and that you will avail yourselves of every opportunity to
+convince your fellow-subjects that the blessings they enjoy under a
+truly free and happy Constitution can be preserved only by a due
+obedience to the laws, all breaches of which are the more inexcusable as
+the Constitution itself has provided for the safe and easy repeal or
+modification of such as may not answer the good intentions of the
+Legislature."
+
+The interval between the close of the second and the opening of the
+third session of the Legislature, from the 31st of May, 1794, to 5th of
+January, 1795, quiet and contentment prevailed in the province; and the
+short speech of Lord Dorchester (for his speeches were always short and
+to the point) at the opening of this third Session was chiefly one of
+congratulation, commendation and suggestion. Among other things he
+said:
+
+"Gentlemen, I shall order to be laid before you a statement of the
+provincial revenues of the Crown for the last year, together with such
+part of the expenditure as may enable you to estimate the ways and means
+for the most necessary supplies, in bringing forward which you will keep
+in view the advantages of providing for the public exigencies by a
+prudent restraint on luxuries, and by regulations which may, at the same
+time, encourage and extend commerce.
+
+"Gentlemen, the judges and law officers of the Crown have been directed
+to draw up and report their opinion on the subject of your address to me
+on the 28th of May last" (this related to the establishment of forms of
+proceeding in the courts of justice, and a table of fees to which the
+different civil officers, advocates, notaries, and land surveyors should
+be entitled in their respective offices); "and I have much satisfaction
+in perceiving this early disposition on your part to prevent and guard
+against abuses which might impede the course of justice, or give rise to
+customs that would establish oppressive demands, and gradually efface
+from our minds a due sense of their unwarrantable origin.
+
+"Your own disinterested conduct in your legislative capacity; your
+zealous endeavours to promote a general obedience to the laws, connected
+with a benevolent attention to the interests of the subject, form a
+solid foundation for government, and afford me great hopes that our new
+Constitution will be firmly established, and ensure, for ages to come,
+the happiness of the people."
+
+Referring to this speech of Lord Dorchester, Mr. Christie well remarks:
+"The foresight, the rectitude, the wisdom of this most upright man and
+virtuous governor, cannot fail to strike the reader, and command his
+respect and admiration."
+
+As might be expected, the address of the House of Assembly in answer to
+the Governor's speech was equally cordial and assuring, concluding with
+the following words:
+
+"It is highly flattering to us that our conduct in our legislative
+capacity has met with your Excellency's approbation. Being thoroughly
+sensible of the happiness we enjoy under the free and liberal
+Constitution which has been granted to us by the parent state, under
+your Excellency's prudent and wise administration, we will continue to
+exert our most zealous endeavours to promote a general obedience to the
+laws, and to establish that Constitution in such a manner as may ensure
+for ages to come the happiness of the people."
+
+On the 16th of February, 1795, the Governor sent a message to the
+Assembly, transmitting "the accounts of the provincial scheme of the
+Crown from the 6th of January, 1794, to the 5th of January, 1795, also
+of the civil expenditure for the same period."[166]
+
+The Commissioners appointed under the Act of the previous session, to
+treat with Commissioners on behalf of Upper Canada concerning duties and
+drawbacks to be allowed in favour of that province, reported that they
+had met and finally adjusted with them the sum to be reimbursed to Upper
+Canada for 1793 and 1794.[167]
+
+Several important Acts were passed this session relating to revenue,
+defraying the charges for the administration, the support of the civil
+government, and for other purposes. On the 7th of May, his Excellency
+prorogued the Legislature with a speech which contained the following
+paragraphs:
+
+"Gentlemen, I cannot put an end to this session of our Provincial
+Parliament without expressing my approbation and thanks for that zeal
+for the public welfare which has distinguished all your proceedings.
+
+"Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, the cheerfulness with which you
+have granted a supply towards defraying the civil expenditure of the
+province gives me great satisfaction; the judicious choice you have made
+of the means for this purpose, evinces a tender regard for the interests
+and condition of this country; and the unanimity in this tribute of
+gratitude and attachment to the King's government cannot but be highly
+pleasing to his Majesty."
+
+The fourth and last session of this Parliament was summoned for the 20th
+of November, 1795, and continued until the 7th of May, 1796, during
+which twelve Bills were passed that received the royal assent. In his
+opening speech, his Excellency expressed his "great satisfaction to
+observe, during the present session, a continuance of the same zealous
+attention to their legislative duties, and to the general interests of
+the province, which he had occasion to notice in their former
+proceedings." His concluding words were:
+
+"Gentlemen of the Legislative Council, and Gentlemen of the House of
+Assembly, in expressing my approbation of your proceedings, I must
+further observe that the unanimity, loyalty, and disinterestedness
+manifested by this first Provincial Parliament of Lower Canada, have
+never been surpassed in any of his Majesty's provincial dominions; and I
+feel convinced that the prosperity and happiness of this country will
+continue to increase in proportion as succeeding Parliaments shall
+follow your laudable example."
+
+Thus ended the first Parliament of Lower Canada; thus was inaugurated
+and consolidated its government, which, without the strife of
+partizanship or the machinery of party, was pure, just, mild,
+economical, patriotic, and progressive.
+
+Thus also ended, in the course of a few weeks, Lord Dorchester's
+connection with Canada; for having obtained his Majesty's leave of
+absence, he embarked with his family for England the 9th of July, 1796.
+He was far advanced in life; he had been, with few interruptions,
+connected with Canada, as officer, military commander, and governor,
+more than thirty-six years. He was with General Wolfe at the siege and
+taking of Quebec in 1759, where he was wounded; he was colonel of the
+Grenadiers, and quartermaster-general of Wolfe's army. In the various
+capacities in which he served, whether as governor or commander-in-chief
+or diplomatist, he was equally distinguished for his courage and
+prudence, his justice and humanity, as well as for his many social and
+private virtues.[168]
+
+His departure from Canada was a matter of universal regret. Farewell
+addresses were presented to him by the citizens of Quebec, Montreal, and
+other places--all expressing to him the highest respect and warmest
+gratitude for his long and valuable services to Canada. The general
+spirit of these addresses may be inferred from the following
+expressions:
+
+"Having experienced for many years your lordship's mild and auspicious
+administration of his Majesty's Government, and being aware that during
+that period the resources, prosperity, and happiness of this province
+have increased in a degree almost unequalled, we, the inhabitants of the
+city of Quebec, respectfully request your lordship to accept our sincere
+and most grateful thanks and acknowledgments.
+
+"The length of your residence in the province; the advantages derived to
+our society from the example of private virtues shown by yourself and
+your family; your lordship's uniform prudent and paternal attention,
+under every change of time and circumstance, to the true interests of
+his Majesty's subjects entrusted to your immediate care, and that
+gratitude which we feel (and must be permitted to repeat), excite in our
+minds the warmest sentiments of personal attachment, of which allow us
+to tender you the strongest assurance.
+
+"Under these impressions, we view your lordship's intended departure
+with the deepest regret; and submitting to your determination to leave
+us with unfeigned reluctance, we entreat you to accept our most sincere
+wishes for the future prosperity of yourself and all your family."
+
+In the Montreal address we have the following expressions of sentiment
+and feelings:
+
+"The inhabitants of Montreal, penetrated with gratitude for the
+happiness enjoyed by them under your lordship's administration of the
+government of this province during a great number of years, embrace the
+present opportunity of your intended departure for Great Britain to
+entreat you to receive their humble acknowledgments and accept their
+most sincere wishes for your health and prosperity, and for that of all
+your family.
+
+"The prudence and moderation which distinguished your conduct in the
+province assured internal peace and tranquillity, and in reflecting
+infinite honour on your lordship, have fully justified the confidence
+reposed in you by our august Sovereign, and assured to you the
+affections of the inhabitants."
+
+The grateful and affectionate answers of Lord Dorchester to both
+addresses may be easily conceived. The comparatively happy state of
+things indicated by these addresses continued, with interruptions, for
+about ten years after Lord Dorchester's departure.
+
+Lord Dorchester was succeeded by General Prescott, who became
+lieutenant-governor, until he was relieved the 31st of July, 1799, by
+the appointment of Sir Robert S. Milnes, who acted as lieutenant-governor
+of the province during the ensuing six years, when the senior Executive
+Councillor, Thomas Dunn, succeeded to the administration of the government
+for two years, until the appointment, in 1807, of Sir James Craig as
+lieutenant-governor and commander-in-chief, under whose administration
+the reign of discord and strife of race became predominant, with the
+natural results which in long years afterwards ensued. These matters,
+however, do not come within the province of my history of the Loyalists
+of America.
+
+But it is to be observed that though the French had much to complain of,
+having scarcely any representation in the Legislative Council, none in
+the Executive, and none in the Provincial Board of Education, called the
+"Royal Institution," which had the care of education in the
+province,[169] and therefore had to depend alone upon their own elected
+representatives in the House of Assembly for the protection of their
+rights and feelings; yet they evinced a loyalty through all these years,
+and through the war of 1812-1815, not excelled by the British
+inhabitants of Lower Canada, or of any other colony, notwithstanding the
+efforts of French and American emissaries to create disaffection in the
+province. A remarkable illustration of the loyalty of the French in
+Lower Canada occurred in 1805: "The horrors of the French revolution had
+passed by, but Great Britain and France were still engaged in a
+desperate war. By land, on the continent of Europe, the French, under
+Napoleon I., were everywhere victorious against the countries in
+alliance with Great Britain. But England by sea was more than a match
+for France; and on October 21st, 1805, won the battle of _Trafalgar_, by
+which the French naval power was destroyed. The news of this victory
+reached Canada early in January, 1806. The Canadians of French origin
+immediately showed that they felt less sympathy for their own race, and
+less pride in its military prowess, than gratification at the naval
+success of the empire of which they formed a part. They indulged in
+patriotic songs, and testified their interest by illuminations and other
+modes of rejoicing."[170]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 151: Bancroft, Vol. VII., Chap. xiv., pp. 157, 158.]
+
+[Footnote 152: "The excitement in England and Canada on the passage of
+the Act was, however, only a breeze compared to the storm of indignation
+which it raised in the thirteen other provinces when the news reached
+them; and there is no doubt but that the passage of this Act was 'the
+last drop' which overflowed the cup of colonial patience, and led
+directly to the Declaration of Independence." (Tuttle's History of the
+Dominion of Canada, Chap, lix., pp. 295, 296.)]
+
+[Footnote 153: "The provisions of the Quebec Act dissatisfied all
+parties when they came to be executed. The French majority, being
+represented by less than one-fourth of the number of members in the
+Council, thought themselves but little better off than when a purely
+military government. The English party considered themselves injured
+because the trial by jury, in civil cases, had been taken away. The
+absence of a representative form of government, and of the privileges of
+the _Habeas Corpus_ Act, made them feel that they were denied the rights
+of British subjects.
+
+"Nobody being satisfied, and the Governor (Sir Frederick Haldimand,
+whose governorship lasted from 1778 to 1785) being very arbitrary,
+discontent reigned in the provinces. There were loud complaints, not
+only of the Governor's tyranny, but also that justice was not fairly
+administered by the judges in the course of law.
+
+"Many persons, on slight grounds, were thrown into prisons, were sent to
+England, and at length, 1785, the unpopular Governor demanded his own
+recall.
+
+"The English Government saw that steps must be taken to put an end to
+the general discontent. But this could not be done without making such
+changes as might satisfy the increasing English and Protestant
+population as well as the French and Roman Catholics. Nor could such
+changes be made on the instant, or without due preparation. Accordingly,
+in the first instance, _trial by jury_ in civil cases, and the law of
+_habeas corpus_, was introduced into the province (in 1788). Next it was
+determined to procure further and more perfectly reliable information
+about all its internal affairs, and find out, it possible, the best
+modes of removing the causes of complaint.
+
+"Lastly, as a proof of the desire to deal impartially with the King's
+Canadian subjects, it was decided to send out, as governor, one who had
+rendered himself acceptable to all classes. This was no other than the
+popular Sir Guy Carleton, who had been made a peer with the title of
+_Lord Dorchester_, who reached Quebec in October, 1786. During the
+succeeding five years, until 1791, when he again departed (for a short
+time) to England, the Governor did all in his power to mitigate the bad
+feelings growing out of the differences of race, creed and language. In
+order to procure for the English Ministers the information they needed
+about the internal affairs of the province, he appointed Committees of
+Inquiry to inquire into all particulars relating to _commerce,
+education, justice_, the _militia_, and the _tenure_ of _lands_; to make
+full reports upon these; to suggest changes and improvements by which
+existing evils might be remedied." (Dr. Miles' School History of Canada,
+Chap. v., pp. 181, 182.)
+
+See also Tuttle's History of the Dominion of Canada, Chap. v., p. 322.]
+
+[Footnote 154: It was the discussion on this Bill which produced the
+first separation between Fox and Burke. The mind of Burke was excited to
+the highest degree by the principles and horrors of the French
+revolution, and he had frequently denounced it with the full force of
+his lofty eloquence; while Fox had repeatedly expressed his admiration
+of the French revolution. When the Canada Bill was discussed in the
+House of Commons, Burke commenced his speech by a philippic against the
+republican principles of the revolutionary Government of France; and
+concluded by declaring that if by adhering to the British Constitution
+would cause his friends to desert him, he would risk all, and, as his
+public duty taught him, exclaim in his last words, "Fly from the French
+Constitution!" Fox said in a low voice, "There is no loss of friendship,
+I hope." "Yes," retorted Burke, "there is a loss of friendship. I know
+the price of my conduct. Our friendship is at an end." Such a scene
+followed as had seldom, if ever, been witnessed in the House of Commons.
+Members were veritably affected by such an open rupture between those
+two celebrated statesmen and orators. Fox shed tears; and it was some
+time before he could sufficiently command his emotions to reply.]
+
+[Footnote 155: This was an under-estimate of the population of both
+provinces. Later and reliable authorities estimate the population of
+Lower Canada in 1791 at 150,000, of whom about 15,000 were British; in
+1763 the population of Lower Canada was estimated at 65,000; the
+population had therefore more than doubled during the twenty-seven years
+of English rule. Before 1782, the English-speaking Protestant
+inhabitants were very insignificant in number; but after 1782 they
+increased rapidly, and are estimated at upwards of 15,000, and by some
+writers as high as 30,000 in the year 1791. The great majority of them,
+besides, were of classes of people accustomed to think for themselves,
+also officers and disbanded soldiers belonging to the army, and
+emigrants from the British Isles, who came to make homes for their
+families in Canada. (Miles' School History of Canada, Part II., Chap.
+v., pp. 183, 184.)
+
+It is stated on the best authorities that 10,000 Loyalist emigrants
+arrived in what was afterwards designated Upper Canada, during the year
+1783; in 1791 the population of Upper Canada is stated to have been
+12,000.]
+
+[Footnote 156: "In June, 1786, Sir Guy Carleton, now raised to the
+peerage as Lord Dorchester, was appointed Governor-General of all the
+provinces, and Commander-in-Chief of all the forces in British America.
+He arrived at Quebec on the 23rd of October, and was joyfully received
+by all classes, but especially by the Canadians, with whom he was a
+great favourite on account of the mildness and justice with which he had
+treated them during his former administrations. At the same time there
+also arrived a new Chief Justice for Quebec, Mr. Smith, who had been
+Attorney-General for New York, but had been forced to leave on account
+of his loyalty to the British Crown." (Tuttle's History of the Dominion
+of Canada, Chap. lxv., p. 321.)]
+
+[Footnote 157: "The elections came off during June, and the people
+exercised their new privilege with prudence and judgment, returning good
+men; and although the elections were warmly contested in some places,
+everything passed off quietly. There were fifteen English-speaking
+members elected, amongst whom were some of the leading merchants, such
+as James McGill, Joseph Frobisher, John Richardson and others, whose
+descendants are still amongst our leading citizens. Amongst the French
+elected were many of the most prominent seignors, such as Louis De
+Salaberry, M.H. De Rouville, Philip Rocheblave, M.E.G.C. De Lotbiniere,
+M. La Vatrice and others. Altogether, it is generally claimed that the
+first Assembly of Lower Canada was the best the province ever had."
+(Tuttle's History of the Dominion of Canada, Chap. lxviii., p. 330.)]
+
+[Footnote 158: The French-speaking members nominated Mr. J.A. Parret
+(Panet), a leading advocate of Quebec; and the English party nominated
+successively Mr. James McGill, one of the most prominent merchants of
+Montreal, and William Grant, of Quebec. The feeling was strong on each
+side to have in the Speaker a gentleman of their own language; but Mr.
+Parret (Panet) was ultimately chosen by a large majority, to some extent
+because _he understood and spoke both languages fluently_. This
+gentleman occupied the position of Speaker for upwards of twenty years,
+and fully justified the wisdom of the first Assembly in electing
+him.--_Ib._, p. 330.
+
+It is singular that in some histories of Canada it should have been
+stated that the Speaker elected by the first House of Assembly could
+speak no other tongue than the French language. Mr. Archer, in his
+History of Canada for the Use of Schools, says: "By a vote of twenty
+eight to eighteen, M. Panet, _who could speak no language but his native
+French_, was chosen" (p. 269). Mr. Withrow, in his excellent History of
+Canada, says: "Mr. Panet, a distinguished advocate, _who spoke no
+language but his native French_, was elected Speaker of the Assembly"
+(p. 291). The very discussion which took place on the election of
+Speaker turned chiefly on the point whether a Speaker should be elected
+who could speak one or both languages. Mr. P.L. Panet, brother to Mr.
+J.A. Panet, who was elected Speaker, in reply to some of his own
+countrymen who advocated the exclusive use of the French language, while
+he advocated the ultimate use of the English language alone in the
+Legislature and in the courts of law, commenced and concluded his speech
+in the following words: "I will explain my mind on the necessity that
+the Speaker we are about to choose _should possess and speak equally
+well the two languages_."--"I think it is but decent that the Speaker on
+whom we may fix our choice be one who can express himself in English
+when he addresses himself to the representative of our Sovereign."
+(Christie's History of Canada, Vol. I., Chap. iv., pp. 127, 128, in a
+note.) Mr. Christie, after stating in the text about "J.A. Panet, Esq.,
+an old and eminent advocate of the Quebec bar, returned a member for the
+Upper Town of Quebec, was chosen by the Assembly for its Speaker,"
+remarks, in a note, before giving the speech of Mr. P.L. Panet quoted
+above, that "this excellent man and good citizen (J.A. Panet) served, as
+we shall see in proceeding, many years as Speaker, and without other
+remuneration or reward than the approbation of his fellow-citizens and
+subjects." (Tuttle's History of the Dominion of Canada, Chap. lxvii., p.
+127.)]
+
+[Footnote 159: The transmission of this letter occupied _ten weeks_, it
+being dated the 9th of February, and reaching Quebec the 25th of April.
+In the _Quebec Gazette_ of the 10th of November, 1792, it is stated that
+the latest news from Philadelphia and New York was to the 8th of
+October, giving accounts of a battle on the Wabash and Arguille rivers,
+between an expedition of American forces under General Wilkinson and a
+body of Indians, in which the latter were routed. In a notice from the
+"General Post Office, Quebec, 17th of November, 1791," information is
+given that "a mail for England will be closed at this office on Monday,
+the 5th of December next, at four o'clock p.m., to be forwarded by way
+of New York, in H.M. packet-boat which will sail from thence in
+January." (Christie's History of Canada, Vol. I., Chap. iv., p. 142.)]
+
+[Footnote 160: "Thus ended the first session of the first Parliament of
+Lower Canada, and as a whole we may say that the session was a
+satisfactory one. The demons of party spirit and of national prejudice
+had indeed shown themselves; but only enough to show that they were in
+existence, and would become potent agents of discord as the heat of
+political contest warmed them into life. The war of races, which had
+been going on between the French and English on this continent for over
+a century and a half, was not ended by the capitulation and cession of
+Canada; only the scene of action was changed from the battle field to
+the council chamber, and words and ballots took the place of swords and
+bullets. The French Canadians showed at the very commencement of
+constitutional government that they considered the French language, the
+French people, the French laws, and the French religion, the language,
+people, laws, and religion of Canada, and that the English were only
+interlopers who had no business there, and with whom they were to
+affiliate as little as possible." (Tuttle's History of the Dominion of
+Canada, Chap. lxviii., p. 332.)
+
+With the exception of the first sentence, we have no sympathy with the
+spirit or sentiment of the above quoted passage. The addresses to the
+Governor and the King show that the French did not regard the British as
+intruders, but as the legitimate rulers of the country, to whom they
+expressed all possible respect and loyalty. All that they asked on the
+question of language was, that in legislative and judicial proceedings
+the French language might be equally used with the English language; and
+was this unreasonable on the part of those who then comprised
+nine-tenths of the population, and whose laws and exercise of worship
+had been guaranteed by the articles of capitulation and the Quebec Act
+of 1774?]
+
+[Footnote 161: "The Provincial Parliament met again at Quebec on the
+11th of November, 1793, and was opened by Lord Dorchester, who had
+arrived at Quebec from England on the 24th of September, and re-assumed
+the government; his Excellency Major-General Clarke returning to
+England, bearing with him the best wishes of those whose Constitution he
+had fairly started, and put in operation to their satisfaction. His
+government had been popular, and he received several flattering
+addresses at departing.
+
+"Lord Dorchester's return was cordially welcomed, a general illumination
+taking place at Quebec the evening of his arrival." (Christie's History
+of Canada, Chap. v., p. 145.)
+
+"The great French revolution, causing France such awful scenes of
+distress and bloodshed as the world had never seen before, was in
+progress. It made the Canadians feel that their transfer to the Crown of
+England now saved them from innumerable evils which would have been
+their lot had Canada been again restored to France.
+
+"Lord Dorchester's popularity and personal influence were made useful in
+preventing the people of the provinces from being misled by seditious
+persons who came from France on purpose to tamper with them." (Miles'
+School History of Canada, Part Third, Chap. i., p. 190.)
+
+"All Europe was engaged in war, and the emissaries of the French
+republic were busily at work trying to gain sympathy in the United
+States, and stir up that country to war with England--an effort which
+would probably have succeeded had it not been for the firmness of
+Washington. The consul for France in the United States was also
+endeavouring to spread republican ideas in Canada, to incite the people
+to revolt against British authority, and to declare themselves in favour
+of the republic. It was no wonder then that the great bulk of the
+law-abiding and peace-loving citizens of Canada welcomed Lord Dorchester
+with delight--one who had for so many years been associated in their
+recollections with peace and prosperity, and who had successfully
+resisted the attack of the only foe who had assailed Quebec during his
+many administrations." (Tuttle, Chap. lxviii., p. 333.)]
+
+[Footnote 162: It appears by a proclamation of Lord Dorchester, dated
+the 26th of November, a fortnight after the commencement of the session
+of the Legislature, that there were emissaries of France and others in
+the province, who were busy in propagating among the inhabitants the
+revolutionary principles of the infidel and bloody rulers of France. He
+says: "Whereas divers evil-disposed persons had lately manifested
+seditious and wicked attempts to alienate the affections of his
+Majesty's loyal subjects by false representations of the cause and
+conduct of the persons at present exercising supreme authority in
+France, and particularly certain foreigners, being alien enemies, who
+are lurking and lie concealed in various parts of this province, _acting
+in concert with persons in foreign dominions_ (evidently alluding to
+parties in the United States), with a view to forward the criminal
+purposes of such persons, enemies of the peace and happiness of the
+inhabitants of this province, and of all religion, government, and
+order." His Excellency therefore called upon all magistrates, captains
+of militia, peace-officers, and others of his Majesty's good subjects
+throughout the province, to be vigilant, and to do their utmost to
+discover and secure all and every person who might hold seditious
+discourses, or utter treasonable words, spread false news, publish or
+distribute libellous papers, written or printed, tending to excite
+discontent or lessen the affections of his Majesty's subjects, or in any
+manner to disturb the peace and happiness under his Majesty's government
+in this colony, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 163: "The prince, shortly after this, receiving notice of his
+promotion to the rank of major-general, and appointment to a command in
+the West Indies, was presented, previous to his departure from Quebec,
+with several congratulatory letters of a most gratifying character. The
+Legislative Council, the Roman Catholic clergy, the citizens of Quebec,
+and the burgesses of William Henry paid his Royal Highness spontaneous
+respects in this manner, to whom he responded feelingly and
+affectionately, for the spontaneous proofs of esteem which in parting
+they gave him; and which in truth were not the effusions of adulation,
+but an homage of a grateful people to the intrinsic virtues and the
+social and manly character of a son of, as he was truly called, 'the
+best of sovereigns.'" (Christie's History of Canada, Vol I., Chap. v.,
+p. 140.)]
+
+[Footnote 164: The account transmitted was under six heads:
+
+1. "The casual and territorial revenue established prior to the
+conquest, which his Majesty has been most graciously pleased to order to
+be applied towards defraying the civil expenses of the province."
+
+2. "The duties payable to his Majesty under the Act of the 14th of his
+reign, chap. 88 (the 'Quebec Act'), on articles imported into the
+province of Quebec, and on licenses to persons for retailing spirituous
+liquors."
+
+3. "The duties imposed by the Provincial Legislature, with the
+appropriation and balance."
+
+4. "Amount of cash received from fines and forfeitures imposed by the
+courts of justice."
+
+5. "The naval officers' returns inwards since the division of the
+province, which were originally intended as a check on the customs, but
+seem not to answer the end imposed."
+
+6. "A statement of the monies taken out of the pocket of the subject on
+this account; its progress and diminution before it lodges in the public
+coffers, with the after diminution on account of the collection, that
+every circumstance of this important business may be constantly before
+their eyes; that in the outset of the Constitution, and its progress,
+they may guard this important branch from those corruptions and abuses
+which have brought so many miseries on other nations."]
+
+[Footnote 165: Christie's History of Canada, Vol. I., Chap. v., where
+the accounts referred to are given in detail.]
+
+[Footnote 166: This return contained all the accounts transmitted the
+year before, under the six heads mentioned in a previous note, page 298,
+(Footnote 164: above) and other accounts under fourteen additional heads,
+the eighth of which is as follows:
+
+"No. 8. Estimate of such part of the civil expenditure for the ensuing
+year as may enable the House of Assembly to calculate the ways and means
+for the most necessary supplies; all the pensions, amounting to L1,782
+6s. 6d. sterling, though chiefly granted for services rendered in
+Canada, are deducted, these services being considered as rendered to the
+empire at large; it is from thence, therefore, their rewards, with other
+acts of benevolence, may be expected to flow. The salaries of sundry
+officers, to the amount of L782 10s., appearing to belong to the
+military rather than the civil expenditure, are also deducted."]
+
+[Footnote 167: The following extract from their report illustrates the
+amicable spirit in which the Commissioners of the two provinces entered
+upon their work and arranged the matters committed to their trust:
+
+"The Commissioners, as well as those for Upper Canada, being authorized
+to enter into an agreement for a further period, and being equally
+desirous to treat on the subject, which if unprovided for might give
+rise to difficulties hereafter; being at the same time most solicitous
+on both sides to preserve the harmony and cordiality which prevail
+between the two provinces, the article of the provisional agreement for
+two years was cheerfully assented to. By that article the province of
+Upper Canada is entitled to one-eighth part of the revenue already
+payable on goods, wares, or merchandise coming into Lower Canada, under
+an Act of the Legislature thereof; and to assure the most perfect
+freedom of trade with the sister province, it is provided that no
+imposts or duties shall be imposed or shall be laid by Upper Canada,
+which renders unnecessary the establishing of Custom-houses on the line
+which divides the two provinces, but saves to both an expense which, in
+all probability, would far exceed any trifle of revenue that this
+agreement may take from one or the other of the provinces more than
+their legitimate proportion."]
+
+[Footnote 168: The conduct and character of Lord Dorchester as governor
+and commander-in-chief of the army may be inferred from the following
+among many other notices in the Index to Bancroft's History of the
+United States, Vol. X., p. 616:
+
+"Carleton, Guy, afterwards Lord Dorchester, colonel of Grenadiers in
+Wolfe's army; is wounded; is at Havana (one of the commanders in taking
+it); Governor of Canada; has full authority to arm and employ the
+Canadians and Indians against the Americans; abhors the scheme; takes
+measures for the defence of the province; the command of Canada assigned
+to him, he will not turn the savages loose on the frontier; returns no
+answer to Montgomery's summons; repels the assault made by that general;
+is lenient to his prisoners; his humanity to sick Americans left behind;
+blamed for restraining the Indians; restrains the ravages of the
+Indians; the King and Ministers are displeased at this; Carleton
+prepares to invade the United States; is displeased at being superseded
+by Burgoyne; refuses to assist Burgoyne; is complained of by that
+officer; supersedes Clinton in America; his humanity; restrains Indian
+hostility."]
+
+[Footnote 169: "It was also one of the grievances in Lower Canada that
+Protestants alone were appointed Executive Councillors, and that while
+the chief Protestant ecclesiastic was admitted, the Roman Catholic
+Church was not allowed to be represented. Great offence was also caused
+by this to the great majority of the inhabitants, which was made to be
+felt the more keenly by the determination of the Council not to
+acknowledge the title, or even existence, of a Roman Catholic bishop in
+the province." (Miles' School History of Canada, Part III., Chap. ii.,
+pp. 195, 196.)]
+
+[Footnote 170: Miles' School History of Canada, Part III., Chap. i., pp.
+192, 193.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVI.
+
+GOVERNMENT OF UPPER CANADA.
+
+
+The Constitution of Upper Canada was the same as that of Lower,
+established by the same _Constitutional Act of 1791_, the Act 31 George
+III., Chapter 31.
+
+Before the Constitution of Upper Canada was established, when it formed
+part of the province of Quebec, Lord Dorchester, by proclamation,
+divided the now western part of the province, afterwards Upper Canada,
+into four districts with German names--namely, _Lunenburg_, extending
+from the River Ottawa to Gananoque; _Mecklenburg_, extending from
+Gananoque to the Trent; _Nassau_, extending from the Trent to Long
+Point, on Lake Erie; and _Hesse_, including the rest of the western part
+of Upper Canada to the Lake St. Clair. To each of these four districts a
+judge and a sheriff were appointed, who administered justice by means of
+Courts of Common Pleas.
+
+Under the new Constitution, Upper Canada, like Lower Canada, had a
+Legislature consisting of a Governor, appointed by the Crown, and
+responsible only to it; a Legislative Council, appointed by the Crown,
+and the members appointed for life; and a Legislative Assembly, elected
+by the freeholders of the country. The Assembly was to be elected once
+in four years, but might be elected oftener if dissolved by the
+Governor, and was empowered to raise a revenue for public services,
+roads, bridges, schools, etc.; the Legislative Council consisted of
+seven members, appointed for life by the Crown; the House of Assembly
+consisted of sixteen members, elected by the people.
+
+By usage and by approbation of the Imperial Government, though not by
+the provisions of the Constitutional Act, the Lieutenant-Governor was
+assisted, mostly ruled, by an Executive Council, consisting for the most
+part of salaried officers, judges, and members of the Legislative
+Council, who were not responsible either to the Governor or to the
+Legislative Council, or to the House of Assembly--an independent,
+irresponsible body--an oligarchy which exercised great power, was very
+intolerant, and became very odious.
+
+The first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada was General John Graves
+Simcoe, who had commanded the Queen's Rangers in the revolutionary war;
+he was a landed gentleman, elected to the British House of Commons, in
+which he supported the Constitutional Act of 1791, and afterwards
+accepted the office of Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada created by
+that Act, and did all in his power to give beneficial effect to it. He
+arrived in Upper Canada the 8th of July, 1792, when the members of the
+Executive and Legislative Councils were sworn in at Kingston, and writs
+were issued for the election of members of the Legislative Assembly.
+
+After much hesitation and perplexity, the seat of government was first
+established at a village then called Newark, now Niagara, at the mouth
+of the Niagara River, where the Governor built a small frame house which
+had to serve as a Parliament House, as well as residence for the
+Lieutenant-Governor. The Governor, with the usual state and ceremony,
+opened the first session of the first Parliament of Upper Canada the
+17th of September, 1792. There were present three members of the
+Legislative Council and five members of the House of Assembly. The
+members of the Assembly have been represented as "plain, home-spun clad
+farmers and merchants, from the plough and the store." The members of
+the Legislature have always, for the most part, been such from that day
+to this, but many of the members of the first Parliament of Upper Canada
+had possessed respectable, and some of them luxurious homes, from which
+they had been exiled by narrow-minded and bitter enemies; they had
+fought on battle fields for the country whose forests they now burned
+and felled; their home-spun garments were some of the fruits of their
+own industry, and that of their wives and daughters. Eight years had
+elapsed since 10,000 of these United Empire Loyalists, driven from their
+homes in the States, came into the dense wilderness of Upper Canada, to
+hew out homes for themselves and their families in the vast solitude,
+the silence of which was only broken by the barking of the fox, the howl
+of the wolf and the growl of the bear, and the occasional whoop of the
+Indian.[171]
+
+The population of Upper Canada was, in 1792, about 12,000 souls. The
+Loyalist pioneers of Upper Canada fought as bravely against privations,
+hardships, and dangers in founding their forest homes, as they had done
+in the Royal ranks in the defence of the unity of the empire. During the
+first ten years of their hard enterprise and labours, the forest began
+to yield to the axe of industry, and the little cabins, and clearings,
+and growing crops gave evidence of human life and activity; but there
+were no towns or large settlements; the inhabitants were scattered in
+little groups, or isolated log-houses, along the north shores of the
+River St. Lawrence, Lakes Ontario and Erie, and of the Detroit river,
+the only gathering of houses or villages being Kingston, Newark, and
+Amherstburg.
+
+The first session of the first Parliament of Upper Canada lasted only
+four weeks, commencing the 17th of September, and closing the 15th of
+October, 1792; the first session of the Parliament of Lower Canada
+lasted nearly five months--from the 17th of December, 1792, to the 9th
+of May, 1793. During these nearly five months, the Legislature of Lower
+Canada passed eight Bills, all well prepared and useful, but with much
+ceremony and delay from the polite French seignors; the Legislature of
+Upper Canada, in their session of four weeks, also passed eight Bills,
+indicating no haste, well prepared, and of importance and useful. The
+Bills passed provided for the introduction of English law; the trial by
+jury; for the charge of millers, limiting their allowance for grinding
+and bolting grain to the rate of one bushel for every twelve bushels
+ground; for the easy recovery of small debts; for the change of the
+German names of the four districts into which Lord Dorchester had
+divided what now constituted Upper Canada, and granted to the United
+Empire Loyalists. _Lunenburg_, extending from the River Ottawa to the
+River Gananoque, was now called the _Eastern District; Mecklenburg_,
+extending from Gananoque to the River Trent, was called the _Middle_ or
+_Midland District; Nassau_, extending from the Trent to Long Point, on
+Lake Erie, was called the _Home_ or _Niagara District_; and _Hesse_,
+embracing the rest of Canada, west to the Lake St. Clair, was called the
+_Western_ or _Detroit District_. These districts were again divided into
+twelve counties. An Act was also passed to erect a jail and court-house
+in each district.
+
+Governor Simcoe closed this session of the Parliament the 15th of
+October, 1792, and after complimenting both Houses on the business-like
+manner in which they had performed their legislative duties, concluded
+his proroguing speech with the following significant words:
+
+"I cannot dismiss you without earnestly desiring you to promote, by
+precept and example, regular habits of piety and morality, the surest
+foundations of all private and public felicity; and at this juncture I
+particularly recommend you to explain _that this province is signally
+blessed, not with a mutilated Constitution, but with a Constitution
+which has stood the test of experience, and is the very image and
+transcript of that of Great Britain_, by which she has long established
+and secured to her subjects as much freedom and happiness as is possible
+to be enjoyed under the subordination necessary to civilized society."
+
+When Governor Simcoe selected Newark as the seat of government, he
+thought that Fort Niagara, on the opposite side of the river, would be
+ceded to England, as it was then occupied by a British garrison; but
+when he found that the Niagara river was to be the boundary line between
+Great Britain and the United States, and that the British garrison was
+to be withdrawn from Fort Niagara, he judged it not wise that the
+capital of Upper Canada should be within reach of the guns of an
+American fort. He made a tour through the wilderness of the western
+peninsula, and proposed to found a new London for the Canadian capital,
+on the banks of what he then called the River Thames, the site of the
+present city of London, in the heart of the western district, and secure
+from invasion; but Lord Dorchester preferred Kingston, which he had made
+the principal naval and military station of the province. To this
+Governor Simcoe objected. It was at length agreed to select _York_, as
+it was then called, the site of an old French fort. Though the
+surrounding land was low and swampy, the harbour was excellent.
+
+Governor Simcoe removed to the new capital before a house was built in
+it, and lodged some time in a large canvas tent, pitched on the site of
+the old fort, at the west end of the bay. He employed the Queen's
+Rangers, who had accompanied him, to open a main road--Yonge
+Street--from York to Lake Simcoe, called after the Governor himself. He
+proposed to open a direct communication between Lakes Ontario and Huron,
+and then with the Ottawa; and projected an enlightened and vigorous
+policy for promoting the development of the country, its agriculture,
+fisheries, population, trade, etc.; but before he had time to mature and
+give effect to his plans, he was suddenly removed, in 1796, from the
+government of Upper Canada to that of St. Domingo, in the West Indies.
+He was succeeded in the government by the senior member of the Executive
+Council, the Hon. Peter Russel, who improved his two years'
+administration, not by carrying out the patriotic plans of his
+predecessor, but by granting lands to himself and his friends for
+speculation, to the impediment of settlements and often to the
+disappointment and wrong of real settlers, whose applications for lands
+were rejected, which were afterwards granted to the land-speculating
+friends of the Governor, or to himself--whose grants to himself are said
+to have run something on this wise: "I, Peter Russel, Lieutenant-Governor,
+etc., do grant to you, Peter Russel, etc."[172]
+
+General Simcoe zealously encouraged emigration to and settlement in the
+country, and during the four years of his administration the population
+increased to 30,000. There was a very considerable emigration from the
+United States of persons who did not like the new system of government
+there, and to whom the first Loyalist settlers had written, or visited,
+giving a favourable account of the climate and productiveness of the
+country.
+
+Though the seat of government was removed to Toronto in 1795, the
+Parliament continued to meet at Niagara until 1797. During its
+successive sessions at Niagara (then Newark), the Parliament passed Acts
+for the civil and municipal administration of the country, the
+construction of roads, fixing duties on goods imported from England and
+the United States, etc., etc. The Legislature gave a reward of twenty
+and ten shillings respectively for the heads or scalps of wolves and
+bears, an Act suggestive of the exposures of the early settlers; and
+allowed the members of the Assembly ten shillings per day each. In the
+second session, the first Parliament passed an Act forbidding the
+introduction of slavery into the province--ten years in advance of Lower
+Canada on this subject.
+
+Major-General Hunter succeeded the Hon. Peter Russel, in 1799, as
+Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. He possessed little energy or
+enterprise, and did little or nothing except as advised by his Executive
+Council of five; so that the Government of Upper Canada was practically
+an oligarchy, irresponsible alike to Governor and people, each member
+receiving L100 per annum as Councillor, besides the lands he was able to
+obtain. Yet the Government, upon the whole, was satisfactory to the
+country, and commanded for many years the support of its elected
+representatives.
+
+When General Hunter first met the Parliament in Toronto, the 2nd of
+June, 1800, the growth of Upper Canada having been rapid, its population
+now numbered upwards of 50,000. This year, 1800, the Legislature passed
+an Act prohibiting the sale of spirituous liquors to the Indians. In
+1802, the Legislature of Upper Canada, as had that of Lower Canada,
+passed an Act appropriating L750 to encourage the growth of hemp, in
+order to render England independent of Russia in the supply of hemp for
+cordage for the navy, as was being rapidly the case in the supply of
+timber to build ships. As obstructions on the St. Lawrence rendered
+communication more difficult between Upper and Lower Canada than with
+Albany and New York, articles of commerce from Europe could be more
+readily brought in by that route than by the St. Lawrence; a
+considerable trade sprang up with the United States, which rendered
+necessary the establishment of custom-houses on the frontiers.
+Accordingly, ports of entry were established at Cornwall, Brockville,
+Kingston, Toronto, Niagara, Queenston, Fort Erie, Turkey Point,
+Amherstburg, and Sandwich, the duties being the same on American as on
+English goods. The Governor was authorized to appoint collectors, at
+salaries not exceeding L100 currency per annum, except when the amount
+of duties collected at a port was less than L100, in which case the
+collector was allowed one-half of the amount collected in lieu of
+salary.
+
+In 1807 Parliament made provision for eight masters of grammar schools,
+one for each district, and at a salary of L100 currency ($400) for each
+master.
+
+In the meantime emigration continued large. Many of the emigrants were
+from the United States. The troubles of '98 in Ireland were followed by
+a large Irish emigration to Canada; there were also a considerable
+number of Scotch and a few English emigrants; but the larger number of
+emigrants were from Ireland and the United States.[174]
+
+The Legislature continued from session to session to pass Bills for the
+various improvements of the country; after doing which its members did
+not give much attention to politics, but devoted themselves to the
+culture and enlargement of their farms, of which their descendants are
+at this day reaping large advantages.[175]
+
+Mr. McMullen, in his History of Canada, speaking of the year 1809, says:
+
+"No civilized country in the world was less burdened with taxes than
+Canada West at this period. A small direct tax on property, levied by
+the District Courts of Session, and not amounting to L3,500 for the
+whole country, sufficed for all local expenses. There was no poor rate,
+no capitation tax, no tithes, or ecclesiastical rates of any kind.
+Instead of a road tax, a few days' statute labour annually sufficed.
+Nowhere did the working man find the produce of his labour so little
+diminished by exactions of any kind. Canada West literally teemed with
+abundance; while its people, unlike the early French and Americans, had
+nothing to fear from the red man, and enjoyed the increase of the earth
+in peace."
+
+I have thus given a brief narrative of the formation of the government
+of Upper Canada, and of the first seventeen years of its operations,
+down to the period when the anticipated hostilities between Great
+Britain and the United States--the latter being the tools of Napoleon to
+rescue Canada from Great Britain--rendered preparation necessary on the
+part of the Loyalists of Canada to defend their country and homes
+against foreign invasion.
+
+I have also given some account of the first settlement of the country,
+and the privations and hardships of the first settlers. But believing
+that a narrative from a single pen could not do justice to this subject,
+or could present to the reader, in so vivid and interesting a light, the
+character, sufferings, courage, and enterprise of our country's
+forefathers and founders, as narratives from themselves, with the
+diversity of style characteristic of communications from various
+sources, I have therefore inserted in Chapter XLI. those interesting
+papers transmitted to me from time to time, at my request, during the
+last twenty years.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 171: But the Indians were friendly to white settlers, as they
+have always been. Almost the entire Mohawk tribe, with other loyalist
+Indians, under their chief, Joseph Brant, followed the fortunes of their
+white loyalist brethren, and settled on their reservation on the Grand
+River. Brant had been educated in a Christian school in Philadelphia;
+had a comfortable home, and lived respectably on the Mohawk river before
+the American revolution; had entertained missionaries, and had assisted
+one of them in translating a part of the New Testament and Prayer Book
+into the Mohawk language. Colonel Stone, in his "Life of Brant" and the
+"History of the Border Wars of the American Revolution," has nobly
+vindicated the character of Brant, and of his brethren of the Six
+Nations, from the misrepresentations and calumnies of American
+historians. Brant was a member of the Church of England, and built a
+church in his settlement in 1786, in which was placed the first church
+bell ever heard in Upper Canada.]
+
+[Footnote 172: "During Colonel Simcoe's administration he had been
+exceedingly careful with regard to the distribution of lands; but
+immediately on his departure, irregularities began to creep into the
+Crown Land Department, just as it had in Lower Canada, and great
+injustice was done to the actual settlers. Large tracts of the most
+eligible sites were seized upon by Government officials and speculators,
+and the actual settlers found themselves in many instances thrust into
+out-of-the-way corners, and cut off from intercourse with any near
+neighbours for want of roads." (Tuttle's History of the Dominion of
+Canada, Chap. lxxxiii., p. 387.)
+
+"On the removal of Governor Simcoe,[173] of his wise schemes fell
+through. Land designed for settlements was seized by speculators,
+especially in the vicinity of Toronto, and the general development of
+the country was greatly retarded." (Withrow's History of Canada, Chap,
+xvi., p. 293.)
+
+Scarcely any--if any--of these early land speculators had served as
+_United Empire Loyalists_ during the revolutionary war; and their
+descendants, if existing, are as little known as if their fathers had
+never lived.]
+
+[Footnote 173: Lord Dorchester did not endorse Governor Simcoe's policy,
+as the latter had not concurred with the former in giving German names
+to the four first districts of Upper Canada, and in the selection of the
+seat of government. The American Government represented Governor Simcoe
+as exciting the Iroquois or Mohawks, both in Canada and Western New
+York, against it--representations in which there was not a shadow of
+truth, though Americans were endeavouring to excite disaffection to the
+British Government and sympathy with republican France against England
+in both Upper and Lower Canada, especially in the latter province. But
+by these representations, and those of disappointed local speculators,
+the Home Government removed Governor Simcoe, the father of
+constitutional, pure, and progressive government in Upper Canada.]
+
+[Footnote 174: "In Upper as well as Lower Canada the first sixteen
+years' experience of the new Constitution had been very encouraging. All
+concerned in working it out during that period kept as clear as possible
+from causes of discord. The consequence was that harmony and good
+progress marked the early career of the province." (Miles' School
+History of Canada, Part III., Chap. i., pp. 193, 194.)]
+
+[Footnote 175: "Meanwhile the country had steadily prospered,
+undisturbed in its forest isolation by the great European war, which was
+deluging with blood a hundred battle fields and desolating thousands of
+homes. By the year 1809, the population had increased to about 70,000.
+Taxes were exceedingly light. The Customs revenue, derived principally
+from the imports of groceries--for clothing was chiefly
+home-spun--amounted to L7,000." (Withrow's History of Canada, Chap.
+xxi., p. 296.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVII.
+
+WAR BY THE UNITED STATES AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN, FROM 1812 TO
+1815--INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL REMARKS.
+
+
+The war between Great Britain and the United States, from 1812 to 1815,
+furnishes the strongest example of the present century, or of any age or
+country, of the attachment of a people to their mother country, and of
+their determination, at whatever sacrifice and against whatever
+disparity, to maintain the national life of their connection with it.
+The true spirit of _the Loyalists of America_ was never exhibited with
+greater force and brilliancy than during the war of 1812-1815.
+
+England was engaged in a death struggle for the independence of the
+continental nations of Europe and the rights of mankind. At the darkest
+hour of that eventful contest, when the continent was drenched with the
+blood of nations, and the Tyrant had his feet upon their neck, and
+England alone stood erect, taxing her resources to the utmost and
+shedding her best blood for human freedom, the Democratic party in the
+United States--the ever anti-British party--the pro-slavery party--the
+party in the United States least subordinate to law and most inimical to
+liberty--at such a crisis such a party declared war against Britain, and
+forthwith invaded Canada, before the declaration of war was known in
+England.
+
+At that time the population of Lower Canada was 225,000 souls--200,000
+of whom were French; the population of Upper Canada was 75,000; the
+population of the United States was upwards of 8,000,000: so that the
+population of the _two Canadas_ was to that of the United States as one
+to twenty-seven; and the population of _Upper Canada_ was to that of the
+United States as one to one hundred and six.
+
+Yet the Canadas, with a frontier of more than 1,000 miles, and aided by
+a few regiments of regular soldiers, sent as a mere guard for the
+principal cities, from Halifax to Amherstburg, resisted the whole
+military power of the United States for two years, at the end of which
+not an inch of Canadian ground was in possession of the invaders; and
+within six months after England had given freedom and peace to
+Europe--chaining its Tyrant to the island rock of Elba, sweeping with
+its fleet the coasts of the United States, and sending 16,000 veteran
+soldiers to aid the struggling Canadas--the boasting Madison and his
+Government sued for peace, without even mentioning the original pretexts
+of war, which Great Britain generously granted.
+
+It does not come within our purpose to write a history of this war; we
+present only such phases and events of it as will illustrate the
+Loyalist spirit and courage of the Canadians, French as well as English,
+and even true Americans; for the American settlers in Canada were, with
+few exceptions, as loyal subjects and as bold defenders of their adopted
+country as the U.E. Loyalists themselves; and even the most virtuous and
+intelligent part of the citizens of the United States protested against
+the alliance of the Democratic rulers at Washington with the tyrant and
+scourge of Europe.
+
+We shall notice, in the first place, the alleged and real causes of the
+war; secondly, the preparations for it made by the Governments and
+Legislatures of the two Canadas; thirdly, the invasions of each
+province, each year, separately, and the battles fought. There were no
+less than eleven invasions of the Canadas by the American armies during
+the three years of the war, besides naval engagements, and various
+incursions of marauding and plundering parties.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVIII.
+
+ALLEGED AND REAL CAUSES OF THE WAR.
+
+
+From the first--from the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the
+United States in 1783--there was a large party in the United States
+bitterly and actively hostile to England and its colonies; that party
+had persecuted and driven the Loyalists from the United States, and
+compelled them to seek homes in the Canadian wilderness, and had even
+followed them with its enmities in their new abodes; that party had
+sympathized with the revolutionists of France, who crimsoned the streets
+of Paris with the blood of their Sovereign and fellow-citizens, and who
+sent emissaries to Canada to subvert legal authority, and excite the
+strife of anarchy and bloodshed. The base of the operations of all the
+emissaries of French revolutionists in Canada was for twenty years the
+United States, aided directly and indirectly by American sympathizers;
+that same party sympathized and even leagued with Napoleon against
+England while she was defending the liberties of Europe and of mankind;
+it was the same party that in subsequent years aided the rebel Mackenzie
+and the rabble Fenians to invade Canada, allowing the United States to
+be the base of their organizations, and opening to them the American
+arsenals of arms and ammunition; it was the same party that, in
+conspiracy with the Tyrant of France and the enemy of human freedom,
+declared war against Great Britain in 1812, in order to wrest Canada
+from her possession, and make it an appendage of France and the United
+States.[176]
+
+The American Government alleged two reasons as the ground of its
+declaration of war against Britain: the one was, that the British
+Government had issued Orders in Council which injured the American
+commerce with other countries; the other was, that the British
+Government had infringed the rights of the United States by authorizing
+the boarding of American vessels in search of deserters from the English
+army and navy, and seizing them.
+
+As to the first of these reasons, namely, the English Orders in Council,
+the facts are as follow: "After the annihilation of the naval power of
+France at _Trafalgar_ in 1805, by Lord Nelson, the principal
+transactions of France at sea were the fitting out and arming of
+privateers to prey upon the English merchant vessels and commerce. To
+accomplish his purpose more effectually, Napoleon promulgated the
+following year after the destruction of his fleet what is called the
+Berlin Decree."[177]
+
+"No nation was allowed to trade with any other country in any articles
+the growth, produce, or manufactures of any of the British dominions,
+all of which, as well as the island of Great Britain itself, were
+declared to be in a state of blockade. He appointed residents in every
+trading country, and no ship was to be admitted into any of his ports
+without a _certification of origin_; that is, of the nature of the goods
+they carried, and that no part of these was English. In consequence of
+these Decrees, the English commerce, during the months of August,
+September, and October, 1807--that part of the year in which the Berlin
+Decree of November, 1806, was carried into full effect--was not only
+greatly cramped, but lay prostrated on the ground, and motionless,
+before a protecting and self-defensive system was adopted by our Orders
+in Council."[178]
+
+The British Orders in Council were dated January 7th, 1807, and were a
+measure of retaliation for the protection of British commerce in
+response to Napoleon's Berlin Decree of the 21st of November, 1806. By
+these Orders in Council, "all trade to France or her dependencies was
+strictly prohibited; all vessels, of whatever nation, which ventured to
+engage in this trade were declared liable to seizure, and France and her
+dependencies were thus reduced to that state of blockade with which she
+had vainly threatened the British islands. The Orders in Council
+admitted but of one exception to this general blockade of the French
+empire. The French had declared all vessels liable to seizure which had
+touched at a British port; the Orders in Council, to counteract this
+provision, declared, on the other hand, that only such ships as were in
+that situation should be permitted to sail for France. Thus did the
+utter extinction of the foreign trade of France result as a natural
+consequence of the very measures of her own Government; measures which
+no despotism, how ignorant soever, would have ventured to adopt, had it
+not trusted to a power which effectually silenced all popular
+opinion."[179]
+
+As France was the aggressor upon the rights of neutrals by the Berlin
+Decree, and as the Orders in Council were a defensive retaliation upon
+France for her attempt to destroy English commerce, the American
+Government should have first remonstrated with France and demanded
+reparation; but this was not the case; the outcry of the Madison
+partizans was against England alone. It is true some grumbling words
+were uttered by some parties against the policy and acts of the French
+Government; but mere words to save appearances, not followed up by any
+acts; for by a collusion between Napoleon and Madison, it was understood
+that the Articles of the Berlin Decree were not intended to apply to
+ships of the United States--would not be executed against them--and were
+intended to destroy the commerce of Great Britain. An American writer
+(Lossing) remarks, "_With a partiality towards the Americans that was
+practical friendship_, the French cruisers did not, for a whole year,
+interfere with American vessels trading with Great Britain;" and Mr.
+Alex. Baring, M.P. (afterwards Lord Ashburton), in his _Inquiry into the
+Causes and Consequences of the Orders in Council_, said that _"no
+condemnation of an American vessel had ever taken place under it"_.
+
+By this collusion between the Tyrant of Europe and the President of the
+United States, the necessities of France were supplied, and the shipping
+interests of the United States largely promoted, at the expense of the
+commerce and shipping interests of England.
+
+But the collusion, or conspiracy, between Napoleon and Madison were
+carried on to weaken the English navy by the desertion of its sailors,
+as well as to injure English commerce by connivance in behalf of
+American trading vessels. The seduction of deserters from the British
+navy, and even army, was carried on successfully on a large scale. The
+safety of England consisted chiefly in her navy, which she was
+increasing and strengthening by every possible means. Therefore every
+skilled sailor was of importance to England, while every practicable
+scheme was resorted to by her enemies to induce and facilitate the
+desertion of her seamen and soldiers--especially of her seamen, several
+thousands of whom were detected and seized on board of American
+vessels--constituting as they did the best sailors on board American
+merchant vessels, and the vital strength of the French privateers. To
+stop this depleting of her naval resources, England put in exercise her
+right of boarding vessels of neutral powers in search of deserters from
+her navy. The only neutral power in Europe was Sardinia; so that the
+United States was the only neutral power that had vessels upon the
+ocean; and the President of the United States was conniving against
+England with the usurper and oppressor of Europe.
+
+The right of a belligerent power to search the vessels of neutral powers
+in search of deserters had never been denied, though the modification of
+its exercise had frequently been sought; but under the teachings of
+Napoleon, his American pupils now began to exclaim against it as an
+infringement of national dignity and rights. The English Government had
+directed the exercise of this right with the greatest caution and
+courtesy, and only in regard to vessels on board of which, from specific
+information, there was reason to believe there were English deserters.
+These deserters, on getting smuggled on board of American vessels, would
+forthwith take the oath of allegiance to the United States, and be
+recognized and claimed as American citizens.[180]
+
+An event now occurred which enabled President Madison to excite his
+partizans throughout the United States to a flame of indignation
+against England. Information had been received that there were English
+deserters on board the American ship _Chesapeake_; the British warship
+_Leopard_ sought their restoration, and on being refused fired into the
+_Chesapeake_, and recovered the four deserters claimed. The attendant
+circumstances being omitted, the simple fact announced by the President
+to Congress, that the English warship _Leopard_ had fired into the
+American ship _Chesapeake_, and in American waters, killing several
+persons, and had seized and carried off four American citizens, produced
+the excitement he was anxious to create against England, preparatory to
+the war on which he was then determined--in the zenith of Napoleon's
+success and power, and in the extremity of England's struggle for her
+own existence and the liberties of mankind. The statement of the
+American President as to the affair of the ships _Leopard_ and
+_Chesapeake_ has been repeated to this day by American historians, and
+is used in American school books to illustrate England's arrogance and
+cruelty; whereas all the facts of the case prove directly the reverse.
+We give the account of the affair from one American writer, who, though
+partial, was too honest to omit essential facts, much less to pervert
+them; we refer to Dr. Holmes, author of _American Annals_, and quote at
+length his account of the affair. He says:
+
+"The frigate _Chesapeake_, being ordered to cruise in the Mediterranean
+Sea, under the command of Commodore Barron, sailing from Hampton Roads,
+was come up with by the British ship-of-war _Leopard_, one of a
+squadron then at anchor within the limits of the United States. An
+officer was sent from the _Leopard_ to the _Chesapeake_ with a note from
+the captain respecting some deserters from his Britannic Majesty's
+ships, supposed to be serving as part of the crew of the _Chesapeake_
+and enclosing a copy of an order from Vice-Admiral Berkeley requiring
+and directing the commanders of ships and vessels under his command, in
+case of meeting with the American frigate at sea, and without the limits
+of the United States, to show the order to her captain, and to require
+to search his ship for the deserters from certain ships therein named,
+and to proceed and search for them; and if a similar demand should be
+made by the American, he was permitted to search for deserters from
+their service, according to the custom and usage of civilized nations on
+terms of amity with each other. Commodore Barron gave an answer that he
+knew of no such men as were described; that the recruiting officers for
+the _Chesapeake_ had been particularly instructed by the Government,
+through him, not to enter any deserters from his Britannic Majesty's
+ships; that he knew of none such being in her; that he was instructed
+never to permit the crew of any ship under his command to be mustered by
+any officers but her own; that he was disposed to preserve harmony, and
+hoped his answer would prove satisfactory. The _Leopard_, shortly after
+this answer was received by her commander, ranged alongside of the
+_Chesapeake_, and commenced a heavy fire upon her. The _Chesapeake_,
+unprepared for action, made no resistance, but remained under the fire
+of the _Leopard_ from twenty to thirty minutes; when, having suffered
+much damage, and lost three men killed and eighteen wounded, Commodore
+Barron ordered his colours to be struck, and sent a lieutenant on board
+the _Leopard_ to inform her commander that he considered the
+_Chesapeake_ her prize. The commander of the _Leopard_ sent an officer
+on board, who took possession of the _Chesapeake_, mustered her crew,
+and, carrying off four of her men, abandoned the ship. Commodore Barron,
+after a communication, by writing, with the commander of the _Leopard_,
+finding that the _Chesapeake_ was very much injured, returned, with the
+advice of his officers, to Hampton Roads." (American State Papers,
+1806-08.)
+
+"On receiving information of this outrage, the President, by
+proclamation, interdicted the harbours and waters of the United States
+to all armed British vessels, forbade all intercourse with them, and
+ordered a sufficient force for the protection of Norfolk, and such other
+preparations as the occasion appeared to require. An armed vessel of the
+United States was dispatched with instructions to the American Minister
+at London to call on the British Government for the satisfaction and
+security which the outrage required." (American State Papers, 1806-08,
+pp. 183, 184, 248-252.)[181]
+
+Such is the American State Paper account of this affair, published some
+years afterwards; and from this it will be seen that what was asked by
+the captain of the _Leopard_ was what had been granted by all neutral
+nations to belligerents--to seek for and take their own deserters on
+board of neutral vessels, in order to prevent neutrals from being, or
+suspected of being, in collusion with either belligerent party. The
+American Government being in sympathy with the French Government during
+the whole of its twenty years' war with England, sought to change and
+evade this hitherto undisputed usage of mutually friendly nations in
+regard to belligerents. The _Chesapeake_ seems to have been selected to
+make up a cause of war with Great Britain, by the warlike proceedings of
+the President before communicating with the British Government on the
+subject. The American people had nothing but a complete perversion of
+the facts of the case until years afterwards.
+
+It is plain from the true version of the affair that the captain of the
+_Leopard_ acted courteously and fairly, though in excess of the
+authority granted by the British Government; that he offered the same
+facilities to the captain of the _Chesapeake_, in regard to examination
+for deserters, that he asked himself; that the commander of the
+_Chesapeake_ stated what he knew to be untrue when he asserted that
+there were no deserters on board the _Chesapeake_, which he knew would
+be detected on examination of his crew.
+
+In all the American accounts and discussions on the question, they
+ignore the usage or customary law of civilized nations as to neutral or
+mutually friendly nations in respect to belligerent powers, and are
+silent as to France and England being at war with each other, and that
+in encouraging desertions from the English ships, and then claiming them
+as American citizens, they were playing into the hands of Bonaparte
+against England.
+
+It appears that President Madison, without awaiting or asking
+satisfaction or explanation on this affair of the _Leopard_ and
+_Chesapeake_, forthwith prohibited the anchoring of British war ships in
+American waters, and then sent a special messenger and communication to
+the American Minister in London to demand satisfaction of the British
+Government for the alleged "outrage" upon the _Chesapeake_. But did the
+British Government show the passion and violence of the President of the
+United States? Let the American author above quoted be our witness again
+on this point. Dr. Holmes says:
+
+"Reparation was made by the British for the attack on the _Chesapeake_.
+Augustus J. Foster, the British envoy, informed the Secretary of the
+United States that he was instructed to repeat to the American
+Government the prompt disavowal made by his Majesty, on being apprised
+of the unauthorized act of the officer in command of his naval forces on
+the coast of America, whose recall from a highly important and
+honourable command immediately ensued, as a mark of his Majesty's
+disapprobation; that he was authorized to offer, in addition to that
+disavowal on the part of his Majesty, to order the immediate
+restoration, as far as circumstances would admit, of the men who [though
+deserters], in consequence of Admiral Berkeley's orders, were forcibly
+taken out of the _Chesapeake_, to the vessel from which they were taken;
+or, if that ship were no longer in commission, to such seaport of the
+United States as the American Government may name for the purpose; and
+that he was authorized to offer to the American Government a suitable
+pecuniary provision for the sufferers in consequence of the attack on
+the _Chesapeake_, including the families of those seamen who fell in the
+action, and of the wounded survivors. The President acceded to these
+propositions; and the officer commanding the _Chesapeake_, then lying in
+the harbour of Boston, was instructed to receive the men, who were to be
+restored to that ship."--_Ib._, p. 443.
+
+It might be supposed that such a spontaneous, courteous, and just
+proceeding on the part of England would have satisfied even the
+bellicose President Madison; but he was bent on joining the Tyrant of
+Europe in war against England; the American public were kept in
+ignorance of the instigating circumstances, and the just and generous
+conduct of the British Government in regard to the affair of the
+_Leopard_ and the _Chesapeake_, and availed himself of every occurrence
+or incident to excite and increase the war feeling in the United States
+against England.
+
+An incident soon occurred answerable to President Madison's purpose. A
+renegade by the name of _Henry_, who had in youth emigrated from
+Ireland, and who had, by the interest of friends, got appointed captain
+of militia; but not succeeding in the United States to the extent of his
+ambition, emigrated to Montreal, where, by some talents and address, and
+professed love of British institutions, he ingratiated himself in the
+good graces of the principal persons at Montreal, and commenced his
+studies at law there, with a view of qualifying himself for a seat on
+the judicial bench of _Upper Canada_, to which he was vain and ambitious
+enough to aspire. He at length got access to the Governor-General, Sir
+James Craig, into whose confidence he so wormed himself as to obtain a
+letter of recognition and recommendation to visit Massachusetts and
+other eastern States to ascertain and report upon the state of feeling
+there in regard to the sympathy of those States with England in case of
+war with England; but neither the British Government nor even Sir James
+Craig's Canadian Executive Council had the slightest knowledge of this
+confidential epistolary intrigue between his Excellency and the renegade
+American militia captain, who professed to be familiar with the politics
+and parties of the New England States, where there was vehement
+opposition to the democratic and war government of President Madison,
+and supposed to cherish a strong leaning to England. While this
+unprincipled "Captain Henry" was sauntering in the public-houses and
+brothels of Boston, he wrote from time to time letters to Sir James
+Craig and other principal persons in Quebec; but the Governor and others
+who received his ostentatious and pretentious letters--though amused by
+them--derived no more information from his epistles than from the public
+newspapers of the day. Henry, however, estimated his own worthless
+services of the greatest importance; and failing to get from Sir James
+Craig the amount of his demands, he appealed for compensation to the
+Government in England. He addressed a memorial to the Earl of Liverpool,
+Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies, stating his services, and
+suggesting that the appointment of Judge Advocate General of Lower
+Canada, with the salary of L500 per annum, or a consulate in the United
+States, _sine cura_, would be considered by him as a fair discharge of
+the obligation of the Government to him for his services. Lord Liverpool
+was not disposed to prostitute such favours upon a mercenary and
+intriguing vagrant, and referred him to the Government of Lower Canada,
+then in charge of Sir George Prevost, who had succeeded Sir James Craig.
+Henry knew the little estimate that was placed upon his services in
+Canada; he therefore betook himself back to the United States, and
+offered his traitorous letters to the American Government for $50,000,
+which he obtained, paid out of the United States Secret Service
+Fund.[182] President Madison, instead of laying the correspondence
+before the British Government for explanation and satisfaction,
+communicated it to Congress, as a discovery and illustration of a
+conspiracy by the British Government to subvert the Constitution and
+Government of the United States, and by his message inflamed the
+Congress to the highest pitch of excitement, in the climax of which he
+got a vote in favour of a declaration of war against Great Britain. The
+President, in his message to Congress, referring to the Henry documents
+said: "They prove that at a recent period, while the United States,
+notwithstanding the wrongs sustained by them, ceased not to observe the
+laws of neutrality towards Great Britain, and in the midst of amicable
+professions and negotiations on the part of the British Government
+through its public Minister here [Mr. Erskine], a _secret agent of that
+Government_ was employed in certain States--more especially at the seat
+of government in Massachusetts--in fomenting disaffection to the
+constituted authorities of the nation, and in intrigues with the
+disaffected, for the purpose of bringing about resistance to the laws,
+and eventually, in concert with a British force, of destroying the
+Union, and forming the eastern part thereof into a political connection
+with England."
+
+Two days before the transmission of President Madison's message of
+accusation against England, the British Minister at Washington declared
+in the public prints his entire ignorance of any transaction of the
+kind, and asked the United States Government to consider the character
+of the individual who had made these disclosures,[183] and to "suspend
+any further judgment on its merits until the circumstances shall have
+been made known to his Majesty's Government." But such fairness to
+England did not answer President Madison's purpose to get himself
+re-elected President, by exciting hostility and declaring war against
+England.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 176: "The war party in the United States was not very strong,
+numerically speaking, and it was not composed of the most respectable
+portions of the community; but what it lacked in these two requisites it
+made up in loud and demonstrative clamour, and the more serious-minded
+and important portions of the people were being forced, against their
+better judgment, into a position hostile to Great Britain, by the
+continued cry of a few demagogues, who were more anxious to give vent to
+their old feeling of spite against Great Britain than to consult the
+best interests of their country." (Tuttle's History of the Dominion of
+Canada, Chap. lxxii., p. 349.)]
+
+[Footnote 177: This Decree is dated "Imperial Camp, Berlin, November
+21st, 1806." Its principal Articles are as follow:
+
+"Art. 1. The British islands are in a state of blockade.
+
+"Art. 2. _All commerce and correspondence with them is prohibited_;
+consequently, all letters or packets written _in_ England, or _to_ an
+Englishman, _written in the English language_, shall not be dispatched
+from the post-offices, and shall be seized.
+
+"Art. 3. Every individual, a subject of Great Britain, of whatever rank
+or condition, who is found in countries occupied by our troops or those
+of our allies, shall be made prisoner of war.
+
+"Art. 4. Every warehouse, all merchandise or property whatsoever,
+belonging to an Englishman, are declared god-prize.
+
+"Art. 6. No vessel coming directly from England or her colonies, or
+having been there since the publication of this Decree, shall be
+admitted into any port.
+
+"Art. 7. Every vessel that by a false declaration contravenes the
+foregoing disposition, shall be seized, and the ship and cargo
+confiscated as English property.
+
+"Art. 10. Our Ministers of Foreign Relations, etc., are charged with the
+execution of the present Decree."]
+
+[Footnote 178: British Annual Register, 1807, Vol. XLII., Chap, xii., p.
+227.]
+
+[Footnote 179: Thompson's History of the War of 1812, between Great
+Britain and the United States, Chap. III., pp. 23, 24.]
+
+[Footnote 180: The justice of the proceedings and demands of the British
+Government, the fairness of its proposals, and the injustice and
+unreasonableness of the conduct of the Madison U.S. Government, are
+forcibly presented in the following preamble to resolutions adopted by
+the Legislature of the State of Massachusetts, as late as the 5th of
+February, 1813:
+
+"Whereas the President, in his message to Congress, has made known to
+the people of the United States that the British Orders in Council have
+been repealed 'in such manner as to be capable of explanations meeting
+the views of the Government' of the United States; and therefore none of
+the alleged causes of war with Great Britain now remain except the claim
+of the right to take British subjects from the merchant ships of the
+United States:
+
+"And whereas, during the administration of General Washington and
+President Adams, this claim of Great Britain was not considered a
+reasonable cause of war; and under the administration of President
+Jefferson, the Government of Great Britain did offer to make an
+arrangement with the United States, which in the opinion of Messrs.
+Montrose and Pinkey, their Ministers, placed this subject on a ground
+that was both honourable and advantageous to the United States, and
+highly favourable to their interests, and was, at the same time, a
+concession which had never before been made; and it is highly probable
+that the Government of Great Britain would still be willing to make an
+arrangement on this subject which should be alike honourable and
+advantageous to the United States:
+
+"And whereas, under the administration of President Madison, when the
+arrangement of matters in controversy between the United States and
+Great Britain was made with his Britannic Majesty's Minister, David
+Montague Erskine, Esq., the impressment of seamen was not considered of
+sufficient importance to make it a condition of that arrangement:
+
+"And whereas _the European powers, as well as the United States,
+recognize the principle that their subjects have no right to expatriate
+themselves, and that the nation has a right to the services of all its
+citizens, especially in time of war; and none of those powers respect
+the neutralization laws of others so far as to admit their operation in
+contravention of that principle--and it is manifestly unjust for a
+neutral power to make war upon one nation in order to compel it to
+relinquish a principle which is maintained by the others, etc_."]
+
+[Footnote 181: Holmes' American Annals, Vol. II., pp. 434, 435.
+
+The manner in which this affair was presented to the public by the
+President and American writers may be inferred from the following:
+
+"This vessel (the _Chesapeake_) was suddenly attacked within our waters
+in the time of profound peace, compelled to surrender, and several
+seamen, alleged to be British, were then forcibly taken from her. The
+burst of indignation which followed was even more violent than that
+which was produced by the Orders in Council in 1793 [1807]. Party
+animosity was suspended; meetings were assembled in every village; the
+newspapers were filled with formal addresses; volunteer companies were
+everywhere set on foot; and, in the first frenzy of the moment, the
+universal cry was for immediate war. Although hostilities were not
+declared, the feelings of America were from that day at war with
+England." (Breckenridge's History of the War of 1812.)
+
+This state of feeling was precisely what President Madison wished to
+create, preparatory to his meditated war with England, in connection
+with the French usurper.]
+
+[Footnote 182: "Indignant at this neglectful treatment, Henry returned
+to Boston, and obtained a letter of introduction from Governor Gerry to
+Madison, to whom he offered to divulge the whole conspiracy, _of which
+he had been the head and soul_, for a certain sum of money. Madison gave
+him $50,000, and the swindler embarked for France. There is but little
+doubt that Henry made a fool of the Governor of Canada, and completely
+overreached the President. The publication of the correspondence,
+however, increased the hatred both against the Federalists and the
+English nation." [The object President Madison had in view.] (Headley's
+History of the War of 1812-1815 with England, p. 49.)]
+
+[Footnote 183: "The _Henry Plot_ (as it was denominated) was clamoured
+through America as a crime of the deepest dye on the part of Great
+Britain, tending to disorganize the Government, to dismember the Union,
+and to destroy the independence of the States. The fictitious and
+exaggerated importance which the American Government affected to attach
+to this trivial matter had, however, some influence in confirming the
+spirit of hostility towards Great Britain which at that time pervaded
+America, and shortly after broke out in open war. This self-sufficient
+miscreant having, as he fancied, taken ample vengeance upon the
+Government of his native country, could not, with any degree of decency,
+remain in the States, from whence he sailed for France in an American
+sloop-of-war, carrying with him the reward of his treason and the
+universal contempt of mankind." (Christie's History of the War of 1812,
+p. 55.)
+
+Yet, at this very time, there were American and French emissaries in
+both the Canadas (as the proclamations of the Governors show), with a
+view of exciting disaffection to the British Canadian Government, in
+order to wrest the Canadas from England and subject them to France and
+the United States.
+
+"The Americans had been declaring, for several years, that they would
+take the provinces. They had even boasted of the ease with which the
+intended conquest could be made by them whenever they pleased. They
+believed, or pretended to believe, that the majority of the people,
+owing to dissensions and a desire to be free from the mother country,
+would not take part against them in this contest with Great Britain."
+(Dr. Miles' History of Canada, Part III., Chap. iii., p. 201.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIX.
+
+DECLARATION OF WAR BY THE UNITED STATES AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN, AND
+PREPARATIONS FOR THE INVASION OF CANADA.
+
+
+The Bill for declaring war against Britain passed the Congress June
+18th, 1812, after protracted discussions: by the House of Congress, by a
+majority of forty--seventy-nine to thirty-nine--by the Senate, by a
+majority of six.[184] The vote for the declaration of war was a purely
+party vote; the war itself was a purely partizan war--the carrying out
+of intrigue between the American Democratic President and the French
+despoiler of Europe--a war against the intelligence and patriotism of
+the American people, as well as against the independence and liberties
+of nations; a war in which the very selection of generals and officers
+were, as a general rule, partizan appointments.[185]
+
+The war party consisted largely of the mob or refuse of the nation--of
+those who had nothing to lose and everything to gain by such a
+war--facts which will go far to account, with three or four exceptions,
+for the inferior character of the American generals and officers in the
+war; men appointed to offices for which they had no qualifications, and
+to situations in which they could, without stint, rob their country of
+its money, if not of its reputation.
+
+In New York, a Convention of delegates from several counties of the
+State was held at Albany, on the 17th and 18th days of September, 1812,
+in which the war was denounced as unjustifiable, unprincipled, and
+unpatriotic, and as subservient, simply subservient to the cause of the
+French Emperor against England.[186]
+
+The address of the House of Representatives of the State of
+Massachusetts presented in a still stronger light and with unanswerable
+argument the causes of this unjust and cruel war, as wanton and
+unprovoked, and the climax of the various outrages committed against
+Great Britain.
+
+Yet even the English Orders in Council--made the pretext for the war by
+President Madison and his partizans--impolitic as those Orders were on
+the part of England, being founded not on sound national policy, but
+dictated by revenge on Napoleon on account of his Berlin and Milan
+decrees for the destruction of British commerce--even these British
+Orders in Council were actually a source of profit to American
+merchants from the indulgent way in which they were administered by the
+British authorities. The American historian, Hildreth, says:
+
+"The comparative indulgence of the British, their willingness to allow
+to Americans a certain margin of profitable employment, contrasted very
+favourably in the minds of ship-owners with the totally anti-commercial
+system of France. Forgetting their late pretensions to a neutral trade,
+perfectly unshackled, and the loud outcry they had raised against
+British invasions of it, they were now ready, with characteristic
+commercial prudence, to accept as much of the views of British Ministers
+and merchants still left within their reach. A trade still profitable,
+however shackled and curtailed, they regarded as decidedly preferable to
+no trade at all. In fact, by the calculations of eminent merchants,
+fully confirmed by subsequent experience, the trade still allowed under
+the British Orders, while far more profitable, was also quite as
+extensive as there could be any reasonable expectation of enjoying after
+the restoration of general peace.
+
+"The merchants and ship-owners had, however, but a limited influence
+over public opinion. Their vast profits of late years had made them
+objects of envy. Though their accumulations were but an index of the
+general enrichment of the nation, there were multitudes who more or less
+openly rejoiced over their present distress [arising from the American
+embargo.] Unfortunately, too, they were divided among themselves. Some
+even of the wealthiest of their number were among those who applauded
+the embargo, of which conduct this not very charitable explanation was
+given: that it would enable those who were able to wait for the revival
+of trade to buy up at a great discount the ships and produce of their
+poorer neighbours."[188]
+
+President Madison having declared a professedly defensive war against
+Great Britain for the purpose of defending maritime rights on the
+Atlantic Ocean, commenced by invading Canada in three "Grand Armies."
+The one was the Grand Army of the West, consisting of 5,000 men, under
+General Hull, and the base of whose operations was Detroit; the second
+was the Grand Army of the Centre, under the command of General Van
+Rensellaer, consisting of 5,000, which was to operate against Canada
+from Lewiston; and the third, but first in command, was the Grand Army
+of the North, under General Dearborn, consisting of 10,000 men, to
+operate from Lake Champlain against Montreal and the rest of Lower
+Canada.
+
+Such, then, was the declaration of war against England by President
+Madison and his democratic faction; such were the false pretensions for
+the war; such was the confederacy between the democratic President of
+the United States and the Tyrant of Europe against the liberties of
+mankind, under pretence of war with England; such was the noble
+opposition of the States of New York and New England to that unholy
+coalition between the American President and the oppressor of Europe
+against human liberty--States which had been the head and the sinews and
+the backbone of American resistance to Great Britain during the struggle
+for American independence, and which, having achieved that independence,
+abhorred being buccaneers against the independence of Canada, and the
+acquisition of the Indian territories of the West and North of the
+United States.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 184: In the report of the Committee recommending the Bill for
+the declaration, it was, of course, attempted to make England the
+aggressive and the United States the injured party. "On presentation of
+this report," says Lossing, "the doors were closed, and a motion to open
+them was denied by a vote of seventy-seven against forty-nine. Mr.
+Calhoun [the democratic leader of the war party of the South] then
+presented a Bill, as part of the report, declaring war between Great
+Britain and her dependencies and the United States and its territories.
+Amendments were offered. Ten votes were given for a proposition by Mr.
+McKee, of Kentucky, to include France. Mr. Quincy (of Boston)
+endeavoured, by an addition to the Bill, to provide for the repeal of
+all restrictive laws bearing upon commerce; and John Randolph, of
+Virginia, moved to postpone the whole matter until the following
+October. All were rejected, and the Bill, as Mr. Calhoun presented it,
+was passed on the 4th day of June by a vote of seventy-nine for it and
+thirty-nine against it.
+
+"When the Bill reached the Senate it was referred to a Committee already
+appointed to consider the President's message. It remained under
+discussion twelve days. Meanwhile the people throughout the country were
+fearfully excited by conflicting emotions. A memorial against the war
+went from the Legislature of Massachusetts; and another from the
+merchants of New York, led by John Jacob Astor. War-meetings were held
+in various places, and the whole country was in a tumult of excitement.
+Finally, on the 17th of June, the Bill, with some amendments, was passed
+in the Senate by a vote of nineteen against thirteen. It was sent back
+to the House on the morning of the 18th, when the amendments were
+concurred in. The Bill was engrossed on parchment, and at three o'clock
+in the afternoon of that day became law by the signature of the
+President [who next day declared war against Great Britain]. In the
+House, the members from Pennsylvania, and the States of the South and
+West, gave sixty-two votes for it to seventeen against it. In the
+Senate, the same States gave fourteen for it, to five against it,
+'Thus,' says a late writer [Edwin Williams], 'the war may be said to
+have been a measure of the South and West to take care of the interests
+of the North, much against the will of the latter.'" (Lossing's Field
+Book of the War of 1812, Chap. xi., pp. 227, 228.)
+
+The minority of the members of the House of Representatives who voted
+against the war, addressed a protest, signed by them all, to their
+constituents, exposing the impolicy and objects of the war, and
+indicating their own conduct. We quote two sentences of this able paper:
+
+"As to the invasion and seizure of Canada, which was a part of the
+programme of the war party, they considered an attempt to carry out that
+measure as unjust and impolitic in itself, very uncertain in the issue,
+and unpromising as to any good results."--"It cannot be concealed that
+to engage in the present war against England is to place ourselves on
+the side of France, and expose us to the vassalage of States serving
+under the banner of the French Emperor."]
+
+[Footnote 185: The distinguished Joseph Quincy, of Boston, leader of the
+Federalist party, said, in his place in Congress, "I have evidence
+satisfactory in my own mind, that the Secretary of War has made it a
+principle not to appoint any man to a command in that army who is not an
+open partizan of the existing Administration. If it be denied, appoint a
+Committee of Inquiry. If the intention had been to unite the nation as
+one man against a foreign enemy, is not this the last policy that any
+Administration ought ever to have adopted? Is not a partizan army the
+most dreadful and detestable of all engines, and most likely to awaken
+suspicions and to inspire discontent?" (Hildreth, Second Series, Vol.
+III., Chap. xxi., p. 123.)
+
+"The place of the first major-general, with the command of the Northern
+Department, had been given to the petted favourite, Henry Dearborn, late
+Secretary of War, and, since Madison's accession, collector of the port
+of Boston--a lucrative post, kept in his family by his son's appointment
+to it."--"Wilkinson, the senior brigadier, just acquitted by
+court-martial of long-pending charges against him, had been sent to New
+Orleans [afterwards to Canada] to relieve Hampton [who was afterwards
+sent to Canada], whose command there had been a constant scene of
+collision and turmoil with his officers. Commissions as brigadiers,
+under the late Acts, had been given to Bloomfield, Governor of New
+Jersey; to James Winchester, of Tennessee; and to Hull, Governor of
+Michigan Territory. * * Hampton and Smythe had been civilians for more
+than thirty years, and were indebted for their present appointments
+rather to political than to military considerations. Of the inferiors of
+the old army, presently distinguished, Alexander MacNab, of the
+Engineers, was now a colonel, and Winfield Scott and Edmund Gaines
+lieutenant-colonels. A lieutenant-colonelcy in one of the new regiments
+had been given to Eleazar W. Ripley, a young Democrat from Maine, who
+had succeeded Storey, of the late Democratic Massachusetts House of
+Representatives. Ripley's subsequent conduct justified his appointment;
+but the colonel of that same regiment was afterwards cashiered for
+peculation; and as few of the new regimental officers had any military
+knowledge, so numbers of them were quite destitute of those qualities
+without which even that knowledge would have been of little avail."
+(Hildreth's History of the United States, Second Series, Vol. III.,
+Chap, xxiv., pp. 308-310.)]
+
+[Footnote 186: "The following are extracts from the resolutions of this
+famous Convention:
+
+"Taking solely into consideration the time and circumstances of the
+declaration of the present war, the condition of the country, and state
+of the public mind, we are constrained to consider, and feel it our duty
+to pronounce it a most rash, unwise, and inexpedient measure, the
+adoption of which ought forever to deprive its authors of the esteem and
+confidence of an enlightened people; because, as the injuries we have
+received from France are at least equal in amount to those we have
+sustained from England, and have been attended with circumstances of
+still greater insult and aggravation, if war were necessary to vindicate
+the honour of the country, consistency and impartiality required that
+both nations should have been included in the declaration; because, if
+it were deemed expedient to exercise our right of selecting our
+adversary, prudence and common sense dictated the choice of an enemy
+from whose hostility we had nothing to dread. A war with France would
+equally have satisfied our insulted honour, and at the same time,
+instead of annihilating, would have revived and extended our commerce;
+and even the evils of such a contest would have been mitigated by the
+sublime consolation, that, by our efforts, we were contributing to
+arrest the progress of despotism in Europe, and essentially serving the
+great interests of freedom and humanity throughout the world;" * *
+"because, before the war was declared, it was perfectly well ascertained
+that a vast majority of the people in the Middle and Northern States, by
+whom the burden and expenses of the war must be borne almost
+exclusively, were strongly opposed to the measure." * *
+
+"Whereas the late revocation of British Orders in Council has removed
+the great and ostensible cause of the present war, and prepared the way
+for an immediate accommodation of existing differences, inasmuch as, by
+the concession of the present Secretary of State, satisfactory and
+honourable arrangements might easily be made, by which abuses resulting
+from the impressment of our seamen might in future be effectually
+prevented. Therefore,
+
+"Resolved,--That we shall be constrained to consider the determination
+on the part of our rulers to continue the present war, after official
+notice of revocation of the British Orders in Council, as affording
+conclusive evidence that the war has been undertaken from motives
+entirely distinct from those which have been hitherto avowed, and for
+the promotion of objects wholly unconnected with the interest and honour
+of America.
+
+"Resolved,--That we contemplate with abhorrence even the possibility of
+an alliance with the present Emperor of France, every action of whose
+life has demonstrated, that the attainment, by any means, of universal
+empire, and the consequent extinction of every vestige of freedom, are
+the sole objects of his incessant, unbounded, and remorseless ambition.
+His arms, with the spirit of freemen, we might openly and fearlessly
+encounter; but of his secret arts, his corrupting influences, we
+entertain a dread we can neither conquer nor conceal. It is therefore
+with the utmost distrust and alarm that we regard his late professions
+of attachment and love to the American people, fully recollecting that
+his invariable course has been, by perfidious offers of protection, by
+deceitful professions of friendship, to lull his intended victims into
+the fatal sleep of confidence and security, during which the chains of
+despotism are silently wound round and riveted on them.
+
+(Signed)   "JACOB MORRIS, _President_.
+           "WILLIAM HENDERSON, _Secretary_."]
+
+[Footnote 187: These Orders in Council were cancelled five days after
+President Madison's declaration of war--weeks before that declaration
+could have been known in England.]
+
+[Footnote 188: Hildreth's History of the United States, Second Series,
+Vol. III., Chap. xxi., pp. 86, 87.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER L.
+
+PREPARATIONS BY CANADA AGAINST THE AMERICAN INVASIONS.
+
+
+1. LOWER CANADA.
+
+It now becomes our duty to state the preparations made by the Canadians
+for their own defence against the American invasions. Though so few in
+number and modest in pretensions to their multitudinous and boasting
+invaders, they had the hearts of freemen and patriots, and trusted to
+the Divine blessing in the justness of their cause.[189] We shall notice
+first the preparations of Lower Canada, and then those of Upper Canada.
+
+Sir George Prevost, in the autumn of 1811, succeeded Sir James H. Craig
+in the government of Lower Canada, and in the chief command of the North
+American provinces. He had been Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia. The
+known mildness of his character, and the popularity of his
+administration in Nova Scotia, caused his arrival at Quebec to be
+heartily welcomed by the friends of just and liberal government. The
+narrow-mindedness and harshness of Sir James Craig's administration had
+caused serious agitation and differences in Lower Canada, which Sir
+George Prevost, by his impartiality and kindness, soon succeeded in
+allaying and reconciling. He called the first meeting of the Legislature
+on the 21st of February, 1812, and, in his opening speech, stated that
+he had hastened, in obedience to his orders, to assume the
+administration of Lower Canada; congratulated the Legislature on the
+brilliant achievements of the British arms in rescuing Portugal and
+Spain "from the tyranny of the Ruler of France;" and recommended an
+increased and unremitted care and vigilance in securing the country from
+either open invasion or insidious aggression, and hoped the Parliament
+would testify its loyalty by an early attention to those Acts which
+experience had proved essential for the preservation of his Majesty's
+government, as also by its readiness in supplying the Government with
+such aid as should be suitable to the exigence of the times, by enabling
+the loyal Canadian subjects to assist in repelling any sudden attack
+made by a tumultuary invasion, and effectually to participate in the
+defence of their country against a regular invasion at any future
+period.
+
+The Assembly, in answer, among other things assured the Governor that
+they would give attention to those acts recommended by him. The Assembly
+passed a Militia Bill, by which the Governor was authorized to embody
+2,000 unmarried men, between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five years,
+for three months in the year; and in case of invasion or imminent
+danger, to retain them for one year, relieving one-half the number
+embodied, by fresh drafts at the expiration of that period. In the event
+of war, invasion, insurrection, or imminent danger thereof, he was
+empowered to embody the whole militia of the province, should it become
+necessary. No substitutes were allowed, nor commissioned officers
+permitted to take any militiamen for their servants, under a penalty of
+L10 for every offence of that nature. These provisions, from their
+harshness and inconsistency, were, however, winked at in practice. It
+was penal to enlist any militiamen into the regular forces, and such
+enlistments were declared null.
+
+_Twelve thousand pounds_ were granted by the Legislature, one moiety
+thereof for drilling and training the local militia, the other moiety
+for other purposes of the Militia Act. _Twenty thousand pounds_ were
+granted to be employed for such services as the safety of the province
+and the exigence of the times might require. And a further sum of
+_thirty thousand pounds_ currency, to be at the Governor's disposal in
+case of war between Great Britain and America.
+
+These liberal supplies enabled the Government to meet the approaching
+crisis with confidence in the patriotism and support of the Provincial
+Legislature, and the whole mass of the Canadian population. In closing
+the session, the Governor thanked the House for the labour they had
+bestowed upon the improvement of the militia system, and for the
+increased means thereby afforded him for the defence of the province. He
+also expressed his best thanks for the proofs he had received of their
+confidence in his administration, by the liberal provision they had made
+for the exigencies of the public service.[190]
+
+After the declaration of war by President Madison, June 19th, 1812,
+which was made known at Quebec the 28th of June, a notification was
+immediately made by the police that all Americans must leave Quebec by
+the 1st of July, and be out of the district by the 3rd of the same
+month. On the last day of June the period was extended by the Governor's
+proclamation; fourteen days were allowed to such Americans as were in
+the province, they being principally persons who had entered the same in
+good faith, and in prosecution of commercial pursuits.
+
+"On the same day a proclamation issued imposing an embargo upon the
+shipping in port, and convoking the House of Assembly on the 16th of
+July."[191]
+
+"At the opening of the session, the Governor, after informing the
+Legislature of the recent declaration of war by the United States
+against Great Britain, expressed his reliance upon the spirit of his
+Majesty's subjects in the province, their loyalty to their Sovereign,
+and their ardent love for the true interests of their country; and that
+he should depend implicitly, under Divine Providence, upon their best
+exertions, aided by the courage and loyalty of the militia, and by the
+valour, skill, and discipline of his Majesty's regular forces, for
+repelling every hostile attempt that might be made upon the colony. He
+observed with concern that the necessary establishment of the militia
+forces, together with the various services and operations of the
+approaching campaign, would be attended with considerable expense, but
+that he relied upon their wisdom and public spirit for such supplies as
+the exigencies of affairs might be found to require: he at the same time
+expressed his approbation of the embodied militia, and his confidence in
+their increased discipline, which encouraged an expectation that they
+would materially contribute to the defence of their country." * *
+
+"A Bill to Facilitate the Circulation of Army Bills was introduced, and
+the liberality of the House of Assembly surpassed the hopes of the
+Executive. Fifteen thousand pounds were granted to pay the interest that
+might become due upon army bills, of which L250,000 were authorized to
+be put in circulation (large bills of twenty-five dollars and upwards
+bearing interest at the rate of fourpence per day for every hundred
+pounds). They were made current in the revenue, were to have the effect
+of a legal tender, and were redeemable at the Army Bill Office, either
+in cash or Government bills of exchange on London, at the option of the
+commander of the forces. Small bills of four dollars were at all times
+payable in cash at the Army Bill Office. On the 1st day of August, 1812,
+this Bill received the royal sanction, and the Governor prorogued the
+Parliament, with acknowledgments for the liberal aid they had granted
+him to meet the exigencies of the public service."[192]
+
+Such were the provisions made spontaneously, and with wonderful
+unanimity, in Lower Canada for the defence of the province against the
+impending American invasion. These provisions were prior to
+corresponding provisions made in Upper Canada, and the statement of
+which has been made in so much detail that the English reading public
+might be reminded, or informed, of what has been too little known--the
+loyalty, liberality, and courage of the French as well as of the English
+inhabitants of Lower Canada, from the very beginning of the contest, and
+followed by deeds of heroism and fortitude (to be noticed hereafter),
+which successfully repelled successive American invasions, and prevented
+the American armies, ten times as numerous as the Voltigeurs and all
+other Canadian volunteers, from gaining a single foothold in Lower
+Canada.
+
+
+2. UPPER CANADA.
+
+Upper Canada was not second to Lower Canada. Sir Francis Gore left for
+England in 1811, and was succeeded by General Brock as President of
+Upper Canada, and commander of the forces, who called the Legislature
+together as early as possible after the declaration of war. Colonel John
+Clarke, Adjutant-General of Militia, in his manuscripts (with the use of
+which I have been favoured by the learned and excellent librarian of the
+Dominion at Ottawa, entitled "U.E. Papers"), says:
+
+"Whilst the Americans were busily preparing for the campaign, we were
+not idle in Canada. On the 27th of July, 1812, General Brock proceeded
+to York and called a meeting of the Legislature, to which he delivered
+an animated and spirited address, concluding with the following
+remarkable words:
+
+"'We are engaged in an awful and eventful contest.
+
+"'By unanimity and dispatch in our councils, and by vigour in our
+operations, we may teach the enemy this lesson, that a country defended
+by FREE MEN, enthusiastically devoted to the cause of their King and
+Constitution, cannot be conquered.'"
+
+The Legislature heartily responded to the noble appeal of General Brock
+at the opening of the session; passed the necessary Acts for the
+security of the country, for the organization and training of the
+militia, and for the expenses and support of the war, and concluding
+their work by an earnest and patriotic address to the people of Upper
+Canada. We will extract some passages of this "Address of the House of
+Assembly to the People of Upper Canada, on the Declaration of War." This
+powerful address, which occupies twelve pages, is signed "Allan MacLean,
+Speaker," and dated "Commons House of Assembly, August 5th, 1812"--just
+ten days before General Brock took Detroit:
+
+"The House of Assembly having nearly completed the necessary business
+for which they were called together, beg leave, before they return home,
+to lift up their warning voice at this eventful crisis. The declaration
+of war issued against Great Britain by the United States, when first
+announced, appeared to be an act of such astonishing folly and
+desperation as to be altogether incredible, and not only excited the
+greatest surprise among the inhabitants of this province, but among the
+great majority of our enemies themselves. That that Government,
+professing to be the friend of man and the great supporter of his
+liberty and independence, should light up the torch of war against the
+only nation that stands between itself and destruction, exhibited a
+degree of infatuation or madness, altogether incomprehensible. But the
+men at present ruling the States, infatuated, or, as their more
+enlightened countrymen say, 'bribed by the Tyrant of France,' regardless
+of the best interests of their country, and the feelings and affections
+of a great majority of their own people, have commenced hostilities
+against our mother country whilst treating their vessels with
+hospitality, and instead of threatening their liberties, offering most
+equitable terms of accommodation.
+
+"This war, on the part of the United States, includes an alliance with
+the French usurper, whose dreadful policy has destroyed all that is
+great and good, memorable and holy, on the continent of Europe. The
+government of this bloody tyrant penetrates into everything; it crushes
+individuals as well as nations; fetters thoughts as well as motives; and
+delights in destroying forever all that is fair and just in opinion and
+sentiment. It is evidently this tyrant who now directs the rulers of
+America, and they show themselves worthy disciples of such a master." * *
+
+"We turn with joy to you, many of whom have already risked your lives
+for the unity of the empire. We are confident that the same spirit still
+animates your breasts and those of your children--that you still retain
+the same love of your excellent King, the same veneration for a free and
+happy Constitution, that you exhibited during the American war. * * When
+we picture to ourselves the sublime prospect the world would have
+exhibited this day, had the population of the neighbouring States
+preserved, like you, their filial love, we should not now behold the
+continent of Europe groaning under the yoke of a sanguinary tyrant, nor
+his satellites in America studiously imitating his example.
+
+"It is therefore from former experience that we look to you for the same
+patriotic principles--principles which enabled you to face death in its
+most dreadful attire--principles which exalt human nature, and which
+have been warmly cherished by the most virtuous and renowned of every
+age: and surely when we are attacked by the same enemies who once, aided
+by the mistaken lenity of the mother country and the misconduct of her
+commanders, were able to drive us from our native homes and possessions
+to this province--a people whose lands are manured with the blood of our
+friends and kinsmen, who drove our wives and children from their homes
+in the woods, or threw them into dungeons, and who now envy us the
+habitations which, through the blessing of Providence, the beneficence
+of our parent state, and our own industry, we have gained from the
+wilderness, we are confident that you will display the same energy, and
+certainly with better hopes of success. Great Britain will not now
+consider such Americans as perverse children who may be reclaimed, but
+as her most malignant foes. Her commanders will not, as formerly,
+temporize and raise hosts of enemies by their misconduct and delays, but
+they will hasten to punish them with all the rigour of war.
+
+"Already have we the joy to remark, that the spirit of loyalty has burst
+forth in all its ancient splendour. The militia in all parts of the
+province have volunteered their services with acclamation, and displayed
+a degree of energy worthy of the British name. * * When men are called
+upon to defend everything they call precious--their wives and children,
+their friends and possessions--they ought to be inspired with the
+noblest resolutions, and they will not be easily frightened by menaces,
+or conquered by force. And beholding, as we do, the flame of patriotism
+burning from one end of the Canadas to the other, we cannot but
+entertain the most pleasing anticipations.
+
+"Our enemies have indeed said that they could subdue this country by
+Proclamation; but it is our part to prove to them that they are sadly
+mistaken--that the population is determinedly hostile to them, and that
+the few who might be otherwise inclined will find it their safety to be
+faithful. * *
+
+"Innumerable attempts will be made by falsehood to detach you from your
+allegiance; for our enemies, in imitation of their European master,
+trust more to treachery than to force; and they will, no doubt, make use
+of many of those lies, which, unfortunately for the virtuous part of
+these States, and the peace and happiness of the world, had too much
+success during the American rebellion: they will tell you that they are
+come to give you freedom--yes, the base slaves of the most contemptible
+faction that ever distracted the affairs of any nation--the minions of
+the very sycophants who lick the dust from the feet of Bonaparte will
+tell you that they are come to communicate the blessing of liberty to
+this province; but you have only to look at your own situation to put
+such hypocrites to confusion. * *
+
+"Trusting more to treachery than to open hostility, our enemies have
+already spread their emissaries through the country, to seduce our
+fellow-subjects from their allegiance, by promises as false as the
+principles on which they are founded. A law has been enacted for the
+speedy detection of such emissaries, and for their condign punishment
+on conviction."[193]
+
+"Remember, when you go forth to the combat, that you fight not for
+yourselves alone, but for the whole world. You are defeating the most
+formidable conspiracy against the civilization of man that was ever
+contrived; a conspiracy threatening greater barbarism and misery than
+followed the downfall of the Roman Empire--that now you have an
+opportunity of proving your attachment to the parent state, which
+contends for the relief of oppressed nations--the last pillar of true
+liberty, and the last refuge of oppressed humanity.
+
+(Signed)  "ALLAN MACLEAN,
+"_Speaker, Commons House of Assembly, August 5th, 1812._"
+
+The effect of this manly and animated address to the people of Upper
+Canada was most beneficial, and contributed greatly to unite and
+encourage the people to face the struggle impending over them. There was
+no inflated boasting--no undervaluing of danger and sacrifice, but a
+plain statement of facts, and a heartfelt appeal to loyalty, patriotism,
+and manly courage.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 189: "A war with Great Britain had been long contemplated by
+the rulers in America, and a seasonable moment only was sought for, to
+grasp the provinces which they had fallaciously been induced to believe
+were ripe for revolt, and would therefore fall a willing conquest to
+America. The Peninsular war had engrossed the attention and resources of
+the mother country, and the Canadas were necessarily the less provided
+with means to encounter the struggle in which they were likely soon to
+be engaged. The coffers were exhausted, nor were hopes entertained of
+their being speedily replenished from home; the regular forces were too
+thin to preserve an extensive frontier of some hundred miles against the
+pressure of an enemy which, if united, must become irresistible; and the
+Canadians, though naturally brave and hardy, and attached to their
+Constitution, might from recent occurrences be fairly presumed to have
+been so far disgusted as to leave doubt of their hearty co-operation and
+zeal in the cause." (Christie's History of the War of 1812, Chap. iii.,
+p. 48.)]
+
+[Footnote 190: Christie's History of the War of 1812, Chap, iii., pp.
+49-53.
+
+"The Governor, by a General Order of the 28th of May, 1812, organized
+four battalions of embodied militia, in virtue of the late Act. The
+first battalion rendezvoused at Point-aux-Trembles, near Quebec, under
+the command of Colonel De Salaberry; the second at Laprairie, near
+Montreal, commanded by Colonel De Rouville; the third at Berthier, in
+the district of Montreal, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Cuthbert; and
+the fourth at St. Thomas, near Quebec, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Taschereau. The alacrity with which they were filled, and the
+cheerfulness with which the young men submitted to the restraints of
+discipline, reflected credit upon the military character of the
+Canadians. This proof of the zeal and the loyalty of the people inspired
+Government with hopes of successful resistance against the approaching
+war, and a reciprocal confidence between the Governor and the people
+seems to have resulted, as much from the danger of the moment as from
+any studied policy on the part of the present Administration. They who
+had incurred the displeasure of the late Government were treated with
+confidence, and gradually appointed to situations of trust.
+
+"A regiment of Canadian Voltigeurs was recruited, and placed under the
+command of Major De Salaberry, of the 60th Regiment of Foot, which in
+the course of the war became eminent for discipline and its steadiness
+in action, as well as for the fatiguing duties on which it was
+unremittingly employed."--_Ib._, pp. 55, 56.]
+
+[Footnote 191: Christie's History of the War of 1812, Chap. iii., pp.
+36, 37.]
+
+[Footnote 192: Christie's History of the War of 1812, Chap. iii., pp.
+57-60.]
+
+[Footnote 193: Colonel Clarke remarks that "the moderation of the
+different Acts which were then passed, for the preservation and defence
+of the province, is an additional proof that _internal treachery_ was
+not one of the causes which were found."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LI.
+
+FIRST AMERICAN INVASION OF UPPER CANADA BY GENERAL HULL, FROM DETROIT,
+WHOSE PROCLAMATION "TO THE INHABITANTS OF CANADA" IS GIVEN ENTIRE, AND
+GENERAL BROCK'S NOBLE ANSWER TO IT, IN AN ADDRESS TO THE PEOPLE OF UPPER
+CANADA.
+
+
+In the meantime Canada, in its western extremity, had been invaded. The
+American Government had been for several months collecting an army of
+some 3,000 or 4,000 regular troops and militia, around and west of
+Detroit, in order to strike a blow upon Canada the moment war should be
+declared. General Hull was the Governor of the territory of Michigan,
+and Commander-in-Chief of the "Grand Army of the West." On the 12th of
+July he crossed the River Detroit with a force of 2,500 of the above
+troops, and a strong park of artillery, and planted the American
+standard on the shores of Canada, at Sandwich. He forthwith issued a
+pretentious, inflated, cajoling, patronising, threatening proclamation
+to the inhabitants of Canada, and pronouncing instant death to any one
+who should be fighting in company with the Indians, while at the same
+time the Americans were employing in their army all the Indians they
+could induce to join them. The American democratic party which ruled at
+Washington had persecuted and driven the fathers of Canada from their
+homes in the United States, and had always been the enemies of their
+peace and prosperity in Canada; yet they were under the strange delusion
+that the people of Canada must be still as much in love with them as
+they were with themselves, and that the magnetism of their star-spangled
+banner planted in Canada would draw all Canadians to it; that an
+address from their commanding general would supply the place of armies,
+and that taking Canada would be but a holiday march, in which, as their
+language of the time was, they would "breakfast at Sandwich, take dinner
+at York (Toronto), and sup at Montreal." It was in this spirit of vanity
+and delusion that General Hull issued his famous proclamation, on his
+landing at Sandwich, and which I give entire in a note.[194]
+
+In a noble address to the people of Upper Canada, General Brock answered
+the proclamation of General Hull, repelling and exposing with
+overwhelming power his misstatements, and answering with withering
+sarcasm General Hull's attack upon the Indians, and the "barbarous and
+savage policy of Great Britain" in recognizing the Indians as allies and
+fellow-subjects, and their right to defend their homes and liberties
+against American invasion and rapine. We present the reader with the
+following extracts of this masterly address, transcribed from the
+manuscripts of the Dominion Library at Ottawa.
+
+In the course of his Address to the People of Canada, General Brock
+says:
+
+"The unprovoked declaration of war by the United States of America
+against Great Britain and Ireland and its dependencies, has been
+followed by the actual invasion of this Province, in a remote frontier
+of the Western District, by a detachment of the armed force of the
+United States.
+
+"The officer commanding that detachment [General Hull] has thought
+proper to invite his Majesty's subjects not merely to a quiet and
+unresisting submission, but insults them by offering with a call to seek
+the protection of his Government.
+
+"Without condescending to notice the epithets bestowed, in this appeal
+of the American commander to the people of Upper Canada, on the
+administration of his Majesty, every inhabitant of the Province is
+desired to seek the confutation of such indecent slander in the review
+of his own particular circumstances.
+
+"Where is the Canadian subject who can truly affirm to himself that he
+has been injured by the Government in his person, his property, or his
+liberty?
+
+"Where is to be found in any part of the world a growth so rapid in
+prosperity and wealth as this colony exhibits? Settled not thirty years,
+by a band of veterans exiled from their former possessions on account of
+their loyalty, not a descendant of these brave people is to be found who
+has not, under the fostering care of their Sovereign, acquired a
+property and means of enjoyment superior to what were possessed by their
+ancestors.
+
+"This unequalled prosperity would not have been attained by the utmost
+liberality of the Government or the persevering industry of the people,
+had not the maritime power of the mother country secured to the
+colonists a safe access to every market where the produce of their
+labour was in request. * *
+
+"The restitution of Canada to the empire of France was the _stipulated_
+reward for the aid afforded to the revolted colonies, now the United
+States. The debt is still due; and there can be no doubt but that the
+pledge has been renewed as a consideration for commercial advantages, or
+rather for an expected relaxation in the tyranny of France over the
+commercial world.
+
+"Are you prepared, inhabitants of Canada, to become willing subjects, or
+slaves, to the Despot who rules the nations of continental Europe with a
+rod of iron?
+
+"If not, arise in a body; exert your energies; co-operate cordially with
+the King's regular forces to repel the invader, and do not give cause to
+your children, when groaning under the oppression of a Foreign Master,
+to reproach you with having so easily parted with the richest
+inheritance of this earth--a participation in the name, character, and
+freedom of Britons. * *
+
+"Be not dismayed at the unjustifiable threat of the commander of the
+enemy's forces, to refuse quarter should an Indian appear in the ranks.
+
+"The brave bands of aborigines which inhabit this colony were, like his
+Majesty's other subjects, punished for their zeal and fidelity by the
+loss of their possessions in the late colonies, and rewarded by his
+Majesty with lands of superior value in this Province.
+
+"The faith of the British Government has never been violated. The
+Indians feel that the soil they inherit is to them and their posterity
+protected from the base arts so frequently devised to overreach their
+simplicity.
+
+"By what principle are they to be prohibited from defending their
+property? If their warfare, from being different to that of other
+people, be more terrific to the enemy, let him retrace his steps; they
+seek him not--and cannot expect to find women and children in an
+invading army.
+
+"But they are men, and have equal rights with all other men to defend
+themselves and their property when invaded, more especially when they
+find in the enemy's camp a ferocious and mortal enemy, using the same
+warfare which the American commander affects to reprobate.
+
+"This inconsistent and unjustifiable threat of refusing quarter, for
+such a cause as being found in arms with a brother sufferer, in defence
+of invaded rights, must be exercised with the certain assurance of
+retaliation, not only in the limited operations of war in this part of
+the King's dominions, but in every quarter of the globe; for the
+national character of Britain is not less distinguished for humanity
+than strict retributive justice, which will consider the execution of
+this inhuman threat as deliberate murder, for which every subject of the
+offending power must make expiation.
+
+(Signed)   "ISAAC BROCK,
+"_Major-General and President_.
+
+"HEADQUARTERS,
+"Fort George, July 22nd, 1812."
+"By order of his Honour the President,
+(Signed)   "J.B. GLEGG, A.D.C.,
+_General_."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 194: The following is General Hull's Proclamation:
+
+"PROCLAMATION.
+
+"Headquarters, Sandwich, 12th July, 1812.
+
+"_Inhabitants of Canada_,--
+
+"After thirty years of peace and prosperity, the United States have been
+driven to arms. The injuries and aggressions, the insults and
+indignities of Great Britain have once more left them no alternative but
+manly resistance or unconditional submission. The army under my command
+has invaded your country. The standard of the Union now waves over the
+territory of Canada. To the peaceable, unoffending inhabitants it brings
+neither danger nor difficulty. I come to find enemies, not to make them;
+I come to protect, not to injure you.
+
+"Separated by an immense ocean and an extensive wilderness from Great
+Britain, you have no participation in her councils, nor interest in her
+conduct. You have felt her tyranny; you have seen her injustice; but I
+do not ask you to avenge the one, or to redress the other. The United
+States are sufficiently powerful to afford every security consistent
+with their and your expectations. I tender you the invaluable blessings
+of civil, religious, and political liberty, and their necessary
+result--individual and general prosperity; that liberty which gave
+decision to our councils and energy to our conduct, in a struggle for
+independence--which conducted us safely and triumphantly through the
+stormy period of the revolution--the liberty which has raised us to our
+elevated rank among the nations of the world, and which afforded us a
+greater measure of peace and security, of wealth and improvement, than
+ever fell to the lot of any people.
+
+"In the name of my country and the authority of Government, I promise
+you protection to your persons, property, and rights. Remain at your
+homes; pursue your peaceful and customary avocations; raise not your
+hands against your brethren. Many of your fathers fought for the freedom
+and independence we now enjoy. Being children, therefore, of the same
+family with us, and heirs of the same heritage, the arrival of an army
+of friends must be hailed by you with a cordial welcome. You will be
+emancipated from tyranny and oppression, and restored to the dignified
+status of freemen.
+
+"Had I any doubt of eventual success, I might ask your assistance; but I
+do not. I come prepared for every contingency--I have a force which will
+break down all opposition, and that force is but the vanguard of a much
+greater. If, contrary to your own interest, and the just expectations of
+my country, you should take part in the approaching contest, you will be
+considered and treated as enemies, and the horrors and calamities of war
+will stalk before you.
+
+"If the barbarous and savage policy of Great Britain be pursued, and the
+savages are let loose to murder our citizens, and butcher our women and
+children, this war will be a war of extermination. The first stroke of
+the tomahawk, the first attempt with the scalping knife, will be the
+signal of one indiscriminate scene of desolation. No white man found
+fighting by the side of an Indian will be taken prisoner--instant death
+will be his lot. If the dictates of reason, duty, justice, and humanity,
+cannot prevent the employment of a force which respects no rights, and
+knows no wrongs, it will be prevented by a severe and relentless system
+of retaliation.
+
+"I doubt not your courage and firmness. I will not doubt your attachment
+to liberty. If you tender your services voluntarily, they will be
+accepted readily. The United States offer you peace, liberty, and
+security. Your chance lies between these and war, slavery, and
+destruction. Choose, then, but choose wisely; and may He who knows the
+justice of our cause, and who holds in His hands the fate of nations,
+guide you to a result the most compatible with your rights and
+interests, your peace and happiness.
+
+"By the General,
+A.P. HULL."
+
+_Note._--It is a curious commentary on the above proclamation, that
+within six weeks of its being so pompously put forth, General Hull
+himself, with all his army, was a prisoner in the hands of the
+Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, to whom was surrendered nearly
+3,000 prisoners, Fort Detroit, an immense quantity of arms and munitions
+of war, together with the whole territory of Michigan, and the secured
+alliance of the numerous Indian tribes to the west and north.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LII.
+
+GENERAL BROCK PREPARES FOR AN ATTACK ON DETROIT, AND WITH A SMALL FORCE
+TAKES GENERAL HULL AND HIS ARMY PRISONERS, AND ACQUIRES POSSESSION OF
+DETROIT AND THE TERRITORY OF MICHIGAN--INCIDENTS PRECEDING AND ATTENDING
+THE TAKING OF DETROIT--GENERAL BROCK'S PROCLAMATION TO THE INHABITANTS
+OF THE MICHIGAN TERRITORY--HIS COUNCIL WITH THE INDIANS, AND
+CONVERSATION WITH THE GREAT CHIEF TECUMSEH, AND ESTIMATE OF HIM--GENERAL
+BROCK RETURNS TO YORK (TORONTO)--WHAT HE DID IN NINETEEN DAYS.
+
+
+General Brock did not content himself in replying to General Hull on
+paper, in defence of the British Government and the people of Canada; he
+answered him in a more substantial way on the battle-field. General
+Brock lost no time in collecting the few soldiers in Upper Canada, and
+the militia volunteers, and proceeding by boats, vessels, and by land,
+from Niagara to Detroit, to meet face to face the boasting commander of
+the Grand Army of the West, and, in less than four weeks of his manly
+reply to Hull's inflated proclamation, he made Hull and all his army
+prisoners of war, with the surrender of the whole Michigan territory. It
+was an achievement worthy of perpetual remembrance, that General Brock,
+with forces hastily collected, "consisting of thirty of the Royal
+Artillery with three six-pounders, under the command of Lieutenant
+Troughton, two hundred and fifty of the 41st Regiment, fifty of the
+Newfoundland Fencibles, and four hundred Canadian militia--in all
+amounting to seven hundred and thirty, to whom six hundred Indians
+attached themselves--making an aggregate of one thousand three hundred
+and thirty;" we say, it is an achievement worthy of all remembrance and
+honour, that General Brock should, with such motley and slender forces,
+cross the Detroit river, and, by the skilful arrangement of his handful
+of soldiers, take, without shedding a drop of blood, a fort strongly
+protected by--_iron_ ordnance, nine twenty-four-pounders, eight
+twelve-pounders, five nine-pounders, three six-pounders; _brass_
+ordnance, three six-pounders, two four-pounders, one three-pounder, one
+eight-inch howitzer, one five and a-half inch howitzer--in all
+thirty-three pieces of ordnance; and defended by upwards of 2,500
+regular soldiers and militia.
+
+But there was this essential difference between the two armies: the
+little Canadian army had homes, families, and liberties to defend,
+connection with the mother country to maintain, and the consciousness of
+right; the great American army, with its fortifications, had the
+consciousness of long-continued and wide-spread wrongs in depredations
+against their western Indian neighbours, bloated avarice for conquest,
+and inveterate hatred of Great Britain.
+
+There are several incidents connected with this remarkable military
+achievement. Mr. Thompson, in his History of the War of 1812, says:
+"General Brock having made such arrangements, in the government of the
+province, as were necessary during his absence from York, proceeded
+thence to Fort George, and thence to _Long Point, on Lake Erie, where he
+was joined by two hundred and sixty of the militia, who had, in a few
+days, and in the very height of their harvest, gallantly volunteered
+their services to share the dangers of the field in defence of their
+country_, together with the detachment of the 41st Regiment, who had
+been previously sent to that quarter." (Thompson's History of the War of
+1812, p. 106.)
+
+Among the 260 volunteers from the county of Norfolk--Long Point, Lake
+Erie--were the elder brother and brother-in-law of the writer of these
+pages (he being then ten years of age); the one of them was lieutenant
+and the other captain, who, with a great number of their neighbours,
+proceeded in a vessel from Port Ryerse to Amherstburg--making the
+passage in forty-eight hours--General Brock marching by land. The vessel
+with the militia volunteers reached Amherstburg some five days before
+General Brock, and, under the command of Colonel Proctor and the
+direction of a skilful engineer, commenced erecting a battery at
+Windsor, opposite to Detroit, behind a tuft of trees which skirted the
+river shore. Sentries were stationed at convenient distances along the
+north shore of the river, to prevent any intercourse with the American
+side; while the militia, officers and men, worked each night with the
+utmost quietness, in the erection of the battery, retiring at the
+approach of day. In four nights the battery was erected and mounted with
+cannon, when General Brock arrived, approved of what had been done,
+called a Council of the Indian allies, as well as of his officers, and
+determined forthwith to cross the river and attack Fort Detroit. The
+Indians were to cross in the night, which they did some three or four
+miles below Detroit, and spread themselves in the woods that surrounded
+the town, which then contained from 6,000 to 8,000 inhabitants. The
+night-erected battery was unmasked by felling the trees and underwood in
+front of it, when, to the astonishment and terror of the Americans, they
+saw a battery fully equipped, and already firing effectually upon their
+town and fort. Early in the morning of the 15th of August, General
+Brock, with his little army of 730 men (the militia being accoutred as
+regular soldiers), crossed the river unopposed about three miles below
+the fort (which was in the centre of the town), and marched in order of
+battle, under cover of corn fields, to within half a mile of the fort,
+from which, not cannon balls, but a flag of truce was sent out,
+proposing the surrender to the British commander of the fort, army,
+town, and territory.[195]
+
+The terrific war-whoop of the dreaded Indians, who seemed to swarm in
+the woods around the town, filled the people and General Hull with
+irresistible terror; and at the very moment that General Hull was
+holding a council of war with his officers in a room within the fort, a
+shell, thrown from the British battery at Windsor, fell into the council
+room, killed some officers, and wounded several more. This catastrophe,
+with the terrible yells of the surrounding Indians, seemed to have
+decided General Hull and his advisers that _surrender_ "was the better
+part of valour."
+
+A _second_ incident connected with the surrender of Detroit and the
+Michigan territory is the council which General Brock held with the
+Indians the day before the attack upon and surrender of Detroit, and his
+interview with them the day after, for the account of which I am
+indebted to Colonel John Clarke's manuscripts in the Dominion Library at
+Ottawa:
+
+"On General Brock's arrival at Sandwich, a council of war was assembled
+on the following morning. Along with others were 1,000 Indians, whose
+equipment generally might be considered very imposing.
+
+"The council was opened by General Brock, who informed the Indians that
+he was ordered by their great Father, the King, to come to their
+assistance, and with them to drive the enemy from Fort Detroit. His
+speech was highly applauded, and Tecumseh was unanimously called upon to
+speak in reply. He commenced with expressing his joy that their great
+Father beyond the Salt Lake (meaning the King of England) had at length
+awoke from his long sleep, and sent his warriors to the assistance of
+his red children, who had roused themselves in their honour, and were
+now ready to shed the last drop of their blood in their great Father's
+service.
+
+"Previously to passing over to Detroit, General Brock inquired of
+Tecumseh what kind of country he should have to pass through, in the
+event of his proceeding further. Tecumseh, taking a roll of elm bark,
+and extending it on the ground, drew forth his scalping knife, and
+presently etched upon the bark a plan of the country; which, if not so
+neat, was as fully intelligible as if a surveyor had prepared it.
+Pleased with this talent in Tecumseh, and with his characteristic
+boldness, General Brock induced the Indians to cross the river for the
+attack on Detroit, prior to the embarkation of the white troops.
+
+"Soon after Detroit was surrendered, General Brock took off his sash,
+and publicly placed it around the body of the chief Tecumseh, who
+received the honour conferred on him with evident gratification; but was
+seen the next day without his sash. The British general, fearing that
+something had displeased the Indian chief, sent his interpreter for an
+explanation. Tecumseh told him that he did not wish to wear the sash as
+a mark of distinction, when an older warrior than himself was present;
+he had transferred the sash to the Wyandot chief, Roundhead.
+
+"In his correspondence, General Brock states that 'of many Indians whom
+he met at Amherstburg, he who most attracted his notice was the Shawnee
+chief, Tecumseh, brother of the Prophet--a more gallant or sagacious
+warrior does not, I believe, exist; he was the admiration of every one,
+and was as humane as he was brave.'
+
+"General Brock, in General Orders of the 16th of August, 1812, after the
+capture of Detroit, states that two fortifications had been already
+captured, Michilimackinac and Detroit, without a drop of blood being
+shed by the hands of the Indians; the moment the enemy surrendered, his
+life became sacred.
+
+"On congratulating General Brock, after the capture of Detroit, Tecumseh
+said to the General, 'We observed you from a distance standing the whole
+time in an erect position, and when the boats reached the shore, you
+were the first man on the land; your bold and sudden movements
+frightened the enemy, and so compelled them to surrender to half their
+number.'
+
+"General Brock engaged the Indians to throw away the scalping
+knife--implanting in their hearts the virtue of clemency, and teaching
+them to feel pleasure and pride in compassion extended to a vanquished
+enemy. In return, they revered him as their common Father, and whilst
+under his control, were guilty of no excesses; and thereby the noble
+Tecumseh was humane as well as brave."[196]
+
+Such was the character and results of the first American invasion of
+Canada.
+
+It may be worth while to notice some events which preceded the taking of
+Detroit, and which doubtless disappointed and disheartened General Hull.
+In the island of St. Joseph, in Lake Huron, there was a fort or
+block-house, under the command of Captain Roberts, with thirty regulars.
+General Brock, in communicating to Captain Roberts the American
+declaration of war against Great Britain, instructed him to take every
+precaution for the protection of St. Joseph, and, if possible, to get
+possession of Michilimackinac, now called Mackinac, and pronounced
+Mackinaw, an island about nine miles in circumference, commanding the
+entrance from Lake Huron into Lake Michigan, on which the Americans had
+a fort with a captain in command, and a garrison of seventy-five men.
+Captain Roberts was aided by Mr. Pothier, a gentlemen of the South-west
+Fur Company, who volunteered his own services, attended by about 160
+Canadian voyageurs, and placed the contents of the stores at the
+disposal of Captain Roberts, who, with his little armament, consisting
+of thirty regulars, two artillerymen and a sergeant, 160 Canadians, and
+two iron field-pieces, set out on the 16th of July with his flotilla of
+boats and canoes, convoyed by the _Caledonia_ brig, belonging to the
+North-West Company, loaded with stores and provisions. On the ensuing
+morning he reached Mackinac, a distance of about forty miles, landed
+without opposition, and immediately summoned the garrison to surrender,
+which was complied with in a few minutes. Thus was this key of the West
+taken without the effusion of a drop of blood.
+
+The Americans had carried on a brisk trade in schooners and sailing
+vessels from Detroit, through Lake Huron, to the head of Lake Michigan,
+now Chicago. The capture of Mackinac--which was a surprise to the
+commander, who had not heard of the declaration of war--interrupted this
+trade, and gave confidence to the Canadian voyageurs and Indians in the
+British interests employed in the fur trade in these distant countries.
+
+"This achievement, effected by the promptitude and judicious
+arrangements of Captain Roberts, not only inspired the people with
+confidence, and gave a turn to the present campaign fatal to the views
+of the United States, by enabling us to maintain our influence among the
+Indians of the West, which otherwise must have been lost, but it
+essentially contributed to the successful struggle afterwards maintained
+against the American arms in Upper Canada. General Hull, after the
+capture of his army and the fall of Detroit, in his official despatch
+relative to these events, attributes his disasters to the fall of
+Mackinac; after the surrender of which, almost every tribe and nation of
+Indians, except a part of the Miamis and Delawares, north from beyond
+Lake Superior, west from beyond the Mississippi, south from Ohio and the
+Wabash, and east from every part of Upper Canada, and from all the
+intermediate country, joined in open hostility against the army he
+commanded."[197]
+
+"General Hull remained some time inactive, under pretext of making
+preparation to prosecute the campaign with vigour; but it was the
+fallacious hope of an early insurrection in his favour that lulled him
+into a supineness fatal to the safety of his army. Amherstburg lay about
+eighteen miles below him, and the mud and picketed fortifications of
+that post was not in a condition to make resistance against a regular
+siege. The Americans, confident of an easy conquest, had not as yet a
+single cannon or mortar mounted, and to endeavour to take it at the
+point of the bayonet he thought inexpedient. During this delay his
+situation became more and more precarious; three detachments from his
+army were, on three successive days, beaten back by a handful of the
+41st Regiment and a few Indians, from a bridge over the River Canard,
+three miles from Amherstburg, which they endeavoured to seize, in order
+to open the route to that port. Another detachment, in attempting to
+ford the river (Canard) higher up, was put to flight by a small party of
+eighteen or twenty Indians who lay concealed in the grass. The enemy,
+panic-struck at their sudden and hideous yell, fled with precipitancy,
+leaving their arms, accoutrements, and haversacks. The British sloop of
+war _Queen Charlotte_, carrying eighteen twenty-four pounders, lay in
+the Detroit river, opposite the mouth of the River Canard, so that it
+was impossible for the Americans to convey by water to Amherstburg any
+artillery, of which, after much labour, they had at last mounted two
+twenty-four-pounders. Lieutenant Rolette, commanding the armed brig
+_Hunter_, had on the 3rd of July, at about ten o'clock in the forenoon,
+by a bold attempt in his barge, with only six men, succeeded in
+capturing the _Cayahaga_ packet, bound from Miami river to Detroit with
+troops, and loaded with baggage, and the hospital stores of the American
+army, the loss of which was now severely felt. Mackinac, in his rear,
+had been taken since the commencement of the invasion, while the Indians
+from that quarter were flocking to the British standard. Our naval force
+being superior on the lake, Colonel Proctor pushed over to Brownstown, a
+village nearly opposite to Amherstburg, twenty miles below Detroit,
+with a small detachment of the 41st Regiment, under the command of
+Captain Tallon, with a few Indians, who on the 5th of August surprised
+and routed a party of 200 Americans under Major Vanhorne, on their way
+from Detroit to River Raisin, to meet a detachment of volunteers from
+Ohio, under Captain Brush, with a convoy of provisions for the army. In
+this affair a quantity of booty, and General Hull's despatches to the
+Secretary at War, fell into the hands of the victors, whereby the
+deplorable state of the American army was disclosed." * *
+
+"In the interim, the American general received a despatch from General
+Hull, on the Niagara frontier, intimating that he could not expect
+co-operation in that quarter, which would have created a diversion in
+his favour. Such was the hopeless state of things when the American
+general began to be sensible of his danger. His army hemmed in on every
+side, cut off from its resources, and hourly wasting away with defeat,
+death, sickness, and fatigue, unsupported by an expected insurrection of
+Canadians in his favour, and unaided by any co-operating army, and,
+above all, dismayed at the report of General Brock's resolution to
+advance against him; his schemes of conquest vanquished, and in the
+sinking state of his affairs, he saw no other alternative than to
+retreat back to Detroit, under pretence of concentrating his main army,
+and after re-opening his communications with the Rivers Raisin and
+Miami, through which he received his whole supplies, to resume offensive
+operations against Upper Canada. Accordingly, on the evening of the 7th
+and the morning of the 8th of August, the whole of his army, except a
+garrison of 250 men and a few artillery left in charge of a small
+fortress they had thrown up on the British side, a little below Detroit,
+_recrossed the river_.
+
+"General Hull now detached a body of 600 men, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Miller, to dislodge the British from Brownstown, and open the
+communication with the Rivers Raisin and Miami, upon which the existence
+of the army depended. On the 9th, this detachment was met by the British
+and Indians under Major Muir at Magnogo, between Brownstown and Detroit,
+which, after a desperate battle, in which the Americans lost
+seventy-five men, was obliged to retreat with inconsiderable loss
+compared with that of the Americans.
+
+"On the 7th, Lieutenant Rolette, with the boats of the _Queen Charlotte_
+and _Hunter_, under cover of the guns of the latter, attacked and
+captured a convoy of eleven batteaux and boats, having on board
+fifty-six of their wounded, and two English prisoners, on their way from
+Magnogo to Detroit, escorted by 250 American troops on shore.
+
+"Amidst these reverses of fortune, the American general was startled at
+the summons to surrender the fort of Detroit, by General Brock, who,
+after having closed the public business at York, and prorogued
+Parliament, and collecting a few regulars and militia with incredible
+exertion, had reached Amherstburg by the 13th of August. So resolute a
+demand struck the American commander with dismay, who, at the most, had
+never contemplated a pursuit into his own territory by the British. He
+still, however, maintained sufficient presence of mind to return a
+prompt and positive refusal, upon receipt of which, the British, who now
+occupied the ground so lately in possession of the enemy, in front of
+Detroit, where they had thrown up a battery (erected by night) under the
+direction of Captain Dixon, of the Royal Engineers, commenced, on the
+afternoon of the 15th, a brisk cannonade on Detroit, from two
+five-and-a-half-inch mortars, and two twelve-pounders, under the
+management of Captain Hall, of the Provincial Navy, with a party of
+sailors, which was continued for upwards of an hour with great effect.
+Early in the morning of the 16th the cannonade recommenced, while
+General Brock, with about 700 regulars and militia, and 600 Indians,
+crossed the river without opposition at the Spring Wells, three miles
+below Detroit, under cover of the _Queen Charlotte_ and _Hunter_. This
+small but resolute force, after forming upon the beach, advanced in
+column, flanked on the left by the Indians, with the river of Detroit on
+their right, and took (at the distance of a mile) position in line, in
+front of the American fort, into which the enemy had retired. Here every
+preparation was making for an immediate assault, when, to the surprise
+of both armies, a white flag was seen flying upon the walls of the fort,
+and a messenger advancing with proposals from the American general to
+_capitulate_. Lieutenant-Colonel McDowell, of the Militia, and Major
+Glegg, of the 49th Regiment, aide-de-camp to General Brock, immediately
+proceeded by his orders to the tent of the American general, where, in
+a few minutes, they dictated the terms of capitulation. By this the
+whole American army, including a detachment of 350 men, under Colonels
+McArthur and Cass, dispatched on the 14th for River Raisin to escort the
+provisions in charge of Captain Brush from thence to Detroit, became
+prisoners of war; and Detroit, with the Michigan territory, were
+surrendered to the British arms, without the effusion of a single drop
+of British blood.
+
+"The American statements of their own strength nearly coincide with
+British reports, which make it 2,500 men, regulars and militia. The
+militia were paroled, and permitted to return home, on condition of not
+serving during the present war. The regulars were sent down to Quebec.
+
+"The British force, including Indians, is acknowledged by the enemy to
+have consisted of only 1,030 men or thereabout. Our own, and perhaps
+more correct reports, state it to have consisted of 350 regular troops,
+400 militia, and 600 Indians, who, upon the present occasion, are said
+not to have sullied the glory of the day by any wanton acts of savage
+barbarity incident to the Indian mode of warfare. Twenty-five pieces of
+iron and eight pieces of brass ordnance, with an immense quantity of
+stores of every description, and one armed brig, called the _John Adams_
+(afterwards named _Detroit_), fell into the hands of the British"
+[besides nearly 3,000 stand of small arms, much ammunition, and three
+weeks' provisions for the whole army]. (Thompson's History of the War of
+1812, pp. 67-72.)
+
+"Thus ended this (first) rash and imbecile attempt at the conquest of
+Canada. The loss of Mackinac and Detroit, with the flower of their army,
+at the outset of the war, was a disgrace that filled the American
+Government with consternation and alarm, as their plans of
+aggrandisement were not only totally defeated, but their whole western
+frontier was laid open to the inroads of the hostile Indians, and at the
+mercy of a people still warm with indignation at the late
+invasion."--_Ib_., pp. 72, 73.
+
+General Brock, the day after taking Detroit, addressed to the
+inhabitants of the Michigan territory the following Proclamation:
+
+"Whereas the territory of Michigan was this day, by capitulation, ceded
+to the arms of his Britannic Majesty, without any other condition than
+the protection of private property; and wishing to give an early proof
+of the moderation and justice of his Majesty's government, I do hereby
+announce to all the inhabitants of the said territory, that the laws
+heretofore in existence shall continue in force until his Majesty's
+pleasure be known, and so long as the peace and safety of the said
+territory will admit thereof; and I do hereby also declare and make
+known to the said inhabitants, that they shall be protected in the full
+exercise and enjoyment of their religion--of which all persons, both
+civil and military, will take notice, and govern themselves accordingly.
+
+"All persons having in their possession, or having knowledge of any
+public property, shall forthwith deliver in the same, or give notice
+thereof to the officer commanding, or to Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholl, who
+are duly authorized to receive and give the proper receipts for the
+same.
+
+"Officers of militia will be held responsible that all arms in
+possession of the militiamen be immediately delivered up; and all
+individuals whatever who have in possession arms of any kind, will
+deliver them up without delay.
+
+"Given under my hand, at Detroit, this 16th day of August, 1812, and in
+the 52nd year of his Majesty's reign. God save the King.
+
+(Signed)  "ISAAC BROCK,
+"_Major-General_."
+
+The purport and spirit of this proclamation was very different from
+those issued by successful American commanders in former years, when
+they required the conquered to take a new oath of allegiance, to enrol
+themselves in a new army under pain of confiscation of property,
+imprisonment, and even death. The true genius of English government is
+justice, law, and liberty; the genius of democratic government is the
+domination of party, and the spoils to the victors. In the conquest of a
+vast territory by General Brock, there was no plunder or sacrifice of
+life, by Indian or soldier, much less plunder for the benefit of the
+general. It was not so with the promising, threatening, ostentatious,
+grasping General Hull, who, according to the Patriotic Society of Upper
+Canada (of which hereafter), is thus reported:
+
+"In 1812, General Hull invaded the British province of Upper Canada, and
+took possession of the town of Sandwich. He threatened (by proclamation)
+_to exterminate the inhabitants if they made any resistance_. _He
+plundered_ those with whom he had been on habits of intimacy years
+before the war. Their plate and linen were found in his possession after
+his surrender to General Brock. He marked out the loyal subjects of the
+King as objects of his peculiar resentment, and consigned their property
+to pillage and conflagration."
+
+General Brock left Colonel Proctor in command of Detroit, and returned
+to York (Toronto), where he arrived the 27th of August, amidst the
+heartfelt acclamations of a grateful people.
+
+"In the short space of nineteen days he had, with the assistance of the
+Provincial Parliament, settled the public business of the province,
+under the most trying circumstances that a commander could encounter,
+and having united and prepared his little army, had effected a long and
+fatiguing march of several hundred miles; and with means incredibly
+limited, had repelled an invading enemy of double his force, pursued him
+into his own territory, and finally compelled him to surrender his whole
+army and jurisdiction; thus extending the British dominions, without
+bloodshed, over an extent of territory almost equal to Upper
+Canada."--"Our little navy on Lake Erie, and on Lake Ontario, though the
+enemy were making the most active exertions, still maintained a decided
+ascendency, and upon it depended the safety of Upper Canada and the
+future fate of the British provinces. General Brock intended to have
+followed up his first success by an attempt on Niagara, a fort nearly
+opposite to Fort George; which, in all probability, as well as Oswego
+and Sackett's Harbour, the nursery of the enemy's fleet and forces,
+would have yielded to the terror of his name and the tide of success
+that attended his arms; but, _controlled by his instructions_, he was
+prevented from adopting measures which probably might have for ever
+blasted the hopes of the United States in Upper Canada." (Christie.)
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 195: The brother-in-law and elder brother of the writer were
+ordered by General Brock to select the fleetest horses of those captured
+from the Americans, in order to convey the intelligence of the capture
+of Detroit, and of General Hull and army, to Colonel Talbot, at Port
+Talbot, and to General Vincent, commander of the forces at Burlington
+Heights. They had wrought all night before they received their orders,
+and travelled, one of them two days and two nights, and the other two
+nights and three days without sleep. But these deeds were not peculiar;
+similar deeds were performed on the Niagara and Lower Canada frontiers
+during that and the following years. The Loyalist defenders of Canada of
+those days were patriots and soldiers to the heart's core; and they had
+wills, and nerves, and muscles "to endure hardness as good soldiers," in
+the hardest and darkest hours of our country's trials and struggles.
+
+It may be added, that the horse on which the elder brother of the writer
+of these pages rode, in execution of the orders of General Brock, was
+afterwards stolen by the traitor Wilcox, who escaped to the United
+States, but was afterwards killed while invading Fort Erie.]
+
+[Footnote 196: I think the reader will be interested in the following
+particulars, which I have collected of this remarkable Indian Chief:
+
+"In the year 1809, Tecumseh, attended by several hundred warriors,
+encamped near Vincennes, then capital of Indiana, and demanded an
+interview with the Governor of the State; for which interview was
+assembled a Council, when it was observed there was no vacant seat for
+the noble chief, Tecumseh. One of the Council officers hastily offered
+his seat, and having respectfully said to him, 'Warrior, your Father,
+General Harrison, offers you a seat.' 'My Father,' exclaimed Tecumseh,
+extending his arms towards the heavens, 'There, son, is my Father, and
+the earth is my mother; she giving me nourishment, and I dwell upon her
+bosom.' He then sat himself upon the ground."
+
+"The Indian warrior Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, himself and warriors,
+attached themselves to the cause of Great Britain, on the declaration of
+the American war of 1812. * *
+
+"Tecumseh's first engagement, under the British Colonel Proctor, then in
+command of the Western District, was attacking and defeating a
+detachment of Americans under Major Howe, from Detroit to the Beaver
+river. In this affair, General Hull's despatches, and correspondence of
+his troops, fell into the hands of Tecumseh; and it was partly from the
+discouraging nature of their contents that General Brock attempted the
+capture of the American army under General Hull."
+
+"On the 16th of July, Tecumseh and a few of his warriors pursued near
+Sandwich [on the Canadian side of the river] a detachment of the
+American army, under Colonel McArthur, and fired on the rear guard. 'The
+colonel suddenly faced about and gave orders for a volley, when all the
+Indians fell flat on the ground, with the exception of Tecumseh, who
+stood firm on his feet, with apparent unconcern."
+
+"As Colonel Proctor retired to Nassau (Moravian town), on the Thames,
+and when the regulars and militia had surrendered on the right, the
+Indians carried on the contest on the left, and did not retreat until
+the day was lost, and thirty-three of their number had been slain,
+including the noble warrior, Tecumseh. After his fall, his lifeless
+corpse was recovered with great interest by the American officers, who
+declared that the contour of his features was majestic even in death. He
+left a son who fought by his side when he fell, and was seventeen years
+of age.
+
+"The Prince Regent, in 1815, as a mark of respect to the memory of his
+father, sent a handsome sword as a present to his son."]
+
+[Footnote 197: Christie's War of 1812, pp. 65, 66.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LIII.
+
+SECOND AMERICAN INVASION OF UPPER CANADA AT QUEENSTON--DISPROPORTION OF
+AMERICAN AND CANADIAN FORCES--DEATH OF GENERAL BROCK--DEFEAT AND LOSS OF
+THE AMERICANS--ARMISTICE--INCIDENTS WHICH OCCURRED ON THE NIAGARA
+FRONTIER, AT FORT ERIE, AS RELATED BY LIEUTENANT DRISCOLL, OF THE 100TH
+REGIMENT.
+
+
+The _second invasion_ of Upper Canada took place on the Niagara
+frontier, at Queenston. We will give the account of it (condensed) from
+the History of the War by Mr. Thompson, of the Royal Scots:
+
+"Dispirited at such a total failure in General Hull's expedition, it
+became late in the season before the American Government could collect a
+force on the frontiers with which, with any safety, another descent upon
+Canada could be made. At length, Major-General Van Rensellaer, of the
+New York Militia, with a force of _four thousand men_ under his command
+(1,500 of whom were regular troops), established his camp at Lewiston,
+on the Niagara river, nearly half-way between Lake Ontario and the
+Falls.
+
+"Before daylight on the morning of the 13th of October, a large division
+of General Van Rensellaer's army, under Brigadier-General Wadsworth,
+effected a landing at the lower end of the village of Queenston
+(opposite to Lewiston), and made an attack upon the position, which was
+defended with the most determined bravery by the two flank companies of
+the 49th Regiment, commanded by Captains Dennis and Williams, aided by
+such of the militia forces and Indians as could be collected in the
+vicinity.
+
+"Major-General Brock, on receiving intelligence, immediately proceeded
+to that post, from Fort George, and arrived at the juncture when the
+handful of British regulars was compelled to retire for a time before an
+overwhelming force of the enemy. However, on the appearance of their
+gallant chief, the troops were seized with a fresh animation, and were
+led on by that brave general to a renewed exertion to maintain the post;
+but at the moment of charging the enemy's position, within pistol-shot
+of the line, General Brock was killed by a musket ball, and with him the
+position was for a short time lost. Colonel Macdonell, his provincial
+aide-de-camp, was mortally wounded about the same time, and died shortly
+afterwards of his wounds.
+
+"A reinforcement of the 41st Regiment, commanded by Captain Derenzy,
+with a few of the Lincoln Militia and a party of Indians, were
+immediately marched from Fort George to the succour of the troops at
+Queenston, under the direction of Major-General Sheaffe, who now assumed
+the command; and persons who were, by their situations in life and
+advanced age, exempt from serving in the militia, made common cause,
+seized their arms, and flew to the field of action as volunteers.
+
+"The conflict was again renewed, and from the advantageous position of
+Norton, the Indian chief, with his warriors, on the woody brow of the
+high grounds, a communication was opened with Chippewa, from whence
+Captain Bullock, of the 41st Regiment, with a detachment of that corps,
+was enabled to march for Queenston, and was joined on the way by parties
+of militia who were repairing from all quarters, with all the enthusiasm
+imaginable, to the field of battle. The fight was maintained on both
+sides with a courage truly heroic. The British regulars and militia
+charged in rapid succession against a force in number far exceeding
+their own, until they succeeded in turning the left flank of their
+column, which rested on the summit of the hill. The event of the day no
+longer appeared doubtful."
+
+"Major-General Van Rensellaer, commanding the American army, perceiving
+his reinforcements embarking very slowly, recrossed the Niagara river to
+accelerate their movements; but, to his utter astonishment, he found
+that at the very moment when their services were most required, the
+ardour of the engaged troops had entirely subsided. He rode in all
+directions through his camp, urging the men by every consideration to
+pass over. Lieutenant-Colonel Bloome, who had been wounded in the
+action and recrossed the river, together with Judge Peck, who happened
+to be in Lewiston at the time, mounted their horses and rode through the
+camp, exhorting the companies to proceed--_but all in vain_. Crowds of
+the United States Militia remained on the American bank of the river, to
+which they had not been marched in any order, but run as a mob; _not one
+of them would cross_. They had seen the wounded re-crossing; they had
+seen the Indians, _and were panic-struck_." (American Report of the
+Battle of Queenston.)
+
+"No sooner had the British forces succeeded in turning the left flank of
+the enemy, than he visibly began to give way; one grand effort was
+therefore made upon the crest of his position, in which the heights were
+carried at the point of the bayonet.
+
+"General Van Rensellaer, having found that it was impossible to induce a
+man to cross the river to reinforce the army on the heights, and that
+the army had nearly expended its ammunition, immediately sent boats to
+cover their retreat; but the fire, which was maintained upon the ferry
+from a battery on the bank of the lower end of Queenston, completely
+dispersed the boats, and many of the boatmen re-landed and fled in
+dismay.
+
+"Brigadier-General Wadsworth was therefore compelled, after a vigorous
+conflict had been maintained for some time on both sides, to surrender
+himself and all his officers, with 900 men, between three and four
+o'clock in the afternoon, to a force far inferior to his in numbers--a
+circumstance which speaks loudly in favour of the plan of defence and
+attack adopted by Major-General Sheaffe.
+
+"The loss of the British in this battle did not exceed 100 men,
+including killed, wounded, and missing; while that on the side of the
+Americans, including deserters, was not less than 2,000; but amongst the
+killed, the British Government and the country had to deplore the loss
+of Sir Isaac Brock, one whose memory will long live in the warmest
+affections of every British subject in Canada."[198]
+
+"On the morning subsequent to the battle of Queenston, General Sheaffe
+entered into an armistice with the American general commanding at
+Lewiston, to be confined to that part of the frontier comprised between
+Lakes Ontario and Erie, subject to a condition that forty-eight hours'
+notice should be given by either party for a recommencement of
+hostilities [a condition violated by the American commander]. This
+arrangement [considered disadvantageous to the British cause] was at
+first censured by individuals unaware of the motives by which General
+Sheaffe was actuated. It was not, in the flush of victory, taken into
+consideration that the number of American prisoners then in his charge
+far exceeded the numerical strength of his army, when the Indian force
+was withdrawn; and that, with his very limited means of defence, he had
+a frontier of forty miles to protect."[199]
+
+Before noticing the _third_ American invasion of Canada, in 1812, or the
+second on the Niagara frontier, we will conclude this Chapter by adding
+a few incidents on the Niagara river frontier, at Fort Erie, after the
+death of General Brock, October 13, 1812, by Lieutenant Driscoll, of the
+100th Regiment:
+
+"I was stationed at Fort Erie on the memorable 13th of October, 1812. At
+daybreak, having returned with my escort as visiting rounds, after a
+march of about six miles in muddy roads through the forests, and about
+to refresh the inward man, after my fatiguing trudge, I heard a booming
+of distant artillery, very faintly articulated.
+
+"Having satisfied myself of the certainty of my belief, hunger, wet, and
+fatigue were no longer remembered; excitement banishes these trifling
+matters from the mind; and I posted off to my commanding officer to
+report the firing, now more audible and rapid.
+
+"I found my chief, booted, spurred, and snoring--lying, as was his wont,
+on a small hair mattress on the floor in his barrack-room, which boasted
+of furniture, one oak table covered with green baize, a writing-desk, a
+tin basin containing water, and a brass candlestick, which had planted
+in it a regulation mutton-dip, dimly flickering its last ray of light,
+paling before the dawn, now making its first appearance through the
+curtainless window.
+
+"The noise I made on entering the major's sleeping and other apartment
+awoke him. As he sat up on his low mattrass, he said, 'What is the
+matter?' 'Heavy firing down the river, sir.' 'Turn the men out.' 'All
+under arms, sir.' 'That'll do.'
+
+"By this time he was on his legs--his hat and gloves on. His hutman was
+at the door with his charger, and his spurs in his horse's flanks in an
+instant--leaving the orderly, hutman, and myself to double after him up
+to the fort, some hundred yards off.
+
+"As we reached it, the men were emerging through the gate in measured
+cadence, and we were on our way to the batteries, opposite the enemy's
+station at Black Rock.
+
+"Before we reached our post of alarm the sun was up and bright. We had
+not assumed our position long before an orderly officer of the
+Provincial Dragoons rode up, and gave us the information that the enemy
+were attempting to cross at Kingston, and that we must annoy them along
+the whole line, as was being done from Niagara to Queenston, by any and
+every means in our power short of crossing the river. Everything was
+ready on our parts. The enemy all appeared asleep, judging from the
+apparent quiet that prevailed on their side of the river.
+
+"The command to annoy the enemy was no sooner given than, bang! bang!
+went off every gun we had in position.
+
+"Now there was a stir. The enemy's guns were in a short time manned, and
+returned our fire; and the day's work was begun, which was carried on
+briskly the greater part of the day on both sides of the Niagara.
+
+"About two o'clock, another Provincial dragoon, bespattered, horse and
+man, with foam and mud, made his appearance--not wearing his sword or
+helmet.
+
+"Said an old Green Tiger to me, 'Horse and man jaded, sir; depend upon
+it, he brings bad news.' 'Step down and ascertain what intelligence he
+brings.' Away my veteran doubles, and soon returns at a funeral pace.
+'Light heart, light step,' were my inward thoughts. I knew by poor old
+Clibborn's style of return something dreadful had occurred.
+
+"'What news, Clibborn? What news, man? Speak out,' said I, as he
+advanced towards the battery, that was still keeping up a brisk fire.
+Clibborn walked on, perfectly unconscious of the balls that were
+ploughing up the ground, uttered not a word, but shook his head.
+
+"When in the battery, the old man sat down on the platform; still no
+word, but the pallor and expression of his countenance indicated the
+sorrow of his soul.
+
+"I could stand it no longer. I placed my hand on his shoulder, 'For
+Heaven's sake, tell us what you know.' In choking accents he revealed
+his melancholy information: 'The general is killed; the enemy has
+possession of Queenston Heights.'
+
+"Every man in the battery was paralyzed; the battery ceased firing.
+
+"A cheer by the enemy from the opposite side of the river recalled us to
+our duty. They had heard of their success down the river. Our men, who
+had in various ways evinced their feelings--some in weeping, some in
+swearing, some in mournful silence--now exhibit demoniac energy. The
+heavy guns are loaded, traversed and fired, as if they were
+field-pieces--too much hurry for precision. 'Take your time, men; don't
+throw away your fire, my lads.' 'No, sir, but we will give it to them
+hot and heavy.'
+
+"All the guns were worked by the 49 men of my own company, and they
+wished to avenge their beloved chief Brock, whom they knew and valued
+with that correct appreciation peculiar to the British soldier. They had
+all served under him in Holland and at Copenhagen.
+
+"I had a very excellent reconnoitring-glass; and as I kept a sharp
+look-out for the effect of our fire, and the movements of the enemy, I
+observed that powder was being removed from a large wooden barrack into
+ammunition waggons. The only man of the Royal Artillery I had with me
+was a bombardier, Walker. I called his attention to the fact I had
+observed, and directed him to lay a gun for that part of the building
+wherein the powder was being taken. At my request he took a look through
+my glass, and, having satisfied himself, he lay the gun as ordered. I,
+with my glass, watched the spot aimed at. I saw one plank of the
+building fall out, and at the same instant the whole fabric went up in a
+pillar of black smoke, with but little noise, as it was no more.
+Horses, waggons, men, and building all disappeared; not a vestige of any
+was seen.
+
+"Now was our turn to cheer; and we plied the enemy in a style so quick
+and accurate, that we silenced all their guns just as a third dragoon
+come galloping up to us, shouting 'Victory! Victory!' Then again we
+cheered lustily; but no response from the other side. Night now hid the
+enemy from our sight.
+
+"The commissariat made its appearance with biscuit, pork, rum, and
+potatoes; and we broke our fast for that day about nine p.m.
+
+"How strange and unaccountable are the feelings induced by war! Here
+were men of two nations, but of a common origin, speaking the same
+language, of the same creed, intent on mutual destruction, rejoicing
+with fiendish pleasure at their address in perpetrating murder by
+wholesale, shouting for joy as disasters propagated by the chances of
+war hurled death and agonizing wounds into the ranks of their opponents!
+And yet the very same men, when chance gave them the opportunity, would
+readily exchange, in their own peculiar way, all the amenities of social
+life, extending to one another a draw of the pipe, and quid, or glass;
+obtaining and exchanging information from one and the other of their
+respective services, as to pay, rations, and so on--the victors, with
+delicacy, abstaining from any allusion to the victorious day. Though the
+vanquished would allude to their disaster, the victors never named their
+triumphs.
+
+"Such is the character of acts and words between British and American
+soldiers which I have witnessed, as officer commanding a guard over
+American prisoners.
+
+"J. DRISCOLL,
+
+"Of the 100th Regiment."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 198: Such was the high esteem in which the character of
+General Brock was held even by the enemy, that during the movement of
+the funeral procession of that brave man from Queenston to Fort George,
+a distance of seven miles, minute guns were fired at every American post
+on that part of the lines; and even the appearance of hostilities was
+suspended.]
+
+[Footnote 199: Thompson's History of the War of 1812, Chap. xv.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LIV.
+
+THIRD AMERICAN INVASION OF UPPER CANADA, AT AND NEAR FORT ERIE, ON THE
+NIAGARA RIVER, UNDER GENERAL SMYTH--HIS ADDRESS TO HIS SOLDIERS--THE
+LUDICROUS AND DISGRACEFUL FAILURE OF HIS EXPEDITION--THREE AMERICAN
+EXPEDITIONS REPELLED IN 1812 BY THE SPARTAN BANDS OF CANADIAN
+VOLUNTEERS, ASSISTED BY A FEW REGIMENTS OF ENGLISH SOLDIERS.
+
+
+Such was the result of the _second invasion of Canada_--the first
+invasion on the Niagara frontier by the American "Grand Army of the
+Centre."
+
+The Americans, after recovering in some measure from their disastrous
+defeat at Queenston, commenced gigantic preparations for assembling
+another army near Buffalo, for a second descent on the Niagara frontier,
+under the command of General Smyth, with an army which, according to the
+latest accounts of the American reports themselves, was 8,000 strong,
+with fifteen pieces of field ordnance--sustained in the rear by a
+populous and fertile country, and the facility afforded by good roads to
+draw the supplies for his army and to bring into the field a formidable
+artillery. So confident was General Smyth himself of a successful result
+of his expedition, that he boasted on the 10th of November "that in a
+few days the troops under his command would plant the American standard
+in Canada," and issued an order to the commandant of Fort Niagara to
+save the buildings at Fort George and the adjacent town of Newark
+(Niagara), as they would be required for winter quarters for the "Army
+of the Centre."
+
+It was a difficult if not doubtful task for General Sheaffe and the
+regular and militia officers under his command to provide for the
+defence of the country against such formidable odds; for up to the time
+at which the American general had violated the terms of the armistice
+not a single British soldier had arrived to reinforce the little
+Canadian army; and "after the conflict at Queenston, the militia, which
+constituted the majority of the British force, had been permitted to
+return home to secure the remainder of their harvest." (Thompson.)
+
+"However, on the first alarm being given of the hostile movements of the
+American army, those already harassed but loyal Canadian militiamen
+promptly returned to their posts, fully determined to dispute every inch
+of ground while a man was left to defend it."--(_Ib_). Nor were these
+volunteer Loyalists intimidated by General Smyth's extended columns of
+cavalry and infantry with which he lined the American shore, his
+marching and countermarching of countless battalions, and all the pomp
+of war and parade of martial bombast with which the fertile mind of
+General Smyth hoped to terrify the apparently defenceless Canadians; to
+which he added a flaming proclamation, not excelled in pomposity and
+brag by that of General Hull issued to Canadians three months before. We
+give this proclamation, as we have done that of General Hull, in a
+note.[200]
+
+This proclamation, ridiculous as it is, and appealing to the lowest
+mercenary as well as better motives of democratic Americans, produced a
+considerable effect in Pennsylvania, and caused an accession of some
+2,000 volunteers to General Smyth's already large forces; but when the
+crisis of action arrived, this grandiloquent General Smyth was not to be
+found on the field of action; and of the twenty boats which were
+provided to convey across the river the first instalment of invaders of
+Canada, fourteen boats were sunk or driven back, and only six boats
+reached the Canadian shore and gained a temporary hold, but some of them
+were driven back with loss before the next morning, and the remainder
+were taken prisoners. The next day General Smyth promised to do very
+great things; but we will narrate these doings and the results in the
+words of the American writer Lossing, in his _Field Book of the War of_
+1812. Lossing says:
+
+"November 27th [1812].--It was sunrise when the troops began to embark,
+and so tardy were the movements that it was late in the afternoon when
+all was ready. General Smyth did not make his appearance, and all the
+movements were under the direction of his subordinates. A number of
+boats had been left to strand upon the shore, and became filled with
+water, snow, and ice; and as hour after hour passed by, dreariness and
+disappointment fell upon the spirits of the shivering troops. Meanwhile
+the enemy had collected on the opposite [British] shore, and were
+watching every movement. At length, when all seemed ready and impatience
+had yielded to hope, an order came from the commanding general '_to
+disembark and dine_.' The wearied and worried troops were deeply
+exasperated by this order, and nothing but the most positive assurances
+that the undertaking would be immediately resumed kept them from open
+mutiny. The different regiments retired sullenly to their respective
+quarters, and General Porter, with his dispirited New York volunteers,
+marched in disgust to Buffalo.
+
+"November 28th [1812].--Smyth now called a council of officers. They
+could not agree. The best of them urged the necessity of crossing in
+force at once, before the (Canadian) enemy could make formidable
+preparations for their reception. The General decided otherwise; and
+doubt and despondency brooded over the camp that night. The ensuing
+Sabbath brought no relief. Preparations for another embarkation were
+indeed in progress, while the (Canadian) enemy, too, was busy in
+opposing labour. It was evident to every spectator of judgment that the
+invasion must be attempted at another point of the river, when, towards
+evening, to the astonishment of all, the General issued an order
+perfectly characteristic of the man--for the troops to be ready at
+eight (November 30) o'clock the next morning for embarkation. 'The
+General will be on board,' he pompously proclaimed. 'Neither rain, snow,
+or frost will prevent the embarkation,' he said. 'The cavalry will soon
+scour the fields from Black Rock to the bridge, and suffer no idle
+spectators. While embarking, the bands will play martial airs; _Yankee
+Doodle_ will be the signal to get under way. * * The landing will be
+effected in despite of cannon. The whole army has seen that cannon is to
+be but little dreaded. * * Hearts of war! to-morrow will be memorable in
+the annals of the United States.'
+
+"'To-morrow' came, but not the promised achievement. All the officers
+disapproved of the time and manner of the proposed embarkation, and
+expressed their opinions freely. At General Porter's quarters a change
+was agreed upon. Porter deferred the embarkation until Tuesday morning,
+the 1st of December, an hour or two before daylight, and to make the
+landing-place a little below the upper end of Grand Island. Winder
+suggested the propriety of making a descent directly upon Chippewa, 'the
+key of the country.' This Smyth consented to attempt, intending as he
+said, if successful, to march down to Queenston, and lay siege to Fort
+George. Orders were accordingly given for a general rendezvous at the
+Navy Yard, at three o'clock on Tuesday morning, and that the troops
+should be collected in the woods near by on Monday, where they should
+build fires, and await the signal for gathering on the shore of the
+river. The hour arrived, but when day dawned only fifteen hundred were
+embarked. Tannehill's Pennsylvania Brigade were not present. Before
+their arrival rumours had reached the camp that they, too, like Van
+Rensellaer's militia at Lewiston, had raised a constitutional question
+about being led out of their State. Yet their scruples seem to have been
+overcome at this time, and they would have invaded Canada cheerfully
+under other auspices. But distrust of their leader, created by the
+events of the last forty-eight hours, had demoralized nearly the whole
+army. They had made so much noise in embarkation that the startled
+Canadian had sounded his alarm bugle and discharged signal guns from
+Fort Erie to Chippewa. Tannehill's Pennsylvanians had not appeared, and
+many other troops lingered upon the shore, loth to embark. In this
+dilemma Smyth hastily called a Council of the regular officers, utterly
+excluding those of the volunteers from the conference; and the first
+intimation of the result of that Council was an order from the
+commanding general, sent to General Porter, who was on a boat with the
+pilot, a fourth of a mile from shore, in the van of the impatient
+flotilla, _directing the whole army to debark, and repair to their
+quarters_. This was accompanied by a declaration that the _invasion of
+Canada was abandoned at present_, pleading in bar of just censure, that
+his orders from his superiors were, not to attempt it with less than
+3,000 men. The regulars were ordered into winter quarters, and the
+volunteers were dismissed to their homes.
+
+"The troops, without order or restraint, discharged their muskets in all
+directions, and a scene of insubordination and utter confusion followed.
+At least a thousand of the volunteers had come from their homes in
+response to his invitation, and the promise that they should be led into
+Canada by a victor [without personal danger, and with the promise of
+plunder and glory]. They had implicit confidence in his ability and in
+the sincerity of his great words, and in proportion to their faith and
+zeal were now their disappointment and resentment. Unwilling to have
+their errand to the frontier fruitless of all but disgrace, the
+volunteers earnestly requested permission to be led into Canada under
+General Porter, promising the commanding general the speedy capture of
+Fort Erie if he would furnish them with four pieces of artillery.[201]
+But Smyth evaded their request, and the volunteers were sent home
+uttering imprecations against the man whom they considered a mere
+blusterer without courage, and a conceited deceiver without honour. They
+felt themselves betrayed, and the inhabitants in the vicinity
+sympathized with them. Their indignation was greatly increased by the
+ill-timed and ungenerous charges made by Smyth in his report to General
+Dearborn against General Porter, in whom the volunteers had the
+greatest confidence. General Smyth's person was for some time in danger.
+He was compelled to double the guards around his tent, and to move it
+from place to place to avoid continual insults. He was several times
+fired at when he ventured out of his marquee. Porter openly attributed
+the abandonment of the invasion of Canada to the cowardice of Smyth." * *
+
+"Thus ended the melodrama of Smyth's invasion of Canada. The whole
+affair was disgraceful and humiliating. 'What wretched work Smyth and
+Porter have made of it!' wrote General Wadsworth to General Van
+Rensellaer from his home at Genesee at the close of the year. 'I wish
+those who are disposed to find so much fault could know the state of the
+militia since the day you gave up the command. It has been "confusion
+worse confounded."' The day that saw Smyth's failure was indeed
+'memorable in the annals of the United States,' as well as in his own
+private history. Confidence in his military ability was destroyed; and
+three months afterwards he was 'disbanded,' as the _Army Register_ says;
+in other words, he was deposed without a trial, and excluded from the
+army."[202]
+
+Such was the third and last American invasion of Upper Canada in 1812.
+Three large American armies defeated--two of them taken prisoners by
+less than one-third their number of Canadian volunteers, aided by a few
+hundred regular soldiers and as many Indians, who, notwithstanding the
+abuse of them by the American generals, never murdered a woman or child
+during the year, or killed a prisoner, and who were no more "savages"
+than the men who maligned them.
+
+The Spartan bands of Canadian Loyalist volunteers, aided by a few
+hundred English soldiers and civilized Indians, repelled the Persian
+thousands of democratic American invaders, and maintained the virgin
+soil of Canada unpolluted by the foot of the plundering invader.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 200: The following is General Smyth's proclamation, issued to
+his soldiers, on his intended invasion of Canada:
+
+"_General Smyth to the Soldiers of the Army of the Centre._
+
+"Companions in arms!--The time is come when you will cross the stream
+of Niagara to conquer Canada, and to secure the peace of the Canadian
+frontier.
+
+"You will enter a country that is to be one of the United States. You
+are to arrive among a people who are to become your fellow-citizens. It
+is not against _them_ that we come to make war. It is against that
+Government which holds them as vassals.
+
+"You will make this war as little as possible distressful to the
+Canadian population. If they are peaceable, they are to be secure in
+their persons; and in their property as far as our imperious necessities
+will allow.
+
+"Provided that, plundering is absolutely forbidden. Any soldier who
+quits his rank to plunder on the field of battle, will be punished in
+the most exemplary manner.
+
+"But your just rights as soldiers will be maintained; whatever is booty
+by the usages of war, you shall have. All horses belonging to the
+artillery and cavalry; all waggons and teams in the public service, will
+be sold for the benefit of the captors. Public stores will be secured
+for the service of the United States. The Government will, with justice,
+pay you the value.
+
+"The horses drawing the light artillery of the enemy are wanted for the
+service of the United States. I will order $200 for each to be paid to
+the party who may take them. I will also order $40 to be paid for the
+arms and spoils of each savage warrior who shall be killed.
+
+"_Soldiers!_--You are amply provided for war. You are superior in number
+to the enemy. Your personal strength and activity are greater. Your
+weapons are longer. The regular soldiers of the enemy are really old,
+whose best years have been spent in the sickly climate of the West
+Indies. They will not be able to stand before you--you who charge with
+the bayonet. You have seen Indians, such as those hired by the English
+to murder women and children, and kill and scalp the wounded. You have
+seen their dances and grimaces, and heard their yells. Can you fear
+_them_? No; you hold them in the utmost contempt.
+
+"_Volunteers!_--Disloyal and traitorous men have endeavoured to dissuade
+you from your duty. Sometimes they say, if you enter Canada you will be
+held to service for five years. At others they say that you will not be
+furnished with supplies. At other times they say that if you are
+wounded, the Government will not provide for you by pensions. The just
+and generous course pursued by Government towards the volunteers who
+fought at Tippecanoe, furnishes an answer to that objection. The
+others are too absurd to deserve any.
+
+"_Volunteers!_--I esteem your generous and patriotic motives. You have
+made sacrifices on the altar of your country. You will not suffer the
+enemies of your fame to mislead you from the path of duty and honour,
+and deprive you of the esteem of a grateful country. You will show the
+_eternal_ infamy that awaits the man who, having come in sight of the
+enemy, basely shrinks in the moment of trial.
+
+"_Soldiers of every corps!_--It is in your power to retrieve the honour
+of your country, and to cover yourselves with glory. Every man who
+performs a gallant action shall have his name made known to the nation.
+Rewards and honours await the brave. Infamy and contempt are reserved
+for cowards.
+
+"_Companions in arms!_--You come to vanquish a valiant foe; I know the
+choice you will make. Come on, my heroes! And when you attack the
+enemy's batteries, let your rallying word be 'The cannon lost at
+Detroit, or death.'
+
+(Signed)    "ALEXANDER SMYTH,
+"_Brigadier-General Commanding_.
+"Camp near Buffalo, 17th Nov., 1812."]
+
+[Footnote 201: We are inclined to think that those volunteers and others
+who professed such patriotic indignation against Smyth, and promised
+such great things, were, in general, no less poltroons than Smyth
+himself. It was as easy for them to denounce Smyth, and to boast of what
+they could and would do, as for Smyth, in his proclamation, to denounce
+those who opposed the invasion of Canada.]
+
+[Footnote 202: Lossing's Field Book of the War of 1812, Chap, xx., p.
+430-432.
+
+Mr. Lossing adds, in a note, that "General Smyth petitioned the House of
+Representatives to reinstate him in the army. That body referred the
+petition to the Secretary of War--the General's executioner. Of course,
+its prayer was not answered. In that petition Smyth asked the privilege
+of 'dying for his country.' This phrase was the subject of much
+ridicule. At a public celebration of Washington's birthday, in 1814, at
+Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, the following sentiment was
+offered during the presentation of toasts: 'General Smyth's petition to
+Congress to die for his country; may it be ordered that the prayer of
+said petition be granted.'
+
+"A wag wrote on a panel of one of the doors of the House of
+Representatives:
+
+"'All hail, great chief, who quailed before
+  A Bishop on Niag'ra's shore;
+  But looks on Death with dauntless eye,
+  And begs for leave to bleed and die,
+                                  "'Oh my!'"]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LV.
+
+FOURTH AMERICAN INVASION--FIRST INVASION OF LOWER CANADA, COMPLETELY
+DEFEATED BY THE COURAGE AND SKILL OF THE CANADIANS; AND GENERAL DEARBORN
+RETIRES INTO WINTER QUARTERS AT PLATTSBURG.
+
+
+But in addition to these three abortive invasions of Upper Canada in
+1812, was one of _Lower Canada_, which will be narrated in the words of
+Mr. Christie, illustrating as it does the ardent loyalty and noble
+heroism of the French Canadians:
+
+"The American forces, under General Dearborn, gradually approached the
+frontier of Lower Canada; and early on the morning of the 17th of
+November, 1812, Major (now Lieutenant-Colonel) De Salaberry,
+Superintendent of the Canadian Voltigeurs, commanding the cordon of
+advanced posts on the lines, received information at St. Philip's that
+the enemy, to the number of ten thousand (10,000), were advancing to
+Odletown. He immediately despatched two companies of the Voltigeurs,
+under the command of Captain Perrault, of the same regiment, with 300
+Indians under Captain Duchesne, of the Indian Department, to reinforce
+Major Laforce, of the 1st Battalion embodied militia, who was posted
+with the two flank companies of that battalion at the River La Cole.
+This detachment, after a fatiguing march of thirty-six miles, chiefly
+through _morasses_ and _abatis_, arrived early in the afternoon of the
+same day at Burtonville, and took a position within the River La Cole, a
+mile distant from it, in conjunction with a party of thirty Algonquin
+and Abenaki Indians, and a few Voyageurs under Captain McKay, a
+gentleman of the North-West Company in the Voyageurs' corps. Major De
+Salaberry arrived the day following, with the remainder of the
+Voltigeurs and the Voyageurs, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+McGillivray, and four companies of the volunteer Chasseurs from the
+parishes of Chateauguay, St. Constant, St. Philip, and l'Acadie.
+
+"In the meantime the enemy occupied Champlain Town, two or three miles
+from the lines, and an earnest invasion was momentarily expected.
+Nothing occurred of any consequence until the 20th, in the morning, when
+Captain McKay, visiting the picquet between three and four o'clock,
+perceived the enemy fording the River La Cole, and at the same instant
+heard them cock their firelocks in the surrounding bushes. He had
+scarcely time to apprise the picquet under Captain Bernard Panet, of
+their danger, when the enemy, who had surrounded the guardhut on all
+sides, discharged a volley of musketry so close that their wads set fire
+to the roof and consumed the hut. The militia and Indians discharged
+their pieces, and dashing through the ranks of the enemy, escaped
+unhurt, while the Americans, who had forded the river in two places,
+mistaking each other for the enemy in the darkness and confusion of the
+night, kept up a brisk fire for near half an hour, in which they killed
+and wounded several of their own people. After discovering their error
+they retired back to Champlain Town, leaving five of their men wounded,
+and three or four killed, who were found by the Indians on the same day.
+The American party is said to have consisted of fourteen hundred (1,400)
+men and a troop of dragoons, and was commanded by Colonels Pike and
+Clarke.
+
+"This movement of the enemy gave room to expect another more vigorous
+attempt to invade Lower Canada; and on the 22nd, the Governor, by a
+General Order, directed the whole of the militia of the province to
+consider themselves commanded for active service, and to be prepared to
+move forward to meet the enemy as soon as required.
+
+"Lieut.-Colonel Deschambault was ordered to cross the St. Lawrence at
+Lachine to Cahuaugo, with the Point Claire, Riviere du Chene, Vaudreuil,
+and Longue Point Battalions, and to march upon l'Acadie. The volunteers
+of the 1st Battalion of Montreal Militia, the flank companies of the 2nd
+and 3rd Battalions, and a troop of Militia Dragoons, crossed the river
+to Longueuil and Laprairie; and the whole mass of population in the
+district of Montreal made a spontaneous movement towards the point of
+invasion with an enthusiasm unsurpassed in any age or country.
+
+"General Dearborn, who, no doubt, was well informed of the state of the
+public mind in Lower Canada at this crisis, foresaw, from the multitude
+assembled to oppose his progress, and the hostile spirit of the
+Canadians, the fruitlessness of an attempt to invade Lower Canada, and
+began to withdraw his sickly and already enfeebled host into winter
+quarters at Plattsburg and Burlington.
+
+"All apprehensions of an invasion of Lower Canada for the present season
+having disappeared, the troops and embodied militia were, on the 27th of
+November, ordered into winter quarters."[203]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 203: Christie's History of the War of 1812, Chap, iv., pp.
+90-92.
+
+"The armistice between General Smyth and Sheaffe after the battle of
+Queenston was terminated on the 20th of November, pursuant to
+notification to that effect from the former. This and the former
+armistice, without affording any present advantage, proved in the event
+materially prejudicial to the British on Lake Erie. The Americans
+availed themselves of so favourable an occasion to forward their naval
+stores unmolested from Black Rock to Presqu' Isle [Erie] by water, which
+they could not otherwise have effected, but with immense trouble and
+expense by land, and equipped at leisure a fleet which afterwards
+wrested from us the command of that lake."--_Ib._, pp. 92, 93.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LVI.
+
+
+PART I.
+
+WAR CAMPAIGNS OF 1813--THREE DIVISIONS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY--BATTLE OF
+FRENCHTOWN, AMERICANS DEFEATED--MISREPRESENTATIONS CORRECTED.
+
+The campaign of 1813 opened auspiciously for the Canadians, in both
+Upper and Lower Canada, notwithstanding the fewness of their defenders
+in regulars, militia, and Indians, and though they suffered severely in
+several instances towards the close of the year.
+
+It was manifest from the movement of the American army to the frontiers
+of Upper and Lower Canada, before the close of the year 1812, that on
+the opening of the campaign of 1813 they intended to retrieve the
+disasters and disgraces of the first year of the war, and make descents
+upon the colonies in good earnest. Sir George Prevost, Governor-General,
+was placed at great disadvantage for their general defence, as the small
+British force then occupying the Canadas, and the wide extent of
+frontier the British commander-in-chief had to defend, rendered it
+impossible for him to cope with the American enemy in point of numbers.
+
+The American army, to whom was committed this year _the honour of
+conquering Canada_, was divided, as the year before, into three
+divisions: first, the Army of the North, consisting of 18,000 men,
+commanded by General Hampton, and stationed along the southern shore of
+Lake Champlain, on the south precincts of Lower Canada; the second, the
+Army of the Centre, consisting of 7,000 effective men, which was again
+subdivided into two divisions, commanded by Generals Dearborn and
+Wilkinson, and were posted from Buffalo, at the lower extremity of Lake
+Erie, to Sackett's Harbour, at the lower end of Lake Ontario; and the
+third, the Army of the West, consisting of "8,000 effective men,"
+according to the American account, commanded by Generals Harrison and
+Wilkinson, whose limits extended from Buffalo westward, as far as the
+British frontier extended.
+
+After the capture of Detroit by General Brock and his little army,
+Colonel Proctor was appointed to command that fort, with a force of
+about 600 regulars and a number of Indians--an entirely insufficient
+force, but all that could be spared and provided from the slender forces
+of Upper Canada. The American General, Harrison, who succeeded Hull in
+the command of the West, organized a large force by the end of 1812, of
+over 5,000 men, consisting principally of men from Ohio and Kentucky.
+Among the small outposts which Proctor had established in the
+neighbourhood of Detroit, was one at _Frenchtown_, on the River Raisin,
+twenty-six miles from Detroit, which consisted of thirty of the Essex
+Militia, under Major Reynolds, and about 200 Indians. On the 17th of
+January, 1813, Brigadier-General Winchester, commanding a division of
+the American army, sent Colonel Lewis with a strong force to dislodge
+the British--which he succeeded in doing, after a sharp encounter in
+which the Americans lost twelve killed and fifty wounded. Reynolds
+retreated to Brownstown, sixteen miles in his rear, and gave information
+to Colonel Proctor of the advance of Winchester's brigade, which now
+occupied _Frenchtown_, and _was over one thousand strong_.
+
+Colonel Proctor knew that his only hope of success was by prompt action
+to fight the enemy in detail, before General Harrison could unite his
+whole force to bear on Detroit. He therefore forthwith assembled all his
+available force at Brownstown, and on the 21st pushed on to attack the
+American camp at Frenchtown, with about 500 regular soldiers and militia
+and 600 Indians. The attack upon the American camp was made on the
+morning of the 22nd; and the Indians, under the Wyandot chief Roundhead,
+speedily turned the enemy's flank and caused him to retreat--Chief
+Roundhead with his Indians taking General Winchester himself prisoner,
+and delivering him unharmed to Colonel Proctor. About 500 of General
+Winchester's men had thrown themselves into the houses, where they were
+making deadly resistance from fear of falling into the hands of the
+Indians, who were greatly exasperated by this mode of warfare, and
+assailed and pursued their retreating but resisting enemies with a
+ferocity unequalled during the whole three years' war. Colonel Proctor
+informed General Winchester that the houses would be set on fire, and he
+would be utterly unable to restrain the Indians, if this kind of warfare
+were persisted in, and they refused to surrender. They at length
+surrendered, on being assured that they would be protected from the
+Indians. Thirty-two officers and upwards of 500 men were taken
+prisoners, not one of whom sustained any injury from their captors,
+whether regular soldiers, militia, or Indians.
+
+But many Americans were slaughtered in refusing to surrender for fear of
+the Indians, and determined to fight and retreat in hopes of making
+their escape. They suffered severely; and on that account several
+American writers have represented the Indians at the battle of
+Frenchtown as committing unheard-of cruelties upon helpless men, women,
+and children. Even President Madison joined in the misrepresentation, as
+he was always ready to seize upon any pretext to assail the British
+Government for admitting the alliance of the Indians in the
+war--forgetful that his Government had repeatedly sought to do the same
+thing, but had only succeeded in a few instances. But in vindication of
+the Indians and their commander, Colonel Proctor, the following facts
+may be stated, which are conclusive on the subject. In the first place,
+General Winchester, the commander of the American detachment, was taken
+prisoner by the Indians, and instead of being butchered and scalped, was
+delivered unharmed by the Wyandot chief Roundhead into the hands of
+Colonel Proctor.
+
+However, many of the Americans refused to surrender from fear of falling
+into the hands of the Indians, and attempted to retreat and fight, in
+hopes of escape, but were mostly killed in the attempt by the Indians,
+so greatly exasperated by the mode of warfare adopted against them from
+the houses. Under this pretext most American writers have represented
+the Indians, with the sanction of the English, as having committed
+unheard-of cruelties against helpless men, women, and children at the
+battle of Frenchtown--statements which were pure fiction, as has been
+proved to demonstration in Chapter XXXV. of this history, in the
+fictions of the alleged "Massacre of Wyoming."
+
+For example, General Harrison, who was one of the few old American
+generals employed by the democratic President Madison in the war, and
+who was one or two days' march from Frenchtown, was informed and wrote
+in a despatch two days after the battle (24th of January), that "General
+Winchester had been taken by the Indians, _killed and scalped; his body
+was cut up and mangled in a shocking manner, and one of his hands cut
+off_;" when not a hair of General Winchester's head was injured, and he
+was afterwards exchanged, and appeared on the Niagara frontier, and was
+again taken prisoner, safe and sound, by the British at the battle of
+Stony Creek.
+
+General Harrison, in his despatches written five days afterwards, after
+having ascertained all the facts of the battle, makes no mention of any
+cruelties practised by the Indians, which he doubtless would have done
+had there been any truth in the imputations against the Indians or the
+English soldiers with whom they acted. He speaks of General Winchester
+as among the prisoners, notwithstanding his statement five days before
+that he had been killed, scalped, and cut to pieces. The following
+facts, given by Mr. Thompson in his "History of the War of 1812," are
+conclusive on this affair of the battle of Frenchtown, the 22nd of
+January, 1813:
+
+"Much has been said by American writers regarding the conduct of the
+combined forces of the affair of Frenchtown. They have not even stopped
+to charge British officers and soldiers with the most enormous
+cruelties, committed in conjunction with the Indians, when it was in
+their power to have prevented them. Such have been the contemptible
+misrepresentations to which many publications, otherwise deserving of
+merit, have descended, as well of this as of many other affairs during
+the war; and even amongst a few British subjects they have gained
+credence.
+
+"General Harrison, however, in writing his despatches to Governor Meigs,
+as well as several officers of his army who avail themselves of the
+general express to write to their friends in Chillicothe, in most of
+their letters give the details of the battle, _but seem to be ignorant
+as regards the greatest part of that 'Massacre_,' as it has been
+gravely termed. It is gathered from these despatches and letters by a
+Chillicothe journal of the 2nd of February, 1813, that '_those who
+surrendered themselves on the field of battle were taken prisoners by
+the British, while those who attempted to escape were pursued,
+tomahawked, and scalped_.' Now, even this account, in part, is
+incorrect; for the Indians, by whom they were assailed, were posted
+there for the express purpose of cutting off their retreat; and _those
+who surrendered to the Indians were safely conducted to the British
+camp_; but such was the panic with which these unfortunate fugitives
+were seized, that no persuasions on the part of the Indian chiefs, _who
+were fully disposed to comply with the orders of Colonel Proctor_, could
+prevail on them to surrender until they were either wounded and taken,
+or overtaken in the chase by their pursuers, when no efforts of the
+chiefs could save them from their fury.
+
+"In a letter containing copies of despatches from General Harrison,
+dated 24th January, 1813, it is stated that 'when the attack commenced,
+General Winchester ordered a retreat, but from the utter confusion which
+prevailed, this could not be effected; and he then told them that every
+man must take care of himself, and attempted to make his own escape on
+horseback, but was overtaken by the Indians before he had gone a mile,
+and killed and scalped. His body was cut up and mangled in a most
+shocking manner, and one of his hands cut off.'
+
+"Now, here is an awful Indian tale, manufactured, as many others have
+been of like description, which turns out to be a mere fabrication; for
+when General Winchester found himself pursued in his attempt to escape,
+he with a few others surrendered themselves to a chief of the Wyandot
+nation, and not a hair of their heads was hurt, _except the injury
+received from the fight_.
+
+"It is also stated in the same letter that Colonels Allen and Lewis were
+among the slain; in contradiction of which, in General Harrison's letter
+to Governor Meigs, dated 29th January, it is stated that General
+Winchester and Colonel and Brigade-Major Gerrard are among the
+prisoners.
+
+"The conclusion is plain, that had those deluded people not been
+overcome by fear, and surrendered themselves at once, they might have
+enjoyed the same safety as did General Winchester and his
+companions."[204]
+
+"This spirited and vigorous measure (on the part of Colonel Proctor)
+completely disconcerted the arrangements made by General Harrison for
+the recovery of Michigan territory, and secured Detroit from any
+immediate danger. The House of Assembly of Lower Canada [as also of
+Upper Canada] passed a vote of thanks to Colonel Proctor for the skill
+and intrepidity with which he planned and carried into effect this
+enterprise. A vote of thanks was also passed to the officers,
+non-commissioned officers, and privates who assisted in its
+accomplishment; and Colonel Proctor was immediately promoted to the rank
+of brigadier-general by Sir George Prevost, the commander of the forces,
+until the pleasure of the Prince Regent should be known, who was pleased
+to approve and confirm the appointment."[205]
+
+
+PART II.
+
+AMERICANS ATTACK AND PLUNDER IN AND ABOUT BROCKVILLE--SUCCESSFUL
+RETALIATORY ATTACK ON OGDENSBURG.
+
+The next military affairs in the order of time, illustrative of the
+loyalty and courage of the Canadians, occurred on the River St.
+Lawrence, in the neighbourhoods of Prescott and Brockville. Most of the
+American invasions were mere raids for destruction and plunder of
+property. In the winter of 1813 several of these raids were made from
+Ogdensburg on the British settlements. "After winter (1813) had fairly
+set in, and the St. Lawrence was frozen over, the Americans on several
+occasions sent marauding parties across the ice to pillage and destroy
+the Canadian settlements. [The American mode of giving liberty to
+Canada.] On the night of the 6th of February, two companies of riflemen
+from Ogdensburg, under command of Captain Forsyth, made a descent on the
+town of Brockville, wounded a sentry, fired several houses, and carried
+off a quantity of plunder, together with fifty of the inhabitants.
+Several inroads from Ogdensburg were made; and the British were anxious
+to retaliate." (Tuttle.) On the closing of the session of the
+Legislature of Lower Canada, the 17th of February, 1813, the
+Governor-General, Sir George Prevost, made a tour of inspection of the
+forts of Upper Canada. On his arrival at Prescott he was importuned to
+authorize an attack upon Ogdensburg, in retaliation for an attack upon
+Brockville by the enemy some days previous. He consented to a
+demonstration on the river to ascertain the enemy's force; and on the
+ensuing morning (22nd February), as the Governor-General departed,
+accompanied to Kingston by Lieut.-Colonel Pearson (commander of
+Prescott), Lieut.-Colonel M'Donnell, second in command, moved with his
+party across the river on the ice, towards Ogdensburg. The enemy,
+perceiving the movement, were prepared to receive him; and
+Lieut.-Colonel M'Donnell, impelled by that spirit characteristic of
+British soldiers, turned the demonstration into a real attack.
+
+The enemy was driven from the town after a short contest, leaving about
+twenty killed and a considerable number wounded. Four brass
+field-pieces, seven pieces of iron ordnance, complete, with several
+stand of arms and a considerable quantity of stores, fell into the hands
+of the victors, who lost seven killed, and seven officers (including
+Lieutenant-Colonel M'Donnell) and forty-one men wounded. After having
+destroyed two small schooners and two gun-boats left there to winter,
+they removed the stores and arms to their own side of the river at
+Prescott. This brilliant achievement prevented any further American
+forays on the Canadians from Cornwall to Gananoque for the rest of the
+winter.
+
+
+PART III.
+
+WINTER PREPARATIONS IN LOWER CANADA FOR THE CAMPAIGN--UNPRECEDENTED
+MARCH ON SNOW-SHOES OF LOYALIST VOLUNTEERS FROM NEW BRUNSWICK TO LOWER
+CANADA--AMERICAN PLAN OF OPERATIONS.
+
+The greatest exertions were made in Canada during the winter to prepare
+for the ensuing campaign. The Canadian regiment of Fencibles, the
+Voltigeurs, the Glengarries, were recruited with diligence and success,
+though still without reinforcements from England--too much engrossed
+with her European wars to afford much assistance to the colonies. A
+volunteer regiment from New Brunswick came, by permission and authority,
+to the assistance of the beleaguered but hitherto successful Canadians.
+"The King's Regiment of New Brunswick was mustered into the regular army
+as the 104th Regiment, and sent to Canada for active service. The
+regiment was first formed amongst the Loyalists who had settled in York
+county, about Fredericton, in 1784, and on its voluntary enrolment in
+the regular army, the Legislature passed complimentary resolutions to
+officers and men, and presented the regiment with a handsome silver
+trumpet. A portion of this regiment was conveyed to Quebec by sea; but
+several companies made a very trying march on snow-shoes, through an
+unbroken country, during very cold weather, to arrive in Canada in time
+for the spring campaign."[206]
+
+"The plan of the American campaign for 1813 was that a large army under
+General Dearborn was to threaten Lower Canada, whilst a determined
+effort was to be made to retake Michigan territory, capture the forts of
+Niagara frontier, and thus reduce the whole of Upper Canada. This
+accomplished, all the armies were to make a joint descent upon Montreal
+and Quebec, which would be followed by the occupation of the Maritime
+Provinces, and thus the British would be driven from the American
+continent."[207]
+
+
+PART IV.
+
+AMERICAN FLEET ON LAKE ONTARIO SUPERIOR TO THE BRITISH FLEET, AND, WITH
+THE ARMY, ATTACKS AND TAKES YORK (TORONTO), AND AFTER OCCUPYING IT LESS
+THAN TWO WEEKS, RETIRE WITH MUCH HASTE.
+
+The American fleet on Lake Ontario was superior to that of the British,
+and was being daily augmented at Sackett's Harbour--their principal navy
+yard on Lake Ontario. The first descent was expected to be upon
+Kingston; but the American Government deemed it too hazardous a game to
+risk their Lake armament upon an enterprise against this principal
+military depot of the British in Upper Canada, and resolved to direct
+their forces against more distant and defenceless places on the lake.
+
+Commodore Chauncey having equipped his fleet for an expedition, and
+received on board upwards of 1,700 troops under the command of Generals
+Dearborn and Pike, sailed from Sackett's Harbour as early as the 25th of
+April, and on the following evening arrived off York (Toronto) with
+fourteen sail of armed vessels; and on the following day commenced
+landing their troops about three miles west of the town--the British
+being compelled to retire after making a strong resistance. The
+grenadiers of the 8th Regiment, who lost their captain, M'Neal, were,
+after a desperate contest, almost annihilated by the overwhelming
+numbers of the enemy.
+
+The best account we have read of this expedition against, or rather raid
+upon, the town of York, is given by Thompson, and which I quote at
+length, relating as it does to what was then and now is the capital--the
+defenceless capital--of Upper Canada:
+
+"In the month of April, the ice having completely broken up in the port
+of Sackett's Harbour, where the American squadron under Commodore
+Chauncey had wintered, General Dearborn, commanding the right division
+of the Army of the Centre, consisting of 4,000 men stationed in that
+vicinity, selected 2,000 of the most efficient of his division [American
+History of the War, published in New York], and on the 22nd of the month
+embarked them on board the fleet, with which he ascended the lake, and
+with this force appeared off the harbour of York, the capital of Upper
+Canada, on the morning of the 27th.
+
+"The enemy appearing to threaten an attack upon the town, General
+Sheaffe collected his forces, which consisted of nearly 700 men,
+including regulars and militia, with about 100 Indians; and with these
+he made a most determined resistance to the landing of the enemy; but at
+length, overcome by numbers, he was compelled to retire; by which means
+the enemy was enabled to effect his landing a short distance above the
+fort, which was situated about two miles to the west of the town, at the
+entrance of the harbour.
+
+"So soon as the American troops, who were led on by General Pike, had
+made good their landing, they formed into two lines (the first of which
+was commanded personally by General Pike, and the rear or reserve line
+by General Pearce), and in this order advanced upon the first battery
+and carried it by assault; they then advanced towards the citadel in the
+same order, and by the same means captured an intervening battery.
+
+"Here the columns halted, in order to dress the lines for an attack upon
+the main works. At this moment a large magazine accidentally exploded,
+by which a quantity of stones and timbers were thrown into the air, and
+in their fall killed and wounded a number on both sides, amongst whom
+was the American general, Pike.
+
+"The British regulars and militia performed prodigies of valour, but
+were overpowered by a force three times their number, and in a high
+state of discipline;[208] they were compelled to retreat towards the
+town.
+
+"General Sheaffe then held a Council with his principal officers and
+civil authorities of the town, by whom it was advised that he should
+retreat towards Kingston with the remainder of his troops; and that the
+commandant of the militia, Lieutenant-Colonel Chewett, should treat
+with the American commander for terms for the surrender of York.
+
+"At the capture of York the British lost not less than 400 men, 300 of
+whom were made prisoners of war, and about forty killed and wounded by
+the explosion. The Americans lost 378, thirty-eight of whom were killed
+and two hundred and twenty-two wounded by the explosion of the magazine.
+General Pike died of his contusions a few minutes after being carried on
+board of one of the vessels.[209]
+
+"On the 8th of May, the American army under General Dearborn once more
+evacuated York, after having occupied it twelve days, and secured much
+booty."
+
+
+PART V.
+
+AMERICAN FLEET AND ARMY RETURN TO SACKETT's HARBOUR--MAKE PREPARATIONS
+FOR ATTACKING FORT GEORGE AND THE TOWN OF NEWARK, WHICH, AFTER A SEVERE
+BATTLE, THEY TAKE AND OCCUPY.
+
+After evacuating York, the American fleet and army proceeded again to
+Sackett's Harbour, where preparations were immediately made for invading
+the Niagara frontier. On the 20th of May the American fleet again
+ascended Lake Ontario, and on the morning of the 23rd they appeared off
+the mouth of the Niagara river, soon after which, the weather being
+favourable to their purpose, they attacked Fort George and the town of
+Newark (now Niagara), by land and water. Early in the morning of the
+27th of May the enemy commenced a combined attack upon the fort, having
+previously, on the 24th and 25th, materially injured the works by a
+warm cannonade from their ships and batteries. A body of about 800
+riflemen, under Colonel Winfield Scott, landed near the Two Mile Creek,
+while the fleet ranged up in the form of a crescent, extending from the
+north of the Lighthouse to the Two Mile Creek, so as to enfilade the
+British batteries by a cross fire. The riflemen, after forming and
+ascending the bank, were met by the British, and compelled to give way
+in disorder, and return to the beach, from whence they kept up a smart
+fire under cover of the bank. In the meantime, another body of upwards
+of 2,000 men, under the command of General Lewis, made a landing, and
+formed on the beach under cover of a tremendous cannonade of round shot,
+and showers of grape and canister from the fleet, that swept the
+adjacent plain, and compelled the British to retire. General Vincent,
+finding the works torn to pieces by the enemy's artillery, and no longer
+tenable against so overwhelming a force, caused the fort to be
+dismantled, and the magazines to be blown up, and retreated to
+Queenston, leaving the Americans to take possession of the ruins of the
+fort. The British loss consisted of fifty-two killed and upwards of
+three hundred wounded and missing [more than half the entire force]. The
+Americans state their loss at thirty-nine killed and a hundred and
+eleven wounded.[210]
+
+
+PART VI.
+
+THE BRITISH RETREAT TO BURLINGTON HEIGHTS--BATTLE OF STONY CREEK--DEFEAT
+OF THE AMERICANS, AND THEIR DISORDERLY RETREAT TO FORT GEORGE.
+
+"General Vincent, on the ensuing day, having collected all the forces
+from Chippewa and Fort Erie, and destroyed or rendered useless the posts
+and stores along the frontier, commenced his retreat towards Burlington
+Heights, at the head of Lake Ontario." (Christie.)
+
+"General Vincent continued his retreat as far as Burlington Heights; and
+on the 1st day of June was followed by an American army of 3,500
+infantry, and about 300 cavalry, commanded by Generals Chandler and
+Winder, for the purpose, as was vainly boasted, of making prisoners of
+the whole British army, and thus terminate the contest of the
+north-western frontier."
+
+This expected conquest of the whole British army was commenced by the
+affair of Stony Creek, when both of the American generals themselves
+were taken prisoners.
+
+On the evening of the 5th of June, the American forces encamped at the
+village of Stony Creek, about nine miles from the British camp at
+Burlington Heights, with the purpose of attacking and taking the British
+position next day. But General Vincent was on the alert to obtain
+information as to the enemy's strength and movements, and dispatched
+Colonel (afterwards Major-General) Harvey, with two companies, to
+reconnoitre their camp at Stony Creek, and, from the report received,
+determined to attack them that very night.
+
+"All the troops, both regulars and militia, that could possibly be
+spared from the garrison at Burlington Heights, together with those who
+had retreated from Fort George, amounting in all to 700, were ordered to
+be in readiness for a movement. Immediately after dark they commenced an
+advance towards Stony Creek, where, after several halts in order to
+reconnoitre the country through which they were marching, they arrived
+between one and two o'clock on the morning of the 6th of June.
+Immediately the quarter guard of the enemy was surprised and taken, and
+the assailants rushed into the camp, where all was in apparent security.
+But such a scene of carnage commenced--the huzzas of the besiegers; the
+yells of the Indians, led on by Captain Brant; the clashing of bayonets,
+and, above all, the thunder of the cannon and musketry, rendered it
+truly appalling. A column of the enemy was at length formed into some
+kind of order, but to no purpose; they were by this time completely
+unnerved and dispirited, which, together with the darkness of the night
+and the clouds of smoke, threw them into the greatest confusion and
+disorder. Not so, however, with the British troops; their plans had been
+so well concerted, that every man knew his rallying signal; they were,
+therefore, at all times beyond surprise. The American army, being
+completely discomfited, retreated from their bivouac in the greatest
+confusion.
+
+"As soon as General Vincent had completed the defeat of the enemy, he
+again fell back upon Burlington Heights, taking as trophies of his
+victory three field-pieces and a brass field howitzer, captured from the
+enemy, besides both their generals, and about 150 officers, sergeants,
+and rank and file.
+
+"After the defeat at Stony Creek, the American army, in the most
+indescribable manner [helter-skelter, every man for himself] retreated
+towards Fort George [whence they came] without the least military order
+or subordination; in fact, such officers as could avail themselves of
+horses on the road, regardless of the means employed for that purpose,
+took them and made their way to the lines with all possible speed, and
+left the rest of the army to shift for themselves; they, therefore,
+retreated [or scampered] in small detached parties, some of whom had
+exonerated themselves of their arms and equipments. Thus did they travel
+[at double-quick] towards their headquarters from two or three to a
+dozen; and were, in compassion for their sufferings, succoured by those
+very people whose houses, a day or two previous, they had ransacked and
+plundered."[211]
+
+
+PART VII.
+
+GENERAL VINCENT, REINFORCED, PURSUES THE RETREATING ENEMY--BRILLIANT
+AFFAIR OF THE BEAVER DAMS, IN WHICH SEVERAL HUNDRED AMERICANS SURRENDER
+TO ONE-FIFTH THEIR NUMBER--THE AMERICANS COOPED UP IN FORT GEORGE--FORT
+SCHLOSSER AND BLACK ROCK ATTACKED BY THE BRITISH, AND THE PUBLIC FORTS
+AND MAGAZINES DESTROYED OR TAKEN--THE AMERICAN ARMY CANNOT BE INDUCED TO
+COME OUT OF FORT GEORGE INTO OPEN FIELD FIGHT.
+
+In a short time General Vincent received some reinforcements, and
+assumed the offensive, advanced towards Fort George with a view to
+investing it--forming his line on the Four Mile Creek, with his left
+resting on the lake; but he ultimately extended his line from the Twelve
+Mile Creek (St. Catharines) to Queenston.
+
+General Lewis, who now had full command (General Dearborn having
+resigned), finding his advance posts and foraging parties continually
+harassed and frequently made prisoners by small detachments of British
+and Canadian troops stationed at different posts through the country, in
+order to prevent the American camp at Fort George from obtaining
+supplies, dispatched Colonel Boerstler with about 600 or 700 men, by way
+of Queenston, with a view of dislodging a detachment or picquet posted
+at a place called the Beaver Dams, a few miles from Queenston. Colonel
+Boerstler was surprised by a small party of Indians under Captain Ker;
+and believing themselves hemmed in by superior numbers, surrendered to
+Lieutenant (afterwards Colonel) Fitzgibbon, of the 49th Regiment, who
+arrived in time to complete the victory with a detachment of forty-six
+rank and file. The prisoners were five to one to the captors, being 512
+in number, including twenty-five officers, two field pieces, and a stand
+of colours.
+
+By these successes, the Americans were compelled to confine themselves
+to Fort George and its neighbourhood; and before the 1st of July the
+British had formed a line extending from Twelve Mile Creek, on Lake
+Ontario (Port Dalhousie), across to Queenston, on the Niagara river; and
+the Canadians began now to retaliate the game of marauding which the
+Americans had been practising on the Niagara frontier. From Chippewa an
+attack was made on Fort Schlosser, on the American side of the river,
+during the night of the 4th of July, by a small party of militia and
+soldiers under Lieutenant-Colonel Clarke, who surprised the guard at
+that post, and brought away a brass six-pounder, upwards of fifty stand
+of arms, a small quantity of stores, with a gun-boat and two batteaux.
+At daybreak in the morning of the 11th of July, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Bishop, lately commanding Fort Erie, crossed over the river with 240
+men, consisting of a small party of militia and detachments of the 41st
+and 49th Regiments, and effectually surprised the enemy's post at Black
+Rock, burning his block-houses, stores, barracks, dockyard, and a
+vessel, but were compelled to hasten their departure by a reinforcement
+of American militia and some Indians in their interest, who opened a
+smart fire under cover of the surrounding woods, killing thirteen of the
+British attacking party, and wounding a considerable number--among
+others, Lieutenant-Colonel Bishop, mortally; but the British party
+brought away seven pieces of ordnance, two hundred stand of small arms,
+and a great quantity of stores.
+
+The two armies were almost in sight of each other at Fort George; the
+commander of the British wished to ascertain the extent of the enemy's
+works and his means of defence, and to draw him into an open field of
+battle, and therefore, on the 24th of August, made a demonstration as if
+to assault the fort, drove in the picquets; took several of them,
+advanced to within a few hundred yards of the enemy, who, though
+supported by the fire upon the British from their batteries on the
+American side of the river, could not be induced to leave their
+entrenchments and venture in the open field, although the force of the
+British did not exceed 2,000, while the American force exceeded 4,000,
+but wholly depending upon resources from the American side for their
+subsistence, and compelled to act solely on the defensive, from the
+hostile front assumed by the British in the neighbourhood. The American
+army of 4,000 men, being cooped up within the limits of the fort,
+depending for their supplies from the United States, and not daring to
+go out of their fortifications, could do little harm and be of little
+use to the American cause, the British commander did not think it
+advisable to incur the loss and risk of an assault upon the fort.
+
+
+PART VIII.
+
+WAR IN THE WEST--GENERAL PROCTOR'S UNSUCCESSFUL SIEGE OF LOWER SANDUSKY.
+
+In the meantime General Harrison was on the Sandusky river, making
+preparations to prosecute the war with vigour, in order to recover the
+Michigan territory, as soon as the fleet fitting out at Erie (Presqu'
+Isle), under Captain Perry, who had been dispatched thither by Commodore
+Chauncey towards the end of May, should be sufficiently strong to
+co-operate with the land forces. General Proctor resolved to make
+another effort to defeat General Harrison's purpose to recover Michigan,
+and immediately besieged the American fort at Lower Sandusky; but in
+consequence of the withdrawment of the Indians out of the reach of the
+enemy's guns, and disinclined to the delay of a siege, and General
+Harrison with a respectable force at no great distance, General Proctor
+thought proper to raise the siege and retire to Amherstburg.
+
+
+PART IX.
+
+FAILURE OF THE EXPEDITION OF SIR GEORGE PREVOST AND COMMODORE SIR JAMES
+YEO AGAINST SACKETT'S HARBOUR.
+
+During the absence of Commodore Chauncey and his fleet from Sackett's
+Harbour, engaged in operations on the Niagara frontier, an expedition
+was planned and fitted out at Kingston against that chief depot of
+American naval supplies on Ontario. Sir George Prevost,
+Commander-in-Chief, and the British Commodore, Sir James L. Yeo (just
+arrived from England), were both at Kingston, and much was expected from
+their joint counsels, and the arrival of some naval officers and sailors
+from England. On the 27th of May a body of 800 or 1,000 men were
+embarked on board the British flotilla at Kingston, consisting of
+_Wolfe_, 24 guns; _Royal George_, 24; _Earl of Moira_, 18; and four
+schooners, carrying from ten to twelve guns each, with a sufficient
+number of batteaux; and at noon the following day they were off
+Sackett's Harbour. The weather was propitious, and the troops were
+transferred to the batteaux to make their landing under an escort of
+two gun-boats, commanded by Captain Mulcaster--the whole under the
+immediate direction of the land and naval commanders-in-chief. They had
+not proceeded far when a convoy of American boats, loaded with troops,
+was descried doubling Stanley Point, on their way from Oswego to
+Sackett's Harbour. The Indians, who had previously landed on an island,
+fired upon them as they passed, and threw them into confusion, while the
+British boats and batteaux bore down and captured twelve of them, with
+about 150 men; the remainder escaped to Sackett's Harbour.
+
+The landing was deferred until next day, thus giving the Americans time
+to spread the alarm throughout the country--to collect reinforcements
+from all quarters--to collect and station their soldiers, with a
+field-piece, in the surrounding woods, and make every possible
+preparation for their defence. The fine day was followed by a dark,
+rainy, and stormy night, which scattered the boats, so that the British
+could not succeed in landing in the morning before the Americans had
+lined the woods with their men. Nevertheless the British succeeded in
+landing; the enemy retreated, but posting themselves securely behind
+large trees, kept up a smart fire on the British.
+
+The fleet in the meantime, as well as small vessels intended to have
+been landed in time to support the advance of the troops, were, through
+the light and adverse wind, a long way in the rear. Under these
+circumstances, Colonel Baynes, the Adjutant-General of the Forces in
+British North America, who was charged with this service, found it
+impossible to bring up or wait for the arrival of the artillery, and
+ordered his detachment to divide and scour the woods. The enemy,
+dislodged from the woods at the point of the bayonet, fled to their fort
+and block-houses, whither they were pursued by the British, who set fire
+to their barracks.
+
+At this juncture it was thought by the commanding officer, Colonel
+Baynes, that the enemy's block-houses and stockaded battery could not be
+carried by assault, even with the assistance of the field-pieces, had
+they been landed. The fleet were still too far out of reach to aid in
+battering them, while the men were exposed to the fire of the enemy,
+secure within the works. The _signal of retreat_ was therefore given to
+the indignant assailants, and the enterprise was abandoned at a moment
+when the enemy had so far calculated upon a victory on the part of the
+British as to set fire to their naval stores, hospital, and marine
+barracks, by which all the booty previously taken at York, and the
+stores for their new ship, were consumed. They had also set fire to a
+frigate on the stocks; but on discovering the retreat of the British,
+they succeeded in suppressing the fire, and saved her. The troops were
+immediately re-embarked, and returned to Kingston, after having
+sustained a loss of 259 in killed, wounded, and missing, while the loss
+of the enemy must have been double that number.
+
+Thus terminated this expedition, to the disappointment of the public,
+who, from the presence and co-operation of the two commanders-in-chief,
+fondly flattered themselves with a far more brilliant result. This
+miscarriage, with other reverses at the commencement of the present
+campaign, destroyed in the opinion of the enemy the invincibility our
+arms had acquired the preceding autumn.[212]
+
+
+PART X.
+
+OCCURRENCES ON LAKE ONTARIO--NAVAL MANOEUVRES AND BATTLES.
+
+On Lake Ontario the two naval commanders strove with indefatigable
+emulation for the dominion of the lake. Chauncey, after the capture of
+Fort George, returned to Sackett's Harbour to await the equipment of his
+new ship, the _Pike_; while his adversary, Sir James Yeo, scoured the
+lake, and supplied the British army in the neighbourhood of Fort George
+with abundance of stores. In the early part of July, Sir James fitted
+out an expedition of boats for Sackett's Harbour, with a view of cutting
+out their new ship, then almost rigged and ready to appear on the lake.
+He arrived unobserved in the vicinity of that port, and would probably
+have effected his purpose had not the escape of two deserters from his
+party, which had landed for refreshments, and in order to remain
+concealed until night should favour the enterprise, given the alarm to
+the enemy. This unlucky incident induced him to relinquish the
+undertaking and return to Kingston.
+
+Towards the end of July the American fleet again appeared with
+augmented force upon the lake, and Commodore Chauncey having received a
+company of artillery, with a considerable number of troops under Colonel
+Scott, proceeded for the head of the lake, with a view of seizing and
+destroying the stores at Burlington Heights, the principal depot of the
+army on the Niagara frontier, then occupied by a small detachment under
+Major Maule. The design of the enemy against this depot being suspected,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Battersby, commanding the Glengarry Regiment, upon
+being notified to that effect by Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey,
+Deputy-Adjutant-General, moved forward from York, and, by a march of
+extraordinary celerity, arrived with a reinforcement in time to save the
+depot, which the enemy, on finding the British ready to receive them,
+did not deem it prudent to attack.
+
+Commodore Chauncey, on learning that York, by the advance of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Battersby to Burlington Heights, was left destitute
+of troops, seized the opportunity and bore away for that port, which he
+entered on the 31st of July. Here the Americans landed without
+opposition, and having taken possession of a small quantity of stores
+found at that place, they set fire to the barracks and public
+store-houses, and having re-embarked their troops, bore away to Niagara.
+
+It is a coincidence worthy of notice, that on the same day in which the
+American commander was employed in burning the barracks and stores at
+York, Lieutenant-Colonel Murray was no less actively employed on the
+same business at Plattsburg.
+
+The British fleet sailed from Kingston on the last day of July, with
+supplies for the army at the head of the lake, and on the 8th of August
+looked into Niagara, where the enemy's fleet lay moored. The latter hove
+up and bore down upon the British fleet, with which they manoeuvred
+until the 10th, when a partial engagement ensued, in which two small
+vessels (the _Julia_ and _Growler_) were cut off and captured by the
+British.[213]
+
+Commodore Chauncey, somewhat disheartened with the loss of these, and
+two other small vessels--the _Scourge_ of eight, and the _Hamilton_ of
+nine guns--upset by press of sail to escape, with the loss of all hands,
+except sixteen men picked up by the English, bore up for Niagara, from
+whence he sailed almost immediately for Sackett's Harbour, where he
+arrived on the 13th of August. Here he provisioned his fleet, and
+instantly made sail for Niagara, where he remained at anchor until the
+British fleet appeared off the harbour, early in the morning of the 7th
+of September, when the American fleet again weighed and bore down upon
+the British fleet, with which they manoeuvred until the 12th, when the
+latter returned into Amherst Bay, near Kingston. During these five days
+but few shots were exchanged between the larger ships, without any
+injury to either side. The Americans, however, had much the advantage in
+weight of metal and long guns.
+
+The fleets again met on the 28th of September, off York, when an
+engagement ensued for nearly two hours, in which the _Wolfe_, commanded
+by Sir James Yeo, lost her main and mizen-top-masts, and would probably
+have been captured had not the _Royal George_, commanded by Captain
+Mulcaster, run in between the _Wolfe_ and the _Pike_, taking the latter
+in a raking position, so as to afford the _Wolfe_ an opportunity of
+hauling off and clearing away the wreck. This affair terminated in the
+retreat of the British fleet under Burlington Heights, whither the enemy
+did not think proper to pursue it.
+
+On the 1st of October, the American fleet set sail from Fort George with
+a convoy of troops for Sackett's Harbour, where an expedition was
+preparing whose destination was as yet unknown. The British fleet left
+their anchorage under Burlington Heights on the next day, and came in
+sight of the enemy; but no attempt was made to bring on a general
+engagement. The American fleet, on their way to Sackett's Harbour; fell
+in with and captured five small vessels out of seven, with upwards of
+250 men of De Watteville's Regiment, from York, bound for Kingston,
+where an attack was apprehended. This loss, though apparently trifling
+in itself, was severely felt, by reason of the few forces in the Upper
+Provinces.
+
+For the remainder of the season nothing of moment occurred on this lake;
+and indeed the naval commanders appeared to have considered the question
+of too great importance to their respective Governments to stake the
+fate of war in Upper Canada upon a decisive naval engagement.[214]
+
+
+PART XI.
+
+OCCURRENCES ON LAKE ERIE AND IN THE WEST--LOSS OF THE BRITISH
+FLEET--EVACUATION OF DETROIT AND THE TERRITORY OF MICHIGAN BY GENERAL
+PROCTOR, WHO IS PURSUED IN HIS RETREAT UP THE THAMES, AND DEFEATED BY
+GENERAL HARRISON, AND IS AFTERWARDS TRIED AND CONDEMNED TO BE SUSPENDED
+AND DEPRIVED OF HIS PAY FOR SIX MONTHS.
+
+_The operations on Lake Erie and in the West_ were disastrous to the
+British cause during the latter part of the summer and early autumn of
+1813. General Harrison, with an army of 8,000 men on the Miami river,
+only awaited for the equipment of the American fleet fitting out under
+Commodore Perry, at Presqu' Isle (Erie), to move his forces against
+Detroit, and to carry on offensive operations against the British in the
+neighbourhood of Lake Erie. Captain Barclay, who had early in the summer
+assumed the command of the British squadron on Lake Erie, blockaded the
+American fleet, so as to prevent their crossing the bar at Presqu' Isle
+(which they could not effect without unshipping their guns) until the
+end of August; when, having occasion to bear away for Long Point,[215]
+the enemy seized the moment of his absence and crossed the bar. Finding
+on his return the enemy ready for the lake, and too powerful for his
+small squadron, he bore away for Amherstburg, to await the equipment of
+the _Detroit_, recently launched.
+
+Commodore Perry sailed shortly after him for the head of the lake, and
+appeared at the commencement of September, for several days
+successively, off Amherstburg, in defiance of the British squadron,
+retiring every evening to his anchorage at _Put-in-Bay_. The British
+forces in Michigan territory and its neighbourhood, under General
+Proctor, falling short of supplies for which they depended solely upon
+the fleet, the captain had no other alternative than that of risking a
+general naval engagement. With this resolution he made sail from
+Amherstburg on the 9th of September, manned with only fifty or sixty
+seamen (including a small reinforcement of thirty-six men from Lake
+Ontario), and detachments from the 41st and Royal Newfoundland Regiment
+as marines. On the 10th, in the morning, the enemy's fleet was descried
+at anchor in _Put-in-Bay_, which immediately weighed and bore down upon
+the British squadron, while the wind blowing a gentle breeze from the
+south-west, turning round to the south-east, gave the enemy the weather
+gage. At a quarter before twelve the British commenced firing, which was
+in ten minutes afterwards returned by the enemy, who bore up for close
+action. The engagement continued with unabated fury until half-past two,
+when the enemy's principal ship being rendered unmanageable, Commodore
+Perry left her in charge of his first lieutenant, Yarnal, and hoisted
+the pendant on board the _Niagara_. Soon after Commodore Perry had left
+the _Lawrence_, her colours were struck, but the British, from weakness
+of their crews and destruction of their boats, were unable to take
+possession of her.
+
+It was at this anxious and interesting juncture that the fate of the day
+seemed to poise in favour of the British; and Commodore Perry even
+despaired of the victory, when a sudden breeze revived his hopes, and
+turned the scale in his favour. This fortunate commander, finding the
+_Niagara_ had suffered lightly in the engagement, made a desperate
+effort to retrieve the fortune of the day, and taking advantage of the
+breeze, shot ahead of the _Lady Prevost, Queen Charlotte_, and _Hunter_,
+raking them with her starboard guns, and engaged the _Detroit_, which,
+being raked in all directions, soon became unmanageable. The _Niagara_
+then bore around ahead of the _Queen Charlotte_, and hauling up on
+starboard tack, engaged that ship, giving at the same time a raking fire
+with her larboard guns to the _Chippewa_ and the _Little Belt_, while
+the smaller vessels, closing to grape and canister distance, maintained
+a most destructive fire. This masterly and but too successful
+manoeuvre decided the contest. Captain Barclay being severely and
+dangerously wounded, Captain Finnis, of the _Queen Charlotte_, killed,
+and every commander and officer second in command either killed or
+disabled, the _Detroit_ and _Queen Charlotte_, perfect wrecks, after a
+desperate engagement of upwards of three hours, were compelled to
+surrender.
+
+By this decisive action, the whole of the British squadron on Lake Erie
+was captured by the enemy, who now became masters of the lake. The enemy
+lost in this action twenty-seven men in killed and ninety-six men
+wounded. The British lost three officers and thirty-eight men killed,
+and nine officers and eighty-five men wounded.
+
+The prisoners were landed at Sandusky, and treated with the greatest
+humanity by the American commodore, who paroled Captain Barclay, and
+treated that gallant officer with all the kindness and attention which
+his unsuccessful bravery deserved.
+
+The British army in possession of the Michigan territory and the
+neighbourhood of Detroit, by this disastrous defeat, were deprived of
+every prospect of obtaining future supplies from Kingston by way of Lake
+Ontario, and a speedy evacuation of Detroit, and a retreat towards the
+head of that lake became inevitable.
+
+General Harrison having received reinforcements amounting to 7,000 or
+8,000 men, including 4,000 volunteers from Kentucky under Samuel Shelby,
+the ex-governor of that State, and an old revolutionary officer, was
+conveyed by Commodore Perry, in his flotilla, with all the troops and
+stores, from the mouth of the Miami to the Canadian shore, except the
+thousand dragoons who were to advance by land, and so order their march
+that they might arrive in the neighbourhood of Malden at the same time
+with the infantry. General Harrison occupied Amherstburg the evening of
+the 23rd of September, General Proctor having previously abandoned it
+and fallen back upon Sandwich, after having set fire to the navy yard,
+barracks, and public stores at the former place.
+
+General Harrison, on his arrival, having found the different points
+evacuated, invested General McArthur with the chief command of these
+garrisons, and prepared to pursue the retreating army up the River
+Thames, with a force of 3,000 men, including Colonel Johnson's corps of
+dragoons, consisting of 1,000. General Harrison occupied Sandwich the
+27th of September, and on the 2nd of October he marched in pursuit of
+the shattered remains of the British forces under General Proctor. In
+this, his reverse of fortune, the Indians, under Colonel Elliot, of the
+Indian Department, with Tecumseh, still adhered to his standard with
+unshaken fidelity, and covered his retreat.
+
+On the 4th of October, General Harrison came up with the rear-guard of
+the British, and succeeded in capturing the whole of their ammunition
+and stores. General Proctor, under this second reverse of fortune, by
+which he was left destitute of the means of subsistence or defence,
+found himself compelled to stake the fate of the remnant of his small
+army on a general engagement. Accordingly he assumed a position on the
+right bank of the River Thames, near the Indian village of Moravian
+Town--the left resting on the river supported by a field-piece, his
+right on a swamp, at a distance of 300 yards from the river, and flanked
+by the whole Indian force attached to the division. The intermediate
+ground, covered with lofty trees, was dry and somewhat elevated. Here
+General Proctor formed his troops into line, to the number of 500 or
+600. The Indians under Tecumseh amounted to 1,200. In this position he
+awaited the approach of the enemy, who, on the morning of the 5th of
+October, passed the river at a rapid twelve miles below the Moravian
+village, and came up with the British in the afternoon. General Harrison
+drew up his men in two lines, and secured his left flank, which was
+opposed to the Indians, by a division thrown back _en potence_; and
+without any previous engagement by infantry, ordered his mounted
+Kentuckians (accustomed from their boyhood to ride with extraordinary
+dexterity through the most embarrassed woods) to charge at full speed
+upon (the _open_ line of) the British, which had effected before the
+latter had time to discharge their third fire. This cavalry charge of
+the enemy on the British line decided the issue of the day. The line
+gave way at the charge; the troops, worn down with fatigue and hunger,
+dispirited by the unpromising appearance of the campaign, became totally
+routed, and for the most part surrendered themselves prisoners, while
+General Proctor and his personal staff sought safety in flight.
+
+To the left of the enemy's position, which was opposed to the Indians,
+the battle raged with more obstinacy. This part of the enemy's line had
+even given way until a column under ex-Governor Shelby was brought up to
+its support. These faithful allies continued to carry on the contest
+with the left of the American line with furious determination,
+encouraged by the presence of Tecumseh, until finding all hopes of
+retrieving the day to be in vain--General Proctor and his soldiers
+having fled or surrendered--they yielded to the overwhelming numbers of
+the enemy, and left the field--upwards of 100 of them having fallen in
+battle, and the bodies of 33 of them being found around the dead body of
+their famous chief and warrior, Tecumseh; celebrated no less for his
+humanity than for his bravery, his eloquence, and his influence among
+the Indian allies of the British in the West.
+
+Upwards of 600 of the British, including twenty-five officers, were made
+prisoners of war. Those who escaped made the best of their way to
+Ancaster, a few miles from Burlington Heights, exposed at an inclement
+season to all the horrors of the wilderness, of hunger, and famine. The
+number thus escaped to that place amounted to only 246, including the
+general and seventeen officers.
+
+This disaster of the British arms in that quarter seems not to have been
+palliated by those precautions and that presence of mind which, even in
+defeat, reflects lustre on a commander. In rapid retreats from a
+pursuing enemy cumbrous and useless baggage is abandoned, and bridges
+and roads are destroyed and rendered as impassable as possible, in order
+to impede the progress of the pursuers; but General Proctor encumbered
+himself with a cumbrous load of baggage, and left the bridges and roads
+in his rear entire, to the advantage of his pursuers. Whether this error
+and neglect arose from contempt of the enemy, or from disobedience of
+the commanding officer's orders, is not well understood; but the defeat
+led to the harshest recrimination, and involved in unmerited disgrace
+the division of the brave troops that had served with honour in the
+Michigan territory; and General Proctor was subjected to a trial by
+court-martial for his conduct in the whole affair--censured and deprived
+of his pay for six months.
+
+
+PART XII.
+
+AMERICANS BURN MORAVIAN TOWN, BEFORE RETURNING TO DETROIT--FORM ALLIANCE
+WITH INDIANS, WHICH THEY HAD EXCLAIMED SO MUCH AGAINST ON THE PART OF
+THE BRITISH--ARE INTOXICATED WITH THEIR SUCCESSES IN THE
+WEST--MAGNIFICENT CLOSE OF THE YEAR 1813, AS OF 1812, IN BEHALF OF
+CANADIANS, BOTH IN UPPER AND LOWER CANADA--CANADIAN VICTORY OF
+ISLE-AUX-NOIS--SPLENDID CANADIAN VICTORIES OF CHATEAUGUAY AND
+CHRYSTLER'S FARM--AMERICAN ARMIES RETREAT INTO WINTER QUARTERS.
+
+The American army returned to Detroit after the battle of Moravian Town;
+but before doing so, they consigned the town to the flames, assigning as
+a justification of the savage act against the unoffending Christian
+Moravian Indians, a retaliation for what they called the massacre of
+River Raisin.
+
+During General Harrison's absence from Detroit, a few of the Indian
+tribes tendered their services to General McArthur, to raise the hatchet
+against the British, and their proffered services were readily
+accepted--showing that, according to the American rule of judging, the
+alliance of the Indians with the United States was quite right, while
+with England it was all wrong and barbarous.
+
+The success of the American arms on Lake Erie and its surrounding shores
+so intoxicated and bewildered them, that, in their subsequent movements,
+they calculated upon nothing but victory and conquest, made no allowance
+for failure in any point. "Canada must now be ours" was their exulting
+and arrogant language. But they had overlooked the fact that, however
+gloomy the prospects of the Western Canadians were in October of the
+year 1813, there were remaining elements of strength with them--their
+courage and zeal were unabated, and even increased, by the transactions
+of the months of disaster; their loyalty to their principles, and their
+love of their independence, were intensified rather than enfeebled; they
+would not be a _conquered people_; and before the end of the year 1813,
+the American armies had to relinquish every inch of Canadian soil both
+in Upper and Lower Canada.
+
+But to present a connected and intelligent view of the magnificent close
+of the year 1813, as was that of 1812, we must first turn to the
+American campaigns against Lower Canada in 1813; and the defeats and
+want of success for several months in Upper Canada were more than
+compensated by the heroic deeds and splendid success of both the English
+and French defenders of Lower Canada, as well as by victories gained in
+Upper Canada in the months of November and December.
+
+The Isle-aux-Nois was termed the key of Lower Canada, and its old
+fortifications had been repaired, and three gun-boats sent thither from
+Quebec. The little garrison was under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+George Taylor, Inspecting General Field Officer (then major of the 100th
+Regiment), who, apprehending, from previous private information, a
+combined attack from the American naval force on Lake Champlain and the
+troops in the neighbourhood of his post, commanded by the
+Brigadier-Generals Smyth and Clarke, lost no time in equipping the three
+gun-boats lying unemployed for want of seamen; and Lieutenant-Colonel
+Taylor having no sailors, he manned the gun-boats from his regiment,
+with three artillerymen for each boat, and took the precaution to man
+two batteaux with a detachment of soldiers, for the double purpose of
+rendering assistance to the gun-boats in the event of their being either
+sunk or disabled in the engagement, or to assist in boarding if it
+should be found necessary. The enemy, discovered in approaching,
+consisted of the sloops of war _Growler_ and _Eagle_, fitted out in the
+most complete manner, each carrying eleven guns (eighteens, twelves, and
+sixes), long eighteens on pivots, with complements each of fifty-five
+men, comprehending a company of marines, which they had received at
+Champlain the evening previous to the engagement; the whole under the
+command of the United States navy. The admirable execution with their
+small arms of the two small detachments of soldiers landed on the east
+side of the river, and the well-directed fire from the gun-boats, of
+round and grape shot, completely decided the fate of the action, which
+the enemy gallantly contested from half-past four to half-past eight in
+the morning, and did not surrender until further resistance became
+utterly unavailing--one of the vessels being run aground to prevent her
+from sinking.
+
+The whole force of the British in this affair was only 108. The men
+killed on board the American vessels were thrown overboard by their
+surviving comrades; the prisoners amounted to 100 men, of whom many were
+wounded. Of the captors, not a man was killed, and only three severely
+wounded. The naval force of the enemy on Lake Champlain was, by the
+capture of these vessels, almost annihilated, while it afforded the
+British immediate and effectual means for offensive operations on that
+lake, and checked the invasion meditated on Lower Canada.
+
+The American Government, with a view of conquering Lower Canada, had
+been at considerable pains and expense in erecting barracks, hospitals,
+and magazines at different points along Lake Champlain, particularly at
+Burlington, Plattsburg, Champlain, and Swanton, in the neighbourhood of
+the Canadian frontiers--all under the direction of the two American
+generals, Moore and Hampton. To counteract these movements, the captured
+vessels, _Growler_ and _Eagle_--re-named the _Shannon_ and _Brock_--were
+speedily put in commission, and the three gun-boats being put in repair,
+the small squadron was placed under the command of Captain Pring. Still
+there were no sailors; but, fortunately, at this juncture the _Wasp_
+sloop-of-war arrived from England at Quebec, and Captain Everard, her
+commander, was ordered to transfer his crew to the _Shannon_ and other
+vessels, and take command of the little fleet on Lake Champlain.
+
+On the 29th of July the fleet took 900 regulars from the 13th, 100th,
+and 103rd Regiments, with some artillery, and a number of Canadian
+militia, who acted as batteaux men, and proceeded up the lake, landing
+near Plattsburg on the 31st, without meeting any opposition--the
+American general, Moore, with 1,500 men, having retreated at the
+approach of the British. Colonel John Murray, who was in command of the
+British, took possession of the arsenals, etc., and after having
+embarked all the warlike stores, of which a considerable quantity was
+found in the arsenal, and having destroyed such as he could not
+conveniently take away, set fire to the enemy's arsenal, public
+buildings, commissariat stores, and barracks, recently erected, and
+capable of accommodating from 4,000 to 5,000 men. While the troops were
+thus employed during the whole of the night, Captains Everard and Pring,
+in the _Growler_ and _Eagle_, with a gun-boat proceeded to Burlington,
+where General Hampton lay encamped with 4,000 men, and threw that place
+into the utmost consternation. Having captured and destroyed, within
+sight of the American forces, four vessels, Captain Everard returned to
+Plattsburg, where the troops were re-embarked, and proceeded to Swanton.
+Colonel Murray, while on the way thither, sent a detachment to Champlain
+for the purpose of destroying the barracks and block-house at that port.
+The main body having visited Swanton, and effected the purpose of the
+expedition to the fullest extent of his Excellency the Governor-General's
+orders, returned to the Isle-aux-Nois, where they arrived the 4th of
+August, without the loss of a man, and having been completely successful.
+
+But these successes were only preliminary to two victories remarkable in
+the annals of military warfare, considering the disparity in the number
+and means of the parties concerned--known as the battles of
+_Chateauguay_ and _Chrystler's Farm_.
+
+General Hampton, after having transported his force across Lake
+Champlain, lay encamped some days at Cumberland Head, near Plattsburg.
+On the 20th of September he entered Lower Canada at Odletown, at the
+lower extremity of Lake Champlain, with upwards of 5,000 men. The road
+leading from thence to l'Acadie, and the open country in the
+neighbourhood of Montreal, lies through a swamp of about fifteen miles,
+which had been cut up and rendered almost impracticable by abatis since
+the preceding campaign, by the Voltigeurs under Lieutenant-Colonel De
+Salaberry, and guarded by some Voltigeurs and Indians. Deterred by these
+obstructions, General Hampton evacuated Odletown on the 22nd of
+September, and moved with his whole force westward, toward the head of
+Chateauguay river, under pretext of the impracticability of advancing
+through the Odletown road for want of water for his cavalry and cattle,
+owing to the extraordinary drought of the season. Colonel De Salaberry,
+with the Canadian Voltigeurs, on ascertaining the route the enemy had
+taken, moved in like manner to Chateauguay, and by his skilful
+precautions and arrangements of defence and attack, he gained advantage
+in several skirmishes with scouting and advance parties of the
+enemy--thus leading his Voltigeurs for the first time into action, and
+acquiring a just confidence in the valour of his countrymen, which a few
+days afterwards they nobly exemplified under their gallant leader at
+Chateauguay. Finally he assumed a judicious position in a thick wood on
+the left bank of the Chateauguay river, at a distance of two leagues
+above the Turk, or confluence of the English and Chateauguay rivers,
+where he threw up temporary breastworks of logs, covering his front and
+right flank with extended abatis, while his left was covered by the
+river. Here he resolved to await the enemy and maintain his ground with
+a Spartan handful of Canadians against the whole strength of the
+invading army. In his rear there was a small rapid where the river was
+fordable; this he covered with a strong breastwork and guard; keeping at
+the same time a strong picquet of the Beauharnois Militia in advance of
+the right bank of the river, lest the enemy, approaching under cover of
+the forest, might cross the ford and dislodge him from his ground.
+
+The occupancy of this position General Hampton justly considered of the
+first importance to the ulterior object of the campaign against
+Montreal, as the country from thence to the mouth of the Chateauguay,
+being principally open and cultivated, afforded no strong points to
+check his progress to the St. Lawrence, and prevent his junction with
+General Wilkinson's division; but which in fact was not yet in readiness
+to move.
+
+General Hampton, in the meantime, to distract and divide the attention
+of the British, directed Colonel Clarke to carry on a petty warfare on
+the eastern side of Lake Champlain; and that ruthless depredator
+invested the settlements in Missisquoi Bay, where he plundered the
+inhabitants in the most wanton manner.
+
+On the 21st of October, General Hampton again entered Lower Canada,
+having early in the morning of that day dispatched his light troops and
+a regiment of the line, under Brigadier-General Izard, to dislodge a
+small picquet of sedentary militia, at the junction of the Outarde and
+Chateauguay rivers, where the main body arrived on the 22nd. On the
+24th, having opened and completed a large and practicable road from his
+position at Four Corners (a distance of twenty-four miles), through
+woods and morasses, which Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry, on returning
+from the Four Corners, had broken up and embarrassed with abatis,
+General Hampton brought forward the whole of his artillery (ten
+field-pieces) and stores to his new position--about seven miles from
+Lieut.-Colonel De Salaberry's post.
+
+From this point General Hampton dispatched Colonel Purdy with a light
+brigade, and a strong body of infantry of the line, at an early hour of
+the night of the 25th, with orders to gain the Ford, and fall on the
+rear of Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry's position; while the main body
+were to commence the attack in front. Purdy's brigade proceeded, but
+were misled and bewildered in the woods, and did not gain the point of
+attack as directed by the commanding officer. General Hampton, however,
+advanced next morning (26th October) under the expectation of having the
+intended attack at the Ford, and at ten o'clock made his appearance with
+about _three thousand five hundred men_, under General Izard, on the
+high road leading to the abatis, and drove in a picket of twenty-five
+men, who falling back on a second picket made a resolute stand, and
+maintained a smart fire upon the enemy. Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry,
+upon hearing the musketry, promptly advanced with the light company of
+the Canadian Fencibles, commanded by Captain Ferguson, and two companies
+of his Voltigeurs, commanded by Captains Chevalier and Jucheseau
+Duchesnay. The first of these companies he posted on the right, in front
+of the abatis, in extended order, its right skirting on the adjoining
+woods and abatis, among which were distributed a few Abenaqui Indians.
+Captains Chevalier and Duchesnay's companies of Voltigeurs, in extended
+order, occupied the ground from the left of this company to the River
+Chateauguay, and the third company, under Captain L. Jucheseau
+Duchesnay, with the sedentary militia, under Captain Lougtain, were
+thrown back _en potence_ along the margin of the river for the purpose
+of flanking, or preventing a flank fire from the enemy in the event of
+his appearing on the opposite side of the river. The enemy in the
+meantime advanced with steadiness in open column of sections to within
+musket shot, when Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry discharged his rifle
+as signal to commence firing, at which a mounted officer was seen to
+fall. The bugles sounded, and a quick fire was immediately opened upon
+the enemy who wheeled up into line, and commenced a fire in battalion
+vollies, which, from the position of their line, was almost totally
+thrown to the right of the Canadians, and of no effect whatever. They,
+however, soon changed their front parallel to their adversaries, by
+facing to the right, and filing up with speed, when the engagement
+became general.
+
+The retirement of the few skirmishers, rather advanced in the centre of
+the line, being mistaken by the enemy for a flight, an universal shout
+ensued, which was re-echoed by the Canadians, and the reinforcements in
+reserve under Lieutenant-Colonel M'Donnell, while Lieutenant-Colonel De
+Salaberry as a _ruse de guerre_ (like Gideon with his trumpets and 300
+men, Judges, vii.), ordered the bugles placed at intervals, in the
+abatis, to sound an advance; this had the desired effect, and checked
+the ardour of the enemy, who suspected that the Canadians were advancing
+in great numbers to circumvent them. The noise of the engagement brought
+Colonel Purdy's division on the opposite side of the river, which,
+having driven in the picket of the sedentary militia under Captain
+Bruguier, were pressing on for the ford at which Lieutenant-Colonel De
+Salaberry ordered the light company of the 3rd Battalion embodied
+militia, under Captain Daly, to cross and take up the ground abandoned
+by the picquet, Captain Daly with his company crossed the ford, and
+having advanced fell in with and drove back the advanced guard of the
+Americans on the main body, which still pressed forward and compelled
+him in his turn to fall back. Having repulsed Captain Daly's company,
+they were moving on in overwhelming numbers with eagerness and speed
+close to the bank of the river, until opposite to Captain L. Jucheseau
+Duchesnay's company, which hitherto lay concealed, and now at the word
+of command from Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry, opened so unexpected
+and effectual a fire upon the enemy, as to throw him into the utmost
+disorder, and to occasion a tumultuous and precipitate retreat.
+
+General Hampton finding his arrangements disconcerted by the total route
+of the division on the right bank, withdrew his forces in good order at
+half-past two in the afternoon, without having made a single effort to
+carry the abatis and entrenchments at the point of the bayonet, leaving
+Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry, with scarcely 300 Canadians, masters
+of the field of action.
+
+Towards the close of the engagement, Sir George Prevost, with
+Major-General De Watteville, arrived on the ground, and witnessed in
+person the judicious arrangements and successful exertions of
+Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry and his gallant comrades and countrymen,
+whose prowess on the occasion called forth the warmest encomiums of the
+commander of the forces, and gave them a just claim to the disinterested
+and impartial applause of history.
+
+The fatigues and privations experienced by General Hampton's troops,
+exposed for several weeks to the inclemency of the season, demoralized
+them to the native rawness of new recruits, and rendered them no more
+capable of co-operating with General Wilkinson's division in the
+combined movement against Montreal. They shortly after fell back on
+Plattsburg and retired to winter quarters.
+
+_The Canadian Victory of "Chrystler's Farm."_--The next expedition
+against Montreal was to proceed down the St. Lawrence, under the command
+of General Wilkinson.[216] The American forces to about 10,000 men
+rendezvoused towards the end of October on Grenadier Island, near
+Kingston, where General De Rottenburgh confidently expected an attack,
+and was prepared for it; but General Wilkinson was not so disposed, and,
+after experiencing much foul weather, commenced his movement under cover
+of the American fleet, and on the 3rd of November slipt into the St.
+Lawrence with a flotilla of upwards of _three hundred_ boats of various
+sizes, escorted by a division of gun-boats. He proceeded to within three
+miles of Prescott and landed his troops on the American shore, who
+proceeded downwards by land to a bay or cove, two miles below
+Ogdensburg, in order to avoid the British batteries at Prescott, while
+the flotilla passed them in the night of the 6th, with little injury
+from the cannonade of the British batteries.
+
+The movements of the flotilla down the St. Lawrence having been
+ascertained at Kingston, General De Rottenburgh detached a small force
+from that port, consisting of the 49th Regiment, commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Plenderleath, of the 89th Regiment, and some
+Voltigeurs, which, when reinforced by Lieutenant-Colonel Pearson with a
+party of the Canadian Fencibles from Prescott, amounted to about 800
+rank and file, the whole commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Morrison, of
+the 89th Regiment, and accompanied by the Deputy-Adjutant-General.
+
+This corps of observation proceeded under the escort of a small division
+of gun-boats, commanded by Captain Mulcaster, R.N., in pursuit of the
+enemy; and on the 8th came up with them at Point Iroquois. General
+Wilkinson had on the preceding day directed Colonel Macomb to land on
+the British shore with 1,200 men, in order to clear the coast to the
+head of the Long Sault, of the militia along the shore, from various
+parts of the country. On the 18th this division was reinforced by
+Brigadier-General Brown's Brigade, with a body of dragoons from the
+American shore. On arriving at the head of the Long Sault, the whole of
+the effective men, except such as were required to navigate the boats
+down the Rapids, were landed under the orders of Brigadier-General Boyd,
+who was to proceed down the land in the rear of General Brown's division
+to the foot of the Long Sault.
+
+On the 10th Lieutenant-Colonel Morrison, with his gun-boats, visited the
+American post at Hamilton, where he landed and took possession of a
+considerable quantity of provisions and stores belonging to the American
+army, with two pieces of ordnance. Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey, in the
+meantime, followed up the enemy, who in the evening were observed
+advancing from the woods in considerable numbers, with a body of
+cavalry; but upon receiving a few rounds from three field-pieces fell
+back for the night. (Some smart cannonading took place in the meantime
+between the British and American gun-boats.)
+
+_Battle of Chrystler's Farm._--On the ensuing day, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Morrison pressed so closely upon the rear of General Boyd's division as
+to compel him to concentrate his forces and give battle. The enemy's
+force, consisting of two brigades of infantry and a regiment of cavalry,
+amounting to _between three and four thousand men_, moved forward about
+two o'clock in the afternoon from Chrystler's Point, and attacked the
+British advance, which gradually fell back to the position which had
+been selected for the detachment to occupy--the right resting on the
+river, and the left on a pine wood, between which there were about 700
+yards of open ground, the troops on which were thus disposed:
+
+The flank companies of the 49th Regiment, the detachment from the
+Canadian regiment, with one field-piece, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Pearson, on the right, a little advanced on the road. Three companies of
+the 89th Regiment, under Captain Barnes, with a gun, formed in echelon,
+with the advance on its left supporting it. The 49th and the 89th,
+thrown more to the rear, with a gun, formed the main body and reserve,
+extending to the woods on the left, which were occupied by the
+Voltigeurs under Major Herriot, and the Indians under Lieutenant
+Anderson.
+
+At about half past two the action became general, and the enemy
+endeavoured, by moving forward a brigade from his right, to turn the
+British left, but was repulsed by the 89th Regiment forming _en potence_
+with the 49th Regiment, and moving forward in that direction, in
+echelon, followed by the 89th. When within half musket shot, the line
+was formed under a heavy but irregular fire from the enemy. The 49th was
+directed to charge the American guns, posted opposite the Canadian guns,
+but it became necessary, when within a short distance of them, to check
+this forward movement in consequence of a charge from the American
+cavalry on the right, lest they should wheel about and fall upon the
+rear; but they were received in so gallant a manner by the companies of
+the 89th under Captain Barnes, and the well-directed fire of the
+artillery, that they quickly retreated; and by a charge from those
+companies one gun was gained. The enemy immediately concentrated their
+force to check the British advance, but such was the steady continuance
+and well-directed fire of the troops and artillery that about half-past
+four they gave way at all points from an exceeding strong position,
+endeavouring by their light infantry to cover their retreat, who were
+soon driven away by a judicious movement made by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Pearson.
+
+The British detachment for the night occupied the ground from which the
+enemy had been driven.
+
+This (called the Battle of Chrystler's Farm, from the ground on which it
+occurred) is, in the estimation of military men, considered the
+handsomest affair during the war, from the professional skill displayed
+in the course of the action by the adverse commanders; and when we
+consider the prodigious preparations of the American Government for that
+expedition, with the failure of which their hopes of conquest banished,
+the battle of Chrystler's Farm may be classed as an event of the first
+importance in the defence of the Canadas.
+
+The American division, after leaving the field, re-embarked in haste,
+while the dragoons, with five field-pieces of light artillery, proceeded
+down towards Cornwall, in the rear of General Brown's division, who,
+unaware of the battle of Chrystler's Farm, had continued his march for
+that place.
+
+The loss of the enemy, by their own statements, amounted to three
+officers and ninety-nine men killed, and sixteen officers and one
+hundred and twenty-one men wounded. The loss of the British amounted to
+three officers (Captain Nairne of the 49th Regiment, and Lieutenants
+Lorimier and Armstrong), and twenty-one men killed, and one hundred and
+thirty-seven wounded, and twelve missing.
+
+General Wilkinson, who, during the action, lay confined to his barge
+from a protracted illness, in his official despatch to his Government,
+bears strong testimony to the loyalty of the inhabitants on the Canada
+side of the St. Lawrence, and to the bravery and discipline of the
+troops he had to contend with at Chrystler's Farm.
+
+The day after the engagement, the American flotilla proceeded down the
+Long Sault, and joined near Cornwall the division which had moved
+towards that place, where General Wilkinson confidently expected to hear
+of the arrival of General Hampton on the opposite shore, to whom he had
+written on the 6th, to that effect, not being then acquainted with his
+late defeat. Here, to his unspeakable mortification and surprise, he
+received a letter from General Hampton, informing him that the division
+under his command was falling back upon Lake Champlain.[217]
+
+This information, with the countless difficulties momentarily crowding
+upon the American army, effectually blasted every prospect of further
+success. So circumstanced, the American commander immediately held a
+Council of War, in which it was unanimously resolved, "That the attack
+upon Montreal should be abandoned for the present season, and that the
+army near Cornwall should immediately cross to the American shore, in
+order to take up winter quarters," a resolution which was carried into
+effect the following day, by their proceeding for Salmon river, where
+their boats and batteaux were scuttled, and extensive barracks for the
+whole army were erected with extraordinary celerity, surrounded on all
+sides by abatis, so as to render a surprise unpracticable.
+
+Every appearance of danger having subsided, the commander of the
+Canadian forces dismissed the sedentary militia, by a General Order of
+the 17th of November, with acknowledgments of the cheerful alacrity with
+which they had repaired to their posts, and the loyalty and zeal they
+had manifested at the prospect of encountering the enemy.
+
+With these operations terminated the campaigns of 1813 in Lower Canada;
+but new triumphs still awaited the British arms in the Province of
+Upper Canada before the end of the year.[218]
+
+
+PART XIII.
+
+GENERAL DRUMMOND ARRIVES IN UPPER CANADA--COLONEL MURRAY SENT TO ARREST
+THE PREDATORY INCURSIONS OF THE BRUTAL GENERAL McCLURE UPON THE
+INHABITANTS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF FORT GEORGE--McCLURE'S BARBAROUS
+BURNING OF THE TOWN OF NEWARK (NIAGARA), EXPOSING 400 WOMEN AND CHILDREN
+TO THE INTENSE COLD OF THE 10TH OF DECEMBER--McCLURE'S FLIGHT TO FORT
+NIAGARA ON THE AMERICAN SIDE OF THE RIVER--COLONEL MURRAY, BY SURPRISING
+FORT NIAGARA, TAKES THE WHOLE GARRISON PRISONERS, AND SEIZES LARGE
+QUANTITIES OF MILITARY STORES--GENERAL RIALL RETALIATES IN THE SAME WAY,
+IN REGARD TO LEWISTON, BLACK ROCK, AND BUFFALO--GENERAL DRUMMOND ISSUES
+A PROCLAMATION DEPRECATING SUCH SAVAGE POLICY AS INITIALED BY THE
+AMERICAN GOVERNMENT.
+
+Early in December, Major General De Rottenburgh was relieved in the
+command of Upper Canada by Lieutenant-General Drummond, who proceeded
+from Kingston to York, and from thence to the head of the lake, where
+the army again resumed an offensive position. The country along the St.
+Lawrence, being freed from the incursions of the enemy, Colonel Murray,
+of the 100th Regiment, was ordered to advance from Burlington Heights
+towards Fort George, with a view at that time to prevent predatory
+incursions of the enemy under General McClure (then in possession of
+that fort) on the defenceless inhabitants of the surrounding country.
+But General McClure, having heard of the disasters which had befallen
+the army destined for Montreal, and conscious that a like fate might
+probably await him and his army, with that dastardly cowardice peculiar
+to himself and a few of his compatriots and traitors who joined
+themselves to his train, and against the very spirit of the law of
+nations and of civilized warfare, immersed the flourishing town of
+Newark (Niagara) in one continued sheet of flame, and ignobly fled with
+his followers into his territory. The historian laments that it is not
+in his power to record one magnanimous act of that recreant General, to
+rescue his name from that gulf of infamy to which his nefarious conduct
+has forever doomed it.[219]
+
+But retaliation was only delayed a week. On the evening of the 18th of
+December, preparations were made for taking Fort Niagara from the enemy,
+for which service Colonel Murray, of the 100th Regiment, was selected to
+take the command; and long before daylight next morning this gallant
+officer, at the head of the grenadier company of the Royal Scots, the
+grenadier and light companies of the 41st Regiment, and a detachment of
+his own corps, crossed the river about two miles above the fort, upon
+which they immediately advanced. On approaching the fortress, sentries,
+planted on the outer works, were surprised and taken, the countersign
+obtained, and in a few minutes the fort was carried at the point of the
+bayonet.
+
+The loss on the part of the British in this affair was only six killed
+and five wounded: that of the enemy amounted to sixty-five killed and
+fourteen wounded (all with the bayonet), and the whole garrison was made
+prisoners, consisting of nearly 350. There were in the fort, at the time
+of its capture, twenty-seven pieces of ordnance of weighty calibre,
+3,000 muskets with apparatus, besides large magazines of camp equipage
+and military clothing, which of course fell into the hands of the
+victors.
+
+On the same day on which Fort Niagara was captured, the town of
+Lewiston, about eight miles above Fort Niagara, was taken possession of
+by a British force under Major-General Riall, without opposition; in
+which place the public magazines were well filled with provisions and
+other military stores.
+
+Towards the latter end of the same month, General Riall crowed the
+Niagara river at Black Rock, at the head of a force consisting of about
+600 men, detachments from the 8th or the King's Regiment, 41st, 89th,
+and 100th Regiments, with a few Militia volunteers, exclusive of six or
+seven companies of the Royal Scots, under the command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon, who were directed to land between the
+villages of Buffalo and Black Rock, about two miles distant from each
+other, with a view to divert the garrison of Black Rock, while the other
+troops were landing in front of that port; but in consequence of the
+severity of the weather, a number of the boats were stranded; by which
+means the troops were unable to land in time to effect the object for
+which they had been intended; however, the enemy was driven from both
+positions in a short time.
+
+The American loss in this affair was upwards of five hundred, 130 of
+whom were prisoners of war; the loss of the British was inconsiderable
+compared with that of the enemy.
+
+The state of exasperation to which the mind of every British subject had
+been wrought by the conduct of McClure in burning the town of Newark,
+and exposing all to the inclemency of a Canadian winter, both the
+helpless infant and infirm old age, was such that nothing but a similar
+retaliation could assuage; the whole line of frontier, from Buffalo to
+Fort Niagara, was therefore burnt to ashes.
+
+Ample vengeance having thus been taken for the wanton conflagration and
+cruel outrages committed upon the defenceless inhabitants of Newark and
+neighbourhood, Lieutenant-General Drummond, on the 12th of January,
+1814, issued a proclamation, in which he strongly deprecated the savage
+mode of warfare to which the enemy, by a departure from the established
+usages of war, had compelled him to resort. He traced with faithful
+precision and correctness the conduct that had marked the progress of
+the war on the part of the enemy, and concluded by lamenting the
+necessity imposed upon him of retaliating upon the subjects of America
+the miseries inflicted upon the inhabitants of Newark, but at the same
+time declared it not to be his intention further to pursue a system so
+revolting to his own feelings, and so little congenial to the British
+character, unless he should be compelled by the future measures of the
+enemy.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 204: Thompson's History of the War of 1812, Chap. xxii., pp.
+179-181.
+
+"Terms of capitulation were agreed upon, by which the whole of General
+Winchester's command that had survived the fury of the battle were
+surrendered prisoners of war, amounting to upwards of 600. In this
+sanguinary engagement, the loss of the Americans, in killed and wounded,
+was nearly 500; while that of the British was only twenty-four killed
+and 161 wounded."--_Ib._, pp. 176, 177.]
+
+[Footnote 205: Christie's History of the War of 1812, Chap. v., pp. 100,
+101.]
+
+[Footnote 206: Tuttle, Chap. xxxviii., p. 396.
+
+"The 104th (or New Brunswick Regiment) marched through from Fredericton
+to Upper Canada, several hundreds of miles, with extraordinary celerity,
+in the month of March, though their route from Fredericton to the River
+St. Lawrence lay through an uninhabited wilderness buried in snow, and
+never before traversed by troops." (Christie's History of the War of
+1812, p. 103.)]
+
+[Footnote 207: Tuttle, Chap. xxxviii., pp. 396, 397.]
+
+[Footnote 208: "The American troops had been preparing for this
+expedition the whole winter; and no pains had been spared in their
+discipline."]
+
+[Footnote 209: "The people, hitherto unaccustomed to hear of reverses,
+were irritated at this success of the enemy, and, as usual upon such
+occasions, clamoured against the General [Sheaffe], who a few weeks
+afterwards was succeeded in the administration of the civil government
+by Major-General De Rottenburgh, and on his return to the Lower Province
+assumed the command of the forces in the district of Montreal. It is not
+ascertained whether his removal was the result of the displeasure of the
+commander of the forces [Sir George Prevost]; but upon a cool survey of
+the battle of York, it must be owned that the honour of the British arms
+was strenuously and ably maintained by the small party of men under his
+command, who, including regulars, militia, and Indians, did not exceed
+600." (Christie's History of the War of 1812, Chap. v., p. 105.)]
+
+[Footnote 210: Among the killed of the British party was Mr. Allan
+MacLean, Clerk of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada, who volunteered
+his services with a musket.
+
+"The Americans moved forward in three strong brigades, under Generals
+Chandler, Winder, and Boyd, with an advance of light troops and
+riflemen, under Colonels Scott and Forsyth, the whole commanded by
+General Lewis, the next in command to General Dearborn, whose low state
+of health compelled him to keep his bed, from whence he issued his
+orders." (Thompson's History of the War of 1812, Chap, xxiii., p. 185.)]
+
+[Footnote 211: Thompson's War of 1812, Chap. xxiii.
+
+In General Vincent's official despatch relating to this brilliant and
+intrepid action, he gives the credit of it to Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey.
+He says: "To Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey, the Deputy-Adjutant-General, my
+obligations are particularly due. From the first moment the enemy's
+approach was known, he watched his movements, and afforded me the
+earliest information. To him, indeed, I am indebted for the suggestion
+and plan of operations; nothing could have been more clear than his
+arrangements, nor more completely successful in the result." (Christie,
+Chap. v.)]
+
+[Footnote 212: Christie's History of the War of 1812, Chap. v.]
+
+[Footnote 213: The following graphic account of the manoeuvres and
+conflicts of the two fleets is given by the American historian,
+Brackenridge, in his War of 1812:
+
+"On Lake Ontario, a naval armament, which might be termed formidable for
+this inland sea, was arrayed on either side; and an interesting contest
+ensued between two skilful officers for the superiority. The _General
+Pike_, of twenty-two guns, having been launched, and proving to be an
+excellent sailer, Commodore Chauncey was now fully equal, in point of
+strength, to his antagonist. Sir James Yeo, though somewhat inferior in
+force, had the advantage in an important particular: his ships sailed
+better in squadron, and he could therefore avoid or come to an
+engagement as he thought proper. It being a matter all-important to the
+British, to prevent the Americans from becoming masters of the lake, Sir
+James prudently avoided a general action; while, on the other hand, to
+bring him to action was the great object of Commodore Chauncey. On the
+7th of August the two fleets came in sight of each other. Commodore
+Chauncey manoeuvred to gain the wind. Having passed to the leeward of
+the enemy's line, and being abreast of his warship, the _Wolfe_, he
+fired a few guns to ascertain whether he could reach the hostile fleet.
+The shot falling short, he wore, and hauled upon a wind to the starboard
+tack; the rear of his schooners being six miles astern. Sir James wore
+also, and hauled upon a wind on the same tack; but observing that the
+American fleet would be able to weather him in the next tack, he tacked
+again and made sail to the northward. Commodore Chauncey pursued him. He
+continued the chase until night; but the schooners not being able to
+keep up, a signal was made to relinquish the pursuit, and to form in
+close order. The wind now blew heavily; and at midnight two of the
+schooners, the _Scourge_ and the _Hamilton_, were found to have upset in
+the squall. Lieutenants Winter and Osgood, two valuable officers, were
+lost, and only sixteen men of the crews saved [picked up by the
+British]. The next morning, the enemy discovering this misfortune, and
+having now the superiority, manifested a disposition to engage the
+Americans, and bore up for the purpose. Two schooners were ordered to
+engage him; but when they were within a mile and a-half of him, he
+attempted to cut them off. Failing in this, he hauled his wind, and hove
+to. A squall coming on, Commodore Chauncey was fearful of being
+separated from his dull sailing schooners, and ran in towards Niagara
+and anchored. Here he received on board, from Fort George, 150 men to
+act as marines, and distributed them through his fleet. On the morning
+of the 9th he again sailed. At eleven o'clock, after much manoeuvring
+on both sides, the rear of the enemy's line opened its fire; and in
+fifteen minutes the action became general on both sides. At half-past
+eleven, the American weather line bore up and passed to the leeward, the
+_Growler_ and _Julia_ excepted, which soon after tacking to the
+southward, brought the British between them and the remainder of the
+American fleet. Sir James, after exchanging a few shots with the
+American commodore's ship, pursued the _Growler_ and _Julia_. A fire
+commenced between them, which continued until one o'clock in the morning
+of the 10th, when, after a desperate resistance, the two schooners were
+compelled to yield. The fleets had lost sight of each other in the
+night; but as Sir James, on the next day, when they were again visible,
+showed no disposition to renew the action, Commodore Chauncey returned
+to Sackett's Harbour. A victory for this affair was claimed for the
+British commander." (Brackenridge's History of the War of 1812, etc.,
+Chap, viii., pp. 121, 122.)]
+
+[Footnote 214: Christie, Chap, v., pp. 126--130.]
+
+[Footnote 215: It was this episode in Captain Barclay's proceedings
+which resulted in the loss of British supremacy on Lake Erie, the loss
+of his fleet, his own wounding, the death of most of his officers and
+sailors, General Proctor's compulsory evacuation of Detroit and the
+Michigan territory, his retreat into Canada, his defeat on the Thames at
+the Moravian village, involving the loss of many of his men, with
+upwards of 100 Indians, including famous Chief Tecumseh. We do not
+desire to dwell upon this dark spot in the life of Captain Barclay; but
+the whole mystery is explained in Mrs. Amelia Harris's Memoirs of her
+father and the early settlement of Long Point (and her authority cannot
+be questioned.) See Chapter XLI. of this History, pp. 254.]
+
+[Footnote 216: "General Wilkinson was called from the South to assume
+the command of the American forces in the North, in the room of General
+Dearborn, which now with General Hampton's division, amounted to about
+18,000, to which General Harrison's division was ordered to be added.
+Such were the gigantic and formidable preparations for the capture of
+Montreal, where the American soldiers were promised, as an additional
+inducement, good winter quarters." (Thompson's History of the War of
+1812, Chap. xxvi., p. 209.)]
+
+[Footnote 217: "General Wilkinson had, at an early stage of the
+expedition, transmitted an order to General Hampton to join him at St.
+Regis; but that officer having learned the low state of General
+Wilkinson's supplies of provisions, and considering the state of the
+roads, conceived it the most prudent method to disobey the order, and
+not to place himself at too great a distance from his own magazines; he
+therefore availed himself of the nearest route to Montreal, the
+unsuccessful result of which manoeuvre has just been detailed.
+
+"The American army was again ordered to cross the line and take up their
+winter quarters in their own territory, after repeatedly suffering
+themselves to be defeated under the most mortifying and humiliating
+circumstances; with the blame of which the commander-in-chief (General
+Wilkinson) charged General Hampton, in consequence of his disobedience
+of orders, but with which the American Secretary of War more properly
+charged both. However, it had the effect of checking the military zeal
+which appeared to manifest itself in the American ranks at a distance
+from the theatre of hostile operations, and completely to extinguish the
+ardour of the American troops on the lines." (Thompson, Chap. xxvii., p.
+215.)]
+
+[Footnote 218: The foregoing account of the transactions in Lower Canada
+is chiefly extracted from Mr. Christie's History of the War of 1812, and
+mostly in his words. What follows is mostly taken from Thompson's War of
+1812.]
+
+[Footnote 219: The barbarous act of General McClure in burning Niagara
+is ascribed to directions from the American Secretary at War; but the
+many nefarious acts committed by McClure could hardly be owing to
+directions from Washington. Mr. Christie says that McClure "having,
+pursuant to the directions of the American Secretary at War, most
+inhumanly, on the 10th of December, set fire to the flourishing village
+of Newark, containing about 150 houses, which Were reduced to ashes,
+leaving the wretched and forlorn inhabitants, with upwards of 400 women
+and children, exposed to the accumulated horrors of famine and the
+inclemency of a Canadian winter."
+
+The British, under the command of Colonel Murray, scarcely amounting to
+500 men, including Indians and militia, immediately occupied Fort
+George. The barbarous policy of the American Government in destroying
+Newark, exasperated the army as well as the inhabitants on the frontier,
+of whose impatience for retaliation General Drummond promptly availed
+himself after the occupation of Fort George, by adopting the resolution
+of carrying the American Fort Niagara by surprise. (Chap. vii., p.
+156.)
+
+Mr. Thompson remarks on the conduct of McClure and his soldiers, even
+before the burning of the town of Newark: "The American army had no
+sooner taken up a position in front of Fort George, than the foraging
+parties, or rather marauders, commenced a systematic course of plunder
+upon the defenceless inhabitants within the vicinity of their camp, most
+of whom, at the time, consisted of women and children; even amongst the
+general officers acts of pillage were perpetrated, that, had such
+occurred with private soldiers in the British army, would have stamped a
+stigma on the character of the British, in the eyes of America, for
+which no course of conduct which they could ever after have pursued
+would have sufficiently atoned." (War of 1812, Chap. xxix., pp. 227,
+228.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LVII.
+
+MOVEMENTS AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1814--THE THIRD AND LAST YEAR OF THE WAR.
+
+
+PART I.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR THE CAMPAIGN--REINFORCEMENTS FROM NEW BRUNSWICK--ROYAL
+APPROBATION OF CANADIAN LOYALTY AND COURAGE--AMERICAN INVASION OF THE
+DISTRICT OF MONTREAL UNDER GENERAL WILKINSON--THE LARGE FORCE OF
+AMERICANS DEFEATED AT LE COLLE BY A SMALL FORCE OF CANADIANS--RETURN TO
+PLATTSBURG, WHERE GENERAL WILKINSON, DISAPPOINTED AND MORTIFIED, RETIRES
+FROM THE ARMY.
+
+The total failure for two years of the expeditions which had been fitted
+out at so much expense by the United States Government for the invasion
+of Canada, had considerably subdued that ardour for military renown
+which, at the commencement of the war--from the defenceless state of
+Canada, and the absorption of British strength in the European war--had
+promised so rich a harvest of laurels and territory to the United
+States. Nevertheless the most active exertions were made on both sides
+during the winter for the ensuing campaign. Stores of all descriptions
+were forwarded to Kingston from Quebec and Montreal on sleighs, at
+prodigious expense. The inhabitants of New Brunswick again evinced their
+loyalty and patriotism. Lieutenant-Colonel Robinson, with a regiment,
+marched through the woods from Fredericton to the St. Lawrence, in the
+month of February. A reinforcement of 220 seamen for the lakes came by
+the same route. To expedite the progress of these reinforcements, the
+Legislature of New Brunswick voted L300, and the city of St. John gave
+a similar sum to defray the expense of conveying the troops and sailors
+on sleighs as far as the nature of the roads would permit.
+
+On the 26th of March, His Excellency Sir George Prevost issued a General
+Order expressing the approbation of the Prince Regent of the affair of
+Chateauguay, and his "peculiar pleasure at finding that His Majesty's
+Canadian subjects had at length the opportunity of refuting, by their
+own brilliant exertions in defence of their country, the calumnious
+charges of disaffection and disloyalty with which the enemy had prefaced
+his first invasion of the province, to Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry
+in particular, and to all the officers and men under his command, the
+sense entertained by his Royal Highness of their meritorious and
+distinguished services, was made known."
+
+The first movement of the Americans in the neighbourhood of Lake
+Champlain which gave room to expect an American invasion of the district
+of Montreal, was towards the conclusion of March, 1814, when
+Brigadier-General Macomb, with a division of American forces from
+Plattsburg, crossed Lake Champlain upon the ice, and entered St. Armand,
+where he remained some days, while General Wilkinson prepared for an
+attack upon the outposts of Odletown and the Le Colle Mill, which had
+been converted into a block-house. On the morning of the 13th of March
+(General Macomb having suddenly withdrawn his division from St.
+Armand's, and rejoined the main body), the American forces, consisting
+of 5,000 men, commanded by General Wilkinson in person, entered
+Odletown. The Americans repeated their attacks upon the coveted Le Colle
+Mill frontier; and the Canadian Fencibles, Frontier Light Infantry, and
+the Voltigeurs, repeated their deeds of bravery and heroism, and
+repelled the multitudinous invaders. "The Americans," says Mr. Christie,
+"exhausted with cold and fatigue, and finding it impossible to carry the
+place without heavy artillery, which, from the state of the roads, could
+not be brought forward, withdrew their forces in good order from the
+contest, at five o'clock in the afternoon, without being pursued in the
+retreat."
+
+The British loss amounted to only ten men killed and four men missing,
+and two officers and forty-four men wounded. The American loss, though
+considerable, could not be precisely ascertained.
+
+Having failed in the attempt to carry the block-house (Le Colle Mill),
+scarcely deserving the appellation of a military post, the enemy fell
+back upon Champlain Town, from whence they returned to Plattsburg.
+
+General Wilkinson, after this abortive attempt to retrieve his military
+fame, seems to have been removed from his command, or to have sought
+voluntary retirement from a service in which he had experienced nothing
+but disappointment and reverses.
+
+
+PART II.
+
+TAKING OF PRAIRIE DU CHIEN--DEFENCE OF MACKINAC--SUCCESS IN THE MARITIME
+PROVINCES.
+
+Before noticing the military campaign of Upper Canada, we will complete
+the summary view of those which relate to the Maritime Provinces and
+Lower Canada.
+
+During the occurrences of the taking of the post of _Prairie du Chien_,
+on the Mississippi, and the triumphant defence of _Michilimackinac_,
+Lieutenant-General Sir John C. Sherbrook, the Lieutenant-Governor of
+Nova Scotia, was successful in reducing a very populous and extensive
+portion of the enemy's territories adjacent to the Provinces of New
+Brunswick. He detached a small force from Halifax under Colonel
+Pilkington, while the _Ramilies_, commanded by Sir Thomas Hardie, took
+possession, on the 10th of July, of Mose Island, in Passamaquoddy Bay;
+the garrison at Fort Sullivan, consisting of six officers and eighty
+men, under the command of Major Putman, surrendering themselves
+prisoners of war.
+
+On the 26th of August, Sir John C. Sherbrook, having embarked at Halifax
+the whole of his disposable forces on board of ten transports, set sail,
+accompanied by a small squadron under Rear-Admiral Griffith, for
+Castine, on the Penobscot river, where he arrived on the 1st of
+September, and took possession of the batteries at that place; the enemy
+finding it impossible to retain the post--having previously blown up the
+magazine, and retreated with the field-pieces.
+
+The United States frigate _Adams_ had, some days previous to the arrival
+of the British at Castine, run into the Penobscot river, and for
+security had gone up as far as Hampden, where her guns had been landed
+and a position taken, with a view of protecting her. Captain Barrie, of
+the _Dragon_, with a suitable naval force, and 600 picked men under the
+command of Colonel John, of the 6th Regiment, were detached up the river
+for the purpose of possessing or destroying the _Adams_. The enemy, who
+at first offered a spirited resistance, after setting fire to the
+frigate, fled in all directions, upon finding the British resolutely
+advancing against their positions. Several pieces of ordnance and three
+stands of colours fell into the hands of the British, whose loss
+amounted to no more than one man killed, and one officer and seven men
+wounded.
+
+After the capture of Castine, Lieutenant-Colonel Pilkington was
+despatched with a brigade of troops for Madrias, which was taken
+possession of on the 11th of September by that officer--the detachment
+in Fort O'Brien having, on the approach of the British, precipitately
+retreated from the fort, leaving twenty-six pieces of ordnance, with a
+quantity of small arms and ammunition.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Pilkington was on the point of marching into the
+interior of the country when he received a communication from
+Lieutenant-General Brewer, commander of the district, engaging that the
+militia forces within the County of Washington should not bear arms, or
+serve against his Britannic Majesty during the war. This, with a similar
+offer made by the civil officers and principal inhabitants of the
+county, brought on a cessation of arms.
+
+By these judicious measures a populous extent of territory, stretching
+one hundred miles along the sea coast, including a valuable tract of
+country partly separating New Brunswick from Lower Canada, passed under
+the dominion of the British arms, without effusion of blood or the least
+waste of treasure.
+
+
+PART III.
+
+ENGLAND, FREE FROM THE EUROPEAN WAR, DETERMINES TO PUNISH THE UNITED
+STATES FOR THEIR JUNCTION WITH NAPOLEON AND INVASION OF CANADA--SWEEPS
+THE AMERICAN COASTS WITH HER FLEET, AND SENDS REINFORCEMENTS OF 16,000
+MEN TO CANADA--FAILURE OF SIR GEORGE PREVOST'S ATTACK ON PLATTSBURG--HIS
+RECALL, AND SUMMONED TO BE TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL--DIES BEFORE THE
+APPOINTED DAY OF TRIAL--ESTIMATE OF HIS CHARACTER.
+
+Hitherto, for more than two years, the colonies had been thrown almost
+entirely upon their own prowess and resources, with the assistance of a
+few British soldiers, for their own defence against an invading enemy
+fifty times more populous than themselves. Up to this time England had
+been struggling against Napoleon for the liberties of Europe; but now
+the Corsican tiger was chained up in Elba; peace once more reigned in
+Europe, and England was now free to throw the whole weight of her
+victorious armies and unconquerable navy against the United States,
+whose treasury was bankrupt, whose people were disheartened at the
+reverses inflicted on their armies by handfuls of British and Canadians
+opposed to them, and whose loudest cry now was for peace; but the United
+States had refused peace when she could have had it, and Great Britain
+was now determined to punish her for her attacks on a peaceful colony,
+when the mother country was so thoroughly engaged elsewhere as to be
+almost forced to leave it to its own resources. Of the vigorous blockade
+of the American seaports, of the capture of Washington and burning of
+the capitol, etc., it is not necessary to speak in this place; we have
+only to do at present with the operations which took place in Canada
+during the summer of 1814.
+
+During the summer about 16,000 British troops arrived at Quebec; but
+only 4,000 were sent to Upper Canada, under the command of General
+Kempt; and the Governor-General, Prevost, concentrated nearly the whole
+of the remainder of the reinforcements in the Richelieu district, with a
+view to a descent on the State of New York by way of Lake Champlain, at
+Plattsburg. In order to do this, the co-operation of the flotilla on the
+lake was considered necessary, and orders were given to put it in an
+efficient condition; but the flotilla was defeated and its vessels
+taken by the enemy; and the land forces, though they could have easily
+taken Plattsburg, did nothing, and were ordered to retreat within the
+British lines. The conduct of Sir George Prevost in this
+affair--undertaken for his own ambition, and without any public
+necessity--lost him all his military prestige; both officers and men
+felt the disgrace of retreating before an inferior force of militia; the
+valiant Colonel Murray and other officers protested against the retreat,
+and some of them indignantly broke their swords, declaring that they
+would never serve under him again. He was recalled to England, and under
+charges by Commodore Sir James Yeo, was arraigned before a
+court-martial, but died a week before the day appointed for his trial.
+Though Sir George Prevost was unsuccessful as a military
+commander--having disgracefully failed in the only two expeditions which
+he planned and personally superintended--the one against Sackett's
+Harbour and the other against Plattsburg--he was an excellent civil
+governor for Lower Canada, and an amiable and upright man.
+
+It is alleged, however, that the Duke of Wellington and other high
+authorities approved of his conduct, and the Prince Regent showed marks
+of kindness to his family after his death. His health, which was never
+strong, suffered much, not only from mortification and mental anxiety in
+regard to his approaching trial (which he demanded at the earliest
+possible period), but by a winter's journey across the open country
+between the St. Lawrence and St. John, on his way home, that he died on
+the 5th of January, 1816, just one week before the court-martial
+appointed to examine into his conduct was to have been convened.
+
+Mr. Christie, who was an English member of the Legislative Assembly of
+Lower Canada, and the author of an elaborate History of Canada, in six
+volumes, beside his excellent "History of the War of 1812," gives the
+following estimate of the character and Administration of Sir George
+Prevost:
+
+"A warm and unswerving friend of the Canadian population, of French
+origin, he confided in and liberally patronized them from the
+commencement to the close of his administration; and they, it must be
+acknowledged, as generously responded to his confidence in them. No
+country or people ever exhibited greater unanimity or patriotism than
+did the people of Lower Canada of both origins, in the war of 1812 by
+the United States against Great Britain--a stand the more to be
+remembered by her Government, as these colonies, almost destitute of
+troops, wholly so of money, and scarcely possessing even a sufficiency
+of arms and other munitions of defence, owing to the more imperious
+calls from other quarters upon the Home Government, were, at the outset
+of the war, in a manner left to their own action and resources, and
+which they nobly exemplified, single-handed, as it were, throughout the
+first two campaigns. The principles of loyalty and duty, no doubt, were
+deeply implanted in the bosom of the people; but he it was who exalted
+them into enthusiasm and inspired the mass with a confidence in their
+own exertions and a reliance upon his wisdom, fitting them for the
+emergency, and that bore them successfully through the contest. Whatever
+may be the opinion now established of his talents, by the military
+world, the impression which the inhabitants of French origin in Lower
+Canada universally retain of him, is that of a conciliatory, wise, and
+able civil governor, and in all the relations of private life, an
+amiable and estimable man."[220]
+
+
+PART IV.
+
+UPPER CANADA--PREPARATIONS FOR THE CAMPAIGN--THE BRITISH FLEET INFERIOR
+ON LAKE ONTARIO--SUCCESSFUL EXPEDITION AGAINST OSWEGO--DESTRUCTION OF
+FORTIFICATIONS AND SEIZURE OF MUNITIONS OF WAR--BLOCKADES SACKETT'S
+HARBOUR--UNSUCCESSFUL ASCENT OF SANDY CREEK.
+
+In Upper Canada the occurrences during the winter of 1814 were
+principally confined to incursions reciprocally practised by troops in
+advance along the frontiers with various successes, but with no
+important results on either side. After the winter's preparations, the
+campaign was opened in Upper Canada by Sir Gordon Drummond and Sir James
+L. Yeo, under most cheering circumstances. The American forces along the
+Lake Champlain, after leaving small garrisons at Plattsburg, Burlington,
+and Vergennes, moved early in the spring towards Lake Ontario and the
+Niagara frontier, with a view of assuming offensive operations against
+Upper Canada, as soon as the fleet in Sackett's Harbour (considerably
+augmented during the winter) should be in a state to co-operate with the
+land forces. The principal naval stores for the equipment of the fleet
+were forwarded to Sackett's Harbour by the way of Oswego; and as the
+British naval force at Kingston, strengthened by two additional ships,
+the _Prince Regent_ and the _Princess Charlotte_, were ready to appear
+on the lake early in the season, it became an object of importance to
+intercept the enemy's supplies, and by that means retard his
+preparations for invasion. An _expedition against Oswego_ was therefore
+determined upon, and General Drummond having embarked a considerable
+force, consisting of six companies of De Watteville's Regiment, the
+Light Company of Glengarries, the 2nd Battalion of Royal Marines, with a
+detachment of Royal Artillery, and two field-pieces, a detachment of the
+Rocket Company, with a few Sappers and Miners, set sail from Kingston
+the 4th of May, and at noon on the following day made the port of
+Oswego, when a heavy gale from the north-west sprung up and obliged the
+squadron to gain the offing. On the morning of the 6th, a landing was
+effected by about 140 of the troops, under Lieutenant-Colonel Fisher,
+and 200 seamen, armed with pikes, under the command of Captain
+Mulcaster, R.N., in front of a heavy discharge of round and grape from
+the battery, and of musketry from a detachment of about 300 men of the
+American army, posted on the brow of the hill, and in the skirts of the
+neighbouring wood. The British, on landing, pressed up the hill towards
+the enemy's battery, which the Americans (upon finding the British
+determined to carry it by storm) relinquished, leaving about sixty men,
+principally wounded.
+
+The land and naval commanders having taken possession of the stores
+found in the fort and its neighbourhood, and having dismantled the
+fortifications and destroyed the barracks, re-embarked on the 7th of
+May, and returned to Kingston.
+
+The loss of the British troops amounted to one captain (Holtaway, of the
+Marines) and eighteen men killed, and two officers and sixty men
+wounded. That of the navy amounted to three men killed, and four
+officers and seven men wounded. Captain Mulcaster, while entering the
+fort at the head of his men, received a very severe and dangerous
+wound. Captain Popham was also severely wounded.
+
+Although the service derived much benefit from this expedition, the main
+object contemplated was not accomplished, the principal part of the
+naval stores being saved by the enemy, who had taken the precaution of
+depositing them at the Falls, some miles from Oswego, up the river.
+
+The British squadron having, for the present, a decided ascendency on
+Lake Ontario, blockaded Sackett's Harbour, in order to intercept the
+supplies which might, from time to time, be forwarded from Oswego for
+the equipment of the American fleet. On the 29th of May, they captured a
+boat laden with two twenty-four-pounders, and a large cable for one of
+the American ships of war, and, with two gun-boats and five barges,
+pursued fifteen other boats, loaded with naval and military stores, and
+which took shelter in Sandy Creek; but they were met in the Creek by an
+American force, consisting of 150 riflemen, nearly 200 Indians, and a
+strong body of militia and cavalry, which overpowered the British party,
+of whom eighteen were killed and fifty wounded--the rest being taken
+prisoners. Captain Popham, in his official dispatch to Sir James L. Yeo,
+on this affair, acknowledged with warmest gratitude the humane exertions
+of the American officers of the Rifle Corps, commanded by Major Appling,
+in saving the lives of many of the officers and men, whom the American
+soldiers and Indians were devoting to slaughter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 220: History of the War of 1812.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LVIII.
+
+LAST INVASIONS AND LAST BATTLES OF THE WAR.
+
+
+PART I.
+
+GENERAL BROWN TAKES FORT ERIE--DEFEATS GENERAL RIALL ON THE PLAINS OF
+CHIPPEWA--ADVANCES TO FORT GEORGE--HIS OFFICERS AND ARMY PLUNDER THE
+INHABITANTS--RETREATS BACK TO CHIPPEWA--BURNS THE VILLAGE OF ST. DAVID'S
+ON THE WAY.
+
+On the Niagara frontier, the American army commanded by General Brown,
+and consisting of about 7,000 men, began early in the summer to
+concentrate at Buffalo, Black Rock, and other points, and on the 3rd of
+July invaded Canada in two brigades, under the command of
+Brigadier-Generals Scott and Ripley. They embarked in boats and
+batteaux, and effected a landing on the Canada side of the river without
+opposition--one brigade landing about a mile above, and the other
+brigade a mile below Fort Erie. The fort was under the command of Major
+Buck, of the 8th Regiment, with about seventy men of his regiment; it
+had been put in a state of defence by that officer, with a view of
+causing a temporary check to an invading force, rather than for the
+purpose of defending it against a regular siege. But Major Buck was so
+careful of himself and his men as to abandon the fort without firing a
+shot--an error fatal to the British--for although Fort Erie could not
+have been held for any length of time against the overwhelming strength
+of the enemy, still a few hours' defence would have enabled General
+Riall to concentrate his forces and attack the Americans before they
+were firmly established on Canadian soil. The able dispositions which
+General Riall had made of the forces under his command along the
+Niagara line by the direction of General Drummond, who had anticipated
+an invasion at that point where it commenced, were such, that the least
+impediment to the progress of the invaders would have enabled General
+Riall to have concentrated his troops, and to have fallen upon and
+dispersed the enemy before they could have time to be prepared for an
+effectual resistance. As it was, the Americans were permitted to occupy
+this important post without resistance, and transfer, unmolested, to the
+Canadian side all the troops they pleased.
+
+On the following day, General Brown advanced with his whole force, of
+over 4,000 men, down the river to the plains of Chippewa, with the
+intention of taking possession of the British post at the mouth of the
+Chippewa or Welland river. General Riall, having collected what forces
+he could, consisting of five companies of the Royal Scots, a part of the
+8th or King's Regiment, a part of the 100th Regiment, and the 2nd
+Lincoln Militia, amounting in all to about 1,500 men, determined to
+check him, until further assistance should arrive. A series of
+manoeuvres ensued on both sides, and the most furious battle hitherto
+occurring during the war, followed, when General Riall, finding himself
+no longer able to sustain the fight against a force so unequal in
+universal strength, gave orders to abandon the field--his troops
+retiring in the rear of the works at Chippewa and destroying the bridge
+across the river, which they had previously repaired.
+
+The loss on both sides is said to have been nearly equal--amounting to
+between 400 and 500 on each side.
+
+"The 2nd Lincoln Militia, under Major David Secord, distinguished
+themselves in this action by feats of genuine bravery and heroism,
+animated by the example of their gallant leader, which are seldom
+surpassed even by the most experienced veterans. Their loss was
+proportionate with that of the regular army.
+
+"Three or four days subsequent to this sanguinary battle on the plains
+of Chippewa were mostly employed in burying their own dead, and in
+burning those of the British, after which several ineffectual efforts
+were made by General Brown to cross the Chippewa river, contemplating an
+advance on Fort George; but at each of his attempts he was promptly met
+by picket guards of the British, posted along the margin of the river
+for that purpose."
+
+General Riall, however, in a few days gave orders that the remnant of
+his army should retire under the shelter of Fort George and Mississagua
+until reinforcements could be collected to place him on more equal
+ground with the enemy; after which General Brown moved his army towards
+those posts within a mile and a half of the British--his army forming a
+crescent; his right resting on Niagara river, his left on Lake Ontario.
+
+The American army had no sooner taken up a position in front of Fort
+George than their foraging parties, or rather marauders, commenced a
+systematic course of plunder upon the defenceless inhabitants within the
+vicinity of their camp, most of whom, at the time, consisted of women
+and children. Even amongst general officers were acts of pillage
+perpetrated, that, had such occurred with private soldiers in the
+British army, would have stamped on the character of the British, in the
+eyes of America, for which no course of conduct which they could ever
+after have pursued, would have sufficiently atoned.
+
+During the interval in which General Riall was receiving reinforcements
+from York and other military posts on that side of Lake Ontario, General
+Brown also received a strong reinforcement under General Izard, after
+which he made a few ineffectual assaults on Fort George; but, finding
+all his efforts to carry that fort fruitless, and the British army
+receiving fresh acquisitions of strength, all seemed to conspire to
+render the case of General Brown hopeless; who, now perceiving the
+situation in which he was placed--the forts in his front to him
+completely impregnable, and an army in his rear in full flow of spirits,
+and every day gathering new strength (though by no means equal to his as
+regarded numbers), a Canadian Militia, and unexpectedly to him, fervent
+beyond a parallel in the cause of their King and country--began now to
+think of a safe retreat, in pursuance of which, on the morning of the
+25th of July, he commenced his retrograde movement; he retreated towards
+Chippewa, after burning the village of St. David's. Riall pushed on in
+pursuit, when the Americans halted at Lundy's Lane (called Bridgewater
+by the Americans), where took place the most stubborn fight of the
+war--known as _the Battle of Lundy's Lane_--which may be regarded as
+terminating the American invasions of Canada, and the last field battle
+of the war.
+
+We will here give a brief account of this celebrated battle, from
+Thompson's History of the War of 1812, and the events which followed at
+Fort Erie, and afterwards we will review the transactions of this
+battle, together with the true principles of loyalty, the causes and
+character of the war, and the reciprocal relations between Great
+Britain, Canada and the United States.
+
+
+PART II.
+
+BATTLE OF LUNDY'S LANE--PRELIMINARIES.
+
+"The British army, at the time General Brown commenced his retreat from
+Fort George and Queenston to Chippewa, was scattered in small
+cantonments over twenty or thirty miles of country; but like a
+well-ordered and systematic machine, every part was in a moment
+simultaneously in motion, to concentrate their united strength at a
+point where they would be likely to intercept the enemy.
+
+"Detachments of the Royal Scots and 41st Regiments, and a small body of
+Indians, amounting in all to about 500 men, under the command of Colonel
+Tucker (supported on the river by a party of seamen and marines under
+the direction of Captain Dobbs, of the Royal Navy), passed over to the
+American side of the River Niagara, with a view to disperse or capture a
+body of the enemy stationed at Lewiston. The object of this movement
+being accomplished, the troops were again withdrawn at Queenston. The
+41st and 100th Regiments, under Colonel Tucker, were sent back to
+garrison Fort George, Mississagua, and Niagara; General Drummond moving
+on towards the falls, with a force of about 800 strong, consisting of
+detachments of the Royal Scots, 89th, and King's, with the light company
+of the 41st Regiment, to join General Riall's division of the army as
+soon as it could arrive from the several bivouacs at which it had been
+stationed.
+
+"As soon as the column of the British army under the command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Morrison had arrived at the rising ground near the
+end of Lundy's Lane, on the main road leading from Queenston to
+Chippewa, the enemy was just taking possession of that position. Without
+a moment's delay, the troops which had arrived on the ground were formed
+in line on the north-east side of the height, their left resting on the
+Queenston road.
+
+"The troops from the Twelve and Twenty Mile Creeks, together with a
+detachment of the King's Regiment, as they arrived, were formed on each
+side of Lundy's Lane. This line was supported in front by two
+twenty-four-pounders [field-guns], which were covered by a small
+squadron of the 19th Light Dragoons and a detachment of the infantry.
+
+"_The battle itself._--The troops of the line being thus disposed,
+notwithstanding the superior strength of the enemy, in about ten minutes
+dislodged him from the position he had first taken, at the point of the
+bayonet.
+
+"The sun was now fast descending towards the western horizon; and
+detachments of the 1st and 2nd Lincoln Militia continued to arrive from
+the different outposts they had been occupying, who joined in
+maintaining the summit of the hill until the whole of General Riall's
+division should come up.
+
+"General Drummond, after dislodging the enemy from the partial
+possession he had gained on the hill, again formed his line with as much
+despatch as existing circumstances would admit, placing his artillery,
+which consisted of two twenty-pounders, two six-pounders [brass
+field-pieces], and a rocket party, in front of the centre of his
+position, near the right side of Lundy's Lane, leading down the hill to
+the Queenston road, supported by the 2nd battalion of the 89th Regiment,
+under Colonel Morrison. Scarcely had this arrangement been completed
+before the position was furiously assailed by General Winfield Scott's
+brigade at the point of the bayonet; but the enemy was repulsed with
+great slaughter. A tremendous fire was then commenced on the crest of
+the British position, by the first brigade of the enemy, stationed near
+the copse between Lundy's Lane and the Falls of Niagara, and the 9th and
+22nd Regiments and Captain Lawson's brigade of artillery, stationed on
+the Queenston road.
+
+"During this stage of the engagement, the Light Company of Royal Scots
+arrived on the ground from the Twenty Mile Creek; and a courier was
+despatched to countermand the route of the 103rd Regiment, and the
+detachment of the King's and 104th Regiments, who had, in a mistake,
+taken the road to Queenston from the Beach Woods, and to hasten their
+movement to the field of action.
+
+"On the brow of the hill, at the east end of Lundy's Lane, for the
+possession of which the armies hitherto had principally contended,
+General Drummond had now planted his artillery, as it appeared to form
+the key to the position. On this quarter, therefore, the enemy for a
+length of time directed his whole efforts; and notwithstanding the
+carnage was truly appalling, no visible impression had yet been made.
+Still on this part of the field did the whirlwind of the conflict rage
+with awful and destructive fury; columns of the enemy, not unlike the
+undulating surge of the adjacent cataract, rushed to the charge in close
+and impetuous succession.
+
+"In this fearful and tremendous stage of the contest, the British
+forces, both regulars and militia, finding themselves pressed by an
+overwhelming force, simultaneously closed round the guns, apparently
+determined to contest their possession with the last drop of British
+blood on the ground, fully assured of their importance to a favourable
+termination of the engagement--in short both armies appeared to be
+roused to a state of desperation for victory.
+
+"The enemy at length succeeded to make a slight turn on the left of the
+British position; at which period, General Riall, who commanded that
+division of the army, was severely wounded in the arm, and having passed
+to the rear for the purpose of having his wound dressed, on his return
+to resume the command, was intercepted by a column of the enemy and made
+prisoner of war.
+
+"It was long before this crisis of the engagement that the curtain of
+night had enveloped the scene; but instead of this circumstance abating
+the fury of war, which had now completely drenched the field with the
+blood of the combatants, the rage of battle appeared only to increase as
+the night advanced. Still did the enemy continue to direct his strongest
+force against the crest of the British position; but his repeated
+charges were as often received and repelled by the regular, fencible,
+and militia forces engaged, with that intrepid gallantry for which the
+British army was ever characterized. Charges were made in such rapid
+succession and with such determined vigour that often were the British
+artillerymen assailed in the very act of springing and charging their
+guns; and often were the muzzles of the guns of the contending armies
+hauled up and levelled within a few yards of each other. The havoc of
+lives on both sides, under such circumstances, may be better conceived
+than described.
+
+"The battle having raged with almost unprecedented fury for upwards of
+three hours, both sides appeared for a time mutually to suspend
+hostilities; during which the British troops were supplied with fresh
+ammunition, and the enemy employed himself actively in bringing up his
+reserve columns; after which, the fire was recommenced from the
+Queenston road, on the left of the British column; however, it was
+discovered that this was only a diversion to mask the intention of a
+large body of the enemy's fresh troops, which was actually moving on the
+right of the British position, to outflank it. General Drummond
+commenced immediately to draw his strength towards this flank of the
+army, forming a line in a field of grain, upon which the enemy were seen
+to advance in slow and silent pace. The British line formed to repel
+this new attack was directed to kneel sufficiently low to prevent being
+perceived by the enemy; but scarcely had General Drummond completed this
+order of arrangement, before the enemy's column made its appearance and
+advanced within a few yards of the British line, when the signal was
+made to fire a volley and charge. The effect of that single fire upon
+the enemy's ranks was awful in the extreme--those of the enemy who were
+able made a precipitate retreat.
+
+"'The enemy's efforts to carry the hill,' says General Drummond, in his
+official report, 'were continued until midnight, when he had suffered so
+severely from the superior steadiness and discipline of his Majesty's
+troops, that he gave up the contest and retreated with great
+precipitation to his camp beyond the Chippewa, burning, as he passed the
+(Street) flour mills at Bridgewater. On the following day he abandoned
+his camp, threw the greatest part of his baggage, camp equipage, and
+provisions into the rapids above the falls; and destroying the bridge
+at Chippewa, he continued his retreat in great disorder towards Fort
+Erie.
+
+"'The loss sustained by the enemy,' adds General Drummond, 'in this
+severe action, cannot be estimated at less than 1,500 men, including
+several prisoners left in our hands. Generals Brown and Scott were among
+the wounded. His whole force, which was never rated at less than 5,000
+men, were all engaged.'
+
+"In General Drummond's report of this action, the total number of
+killed, wounded, and missing of the British army was 878.
+
+"By the regimental returns of the British army, including those of the
+militia, both before and after this engagement, the whole British force
+consisted of 2,800; but before the arrival of the troops under Colonel
+Scott, of the 103rd Regiment, it did not exceed 1,600.
+
+"Of all the battles (says a writer on this subject) fought in America,
+the action of Lundy's Lane was unquestionably the best sustained and by
+far the most sanguinary. The rapid charges and real contest with the
+bayonet were themselves sufficient to render this engagement
+conspicuous. Traits of real bravery and heroic devotion were that night
+displayed by those engaged, which would not suffer in comparison with
+those exhibited at the storming of St. Sebastian, or the conflict of
+Quatre Bras.
+
+"Both the belligerent armies have offered their claims for victory in
+this engagement. Upon what grounds the American general could propose
+such a claim are best known to himself--General Brown not only abandoned
+the plans of operations which he had formed previous to the action at
+Lundy's Lane [of advancing to Queenston, Fort George, and Burlington
+Heights], but 'retreated in great disorder towards Fort Erie,' where his
+egress from the territory might be more easy; and in his way destroyed
+the bridge at Chippewa, in order to retard the advance of the British
+light troops in his rear."[221]
+
+
+PART III.
+
+AMERICAN ARMY RETREATS TO FORT ERIE, PURSUED BY GENERAL DRUMMOND, WHO
+INVESTS THE FORT--UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO STORM IT--SORTIE OF THE WHOLE
+AMERICAN FORCE, TWICE THAT OF GENERAL DRUMMOND, BUT DEFEATED--RAIN
+COMPELS THE RAISING OF THE SIEGE--GENERAL BROWN EVACUATES THE FORT AND
+CROSSES THE RIVER TO THE AMERICAN SIDE, AND THIS ENDS THE THREE YEARS'
+INVASIONS OF CANADA, WITHOUT ACQUIRING AN INCH OF ITS TERRITORY.
+
+On the American army reaching Fort Erie, they entrenched and
+strengthened the fortifications of the fort. Thither General Drummond
+pursued, and immediately invested the fort, although his army was not
+half the strength of the American army. General Drummond having
+reconnoitred the enemy's position, determined to storm his
+entrenchments. On the 13th of August, General Drummond, having completed
+his batteries, commenced a brisk cannonade on the position of the enemy,
+which, with few interruptions, was continued for two days with great
+effect; after which he was determined to carry the fort and outworks by
+nocturnal assault. In pursuance of this purpose, he formed his troops
+into three divisions: the first, under Lieutenant-Colonel Fischer, of De
+Watteville's, consisting of the King's Regiment, the regiment of De
+Watteville, and flank companies of the 89th and 100th Regiments,
+directed against the enemy's entrenchments at and near Snake Hill; the
+second, under Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond, of the 104th Regiment,
+consisting of the 41st and 104th Regiments, and a body of seamen and
+marines under the direction of Captain Dobbs, of the Royal Navy, against
+the fort; and the third, under Colonel Scott, consisting of his own
+regiment, supported by two companies of the Royals, against the
+entrenchments adjoining the fort.
+
+About two o'clock on the morning of the 15th, the several divisions of
+the British army moved towards the enemy's entrenchments; but as soon as
+the column against Snake Hill had emerged from the woods, it came in
+contact with an abatis within twelve or fifteen yards of the enemy's
+entrenchments, defended by a heavy column of infantry, under the command
+of Major Wood, and the artillery under Captain Towson. This for a time
+completely checked his advance.
+
+However, it was soon announced by a tremendous fire from the guns in the
+fort, and from the columns of infantry defending the entrenchments near
+the shore of the lake, that the other two columns, under
+Lieutenant-Colonels Scott and Drummond, had commenced an assault upon
+the enemy's works.
+
+At the first outset of the two last columns, the enemy succeeded in
+turning the column on the left, under Colonel Scott; but that under
+Colonel Drummond penetrated the enemy's works and charged through his
+ranks with such irresistible impetuosity that nothing seemed
+sufficiently impregnable to arrest its progress. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Scott in the meantime rallied his column, which had been partially
+turned on one flank, and the fort was assailed in almost every quarter
+by the besiegers; an escalade was effected, the enemy driven from the
+ramparts at the point of the bayonet, and the guns of the fort turned
+upon the garrison; all of which preludes to victory had actually been
+gained a few minutes after the first alarm.
+
+The battle raged with a fury seldom equalled. The British troops, in
+pursuance of an order to that effect, having previously divested their
+muskets of the flints, every foot of ground was contested at the point
+of the bayonet, which rendered the carnage more dreadful and appalling.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond (brother of General Drummond), during the
+conflict within the fort, performed extraordinary acts of valour. In the
+hottest of the battle he presented himself, encouraging his men, both by
+example and precept. But at the very moment when victory was declaring
+in favour of the British arms, some ammunition which had been placed
+under the platform ignited, and a dreadful explosion was the result, by
+which the greater part of the British forces, which had entered the
+fort, were literally blown into the air.[222] All exertions of the few
+British troops who survived the explosion were found ineffectual to
+maintain their ground, in the panic of the moment, against such an
+unequal force as the enemy was enabled to bring up against them, and the
+British forces were compelled to retire.
+
+In this assault the loss of the British was severe. Colonels Scott and
+Drummond fell, while storming the works, at the head of their respective
+columns. General Drummond reported the killed, wounded, and missing,
+officers and men, as 904. The missing were reported at nine officers and
+530 men--afterwards ascertained to have been principally killed. The
+American statement of their own loss made it 84 in killed, wounded, and
+missing.
+
+A day or two after this assault, General Drummond was reinforced by the
+arrival of the 6th and 82nd Regiments from Lower Canada; but this
+reinforcement was barely sufficient to supply recent losses. He deemed
+it unadvisable to attempt a second storming of the fort against a force
+twice as numerous as his own; but by continuing the investment, he cut
+off all communication of the enemy with the surrounding country, cooped
+him up in the fort, compelled him to draw his provisions and other
+resources from his own country, and thus rendered his occupation of that
+fort for the remainder of the campaign of no service to the invaders.
+
+At about the expiration of a month, General Brown, having recovered of
+his wounds, again resumed command of the army on the Niagara frontier,
+and brought with him a strong reinforcement, resolving to attempt the
+destruction of the British batteries in front of Fort Erie. Pursuant to
+this determination, General Brown, on the 17th of September, at about
+noon, ordered a sortie of the whole American force, including both
+regulars and militia, in three divisions, under Generals Porter, Miller,
+and Ripley; and before the ready and reserved columns of the British
+could be brought from the camp (about a mile in the rear), the enemy had
+succeeded in penetrating the batteries, destroying the works with one
+magazine of ammunition, and spiking the guns. But ere he could effect
+his retreat, the ready and reserve columns arrived, and immediately
+commenced a determined attack upon his columns, and after about half an
+hour's desperate fighting, notwithstanding his great superiority of
+numbers, he retired before the bayonets of the British line, in great
+precipitation, under the cover of his works, after losing nearly 600 of
+his force.
+
+The incessant rains which had fallen that season rendered it impossible
+for General Drummond to repair his batteries, or, indeed, to keep the
+field, on account of the exposure and increased sickness of the troops;
+he therefore, on the 21st of September, raised the siege and retired
+into winter quarters, in rear of his works at the mouth of the Chippewa.
+
+General Brown affected some inclination to follow on the rear of the
+British army; yet, notwithstanding all the efforts which could possibly
+be exercised by a general were called into contribution by General
+Drummond to bring General Brown into action, it all proved unavailing.
+The American general, "as soon as the coast was clear," having blown up
+the works, evacuated Fort Erie, and retreated across the river into his
+own country.
+
+Thus terminated the campaign of 1814 on the Niagara frontier; and
+whatever might have been the object of the American Government when they
+sent that last army to invade Canada, it is certain that nothing was
+acquired, if we except a fresh proof (if such had been now necessary) of
+the loyalty of the Canadian people to their Sovereign, and their
+unshaken zeal to defend their country from the grip of its enemy, at
+whatever time he might think proper to invade it.[223]
+
+
+PART IV.
+
+REVIEW.
+
+The author cannot better present a summary review of the true principles
+of loyalty, the origin, causes, characteristics, and results of the war
+of 1812-15, together with the conduct of the inhabitants of Canada in
+respect to it, than in the words of an address which he delivered to the
+York Pioneers at Queenston, in July, 1875, on the occasion of the
+anniversary celebration of the battle of Lundy's Lane. The address
+(which was entirely extemporaneous in the delivery) is here reproduced,
+as reported in the newspapers at the time:
+
+
+"CAUSES OF THE WAR DECLARED BY THE UNITED STATES AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN,
+JUNE 18, 1812--CANADIAN DEFENCE--BATTLE OF LUNDY'S LANE, FOUGHT JULY 25,
+1814.
+
+"Address delivered by the Rev. Dr. Ryerson before the York Pioneers and
+other Associations assembled on Queenston Heights, near Brock's
+Monument, met at a pic-nic on Monday, July 26th, 1875, to celebrate the
+battle of Lundy's Lane.
+
+"The Chairman, Colonel R. Denison, called upon Dr. Ryerson, who was
+warmly received.
+
+"After a few preliminary observations, he said that he felt it a great
+privilege to be called on to address a number of those Canadians who had
+laid the foundation of our country, who had given Canada a name that was
+honoured throughout the world, and whose hearts beat responsive to those
+noble principles that made England the glory of all nations, and British
+institutions the honour of mankind. (Loud applause.) He thought the York
+Pioneers might well be called the Canadian Pioneers--the pioneers of
+Canadian industry enterprise, freedom, and civilization. The object of
+the Society in giving an intelligent intensity to those principles that
+constituted the loyalty of the people of Canada, in preserving the
+traditions of the country, and in uniting in one centre the various
+elements of scattered light which were connected with the earliest rays
+of its opening history, were works well worthy of the defenders of the
+liberties of this country. The very foundation of the York Pioneers was
+a spirit of loyalty. What was that loyalty itself? It was no other than
+an attachment to the institutions and laws of the land in which we live,
+and to the history of the nation to which we belong. It was not merely a
+sentiment of respect of the country to an individual, or even to the
+Sovereign. If it gathered round the person of the Sovereign, it was
+because that Sovereign represented the institutions of the people, the
+overshadowing laws of the people, the real and essential freedom, and
+the noblest development of the spirit of the people. Loyalty in its true
+essence and meaning was the principle of respect to our Sovereign, the
+freedom of our institutions, and the excellencies of our civilization,
+and it was therefore a feeling worthy to be perpetuated by the people.
+Shakespeare--that great apostle of human nature--has said:
+
+"'Though _loyalty_, well held, to fools does make
+Our faith mere folly; yet he that can endure
+To follow with allegiance a fallen lord,
+Does conquer him that did his master conquer.'
+
+"Loyalty is, therefore, faithful to its own principles, whether the
+personal object of it is in prosperity or adversity.
+
+"'Loyalty is still the same,
+Whether it win or lose the game;
+True as the dial to the sun,
+Though it be not shone upon.'
+
+"Hence, says Lord Clarendon, of a statesman of his time, 'He had no
+veneration for the Court, but only such loyalty to the King as the law
+required.' True loyalty is, therefore, fidelity to the Constitution,
+laws, and institutions of the land, and, of course, to the sovereign
+power representing them.
+
+"Thus was it with our Loyalist forefathers. There was no class of
+inhabitants of the old British-American Colonies more decided and
+earnest than they in claiming the rights of British subjects when
+invaded; yet when, instead of maintaining the rights of British
+subjects, it was proposed to renounce the allegiance of British subjects
+and destroy the unity of the empire, or 'the life of the nation' (as our
+American neighbours expressed it, in their recent civil war to maintain
+the unity of their republic), then were our forefathers true to their
+loyalty, and adhered to the unity of the empire at the sacrifice of
+property and home, and often of life itself. Of them might be said, what
+Milton says of Abdiel, amid the revolting hosts:
+
+"'Abdiel, faithful found;
+Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified,
+His loyalty he kept.'
+
+"Our United Empire Loyalist forefathers 'kept their loyalty unshaken,
+unseduced, unterrified,' during seven long years of conflicts and
+sufferings; and that loyalty, with a courage and enterprise, and under
+privations and toils unsurpassed in human history, sought a refuge and
+a home in the wilderness of Canada, felled the forests of our country,
+and laid the foundation of its institutions, freedom, and prosperity.
+(Loud applause.)
+
+"Canadian loyalty is the perpetuation of that British national life
+which has constituted the strength and glory of Great Britain since the
+morning of the Protestant Reformation, and placed her at the head of the
+freedom and civilization of mankind. This loyalty maintains the
+characteristic traditions of the nation--the mysterious links of
+connection between grandfather and grandson--traditions of strength and
+glory for a people, and the violations of which are a source of weakness
+and disorganization. Canadian loyalty, therefore, is not a mere
+sentiment, or mere affection for the representative or person of the
+Sovereign; it is a reverence for, and attachment to, the laws, order,
+institutions and freedom of the country. As Christianity is not a mere
+attachment to a bishop, or ecclesiastic, or form of church polity, but a
+deep love of divine truth; so Canadian loyalty is a firm attachment to
+that British Constitution and those British laws, adopted or enacted by
+ourselves, which best secure life, liberty, and prosperity, and which
+prompt us to Christian and patriotic deeds by linking us with all that
+is grand and noble in the traditions of our national history.
+
+"In the war of 1812 to 1815--one of the last and hardest-fought battles
+was that of Lundy's Lane, which we meet this day, on this historic
+ground, to celebrate--both the loyalty and courage of the Canadian
+people were put to the severest test, and both came out of the fiery
+ordeal as refined gold. Nothing could be more disgraceful and
+unprincipled than the Madison (I will not say American) declaration of
+war against Great Britain, which was at that moment employing her utmost
+strength and resources in defence of European nations and the liberties
+of mankind. That scourge of modern Europe--the heartless tyrant, but
+great soldier, Napoleon--had laid prostrate at his feet all the
+Governments of Western and Central Europe, England alone excepted. To
+destroy British power, he issued decrees first at Berlin, in 1806, and
+afterwards at Milan, excluding all British merchandize from French
+ports, and prohibiting the use of British commodities throughout France
+and her dependencies, under severe penalties; searching neutral vessels
+for British goods, and confiscating them when found, with the vessels
+carrying them; interdicting all neutral vessels from trading with any
+British port; declaring all the ports of Great Britain and of her
+dependencies to be in a state of blockade, though at the very moment the
+English fleet commanded the seas. These Napoleon decrees violated the
+laws of nations, and affected the national rights and independence of
+the United States, as well as of the European nations; and had not
+President Madison and his war faction been in league with Napoleon, they
+would have resented it, instead of silently submitting, and thus
+becoming a party to it. In self-defence and retaliation upon the tyrant
+Napoleon, Great Britain, in January, 1807, issued Decrees of Council,
+declaring all French ports in a state of blockade, and declaring all
+vessels of neutrals liable to seizure which should engage in trade with
+France; and as the Napoleon decrees had declared all vessels of any
+nation liable to seizure which had touched at any British port, the
+English Orders of Council, to counteract this decree, declared, on the
+other hand, that only such ships as had touched at a British port should
+be permitted to sail for a port of France. The American President,
+Madison, being in league with the French usurper against Great Britain,
+made no remonstrance against the Napoleon decrees of Berlin and Milan,
+but raised a great outcry against the counter English Orders in Council,
+and made them a pretext for declaring war against Great Britain. But
+President Madison not only thus leagued with Napoleon to destroy British
+commerce, but also to weaken the British army and navy by seducing some
+10,000 British sailors and soldiers to desert on board of American
+vessels, where they were claimed as American citizen sailors.
+
+"England had always claimed the right to search and claim her deserting
+sailors on board foreign vessels, and that right had never been disputed
+by the United States, until now, under the teachings of Napoleon. But
+though there was no occasion for the exercise of such a right in a time
+of general peace, the exercise of it then was a matter vital to the
+existence and strength of the British navy; but, under the promptings of
+Napoleon, President Madison made it not only a subject of loud
+complaint, but also an additional pretext for war. Yet, to keep up some
+appearance of fairness, but in secret intrigue with Napoleon, the
+Madison Administration issued a declaration to open commercial relations
+with either of the belligerent powers that should first rescind the
+prohibitory decrees or orders. In May, 1812, Napoleon rescinded the
+Berlin and Milan decrees so far as concerned the United States, but had
+the unparalleled meanness to antedate them _thirteen_ months, and even
+apply them to 1810, dating them April, 1811, in order to play into the
+hands of his American confederates. Within a month after Napoleon had
+rescinded the Berlin and Milan decrees--June 23rd, 1812--the British
+Government cancelled the Orders in Council so far as related to the
+United States; but five days before that, the 18th of June, President
+Madison declared war against Britain, and then when, six weeks
+afterwards, he was duly informed of the cancelling of these Orders in
+Council, on which he had professed to declare war, he refused to ratify
+an armistice agreed upon between Sir George Prevost and General
+Dearborn, until the British and American Governments could confer with a
+view to prevent any further prosecution of the war. Madison and his
+faction of British haters and war adventurers naturally supposed, that
+as Upper Canada consisted of 70,000 inhabitants, and as the British
+troops were all engaged in the deadly war with France, except guards of
+regular soldiers in the Canadian garrisons, our country would fall an
+easy prey to his ambition; Great Britain would be humbled at the feet of
+Napoleon, and France and the United States would then divide the power
+and commerce of Europe and America. But British and Canadian loyalty,
+patriotism, and courage defeated their dark designs against the
+liberties of mankind. Even the patriotic and intellectual part of the
+American people denounced this unholy intrigue between their own
+President and the bloody ursurper of Europe, and this causeless war
+against Great Britain. The Legislative Assemblies of Massachusetts,
+Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Maryland condemned the war
+policy of President Madison, and some of them declared it to be but a
+party proceeding of the President and his minions to keep themselves in
+power and subsidize their hungry partizans. Only a small majority of
+Congress approved the declaration of war. A convention of the great
+State of New York, held at Albany, September, 1812, consisting of
+delegates from the several counties of the State, embodied, in
+elaborate resolutions, the intelligent American sentiment on the subject
+of the war. That convention declared: 'That, without insisting on the
+injustice of the present war, taking solely into consideration the time
+and circumstances of its declaration, the condition of the country, and
+the state of the public mind, we are constrained to consider and feel it
+our duty to pronounce it a most rash, unwise and inexpedient measure,
+the adoption of which ought forever to deprive its authors of the esteem
+and confidence of an enlightened people; because, as the injuries we
+have received from France are at least equal in amount to those we have
+sustained from England, and have been attended with circumstances of
+still greater insult and aggravation; if war were necessary to vindicate
+the honour of the country, consistency and impartiality required that
+both nations should have been included in the declaration; because, if
+it were deemed expedient to exercise our right of selecting our
+adversary, prudence and common sense dictated the choice of an enemy
+from whose hostility we had nothing to dread. A war with France would
+equally have satisfied our insulted honour, and, at the same time,
+instead of annihilating, would have revived and extended our commerce;
+and even the evils of such a contest would have been mitigated by the
+sublime consolation, that by our efforts we were contributing to arrest
+the progress of despotism in Europe, and effectually serving the great
+interests of freedom and humanity throughout the world.' 'That we
+contemplate with abhorrence, even the probability of an alliance with
+the present Emperor of France, every action of whose life has
+demonstrated, that the attainment, by any means, of universal empire,
+and the consequent extinction of every vestige of freedom, are the sole
+objects of his incessant, unbounded and remorseless ambition.' 'Whereas
+the late revocation of the British Orders in Council has removed the
+great and ostensible cause of the present war, and prepared the way for
+an immediate accommodation of all existing differences, inasmuch as, by
+the confession of the present Secretary of State, satisfactory and
+honourable arrangements might easily be made, by which the abuse
+resulting from the impressment of our seamen might, in future, be
+effectually prevented.'
+
+"Such were the sentiments of the most intelligent and patriotic
+American citizens in regard to the war of 1812-15; they had no more
+sympathy with the Madison-Napoleon war than with the recent Fenian
+invasion of our shores. And when the war was declared, our fathers knew
+their duty, and knew the worthlessness of the pompous proclamations and
+promises of President Madison's generals and agents. The blood of our
+United Empire Loyalist forefathers warmed again in their own bosoms, and
+pulsated in the hearts of their sons and grandsons, and in the hearts of
+hundreds of others who had adopted Canada, under the flag of British law
+and liberty, as their home. Our Legislative Assembly--specially called
+together by General Brock, on the declaration of war--struck the keynote
+for Canadian loyalty, sacrifice and action, in a calm, expository and
+earnest address to the people of Upper Canada, and truly represented the
+already roused spirit of the country. Some of the words of that noble
+address are as follows:
+
+"'This war, on the part of the United States, includes an alliance with
+the French usurper, whose dreadful policy has destroyed all that is
+great and grand, venerable and holy, on the continent of Europe. The
+government of this bloody tyrant penetrates into everything--it crushes
+individuals as well as nations, fetters thoughts as well as motives, and
+delights in destroying forever all that is fair and just in opinion and
+sentiment. It is evidently this tyrant who now directs the rulers of
+America, and they show themselves worthy disciples of such a master.'
+
+"After noting the juncture selected for declaring war, the address
+proceeds: 'It is certainly not the least wonderful among the occurrences
+of this astonishing age, that we should find a nation descended from
+Englishmen, connected still by the same language and laws, by
+consanguinity and many similar habits, not merely eulogizing the
+implacable enemy of their parent state, but joining him in the war;
+while pretending to nourish the purest principles of liberty, bowing the
+knee before the foe of all just and rational freedom, and supplicating
+his acceptance of tribute and adulation.' After sketching the origin and
+sustained loyalty of the first inhabitants of the country, the Assembly
+said: 'Already have we the joy to remark, that the spirit of loyalty has
+burst forth in all its ancient splendour. The militia in all parts of
+the Province have volunteered their services with acclamation, and
+displayed a degree of energy worthy of the British name. When men are
+called upon to defend everything they hold precious, their wives and
+children, their friends and possessions, they ought to be inspired with
+the noblest resolutions, and they will not be easily frightened by
+menaces, or conquered by force. And beholding, as we do, the flame of
+patriotism burning from end to end of the Canadas, we cannot but
+entertain the most pleasing anticipations. Our enemies have indeed said,
+that they can subdue this country by a proclamation; but it is our part
+to prove that they are sadly mistaken.' 'If the real foundations of true
+liberty, and consequently of solid happiness, consist in being amenable
+only to such laws as we or our representatives ordain, then are we in
+possession of that liberty and that happiness, for this principle was
+fully recognized in our excellent constitution.' 'It is not necessary
+for us to examine the causes alleged by our enemies for this unjust and
+unnatural war, because an address from the House of Representatives of
+Massachusetts, the most respectable in the Union, proves in the most
+satisfactory manner, that it is wanton and unprovoked, and is the climax
+of the various outrages previously committed against Great Britain. In
+this statement they have been joined by the minority in Congress, whose
+expositions of the secret reasons of the war, and the falsehood of those
+alleged by the President and his friends, is unanswerable, and must hand
+down the promoters of this diabolical measure to the execration of
+posterity.' 'Your representatives finished their labours with placing in
+the hands of His Honour the President (Sir Isaac Brock), all the public
+money they could collect, in order to contribute as much as possible to
+the extraordinary expenses which the war renders necessary, and they
+have the fullest confidence that it will be most faithfully applied.
+Having thus endeavoured, to the best of their abilities, to provide for
+the welfare and safety of the Province, your representatives take the
+liberty of reminding you that the best laws are useless without the
+zealous co-operation of the people. Unless you are prepared to endure
+the greatest privations and to make the severest sacrifices, all that
+your representatives have done will be of no avail. Be ready, then, at
+all times to rally round the Royal Standard, and let those who are not
+called into the service assist the families of those who are called into
+the field.' 'Remember, when you go forth to the combat, that you fight
+not for yourselves alone, but for the whole world. You are defeating the
+most formidable conspiracy against the civilization of man that ever was
+contrived; a conspiracy threatening a greater barbarism and misery than
+followed the downfall of the Roman Empire--that now you have an
+opportunity of proving your attachment to the parent State which
+contends for the relief of the oppressed nations--the last pillar of
+true liberty, and the last refuge of oppressed humanity.'
+
+"Such were the views and spirit with which the 70,000 people of Upper
+Canada, and their score of parliamentary representatives, engaged in the
+unequal struggle against myriads of invaders--relying simply upon their
+principles, their duty, and their God; and, in three months after the
+declaration of war, they had, with the aid of a few hundred regular
+soldiers and noble officers, driven back three invading armies,
+capturing Hull and the territory of Michigan, driving the invaders
+commanded by General Van Rensellaer down Queenston Heights, taking
+hundreds of prisoners, driving 'proclamation' General Smyth, with his
+8,000, from the Canadian side of the Niagara river, near Fort Erie, so
+that he had to run away and retire from the army to escape popular
+indignation and disgrace. It is not for me to dwell upon the incidents
+and progress of the war; raids were made into our country, many battles
+were fought, and much property destroyed and much suffering inflicted;
+but those raids were severely retaliated, and at the end of three years
+not a foot of Canadian territory was in possession of the invader, while
+the key of the North-west, Fort Mackinaw, was in the hands of the
+British.
+
+"Of all the battles fought during the war, the most sanguinary and
+obstinate was that of Lundy's Lane--the battle, the anniversary of which
+we are this day assembled to commemorate--the battle fought the last few
+months of the war, the 25th of July, 1814. It was the most formidable
+and final effort of the American General Brown to get permanent footing
+in Canada. The smallest number of American soldiers engaged in the
+battle, according to General Brown's report, was upwards of 5,000; and
+the largest number of British soldiers and Canadian militia engaged,
+according to the British General Drummond's report, was 2,800, although
+the greater part of the battle was fought with a force not exceeding
+1,600. I shall not attempt to describe the order, or narrate the
+incidents of the battle; I will only say, that the high ground, near the
+east end of Lundy's Lane, was the centre of interest, and the position
+contended for by both parties in deadly strife for several hours. In no
+battle during the war did the Americans fight with such heroism and
+obstinacy; and in no battle was the courage, steadiness and perseverance
+of the British soldiers and Canadian volunteers put to so severe a test.
+The enemy was drawn up in order of battle within 600 yards of the
+coveted eminence, when General Drummond arrived on the ground, and he
+had barely time to plant his artillery on the brow of the hill, when the
+enemy concentrated all his power and efforts to obtain the key of the
+battle-field. An eye-witness says: 'Columns of the enemy, not unlike the
+surge of the adjacent cataract, rushed to the charge in close and
+impetuous succession.' The curtain of night soon enveloped the scene,
+now drenched with blood; but the darkness seemed to intensify the fury
+of the combatants, and the rage of the battle increased as the night
+advanced. An eye-witness truly observes, that 'nothing could have been
+more awful than this midnight contest. The desperate charges of the
+enemy were succeeded by a dead silence, interrupted only by the groans
+of the dying, and the dull sounds of the stupendous Falls of Niagara,
+while the adverse lines were now and then dimly discerned through the
+moonlight, by the dismal gleam of their arms. These anxious pauses were
+succeeded by a blaze of musketry along the lines, and by a repetition of
+the most desperate charges from the enemy, which the British received
+with the most unshaken firmness.' General Drummond, in his official
+report of the battle, says:--'In so determined a manner were these
+attacks directed against our guns, that our artillerymen were bayoneted
+by the enemy in the act of loading, and the muzzles of the enemy's guns
+were advanced within a few yards of ours. The darkness of the night,
+during this extraordinary conflict, occasioned several uncommon
+incidents; our troops having, for a moment, been pushed back, some of
+our guns remained for a few minutes in the enemy's hands; they were,
+however, not only quickly recovered, but the two pieces, a six-pounder
+and a five-and-a-half-inch howitzer, which the enemy had brought up,
+were captured by us, together with several tumbrils. About nine o'clock
+(the action having commenced at six) there was a short intermission of
+firing, during which it appears the enemy was employed in bringing up
+the whole of his remaining force; and he shortly afterwards renewed the
+attack with fresh troops, but was everywhere repelled with equal
+gallantry and success. The enemy's efforts to carry the hill were
+continued until about midnight, when he had suffered so severely from
+the superior steadiness and discipline of his Majesty's troops, that he
+gave up the contest, and retreated with great precipitation to his camp
+beyond the Chippewa. On the following day he abandoned his camp, threw
+the greatest part of his baggage, camp equipage and provisions into the
+Rapids; and having set fire to Street's Mills, and destroyed the bridge
+at Chippewa, he continued his retreat in great disorder towards Fort
+Erie.'
+
+"In this bloody battle, the Canadian militia fought side by side with
+the regular soldiers; and General Drummond said, 'the bravery of the
+militia on this occasion could not have been excelled by the most
+resolute veterans.'
+
+"Such was the loyalty of our grandfathers and fathers, and such their
+self-devotion and courage in the darkest hour of our country's dangers
+and sufferings, and though few in number in comparison of their
+invaders, they had
+
+"'Hearts resolved and hands prepared
+The blessings they enjoyed to guard.'
+
+"There was doubtless as much true courage among the descendants of Great
+Britain and Ireland in the United States as in Canada; but the former
+fought for the oppressor of Europe, the latter fought for the freedom of
+Europe; the former fought to prostrate Great Britain in her death
+struggle for the liberties of mankind, and to build up the United States
+upon her ruin, the latter fought in the glorious cause of the mother
+country, and to maintain our own unity with her; the former fought for
+the conquest of Canada, the latter fought in her defence; the fire that
+kindled the military ardour of the former was the blown-up embers of old
+enmities against Great Britain, the gross misrepresentations of
+President Madison, the ambition of adventure, and the lust of booty--the
+fire that burned in the hearts of the latter, and animated them to
+deeds of death or freedom, was the sacred love of hearth and home, the
+patriotic love of liberty, and that hallowed principle of loyalty to
+truth, and law, and liberty combined, which have constituted the life,
+and development, and traditions, and strength, and unity, and glory of
+British institutions, and of the British nation, from the resurrection
+morn of the Protestant Reformation to the present day. A great writer
+has truly observed: 'The most inviolable attachment to the laws of our
+country is everywhere acknowledged a capital virtue;' and that virtue
+has been nobly illustrated in the history of our United Empire Loyalist
+forefathers, and of their descendants in Canada, and it grows with the
+growth and increases with the strength of our country.
+
+"I have said that loyalty, like Christianity itself, is an attachment to
+principles and duties emanating from them, irrespective of rulers or
+teachers; but if the qualities of our chief rulers were necessary to
+give intensity to Canadian loyalty, those qualities we have in the
+highest degree in our Sovereign and in her representative in Canada; for
+never was a British Sovereign more worthy of our highest respect and
+warmest affection than our glorious Queen Victoria--(loud cheers)--and
+never was a British Sovereign more nobly represented in Canada than by
+the patriotic, the learned, and the eloquent Lord Dufferin. (Loud
+cheers.) And at no period were we more free or prosperous than now. The
+feelings of his (the speaker's) heart went far beyond anything that his
+tongue could express, and the language of his heart that day was, might
+loyalty ever be the characteristic trait of the people of Canada, might
+freedom ever be our possession, and might we ever have cause and heart
+to say 'God save the Queen!'" (Loud cheering.)
+
+_Note_ by the Author.--The Administration of President Madison, and his
+Declaration of War against Great Britain, are dark spots in the
+brilliant history of the United States of America, and the American
+narratives of the war are rather fiction than history--compiled largely
+from letters of officers and soldiers, who, in writing to their friends,
+sought to magnify their own heroism, even when suffering disgraceful
+defeats, and sometimes claiming victory when they were driven from the
+field. The usual tales on these occasions were that the Canadian forces
+were vastly superior in numbers and equipments, when it was known that
+the American armies were ten to one in numbers to those of Canada, and
+their invading forces were declared, by themselves, to be irresistible
+in strength and equipments.
+
+The American account of the battle of Lundy's Lane is an example, and is
+repeated with exaggerations in the latest and most popular history of
+the war, namely, Lossing's Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812, page
+1084. Lossing says:
+
+"The number of troops engaged in the battle of Niagara Falls was little
+over 7,000, the British having about 4,500, and the Americans a little
+less than 2,600." (p. 824.)
+
+The very reverse of this was the fact, as quoted in the foregoing
+extract from the official report of General Drummond. When the American
+invading army consisted of 10,000 men, it is absurd to suppose that all
+but 2,600 would remain on the American side of the river, and the
+American historian states that every available soldier on the British
+side of the river was engaged in the battle.
+
+Lossing likewise claims the battle for the Americans "because they drove
+the enemy from the field and captured his cannon" (p. 824). It is not
+true that the British were driven from the field at all; they were once
+pushed back for a few minutes, and their cannon were for a few moments
+in the hands of the Americans, who, however, were forthwith driven back,
+the cannon retaken, with two pieces left by the Americans. And how could
+there possibly be any American victory, when Lossing himself admits that
+the American army retired from the field during the night to Chippewa
+(p. 823), with the intention of returning next morning to bring off the
+cannon and other booty. Is it the characteristic of a victorious army to
+leave the conquered field and retire two miles from it? Lossing also
+admits that the Americans did not return to the battle-field next
+morning, but burnt the bridge which separated the British army from
+them, and retreated up the Niagara river. Is this the conduct of a
+conquering army, to flee from the enemy whom he pretends to have
+conquered? Mr. Lossing's admissions of details contradict the pretence
+of American victory at Lundy's Lane, and prove American defeat.
+
+It is by such fictions of victories where there were defeats,
+interspersed with fictitious incidents of individual heroism, that
+American vanity is fed, and American children taught in the schools what
+is purely apocryphal for history in regard to Great Britain and Canada.
+
+But it is gratifying to observe a greatly improved feeling in the
+educated American mind towards Great Britain, and even the causes of the
+American Revolution, which were magnified in the American Declaration of
+Independence, and which have been exaggerated in every possible way in
+American histories and Fourth of July orations, are very much modified
+in the productions of well-instructed and candid American writers and
+public speakers. We observe on a late occasion in England, at the
+Wesleyan Conference, Bishop Simpson, the Massillon of American pulpit
+orators, said, "The triumph of America was England's triumph. Their
+object was the same, and they were engaged in the same work. There were
+more Englishmen who would go to America, than Americans who would come
+to England (laughter), and while they in England had the wealth, the
+power, and the elements of usefulness, they were bound to use it in the
+interests of religion."
+
+On the same occasion, the Rev. Dr. Curry, editor of the New York
+_Christian Advocate_, the most widely circulated religious paper in
+America, uttered the following noble sentiments:
+
+"He was proud," he said, "of England (as the Fatherland of his), and, as
+he had now gone up and down through that island, and had witnessed its
+signs of substantial wealth, and of social order, he felt that both the
+public institutions of the Government and the private virtues of the
+people were of the most valuable. He did not wonder that Englishmen were
+warmly attached to their own country, and he would say that were he not
+an American he should wish to be an Englishman. He rejoiced, too, that
+there now exists the most cordial good feeling between the two
+countries, and trusted that this would never be interrupted. They had
+very many interests in common, and should stand together in support of
+them."
+
+On the last Fourth of July, the Rev. Dr. Newman, pastor of President
+Grant, who has finished a tour of the world, having been appointed to
+examine and report upon all the American Consulships of the globe,
+delivered a remarkable discourse on the progress of the nation, and also
+of the enlightened ideas and liberal institutions in Europe. In an
+allusion to the American Revolution, Dr. Newman says:
+
+"Our forefathers were not slaves; they were English subjects--English
+freemen, and we misrepresent them and the struggle through which they
+fought, if we look upon them as bound with manacles. They had an
+appreciation of what belonged to an English subject. And because the
+mother country refused representation where she imposed taxation,
+therefore those forefathers arose in their English manhood, protested
+against the abuse of governmental power, and asserted that where there
+is taxation, there should be representation; and had Patrick Henry been
+admitted into the British Parliament to represent her American colonies,
+the United States of America to-day would have been the grandest portion
+of the empire of Great Britain."
+
+In the same discourse the orator said:
+
+"Behold England of to-day, in her rule at home, as well as in her policy
+towards her colonies, pressing upon her colonial possessions practical
+independence. She demands that they shall be so far free as to legislate
+for themselves, and pay their own expenses. England is now gathering
+together her representatives from Africa, and proposes under her benign
+sway to form a republican government for long-despised and down-trodden
+Africa. Whatever may be said of the Old East India Company under British
+protection, let me say, from personal observation, that from the eternal
+snows of the Himalayas to the spicy groves of Ceylon, India of to-day
+has a wise and paternal government given her by Christian England."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 221: Thompson's History of the War of 1812, Chap. xxx.]
+
+[Footnote 222: As in the storming of the fort at York, the explosion
+which took place was and is a matter of dispute, and as to whether the
+explosion was accidental, or caused by the British; so it is a matter of
+unsettled dispute as to whether the explosion of Fort Erie was caused by
+the Americans, or was accidental. General Pike was killed in the
+explosion which took place in the fort at York, and Colonels Drummond
+and Scott were killed at the explosion of Fort Erie: many of the British
+and Canadians were killed in the explosion in the fort at York, but none
+of the Americans were killed at the explosion in Fort Erie.]
+
+[Footnote 223: The greater part of the foregoing accounts of the
+campaign of 1814 are extracted and condensed from Thompson's and
+Christie's Histories of the War of 1812, compared with other histories
+of the same events.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LIX.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS DOCUMENTS AND PAPERS, EXTRACTED FROM MANUSCRIPTS
+RESPECTING THE U.E. LOYALISTS IN THE DOMINION LIBRARY AT OTTAWA.
+
+
+"CHARACTER OF THE MILITIA." ETC., ETC.
+
+I. "Amongst the first settlers on the frontier of Upper Canada were
+those faithful and loyal men, the United Empire Loyalists, with the Six
+Nations of Indians, who, at the sacrifice of their all, were steadfast
+to the British Crown during the revolutionary struggle of the old
+British colonies, now the United States, for independence, and other
+United States citizens who had adopted Canada as a home for themselves
+and their children. That struggle ended by the treaty of 1783.
+
+"Those faithful men, the U.E. Loyalists and their associates, sought an
+asylum under Britain's Crown in this, the then wilderness of Canada,
+which now stands as one of the most flourishing provinces of our beloved
+Sovereign. In that then wilderness the flag of England was unfurled, and
+after the lapse of one century, and on the commencement of another, that
+flag floats triumphantly over this loyal Canadian land. Those first
+settlers were our first militiamen, under our first and venerated
+Governor, Sir John Graves Simcoe, in the year 1791.
+
+"The descendants of those faithful men, with some soldiers and sailors
+and others, the sons of Britain who had adopted Canada, were our first
+militiamen in the war of 1812; and those who are left of them are
+therefore the veteran soldiers of 1812. The war was declared by the
+United States Government against Great Britain, June 18th,
+1812--involving Imperial interests alone, and not those of the
+colonies.[224] This declaration of war against Britain was the signal
+for the loyal inhabitants of Canada to rush _en masse_ to the frontier
+of their country to repel invasion. In this momentous crisis we met our
+beloved Governor and Commander-in-Chief, the late Major-General Sir
+Isaac Brock, on the Niagara frontier, whose monument stands on the
+battle ground of Queenston Heights. That monument stands in remembrance
+of him who sacrificed his valuable life in duty to his King and in
+defence of our Canadian homes; in memory of him who caused the youthful
+part of the Militia of Upper Canada to be embodied in the Militia Flank
+Companies, to be trained for actual service in their country's defence;
+in remembrance of him in whom their entire confidence was placed--for
+where he led they were sure to follow."
+
+II. The invasions of Canada by the Americans during the war were as
+follows:
+
+                                              Men.
+
+1. General Hull, at Sandwich                  3,000
+
+2. General Van Rensellaer, at Queenston       2,000
+
+3. General Smyth, at Fort Erie                3,000
+
+4. General Pike, Toronto                      2,500
+
+5. General Dearborn, Fort George              3,000
+
+6. General Winchester, Chrystler's Farm,
+      for Montreal                            3,000
+
+7. General Hampton, Chateauguay river, L.C.,
+      for Montreal                            8,000
+
+8. General Brown, Fort Erie                   5,000
+
+9. General Brown, Lundy's Lane                5,000
+
+10. General Izzard, Fort Erie                 8,000
+
+11. General Wilkinson, Lacolle Mills, L.C.    2,500
+
+Total number of invaders                     45,000
+
+The foregoing is an aggregate of the United States forces employed in
+the attempt to invade and take Canada, when they desired peace; and
+when peace was proclaimed, they did not find themselves in possession of
+an inch of Canadian territory.
+
+"Thus it may be said as the opinion of all, that if the loyal
+inhabitants of Canada had not, in those days of trial and privation,
+stood to their arms under General Brock and other generals, Canada might
+not at this day be a continued appendage of the British Crown. In
+corroboration of this opinion, I here insert General Brock's answer to
+an address of the magistrates at Niagara after Hull's surrender of
+Detroit. General Brock said--
+
+"That had not Western Canada rose in their might as one man, in defence
+of their rights, and in support of the constitution of Great Britain,
+his hands would have been as if tied, being without the aid of the
+regular British troops, who were all then engaged in the European war.
+
+"Truly extracted from my book,
+
+"JOHN CLARKE,
+"Captain-Adjutant-General of Militia, 1812, '13, '14."
+
+Colonel Clarke says of himself: "I was placed on duty by General Brock
+from the commencement of the war of 1812, as Lieutenant and Adjutant of
+the 4th Lincoln flank companies. In March I was promoted to the rank of
+Captain-Assistant-Adjutant-General of Militia by General Sir Roger H.
+Sheaffe, Administrator of the Government of Upper Canada; which place I
+retained until the peace of 1815."--"I served throughout the rebellion
+of 1837 and 1838--being invested with the command of an organized
+regiment of militia, the First Frontier Light Infantry."
+
+Colonel Clarke's recollections and reminiscences are in every respect
+reliable, and are very valuable, extending to nearly 300 manuscript
+quarto pages, in the Parliamentary Library at Ottawa (entitled "U.E.
+Loyalists"). His own contributions are entitled, "Memoirs of Colonel
+John Clarke, of Port Dalhousie, C.W.; born in Canada in 1783: giving an
+account of the family's early arrival in the country in 1768; the
+progress of the settlers; the arrival of Governor Simcoe, his
+improvements and government; settlement of the Indians; the war of
+1812--full particulars; the rebellion of 1837; the Welland Canal, and
+various other things connected with the progressive growth of Upper
+Canada."
+
+
+TREATMENT OF CANADIANS BY THE AMERICANS WHO INVADED CANADA.
+
+"In 1812 General Hull invaded the British province of Upper Canada, and
+took possession of the town of Sandwich. He threatened (by proclamation)
+to exterminate the inhabitants if they made any resistance. He plundered
+those with whom he had been on habits of intimacy for years before the
+war. Their plate and linen were found in his possession after his
+surrender to General Brock. He marked out the loyal subjects of the King
+as objects of his peculiar resentment, and consigned their property to
+pillage and conflagration.
+
+"In the autumn of 1812, several houses and barns were burnt by the
+American forces near Fort Erie, Upper Canada.
+
+"In 1813--April--the public buildings of York, the capital of Upper
+Canada, were burnt by the troops of the United States, contrary to the
+articles of capitulation. These public buildings consisted of two
+elegant halls, with convenient offices for the accommodation of the
+Legislature and the Courts of Justice. The library and all the papers
+and records belonging to these institutions were consumed at the same
+time. The Church was robbed, and the town library perfectly pillaged.
+Commodore Chauncey, who has generally behaved honourably, was so ashamed
+of this last transaction, that he endeavoured to collect the books
+belonging to the town and legislative library, and actually sent back
+two boxes filled with them; but hardly any were complete. Much private
+property was plundered, and several houses left in a state of ruin.
+
+"In June, 1813, Newark, Niagara, came into possession of the army of the
+United States, and its inhabitants were repeatedly promised protection
+to themselves and property by Generals Dearborn and Boyd. In the midst
+of these professions, the most respectable of them, although
+non-combatants, were made prisoners and sent to the United States.
+
+"Two churches were burnt to the ground. Detachments were sent under the
+direction of British traitors [of whom the traitor deserter Wilcox was
+the leader] to pillage the loyal inhabitants in the neighbourhood. Many
+farm-houses were burnt during the summer; and, at length, to fill up the
+measure of iniquity, the whole beautiful town of Newark, with a short
+previous intimation--so short as to amount to none, and in an intense
+cold day of the 10th of December--was consigned to the flames.
+
+"The wretched inhabitants had scarcely time to save themselves, much
+less any of their property. More than 400 women and children were
+exposed without shelter, on the night of December the 10th, to the
+inclement cold of a Canadian winter. A great number must have perished,
+had not the flight of the American troops, after perpetrating their
+unfeeling act, enabled the inhabitants of the country to come to their
+relief.
+
+"President Madison has attempted to justify this cruel act as necessary
+for the defence of Fort George. Nothing can be more false. The town was
+some distance from the fort; and instead of thinking to defend it,
+General McClure was actually retreating to his own shore when he caused
+Newark (Niagara) to be burnt. This officer says that he acted in
+conformity with the orders of his Government.
+
+"The American Government, finding their defence useless, disavow the
+conduct of McClure, who appears to have been a fit agent for such a
+Government. He not only complied with his instructions; but he refined
+upon them, by choosing a day of intense severity, giving the inhabitants
+almost no warning until the fire began, and the conflagration in the
+night."
+
+(The above facts relating to the burning, etc., are extracted from the
+proceedings of the Loyal Patriotic Society of Upper Canada, established
+at York for the relief of sufferers in the war; and of which Chief
+Justice Scott was President.)
+
+_The Royal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada_ was established at
+Toronto, extended its branches to different parts of the Province,
+existed from 1812 to 1815, and did a great deal for the relief of
+sufferers by the war. On the destruction of the town of Niagara, large
+subscriptions were obtained and distributed for the relief of the
+sufferers. The following are extracts from its recorded proceedings:
+
+"The inhabitants came forward in the most noble manner, as well as the
+gallant officers of his Majesty's troops.
+
+Major-General Sheaffe          L200
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Bishop       100
+
+with a vast number of liberal subscriptions, according to the means of
+the donors: so that in a short time upwards of L2,000 was raised to
+commence with.
+
+City of Kingston sent          L500
+
+Amherstburg      "              300
+
+City of Montreal "            3,000
+
+Quebec           "            1,500
+
+"The amount raised in the first year was L10,000.
+
+"Eight hundred and sixty-four (864) families were relieved from
+starvation by this timely aid.
+
+"The following summer a large meeting was held in London (England), at
+which the Duke of Kent, who had visited Canada twenty years before,
+presided. By his influence a very large sum was subscribed. The Bank of
+England graced the list with L1,000. This effort produced another
+L10,000.
+
+Kingston in Jamaica sent       L2,000
+
+Nova Scotia         "           2,500
+
+"Indeed, the liberality evinced in all quarters was of the greatest
+service to the sufferers, and gladdened many bowed down by sorrow and
+indigence."
+
+The whole of these interesting particulars may be seen in the
+Transactions of the Society, published in Toronto, 1814.
+
+It may be interesting to the reader if I subjoin the address of the
+President, explanatory of the origin, character, and objects of this
+noble Society, the former existence of which is now scarcely known:
+
+
+"AN ADDRESS
+
+"_Copied from the Proceedings of the Loyal Patriotic Society of Upper
+Canada, who, by their funds, relieved much real distress to families in
+the war of 1812, '13, '14._
+
+"Gentlemen,--In the unprovoked war waged against us by the American
+Government, Providence hath evidently smiled on the justice of our
+cause.
+
+"But our exertions have been attended with many privations and
+sacrifices hard to be borne, and should hostilities continue many more
+will be required.
+
+"In order to mitigate some of these, the inhabitants of York came
+forward to contribute toward the comforts of the flank companies; and a
+large sum of money was raised for that purpose, of which the greater
+part is expended.
+
+"But, on reflection, it appeared that something more might be done of a
+permanent nature, and that portion of the inhabitants who are not liable
+to military duty, eager to prove that their zeal in the cause is not
+inferior to that of those in actual service, formed themselves into a
+Society, named '_The Loyal Patriotic Society of Upper Canada_,' for the
+following distinct purposes:
+
+"1st. To afford aid and relief to such families of the militia, in all
+parts of the Province, as shall be made to appear to experience
+particular distress, in consequence of the death or absence of some of
+their friends and relations.
+
+"2nd. To afford like aid and relief to such militiamen as have been or
+shall be disabled from labour by their wounds or otherwise in course of
+the service aforesaid.
+
+"3rd. To reward merit, excite and commemorate glorious events, by
+bestowing medals or other honorary marks of public approbation or
+distinction for extraordinary instances of personal courage or fidelity
+in defence of the Province by individuals, either of his Majesty's
+regular troops or militia forces.
+
+"4th. Also the seamen on the lakes.
+
+"This Society, so honourable in its nature, and which we hope will prove
+most important in its consequences, was first suggested by the
+Honourable Mr. Selby, and was received with acclamation.
+
+"In a public meeting of the gentlemen of York and its vicinity, the
+Chief explained the great advantages likely to result from it, if
+generally supported; and, assisted by his most respectable colleagues,
+prepared views for its management. To these the meeting gave their
+cordial assent, and in a few minutes nearly $2,000 per annum was
+subscribed. There are some who have given during the continuance of the
+war one-tenth of their income.
+
+"General Sheaffe, in a letter to the Chief Justice, our chairman, not
+only extols, in earnest language, the objects of the Society, but, far
+exceeding our expectations, presents us with L200. Colonel Bishop, a
+stranger [who was afterwards mortally wounded at Black Rock], and not
+an inhabitant of the Province, with a liberality above all praise,
+subscribes L100.
+
+"Now, gentlemen, our object in addressing you is to procure your
+co-operation. Foremost in deeds of warlike glory, we desire that you
+should become sharers in the work of benevolence.
+
+"Let your contributions be as small as you please--a halfpenny, a
+farthing per day--anything to show your good-will.
+
+"It is not the value of what you give; it is your countenance that we
+mainly desire.
+
+"We know that your means are narrow, but your example is inestimable;
+and we shall be proud of having you for our companions and supporters in
+mitigating the distress incident to the war.
+
+"And when it is heard that the York Volunteers and their comrades, among
+the first in danger, have patronized this Society, the militia of other
+districts will be anxious to emulate the military glory of the
+conquerors of Detroit and Queenston, and will hasten to emulate you in
+contributing to the support of our benevolent design.
+
+"Those that join will intimate to the captains what they are willing to
+give, while they are in active service, that it may be paid over monthly
+to the treasurer.
+
+"And they will remember that they are soothing the sick and the wounded
+in war, protecting aged parents and helpless children, and doing all
+they can to comfort those whom they love and revere, who suffer during
+the horrors of war."
+
+(Signed)  CHIEF JUSTICE SCOTT,
+_President_.
+
+ALEX. WOOD,
+_Secretary_.
+
+The above excellent address is understood to have been written by the
+late Dr. Strachan, first Bishop of the Church of England of Toronto, and
+who acted the part of a true, a bold, and generous patriot during the
+war of 1812-15.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 224: Yet while the American Government professed to declare a
+_defensive_ war--a war in defence of their rights at sea--the first act
+was _the invasion of Canada_, for which they had been collecting men and
+arms for several months before the declaration of the war; and thus the
+first acts of the Canadians were to provide for the defence of their
+country and their homes against the American invasions. The facts show
+that the real object of the American Government was to take Canada, and
+their invaded rights at sea was a mere pretext.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LX.
+
+CLOSE OF THE WAR AND OF THE HISTORY OF THE U.E. LOYALISTS--DEFEAT AND
+DISGRACE OF THE DEMOCRATIC INVADERS OF CANADA--HONOUR AND SUCCESS OF ITS
+DEFENDERS--COMPARATIVE STATE OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA AT THE
+CLOSE OF THE WAR--MUTUAL RESPECT AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN AMERICANS AND
+CANADIANS--CONCLUDING REMARKS.
+
+
+Thus closed the war of the United States against Great Britain, in
+1812-15--a war undertaken at the prompting of the scourge of Europe,
+Napoleon, but upon pretexts which were never so much as mentioned, much
+less reiterated, by the United States Commissioners when peace was
+proposed between Great Britain and America in 1815--a war in which the
+democratic rulers of the United States suffered both defeat and
+disgrace, while the loyal inhabitants of Canada maintained inviolate
+their honour and independence.
+
+With the close of that war terminates the history of the United Empire
+Loyalists of Canada as a distinct and controlling class of the
+inhabitants; for their numbers had become so reduced by the ravages of
+time and war, and other classes of immigrants had become so numerous,
+between whom and the families of old Loyalists so many intermarriages
+had taken and were taking place, that the latter became merged in the
+mass of the population; and therefore my history of them as a distinct
+class comes to an end. All classes were Loyalists, and all had fought as
+one man in defence of their country during the recent war, although all
+had not fought for the life of the nation and the unity of the empire
+from 1776 to 1783, or been driven from their homes to Canada, to become
+the fathers of the inhabitants and founders of the institutions of our
+country. It would be out of place, and at variance with the title of my
+book, did I proceed to narrate and discuss the history of Upper Canada
+after the close of the war; but I may properly conclude my work by
+referring to a few facts leading to and arising out of the war, and the
+state of our country at its close.
+
+The democratic party in the United States, which had confiscated the
+property of our forefathers, and exiled them from their homes, and
+compelled them to seek a home in the wilderness of Canada, had followed
+them with their enmities into their new place of refuge, and, by their
+emissaries, in conjunction with those of the French revolutionists,
+sought to insinuate a disturbing element into Canadian peace and safety
+from the commencement of the bloody French revolution to 1812, when it
+culminated, under the promptings of Napoleon and his obsequious tools,
+in the war of 1812-15, with a view to wrest Canada from Great Britain,
+and to divide the commerce of Europe between France and the United
+States. But how vain are the devices of men against the laws of God and
+of human society! The Gideon hundreds of loyal Canadians repelled and
+scattered, for more than two years, the Midian and Amalekite thousands
+of democratic invaders, until Great Britain, having chained the
+marauding tiger of Europe to the rock of St. Helena, despatched her
+thousands of soldiers to the aid of Canada, and sent her fleets across
+the Atlantic--sweeping the American coasts from Maine to Georgia--taking
+and burning their capital in retaliation for the American raid upon the
+capital of Upper Canada, and soon compelling the heretofore boasting
+Madison partizans to seek for peace without even the mention of their
+alleged causes of war with England. If the American armies were defeated
+and driven back in their repeated invasions of Canada, their commerce
+and commercial men suffered not less before the end of the war. Their
+annual exports declined, between 1811 and 1814, from L22,000,000
+sterling to L1,500,000; their vessels to the number of 3,000 were
+captured; two-thirds of their commercial class were reduced to
+bankruptcy; an immense war tax was incurred; many thousands of lives had
+been sacrificed, and the Union itself imperilled by the threatened
+secession of the New England States.
+
+On the other hand, Canada had felt deeply the calamities of war, it
+being the seat of the conflict, a large portion of its revenue and
+inhabitants having been diverted from their ordinary employments--having
+themselves chiefly to depend upon for their defence, while England was
+engaged in a twenty years' conflict for law and liberty in Europe. In
+the extremity of this contest, the democratic President of the United
+States combined with the tyrant despot of Europe to seduce and sever the
+Canadians from their British connection; but the Canadians nobly
+maintained their fidelity and triumphantly vindicated their honour and
+independence, though, in doing so, they suffered the desolation of many
+of their homes, shed many bitter tears for sires, and sons, and
+brothers, who had poured out their life's blood in defence of their
+country on the battle fields of both Upper and Lower Canada. Yet, upon
+the whole, the war did much good to Canada, apart from the success of
+its arms; it tended to cement the people together as one family;
+English, French, Scotch, Irish, and Americans had forgotten former
+distinctions and jealousies, and had all become Canadians, with
+increased devotion not only to the land of their nativity or adoption,
+but to the glorious mother country which had become the victorious
+champion of the liberties of Europe, and leader in the civilization of
+mankind.
+
+Though, in the course of the war, Canada--especially Upper Canada, which
+had to bear the brunt of it--was greatly exhausted, emigration being
+checked, agriculture partially neglected, by the embodiments of militia
+and frequent mobilization of sedentary corps,--requiring some time after
+the war for the inhabitants to return to their old habits and resume
+their peaceful pursuits; yet Canada flourished financially during the
+war. Owing to England's supremacy on the ocean, Canadian trade and
+commerce were not seriously affected; taxes were light; not a few
+fortunes were made; money was plentiful, as the mother country paid most
+of the expenses of the war.
+
+It is worthy of remark, as one of the notable features of the war, that
+no class of Canadians were more loyal, none more brave and devoted to
+the defence of the Government and institutions of the country, than were
+the Americans who had become settlers in Canada--not the United Empire
+Loyalists alone, but those who had from time to time emigrated from the
+United States of their own accord, and not on account of political
+persecution, as was the case with the old Loyalists.
+
+The unfriendly feelings and even enmities which had been excited by the
+war between Canadians and Americans, soon changed into mutual respect
+and friendship; trade and commerce between the two countries were
+renewed and increased; intermarriages multiplied, with all the amenities
+and intimacies of social life. Though there has always been a democratic
+mob faction--latterly mostly Fenian--in the United States, which has
+seized every opportunity to invade and disturb the peace of Canada, yet
+it is well understood that this freebooting faction does not represent
+the sentiments or feelings of the industrious, business, commercial,
+intelligent, and Christian people of the United States, who, with few
+exceptions, are, as most of them were when Madison declared war against
+England in June, 1812, lovers of peace, law, and order, and friends of
+England and Canada, as well as of mankind; and we believe there are no
+more ardent well-wishers on the continent of America for the happiness
+and prosperity of the citizens of the American Republic than the loyal
+and patriotic inhabitants of Canada.
+
+I may perhaps be expected to add a few words on the chief public
+occurrences which took place in Upper Canada after the war, but without
+discussing any of the questions which they involved.
+
+From 1791 to the close of the war in 1815, and for some years
+afterwards, the Executive Government of the day commanded the votes of a
+majority of the House of Assembly. Public questions and measures were
+freely discussed; but no organized opposition appeared in the Assembly
+against the Administration. Shortly after the close of the war, however,
+the elements of discord began to be developed in the country. Many
+discharged officers of the British army, at the termination of the long
+European war, came to Canada with instructions from the Secretary of
+State for the Colonies to the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada
+(himself an English officer), to provide for them; and they were
+appointed to all offices of emolument (with few exceptions), to the
+exclusion of the old Loyalists and their descendants and other
+inhabitants who had felled the wilderness, and made the country
+valuable, and had borne the burden and heat of the war in its defence.
+The administration of the Crown or Public Lands was sadly defective and
+partial, giving whole blocks to friends and speculators, while the
+applications of the legitimate settler were often rejected. It also
+began to be complained of that these large blocks of land given to
+individuals, and the one-seventh of the lands set apart as Clergy
+Reserves, greatly impeded the settlement and improvement of the country;
+that those who had occupied the Clergy Reserves on _leases_ were
+required to pay higher rents on the renewal of their leases, or the
+purchase of the Reserves, on account of their increased value created by
+the labour of the tenants and their neighbours. A special Board of
+Management was appointed for these Reserves in the interest of the
+clerical claimants of them. The representatives of the Church of
+Scotland claimed to share in the proceeds of the Clergy Reserves, and a
+co-ordinate standing with the Church of England, as the endowed Church
+establishment of Upper Canada. The other religious persuasions had not
+the privilege of having matrimony solemnized by their own ministers, or
+the right of holding a bit of ground on which to worship God, or in
+which to bury their dead. It soon began to be claimed by the leaders of
+the Church of England that their Church had the sole right to the Clergy
+Reserves and to all the prerogatives of _the_ Established Church, whose
+supremacy and endowments, it was now pretended, were essential to the
+loyalty of the people; notwithstanding, no people could have been more
+loyal than the Canadian people during the then recent war in defence of
+British supremacy, and who were as brave as they were loyal, though
+there were not then three settled Episcopal clergymen in all Upper
+Canada.
+
+These, with various co-ordinate and minor causes, lost to the
+Lieutenant-Governor and his Executive Council the control and confidence
+of the representatives of the people, and in less than ten years after
+the war, the Governor and Council fell into a hopeless minority in the
+House of Assembly, but in opposition to it actually governed the country
+for fifteen years, until the dissatisfaction of the people became so
+general and strong that Commissions of Inquiry were sent out from
+England, which resulted in placing all religious persuasions on an equal
+footing before the law, in applying the proceeds of the Clergy Reserves
+to the general purposes of the education and improvement of the country,
+in making the heads of public departments (who were to be Executive
+Councillors) responsible to the House of Assembly, and holding their
+offices no longer than they enjoyed its confidence. From that time
+forward the Government became strong, the people contented, and the
+country prosperous and rapidly increasing in wealth, education, and
+intelligence--rendering, at this day, the inhabitants of the vast
+Dominion of Canada the lightest-taxed and the freest people on the
+American continent.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX.
+
+
+Abercrombie (General)--Arrives in America with the troops, and forty
+   German officers to drill and command regiments in America (which
+   gives offence to the Colonists). i. 257.
+
+ Is disgracefully defeated by Montcalm (though commanding the largest
+   force ever assembled in America). i. 258.
+
+ With General Loudoun, hesitates and delays at Albany, while the French
+   generals are active and successful. i. 258.
+
+Adams (John)--The prompter and adviser of hanging "Tories." ii. 127.
+
+Address of Governor Winthrop and his company on leaving England, in
+   1630, to their "Fathers and Brethren of the Church of England,"
+   declaring their filial and undying love to the Church of England,
+   as their "dear mother," from whose breasts they had derived their
+   nourishment. i. 55.
+
+Alliance between Congress and the Kings of France not productive of
+   the effect anticipated, and deferred twelve months by France after
+    it had been applied for by Congress. ii. 1.
+
+American Affairs--Misrepresented in the English Parliament and by
+   the English Press. i. 390.
+
+American boastings groundless over the surrender of Cornwallis. ii. 46.
+
+American Colonies--Their position in regard to England and other nations
+   at the Peace of Paris, 1763. i. 274.
+
+American Revolution--primary cause of it. i. 30.
+
+American treatment of Canadians by Americans who invaded them. ii. 464.
+
+ Invasions of Canada, and their forces. ii. 262.
+
+Amherst (Lord)--Supersedes Abercrombie as Commander-in-Chief, assisted
+  by General Wolfe. i. 260.
+
+ Plans three expeditions, all of which are successful. i. 261.
+
+ His energetic movements. i. 262.
+
+ He receives all Canada for the King from the French. i. 267.
+
+ His parting address to the army. i. 268.
+
+Anderson (Samuel). ii. 192.
+
+Andros (Edmond)--Appointed local Governor of Massachusetts Bay, and
+  Governor-General of New England; his tyranny; seized at Boston and
+  sent prisoner to England. i. 215.
+
+ (Examined)--Acquitted by King William in Council, because he had acted
+  according to his instructions. i. 215.
+
+Articles of treaty and preamble. ii. 56.
+
+Associations in the Colonies against the use of tea imported from
+  England. i. 370.
+
+
+Bancroft--Confirms the statement as to the aggressions and pretensions of
+  the Massachusetts Bay Government. i. 200.
+
+ His interpretations against England. i. 247.
+
+Baptists--The persecution of them instigated by the Rev. Messrs. Wilson
+  and Newton, and justified by the Rev. Mr. Cotton. i. 120.
+
+Barnard (Governor)--His reply to the Massachusetts Legislative
+  Assembly. i. 357.
+
+ His recall and character. i. 359.
+
+Bethune (Rev. John). ii. 192.
+
+Boston and Massachusetts--Three Acts of Parliament against, all infringing
+  and extinguishing the heretofore acknowledged constitutional rights of
+  the people. i. 389.
+
+Boston--In great distress; addresses of sympathy and contributions from
+  other towns and provinces.
+
+ Fourth Act of Parliament, legalizing the quartering of troops in. i. 397.
+
+ General sympathy and liberality in its behalf. i. 404.
+
+Boston Massacre--Soldiers acquitted by a Boston jury. i. 365.
+
+Boyle (Hon. Robert)--In a letter in which he expostulates with the
+  Massachusetts Bay rulers on the intolerance and unreasonableness of their
+  conduct. i. 160.
+
+Braddock's unfortunate expedition. i. 247.
+
+Bradstreet (Colonel)--His brilliant achievement in taking and destroying
+  Fort Frontenac. i. 261.
+
+Bradstreet and Norton--Sent to England to answer complaints; favourably
+  received; first thanked and then censured by the Massachusetts Bay
+  rulers; Norton dies of grief. i. 142.
+
+Brock (Sir Isaac)---His address to the Legislature of Upper Canada,
+  ii. 341, 342.
+
+ Takes Detroit. ii. 352-354.
+
+ Proclamation to the inhabitants of Michigan. ii. 362, 363.
+
+ Killed at Queenston Heights. ii. 366.
+
+Brown, Samuel and John--Their character and position. i. 35.
+
+ Banished from Massachusetts Bay for adhering to Episcopal worship. i. 35.
+
+ Misrepresented by Messrs. Palfrey and Bancroft. i. 37.
+
+ Their letters and papers seized, and their complaints successfully
+  denied to the King by their persecutors. i. 46.
+
+ Their conduct unblamable. i. 42.
+
+Bunker's Hill, Concord, and Lexington--Battles of, numbers engaged,
+  with the accounts, on both sides. i. 460, 461.
+
+Burke (the celebrated Edmund)--Reviews and denounces the persecuting
+  laws and spirit of the Massachusetts Bay Puritans, during thirty
+  years. i. 122.
+
+
+Canadian Militia--Their character. ii. 461.
+
+Canada--What had been claimed by old American colonies in regard to the
+  payment of official salaries contended for by, and granted to Canada,
+  to the satisfaction and progress of the country. i. 267.
+
+Canada wholly surrendered to the King of Great Britain, through Lord
+  Amherst. i. 267.
+
+Canada--State of at the close of the war. ii. 471.
+
+Carscallen (Luke). ii. 202.
+
+Causes--Characteristics of early emigration to New England. i. 25.
+
+Change of government in England and end of Lord North's administration.
+  ii. 57.
+
+Change of tone and professions at Massachusetts Bay on the confirmation
+  of the King's restoration. i. 131.
+
+The King's kind reply to their address--their joy at it, but they evade
+  the six conditions on which the King proposes to forgive their past
+  and continue their charter. i. 135-137, 139.
+
+Characteristics of fifty-four years' government of Massachusetts Bay,
+  under the first charter. i. 217.
+
+Charles the First--Deceived by the misstatements of the Massachusetts
+  Bay Puritans, to decide in their favour against the complaints made
+  in 1632. i. 67.
+
+ His kind and indulgent conduct to the Massachusetts Bay Company, and
+  how they deceived him. i. 67.
+
+Charles the Second--His restoration; news of it received with joy in all
+  the Colonies except in Massachusetts, where false rumours are
+  circulated. i. 130.
+
+Chateauguay, Battle of. ii. 413.
+
+Chatham (Earl of)--Amendment; speech in the House of Lords (1774) against
+  the coercive policy of the Ministry and defence of Colonial rights; his
+  amendment opposed by Lord Suffolk, and supported by Lord Camden;
+  negatived by a majority of 68 to 18. i. 423-429.
+
+ His bill "to settle the troubles in America" not allowed a first reading
+  in the Lords. i. 425.
+
+Chrystler's Farm, Battle of. ii. 419.
+
+Clarendon (Earl of, Chancellor)--Reply to the address to the King,
+  Charles II., of the Massachusetts Bay rulers, dated October 25, 1664,
+  in which Lord Clarendon exposes the groundlessness of their pretensions,
+  suspicions, and imputations. i. 160.
+
+Clark (Colonel John), and his Manuscript contributions. ii.
+
+Clinton (Sir Henry)--Succeeds General Howe as Commander-in-Chief. ii. 14.
+
+ Deceived as to the design of Washington and the French commander. ii. 42.
+
+ Fails to reinforce Lord Cornwallis. ii. 44.
+
+Colonies--All resolve in favour of a general convention or congress and
+  election of delegates to it, in 1774. i. 408.
+
+ How information on subjects of agitation was rapidly diffused throughout
+  the Colonies. i. 405.
+
+Colonial Assemblies--Their dissolutions. i. 356.
+
+Colonists--Their agreements for the non-importation of British
+   manufactured goods. i. 356.
+
+ Sons of Governors Barnard and Hutchinson refuse to enter into agreement,
+   but are at length compelled to yield. i. 360.
+
+ Their effective services to England in the English and French war; their
+   experience and skill thereby acquired in military affairs; their
+   superiority as marksmen. i. 460.
+
+ Desire to provide as aforetime for their own defence and the support of
+   their own local government, as is done in the provinces of the Dominion
+   of Canada. i. 460.
+
+Colonist--The writer a native. i. 1.
+
+Colonies--Three causes of irritation in 1768. i. 348.
+
+ Unjust imputations in the British Parliament and Press against their
+   loyalty. i. 353.
+
+ Their manly response to the imputations and assertion of British rights,
+   led by the General Assembly of Virginia. i. 355.
+
+Company of Massachusetts Bay--Write to Endicot and ministers sent by them
+   against Church innovations. i. 49, 51.
+
+ Deny to the King and British public having made any Church innovations in
+   Massachusetts. i. 53.
+
+Complaints of banished Episcopalians, persecuted Presbyterians, Baptists,
+   &c., to the King. i. 46, 137.
+
+Complaints of the Massachusetts Bay Rulers--a pretext to perpetuate
+   sectarian rule and persecution. i. 183.
+
+Conduct and pretensions of Massachusetts Bay Rulers condemned and exposed
+   by Loyalist inhabitants of Boston, Salem, Newbury, and Ipswich. i. 163.
+
+Congregationalists--None other eligible for office, or allowed the elective
+   franchise at Massachusetts Bay. i. 63.
+
+Congress (First General Congress)--
+ Met at Philadelphia, September, 1774. i. 409.
+
+ The word defined. i. 409.
+
+ Each day's proceedings commenced with prayer. i. 410.
+
+ Its members and their constituents throughout the Colonies thoroughly
+   loyal, while maintaining British constitutional rights. i. 410.
+
+ Its declaration of rights and grievances. i. 411.
+
+ Its loyal address to the King. i. 414.
+
+ Its manly and affectionate appeal to the British Nation. i. 416.
+
+ The address of its members to their constituents--a temperate and lucid
+   exposition of their grievances and sentiments. i. 417.
+
+ Its proceedings reach England before the adjournment for the Christmas
+   holidays in 1774, and produce an impression favourable to the
+   Colonies. i. 420.
+
+ (Second Continental) meets in Philadelphia, September, 1775; number and
+   character of its members. i. 442.
+
+ Its noble and affectionate petition to the King; the King denies an
+   audience to its agent, Mr. Penn, and answers the petition by
+   proclamation, declaring it "rebellion," and the petitioners
+   "rebels." i. 443-445.
+
+ Its petition to the House of Commons rejected, and its agent, Mr. Penn,
+   not asked a question. i. 444.
+
+ A large majority (Oct. 1775) still opposed to independence, but unanimous
+   in defence of British constitutional rights. i. 448.
+
+ Divided on the question of _Independence_, which is first moved in
+  Congress in May, 1776--deferred, after long debates, for three weeks, by
+  a vote of seven to five Colonies. i. 483, 484.
+
+ Manipulation and agitation to prepare the members of Congress and the
+  Colonies for separation from England. i. 482-485.
+
+ Proceeds with closed doors, and its members sworn to secrecy.
+
+ Votes by Colonies, and decides that each vote be reported unanimous,
+   though carried by only a bare majority. i. 486.
+
+ After three days' debate, the six Colonies for and seven Colonies against
+   independence; how a majority of one was obtained in favour of
+   it. i. 486, 487.
+
+ Refuses to confer with British Commissioners with a view to
+   reconciliation. ii. 2.
+
+ Feelings of the people of England and America different from those of
+   the leaders of Congress. ii. 14.
+
+ Sycophancy of its leaders to France. ii. 13.
+
+ Its degeneracy in 1778, as stated by General Washington. ii. 29.
+
+ The depression of its credit. ii. 30.
+
+ It confiscates and orders the sale of the property of "Tories." ii. 30.
+
+ Appeals to France for men and money as their only hope. ii. 40.
+
+ Fallacy of the plea or pretext that it had not power to grant compensation
+   to the Loyalists. ii. 61.
+
+ Meets at Philadelphia, 10th May, 1776. i. 479.
+
+Contests--Chiefly between the Colonists, the French, and the Indians,
+   from 1648 to 1654. i. 250.
+
+ Colonies--their divided councils and isolated resources. i. 257.
+
+ Their alarming state of affairs at the close of the year 1757. i. 255.
+
+Cornwallis--His antecedents, ii. 38; his severe policy injurious to the
+   British cause, ii. 40;
+   his defence of Yorktown, ii. 44;
+  his surrender to the French and American armies, ii. 45;
+  conditions of capitulation, ii. 46.
+
+Count De Grasse--Sails from New York to the Chesapeake with a fleet of
+   28 ships and 7,000 French troops. ii. 43.
+
+Crown Point taken from the French by the English. i. 263.
+
+
+Debts--Incurred by the New England Colonies in the Indian wars; how
+   Massachusetts was relieved by England, and made prosperous. i. 240.
+
+Declaration of American Independence--How the vote of the majority of the
+   Colonies for it was obtained, and how reported. i. 486, 487.
+
+ Copy of it. i. 488.
+
+ Homage of respect by the authors to the fathers of. i. 492-495.
+
+ 1. A renunciation of all the principles on which the General Congress,
+   Provincial Legislatures, and Conventions professed to act from the
+   beginning of the contest; proofs and illustrations. i. 496-499.
+
+ 2. A violation of good faith to those statesmen and numerous other
+   parties in Great Britain, who had, in and out of Parliament, defended
+   and supported the rights and character of the Colonists during the whole
+   contest; proofs and illustrations. i. 499-501.
+
+ 3. A violation, not only of good faith, but of justice to the numerous
+   Colonists who adhered to connection with the Mother Country; proofs and
+   illustrations. i. 501-504.
+
+ 4. The commencement of persecutions and proscriptions and confiscation of
+   property against those who refused to renounce the oaths which they had
+   taken, and the principles and traditions which had, until then, been
+   professed by their persecutors and oppressors as well as by themselves;
+   proofs and illustrations. i. 504-507.
+
+ The plea of tyranny. i. 504.
+
+ 5. The commencement of weakness in the army of its authors, and of defeat
+   in their battle-fields; proofs and illustrations. i. 508-513.
+
+ 6. The announced expedient and prelude to an alliance with France and
+   Spain against the Mother Country. i. 513-517.
+
+ New penal laws passed against the Loyalists after adopting it. ii. 5.
+
+Detroit--Taken by the British under General Brock. ii. 354.
+
+De Salaberry (General)--Defeats 10,000 Americans with 300 Canadians at
+   Chateauguay ii. 381.
+
+D'Estaing--His doings and failures in America. ii. 17-27.
+
+Diamond (John). ii. 202.
+
+Doane. ii. 192.
+
+Dudley (Joseph)--Appointed Governor of Massachusetts by King James II.
+   i. 212.
+
+Dunmore (Earl of)--Governor of Virginia, commits the same outrages upon
+   the inhabitants of Virginia, and about the same time, as those
+   committed by General Gage upon the inhabitants of Massachusetts. i. 462.
+
+ Assembles the House of Burgesses to deliberate and decide upon Lord
+   North's so-called "conciliatory proposition" to the Colonies; the
+   House rejects the proposition on a report prepared by Mr. Jefferson--a
+   document eulogized in the strongest terms by the Earl of
+   Shelburne. i. 464.
+
+
+East India Company--Disastrous effect of its agreement with the British
+   Government. i. 381.
+
+East India Company's Tea--Causes of it being thrown into Boston Harbour,
+   as stated on both sides. i. 377.
+
+Elections in England hastened in the autumn of 1774; adverse to the
+   Colonies. i. 419.
+
+Emigrants to Massachusetts Bay--Two classes. i. 1.
+
+Emigration to Massachusetts Bay stopped by a change of Government in
+   England. i. 85.
+
+Endicot--Leader of the first company of emigrants to Massachusetts
+   Bay. i. 27.
+
+ His character. i. 27.
+
+ Becomes a Congregationalist. i. 29.
+
+ Abolishes the Church of England, and banishes its adherents. i. 29.
+
+ Cause of all the tyrannical proceedings against them. i. 42.
+
+ Finally condemned by the Company, but officially retained by
+  them. i. 43-48.
+
+England's best and only means of protecting the Colonies against French
+  encroachments and invasion. i. 244.
+
+ Position in respect to other European Powers at the Peace of Paris
+  in 1763. i. 273.
+
+England--Its resources at the conclusion of the Revolutionary
+  war. ii. 48, 49.
+
+ The war party, and corrupt Administration, is defeated. ii. 48, 49.
+
+ Change of Administration and of policy, both for England and the
+   Colonies. ii. 53.
+
+ Names of new Ministers, &c. ii. 53.
+
+English Generals and soldiers refuse to fight against the
+  Colonists. i. 446.
+
+English Government employs seventeen thousand German mercenaries to
+  bring the Colonists to absolute submission. i. 446-479.
+
+ Its change of policy, and effect of it in regard to the Colonies after
+  the Peace of Paris, 1763. i. 277.
+
+ Its first acts which caused dissatisfaction and alienation in the
+  American Colonies. i. 279.
+
+
+Falmouth (now Portland) bombarded and burnt, by Captain Mowat, of the
+  British Navy. i. 446.
+
+Five-sixths of the male population disfranchised by Puritan bigotry and
+  intolerance at Massachusetts Bay. i. 63.
+
+Fort de Quesne taken by the English and called Pittsburg. i. 263.
+
+Fox (C.J.)--His amendment to Lord North's address to the King, 1775,
+  rejected by a majority of 304 to 105. i. 430.
+
+France and England at war; mutually restore, in 1748, places taken
+  during the first war. i. 242.
+
+Franklin (Dr.)--His evidence at the Bar of the House of Commons on
+  the Stamp Act, etc. i. 308.
+
+ Dismissed from office the following day. i. 426.
+
+ His petition to the House of Commons rejected. i. 426.
+
+ Proposes to include Canada in the United States. ii. 54.
+
+ Counter scheme to defeat the proposition of the English
+  Commissioners. ii. 58.
+
+ Outwits the English Commissioners. ii. 63.
+
+ His Indian scalp fictions. ii. 119.
+
+French--Attempt to take Quebec. i. 266.
+
+ Bitter feeling between French and American officers and soldiers,
+  at Rhode Island, Boston, Charleston, and Savannah. ii. 20-25.
+
+ Encroachments on the British Colonies, from 1748 to 1756. i. 243.
+
+ Evasions and disclaimers, while encroaching on the British Colonies
+  and making preparations for war against England. i. 245.
+
+ Successes in 1755, 1756, and 1757, in the war with England. i. 252.
+
+French Fleet--Its complete failure under Count D'Estaing. ii. 17.
+
+French Officers and Soldiers--Their kindness to the English after
+  the defeat of Lord Cornwallis. ii. 129.
+
+
+Gage (General)--His arrival in Boston; courteous reception, as successor
+  to Governor Hutchinson; his character. i. 398.
+
+ Summons a meeting of the Legislature, which adjourns to meet at Salem,
+  and which replies respectfully but firmly to Governor
+
+Gage's speech; his bitter answer. i. 399.
+
+ His curious dissolution of the last Legislature held in Massachusetts
+  Bay according to its first charter, which had proceeded with closed
+  doors, and adopted by a majority of 92 to 12, declaring the necessity
+  of a meeting of all the Colonies to meet and consult together on their
+  present state. i. 401.
+
+ Governor of Massachusetts, and Commander-in-chief of the British in
+  America, commences the first attack upon the Colonists. i. 460.
+
+Governments of the British Provinces. ii. 271-276.
+ (1) Nova Scotia. ii. 274-277.
+ (2) New Brunswick. ii. 277-280.
+ (3) Prince Edward Island. ii. 280.
+ (4) Lower Canada. ii. 281-306. (See table of contents, chapter xlv.)
+ (5) Upper Canada, ii. 307-316. (See table of contents, chapter xlvi.)
+
+Governor of Massachusetts Bay Puritans and a majority of the assistants
+  or magistrates vote in favour of submitting to the decision of the King
+  on the conditions of perpetuating the Charter; but Congregational
+  Ministers advise, and the majority of the deputies vote against
+  it. i. 208, 209.
+
+Governors of South and North Carolina (Campbell and Martin), like Dunmore,
+  Governor of Virginia, betake themselves to ships--the Colonists in each
+  case being treated with like severity. i. 473.
+
+
+Haight (Canniff). ii. 219.
+
+Happiness and prosperity of Massachusetts during seventy years under the
+  second Charter. i. 240.
+
+Harris (Mrs. Amelia). ii. 228-236.
+
+Hessian soldiers--Their unreliable and bad character. ii. 73.
+
+Hildreth, the historian, on the gloomy state of American affairs at
+  the close of 1780. ii. 41.
+
+Hillsborough (Earl of)--Effects of his circular letter to Colonial
+  Governors. i. 345.
+
+ Joy in the Colonies at his despatch promising to repeal the
+  obnoxious revenue Acts, and to impose no more taxes on the Colonists
+  by acts of the British Parliament. i. 361.
+
+Holland--Flight of Pilgrim Fathers to; trades there. i. 10.
+
+Howe (Lord)--A monument erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey,
+  at the expense of L250 sterling, by the Massachusetts Court. i. 260.
+
+Hutchinson (Governor of Massachusetts) and his sons alone determine to
+  land the East India Company tea in Boston. i. 376.
+
+ His account of the transactions at Boston, and vindication of
+  himself. i. 383.
+
+ His conduct different from that of the Governors of other
+  Colonies. i. 387.
+
+
+Independence disclaimed by Franklin in 1773, by Washington and
+  Jefferson and by leading New Englanders in July, 1775. i. 451-453.
+
+Independents, origin of. i. 7.
+
+Indians--Employed by both French and English in their wars. ii. 75.
+
+ Their employment in the war with the Colonies, opposed by the English
+  Generals. ii. 76.
+
+ Their employment disadvantageous to England. ii. 76.
+
+ Their alliance and co-operation sought for by Congress. ii. 77.
+
+ Retaliations upon them by the Congress soldiers exceeded all that had
+  been committed by the Indians upon the Americans--opinion of American
+  writers. ii. 77.
+
+ Much that was written against them during the Revolution, since shown
+  by the letters and biographies of its actors to have been
+  fictitious. ii. 78.
+
+ Their employment against the English recommended by Washington, July
+  27th, 1776. ii. 80.
+
+ Efforts of General Burgoyne to restrain them from all cruel acts and
+  excesses. ii. 82.
+
+ Their conduct injurious to the English cause and beneficial to the
+  American. ii. 83.
+
+ The unprovoked invasion of their country, destruction of their
+  settlements, and desolation of their towns, orchards, and crops and
+  farms, by order of Congress. ii. 84.
+
+ Further examples of "retaliation," so-called, upon the Indian
+  settlements. ii. 106.
+
+ The "Tories" driven among them as their only refuge, and treated as
+  "traitors;" their conduct and duty. ii. 107.
+
+Indians (Six Nations)--Colonel Stone's account in detail of General
+  Sullivan's expedition of extermination against the Six Nations of
+  Indians. ii. 108.
+
+Indians--Treatment of by the Puritans in New England. ii. 293.
+
+Intolerance and persecution of Baptists, Presbyterians, etc., by the
+  Massachusetts Bay Rulers, from 1643 to 1651. i. 112.
+
+Invasions of Canada by Americans; numbers of invaders. ii. 462.
+
+
+James II.--Succession to the throne; thanked by the Massachusetts Bay
+  Rulers for his Proclamation which violated the rights of England, and
+  cost him his crown. i. 216.
+
+Jarvis (Stephen). ii. 193.
+ (William). ii. 193.
+
+Johnson's (Sir William) victory over the French General Dieskau. i. 250.
+
+Jones (David). ii. 193.
+ (Jonathan). ii. 193.
+
+
+King Charles the Second--Enjoins to cease persecuting the Quakers;
+  how answered. i. 135.
+
+ The King retains Puritan councillors, who are kindly disposed to the
+  Massachusetts Bay Puritans. i. 138.
+
+ The King's pardon and oblivion of the past misdeeds of the Massachusetts
+  Bay Rulers, and promised continuance of Charter joyfully proclaimed;
+  but the part of the letter containing the conditions of pardon, and
+  oblivion, and toleration withheld from the public; and when the
+  publication of it was absolutely commanded, the Massachusetts Bay
+  Rulers ordered that the conditions of toleration, etc., should be
+  suspended until further orders from their Court. i. 139-141.
+
+ Royal Commissioners appointed by the King, to inquire into the matters
+  complained of in the New England Colonies, and to remedy what was
+  wrong. i. 145.
+
+ Royal Commission appointed; slanderous rumours circulated against the
+  Royal Commissioners. i. 146.
+
+ Copy of it explaining the reason and object of it. i. 147.
+
+ Duly received by all the New England Colonies except Massachusetts,
+  where slanderous rumours were circulated against the Commission and
+  Commissioners. i. 146, 147.
+
+King Charles the Second's reply to the long address or petition of the
+  Massachusetts Bay Court, dated February 25, 1665, correcting their
+  misstatements and showing the groundlessness of their pretended fears
+  and actual pretensions. i. 166.
+
+ Kind letter without effect upon the Massachusetts Bay Rulers, who refuse
+  to receive the Royal Commissioners; second and more decisive letter from
+  the King, April, 1666. i. 169.
+
+ Grants Charters to Connecticut and Rhode Island in 1663, with remarks
+  upon them by Judge Story. i. 172.
+
+ On receiving the report of his Commissioners, who had been rejected by
+  the Massachusetts Bay Rulers, orders them to send agents to England to
+  answer before the King in Council to the complaints made against the
+  Government of the Colony. i. 179.
+
+ Entreated by the Massachusetts Bay Rulers, who try to vindicate their
+  proceedings, and instead of sending agents, send two large masts and
+  resolve to send L1000 sterling to propitiate the King. i. 180.
+
+ Desists for some time from further action in regard to the Massachusetts
+  Bay Rulers, but is at length roused to decisive action by complaints
+  from neighbouring Colonists and individual citizens of the
+  invasions of their rights, and persecutions and proscriptions
+  inflicted upon them by the Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 187.
+
+ Seven requirements of the Massachusetts Bay Rulers, in his letter to them,
+  dated July, 1679, just and reasonable, and observed by all British
+  Colonies at this day. i. 188.
+
+King George III.--Alleged author of the scheme with the East India
+  Company; his condemnation of the petitions and remonstrances
+  from the Colonies. i. 382.
+
+ His speech at the opening of the New Parliament, March 30th,
+   1774; and answers of both Houses. i. 419.
+
+ Opposition to the Royal Speech in both Houses; protest in the
+   Lords. i. 420.
+
+ Denounces the Earl of Chatham and others. i. 424.
+
+
+La Fayette returns from France in 1778, with a loan of money and
+   reinforcements of land and naval forces. ii. 33.
+
+Liberty (civil and religious) established in Massachusetts, not by
+  the Puritans, but by Royal Charter. i. 237.
+
+Lippincott (Captain Richard). ii. 193.
+
+Long Parliament--Its ordinances in regard to Massachusetts trade
+   in 1642. i. 87.
+
+ Appoints Commissioners and Governor General to Massachusetts
+   Bay in 1646, with large powers. i. 88.
+
+ Orders the surrender of the Massachusetts Bay Charter; and means
+   employed to evade it. i. 99, 100.
+
+Loudoun (Earl of)--Arrival of from England, with troops, as
+  Commander-in-chief. i. 252.
+
+ Disputes between him and the Massachusetts Court, in regard
+   to the Mutiny Act, and quartering the troops upon the
+   citizens. i. 255.
+
+ His arbitrary conduct in quartering his officers in Albany and
+   New York. i. 258.
+
+ Hesitates and delays at Albany; never fought a battle in America. i. 259.
+
+Loyalists--Circumstances of, after the surrender of Charleston to the
+   French and Americans. ii. 46.
+
+ Unprotected in the articles of peace. ii. 57.
+
+ Constituted a majority of the population of the Colonies at the beginning
+   of the contest. ii. 57.
+
+ Sacrificed in the treaty, as stated by Dr. Ramsay and Mr.
+   Hildreth. ii. 59-61.
+
+ What demanded had been sanctioned by all modern civilized
+   nations, in like circumstances. ii. 61.
+
+ Their deplorable condition during the war; utter abandonment by the
+   English commissioners. ii. 64.
+
+ Much of what was written against the Revolution, since shown by the
+   biographies and letters of its actors to be fictitious. ii. 77.
+
+ Summary of their condition and treatment. ii. 123.
+
+ Changes of their relation and condition by the Declaration of
+   Independence. ii. 124.
+
+ The elements of their affectionate attachment to England. ii. 125.
+
+ The largest part of the population of the Colonies after the Declaration
+   of Independence. ii. 124.
+
+ Their claims to have their rights and liberties restored. ii. 125.
+
+ Their position and character, described by Mr. Hildreth, and
+   abused by mobs and oppressed by new Acts, and authorities. ii. 125.
+
+ First scene of severity against them; new American maxim of forgiving
+   "Tories." ii. 127.
+
+ Their treatment in New York, Philadelphia, Virginia, and other
+   places. ii. 128.
+
+ Legislative and executive acts against them. ii. 130-136.
+
+ Rhode Island, Connecticut. ii. 130.
+
+ Massachusetts. ii. 131.
+
+ New Hampshire, Virginia, New York. ii. 131.
+
+ New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware. ii. 132.
+
+ Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia. ii. 132.
+
+ South Carolina. ii. 136.
+
+ Their treatment on their applications for compensation after the
+   Revolution. ii. 139-144.
+
+ Their treatment by the British Government and Parliament after
+   the Revolution. ii. 159-182.
+
+ Refused compensation by the States of America, as proposed in the
+   Treaty of Peace, and contrary to the practice of civilized
+   nations. ii. 159.
+
+ Their compensation advocated in both Houses of Parliament. ii. 160, 163.
+
+ Their agents in England; proceedings of Parliamentary Commission;
+   results. ii. 166-182
+
+ Driven from the United States to the British Provinces; and sketches
+   of twenty-three of them. ii. 191-204.
+
+ Dr. Canniff's account of their first settlement on the North shore
+   of the St. Lawrence and in the country around and West of
+   Kingston. ii. 203-208.
+
+ Their adventures, sufferings, and first settlement in Canada,
+   privations and labours, as written by themselves and their
+   descendants. ii. 206-270.
+
+ (See table of contents, chapter xli.)
+
+Loyalists--New penal laws passed against them after the Declaration
+   of Independence. ii. 5.
+
+Loyalists, in Massachusetts, who maintain in the Court and among the
+   people, the Royal authority. i. 162.
+
+ The true Liberals of that day. i. 152.
+
+Lundy's Lane--Battle of. ii. 438.
+
+
+Marsden (Rev. J.W.). i. 298.
+
+Maryland General Assembly's reply to the message of the Lt. Governor
+   on Lord Hillsborough's circular. i. 344.
+
+Massachusetts and other Colonial grateful acknowledgments to England
+   for deliverance from the French and Spaniards. i. 27.
+
+Massachusetts Bay Rulers persecute the Baptists, etc. i. 87.
+
+ Prohibit writing or speaking in favour of the King as a capital offence,
+   but authorize it in favour of the Parliament. i. 87.
+
+ Petition Parliament in 1651, and address Cromwell in 1651, 1654. i. 108.
+
+Massachusetts Bay Rulers' treatment of Cromwell at his death, and their
+   professions in regard to Cromwell and Charles the Second at his
+   restoration. i. 124.
+
+ They evade the conditions on which the King promised to continue the
+   Charter, and deny the King's jurisdiction. i. 149.
+
+ They present a long address to the King, and enclose copies of it,
+   with letters to Lord Chancellor Clarendon, the Earl of Manchester,
+   Lord Say, and the Hon. Robert Boyle. i. 152.
+
+Massachusetts Bay Rulers aggressors throughout upon the rights of the
+   Sovereign and of their fellow-subjects. i. 75.
+
+ They side with the Long Parliament and Cromwell; their first address
+   and commissioners to. i. 86.
+
+ They pass Acts for publication in England, and then adopt measures to
+   prevent their execution in Massachusetts--such as the Navigation Act,
+   Oath of Allegiance, the Franchise, Liberty of Worship, and Persecution
+   of the Baptists and Quakers. i. 195.
+
+ They bribe Clerks in the Privy Council, and offer a bribe to the
+   King. i. 205.
+
+ Their double game played out. i. 204.
+
+Massachusetts circular displeasing to the British Ministry. i. 341.
+
+ Circular from Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for the
+   Colonies. i. 341.
+
+Massachusetts compensated by Parliament. i. 267.
+
+ Benefited by the English and French war. i. 270.
+
+Massachusetts General Assembly refuse to legislate under the guns of
+  a land and naval force. i. 357.
+
+ General Assembly--Its proceedings on the quartering of troops in
+   Boston. i. 358.
+
+Massachusetts never acknowledged the Act of Parliament changing its
+   constitution without its consent. i. 407.
+
+ Its proceedings before the affairs of Lexington and Concord to enlist
+   the Indians. ii. 79.
+
+Massachusetts Legislative Assembly's noble circular to the Assemblies
+   of other Colonies, on the unconstitutional and oppressive acts of
+   the British Parliament. i. 338.
+
+Massachusetts--Seed-plot of the American Revolution. i. 1.
+
+ First emigration to. i. 1.
+
+Mahon (Lord)--His reflections on the American contest; apology for
+   George III.; unhappiness of the Americans since the Revolution;
+   unity of the Anglo-Saxon race. ii. 154.
+
+Mather (Rev. Dr. Increase) makes a violent speech--appeals from man
+   to God--decision against him. i. 209.
+
+ His proceedings in England, i. 226.
+
+ Fails to get the first Charter restored. i. 228.
+
+ First protests against the second Royal Charter, then thanks King
+   William for it. i. 229.
+
+Merritt (Thomas). ii. 196.
+
+McDonald (Alexander). ii. 195.
+
+McGill (John). 196.
+
+McGillis (Donald). ii. 196.
+
+McNab (Allan). ii. 202.
+
+Moneys provided for the war, abstracted from England and expended
+   in the Colonies. i. 270.
+
+Montcalm, French General, captures Forts Oswego and William Henry. i. 253.
+
+Morris (Roger). ii. 200.
+
+Montreal besieged and taken from the French. i. 267.
+
+
+Navigation Act passed by the Long Parliament in 1651, oppressive to the
+   Southern Colonies, but regularly evaded in Massachusetts by collusion
+   with Cromwell. i. 111.
+
+Neal (the Puritan historian) deprecates the persecutions by the
+   Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 120.
+
+Newark (now Niagara)--Seat of Government of Upper Canada first established
+   there. ii. 308.
+
+ Burned by the Americans. ii. 423.
+
+New England--Two distinct emigrations to. i. 1.
+
+ Two separate Governments in for seventy years, and characteristics
+   of each. i. 1.
+
+New Plymouth--Original name of--first Sabbath in. i. 7.
+
+ First mild winter and early vegetation at. i. 8.
+
+ First "Harvest-home." i. 9.
+
+ Their government, toleration, oath of allegiance, loyalty. i. 15.
+
+ Their answers to the King's Commissioners. i. 18.
+
+  The melancholy end of their government. i. 22.
+
+ The loyalty and enterprise of their descendants. i. 23.
+
+ Ancestors of English Peers. i. 23.
+
+New York--First Act of Parliament against. i. 329.
+
+New York Legislature, which had not endorsed the first continental
+   Congress, in 1774, now petitions Parliament on the subject of
+   Colonial grievances; but its petition, presented by Mr. Burke,
+   defended by Mr. Fox and others, is refused to be received, on motion
+   of Lord North, by a majority of 186 to 67, and the Lords reject the
+   same petition. i. 434-440.
+
+Niagara (Newark) taken from the French by the English. i. 263.
+
+Nineteen years' evasion by the Massachusetts Bay Rulers of the conditions
+   on which King Charles II. promised to perpetuate their Charter. i. 193.
+
+North (Lord)--His Bill to repeal the Colonial Revenue Acts, except the
+  duty on tea. i. 368.
+
+ His agreement with the East India Company rouses and intensifies
+   opposition in America. i. 371.
+
+ Combined opposition to it by English merchants and the Colonists. i. 372.
+
+ Explains his American policy. i. 394.
+
+ His resolution for address to the King, 1775, endorsing the coercive
+   policy, and denouncing Colonial complaints as "rebellion;" debates
+   on it. i. 426-429.
+
+ Second great debate in the Commons on his warlike resolution. i. 430.
+
+ His address made the joint address of both Houses of Parliament; the
+   King's reply. i. 431.
+
+Lord North's proposed resignation and preparations for it. ii. 8.
+
+  Defeat of his Administration. ii. 51.
+
+
+Opinions of Lords Macaulay and Mahon on the success of a Commission
+   recommended by the Earl of Chatham. ii. 8.
+
+Origin of non-importation agreement in New York; sanctioned by persons
+   in the highest stations. i. 360.
+
+Origin of republicanism and hatred of monarchy in America. ii. 66.
+
+
+Paine (Tom)--His appeal to the Colonists, called _Common Sense_, the first
+  publication in America against monarchy. i. 450.
+
+  Author of republicanism and hatred of monarchy in America; his character
+   and writings, and their effects. ii. 66-72.
+
+Palfrey's and other New England historians' unfair statements and unjust
+   imputations against the British Government of that time. i. 190, 211.
+
+Parliament--Its authority over the Colonies. i. 317.
+
+ Three Bills passed by, to raise a revenue in the Colonies. i. 331.
+
+Parliament passes an Act (1775) to punish the Colonies for countenancing
+   Massachusetts. i. 433.
+
+Parliament passes oppressive Acts in 1775 and 1776, with measures for
+   employing foreign soldiers, Indians, and slaves against the complaining
+   Colonists. i. 459.
+
+Parliament passes no Act to authorize peace with America for three months
+   after the accession of the new Ministry. ii. 54.
+
+Parliament votes L115,000 sterling to compensate the Colonies for expenses
+   incurred by them. i. 252.
+
+Parties--Origin of political parties at Massachusetts Bay. i. 209.
+
+Petitions and representations to the King from Episcopalians,
+   Presbyterians, Baptists, etc., in Massachusetts Bay, on their
+   persecutions and disfranchisement by the local Government. i. 137.
+
+Petitions from various towns in England, Scotland, and Ireland against
+   Lord North's coercive American policy. i. 425.
+
+Pilgrim Fathers--who. i. 2.
+
+ Their settlement, and residence of 12 years in Holland. i. 3.
+
+ Long to be under the English Government. i. 3.
+
+ Cross the Atlantic in the _Mayflower_. i. 3.
+
+ Where intended to settle in America, i. 4
+
+ What known of Cape Cod before the Pilgrims landed. i. 4.
+
+ Their agreement and constitution of government before landing. i. 5.
+
+ Remarks upon it by Messrs. Bancroft and Young. i. 6.
+
+ Inflated American accounts of their voyage. i. 7.
+
+ Their first "Harvest-home." i. 9.
+
+Pitt (afterwards Earl of Chatham) changes the whole fortune of the war
+   with the French in America in favour of England. i. 260.
+
+Policy of the British Ministry in employing foreign soldiers and Indians,
+   deprecated by all classes in Europe and America. ii. 72-74.
+
+Pownall (Governor)--His speech and amendment in the House of Commons to
+   repeal the duty on tea; rejected by a majority 242 to 204. i. 361.
+
+Preface--The reason and objects of writing the history of the Loyalists
+   of America. i. 3-5.
+
+Protests and Loyal Petitions of the Colonists against English
+   Parliamentary Acts to raise a revenue in the Colonies. i. 337.
+
+Puritan authorities alone adduced in this historical discussion. i. 59.
+
+Puritan letters suppressed by the biographer of Governor Winthrop. i. 59.
+
+Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Company. i. 24.
+
+ Their Charter and settlement in 1629. i. 23.
+
+ Their intolerance. i. 24.
+
+ Their wealth and trade. i. 25.
+
+ Their enterprise under two aspects. i. 26.
+
+ Professed members of the Church of England when they left England. i. 26.
+
+Puritan treatment of the Indians. i. 298.
+
+Puritan legal opinions in England on the constant violation of the first
+   Charter by the Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 233.
+
+
+Quebec taken by General Wolfe. i. 263.
+
+Queenston Heights--Battle of. ii. 365-8.
+
+Quo Warranto--Notice of sent to the Rulers of Massachusetts Bay in July,
+   1683, to answer to thirteen complaints against them for violating the
+   Royal Charter; received in October, 1683; judgment given July, 1685,
+   nearly two years afterwards. i. 208-211.
+
+
+Remonstrances of the Rev. Drs. Owen, T. Goodwin, and other Nonconformist
+   ministers in England against the persecutions by the Massachusetts Bay
+   Puritans. i. 185.
+
+Retrospect of the transactions between Charles I. and II. and the
+   Massachusetts Bay Rulers from 1630 to 1666, with extracts of
+   correspondence. i. 171.
+
+Revolution--Principal characteristics of it, and the feeling which should
+   now be cultivated by both of the former contending parties; by
+   J.M. Ludlow. ii. 145.
+
+Richardson (Rev. James)--Letter by. ii. 208.
+
+Robinson (Beverley). ii. 196.
+
+Robinson (Christopher). ii. 198.
+
+Robinson (Sir J.B.). ii. 199.
+
+Robinson (Sir C.K.P.). ii. 199.
+
+Robinson (Morris). ii. 199.
+
+Robinson (John). ii. 200.
+
+Rockingham (Marquis of)--His death and its consequences. ii. 53.
+
+Royal Charter (second) by William and Mary; nine principal provisions of
+   it, establishing for the first time civil and religious liberty in
+   Massachusetts. i. 229-233.
+
+Royal Charter to Massachusetts Bay Puritans. i. 28.
+
+ Its provisions. i. 30.
+
+ Violated by the Massachusetts Bay Puritans. i. 33.
+
+ Transferred from England to Massachusetts Bay, and the fact concealed
+   for four years. i. 69.
+
+Royal Commission issued to examine into the complaints made against
+   the Massachusetts Bay Rulers--conduct of parties. i. 72.
+
+Royal Commissioners' Report on the Colony of Massachusetts Bay; twenty
+   anomalies in its laws inconsistent with the Royal Charter; evades the
+   conditions of the promised continuance of the Charter; denies the
+   King's jurisdiction. i. 149.
+
+Royal Patriotic Society of Upper Canada and its doings. ii. 464.
+
+Royal Speech on meeting Parliament, October 26th, 1775, and discussions
+   upon it. i. 474.
+
+Ryerse (Rev. George)--Letter by. ii. 226.
+
+Ryerse (Colonel Samuel). ii. 229.
+
+Ryerson (Colonel Joseph). ii. 257.
+
+
+Salaries of officials paid independent of the Colonies--cause of
+   dissatisfaction. i. 366.
+
+Saltonstall (Sir Richard) remonstrates against the persecutions by
+   the Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 116.
+
+Scadding (Rev. Dr.)--Sketch by. ii. 259.
+
+Second Charter--Its happy influence upon toleration, loyalty, peace,
+   and unity of society in Massachusetts. i. 237.
+
+Seven years of war and bloodshed prevented, had Congress in 1776
+   adhered to its previous professions. ii. 56.
+
+Shelburne (Earl of)--Correspondence with Dr. Franklin on negotiations
+   for peace. ii. 54.
+
+Simcoe (General Graves)--First Governor of Upper Canada. ii. 308.
+
+Soldiers--The humiliating position of soldiers in Boston. i. 360.
+
+ Insulted, abused, and collisions with the inhabitants. i. 365.
+
+Spain joins France against England in 1779. ii. 28.
+
+Spohn (Mrs. E.B.)--Paper by. ii. 264.
+
+Stamp Act and its effects in America. i. 283.
+
+ Virginia leads the opposition against it. i. 287.
+
+ Riots in Boston against it. i. 288.
+
+ Petitions in England against it. i. 291.
+
+ Its repeal and rejoicings at it. i. 323.
+
+ Extracts from speeches respecting it by Charles Townsend and Colonel
+   Barre, and remarks upon them. i. 296.
+
+ Extracts from the speeches of Lords Chatham and Camden on the passing
+   and repeal of the Stamp Act. i. 302.
+
+ Summary of events from its repeal, March, 1766, to the end of the
+   year. i. 323-336.
+
+Statements of the historians Hutchinson and Neal on the persecutions by
+   the Massachusetts Bay Puritans. i. 185.
+
+Story (Judge) on the happy influence of the second Charter, and
+   improved legislation and progress of the Colony under it. i. 235.
+
+
+Tea Duty Act virtually defeated in America. i. 370.
+
+ Opposition to it represented in England as "rebellion," and the
+   advocates of Colonial rights as "rebels" and "traitors." i. 388.
+
+Tea--Duty of threepence per pound, to be paid in America into the
+   British Treasury, continued. i. 363.
+
+Three Acts of Parliament passed to remove all grounds of complaint
+   on the part of the Colonists. ii. 6.
+
+Ticonderago taken by the English. i. 263.
+
+Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and the United States; rights
+   and interests of the Loyalists sacrificed by it; omissions in it;
+   protests against it in Parliament. ii. 164, 165.
+
+
+Vane (Sir Henry) remonstrates against the persecutions by the
+   Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 116.
+
+Vice-Admiralty Courts and the Navy employed as custom-house offices
+   in the Colonies. i. 331.
+
+Virginia House of Burgess's admirable answer to the Massachusetts
+   Circular, 1668, and similar replies from other Colonies. i. 342, 343.
+
+ Rejects Lord North's so-called "conciliatory proposition" to the
+   Colonies. i. 464.
+
+ Its traditional loyalty of Virginians, and their aversion to revolutions;
+    but resolved to defend their rights. i. 464.
+
+ Remonstrate with Lord Dunmore for leaving the seat of his government
+  and going on board of a vessel; assure him and his family of perfect
+   safety by remaining at Williamsburg. i. 467.
+
+ Are horror-struck at Lord Dunmore's threat and proclamation to free
+   the slaves. i. 465.
+
+ Moved by his fears, goes on board of ship, twelve miles from the seat
+   of government. i. 466.
+
+ Attempts to destroy the town of Hampton; reduces to ashes the town of
+   Norfolk, then the first commercial city in Virginia. i. 467, 471.
+
+ His conduct unlawful and inhuman; English accounts of his
+   conduct. i. 470, 472.
+
+
+War formally declared between England and France in 1756. i. 252.
+
+War party and corrupt Administration defeated in the House of
+   Commons, 1782. ii. 49.
+
+War by the United States against Great Britain, 1812-1815. ii. 316-330.
+
+ (See table of contents, chapters xlvii., xlviii., xlix., l., li., lii.,
+   liii., liv., lv., lvi., lvii., lviii.)
+
+War--Close of; remarks; conclusion.
+  (See table of contents, chapter lx.)
+
+Washington--Weakness of his army and depression of American finances
+   in 1778. ii. 32.
+
+ His despondency without funds. ii. 41.
+
+ With the French commander plans an expedition to the South. ii. 42.
+
+ His skill and courage. ii. 47.
+
+Washington recommended by Dunwiddie, Governor of Virginia, but his
+   services are not recognized. i. 257.
+
+Washington, under date of July 27th, 1776, recommends the employment
+  of the Indians in the Revolutionary Cause. ii. 80.
+
+Watts (Rev. Isaac)--A remarkable letter from him addressed to the
+   Rev. Dr. Cotton Mather, explanatory of Neal's History of New
+   England, on "the persecuting principles and practices of the first
+   planters," and urging the formal repeal of the "cruel and sanguinary
+   statutes" which had been passed by the Massachusetts Bay Court under
+   the first Charter. i. 239.
+
+White (Rev. John), projector and founder of the Massachusetts Bay
+  Settlement. i. 26-28.
+
+Wolfe (General)--His heroism at Louisburg. i. 262.
+ Takes Quebec. i. 263.
+
+Wyoming--The massacre of, original inflated accounts of. ii. 85.
+
+ Four versions of it, by accredited American historians--Dr. Ramsay,
+   Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Tucker, and Mr. Hildreth. ii. 85-90.
+
+ Discrepancies in four essential particulars of these four
+   accounts. ii. 92.
+
+ Supplementary remarks upon, by the author of the Life of Joseph
+   Brant, etc. ii. 94.
+
+ Massacre (alleged) of Wyoming--American retaliation for. ii. 99-106.
+
+ (See table of contents, chapter xxxv.)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Loyalists of America and Their
+Times, Vol. 2 of 2, by Edgerton Ryerson
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