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diff --git a/24616-8.txt b/24616-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdb39cc --- /dev/null +++ b/24616-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4498 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Bell's Cathedrals: Southwark Cathedral, by +George Worley + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Bell's Cathedrals: Southwark Cathedral + Formerly the Collegiate Church of St. Saviour, Otherwise St. Mary Overie. A Short History and Description of the Fabric, with Some Account of the College and the See + + +Author: George Worley + + + +Release Date: February 14, 2008 [eBook #24616] + +Language: english + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: SOUTHWARK +CATHEDRAL*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Jeannie Howse, and the Project +Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 24616-h.htm or 24616-h.zip: + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/1/24616/24616-h/24616-h.htm) + or + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/1/24616/24616-h.zip) + + + +--------------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: | + | | + | Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has | + | been preserved. | + | | + | Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the | + | original. | + | | + | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For a | + | complete list, please see the end of this document. | + | | + +--------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + +SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL + +Formerly the Collegiate Church of St. Saviour, +Otherwise St. Mary Overie + +A Short History and Description of the Fabric, +with Some Account of the College and the See + +by + +GEORGE WORLEY + +With XXXVI Illustrations + + + + + + + +[Illustration: _Photo._ _Photochrom Co._ +SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL FROM THE EAST.] + + + +[Illustration] + + +London George Bell & Sons 1905 + +Chiswick Press: Charles Whittingham and Co. +Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London. + + + + +PREFACE + + +The numerous authorities, ancient and modern, which I have been +obliged to draw upon, are acknowledged, where necessary, in the text. + +Those who wish to pursue the study of St. Saviour's Cathedral in +greater detail and completeness than is here possible, must be +referred to some of the larger works to which I have had recourse; +_e.g._, those by Moss and Nightingale (1817-1818), F.T. Dollman +(1881), and the Rev. Dr. Thompson (1904). The Surrey Archaeological +Society's "Collections" are also to be recommended for the valuable +subsidiary matter they contain, in the shape of original documents, +selected and carefully edited from sources not easily accessible to +the public. + +For facts not elsewhere recorded I am under special obligations to Sir +Arthur Blomfield and Sons, architects for the restoration, who have +not only afforded most useful information, and given access to +drawings, which they alone possessed, but have been good enough to +draw up the plan, showing the most recent work at the Cathedral, +expressly for this volume. + +I am scarcely less indebted to their Clerk of the Works, Mr. Thomas +Simpson, who superintended the whole restoration of 1890-1897, and has +generously placed his exceptional knowledge at my disposal. + +Others to be thankfully remembered are Mr. Harry Lloyd, of "The Daily +Chronicle," and the Proprietors of "Church Bells," who have kindly +contributed the illustrations bearing their names; Mr. C.A. Webb, +Private Secretary to the Bishop of Southwark; Mr. A.W. Dodwell Moore, +Chapter Clerk; the Rev. W.W. Hough and Mr. S.C. Lapidge, Secretaries +to the Diocesan Society; Mr. F.C. Eeles, Secretary to the Alcuin Club; +and the Rev. Dr. Thompson, Rector and Chancellor of St. Saviour's, +each of whom has added something within his special province. + +Most of the photographs have been taken by Mr. Godfrey P. Heisch, +direct from the fabric. The specification of the organ comes from the +builders, Messrs. Lewis and Co., Limited. + +To all these thanks are due: also to the Cathedral authorities for +facilities of access, and to the Vergers of the Cathedral and Chapter +House for their services during my examination of the buildings. + + G.W. + + + + +CONTENTS + + +CHAP. PAGE + + I. THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH 13 + + II. THE EXTERIOR 41 + +III. THE INTERIOR 57 + + IV. THE DIOCESE OF SOUTHWARK 99 + +APPENDIX I. LIST OF THE PRIORS OF ST. MARY OVERIE 103 + + II. THE PRIORY SEAL 104 + + III. LIST OF THE CHAPLAINS OF ST. SAVIOUR'S 104 + + IV. VESTMENTS, PLATE, AND ORNAMENTS AT ST. SAVIOUR'S 105 + + V. SPECIFICATION OF THE ORGAN 111 + +INDEX 113 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + PAGE +SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL FROM THE EAST _Frontispiece_ +THE ARMS OF THE SEE _Title-page_ +INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL 12 +ST. SAVIOUR'S IN 1660 13 +FORMER WESTERN DOORWAY 18 +THE CHURCH ABOUT 1740 27 +INTERIOR, LOOKING EAST 29 +THE NAVE IN 1831 31 +THE CHAPTER HOUSE 37 +THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE EAST 40 +THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH-WEST 41 +THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST 45 +THE SOUTH-WESTERN PORCH 50 +REMAINS OF THE PRIOR'S DOORWAY 53 +THE TRANSEPTS FROM THE NORTH END 56 +THE NORTH CHOIR AISLE 57 +THE CHOIR VAULT 59 +JOHN GOWER'S MONUMENT 63 +THE CHOIR FROM THE NAVE 65 +THE FONT AND THE THIRTEENTH-CENTURY WALL ARCADE 67 +THE CHOIR AND ALTAR SCREEN 70 +THE TRIFORIUM AND CLERESTORY OF THE CHOIR 71 +THE ALTAR AND THE HUMBLE ORNAMENT 74 +THE LADY CHAPEL OR RETRO-CHOIR 75 +TOMB OF BISHOP ANDREWES 77 +MARTYRS' WINDOW TO SAUNDERS, FERRAR, AND TAYLOR 79 +WINDOW COMMEMORATING KING CHARLES I, LAUD, AND BECKET 80 +EFFIGY OF MAILED KNIGHT 82 +THE TREHEARNE MONUMENT 83 +THE HARVARD WINDOW 85 +CARVED BOSSES FROM THE CEILING OF THE OLD NAVE, FIFTEENTH + CENTURY 90 +THE AUSTIN MONUMENT (NORTH TRANSEPT) 91 +ARMS OF CARDINAL BEAUFORT 96 +MAP OF THE DIOCESE OF SOUTHWARK 98 +THE PRIORY SEAL 103 +PLAN OF THE CHURCH _End_ + + + [Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. + _Reproduced from a drawing by Mr. Hedley Fitton, by permission + of the "Daily Chronicle."_] + + [Illustration: ST. SAVIOUR'S IN 1660. + _Reproduced from "Church Bells."_] + + + + +SOUTHWARK CATHEDRAL + + + + +CHAPTER I + +HISTORY OF THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF ST. SAVIOUR, FORMERLY ST. MARY +OVERIE, SOUTHWARK + + +The history of St. Saviour's takes us back to those distant days when +Southwark was but a marsh, and when there was no bridge across the +Thames. John Stow, historian and antiquary (1525-1605), was acquainted +with Bartholomew Linstede, the last of the Priors, and gives the +following account of its origin on his authority: + + East from the Bishop of Winchester's house, directly over + against it, standeth a fair church, called St. + Mary-over-the-Rie, or Overie; that is, over the water. This + church, or some other in place thereof, was, of old time, long + before the Conquest, a house of sisters, founded by a maiden + named Mary; unto the which house and sisters she left, as was + left to her by her parents, the oversight and profits of a + cross ferry, or traverse ferry over the Thames, there kept + before that any bridge was built. This house of sisters was + after by Swithun, a noble lady, converted into a college of + priests, who in place of the ferry built a bridge of timber, + and from time to time kept the place in good reparations; but + lastly, the same bridge was built of stone; and then in the + year 1106 was this church again founded for canons regular by + William Pont de la Arch, and William Dauncey, Knights, + Normans. + +Stow's account has been disputed in several particulars. Although it +may be taken for granted that there was a cross-ferry before there was +a bridge, it does not follow that the bridge immediately superseded +it; and it has been suggested, as more likely, that both means of +transit were used for some time simultaneously, as is the case to-day +at other places. + +If the first London Bridge was built by Roman engineers during the +Roman occupation, it may be assumed that the bridge existed before the +church. That the first bridge was a Roman structure has been almost +proved by the discovery of Roman coins and other relics among the +_débris_ of the original work during the erection of later bridges. We +have an evidence of the antiquity of the site in some Roman +_tesserae_, discovered in 1832, while a grave was being dug in the +south-east corner of the churchyard, and still preserved in the +pavement, near the entrance, in the south aisle of the choir. These +_tesserae_, with the pottery, tiles, coins, lachrymatories, sepulchral +urns, etc., excavated from time to time in and about the church, are +clear indications of an important Roman settlement. + +It is known that after the destruction of Roman London by Boadicea, a +great many Romans made their escape into Southwark, where they +continued to live, and contributed greatly to the size and importance +of the southern suburb. The principal buildings sprang up round the +site of St. Saviour's Church, and it has been reasonably conjectured +that a temple stood on the very spot that the church now occupies.[1] + +It is true that no trace of this temple has been discovered; but the +conjecture is not inconsistent with the known principles of the early +Christian missionaries, in their contact with paganism, as illustrated +in the history and traditions of other important churches. + +Stow's phrase, "long before the Conquest," though somewhat ambiguous, +has been thought to point to a date posterior to the Roman occupation. +Some authorities, therefore, contend that the Romans had erected +London Bridge and left the country before St. Mary's was founded, and +consequently the bridge the antiquary mentions as built by "Swithun, a +noble lady," was not the first. Again, it is doubtful whether the +sub-title "Overie" means "of the ferry," or "over the river," or +whether the form "Overies," which the word sometimes takes, does not +suggest a derivation from "Ofers," "of the bank or shore," a meaning +contained in the modern German _Ufer_. John Overy, or Overs, was the +father of Mary, but whether the surname was derived from the place, or +_vice versa_, is uncertain. In any case, the name, whether by accident +or design, includes a reference to the foundress as well as to the +locality of her foundation.[2] + +Stow is obviously wrong, however, as to the person who converted the +House of Sisters into a College of Priests, who was not a lady, but +St. Swithun, Bishop of Winchester (852-862), whose devotion to the +building of churches and bridges is well known. + +The character of the foundation, altered by St. Swithun, was again +altered in 1106, under Bishop William Giffard, with the co-operation +of the two Norman knights to whom Stow refers. They not only erected +the first Norman nave, but made a radical change within by abolishing +the "College of Priests," in whose place they introduced "Canons +regular" of the Augustinian Order, governed by a Prior, thus +transforming the Collegiate Church into a monastery. Except as regards +the sex of the inmates, the change was a reversion to the idea of the +foundress.[3] + +The Norman work of this period is the earliest of which any traces +remain in the present church, unless the doubtful signs on a shaft in +the exterior are to be taken as evidence of Saxon workmanship. This +shaft is attached to the north wall of the Chapel of St. +John-the-Divine (now used as a clergy vestry), which is perhaps the +oldest part of the fabric. The undoubted Norman remains consist of +three arches in the same chapel, where their outline is just +discernible among the brickwork; the fragment of a string-course, with +billet moulding, on the inner wall of the north transept; a portion of +the Prior's entrance to the cloisters; the old Canons' doorway; and an +arcaded recess. Of these, it may be briefly remarked that the remains +of the Prior's door, showing the mutilated shafts and the zigzag +moulding of the jambs, are preserved, _in situ_, in the outer face of +the north wall to the new nave. The outline of the Canons' entrance, +obviously of much simpler moulding, will be seen on the inner side of +the same wall, towards the west end. The Norman recess lies still +farther to the west on the same side. + +Quite recently a valuable relic of the same period has been discovered +in the north-east corner within the above-mentioned chapel (by the +side of the new Harvard window)--apparently part of the original +arcading to the apse. + +Early in the thirteenth century London was visited by one of those +great fires, which occurred at rather frequent intervals, before the +greatest of all, in 1666, led to the rebuilding of the city, and +better means for its protection. The date of the particular fire is +sometimes given as 1207, sometimes as 1212 or 1213. It is not +unlikely that there were several, in one or other of which London +Bridge, Southwark, and the church were seriously injured. (_Vide_ Stow +and Harleian MSS., No. 565.) + +The repairs were soon taken in hand by Peter de la Roche, otherwise de +Rupibus, Bishop of Winchester (1205-1238), who altered the nave into +the Early English, which was then generally superseding the heavier +Norman work, and shortly afterwards built the choir and retro-choir in +a still lighter and more ornate style. The architecture gives us the +approximate date of de la Roche's work as the early part of the +thirteenth century, which is about as near as we can get to it in the +absence of a more precise record than that it was "begun after the +fire." In consequence of this, or some previous fire, the Canons were +led to found a hospital close to the Priory for the relief of the +distress and disease caused by the disaster. During the restorations +by Peter de Rupibus, in or about 1228, he had the hospital transferred +to a more favourable site in the neighbourhood, where the air was +fresher and water more abundant, and dedicated it to St. Thomas of +Canterbury, to whom the chapel on London Bridge was also dedicated.[4] + +In addition to all this excellent work, Bishop de Rupibus built a +chapel for the parishioners, the conventual church being reserved for +the Prior and monks. This chapel stood in the angle between the walls +of the choir and south transept, and was called St. Mary Magdalene +Overy. + +In the reign of Richard II there was another fire, involving repairs; +and then, as well as in the reign of Henry IV, Perpendicular features +were introduced by Cardinal Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester +(1405-1447), aided by John Gower, the "Father of English Poetry." The +Cardinal is said to have restored the south transept at his own +expense, and is there commemorated in a sculptured representation of +his hat and coat of arms affixed to a pier by the door. The difference +in style between the two transepts shows that on the north to be of +somewhat earlier date, though it was probably not left untouched by +the restorers. The poet Gower founded a chantry in the Chapel of St. +John Baptist, in the north aisle, where he was eventually buried, and +where daily masses were said for the repose of his soul before the +Reformation. His monument was transferred to the south transept during +the "repairs and beautifications" of 1832, but is now restored to its +original place over the poet's remains in the fifth bay (from the +west), of the north aisle of the nave. The chapel and chantry have +unfortunately disappeared. + +In 1469 the stone roof of the old nave fell down. The accident has +been attributed to the removal, in the reign of Richard II, of the +flying buttresses by which the vault was originally supported, as is +still the case with the choir walls. Another roof of groined oak was +soon substituted, as less likely to suffer from its own weight. That +it was not a specially light structure, however, may be inferred from +the massive bosses preserved from it, and now to be seen on the floor +of the north transept. + + [Illustration: FORMER WESTERN DOORWAY. + _From Moss and Nightingale's "History"_ (1817-18).] + +The crowning piece of work, which very shortly preceded the ruin +brought about by the Dissolution, was set upon the Priory Church by +Bishop Fox in 1520, in the magnificent altar-screen, which through all +its mutilations has borne witness to his work in his favourite device +of the "Pelican in her piety," and the humorous allusion to his name, +in the figure of a man chasing a fox, among its sculptured ornaments. +The west end of the church was considerably altered, and a new western +doorway inserted, with a six-light window above it, at about the same +time; when also the upper stages of the tower were erected. The +window is said to have been altered for the worse in the seventeenth +century, and in its last phase the whole façade presented what Mr. +Dollman describes as "a heterogeneous mass of masonry and brickwork," +not worth preserving when the modern restoration was taken in hand. +The flying buttresses have been reproduced in the new nave, and the +chief doorway placed in the south-west corner, which the architect was +led to believe was its original position. + +It is generally admitted that by the sixteenth century the monastic +institutions had so far departed from the ideal of their founders, and +outlived their usefulness, as to call for some drastic measures for +their improvement. Steps had been taken from time to time with this +object, before the reign of Henry VIII, when a combination of +circumstances, into which we need not now enter, enabled the King to +carry out his scheme for the Dissolution of the monasteries, +comprising the two chief classes of abbeys and priories into which +they were divided. The coming storm was heralded at St. Mary's on 11th +November, 1535 on which date, "by command of the king," a solemn +procession was held in the church to inaugurate its downfall by a +Litany, in which the Prior and Canons took part, "with their crosses, +candlesticks and vergers before them," as if in mockery of the state +of which they were so soon to be deprived. The "Act of Suppression," +passed in 1536, sealed the fate of the smaller foundations, to be +followed three years later by the "voluntary surrender" of their +property by the larger monasteries, thus making a clean sweep of the +whole. The last Prior, Linstede, has been blamed for so far +acquiescing in the measure as to accept a pension from the royal +bounty; but with the fate of the last Abbot of Glastonbury before him, +who had been hanged for his resistance, he probably thought that his +own opposition would only have led to a useless martyrdom without +averting the fall of his priory. It may be mentioned, as having some +bearing on our history, that part of the wealth released by the Act +was applied to the foundation of six new bishoprics, thus by a strange +coincidence bringing up the English dioceses to the number of +twenty-four, originally fixed upon by Pope Gregory the Great, while +his successor was set at defiance by the measures through which they +were created. + +St. Mary Overy now enters on a new phase of existence. We have seen +that it had become a double church, by union with the church, or +chapel, of St. Mary Magdalene, the one a conventual, the other a +public, place of worship. In the immediate neighbourhood there was a +third church, dedicated to St. Margaret, which had been founded by +Bishop Giffard in 1107, and granted to the fraternity at St. Mary's by +charter of Henry I. By an Act of 1540, the year of Linstede's +surrender, the whole were united into a single parish, under the title +of St. Saviour's, thenceforward the official designation of the +Collegiate Church and surrounding district. The new dedication was +suggested by, and intended to perpetuate the memory of, the convent of +that name in Bermondsey (founded by Alwin Child, a London citizen, in +1082), which shared the fate of its companions at the Dissolution. + +Soon after the amalgamation, St. Margaret's Church was secularized, +and divided into three portions for use respectively as a Sessions' +Court, a Court of Admiralty, and a prison. It stood on the ground +where the old Southwark Town Hall was afterwards built, itself a +perpetuation of the secular uses to which the deconsecrated church was +put before it was destroyed. A relic of St. Margaret's survives in the +shape of a monumental slab to Aleyn Ferthing, five times Member for +Southwark, about the middle of the fourteenth century. The stone was +discovered in 1833 during some excavations on the site of the old +church, and transferred to St. Saviour's, where it is imbedded in the +pavement of the retro-choir. From 1540 the Priory Church and Rectory +were leased to the parishioners by the Crown, at a rental of about £50 +per annum, till 1614, when the church was purchased right out from +James I for the sum of £800. + +The Corporation into whose hands the newly constituted parish of St. +Saviour's passed in 1540 consisted of thirty vestrymen, of whom six +were churchwardens.[5] + +The latter, as representatives of the ancient _Seniores +Ecclesiastici_, were charged with the protection of the edifice and +church furniture, but the records show that they had no special +veneration for either. The Act of 1540, appointing them to St. +Saviour's, had formed them into a Corporation in continuation of the +_Perpetual Guild or Fraternity of the Assumption_, incorporated in +1449. This Guild was afterwards merged in the Churchwardens of St. +Margaret's, whence the existing officers were transferred to St. +Saviour's on the amalgamation of the parishes, and others added to +their number. With the help of their fellow vestrymen they soon set to +work to render the Collegiate Church more convenient. To secure an +easy communication between that church and the adjacent chapel of St. +Mary Magdalene, they cut through the south wall of the choir, and +constructed four clumsy arches in it, thus opening the way from one +building to the other. From that time forward the smaller of the two +was used as a vestibule, and the other chapels and chantries +pertaining to the larger church were doomed to destruction, as being +no longer required under the altered conditions. The proceedings which +strike us as most sacrilegious occurred in the Lady Chapel. Perhaps +they cannot be better described than in Stow's graphic words: + + The chapel was leased and let out, and the House of God made a + bakehouse. Two very fair doors ... were lathed, daubed, and + dammed up, the fair pillars were ordinary posts, against which + they piled billets and bavens. In this place they had their + ovens, in that a bolting place, in that their kneading trough, + in another (I have heard) a hog's trough, for the words that + were given me were these: "This place have I known a hog-stie, + in another a storehouse to store up their hoarded meal, and in + all of it something of this sordid kind and condition." + +That the description is not exaggerated is proved by the parish +registers, which also show that the state of things went on for some +years and did not improve with time. On 15th May, 1576, for instance, +a vestry order is recorded in which the lessee of the chapel is called +upon to repair certain broken windows and remove nuisances. In the +following December, a further entry states that fourteen members of +the vestry went in a body to the chapel to see whether their orders +had been attended to, having allowed the lessee more than six months +to act on the notice. They found the place turned into a stable "with +hogs, a dung-heap and other filth" about, and were thereupon empowered +to take legal proceedings to keep the tenant up to his contract.[6] + +In the reign of Edward VI the Prayer-book and its vernacular services +were introduced. The people had hardly got used to them before the +accession of Queen Mary, and the consequent papal reaction, restored +the Latin mass, around which most of the religious controversies of +the time were furiously raging. During that brief reign the +retro-choir was turned to more respectable use as a Spiritual Court, +though the memories attaching to it in that character constitute a +gloomy chapter in its history which we would gladly eliminate. + +On Monday, 28th January, 1555, and the two following days, a +commission, appointed by the Cardinal Legate, sat there for the trial +of certain preachers and heretics. It was presided over by Bishops +Gardiner, of Winchester, and Bonner, of London, and included eleven +other Bishops, besides several eminent laymen. On the first day the +proceedings were open to the public, but as the crowd was +inconvenient, and the example or logic of the accused thought likely +to be contagious, the doors were closed on the Tuesday and Wednesday, +except to a few privileged spectators. The trials ended in the +condemnation of six clergymen of high standing, viz.: + +1. The Rev. Lawrence Saunders, Rector of Allhallows', Bread Street. + +2. The Rev. John Bradford, Prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral. + +3. The Rev. John Rogers, Prebendary of St. Paul's, and Vicar of St. +Sepulchre's, Newgate Street. + +4. The Rev. Rowland Taylor, Rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk. + +5. The Right Rev. Robert Ferrar, Bishop of St. David's, and + +6. The Right Rev. John Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, all of whom were +afterwards burnt. They are commemorated in the windows of the chapel, +which include the Ven. John Philpot, Archdeacon of Winchester, who +suffered at the same time, though his examination was held elsewhere. +The odium of this melancholy transaction of course rests on the +presiding Bishops, neither of whom was afterwards anxious to take the +undivided responsibility. Bishop Gardiner did not long survive it. He +died on the 13th November, in the same year, at Whitehall, whence his +body was conveyed, _via_ Southwark, to Winchester for interment. The +funeral procession went by water from Westminster to St. Mary Overy, +where his obsequies were performed, and his intestines buried before +the high altar, in order that the honour of holding his remains might +be shared by the two principal churches in his diocese.[7] + +Immediately on the accession of Queen Elizabeth, steps were taken to +reconcile the conflicting elements within the Church of England, whose +extreme representatives had been brought into violent collision in the +previous reign. A compromise was offered to them in a new Prayer-book, +which aimed at combining the principles of the first and second books +of Edward VI, in order to comprehend within the pale of the Church +those who had been excluded from it by a rigid interpretation of the +rubrics on either hand. On one side the rubrics of Edward's second +book were modified so as to allow greater liberty in the use of +ornaments and vestments, while on the other, the sentences employed at +the distribution of the elements in Holy Communion, which had been +held to support two opposite theories of the Sacrament in the previous +books, were united in the new one, as involving no real contradiction. + +Notwithstanding the rubric which was inserted in Elizabeth's book for +the retention of the ornaments in use under Edward VI, an order was +issued in the first year of her reign (18th September, 1559), for the +sale of certain "Popish ornaments" at St. Saviour's, to meet the +expenses of repairing the church, and in consideration of the purchase +of the new lease. A list of the ornaments so disposed of may be +interesting: + + Two small basons of silver, parcel gilt, weighing 22 ounces, + with a salver, double gilt, and a paten, parcel gilt. + + Two altar-cloths, and a vestment of black velvet and crimson + satin, embroidered in gold and silver. + + A cope and vestment (deacon and sub-deacon) of green velvet, + with flowers of gold. + + Three copper cases, 43 pieces of stuff, and 4 "aules." + + The whole of which were sold for £14 5_s._ 8_d._ + +Other articles sold included: + + A painted cloth from before the rood, realizing 7_s._ + + Two altar-cloths of white fustian, 16_s._ + + Two altar-cloths of white damask, with flowers of green and + gold, 21_s._ + + Two altar-cloths, pea-green and white damask, 17_s._ + + Two altar-cloths of green and white satin, with letters of + gold, 58_s._ + + One altar-cloth of satin, 17_s._ + + Three vestments of blue damask, with crimson velvet crosses, + 42_s._ + + A white damask cope; "a little narrow thing like a valance," + with the name of Jesus in gold--sold for 8_d._ + + Candlesticks, censers, with "other broken brass," "as little + bells and such like," containing in weight, 34 lb., sold at + 6_d._ a pound. + +In pursuance of this destructive work an order was given on 31st May, +1561, "That all the church books in Latin be defaced and cut according +to the injunctions of the Bishop"; the effect of which has been to +deprive us of many valuable parish records which happened to be +written in the Latin language, in addition to the more distinctly +ecclesiastical books expressly included in the order. + +On the very next day another order followed to the effect, "That the +Rood Loft be taken down, and made decent and comely as in the other +churches in the City." The changes which all this implies in the +adornment and accessories of religious worship under Queen Elizabeth, +were supplemented by the teaching from the pulpit. This was chiefly +done by the "Preaching Chaplains" introduced at St. Saviour's in that +reign. The first appointments were made in 1564, when two Chaplains +assumed office, and divided the preaching between them. + +The arrangement, allowing two men to act simultaneously but quite +independently of each other, remained in force till our own times, +though its disadvantages soon began to appear. The Chaplains, though +committed by their appointment to the general doctrines of the +Reformation, were by no means bound to agree on the many debatable +questions to which the Reformation had given rise, and did not always +convey the same doctrines to their people, or work harmoniously +together. It was not, however, till the year 1868 that this +inconsistency was corrected by merging the two offices into one; and +in 1883 the measure was supplemented by an Act which abolished the +office of Chaplain altogether, and made him who then held it the first +Rector. + +It may here be added that the parishioners had acquired the right of +appointment to the pastorate by their purchase of the church in 1614; +but the scandals attending the public election at every vacancy led to +its abolition in 1885, when the right was transferred to the Bishop of +the diocese by Act of Parliament.[8] + +In 1618 Dr. Lancelot Andrewes was appointed Bishop of Winchester, +where he died in 1626. During his episcopate he often visited St. +Saviour's, as the most important church in his diocese, next to his +own cathedral. His pronounced churchmanship occasionally brought him +into strong contrast with the Chaplains, who usually went much further +in the Puritan direction than their Bishop, while they were themselves +apt to be pushed forward or restrained by the parishioners. The +latter, as holding the appointment in their hands, had established a +sort of censorship over their pastors, which they were not slow to +exercise against any tendency to "unsound" teaching. The records of +the parish show that the Chaplains had to ask leave of absence when +they wanted a holiday, and were otherwise kept in excellent order by +their lay superiors. + +About this time considerable alterations were made in the interior of +the church to bring it into line with the current spiritual +discipline. In or about 1615 galleries were set up for the first time +across the north and south transepts, and in 1618 a screen and gallery +in place of the old rood loft between the nave and choir, were +"worthily contrived and erected." Somewhere between this date and 1624 +an inner porch, of semi-classical design, was inserted at the west +end. + +That closed and rented pews were introduced at this period may be +inferred from the following Representation, made by the churchwardens +to the Bishop of the diocese in 1639: + + "We assure your Lordship that a Pew wherein one Mrs. Ware + sits, and pleads to be placed, is, and always hath been, a Pew + for Women of a far better rank and quality than she, and for + such whose husbands pay far greater duty than hers, and hath + always been reserved for some of the chiefest Women dwelling + on the Borough side of the said Parish, and never any of the + Bankside were placed there, the Pews appointed for that + Liberty being for the most part on the North side of the body + of the Church."[9] + +The Prayer-book services were suspended at St. Saviour's, as +elsewhere, during the Commonwealth, by the Act of Parliament passed on +3rd January, 1645, which established the "Directory" in their place. + +"The Directory for the Public Worship of God in the three Kingdoms" +was not so much a book of devotions as a set of instructions to the +minister, who was allowed the discretion of using what the book +provided, or extemporising a service of his own upon its principles. +On the Restoration of Charles II, an attempt was made at the Savoy +Conference (1661) to reconcile the conflicting religious parties into +which the country had been divided--an attempt which was not at all +successful with those outside the Church of England. The result of the +Conference, as far as the Church was concerned, was the issue of the +revised Book of Common Prayer in 1662, which restored, with certain +modifications, the form of services withheld during the inter-regnum. + +The sacraments had been much neglected under the Protectorate; +baptism was seldom administered, and the records of St. Saviour's show +that marriages were then performed by the magistrates instead of the +ordained ministers, the banns being published in the market-place. + + [Illustration: _The South Prospect of the Church of St. Savior + in Southwark_ + THE CHURCH ABOUT 1740. + _From an engraving by B. Cole._] + +During the next few years various structural alterations were made +within and without the edifice. The chief of these were the +rebuilding, in 1676, of the Bishop's or Lady Chapel, which had been +damaged by fire; and some alteration in the tower pinnacles in 1689, +when new vanes (bearing that date) were also set up. Mr. Dollman +conjectures that the buttresses, if they ever existed, were then +removed from the tower.[10] + +The "Bishop's Chapel" was a small building projecting eastward from +the retro-choir. The name was popularly conferred upon it as the place +of Bishop Andrewes' interment, but there can be no reasonable doubt +that it was the true Lady Chapel, and that its more correct +designation, though popularly disused, was the "Little Chapel of Our +Lady." This small building was destroyed in 1830, as interfering with +the approach to new London Bridge, when the body of Bishop Andrewes +was transferred to its present place in the retro-choir. + +In the eighteenth century the interior was altered in various details, +with the object of bringing it into harmony with the current notions +of ecclesiastical beauty, and the classical forms which architecture +had assumed. In the year 1703 a new altar-piece, in the Corinthian +style, was erected in front of Bishop Fox's fine stone screen, which +it completely concealed. A wooden framework of classical pillars, with +figures of Moses and Aaron on either side, and the Creed, Lord's +Prayer, and Ten Commandments in the spaces between them, the whole +surmounted by flaming censers and a circle of flying cherubs, made up +a composition not at all bad in itself but utterly out of character +with the Gothic work behind and around it. At the same time the +sanctuary was railed and paved with black and white marble, the body +of the church newly paved and galleried, a pulpit with sounding-board +erected, and the whole church "cleaned, white-washed, and beautified +throughout, at the charge of the parish." That the work was generally +approved may be inferred from the remark of Stow's "Continuator": +"This is now a very magnificent church since the late reparation"; +while another exponent of public opinion, speaking of this and some +later improvements of the same kind says, "Though the church hath been +often repaired, yet the beauty for which it is justly admired consists +in this repair." + + [Illustration: INTERIOR, LOOKING EAST. + _From an engraving in Moss and Nightingale's "History"_ (1817-18).] + +In May, 1821, the restoration of the choir was proposed and +entertained for the first time, a restoration which the dilapidated +state of the clerestory and triforium showed to be necessary. The +proposal was not allowed to pass without opposition, for a counter +motion was submitted for the complete destruction of the whole +building except the tower, to which a brand-new church was to be +adapted. Fortunately this latter scheme was negatived by a large +majority of the parishioners, and the work of restoration was +committed to the then famous Gothic architect Mr. George Gwilt. He did +his work most carefully and conscientiously, adhering as far as +possible to the original, though hampered throughout his progress by +contradictory instructions from the managing committee, who, like most +bodies of that kind, were apt to fluctuate between motives of economy +and a sense of what was due to the ancient fabric. The Gothic revival +was then in an incipient stage, and Mr. Gwilt, or his committee, must +be held responsible for the removal of the old east gable, with its +five-light Tudor window, erected by Bishop Fox, in place of which a +new window of three lights was inserted. During this restoration the +Church of St. Mary Magdalene was demolished in 1822, together with +some old houses, which are less to be regretted as having encroached +too closely on the walls of the choir. + +In 1825 the restoration of the nave began to be seriously considered, +its dilapidated state having been made more conspicuous by contrast +with the restored chancel. Tenders for the work were invited by public +advertisement, but nothing important was done while the vestry were +discussing the respective advantages of "rebuilding" and "repairing," +and the nave was neglected till it got beyond repair. In the meantime +the two transepts were restored by Mr. Robert Wallace in 1830. + +He substituted new designs of his own for the original tracery in the +most important window in the south transept; and (probably influenced +by an economical committee) made the fatal mistake of employing cement +instead of stone for the interior mouldings, and a soft Bath stone for +his repairs to the exterior. The action of time and weather has shown +the false economy of the work. In the same year the "Bishop's Chapel" +was destroyed, as before mentioned. In 1832 a much graver act of +vandalism was threatened by the Bridge Committee in their proposal for +widening the roadway, which meant the entire destruction of the +retro-choir. The suggestion was to leave a space of sixty feet wide, +afterwards extended to seventy, between the east end of the church and +the bridge.[11] This was too much for the inhabitants of Southwark, +who rose to the occasion in a vigorous protest by which the venerable +building was saved. + + [Illustration: THE NAVE IN 1831. + _From a contemporaneous Engraving, by permission of "Church + Bells."_] + +At their first meeting on the subject (24th January) the vestrymen +endorsed the proposal of the Bridge Committee by a large majority. At +a subsequent meeting, held within a week, public opinion had been +aroused on the subject, and the majority was reduced to three. The +moral victory for the Church and Borough of Southwark, headed by +Bishop Sumner, was secured by the poll there and then demanded, the +result of which was announced, in two days' time, as: "For the +retention of the building, 380; against, 140; majority for the +retention, 240." + +The retro-choir was saved, and Mr. Gwilt completed the good work by +restoring it, giving his services gratuitously. The nave had been +already doomed. It had got into such a ruinous state by 1831 that at a +Vestry Meeting holden on the 3rd, and confirmed on the 10th, of May, +it was resolved: + + "That the whole of the roof, from the western door to the west + end of the tower, called the nave, consisting of ceiling, + roof, walls, and pillars, as far as dangerous, be sold and + cleared away; the remainder of the walls, pillars, and family + vaults to be left open to the weather. And that the choir, + north and south transepts, be enclosed, to the eastern part of + the church, for divine service; and that the pews, situated in + the nave, be removed into such part, for the accommodation of + the inhabitants." + +In 1838 the nave, having been sufficiently operated on by the climate +and other destructive forces, was taken down; and in the following +year the foundation stone of a mean and flimsy substitute, in the +"Gothic" of the period, was laid by Dr. Sumner, then Bishop of +Winchester. The interior, thus limited and reduced, was fitted up with +timber staircases, wainscoting, galleries, high pews, and a +"three-decker" pulpit, which answered the double purpose of obscuring +the sanctuary and enabling the preacher to command his audience in the +galleries. + +The barbarous result did not escape the sensitive eye of Mr. A.W. +Pugin, the great Gothic revivalist, who gave vent to his indignation +in a scathing article in the "Dublin Review." He said: + + "It may not be amiss to draw public attention to the + atrocities that have lately been perpetrated in the venerable + church of St. Saviour's, Southwark. But a few years since it + was one of the most perfect second-class cruciform churches in + England, and an edifice full of the most interesting + associations connected with the ancient history of the + Metropolis. The roof was first stripped off its massive and + solemn nave; in this state it was left a considerable time, + exposed to all the injuries of wet and weather; at length it + was condemned to be pulled down, and in place of one of the + finest specimens of ecclesiastical architecture left in + London--with massive walls and pillars, deeply moulded arches, + a most interesting south porch, and a splendid western + doorway--we have as vile a preaching-place ... as ever + disgraced the nineteenth century. + + "It is bad enough to see such an erection spring up at all, + but when a venerable building is demolished to make way for + it, the case is quite intolerable. Will it be believed that, + under the centre tower, in the transepts of this once most + beauteous church, _staircases on stilts_ have been set up, + exactly resembling those by which the company ascend to a + booth or race-course?... Nothing but the preaching-house + system could have brought such utter desolation on a stately + church; in fact, the abomination is so great that it must be + seen to be credited." + +Strange as it may appear, the seating accommodation under this +arrangement was even greater than it is at present, and the +congregations at the Sunday services were almost as large as they are +to-day. It would be quite wrong, therefore, to suppose that no +religious work was going on in the parish. But beyond the +parishioners, and the few antiquaries who visited the church from time +to time, it was scarcely known to the outside world, except when the +bells rang out the old year on the 31st of December, or when a dismal +light in the windows proclaimed the Christmas distribution of bread, +coals, and blankets to the poor of the neighbourhood. + +It was impossible, however, that an edifice with the history and +associations of St. Saviour's, should escape the religious and +artistic revival of which the Oxford movement was the cause or the +outcome; and the restoration of this fine church to its original +beauty, and more than its original usefulness, has followed almost as +a matter of course. The scheme for its restoration, although in the +air for some time previously, began to take a definite shape in 1877, +when St. Saviour's, Southwark, with other South London parishes, was +transferred from the diocese of Winchester to Rochester. Dr. Anthony +Wilson Thorold was appointed to the See of Rochester in the same year, +and very soon lent his full energies to the work. In 1889 a meeting of +the chief parishioners was summoned to inaugurate the scheme, and a +subscription list was at once opened, headed by his Lordship with +£1,000. An appeal to the public was immediately issued, and was +generously responded to by great and small. Among the larger donations +may be mentioned the sum of £5,000 from Lord Llangattock, £2,000 from +Messrs. Barclay, Perkins and Co., with several gifts of £1,000 each +from Sir Frederick Wigan and others. These large amounts were +supplemented by the equally acceptable offerings of humbler people, +for which collections were made at numerous churches within and +without the diocese. Perhaps the most important of these, in a money +sense, was that at a Masonic Service, held in the Collegiate Church +itself on Ascension Day, which yielded over £2,000. On 3rd November, +Bishop Thorold preached at St. Saviour's on behalf of the fund, and in +the same month Sir Arthur Blomfield was chosen as architect for the +restoration. The miserable structure of 1839 was at once swept away, +and on 24th July, 1890, King Edward VII, then Prince of Wales, laid +the foundation stone of the new nave. It was completed within seven +years by Messrs. T.F. Rider and Sons after the design of Sir Arthur +Blomfield. Guided throughout by the remains of the old work, and many +existing drawings of the ancient nave, as a whole, and in its separate +details, the architect has succeeded in a practical reproduction of +the original building.[12] The erection, with other reparatory work, +was accomplished at a cost of over £40,000; but he who had initiated +it was not spared to witness its completion. Shortly after its +commencement, Bishop Thorold was transferred from Rochester to +Winchester, and died in the summer of 1895. + +His successor in the See of Rochester, Dr. Randall Thomas Davidson +(appointed in 1891), did not allow the work to flag under his +administration, which came to an end with the death of Dr. Thorold in +1895. The episcopal changes then made resulted in the translation of +Dr. Davidson to the See of Winchester, and the appointment of Dr. +Edward Stuart Talbot to Rochester. By a happy coincidence, the parish +church at Leeds, from which he was transferred, bore the same +dedication as that of the Collegiate Church whose completion it was +his good fortune to celebrate. + +On Tuesday, 16th February, 1897, the building was reopened after +restoration, and reinstated in its position as a Collegiate Church, +with the added dignity of a pro-Cathedral, in anticipation of its +becoming the Cathedral Church of the new diocese of Southwark already +in view. + +The Collegiate Chapter was formed by Statutes promulgated by the +Bishop of Rochester in February, 1897. The following were the members +of that body immediately before the changes consequent on the +formation of the new diocese: + + +_Dean_: + +The Lord Bishop of Rochester, the Rt. Rev. Edward Stuart Talbot. + + +_Sub-Dean_: + +The Lord Bishop of Southwark, the Rt. Rev. Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs. + + +_Canons_: + +Rev. William Thompson, D.D. _Chancellor._ +The Archdeacon of Southwark (Ven. S.M. Taylor, M.A.) _Precentor._ +Rev. R. Rhodes Bristow, M.A. _Canon Missioner._ +Rev. Allen Edwards, M.A. + + +_Lay Members of the Chapter_: + +Sir Frederick Wigan, Bart. _Treasurer._ +W.A. Bell, Esq. _Assistant Treasurer._ +J.T. Scriven, Esq. _The Warden of the Great Account._ +George Newton, Esq. _The Rector's Warden._ + + +_Other Officers_: + +Rev. W.A. Chaplin, M.A., Mus. Bac. _Succentor and Sacrist._ +A. Madeley Richardson, Esq., M.A., Mus. Doc., Oxon. _Organist and + Director of the Choir._ +Rev. J.H. Greig, M.A. _Librarian._ +A.W. Dodwell Moore, Esq. _Chapter Clerk._ +Mr. Hutching and Mr. Spice. _Vergers._ +Mr. Coombes. _Chapter House Verger._ + +The Collegiate Church and Chapter, being dependent on voluntary +contributions for their maintenance, a fund was raised which assured a +sum of about £2,000 per annum for all purposes for five years. As that +period has already expired, a like sum has again to be secured. It +may be added that this fund does not suffice to meet the expenses +incurred by the daily choral Evensong, which was started in June, +1899. The contributions received for this purpose ("The Daily Choral +Service Fund") have hitherto been just sufficient, and it is hoped +that by help from a somewhat wider circle of those interested in the +efficiency of the Collegiate Church, this service, which has been +increasingly appreciated, will not have to be discontinued. The +Treasurers are the Bishop of Southwark and the Precentor. + +A Collegiate House has also been purchased, in which the unmarried +members of the Chapter may reside as well as the Collegiate body. The +latter consists of clergy in Priest's Orders, who undertake to place +themselves at the disposal of the Bishop for work in connection with +the diocese or Collegiate Church. + +A valuable addition has been made to the Collegiate buildings in view +of the elevation of the church to the rank of a cathedral. The old +church of St. Thomas, adjoining the Collegiate House, which would have +been pulled down, has been saved and turned into a Chapter House. It +serves for diocesan meetings, and will hold about 400 people. It is +connected by a corridor with the Foster Hall of the Collegiate House, +and thus forms a convenient series of rooms for large or small +conferences. It is a plain red brick building, with stone dressings, +at the west end of which is a three-storied tower of the same +materials. The ground floor of the tower forms the porch. Entering by +this way we find ourselves in a lofty oblong hall, about 60 feet by +30, with a gallery on the north and west, and the altar-piece before +us at the east end, shut in by a wooden partition, in front of which +stand two chairs--one for the Bishop, the other for his Suffragan. The +history of the present building dates from 1702, when it was erected +on a monastic foundation, the funds being provided by a grant of +£3,000--out of the coal dues, pursuant to a Statute of William and +Mary, the Governors of St. Thomas's Hospital providing the balance. +The date is given on the central panel of the old pulpit, which is +preserved, in reduced form, as a reading desk. Both this and the +altar-piece are made of oak. The altar-piece is rather a fine specimen +of wood-carving in the Corinthian style, with the usual tables for the +Creed, etc. (now blank) between two pilasters, surmounted by the arms +of George I. The old pews were demolished, as no longer required, +when the church was transformed into a Chapter House, but the fine +grained oak of which they were made was turned to account for doors +and panelling. Below all this there is a crypt, of much earlier date, +which now answers the purpose of a refreshment department on special +occasions. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE CHAPTER HOUSE. + _Formerly the Church of St. Thomas._] + +Behind the eastern wall a smaller hall has been erected between the +Chapter House and the adjacent Collegiate House. This serves the +double purpose of a vestibule and a place for smaller gatherings. The +generous donor wishes to remain anonymous, but is partially revealed +in a tablet over the fireplace, which says: + + "As a Thank-offering for many blessings during a long life, a + merchant of the City of London constructed this Meeting Hall, + and munificently contributed to the purchase of the Collegiate + House of St. Saviour, Southwark, Sep 4, 1898," surmounted by + his arms and the legend "Watch and be ready." + +A library, already consisting of several hundred volumes, is being +formed in the Chapter House, for the use of the clergy and licensed +Readers of the diocese--in addition to the Collegiate Library proper, +which at present is kept in the same place. + +With all its advantages, the present Chapter House is acknowledged to +be an unworthy representative of the original, as being at an +inconvenient distance from the Cathedral, and out of character with it +in design. Unfortunately no trace of the old house, or of its exact +site, is left to us. The Cloisters and the College, or Priory, are +known to have been on the north, the Prior's residence at the +north-west angle of the Cloisters, and the Refectory at the north-east +end. The whole formed a splendid group of buildings and covered a +large area, bounded on the north by the Thames; on the south by the +church and churchyard; on the east by the "Bishop's Chapel," with a +wall beyond it (at about the distance of the present roadway); and on +the west by a small creek (St. Saviour's dock), beyond which lay the +Bishop of Winchester's palace and garden. + +By an instrument dated 15th July, 1545, the whole of the Priory lands +were made over to Sir Anthony Browne, Knt., in the following +comprehensive terms: "Totum situm septum circuitum ambitum et +precinctum nuper Monasterii sive Prioratus beate Mariae Overey in Com. +Surr." + +The work of demolition dates from that time, and the old buildings +have gradually disappeared to make way for the modern wharves and +warehouses which have since occupied the ground. The finishing strokes +were put to the destruction during the first half of 1835, when Mr. +E.J. Carlos, the archaeologist, visited the ruins, and describes them +as then showing "scarcely one stone upon another." They had previously +been visited by another antiquary (Mr. John Carter) in 1797 and 1808, +when there was a little more to be seen. Both gentlemen gave their +experience in the pages of the "Gentleman's Magazine," with a +conjectural description of the group of buildings as it had been, +contrasted with the desolation they then witnessed. (_See_ the +"Gentleman's Magazine" for 1808 and 1835.) + + [Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE EAST. + _Reproduced from a drawing by Mr. Hedley Fitton, by permission + of the "Daily Chronicle."_] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] See a paper read before the Society of Antiquaries, in 1833, by Mr. +A.J. Kempe. + +[2] Burnham-Overy, in Norfolk, and Barton-Overy, in Leicestershire, +show that the suffix is not peculiar to St. Mary's, Southwark. + +[3] It may be well to explain that a "Collegiate Church" takes its name +from the _Collegium_, or collected body of priests, attached to it, who +were called "Secular Canons" in distinction from the "Regular Canons" +of a monastery. The latter were monks who had been admitted to Holy +Orders, but still continued in obedience to the rule (_regulus_) of the +foundation to which they belonged. The Seculars were more or less like +our parochial clergy in that they were subject to no such regulation, +lived and moved without restraint among the people, and in early days +were not infrequently married. Until the time of Pope Gregory VII +(1073-1085), the celibacy of the extra-monastic clergy was not at all +generally insisted on. Even after the twelfth century, when greater +strictness had been enforced by the first and second Lateran Councils, +the marriage of the secular clergy was frequently connived at by their +superiors, who even tolerated a system of concubinage which they were +unable to prevent--_propter duritiem cordis_--by which a law of nature +was provided for, in defiance of the law ecclesiastical. The question +was finally settled by the Council of Trent in 1563, since when the +celibate rule has generally been strictly observed in the Roman Church. +The absence of such a rule in the Church of England is, of course, due +to the Reformation. + +With very few exceptions the English "Colleges" were suppressed by an +Act of 1545. The name seems to have clung to St. Saviour's through all +its subsequent changes, rather by old association than as having any +practical value, till the collegiate character, as well as the title, +was formally restored to it in 1897 by Dr. Talbot, then Bishop of +Rochester. + +[4] The dedication of the hospital was altered to "St. +Thomas-the-Apostle," in 1540, when the official title of the church was +changed to St. Saviour. To make way for the line of railway between +London Bridge and Charing Cross, a wing of the hospital had to be +pulled down, and the whole was transferred to the Albert Embankment, +where the new buildings were opened by Her late Majesty Queen Victoria +in 1871. + +[5] In 1900 the number of churchwardens was reduced to five, of whom +two only discharge ecclesiastical duties. + +[6] That the vestrymen were not indifferent to creature comforts is +shown by an entry in their records for 5th April, 1569, from which it +appears that it was their wont to eat a calf's head pie in the vestry +in celebration of Easter. The luxury was supplemented in 1600-1607 by +the gift of a buck and 20_s._ from Sir Edward Dyer, to provide an +entertainment for the vestrymen and their wives at the same season. On +the other hand, they were not allowed to have it all their own way, for +a resolution of 25th April, 1569, prohibits more than one of them from +speaking at once, under a penalty of 4_d._, and imposes a fine of 2_s._ +6_d._ for irreverent behaviour in the vestry. They were also required +to wear their gowns in the vestry, and to attend the funeral of any of +their _confrères_, or their wives (if desired), under a penalty of +4_d._ It is fair to add that they were alive to their responsibilities +as they understood them, _e.g._, on 3rd March, 1571, they gave the +clerk warning, and appointed another in his place who was "a good bass +and tenor," at a salary of £1 6_s._ 8_d._, "that the choir might be +better served." + +[7] The viscera of his successor, Bishop Horne, are also said to have +been buried at St. Mary's in 1579. + +[8] We have a striking illustration of the joint pastorate at the same +period, when the judicious Hooker was Master of the Temple, and Mr. +Travers the Lecturer. The result was that "the forenoon sermon spake +Canterbury, and the afternoon Geneva."--Walton's "Life of Hooker." + +Another instance of this difference of opinion comes before us at St. +Saviour's itself. Dr. Thomas Sutton, who was appointed Chaplain there +in 1615, was an ardent denouncer of plays and players, of whose +iniquities he was constantly reminded by the Globe and other theatres +in the neighbourhood. His superior, Dr. Lancelot Andrewes, on the other +hand, does not scruple to draw freely on the theatre for his +illustrations. See for example Bishop Andrewes' sermon on St. Matt. +vii, 6, preached before James I on Ash Wednesday, 1622. + +[9] It may be mentioned, as throwing some light on the above, that the +Bankside had acquired an evil reputation through the brothels and other +iniquities tolerated in that quarter, and more or less recognised in +the Acts of Parliament for their regulation. The north side of a church +was in the Middle Ages usually appropriated to women, as inferior to +the south, which was reserved for the opposite sex. The north side of +the churchyard was used for the burial of ordinary people, a fact which +explains St. Swithun's humility in choosing it for his own +resting-place. + +[10] His words are these: "Supposing Hollar's and other views of the +church (in which buttresses at the angles of the tower are shown) to be +correct, the buttresses as well as the pinnacles were then removed." + +[11] The space was eventually left at 130 feet, as it now stands. + +[12] Mr. Dollman, who probably knew more about the ancient fabric than +any living man, was heard to express his regret that his own great age +prevented his active co-operation, but he was delighted that the work +of restoration had fallen to such competent hands. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH-WEST.] + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE EXTERIOR + + +At the present day St. Saviour's Cathedral is most unfortunate in its +surroundings, and cannot be seen as a whole from any point, near or +distant. Hemmed in as the church is by London Bridge on the east, the +Borough Market and railway arches on the south, and by tall warehouses +on the other sides, the confined space in which it stands is a decided +hindrance to the near perspective, while the surrounding buildings +shut off the view from a distance in all directions.[13] + +The railway line from Cannon Street commands a fairly good prospect +from the south-west, as it passes the church in its course. A closer +prospect is to be obtained from the London Bridge approach which takes +in the Lady Chapel, the east and south sides of the choir, the tower +and south transept. A few yards further up the slope we, of course, +lose the south aspect, but get a fair view, from the north-east +corner, of part of the east front and the north transept, including +the new Harvard window in the chapel beneath it. If we descend the +short flight of steps at the foot of the bridge, and take up a +position in the south-east corner of the open ground outside the +church railings, we get a fairly good view of the south side from the +Lady Chapel to the south-west porch, but lose sight of much of the +east end, and therefore of one of the most characteristic external +features. + +The church lies in a general east and west direction, and is cruciform +in plan, consisting of a nave, north and south transepts, a central +tower, and choir, beyond which is the retro-choir, or so-called Lady +Chapel. The nave and choir have aisles, but the transepts have not. +While strict orientation has been secured in the main building, it +will be noticed that the chancel is slightly deflected towards the +south, in supposed mystic allusion to the drooping head of the Saviour +upon the Cross, a piece of symbolism very frequent in Gothic churches, +and here rendered peculiarly appropriate by the dedication.[14] + +Starting our perambulation at the =East End=, it will be noticed that +the so-called Lady Chapel is actually an enlargement of the choir, +such as we find on a much grander scale at Durham or Fountains, and +may be compared to the "Presbytery" at Chichester, from which the Lady +Chapel projects, or to the "New Building" at Peterborough Cathedral. +This addition was made to the church by Peter de Rupibus in the +thirteenth century, as a retro-choir or ambulatory. It was carefully +restored by Mr. George Gwilt, in 1832, from much external mutilation +to something like its original state. The eastern side consists of +four bays, divided by buttresses, and surmounted by pointed gables, +with ornamental crosses on the apices. In each of the gables there is +a triplet of narrow lancet windows, which light the space between the +internal vault and the roof. They have sculptured heads in the +moulding above the central light in each triplet. The bays below are +lighted by a similar series of larger windows of simpler +construction, the moulding of the sides being carried over the lancet +points in unbroken continuity. In the north-east corner there is a +short hexagonal stair turret, but the opposite corner is simply +supported by ordinary buttresses. The walls are made up of rubble and +flints, with ashlar dressing, as is supposed to have been the case +throughout the original church, where, however, the flints are said to +have been squared. In the reign of Edward III, a small Lady Chapel was +built against the east end of this retro-choir: it projected from the +second bay from the south, where the window was removed to connect it +with the church. After the interment of Bishop Andrewes within it, +this little appendage became popularly known as the "Bishop's Chapel." +It was demolished in 1830, on the ground of its supposed interference +with the approach to the new London Bridge; but as it only projected +thirty-four feet (a distance which would have placed it well within +the present churchyard railing) its destruction seems to have been an +unnecessary act of vandalism. The retro-choir itself narrowly escaped +sharing its fate, but was fortunately spared, and the tomb of Bishop +Andrewes was removed to its present position immediately behind the +high altar. The true Lady Chapel being destroyed, the dedication seems +to have been popularly transferred to the structure so closely +associated with it, and most people concerned are now very unwilling +to part with the familiar name.[15] + +Above the Lady Chapel, as it is now called, we have a view of the +=East End of the Choir=, as restored by Mr. Gwilt at the same time. +This part of the church having been considerably altered by Bishop +Fox, in or about the year 1520, the restoring architect, though +anxious to go back to the thirteenth century work, had scarcely any +data to guide him to its reproduction. The result was the more or less +original elevation that we now see. It consists of a three-light +lancet window at the east end of the choir, with a small circular +window, with seven cusps, in the gable above, surmounted by a cross, +and a stair-turret, terminating in an octagonal pinnacle at each end +of the elevation.[16] + +The pitch of Mr. Gwilt's gable was below that of its predecessor; but +with this exception (the responsibility for which lies rather with the +building committee than with him) his work must be considered very +satisfactory. His body now lies at rest in the family vault in the +south-east corner outside his work, and he is commemorated in a window +within, as well as in a marble tablet behind the altar-screen. + +The =South side of the Lady Chapel= contains a central window of three +lights and geometrical tracery, with a lancet window on the right and +left. The mouldings of these side windows are not exactly alike, that +on the right (of the spectator) being extremely plain, while the other +is supported by slender shafts, terminating in delicate floral +capitals. + +This aspect of the chapel was completely hidden by the parish church +of St. Mary Magdalene Overy, erected against it in the thirteenth +century, and destroyed in 1822, after having undergone many +alterations. The choir entrance, at the intersection of the choir and +south transept, is not remarkable, and need not detain us. + +The =South Transept=, which has a public doorway on its eastern side, +was erected, with its companion on the north, in the first half of the +fourteenth century (_circa_ 1300-1350) in the Decorated style of that +period. It was rebuilt by Cardinal Beaufort in the following century, +which accounts for certain architectural differences between the two +transepts, chiefly noticeable in the windows and in the interior +walls. The front of this transept was repaired in brick in 1735, and +the restoration of both was taken in hand by Mr. Wallace in 1830. At +the earlier date the original window in the south elevation was +"enlarged and beautified," which means that the tracery was taken out, +and a cheap substitute inserted, without tracery, and with plain +mullions instead of the original elaborate lights. Mr. Wallace +improved upon this feeble design by introducing another window, on a +pattern partly of his own invention, partly based on a circular window +in the adjacent Winchester Palace, which is said to have been +singularly ill adapted for stained glass. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST.] + +When the restoration was undertaken by Mr. Wallace, enough of the old +work remained to show that the original design had a high-pitched +roof, with a gable recessed behind a straight parapet, and that the +large window, though all cusping and tracery had disappeared, was +similar, in its main divisions, to that which Sir Arthur Blomfield has +inserted. Mr. Wallace's restorations, here and elsewhere, were made +quite independently of the suggestions to be found in the ancient +work, which Sir Arthur was before all things anxious to reproduce. In +the present window we have a practical reproduction of the original, +as far as its features could be ascertained. It consists of five +lights, combining the earlier geometrical with the later flowing +tracery of the Decorated period, and an element of Perpendicular. + +Below the transoms there is a series of unglazed panels, which have +not escaped criticism as spoiling the proportions of the window; but +most people are satisfied with them in the interior, where the wall +arcading at once explains the necessity, and gives effect to the +whole. A simple three-light window has been placed in the gable above. +The windows on the east and west sides of this transept, though +renovated by Sir Arthur Blomfield, date from the time of Edward III, +as Mr. Wallace did not interfere with them beyond shortening the +length of one on the east. Below the great window in the south +elevation there had formerly been an entrance to this transept, to +which a wooden porch was added. These are now swept away, and the +entrance has been transferred to the eastern side, formerly blocked up +by the church of St. Mary Magdalene. Mr. Wallace had changed the +design of the buttresses, and affixed pinnacles to them, on the +authority of certain old engravings which represent them as existing +at an earlier period. It may be said, however, that the old pictures +differ very much from each other in such details, and cannot be relied +on for accuracy. Sometimes, no doubt, though almost contemporaneous, +they represent alterations actually made at the church within a short +time of one another; but the discrepancies between them are just as +likely to be due to the caprices of individual engravers. On the other +hand, it is fair to them to remember the innovations, for better or +worse, which the vestry and churchwardens thought it right to make at +frequent intervals. Some of them occur in the history of this very +transept. For instance, the original gable was removed early in the +eighteenth century, and a covering substituted, of a kind which Mr. +Dollman humorously describes as "the pleasing novelty of a hipped +roof." Again, in 1679 a sundial was placed over the central window, to +give way in 1735 to an ingenious combination of sundial and clock, for +which a triangular arrangement, presenting a clock of two faces, was +substituted four years later. _See_ illustration, p. 27. All these may +now be regarded as among the things that have never been, except in +the historical lessons they contain. + +The =Tower=, at the intersection of the nave and transepts, is 35 ft. +square externally, and rises to the height of 129 ft. 6 in., exclusive +of the pinnacles, which stand 34 ft. higher. The exterior walls +throughout consist of the intermixture of flint and stone, +characteristic of the rest of the church, except the transepts, which +are of Bath stone. It has been stated that the tower was originally +supported at the angles by buttresses, but it is not at all certain +that this was the case, and it would have been an unusual and +dangerous experiment to remove them, unless the tower had been +altogether rebuilt. That the old builders did not shrink from such +daring alterations, however, is proved by their having removed the +flying buttresses from the original nave, which led to the collapse of +the roof in 1469. In a bird's-eye view of Southwark, including St. +Saviour's Church 'as it appeared' in 1543, the buttresses are absent. +In an engraving by Hollar (usually accurate), dated 1647, the +buttresses are shown. The present appearance of the tower is against +the theory, as there is next to nothing for the buttresses to rest on; +but it is probable that the angles were altered at the same time, and +Mr. Dollman has given his weight to the conjecture, apparently relying +on Hollar's correctness, in preference to less known engravers. The +first stage of the tower, just visible above the roof, was erected at +the same time as the adjoining transepts. The two upper stages are +attributed to Bishop Fox (_circa_ 1520), and are in the Perpendicular +style of his date. The uppermost stage is chamfered at the quoins, +leaving a small off-set at the level of the next. Each story contains +two windows of two lights, transomed, the whole terminating in an +embattled parapet, with crocketed pinnacles at the corners, surmounted +by vanes. These were put up by Mr. Gwilt in 1818, in place of the old +vanes, dated 1689, the pattern of which was slightly different. If the +early engravings are to be trusted, Mr. Gwilt also made a +considerable alteration in the design of the pinnacles at the same +time. The two rooms within the tower are reserved for the ringers and +the peal of twelve bells which the church has possessed since +1735.[17] + +The =South side of the Nave= brings us to Sir Arthur Blomfield's chief +restoration, or rather rebuilding, of 1890-1897. + +As explained in the introductory chapter, the nave had been walled off +from the eastern portion of the church and allowed to drop into +ruinous neglect from 1831 till 1839, when a flimsy substitute was +begun. The foundation stone was laid by Dr. Sumner, then Bishop of +Winchester. The fragile nature of this work may be inferred from the +fact that it was finished in the following year, and as the floor was +raised seven and a half feet above the old level it was impossible to +use the new nave in connection with the choir and transepts. + +Guided by the ground plan of the thirteenth-century nave, showing the +position of the columns of the arcade, and the outer walls generally, +as revealed when the modern brickwork was removed, Sir Arthur has +succeeded in giving us a practical reproduction of the original, both +in character and material.[18] It will be no disparagement to his +admirable work to say that it was made more easy by the labours of his +predecessors, Mr. Gwilt and Mr. Dollman, and especially by the careful +plans and drawings which the latter gentleman left behind him after +fourteen years' patient study of the fabric. The south elevation +exhibits seven bays, divided and supported by flying buttresses, each +bay of the clerestory being lighted by a plain lancet window. + +The flying buttresses had been removed from the old nave, with +disastrous consequences to the original roof, as already stated. They +are now replaced, and at once give strength and effect to the +elevation, besides bringing it into harmony with the architecture of +the choir, where the flying buttresses were never removed. The wall +spaces in the aisle below are occupied by five lancet windows, +matching those in the clerestory, except in the bay next the transept, +where there is a beautiful window of three lights. Before describing +it, the interesting fact may be mentioned that the window in the +westernmost bay of this aisle had been concealed and protected, while +its neighbours were destroyed, through having a small wooden house, or +shed, built up against it. The single window thus accidentally +preserved, was taken as a model for the new ones throughout the aisle +and clerestory, with the exception of the larger aisle window just +referred to. This, though also entirely rebuilt, is a modified +reproduction of that which filled the same space in the time of Edward +II--a fine example of the Decorated style. Divided by sub-arcuation +into three lights, surmounted by circles of quatrefoil tracery in the +spandrels of the arches, and supported by composite shafts, with +moulded bases and foliated capitals, this elegant window had been +allowed to drop into a ruin. Drawings of it had fortunately been taken +before it was too late, and the present work gives us the leading +features, and practically the details, of the original. + +The most conspicuous object in the whole of this elevation is the +=Doorway= to the south-west, which is the principal entrance to the +Cathedral. In all probability the door was placed in this position +when the Norman nave was built by Bishop Giffard (_circa_ 1106); but +its character was altered by Peter de Rupibus, a century later, to +bring it into harmony with the rest of his Early English work, when he +remodelled the nave in that style. + +The porch that we now have agrees in its main features with the +drawings taken of the earlier one before it was destroyed. A deeply +recessed and acutely pointed arch is divided into two by a central +shaft, with moulded base and foliaged capital. The jambs contain five +shafts on each side, which differ from that in the centre, in that +they are of Purbeck marble, and banded, in pleasing contrast to the +plain stone of their own bases and capitals, and of the (unbanded) +central shaft. In the tympanum of the double doorway thus formed, +there is a pointed arcading, consisting of a central arch and two +smaller arches on either side. The deep soffit of the arch in which +this elegant arcading is enclosed, is adorned with a series of +quatrefoil panels. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE SOUTH-WESTERN PORCH.] + +From the remains of a bracket discovered in the ruins of the former +arcading, it is obvious that the central space was intended for a +statue. We are not left to mere conjecture on this point, but have +documentary evidence to confirm it, which shows that the recess held a +seated figure of the Blessed Virgin, the patroness of the church.[19] +The arch is now vacant, though supplied with a suggestive pedestal; +and there is one other detail in which the restorer appears to have +departed from his original, viz., in not reproducing the small +clusters of foliage that were distributed along the hollows of the +mouldings. + +The long gargoyles projecting horizontally on either side of the roof, +and the floriated cross on the apex, are worth notice. The modern +restoration is indicated by a cross (_patée_) carved on the central +buttress on this side of the Cathedral, which marks the stone laid by +King Edward VII on 24th July, 1900, when His Majesty was Prince of +Wales. + +The =West Front= is chiefly remarkable as presenting a dead wall where +we usually expect to find the grand entrance. It is a debated question +among antiquaries and architects whether the first Norman church ever +had a doorway in this front; and the question has not got beyond +conjecture as to the Early English church which superseded it in the +thirteenth century. It is certain, however, that a rich and elaborate +entrance, deeply recessed, was inserted here in the Perpendicular age +(sixteenth century), about the same date that the upper stages of the +tower were set up, either for the first time, or in place of an +earlier doorway.[20] + +The same uncertainty attends the history of the great west window; all +traces of the original having disappeared when a window of the +Perpendicular style was introduced in agreement with the doorway +below. Before the alterations, or mutilations, of the seventeenth +century, this window was of six lights transomed, with cinquefoil +tracery at the heads of the lower (and probably also of the upper) +lights, as inferred from the fragments which survived its +mutilation.[21] + +In the absence of data as to the Early English façade, the architect +for the restoration has been thrown to a large extent upon his own +resources. The question of the doorway he has answered in the +negative. The window he has given us consists of three lancet lights +corresponding with those at the east end, but considerably longer, +with an unglazed panel of similar design, on either side, diminishing +in height from the central light outwards in harmony with the lines of +the roof. The north and south ends of the façade are flanked by +stair-turrets, square in their lower portion, rising into octagons, +and surmounted by sharply pointed roofs. To relieve the monotony of +the horizontalism, a simple arcading has been inserted in the wall +spaces above the central window, and above the aisle windows (plain +lancets) on the right and left. Independently of the question of +precedent, the absence of a doorway in this front is quite +intelligible at the present day, when the church wall almost touches +the narrow public pavement, and the close street of lofty business +houses allows no room for perspective, or even convenient access. + +The =North Side= of the nave corresponds with the south, each bay +containing a lancet window in the clerestory. The spaces in the aisle +below are similarly lighted, except in one bay towards the east, where +Gower's monument in the interior necessitates a shorter window, which +is here made a double lancet. At the extreme eastern end of this side +of the nave we come to a most interesting relic in the remains of the +=Norman Doorway= (twelfth century), which had been the Prior's +entrance from the cloisters. Shut in and completely hidden by +brickwork, it was discovered in 1829 in a shocking state of +mutilation, but fortunately _in situ_. It was further mutilated, and +bricked up again during the building operations of 1839, to be again +revealed when the rubbish of that date was cleared away for the new +nave, where the fragments are now carefully preserved in the wall. The +archivolt is no more, all that we have being some fragments of the +jambs on which it rested, one of which, on the east side (on the +returned face), shows two old consecration crosses. In its perfect +state this fine specimen of late Norman work is known to have +consisted of three orders of shafts (banded) in the jambs, with +moulded bases and sculptured capitals, the bold archivolt also +displaying three orders. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + REMAINS OF THE PRIOR'S DOORWAY.] + +Of these the outermost was of leaf ornament, the second zigzag, and +the third a conventional floral design, suggesting a combination of +the trefoil and Greek honeysuckle. The zigzag moulding forming the +innermost order was continuous along the jambs and arch. Close to this +doorway, on its eastern side, there is a smaller, but equally +interesting, relic in the remains of a _Holy-water Stoup_. It is fixed +in a large and deep recess, with an angular arch above it, too +dilapidated to afford a hint as to the original moulding, which we +can only assume was not unworthy of the rich doorway by its side. + +A few yards westwards we are reminded of the antiquity of the site by +a mass of Roman tiles, arranged herring-bone fashion, as if they had +been used in the wall of some earlier (probably Saxon) building on the +spot. They are now tightly packed in a case, exactly as they were +discovered, for their better protection against relic hunters, whose +ideas of property, when it happens to be of a portable kind, are a +constant source of anxiety to the vergers. + +Our progress along the north wall is here interrupted by the +projecting transept, which touches the wooden fence separating the +Cathedral from private property. Neither the north end of this +transept, nor the north side of the "Lady Chapel," is to be seen from +the exterior. It may be mentioned, however, that the windows on the +east and west sides of the north transept are extremely simple +compared with that in the end of the same transept or with those in +the south arm; and that the north side of the "Lady Chapel" differs +slightly from the south in the disposition of the windows. Here the +largest (a fine example of modern work) is in the easternmost bay, the +other two bays being lighted by simple lancets, whereas on the +opposite side the largest window occupies the central bay, with a +lancet in the bays on either side of it. + +Before entering the church, it may be well to walk once more along the +east front to see the outside of the new Harvard window in the chapel +below the north transept, which stands out in marked contrast to the +older work around it. It may also be noticed that while the windows in +the choir clerestory are all plain lancets, like those in the restored +nave, there is a considerable difference in the glazing. In the choir +we have an ornamental pattern of Mr. Gwilt's invention. In the nave +Sir Arthur Blomfield has preferred small square panes of glass, as +more in character with the lancet type of window, and the other Early +English work, which he has so well reproduced. + + [Illustration: THE TRANSEPTS FROM THE NORTH END. + _Reproduced from a drawing by Permission of "Church Bells."_] + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[13] There is a further disadvantage, of a more material kind, in the +encroachments. The smoke and soot from passing trains on one side, and +the dust from a coffee-roasting establishment on the other, are having +a sufficiently obvious effect on the fabric, as well as on the +surrounding grass-plats. The latter require frequent renewal in +consequence. + +[14] Perhaps the deflection is more frequently towards the north. + +[15] A converse instance of mistaken nomenclature occurs at Westminster +Abbey, where the Lady Chapel is commonly called after Henry VII, who +began its erection, in place of the earlier chapel, and is buried in +it. + +In an inventory of 1538 the "Bishop's Chapel" at St. Saviour's is +styled "the little Chapel of our Lady," which perhaps indicates that +there was an altar to the Virgin in the retro-choir. Two Lady Chapels +in one church are not unknown, as, _e.g._, at Canterbury Cathedral, +where there was one in the north-west transept, now called "the Dean's +Chapel," and another in the crypt under the high altar. + +A case more directly to the point may be quoted from Barnwell Priory, +where the Lady Chapel is known to have occupied a similar position to +the retro-choir at Southwark, with a "little Lady Chapel" appended to +it. (_Vide_ "The Observances in use at the Augustinian Priory of +Barnwell," by J. Willis Clark, and the accompanying plans.) + +[16] The pinnacle at the south end was removed a few years ago to +prevent its falling. + +[17] The original number of bells, in 1424, was seven, and their names +were Nicholas, Vincent, St. Lawrence, Anna Maria, Stephen, Maria, +Augustine. In the same year the bells were increased in weight and one +more added to the number. The names were then changed, and became +Christ, St. John-the-Evangelist, All Saints', Gabriel, St. Lawrence, +Augustine, Mary, St. Trinity. They were recast, with 64 cwt. of fresh +metal, in 1735, when the peal was brought up to its present number. +More recently the two largest of the treble bells (D# and C#) were +slightly reduced in weight. + +[18] The builders of 1839 fortunately contented themselves with +building round the bases of the piers, which they left on the old +foundation. + +[19] _E.g._, in the will of Joan de Cobham, dated 1369, the testatrix +expresses her wish to be buried before the door of St. Mary Overie, +"where the image of the Blessed Virgin sitteth on high." It will be +noticed that this is the principal feature in the Priory seal. + +[20] Drawings of the Perpendicular doorway are given by Moss and +Nightingale (1817-1818), and by F.T. Dollman (1881). The ruins of the +old nave, including this fine doorway, were finally removed towards the +end of 1838, to make way for the _pure Gothic_ structure (as it was +called in the newspaper descriptions of the day), which was commenced +in the following year. + +[21] Mr. Dollman holds that the cinquefoil tracery occurred in both +divisions, but has omitted it from the upper lights in his drawing of +the west elevation, as it appeared before it was finally destroyed. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE NORTH CHOIR AISLE.] + + + + +CHAPTER III + +THE INTERIOR + + +The =Nave= was entirely rebuilt by Sir Arthur Blomfield in 1890-1897. +Not the least difficult part of the architect's work was the removal +of the unsatisfactory structure, of 1839-1840, without destroying the +few Norman and Early English features imbedded in the plaster and +brickwork, which it was desired to recover as far as possible, and +preserve intact and _in situ_. This has to a great extent been done, +thanks to the care with which the debased nave was taken to pieces, +every stone that was worth preserving being carefully released from +its accretions, measured, and reinstated in its proper place in the +new work. Fortunately the earlier nineteenth century builders had not +disturbed the bases of the old piers, but had contented themselves +with building round them, and when their superstructure was cleared +off, enough of the old work remained to show the position of every +pier, as well as the lines of the original ground plan. In nearly +every part also the old foundations were found satisfactory, though, +of course, they were thoroughly tested, and renovation generally +applied. The old lines have been adhered to throughout the +restoration, and the new nave is a practical reproduction of its Early +English predecessor in every detail, with the single exception to be +afterwards noticed. This minute adherence to the original includes +such intentional irregularities as the unequal distances between the +piers and the varying width of the aisles, which not only differ from +each other, but are not of the same width throughout in each case. + +Ancaster stone has been chiefly employed, except in the roof, where +the ribs of the vaulting are of Bath stone, the filling being made up +of chalk and firestone. + +The nave consists of seven bays on each side, divided by piers, +alternately circular and octagonal, like those in the choir, with +triple vaulting shafts on the north and south sides (the central shaft +in each case being of Purbeck), and a single shaft on the east and +west, corresponding with the interior order of the arches. The +vaulting shafts are banded. The deeply moulded arches are somewhat +loftier and more acutely pointed than those in the choir, placing the +triforia on a slightly higher level, but the triforia of nave and +choir are alike in that in both cases they consist of four arched +openings in each bay. Every bay is walled off from its neighbours on +either side, but has an opening at the back into a passage above the +aisles, which is continuous throughout nave and choir. In the +westernmost bay on either side, the triforium arcade has a wall +immediately behind the shafts. In the other bays it is recessed, and +open above the level of the aisle vaulting. In these respects the +architect has reversed the old arrangement, as in the original nave +the two westernmost bays had open triforia, the others simply +containing a shallow arcading. This arrangement, taken in conjunction +with traces of an incipient tower discovered within the two western +bays, seems to show that these bays were intended to form a narthex, +or vestibule, to the church, but it does not appear that the tower was +ever erected, or that the vestibule ever went beyond the conception. +The clerestory is lighted by plain lancet windows, enclosed in an +elegant arcading. + +Entering the church by the great doorway at the south-west, and +looking towards the east, we get a fine perspective of over two +hundred feet, including the nave arcading in its three stages, the +groined and vaulted roof, and a good view of the choir, terminating in +Bishop Fox's fine stone screen, with the three-light window above it. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE CHOIR VAULT.] + +In both aisles there is an interesting series of modern windows +intended to memorialise the great names associated with the Church, +the Borough of Southwark, and the history of England--all excellent +specimens of the revived art of glass-staining, and all at present +designed by Mr. C.E. Kempe. The visitor will find it convenient to +begin his examination of the interior at the =North Aisle=. The window +at the extreme west end of this aisle contains a figure of St. +Augustine of Hippo, as Patron of the Augustinian Canons, introduced +early in the twelfth century, when the Collegiate Church was +transformed into a monastery. + +The next three windows are at present vacant, but they are already +destined for three great names included in the memorial scheme, viz.: +Oliver Goldsmith, Dr. Johnson, and Dr. Sacheverell, each of whom has a +place in the history of Southwark entitling him to commemoration in +the church. Goldsmith once set up as a medical practitioner at +Bankside. His friend Dr. Johnson was on friendly terms with the Thrale +family, whose successors (Messrs. Barclay, Perkins and Co.) still +retain the Doctor's chair on their premises. Dr. Sacheverell was +Chaplain at St. Saviour's from 1705 to 1709, and appears to have +engaged Johnson's attention, as a preacher, in his childhood.[22] + +Beneath the Goldsmith window there is a fine relic in the shape of a +late =Norman Recess=, which has escaped serious mutilation. A +segmental arch, surmounted with a simple chamfered moulding with +quirks, supported at each end by a column with moulded base and +capital, would seem to indicate a seat rather than a tomb, and the +date as about the end of the twelfth century. Beneath the Johnson +window there is another Norman relic, of about the same date, in the +outline of the old =Canons' Doorway=, formerly connecting the aisle +with the cloisters. The extreme plainness of the moulding will be +contrasted with the elaborate work in the Prior's entrance further +east, on the exterior of the same wall. The next window contains a +memorial to Alexander Cruden, compiler of the Scripture Concordance, +who died on 1st November, 1770, and was buried in the parish. This +window is the gift of Mr. W.H. Francis. + +John Bunyan is commemorated in the window beyond it, as having +preached and worked in Southwark, and as author of the immortal +"Pilgrim's Progress." The cost was defrayed by subscriptions from +children of the parish. + +The next bay is occupied by a short two-light window (at present +plain), and by =John Gower's Tomb= in the space below. This fine +monument was removed to the east side of the south transept during the +destructive alterations of the early nineteenth century, but had been +worse treated by its friends in 1748, when a large sum was spent on +its "embellishment." Its history, combined with that of the Priors who +erected it, may be summed up in the opening words of the inscription +which was placed in a marble tablet at the back of the tomb to +commemorate the embellishment referred to, not without a touch of +sarcasm, though, of course, unintentional: "Hoc viri inter inclytos +memorandi." Gower died in 1408, eight years after his friend Chaucer. +He had been a liberal benefactor to the Church, and founded a chantry +in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist, where he was eventually buried. +The chapel and chantry are no more, but the monument marks the spot, +having been restored in 1894 to its first position. It is in the +Perpendicular style, and consists of an altar-tomb, with a dado, +ornamented by seven panels in front, on which lies the effigy of the +poet, surmounted by a canopy of three ogee arches, with an inner order +of five cusps, and terminating in crocketed pinnacles. There is a +pilaster set angle-wise at each end, banded at the separate divisions +of the monument, and also rising into crocketed pinnacles. There are +similar pinnacles between the arches of the canopy. Behind the canopy +is a screen, divided into open panels of three trefoil-headed lights. +The cornice at the top is modern, and the hands and nose of the figure +are restorations. + +The poet is represented lying on his back, with his hands joined in +prayer, and his head resting upon the three volumes on which his fame +depends, the "Speculum Meditantis," "Vox Clamantis," and "Confessio +Amantis." He is vested in a long dark habit, buttoned down to the +feet, after the manner of a cassock, the ordinary dress of an English +gentleman at the time. There is a garland of four roses round his +head, and at his feet a lion couchant. The SS collar adorns the neck, +with a pendant jewel, on which a swan is engraved--the device of +Richard II, to whom Gower was Poet Laureate. On the wall of the +canopy, at the foot of the tomb, there is a sculptured and coloured +representation of the poet's own shield of arms, crest, and helmet. On +the back wall of the recess, above the effigy, there were formerly +three painted figures, representing Charity, Mercy, and Pity, each +bearing a scroll with an invocation, in Norman-French, for the soul of +the departed. After undergoing repainting more than once, with +modifications, the figures were scarcely recognisable in 1832, when +the monument was repaired, but the figures were unfortunately +obliterated. The inscription along the ledge of the tomb, which had +also been destroyed, is now replaced: "Hic jacet I. Gower, Arm. Angl: +poeta celeberrimus ac hoc sacro benefac. insignis. Vixit temporibus +Edw. III, Ric. II, et Henri IV." The short window above Gower's tomb +is not without suggestion in its vacancy. The last bay of the aisle +was occupied by the Prior's doorway, the existing fragments of which +are preserved _in situ_ on the exterior. + +The window above it is most appropriately dedicated to Gower's +contemporary, Chaucer. It was presented by General A.W. Pigott in +memory of his sister, and was unveiled by the present Poet Laureate on +25th October, 1900, the fifth centenary of Chaucer's death. The artist +has succeeded in compressing a rather large subject into the single +lancet. The middle compartment depicts the pilgrims setting out from +the old "Tabard" inn, above which (in the upper division) rise the +tower of St. Saviour's and the spire of Canterbury, the starting-point +and the goal of the pilgrimage. The compartment beneath contains a +full-length figure of Thomas Becket, a study in ecclesiastical +vestments, his right hand raised in blessing, the left holding the +archiepiscopal cross. The whole is crowned with a medallion portrait +of the author of "The Canterbury Tales." + +If the visitor will now turn to the right and take up a position +outside the chancel railings, he will probably be at the best point +for seeing the =East Window=, unless a strong light happens to be +behind it to bring out the details at a distance. + + [Illustration: JOHN GOWER'S MONUMENT. + _From an engraving in the Crowle-Pennant Collection, British + Museum, 1801._] + +It is placed in an elegant quintuplet arcading, the outer arches of +which are blind, leaving the central arches for the three lancets +composing the window. It contains the Crucifixion in the central +light, with the attendant figures of St. John and the Blessed Virgin +at the sides, the whole thus forming a pictorial substitute for the +rood-screen that formerly stood before the choir. The design of this +window is also by Mr. Kempe, but it shows a certain departure from his +characteristic style in that it is more of a picture and less of a +kaleidoscope than most of his other windows. In colouring and accuracy +of delineation (anatomical and otherwise) it is perhaps more modern +and less mediaeval in treatment than we should be led to expect from +the artist's better known manner. The predominant tone is blue, +relieved by a delicate base and canopy of amber, and the whole +composition is full of the devotional spirit of the old masters in +stained glass, though obviously subject to modern influences. A +complete contrast, in subject and in colouring, is presented in the +great =West Window=, by Mr. Henry Holiday. This window also consists +of three lancet lights, which, though considerably longer than those +at the east end, scarcely afford room for the many details of the +extensive theme that has been chosen. It is a combination of the six +"Days" of Creation with the _Benedicite omnia opera_ as a hymn of +praise from created nature. In some respects the treatment of the +subject suggests the influence of the school that we associate with +the names of Burne-Jones, William Morris, and Rossetti. This gift to +the Cathedral came from Mr. T.H. Withers. The space beneath the west +window, usually occupied by a porch, is lined with two series of +arched panels, seven in the higher row, nine in the lower. The latter +are less acutely pointed, and much shorter, than the others, and also +differ from them in that the shafts are of Purbeck marble. + +On the inner south-west wall there are some extremely interesting +fragments of the ancient thirteenth-century wall arcade. The peculiar +construction can be inferred from the three arches that are left, +viz., that in every bay one of the three arches rested on a corbel, +while the others were supported by shafts, with moulded bases and +foliated capitals; a precedent which has been followed in the new +arcading on the west wall. + +The =South Aisle.=--The window in the western wall contains a figure +of St. Swithun, in cope and mitre. He is here commemorated as having +converted the original "House of Sisters" into a College of Priests, +and, as it were, to balance the other conversion referred to in the +companion window in the north aisle. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE CHOIR FROM THE NAVE.] + +Above the Early English arcading the westernmost bay contains a window +commemorating St. Paulinus. After the defeat of his patron, Edwin, at +the battle of Hatfield the saint fled from Northumbria into Kent +(_circa_ 633), where he acted as Bishop of Rochester till his death in +644. The connection of St. Saviour's with the See of Rochester, though +quite modern and now severed, is fittingly indicated by this memorial. +This extreme bay of the aisle constitutes the Baptistery, and the +scene chosen for illustration from the life of St. Paulinus represents +him in the act of baptizing a large number of people in a river.[23] + +The =Font= stands below this window in its proper place near the +entrance. There was a time in the history of the English Church when +the symbolism of position was thought of less account than the +administration of the initial Sacrament "in the presence of all the +congregation" (_see_ the Rubric of 1549, repeated in Elizabeth's +Prayer Book), an object supposed to be defeated where the Baptistery +was at the west end, and enclosed, as was frequently the case. The +font was consequently removed in many churches towards the east, and +at St. Saviour's a special pew was provided near to it for the +sponsors. It was known as the "Christening Pew," but has long since +gone the way of the other incongruous wooden fittings. The new font, +in the old position, was presented by Mrs. Barrow in memory of her +husband, and designed by Mr. G.F. Bodley. It is made of Verde di Prato +marble, octagonal in shape, and rests upon a circular base surrounded +by detached pillars, all of the same material. The faces of the +octagon are concave, and without decoration, except that towards the +east, which displays a star in a sunk gilded panel. + +=Dramatic Windows.=--The chief feature of this aisle is the fine +series of windows representative of the drama in the Golden Age of +Queen Elizabeth. The first of the series is devoted to Edward Alleyn +(1566-1626), who was "bred a stage player," and lived near the group +of theatres in Southwark, but is perhaps better known as the founder +of the splendid College of "God's Gift" at Dulwich. + +The window was presented by the governor, old scholars, and friends of +the College, and was unveiled by the Duke of Connaught on 22nd June, +1898. Alleyn himself is represented as the central figure, reading the +charter of his foundation in the College Chapel, attended by Bacon, +Inigo Jones, and other contemporaries. The upper part of the window +contains Alleyn's portrait, and the lowest compartment a figure of +Charity holding a scroll with the appropriate quotation from Psalm +XXXIV, II. + +The next three windows commemorate Francis Beaumont (1585-1616), John +Fletcher (1579-1625), and Philip Massinger (1583-1639). The first and +second of these great dramatists, so intimately associated in their +lives and in their writings, could hardly be separated in any +commemoration. They are accordingly here represented, not only in +adjacent windows, but combined by allegorical allusion in the first. +The design portrays David and Jonathan, with an inscription from the +opening verse of Psalm CXXXII (Vulgate): "Ecce quam bonum, et +jucundum: habitare fratres in unum." + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE FONT AND THE THIRTEENTH-CENTURY WALL-ARCADE.] + +The Scripture parallel was not quite verified in the case of the +poets. Fletcher certainly lies somewhere in St. Saviour's, but no man +knows the exact place of his burial. Beaumont lies in the more famous +Poets' Corner at Westminster. The "Beaumont" window was presented by +Mr. W.H. Francis, in memory of his father. The "Fletcher" window, in +the next bay, came from Mr. T.F. Rider, whose firm were the builders +of the nave. The subject chosen for illustration was suggested by the +dramatist's "Knight of Malta." St. John the Baptist stands in the +lower compartment, as Patron of the Knights of St. John, holding a +standard displaying the suitable word "Concordia." The ceremony of +Investiture, with attendant figures, fills the space above, surmounted +by the poet's head crowned with bay leaves. + +The mantle of these great dramatists is acknowledged to have fallen on +Philip Massinger, commemorated in the next window. It was the first of +the series to be inserted, and was unveiled by Sir Walter Besant in +1896.[24] The subject is taken from Massinger's fine play, "The Virgin +Martyr," and represents an angel bearing flowers and fruits of +Paradise from the martyr (St. Dorothea) to a sceptical lawyer who had +asked for the token for his conviction. Below this central compartment +is a figure of St. Dorothea, and above it a medallion portrait of the +dramatist. + +Massinger is buried in the church, as certified by an entry in the +"Parochial Monthly Accounts," but the same uncertainty attends his +remains as those of his friend Fletcher. There is a tradition that +they were both interred in one grave, which is not at all unlikely, +but no one knows where it is, their names on the chancel floor being +modern and counting for nothing. + +The series of windows could only be appropriately concluded by one +great name, "the protagonist on the great arena of modern poetry, and +the glory of the human intellect" (De Quincey). + +The Shakespeare window was presented by Sir Frederick Wigan, Bart., in +memory of his brother-in-law, Arthur Cecil Blunt. It is a triplet, and +displays in its central light an allegorical figure of "Poetry," +supported by Shakespeare and Spenser in the lights on either hand. +Above the Muse the sacred Dove is hovering, symbolical of the divine +inspiration which we may presume guided the poets in their work, and +at the base is a quotation from Wisdom, viii, 4 (Vulgate): "Doctrix +disciplinae Dei, et electrix operum illius." + +The faces of Edmund Shakespeare[25] and A.C. Blunt are introduced in +the quatrefoils of the heading, the former as buried in the church, +the latter the gentleman commemorated by the donor. + +William Shakespeare is known to have lived near the old Bear Garden +and his own theatre, "The Globe," in Southwark, where his brother +Edmund also lived while trying his fortune on the stage. The immortal +name has, therefore, a direct association with St. Saviour's Church +and parish, entitling it to the special memorial. + +The =Choir= was erected by Peter de Rupibus in the early part of the +thirteenth century. In its more mature and elaborate work it shows a +considerable advance on the simplest form of Early English, though the +apparently low elevation, and massiveness of the piers and lower +arcading, are obviously not free from Norman influences. It is divided +into five bays by alternate circular and octagonal piers, the dwarfed +appearance of which is relieved by triple vaulting shafts on the north +and south sides, and single shafts to support the arch mouldings. The +central shafts are not of Purbeck, as in the nave, and they are not +banded, except where crossed by the abacus moulding of the capitals +and the triforium string-course. The piers have all plain capitals and +well cut base mouldings. The triforium arcade, like that in the nave, +consists of four arched openings in each bay, and, unlike the +clerestory, has no continuous passage along the choir wall. Each bay, +however, has an opening at the back into the space between the vault +and roof of the aisle. + +While both sides of the choir are alike in their main features, there +is an interesting difference in detail, especially to be noticed in +the greater simplicity of the south side, where the triforium capitals +are less elaborate, and the dog-tooth ornament is omitted from the +outer jambs of the openings. + +On the south side, moreover, the arches have corbels, with sculptured +heads, to support their inner mouldings, in place of the full-length +shafts which occur on the responds at the ends, and on all the piers +of the opposite side. These differences, though perhaps partly +referable to the delightful vagaries of Gothic architecture, are +supposed to have a special significance at St. Saviour's, where the +north was the side of the Prior. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE CHOIR AND ALTAR SCREEN.] + +The roof is not strictly original, most of it having been rebuilt in +1822-1824, when, however, the old material was worked in again as far +as possible, and the old quadripartite groining adhered to. It may be +noticed that the vaulting is carried out very systematically and +correctly, the only defect being that the wall-ribs die into the +vaulting surfaces, instead of being brought down to the clerestory +sill. The plough-share surfaces (as they are called) are nevertheless +well cut back to concentrate the lateral pressures against the +external buttresses. In the nave the new vaulting has the wall-ribs +properly supported by light shafts in the angles of the clerestory +openings, whilst in the transepts the inner archivolt of the windows +answers the same purpose. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE TRIFORIUM AND CLERESTORY OF THE CHOIR.] + +It is highly probable that the choir formerly extended to the western +side of the tower, as indicated by the step between the nave and tower +pavement. + +The =Altar-platform=, though raised seven steps above the nave +pavement, gives the altar a rather low elevation as compared with the +lofty Continental altars, whether abroad, or introduced here in recent +years on the Continental example. Herein it exhibits a peculiarity of +the English use, as illustrated in many pre-Reformation churches, +where the occasional deviations from rule can generally be accounted +for by the lofty crypt beneath, as, _e.g._, at Canterbury.[26] + +Behind the altar rises the magnificent =Screen=, erected by Bishop Fox +in 1520, which almost fills the eastern end of the choir. This fine +work had been more or less mutilated through the iconoclastic zeal of +ultra-reformers, who deprived it of the sculptured figures in the +niches. It was further ill-treated during the architectural supremacy +of Sir Christopher Wren and his school, when the smaller canopies and +other projections were pared off to make a level surface for the +classical piece of woodwork placed in front of it. When this +incongruous structure was removed and the restoration taken in hand +(in 1833) by Mr. Wallace, liberties were again taken with the +unfortunate screen, more or less spoiling the design, though +undertaken on a good motive. Perhaps the least objectionable of these +innovations was the insertion of panels for the Creed, Lord's Prayer, +and Ten Commandments, in perpetuation of those in the wooden +altar-piece, where the formulae had been set up in the spirit of the +Injunctions of 1536 and 1538. Above the stages Mr. Wallace introduced +rows of angels, the highest row being surmounted by a cornice of +strawberry-leaf ornament for which there was no sort of precedent, +either in the original work here, or in other altar-screens of similar +character elsewhere.[27] + +The screen is about thirty feet in height, and extends to the main +arcades on either side. Three tiers of canopied niches, ten in each +tier, divided down the centre by a perpendicular series of three +larger niches, all occupied by statues, made up a composition which +was at once "a thing of beauty" and an object lesson on the +Incarnation. The total number of niches (thirty-three) suggested a +mystic reference to the years of our Lord's earthly life, while the +image of the Pelican "in her piety," here and there, besides being a +reminder of Bishop Fox (whose peculiar device it was), also typified +the sacrament of the altar. The original materials of which the screen +was built are quoted as "Caen and fire-stone," for which Mr. Wallace +substituted stone from Painswick in Gloucestershire, as more easily +obtained and agreeing in colour with the old work.[28] + +Above the altar the first architect had left a vacant panel (square) +possibly intending it for the reception of sculpture or mosaic. This +space, as well as some of the side panelling, was covered by the +Decalogue, etc., before mentioned. The space is now vacant, pending +the complete restoration of the screen, and is simply concealed by the +dorsal and lateral curtains. The doors on each side will be noticed, +with their depressed ogee headings, which indicate that this screen is +of somewhat later date than the corresponding one (also by Bishop Fox) +at Winchester. Another indication to the same effect has been detected +in the grotesque carvings in the spandrels, which are here of a +humorous character, whereas at Winchester the minor decorations are +entirely sacred, _e.g._, the Annunciation and Visitation. + +On the north side of the choir, in the easternmost arch, is the +=Monument of Richard Humble=, erected by his son Peter in 1616. He +quotes his father in the inscription as "Alderman of London," which is +supposed to be inaccurate, as the prospective alderman, though +represented in the official gown, is said to have declined office for +political reasons. The monument is a good specimen of the Jacobean +style. Under an arched canopy, supported by Ionic pillars, Richard +Humble is kneeling at a small altar, or _prie-Dieu_, with his two +wives behind him, the second wearing a conical hat, his sons and +daughters being represented in bas-relief on the north and south sides +of the basement. On the altar side there are also some verses, by an +unknown author, in which human life is compared to "the damask rose +and blossom on the tree," with other images of its vanity and +shortness. There is a dash of Elizabethan vigour in the versification, +mixed with a certain quaintness which points to the decadence, and the +lines have been attributed to such different writers as Francis +Beaumont and Francis Quarles. The figures in the monument have been +"beautified" with imitations of marble and alabaster. The canopied +stalls for the Canons were erected as a memorial to Bishop Thorold, +from the diocese of Rochester, as notified on a plain brass tablet. + +Those for the choir and cathedral officers were provided by an +anonymous benefactor. The absence of "return stalls" is accounted for +by the fact that St. Saviour's is a parish church as well as a +cathedral, for which reason it is desired to keep the choir as open as +possible. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE ALTAR AND THE HUMBLE MONUMENT.] + +It may be here mentioned that the twelve boys who sing at the daily +services are known as "the Wigan Chanters," after Sir Frederick Wigan, +Bart., who has made provision for their salary, and the silver badges +to be worn by them on Sundays and holy days. The badges are engraved +on the face with the priory arms--"Argent, a cross fusilly gules: in +the dexter chief, a cinquefoil gules"--with an inscription on the +reverse. + +The low wrought-iron chancel-railing was presented by Mr. Barclay; +the holy table (a classical wooden structure), by Mr. J.F. France, in +place of the former table, also of classical design, which has been +transferred to the retro-choir. The chalice and paten, crosses, vases, +books, embroidery, etc., have been bestowed from time to time by +various friends and worshippers. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE LADY CHAPEL OR RETRO-CHOIR.] + +The =Retro-choir= (now known as the =Lady Chapel=) was erected by +Peter de Rupibus at about the same time as the choir, but in a much +lighter and more graceful fashion, which places it among the best +examples of Early English architecture in the country. The groined +vault rests on six slender pillars, with detached shafts. The +divisions thus formed make up twelve compartments of nearly equal +size. Perhaps the best general prospect is to be obtained from the +south-east corner, which takes in the whole length of the chapel, with +the altar, now on the north, and the tomb of Bishop Andrewes on the +western side. In the central bays on that side there were formerly two +arches open to the choir, one on each side of the space now occupied +by the tomb. These were converted into triplet openings during the +reign of Edward III, with flowing tracery in the head of each arch. +When Bishop Fox's screen was erected in the sixteenth century, these +openings were walled-up, and the doorways already mentioned inserted +below the tracery, in correspondence with the design of the screen, of +which they formed part, one on each side of the high altar. + +Another good view is to be gained from the south-west corner, which +includes the series of triplet windows in the four eastern bays. The +northernmost of these was till recently occupied by the altar, but it +has been transferred to the central bay on the north side, thus +sacrificing the orientation for a supposed better position, in regard +to the general shape of the chapel, there being no central space for +it on the eastern side, where another altar was required to balance +the irregularity. Before the Reformation there certainly were two +altars on that side, one at each extremity, where piscinae were +discovered during the restorations of 1832. The piscina at the north +end was then restored, and is still in existence: as the other was too +far gone for repair, the space was filled up. + +It has been conjectured that each of the four eastern bays formerly +contained an altar, one of them being dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. +This circumstance has probably contributed to the popular designation +of the retro-choir as the Lady Chapel, since the demolition of the +so-called "Bishop's Chapel," to which the title properly belonged.[29] + +This "Little Chapel of Our Lady," as it was originally called, +extended eastwards from the bay (the second from the south), now +occupied by the "Benson" window, where two straight joints in the +masonry indicate the position of the arch that once led into it. In +the north-east angle is a slender shaft supporting a diminutive statue +of a bishop, in cope and mitre, with his right hand raised in the act +of benediction. This has taken the place of another figure, with +flowing hair, supposed to represent St. Mary Magdalene, to whom the +demolished church, adjoining the south choir-aisle, was dedicated. +Beneath this statue is a door, which used to give access to the +staircase in the turret already noticed in the angle outside. The +staircase, however, is destroyed. In the same bay on the north wall, +there is a stone bench, in the shape of a coffin, about nine feet +long. This has been assumed to be the burial-place of the Foundress, +but it is more probable that it was the base on which the "Easter +Sepulchre" was placed in Holy Week. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + TOMB OF BISHOP ANDREWES.] + +In the south-west corner there is a small Gothic font. It was +presented by Mr. Charles Harris (Member for Southwark) in 1860, who is +himself commemorated in a tablet beneath the Jesse window in the south +transept. The font is still used for baptisms, the present Lady Chapel +being also the parish church. + +The =Tomb of Bishop Andrewes=.--On the destruction of the so-called +"Bishop's Chapel" in 1830, the tomb was removed from its eastern end +to the honourable position it now occupies. There had been a fire in +1676, which destroyed the roof of the little chapel, and the canopy of +the monument, but the tomb and effigy were fortunately uninjured. The +canopy was not replaced, and the tablet which once stood at the feet +is now at the head of the recumbent figure. Otherwise the monument +remains in its original state, and is an interesting example of the +Renaissance style at a period of transition. There had been a doubt as +to the exact whereabouts of the Bishop's remains, some people thinking +they had been deposited in a vault beneath. The question was settled +at the removal, when the leaden coffin was found, resting on a cross +of brickwork, within the tomb. The coffin was exposed for a few days +for the public satisfaction, and then replaced in the interior of the +tomb, where it now lies. The painted figure above it represents the +Bishop vested in chimere and rochet, enveloped in a rich mantle, with +the cross of St. George, encircled by the Garter and motto of the +Order, "Honi soit qui mal y pense," embroidered on the left +shoulder--insignia to which Lancelot Andrewes was entitled as Bishop +of Winchester and Prelate of the Order. The head wears an academic +cap, and rests upon a cushion, and the right hand holds a book, +probably intended for the famous "Manual of Devotions." + +The tablet at the head is surmounted by the arms of the See of +Winchester, impaled with the private arms of Dr. Andrewes, supported +by two figures in a sitting posture. These represent the cardinal +virtues, Justice and Fortitude, so conspicuous in the Bishop's life. +The figures formed part of the original decoration of the canopy. The +Latin inscription at the head is from an entry in Archbishop Laud's +"Diary," and shows a slight inaccuracy in grammar as well as in the +date. This is given as September 21st, 1626, whereas Dr. Andrewes is +known to have died on September 25th. The grammatical error is +unimportant, while the gist of the sentence sums up the life and +character of the departed in the brief form of an epigram: "Lumen +Orbis Christiani." The inscription at the foot simply refers to the +restorations of the monument in 1703 and 1810. + +=The Windows in the Retro-Choir.= There is no ancient glass in the +Cathedral, the oldest being that in the windows here set up to the +memory of the Anglican martyrs, and chiefly remarkable as examples of +the art of glass staining at a bad period. Seven martyrs are thus +commemorated, viz., three in each of the extreme bays on the eastern +side, and one in the central bay on the south. Taking them in order, +the window at the north end is devoted to the Rev. Lawrence Saunders, +the Right Rev. Robert Ferrar, and the Rev. Rowland Taylor, each figure +occupying a separate light in the triplet. Entwined about the robes of +the third there is a scroll bearing the supplication from the Litany +in the early prayer-books against "the tyranny of the Bishop of Rome +and all his detestable enormities." + +The corresponding window in the southernmost of the four eastern bays +contains the figures of the Rev. John Rogers, Bishop Hooper, and the +Rev. John Bradford. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + MARTYRS' WINDOW TO SAUNDERS, FERRAR, AND TAYLOR.] + +The seventh of the martyrs is memorialised in the central window on +the south, viz., the Ven. Archdeacon Philpot, the three lights being +filled with pictorial scenes from his trial. He is here commemorated +as having suffered at the same time with the others, though he was +separately tried in the Bishop of London's house, by St. Paul's +Cathedral. The rest were tried in this very chapel, then (and still +occasionally) used as a Consistory Court. There is thus a peculiar +appropriateness in the local commemoration, and especially in the +position of the first window of the series, as it was in that +identical bay that the Royal Commissioners sat in judgement, and +pronounced sentence on the men they regarded as heretics. The lancet +on the eastern side of the "Philpot" window is dedicated to Grace +Pearse, and dated 1845. The other is at present filled with plain +glass awaiting a suitable commemoration. The two triplets between the +martyrs' windows on the east contain memorials to the Rev. W. Curling +(1879) and the Rev. S. Benson (1881), who were co-chaplains at St. +Saviour's. + +These windows were contributed by the parishioners, and show some +advance on those to the martyrs in their scriptural subjects as well +as in their general treatment and colouring. + +By far the best window is that of three lights on the north side. The +architecture is in the Decorated style with reticulated tracery, as +restored on the ancient model. The glass is modern, by Kempe, in his +best mediaeval manner, in which respect, as well as in subject matter, +the window presents a strong contrast to the earlier ones in its +neighbourhood. The three lights contain figures of King Charles I, +Thomas Becket, and Archbishop Laud, martyrs of another school, perhaps +equally worthy of remembrance, as having suffered for their opinions. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + WINDOW COMMEMORATING KING CHARLES I, LAUD, AND BECKET.] + +On the western wall a granite tablet is to be noticed to the memory of +George Gwilt, the architect who did so much work at the church in his +day, and gave his services gratuitously during the restoration of this +chapel. He died at the age of eighty-one, in the year 1856, and is +buried in the family vault outside the southern wall. + +The =Choir Aisles=, architecturally similar, differ very much in their +contents, which are more interesting in the north aisle. On the south +side of this aisle the Humble monument is conspicuously seen through +the choir railings. The opposite side is lighted by three windows, +more interesting in motive and association than in themselves. The +first of these was presented in 1867 by Mr. Benson, the chaplain +commemorated in the window already noticed in the retro-choir, and +represents St. Peter in the Chamber of Dorcas (Acts, ix, 39). The next +contains a picture of the Good Samaritan, erected in 1866 to the +memory of John Ellis. The third, of three lights, was inserted in 1858 +to the memory of George Wood, surgeon, who was so much appreciated by +the parishioners that 670 of them contributed to the cost of his +memorial. The central light contains a picture of Christ healing a +cripple. The outer lights are at present plain. + +In the wall beneath these windows two recesses will be noticed, +exactly alike in size, and in their segmental headed and traceried +canopies. Their proximity and close resemblance formerly led to the +conjecture that they were the tombs of the two Norman knights, William +Pont de l'Arche and William Dauncey, who co-operated with Bishop +Giffard in refounding the Priory. If this is the case, the tombs must +have undergone alteration at a later date, as the decoration is in the +Perpendicular style, and much more ornate than that of the recess at +the west end of the same wall, undoubtedly of late Norman, or +Transitional, design. The westernmost of the two, again, has been held +to be the burial-place of Thomas Cure, a local benefactor in the +reigns of Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth, who is commemorated by a +tablet within it. The Latin epitaph (1588) is a string of punning +allusions to his name. The most recent theory, and the most probable, +respecting the recesses, is that they mark the tombs of Priors +belonging to the Tudor period. The easternmost now contains the effigy +of a supposed _Crusader_, which, after undergoing many "translations" +from its unknown original place to the lumber of the church, and then +to a ridiculous upright position against the north wall, has now found +shelter in the recess which happens to hold it exactly. It is a +remarkably fine piece of oak carving, and represents a knight clad in +chain armour, consisting of a hauberk with sleeves, over which is +thrown a surcoat crossed by two belts, one round the waist for the +sword, the other crossing the body diagonally to hold the shield. The +cross-guard of the sword is of metal, and is probably a reparation. +The head wears a conical helmet, and the feet rest upon a lion. The +legs are crossed at the knees, and the knight is in the act of placing +his sword in the scabbard, both of which details are open to various +interpretations. Conjecture has also been busy as to the person +represented, who is now thought to have been a member of the de Warren +family, several of whom were buried in the church, and the style of +armour, unless a clever imitation, points to the date of Edward I or +Edward II. After having been overlaid with successive coats of paint, +which completely blocked up and concealed the delicate chain-work, the +figure has been more or less redeemed, but not restored to its +original colour. This appears to have been mainly a pale blue, not +unlike the real armour, but it is now coated with bronze.[30] + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + EFFIGY OF MAILED KNIGHT.] + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE TREHEARNE MONUMENT.] + +The most conspicuous monument in the aisle is that of =John +Trehearne=, servant to Queen Elizabeth and "Gentleman Portar" to +James I. Flanked by two pilasters, carved in the Italian style, +supporting a plainer canopy, the monument consists of three parts: +first a plain base; then a plinth, on the front of which (in +bas-relief) are the four children of the deceased in a kneeling +posture; and, lastly, on the top of the tomb, the kneeling figures of +Trehearne and his wife in the picturesque costume and ruff collars of +the age. The principal figures are holding a tablet between them +inscribed with a eulogistic epitaph in English, the moral of which is +that if Trehearne's royal master could have retained his services, his +heavenward progress would have been considerably delayed. The Vestry +minute for 15th October, 1577 (quoted by Dr. Thompson), shows the +deceased to have been a passive resister in the matter of tithes, for +which he had to pay double in the long run. He died on 22nd October, +1618, and was buried the very next day. His wife died on 22nd January, +1645. She was followed by the eldest son on 22nd of August in the same +year, and they were all buried in the one grave. + +A door in the aisle communicates with the =Chapel of St. John the +Divine=, at present used as a clergy vestry. Fortunately it has not +shared the fate of the companion chapel of St. John the Baptist. Up to +a quarter of a century ago it had been turned to account as a +Magistrates' Court, and still retains the Royal Arms over the large +pew erected for the purpose. This, with the iron safe and wooden +cupboards set up against the walls, still gives the chapel some of the +appearance of a Committee room, and helps to conceal some most +interesting architectural features. A shaft had long been visible on +the exterior which was thought to show signs of Saxon workmanship. +This fragment, added to the known fact that the chapel was one of the +oldest parts of the church, if not the oldest of all, has led to a +fuller examination in recent years, revealing the outlines of three +Norman arches in the inner walls, and still more recently the shafts +of a wall-arcade on the eastern side, apparently indicating an apsidal +termination. + +Henceforth the chapel will be associated with the name of John +Harvard, who was born in the parish, and baptized in the church on +29th November, 1607, and its restoration is intended to take the form +of a memorial to that great and good man. It is not unlikely, in +fact, that his name will popularly supersede the original dedication +(almost forgotten already) much in the same way as the "Little Chapel +of our Lady" was overshadowed by the great name of Bishop Andrewes. + +The first practical step in this direction was taken by the Hon. +Joseph H. Choate, who manifested great interest in the ancient fabric +while he was American Ambassador, and presented the east window to the +chapel in commemoration of John Harvard, founder of the renowned +university which bears his name. The window, 'unveiled by Mr. Choate +on Monday, 22nd May, 1905, is of three lights, transomed, as designed +by Sir Arthur Blomfield and Sons, the glass being made in America +under the supervision of Mr. Charles F. McKim, the famous American +architect. The design is by Mr. John La Farge. In the central light of +the lower division the Baptism of Christ is depicted, attendant angels +occupying the sides. The upper division contains the arms of Emmanuel +College, Cambridge, where John Harvard was educated, and of the +Harvard University, with its mottoes, _Veritas_ and _Christo et +Ecclesiae_. The base bears the inscription, "In memory of John +Harvard, founder of Harvard University in America, baptized in this +church, Nov. 29, 1607." + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE HARVARD WINDOW.] + +The window is a noteworthy example of modern work, and the treatment +of the familiar subject is distinctly original, in which respect, as +well as in colouring, it presents a very striking contrast to the +other windows, especially to those of mediaeval character, throughout +the church. Perhaps it is fortunate that it occupies an isolated +position in the chapel, where the brilliance and peculiarity of the +colouring are seen to full advantage without detriment to the other +windows. + +It is hoped that this generous gift inaugurates the restoration of the +old chapel to its original dignity, as a worthy memorial to him whose +name will henceforth be inseparable from it. The intention is to equip +it with an altar and other necessary fittings for use at early +celebrations and small gatherings of people, at present without +accommodation. A new vestry for the clergy is badly wanted, as well as +for the choir, whose cassocks and surplices now hang in the adjacent +aisle. + +The =South Choir Aisle= is lighted by a small lancet above the +entrance porch representing the Good Shepherd; by another lancet to +the memory of John Herd, an inhabitant; and by a window of three +lights. The last commemorates George Gwilt, the distinguished +architect who did so much for the restoration of 1832-3, elsewhere +described. + +Two tablets in the same aisle are worth noticing. The first is a +brass, dated 1652, on the pier between the choir and aisle entrance, +in memory of Susanna Barford, who died at the early age of ten years +and thirteen weeks. The inscription quotes her as, "The Non-such of +the world for Piety and Vertue in soe tender years." Below these words +there is an epitaph in rhyming couplets and complimentary terms, +separated from the inscription by a death's head and crossbones, and a +pair of wings supporting an hourglass, on the dexter and sinister +sides respectively. This is the only brass with any approach to +antiquity in the Cathedral, though the matrix of another, evidently +thought more worthy of a private collection, has been detected in one +of the recesses, lately described, in the opposite aisle. The other +memorial is a plain marble slab, scarcely seen in the darkness between +the windows. It commemorates Abraham Newland, the model chief cashier +of the Bank of England, whose strict notions of duty would not allow +him to sleep a single night off the premises during the twenty-five +years of his appointment. He died in 1807, two months after taking his +pension, leaving £60,000, in the funds, to his landlady. This +inexpensive memorial is a token of her gratitude. + +The =Organ=.--On the south side of the aisle is the organ-chamber +erected by Sir Arthur Blomfield and Sons, after much discussion as to +a suitable place for the new instrument, for which it was eventually +decided to build the chamber over part of the site once occupied by +the Magdalen Church. The old organ used to stand in the gallery at the +west end of the debased nave, and was since removed to the north +transept. When it was finally taken down it was unsaleable as a +musical instrument, and had to go for what it would fetch as so much +wood and metal. Some relics of it have, however, been preserved in the +shape of the large gilded angels which adorned its front. These are +now stored above the tall iron safe in the Harvard chapel. The present +organ and the chamber which contains it were both presented by the +late Mrs. Robert Courage as a memorial to her husband. + +The new organ, built by Messrs. Lewis and Co., Limited, is of +peculiarly rich and pleasant tone. It contains more than 4,000 pipes +and consists of four manuals, with a system of interchangeable +composition pedals, the whole embodying the most recent improvements +for altering and combining the stops, and working the instrument to +the best advantage with the least exertion. The action is +electro-pneumatic, and the wind is supplied by a rotary hydraulic +engine.[31] + +Imbedded in the pavement at the entrance to this aisle there is an +interesting collection of =Roman tesserae=, which have been carefully +preserved as an evidence of the antiquity of the site. + +=The Tower.=--A great difference is to be noticed between the arches +of the east and west sides and those of the north and south. The +former are evidently of the same age (thirteenth century) as the nave +and choir, while the others indicate that the transepts were not built +till the following century. There is an important difference also +between the north and south arches, in that the shafts of the former +stop considerably short of the ground, whilst those on the south are +carried down to the pavement. + +The moulding of the western arch is supported by the heads of a king +and queen (uncertain), and on the southern side of the eastern, or +choir, arch there is the head of a bishop. + +Above the arches there is an open arcade on the four sides of the +tower, which communicates with the roof above the nave, choir, and +transepts. The comparatively modern ceiling, which limited the view +upwards within the tower, has now been removed, and the roof raised to +its original level beneath the ringers' floor. This new roof is of +oak, in which some bosses from its fifteenth century predecessor have +been inserted. Pendent from it is the fine =Chandelier= of wrought +iron and brass, presented to the church in 1680 by Dorothy Applebee, +who was buried within the sanctuary two years later. This chandelier +had been transferred to the choir during the degradation of the old +church, in which position it was by no means without precedent in +ancient churches, but its original place here was in the tower, to +which it has been restored. + +Sir Arthur Blomfield's work included the complete restoration of the +tower windows and the interior walls. + +The =Pulpit= comes from a relative of the Rev. W. Curling, the +chaplain commemorated in one of the Lady Chapel windows, and is +intended as a personal memorial to the same man. It is a delicate +piece of carved oak, somewhat out of character with the massive +stone-work around it, and is approached by a staircase still more +slender in appearance. The carving, however, is well executed, and +many notable sermons have already been preached from it, which, thanks +to the sounding-board, have been tolerably well heard throughout the +church. + +The =Lectern= was presented by Mrs. Richard Hunt, in memory of her +husband. It is of bronze with a brass pedestal, and represents an +eagle holding a dragon in his claws. + +The =North Transept= differs materially from the south in the +dimensions and character of the windows, which in the south transept +are larger and more elaborate. In the north transept there are three +on each side, those next the tower being simple lancets, the others of +two lights without tracery. All these at present contain plain glass. +The two-light windows are exact reproductions of the originals, from +fragments of which they were first restored by Mr. Wallace in 1833. +The exceptionally large window on the north side is the gift of Mr. +F.L. Bevan, and was unveiled by the Duke of Connaught on 22nd June, +1898, in double commemoration of the Prince Consort and the Diamond +Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The present window, by Mr. Kempe, takes the +place of an inferior one set up in 1861 to the memory of Prince Albert +shortly after his death. + +It contains in its four lights the figures of Gregory the Great, King +Ethelbert, Stephen Langton, and William of Wykeham. The subjects were +chosen as illustrating important stages in the history of England and +the National Church, which it is sought to epitomize in the decoration +of this representative Cathedral. + +It is supposed that this transept once formed a chapel dedicated to +St. Peter, and was screened off from the tower for that purpose. This +probably accounts for the fact that the piers of the tower arch are +left plain to the height of about 12 ft., above which begin the six +clustered columns similar to those which rise from the ground level on +the south side. The conjecture is supported by the discovery of an +aumbrey at the eastern end of the north wall, which of course implies +an altar and a chapel. The transept is now used as a sort of +ecclesiastical museum for antiquities previously distributed about the +church. Perhaps the most interesting, certainly the most ancient, of +these is a stone coffin, with a portion of the lid of Purbeck marble, +discovered during the restorations. There was a skeleton within it, +but _whose_ it is impossible to say, though the ornamental design on +the lid points to the twelfth century, and to a person of importance. +It bears a raised cross of unique pattern at the head of a stem which +obviously extended to the foot of the coffin. The arms of the cross +are of equal length and terminate in chain-work, the angles of +intersection being occupied by representations of the sun, crescent +moon, and stars. The symbolism of these figures has been variously +interpreted, and, as the coffin bears no date or inscription, it has +given rise to much speculation as to whether its occupant was one of +the Priors or a crusader. The skeleton, though said to have been +discovered in an almost perfect condition, contained no key to the +mystery. + +A relic of the Norman age is preserved in the north wall, above the +aumbrey, viz., a portion of a string-course with billet moulding--a +further evidence of the age of this part of the church. The arches +between the choir and nave aisles are worth notice as architectural +curiosities. The former shows a strange angular introduction in the +moulding of its southern side. The latter has an acute arch, without +moulding, constructed within it, apparently to strengthen the walls. + +On the floor by the eastern wall lies one of those charnel house +memorials, in the shape of a ghastly and desiccated human figure, of +the kind not uncommon in tombs of the sixteenth century. To whose +tomb this figure belonged there is no evidence to show. + +Against the east and west walls are piled some curious bosses from the +old oak roof erected in 1469, after the stone roof had fallen down. +There were originally about a hundred and fifty of these grotesque +specimens of wood-carving, but there are now only about one-third of +them left, including those placed in the new roof within the tower. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + CARVED BOSSES FROM THE CEILING OF THE OLD NAVE + (FIFTEENTH CENTURY).] + +The fine chest against the western wall was presented about the middle +of the sixteenth century by Hugh Offley and Robert Harding, Aldermen +and Sheriffs of London, who were related by marriage. The chest is +made of oak, with various fancy woods inlaid, _e.g._, walnut, pear, +cherry, box, rosewood, ash, yew, holly, and ebony, distributed over +the surface so as to bring their colours into agreeable contrast in +the design. This appears to represent the façade of a classical +building, the panels on the front of the chest being divided by the +pilasters of the architecture. The central panel contains the first +owner's initials, "H.H.O." The others hold the crests and armorial +bearings of the two families. + + [Illustration: _Photo._ _G.P. Heisch._ + THE AUSTIN MONUMENT (NORTH TRANSEPT).] + +On the western wall of this transept there is a remarkable monument, +which cannot be better described than in the words of John Strype: + + "_The Austin Monument_," he says, "is emblematical of Christ + and of the Resurrection, according to the pious fancy of the + devout Mr. Austin, who set it up at first. First, there is the + representation of a rock, upon which is writ 'Petra erat + X.T.S.', _i.e._, the Rock was Christ. Down this rock runs a + stream of water, and through this same rock is creeping a + serpent; whereby he strips off his old skin, which hangs on + that part which is not yet got through. At the foot of this + rock, and out of it, grows up standing corn, on which is a + label with these words, 'Si non moriatur, non reviviscit,' + _i.e._, if it dieth not, it liveth not again. Underneath this + corn, upon the basis, is this significant motto, 'Nos sevit, + fovit, lavit, coget, renovabit,' _i.e._, He hath sown, + cherished, washed us, and He shall gather us together, and + renew us. Upon the top of this rock standeth an angel; in his + left hand a sickle, his right hand pointing up towards the sun + shining in his glory, with a label upon the lower rays of it, + 'Sol Justitiae,' _i.e._, the Sun of Righteousness. On the + right and left sides of this monument are instruments of + husbandry hanging by a riband out of a death's head, as + ploughs, whips, yokes, rakes, spades, flails, harrows, + shepherds' crooks, scythes, etc., over which is writ, 'Vos + estis Dei Agricultura,' _i.e._, ye are God's husbandry. On the + outside of these, on the right and left, are two harvest men + with wings, the one with a fork, the other with a rake behind + him. They are in light garments, sitting, and leaning their + heads upon their hands, their elbows resting upon their knees, + as weary and tired, and resting after their harvest work; and + having straw hats on, very comely; underneath them these + words, 'Messores congregabunt,' _i.e._, the reapers shall + gather. Under all this is a winnowing fan, within which is the + representation of a sheet of parchment, as it were, stretched + upon it; on which is writ the inscription." + +The inscription (Latin) agrees in its figurative language with the +character of the monument. It practically states that William Austin +had the tomb constructed, while he was yet alive, as a burial-place +for his wife, his mother (Lady Clarke), and himself, and that the +three were laid there in succession in 1623, 1626, and 1633. William +Austin was a barrister, who wrote a number of devotional pieces in +verse and prose. He died on 16th January, 1633, and his second wife +published them in 1635, "as a surviving monument of some part of the +great worth of her ever-honoured husband." The son William, like his +father a poet and a lawyer, was also buried at St. Saviour's. + +Another noteworthy monument is that on the north wall to =Lionel +Lockyer=, inventor and patentee of the miraculous pills, "Radiis Solis +Extractae," to be taken early in the morning against fogs, contagious +airs, and all diseases known and unknown, to improve personal beauty, +and make old age delightful. The glowing epitaph of twelve lines is at +once a eulogy on the man, and a bold advertisement of the medicine. +Lockyer died on 26th April, 1672. An air of sanctimonious benevolence +will be noticed on the face of the recumbent doctor--probably a +faithful portrait--not unlike the expression given to the quack doctor +in one of Hogarth's famous pictures. The face of the cherub above +wears a look of intense agony, which frivolous people are wont to +attribute to the panacea. Higher up on the same wall there is a +Hatchment, with the armorial bearings of the person to whom it refers, +and the motto _Resurgam_. The conspicuous place and large characters +look as if specially chosen with reference to the fabric, to which the +word may well be applied. + +On the east wall hangs an escutcheon of the arms of Queen Anne, with +the motto _Semper eadem_. The arms seem to have been painted over some +previous heraldic achievement, which includes the figures of "Justice" +and "Mercy," or two similar characters, standing on a platform in the +middle of a Rotunda. There is a peculiarity also in the omission of +the year, which is usually given with the Royal Arms hung up in +churches. The escutcheon is said to have been brought from the +neighbouring Sessions Court, and set up in the first instance in the +choir, to commemorate the visit of Queen Anne, when she came to hear +Dr. Sacheverell. Appearances seem to show that it was repainted, and +the Queen's initials inserted, to suit the occasion. + +The =South Transept=.--The solid panels, noticed outside as +diminishing the effect of the great south window, are accounted for in +the interior, where the mouldings of two lofty arches occupy the wall, +their apices reaching to the window sill. These the restorer has +wisely left intact, and the window, seen from within, appears in +admirable proportion, and well suited to its place. It is of five +lights, and occupies the entire breadth of the transept. The style is +described by the architect, Sir Arthur Blomfield, as "Transitional +between Flowing Decorated and Perpendicular." Presented by Sir +Frederick Wigan, Bart., in memory of his daughter, the glazing of this +fine window was entrusted to Mr. C.E. Kempe. He has taken as his +subject the "Tree of Jesse," as a connecting link between the +scripture subjects represented elsewhere, and the modern historical +windows, whether commemorating distinguished clergy or laity of the +Catholic Church. + +There was formerly a doorway cut through one of the arches beneath +this window. The space is now filled up, restoring the arcading to its +original state, and the entrance transferred to the eastern wall, +where the inner porch occupies the space beneath the organ front. +There are three windows above, of three lights each, corresponding +with those on the opposite side, except in the tracery. The window +over the door, as well as that facing it, is in memory of Mr. Henry +Wood, Warden of the Great Account (1899-1900). The six divisions in +each contain the same number of figures from the Old Testament, viz., +in the eastern window, Enoch, Noah, Moses, Abraham, Jacob, and Joseph; +and in the western, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Micah, Hosea, David, Ezekiel. +Both these windows are due to Sir Frederick Wigan, who presented them +in 1900. + +Next to the "Wood" window, on the western side, there is another fine +one to the memory of Elizabeth Newcomen, a great benefactress to the +neighbourhood, buried in the church in 1675.[32] + +This window came from the Governors and Scholars, past and present, of +the school which she founded, and from the parishioners. The glass is +by Kempe. The figures in the upper division are St. John Baptist, +Elijah, and Malachi; and in the lower, Zechariah, Solomon, and St. +Elizabeth, the last a tribute to the lady's own Christian name. + +It will be seen from this description that there are three windows +awaiting subjects (and donors) in the south transept, two on the +eastern, and one on the western side. The whole series is intended to +illustrate the Gospel genealogy and the Incarnation, in continuation +of the idea suggested in the Jesse Tree. + +The most important monuments in the south transepts are those of John +Bingham, Richard Benefeld, William Emerson, and the Rev. Thomas Jones. + +The "Bingham" monument (1625) was formerly in the Magdalene Church, +whence it was removed to the west side of this transept when the +church was destroyed. An arched recess, flanked by consoles, contains +a half-length coloured effigy of the deceased, in gown and ruff. Below +this is a panel, surmounted by arches and supported by pilasters, +enclosing a tablet, with the inscription to John Bingham, Sadler to +Queen Elizabeth and James I. The spandrels of the arch above the +figure contain the arms of the City of London and the Sadlers' +Company. The family arms surmount the whole. Bingham is quoted in the +inscription as "a good benefactor to the parish and free school"; +besides which he was one of the Trustees to whom the church was +conveyed by James I, and we have to thank him and his _confrères_ that +it has not gone the way of the Priory buildings formerly surrounding +it. + +The "Benefeld" monument (1615) is chiefly interesting for its quaint +Latin epitaph. This speaks of his remains as purified by the +frankincense, myrrh, amber, etc., which symbolise the discipline of +life. + +William Emerson and his family, ancestors of the better known Ralph +Waldo, were also good benefactors, especially to the poor of the +parish, who still enjoy the pensions founded by their bounty. The +inscription on William Emerson's monument (1575) describes him as +having "lived and died an honest man," and concludes with the warning, +_Ut sum sic eris_, illustrated by a small _memento mori_, in the form +of a skeleton, recumbent on the base. + +An ornamental marble tablet (1762), on the south wall, commemorates +the Rev. Thomas Jones, who died of a fever contracted during his +parochial visitings, and was buried in a vault in the "Little Chapel +of Our Lady." He was chaplain at St. Saviour's from 1753 till he died +at the early age of thirty-three. A faithful and zealous evangelical +pastor at a period of general debility in the Church of England, he +was hampered throughout his ministrations by the governing body, who +not only had the right of selecting their ministers, but exercised a +jealous censorship on their teaching and practice, when they showed +any tendency to "unsoundness" or undue enthusiasm. Above the tablet +containing the inscription there is a bust of Mr. Jones, in the +clerical dress and necktie of his date, with a cherub on each side. + +The architectural differences between the north and south transepts +are largely accounted for by the rebuilding of the latter, in the +fifteenth century, by Cardinal Beaufort. + +On a pier by the transept door his work is commemorated in a +sculptured and coloured representation of his arms--the fleur-de-lis +of France, quartered with the lions of England--surmounted by a +cardinal's hat, with its tasselled strings, twisted into a +true-lover's knot, pendent on either side. + + [Illustration: ARMS OF CARDINAL BEAUFORT. + _From "Church Bells."_] + +Henry Beaufort, born in 1377, was a natural son of John of Gaunt by +Catherine, widow of Sir Hugh Swynford. His parents were married in +1396, and their issue legitimated by Richard II in the following year; +but the bastardy is supposed to be indicated in the _bordure compony_ +surrounding the shield. Henry Beaufort was translated to Winchester in +1404, in succession to William Wykeham. He was raised to the +cardinalate in 1426, and died in 1447. Among the famous marriages that +have taken place in the church, perhaps the most famous is that +between James I of Scotland and the Cardinal's niece, Joan Beaufort, +in the year 1423, when the wedding banquet was served in the adjacent +Bishop of Winchester's palace. + +In the restoration by Sir Arthur Blomfield, the windows of both +transepts were rebuilt, the pointed roofs raised to their old level, +and the walls underpinned and refaced (externally) with Box Ground and +Bath stone, in place of the inferior material employed in 1830, care +being taken to place the stone in the natural direction of the strata. + +All whitewash and plaster facing have been stripped off the walls +throughout the old parts of the church, to make the restoration as +complete as possible, not only in the purity of the new work, but in +the removal of what was fictitious and incongruous from the old. + + [Illustration: THE DIOCESE OF SOUTHWARK.] + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[22] "When Dr. Sacheverell was at Lichfield (in 1712) Johnson was not +quite three years old. My grandfather Hammond observed him at the +Cathedral perched upon his father's shoulders, listening and gaping at +the much celebrated preacher. Mr. Hammond asked Mr. Johnson how he +could possibly think of bringing such an infant to church, and in the +midst of so great a crowd. He answered, because it was impossible to +keep him at home; for, young as he was, he believed he had caught the +public spirit and zeal for Sacheverell, and would have stayed for ever +in the church, satisfied with beholding him."--Boswell's "Life of +Johnson," Chap. I. + +[23] Bede informs us that St. Paulinus baptized a number of people in +the Rivers Glen (= Bowent) and Swale, in Yorkshire. ("Eccles. Hist.," +Book II, Chap. xiv.) The latter of these incidents is supposed to be +here depicted. + +[24] Dr. Thompson gives a selection from the long list of subscribers, +which includes, besides nobility and clergy, many of the leading +actors, dramatic critics, and novelists of the day--showing the +widespread interest taken in the memorial. + +[25] Edmund Shakespeare is described in the Burial Register as "a +Player," to which the Monthly Account adds that he was "buried in the +church with a forenoon knell of the great bell," costing 20_s._ (_Vide_ +Dr. Thompson's "History.") + +[26] The present elevation of the altar at St. Saviour's has been +criticised as above the level which a strict adherence to precedent, +here and elsewhere, required. + +[27] _E.g._, Christ Church Priory, St. Alban's Abbey, All Souls', +Oxford, and Winchester Cathedral. + +[28] See an interesting article signed "E.I.C." (E.J. Carlos), in the +"Gentleman's Magazine" for 1834, Part i, pp. 151-154. + +[29] In Pennant "History of London" (1790), and Moss and Nightingale's +"History and Antiquities of St. Saviour's Church" (1817-1818), the +retro-choir is spoken of as "The Chapel of the Virgin Mary," in +distinction from that then known as "the Bishop's Chapel." + +[30] In Seymour's "History" (1734), written when the figure was +standing upright, it is described as "new painted and flourished up, +and looking somewhat dreadful." + +In Pennant's "History of London" (vol. i, edit. 1801), it is said to +have been removed from the north transept to make room for the Lockyer +monument (1672), and then set up against the north wall. + +[31] For full particulars of the organ the reader is referred to the +specification in the Appendix, as furnished by the builders, Messrs. +Lewis and Co., Limited, Ferndale Road, Brixton, S.W. + +[32] The veneration in which her name is held is further attested in +the parish, where the old street in the Borough, till recent years +known as King Street, has been renamed Newcomen Street. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE DIOCESE OF SOUTHWARK + + +The two dioceses with which St. Saviour's Church and parish have +hitherto been associated are Winchester and Rochester. The former was +originally one of the largest in England, extending as it did in one +direction from the south of London to the Channel Islands; the latter +the smallest of all, covering only a portion of the county of Kent. +Various changes have been made from time to time in the area of both +in attempts to equalise the duties of their Bishops, and to meet other +altering conditions. Of these changes the first that concerns us was +that made in August, 1877, when the parishes wholly or partly within +the parliamentary divisions of East and Mid Surrey (with two +exceptions) were transferred from the dioceses of Winchester and +London to Rochester. The Borough of Southwark, including St. Saviour's +Church, was thus brought from the jurisdiction of the first to the +last of these dioceses. In the following year the portion of Surrey +included in the transfer was formed into the new Archdeaconry of +Southwark; and a few months later (August, 1878) the patronage of the +benefices thus transferred, and hitherto held by the Bishops of London +and Winchester, was vested in the Bishop of Rochester. In 1879, in +1886, and again in 1901, the Rural Deaneries of Rochester were +rearranged, thus shifting more or less the boundaries of the Southwark +Archdeaconry. But the area of the Rochester Diocese was left +undisturbed till 1904, when "the Southwark and Birmingham Bishoprics +Act" of that year allowed the Diocese of Southwark to be formed out of +it. St. Saviour's had been popularly known as a _pro_-Cathedral for +some years previous to 1905, when it was formally constituted the +Cathedral of Southwark. The architecture of the fabric, with its long +history and associations, had long pointed to this fine church for the +purpose, for which it was further prepared by Sir Arthur Blomfield's +restoration, begun in 1890. + +Dr. Anthony Wilson Thorold was appointed to the See of Rochester in +1877, and translated to Winchester in 1891. It was, therefore, in his +time that the first diocesan changes affecting St. Saviour's were +made, and the restoration of the church was actively taken in hand. By +far the most important part of this work was the rebuilding of the +nave, which he had the satisfaction of seeing well advanced before his +translation. Some of his predecessors had become alive to the +necessity of reducing the onerous duties of the See, but it was left +to him to give effect to their wishes by the creation of the +Archdeaconry of Southwark, with an eye to its forming the nucleus of a +separate diocese. His successor, Dr. Randall Thomas Davidson, now +Archbishop of Canterbury, lent his full energies to the work thus +begun, in which he was ably supported by the Suffragan Bishop of +Southwark, Dr. Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs, consecrated in 1891 and promoted +to the See of Worcester in 1905 in consequence of the episcopal +changes brought about by the Act of Parliament just mentioned. Before +Dr. Davidson's removal to Winchester in 1895, besides supervising the +restoration of Rochester Cathedral, he was able to do a good work more +directly concerning the Southwark Diocese, in the erection of the +Bishop's House by Kennington Park. The funds were provided by the +Ecclesiastical Commissioners from the sale of Danbury Palace, hitherto +the residence of the Bishops of Rochester, but now disposed of as +inaccessible and otherwise inconvenient. In place of it the new house +was built in the heart of the most thickly peopled part of the +diocese, within the Southwark Archdeaconry, and probably in view of +its ultimately becoming the residence of the Bishop of Southwark. Dr. +Davidson himself was not destined to occupy it, as it was not finished +till he was on the eve of translation. On 12th November, 1895, Edward +Stuart Talbot was enthroned as his successor in the See of Rochester, +and at once took up his abode at Kennington, where he will continue to +live at this easy centre of communication between him and his people +now that he is Bishop of Southwark. + +It will be seen from the accompanying map that the new diocese has +been made to include the whole of the county of London south of the +Thames, and the Archdeaconry of Kingston, thus reducing the area of +Rochester to about half its previous size and relieving it of its +most thickly crowded portion. + +The population of the diocese of Rochester at the census of 1901 was +2,254,947. The population of the Southwark Diocese at the present time +is roughly estimated at 2,000,000, rather more than less. It consists +of 294 parishes, ministered to by 687 licensed clergy, or about one to +every 3,000 people, except in South London, where the proportion is +about one to every 4,000. + +Bounded on the north by the Thames, on the east, south, and west by +the dioceses of Canterbury, Chichester, and Winchester respectively, +the space enclosed presents an irregular figure varying from some +three miles in breadth, in its central portion, to about thirteen +along its southern frontier, and about twenty in its widest part +towards the north. Its greatest length in a straight line from London +Bridge to Felbridge is about twenty-five miles. Geographically the map +suggests a couple of small continents joined together by a sort of +isthmus in the middle, where the breadth is narrowed by the sweeping +bays, or inlets, formed by the encroaching dioceses on the right and +left. + +By Letters Patent, dated 17th May, 1905, Dr. Edward Stuart Talbot, +previously Bishop of Rochester, was appointed to the newly-founded See +of Southwark. For its better organisation he lost no time in applying +to the Crown for the appointment of two Suffragan Bishops, suggesting +one for Woolwich, as a place of great national importance and a centre +of vigorous municipal and industrial life; the other for Kingston, as +representing the ancient and rural side of the diocese. By the +approval of His Majesty the appointments were made in the same month, +viz.: the Rev. John Cox Leeke, Hon. Canon of Rochester Cathedral and +Rural Dean of Woolwich, to be Bishop Suffragan of Woolwich; and the +Rev. Cecil Hook, Vicar of All Saints', Leamington, and Hon. Canon of +Worcester Cathedral, to be Bishop Suffragan of Kingston-on-Thames. + +In one sense the most important difficulty to be overcome in the +formation of the new diocese was the raising of the capital to provide +for the endowment, a _sine qua non_ to the Parliamentary sanction. The +requisite sum was provided by voluntary contributions, great and +small, throughout the undivided diocese of Rochester, and throughout +the country; not the least interesting item being the "shilling fund," +promoted by the Rev. T.B. Dover, Vicar of Maiden, which resulted in +an Easter offering of exactly £2,200. The capital was brought up to +£109,000 by the time the new appointments were made. It is intended to +provide a minimum income of £3,000 for the Bishop of Southwark, and a +house for his successor in the See of Rochester, in lieu of the house +at Kennington Park, transferred from the old to the new diocese. The +funds of the latter have since been augmented by a grant of £25,000 +from the Bishop of London, out of the compensation money (£100,000), +paid by the City and South London Electric Railway Company for +undermining the City Church of St. Mary Woolnoth in order to build a +station. This sum of £25,000 is specially destined for church +extension, and Dr. Talbot set apart £2,000 of it, directly it was +granted, for that purpose in the Woolwich area. + +Mr. Harry Lloyd, of Woodlands, Caterham, is acting as Hon. Treasurer +to the fund which has been opened for the complete equipment of the +diocese. + +The Cathedral Church of St. Saviour is as yet without endowment, and +depends entirely upon voluntary offerings for its expenses. These were +estimated on the average at about £2,500 till last year, when the cost +of maintenance amounted to £3,096, besides which about £350 was +required for the College of Clergy. Attention was called to this +matter by the Ven. Archdeacon Taylor during his Visitation held in the +Cathedral on 25th May, 1905, when he made an earnest appeal to the +church people of the diocese for their help and sympathy on behalf of +the Cathedral, the Bishop and his Suffragans, and all concerned in the +work. + +The duties before them, in the arrangement and control of the various +elements of which the diocese is composed, will obviously not be +light, but ought to be extremely interesting and rewarding. They will +have to deal with extremes, which may there be said to meet, in a +combination of rural and urban, ancient and modern, commercial, +industrial, and aristocratic life, a variety in unity such as the +Catholic Church itself presents, of which the diocese may be regarded +as a miniature. + + "In veste varietas sit: scissura non sit." + + [Illustration: THE PRIORY SEAL. + (OBVERSE. REVERSE.)] + + + + +APPENDIX + +I + + +LIST OF THE PRIORS OF ST. MARY OVERIE + + Appointed. + 1. Aldgod 1106 + 2. Algar 1130 + 3. Warin 1132 + 4. Gregory 1142 + 5. Ralph 1150 + 6. Richard 1154 + 7. Valerianus 1163 + 8. William de Oxenford 1189 + 9. Richard de St. Mildred 1203 +10. William Fitz Samari 1205 +11. Martin 1206 +12. Robert de Oseney 1218 +13. Humphrey 1223 +14. Eustachius 1240 +15. Stephen 1253 +16. Alan 1266 +17. William Wallys 1283 +18. Peter de Cheyham 1306 +19. Thomas de Southwark 1326 +20. Robert de Welles 1331 +21. John de Peckham 1348 +22. Henry Collingbourne 1359 +23. John Kyngeston 1395 +24. Robert Weston 1397 +25. Henry Werkeworth 1414 +26. John Bottisham 1452 +27. Henry de Burton 1462 +28. Richard Briggs 1486 +29. John Reculver 1491 +30. Richard Michell 1499 +31. Robert Shouldham 1512 +32. Bartholomew Linstede 1513 + (_alias_ Fowle) + +The last-named surrendered the Priory to Henry VIII in 1540, when he +was granted a pension of £100 per annum, and the use of a house within +the close. The aggregate granted to the other annuitants (eleven in +number), amounted to £70. The pensions were to be paid half yearly. +The annual value of the Priory at the surrender was estimated at £656 +10_s._, from which "Reprisals," amounting to £32 3_s._ 6_d._, were +deducted by the Commissioners, leaving £624 6_s._ 6_d._ net. + + + + +II + +THE PRIORY SEAL + + +The impressions given (p. 103) are taken from a fine, but imperfect, +sulphur cast in the British Museum (4050 lxxii, 66 and 67) of the Seal +in use in the twelfth century. It is circular, about 2-3/8 inches in +diameter, and contains, within a vesical compartment, a figure of the +Blessed Virgin, seated on a carved throne, holding a fleur-de-lis in +her right hand, and supporting with her left the Infant Saviour upon +her knee. The Holy Child is distinguished by a cruciform nimbus, while +that of the Virgin is a plain circle. The Child is raising the right +hand in benediction, and holds in the left an orb. The vesica is +bordered with a double dotted line, containing the salutation: "Ave: +Maria: gracia: plena: Dñs: tecum: benedicta." A similar border, +immediately within the circumference, holds the legend: "Sigillum +ecclesie sancte Marie de Suthewercha." + +The space between the circumference and the vesica is occupied on each +side by two angels, with expanded wings, those above issuing from +waves, those below kneeling. + +The reverse contains a small counterseal, 1-3/8 inch in diameter. The +figure is an angel, with nimbus and expanded wings, issuing from +waves, with (probably) an orb in the hands. + +The inscription: "Ave: Mater: Misericordie." + +It may be mentioned that the design of the seal varied with different +Priors. The British Museum possesses several casts, and an original in +red wax (attached to a deed), the design on which is indistinguishable. +The specimen chosen appears to be the most interesting and elaborate, +though not the most ancient, of those in the collection. + + + + +III + +LIST OF THE CHAPLAINS OF ST. SAVIOUR'S + +(Compiled by the Rev. Dr. Thompson, and here reproduced by his +permission.) + + + Appointed. + 1. Rev. Kelle 1563 + 2. James Holyland 1564 + 3. Harman 1565 + 4. Styles 1578 + 5. Smythe 1582 + 6. Pattersle 1585 + 7. Hansonne 1585 + 8. Thos. Rattdcliffe 1585 + 9. M. Ed. Philips 1589 +10. Butterton 1599 +11. Marberry 1601 +12. Currie 1603 +13. Knapp 1604 +14. Snape 1604 +15. Church 1605 +16. Symonds 1605 +17. Francis 1606 +18. James Archar 1614 +19. Dr. Thomas Sutton 1615 +20. Harris 1623 +21. P. Micklethwaite 1625 +22. Rev. Nicolas Morton 1627 +23. Stephen Watkins 1654 +24. Robert Knightly 1656 +25. Dr. William Hoare 1678 +26. Dr. Samuel Barton 1687 +27. Dr. H. Sacheverell 1705 +28. Dr. Thomas Horne 1709 +29. Wainford 1724 +30. Dr. Benj. Slocock 1725 +31. John Smith 1729 +32. Thomas Jones 1753 +33. William Day 1762 +34. Sambrook Russell 1768 +35. Philip Batteson 1769 +36. W. Winkworth 1794 +37. W. Mann 1804 +38. Thomas Bird 1807 +39. Dr. W. Harrison 1808 +40. W. Curling 1833 +41. S. Benson 1843 +42. Dr. W. Thompson 1879 + +NOTE.--An interval of over twenty years will be noticed between Nos. +24 and 25, during which the names of other "Ministers" appear in the +Registers. + +It was the rule for two Chaplains to be in office at once till 1881, +when Dr. Thompson was made sole Chaplain. In 1885 he was appointed +Rector, and in 1897 Canon and Chancellor of the Collegiate Church. + +The Rev. Mr. Kelle was dismissed in January, 1564, for refusing to +wear a surplice at the Communion; but in consideration of his old age +he was presented with the sum of £4, "by the good wyllys" of the +Vestry and Churchwardens. + +Messrs. Holyland and Harman were then elected, as of a more compliant +temper, their "wages" being fixed at £20 a year "and not the +christenings, and to leave at a fortnight's warning." Mrs. Holyland +was to receive "for her wages" ten shillings. + +By far the most prominent in the list is Dr. Sacheverell. The two +sermons which led to his impeachment were preached at the Derby +Assizes on 15th August, and at St. Paul's Cathedral on 5th November, +1709. These, with his published Answer and the Speech in his Defence, +delivered at Westminster Hall on the 7th March, 1710, are still +exciting reading. + + + + +IV + +VESTMENTS, PLATE, AND ORNAMENTS AT ST. SAVIOUR'S[33] + + +An examination was made on the 20th October, 1552, by the agents +"assigned and appointed by the Commissioners, and by them sworn truly +to enquire and find out the whole of all such plate, jewels, and +ornaments, as since the beginning of the King's reign that now is +belonged to the Church of Saint Saviour in Southwark, as far as in +them lieth." + +The duty of the agents involved a comparison of the goods which they +actually found in the church with the existing inventories, the most +important of which was the inventory made on 26th February, 1548, by +the retiring Wardens, and handed to their successors in office with +the property transferred to their care at the same time. The contents +of this inventory are as follows; the entries, however, have been +shortened and the spelling modernised: + + Two principal copes of blue tissue "with priest, deacon, and + sub-deacon, with all their apparel."[34] + + Three other principal copes of the same material with _ut supra_. + + Three principal copes of red tissue with _ut supra_. + + A cope of cloth of gold with _ut supra_ (lacking two albes and two + head-pieces).[35] + + A cope of blue velvet embroidered with flowers with _ut supra_. + + Three copes of white camlet embroidered with flowers with _ut + supra_ (lacking two head-pieces and two "fannelles").[36] + + Three copes of white damask, with holy-water "sprynkes" with _ut + supra_. + + A cope of white damask with flowers. + + A cope of blue tinsel. + + A cope of red worsted with flowers, and his vestment of the same, + and a deacon of red damask, lacking an albe. + + A cope of blue worsted with l. and x. + + A cope of silk "bawdekyn"[37] for Sundays. + + A cope of black worsted with priest, deacon, and subdeacon, with + all their apparel. + + Two "desk-cloths"[38] of blue with x. and l. + + Two "desk-cloths" of silk with images. + + A cope of white tissue given by "Maister Fowle."[39] + + +WORKDAY VESTMENTS.[40] + + A vestment of red damask with an albe. + + A vestment of red velvet with a green cross.[41] + + A vestment of blue velvet with x. and l. and his albe. + + A vestment of red velvet embroidered with moons and stars.[42] + + A vestment of satin of Bruges, with a green cross, and a picture + of Our Lady and her Son. + + A vestment of red "bawdkyn," with a lion of gold. + + A vestment of "bawdkyn," with a crucifix. + + A "cross-cloth"[43] of purple damask, with an image of the Trinity + of gold. + + A "cross-cloth" of the same material, with St. Margaret. + + A "cross-cloth" of green sarcenet, with the Assumption of Our Lady + in gold. + + Two "lawnes" for the cross,[44] one blue and one white, both + fringed with gold. + + Two "canabye-cloths,"[45] one of cloth of gold, the other of blue + velvet with flowers of gold, both fringed. + + Seven corporas-cases.[46] + + A fore front of cloth of tissue. + + Two pieces of blue velvet, with flower-de-luces. + + A fore front of white damask embroidered. + + Two cloths of tissue for the High Altar. + + A fore front of red worsted. + + A cloth of red and blue to hang over the table of the High + Altar.[47] + + A veil for Lent in the chancel. + + Two hangings for Our-Lady altar (above and beneath) of red tissue. + + Hangings for the same altar[48] (above and beneath) of white and + green damask embroidered with flowers. + + Hangings of the Trinity altar, of red damask with flowers of gold. + + Hangings of red silk for the same altar, with a picture of the + Trinity and Our Lady. + + Another hanging of white taffata, with the Passion of Christ. + + A black hearse-cloth[49] of worsted, with a white cross. + + +ST. JOHN'S ALTAR. + + Hangings, above and beneath, of cloth of gold. + + Two hangings of blue damask embroidered. + + Two hangings of white chamlet embroidered with flowers. + + Hangings of russet sarcenet embroidered with "iij levyd + gresse."[50] + + One hanging of "dornyx." + + +BANNER-CLOTHS. + + Two streamers of sarcenet, one blue, the other green. + + Fourteen "cross-cloths," banner-cloths of all sorts, good and bad, + silk and other. + + +ALTAR-CLOTHS, ETC. + + Eight altar-cloths of diaper, and four plain. + + Nine surplices. + + Three towels--two of diaper and one plain. + + A cushion of green silk.[51] + + A carpet[52] before the high altar. + + +LATTEN. + + One holy-water pot. + + Two pair of great standards.[53] + + One pair of small [standards]. + + The best hearse-cloth of St. Katherine.[54] + + The Trinity hearse-cloth.[55] + + Two other hearse-cloths, good and bad.[56] + + +PLATE. + + A monstrance of silver and gilt,[57] with a "burrall" (= beryl). + + Two candlesticks of silver and parcel gilt.[58] + + A pax of silver and gilt, with a "burrall."[59] + + Two basons of silver and parcel gilt.[60] + + A pair of censers of silver parcel gilt.[61] + + A ship[62] of silver parcel gilt. + + A single cross of silver parcel gilt. + + A "maser" with a border and a "knop" of silver all gilt.[63] + + Two pieces of silver "knoppis which was in the brest of the image + of the Resurrection." + + + Other lists follow, and contain goods and ornaments that were + missing, or that had been sold by various churchwardens since + the beginning of the reign of Edward VI. + + From these we learn that the church had also possessed such + vestments and ornaments as the following: + + "Item a vestment of blewe velvyt with a crosse of redde + velvyt sprenged with gold with all thinges perteyninge to + the same." + + "All thinges perteyninge to the same" here includes the vestments + for the assistants, and the stoles, maniples, and apparels. + + "Item a vestment of white bustyan, with a redde cross and all + thinges perteyninge to the same." + +Evidently vestments of coarse white stuff such as were universal in +England during the first four weeks of Lent, cf. the "ash-coloured," +or white vestments still worn on weekdays in Lent in the South of +France. + + "Item an altar cloth hanginge afore the altare of redde silke + with a crucyfix." + + This was probably the frontal used in Passiontide, _i.e._, from + Passion Sunday until Easter. Other Lenten ornaments were the + following: + + "Item iiij paynted clothes for altar clothes in Lent." + + "Item iij paynted clothes to hange upon saynt Katerynes and + saynt Margarettes in Lent." + +The following is an interesting description of a panelled or striped +frontal and frontlet: + + "Item an altar cloth for the frontur of thalter of redde + velvyt and yelowe & redde damask in paynes with Kateryn + wheles in the bordour above." + + The sales are quoted as realising in all £165 17_s._ 8_d._, but + an addition of the separate items does not result in this + total. + + The difficulties in the way of an exact calculation are (1) lax or + ambiguous entries, _e.g._: + + "Item iiij chalyces wayng liiij onz. wherof ij communyon + cuppis were made by the said Calton (purchaser of a + previous lot) waynge but lij onz.... xvijs viii.d" + +(2) The omission of prices, and (3) the disappearance of articles +quoted as "myssinge at the praysement of the vestry stuff," or (4) +"myssinge and not delyveryd to the now Churche wardens neither sold or +accompted for to thuse of the Churche." + +The conclusion arrived at by the representatives of the parish is thus +stated: "And where yt is a parcell of our othe to present howe and to +what use the moneye cummynge of the sale of our ornamentes and plate +is employd and in what place of our church it is bestowed, to that we +saye yt is not in our wyttes to tell ... and surly yf there be not +moche more reparacyons done upon the said churche shortly yt will +utterly dekay." + +The list of "plate and other things" left in the church is as follows: + + Two communion cups with a cover all gilt. + + Nineteen albes and six amices, lacking all their apparel, + "whereof the wardens have made sixteen surplices for the + choir, which was all that could be made of them." + + Towels and tablecloths, good and bad, diaper and plain xij. + + A cushion of green silk. + + Three hearse-cloths, one of Our Lady, another of Saynt + Katheryne, and one of blue and red velvet. + + Six "bells of accorde" and one small bell. + + Which bells the parish bought of the late king of famous + memory king Henry the eight at the purchesing of the hole + church. + + A bible and a paraphrases. + + Three communion books and four psalters printed. + + Two pair of good organs furnished. + + A chest with two locks for the alms for the poor. + + Five "great pieces of leed squayr lyeinge upon the bellowes." + + This is followed by a _Memorandum_, which is not without a touch + of humour under the circumstances, pointing out that "it + appears in the accounts of Nycholas Stokbrige and his + companions (Wardens of the first and second year) that they + have not charged themselves in their book a good carpet and a + chapel bell." + + (_Signed by_) THOMAS DYSON, + ROGER PYLFOLD, and + THOMAS DOWMAN. + +The Inventories are given _in extenso_ among the "Inventories of the +Goods and Ornaments of the Churches in the County of Surrey in the +reign of Edward VI," carefully edited by J.R. Daniel Tyssen, Esq., +F.S.A., for the "Surrey Archaeological Collections," from the original +documents in the Public Record Office. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[33] The explanations in the footnotes have been kindly furnished by +Mr. F.C. Eeles, Secretary to the Alcuin Club. + +[34] The term "vestment" was often used to include not merely the +chasuble, but also the other vestments of the celebrant and his +assistant ministers; sometimes it also included the vestments of the +altar, the frontal and upper frontal; it nearly always included the +apparels, sometimes also the albe and amice, but at other times these +were reckoned separately among the linen. + +Sometimes the vestments for the celebrant, the gospeller, and the +epistoler, were called "priest, deacon, and subdeacon," instead of +chasuble, dalmatic, and tunicle. Sometimes the last two vestments +(often identical in appearance) were both called dalmatics, or +"deacons," or were both called tunicles. + +Apparels were pieces of coloured or embroidered material sewn on to the +albe and amice; they were on the skirt and sleeves of the former, and +the amice apparel was like a large embroidered collar. These additions +to the albe and amice were always used in England, and of course lace +was unknown in old times. + +[35] The amices are here called "head-pieces," as they were properly +little hoods which could be turned up so as to cover the head, and were +actually so worn out of doors. The Dominican Friars still wear the +amice on the head when approaching the altar at mass. + +Sets of vestments often had copes belonging to them. The cope was +required not only for use when censing altars at choir services, but +also for the celebrant in the procession which (like our Litany) +preceded the principal celebration of the Eucharist on Sundays. + +[36] Fannelles = fanons or maniples. + +[37] Cloth of gold. + +[38] Hangings for lecterns. + +[39] Probably the last Prior, alias Linstede. + +[40] "Work-day vestments" means vestments for use on weekdays at low +masses. + +[41] A vestment with a Latin cross on the back of the chasuble; these +were common in England in the sixteenth century. + +[42] _Vide_ the design on the coffin-lid now preserved in the North +Transept (p. 89). + +[43] A small banner which was hung on the processional cross. + +[44] Probably curtains for hanging behind the rood. + +[45] Canopies for hanging above the pyx, which contained the reserved +Sacrament, and was, as usual in England, suspended over the high altar. +N.B.--The Roman form of altar-tabernacle seldom if ever seems to have +been used in England. + +[46] Burses, to keep the corporals in. + +[47] The "table of the high altar" was the reredos, only exposed on +high days, this cloth or upper frontal concealing it at other times. +The reredos must not be confused with the great altar screen: it was +quite small, and was immediately at the back of the altar itself. + +[48] "Hangings for altars above and beneath" include frontals and upper +frontals, the latter taking the place of the reredos, or being used to +cover it at ordinary times. Some of these hangings may be "riddels" or +curtains to hang at the ends of the altar. These used to hang at right +angles to the reredos, and close to the altar ends. + +[49] _I.e._, a funeral pall. + +[50] Shamrock or trefoil. + +[51] A cushion to lay the altar book upon. Such cushions were often +very rich and handsome, and in the days of large books and fine +bindings were almost necessary. They were much more general than desks. + +[52] _I.e._, a frontal; the same word is used in the Canon of 1603, +which orders a frontal. + +[53] Four great standard candlesticks to stand on the pavement before +the altar. Large churches often had more than two standard lights. The +pair of small standards (the next entry) were probably for one of the +lesser altars. + +[54] Probably included under "Latten" by mistake or carelessness. + +[55] _Ibid._ + +[56] _Ibid._ + +[57] This ornament was used in one or two processions when the Holy +Eucharist was carried. The "burrall" is the glass in the middle wherein +the Sacrament was placed. Only rich churches possessed this ornament, +which was of very late introduction. It is needless to add that the +still more modern service of Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament was +never in use in England. + +[58] Probably to stand on the high altar. + +[59] Perhaps held a relic. + +[60] To stand on the high altar for ornament. + +[61] Two censers were commonly carried side by side in procession in +England. + +[62] Incense-boat. + +[63] The "maser" is quoted as "given to the Wardens when they meet to +drink on." + + + + +V + +SPECIFICATION OF THE ORGAN + +(Furnished by the builders, Messrs. Lewis and Co., Limited) + + +CHOIR ORGAN, C C TO C. 61 NOTES. + +Lieblich-gedact 16 feet +Geigen Principal 8 " +Salicional 8 " +Dulciana 8 " +Lieblich-gedact 8 " +Salicet 4 feet +Flauto Traverso 4 " +Lieblich-gedact 4 " +Lieblich-gedact 2 " +Mixture (3 ranks) 2 " + +Ten Key-touches for Couplers and fixed Combinations. + + +GREAT ORGAN, C C TO C. 61 NOTES. + +Contra Viola 16 feet +Bourdon 16 " +Open Diapason, No. 1 8 " +Open Diapason, No. 2 8 " +Stopped Diapason 8 " +Flûte Harmonique 8 " +Octave 4 " +Flûte Harmonique 4 feet +Octave Quint 2-2/3 " +Super Octave 2 " +Cornet (3, 4, and 5 ranks) 2-2/3 " +Mixture (4 ranks) 1-1/3 " +Trumpet 8 " + +Ten Key-touches for Couplers and fixed Combinations. + + +SWELL ORGAN, CC TO C. 61 NOTES. + +Bourdon 16 feet +Open Diapason 8 " +Rohr-flöte 8 " +Viole de Gambe 8 " +Voix Célestes 8 " +Geigen Principal 4 " +Rohr-flöte 4 " +Flautina 2 " +Mixture (4 ranks) 1-1/3 " +Bassoon 16 " +Horn 8 " +Voix Humaine 8 " +Oboe 8 " +Clarion 4 " + +Ten Key-touches for Couplers and fixed Combinations. + + +SOLO ORGAN, CC TO C. 61 NOTES. + +Flûte Harmonique 8 feet +Vox Angelica 8 " +Unda Maris 8 " +Flûte Harmonique 4 " +Cor Anglais (Ten. C) 16 " +Bombarde 16 " +Clarionet 8 " +Orchestral Oboe 8 " +Tuba Magna 8 " +Trompette Harmonique 8 " + +Solo Organ is inclosed in a separate Swell Box. + +Ten Key-touches for fixed Combinations and Solo Stops. + + +PEDAL ORGAN, C C C TO F. 30 NOTES. + +Great Bass 32 feet +Major Violon 32 " +Great Bass 16 " +Violon 16 " +Sub Bass 16 " +Dulciana Bass 16 " +Violoncello 8 " +Flute Bass 8 " +Flute 4 " +Contra Posaune 32 " +Posaune 16 " +Trombone 16 " +Trumpet 8 " + + +COUPLERS. + +Choir to Pedal. +Great to Pedal. +Swell to Pedal. +Solo to Pedal. +Choir to Great. +Swell to Great. +Solo to Great. +Swell to Choir. +Solo to Swell. +Solo Octave. + +Tremulant to Swell. + +Six Pedals for Interchangeable Combinations. + +Ordinary Swell Pedal for Solo Organ. + +Balanced Pedal for Swell Organ. + +Balanced Pedal for Crescendo over Entire Organ, including the Solo +Swell Shutters. + +The entire action is Electro-pneumatic. The Console is detached and +placed behind the Choir Stalls. + + + + +INDEX + + +Aisles, choir, 81, _et seq._ + Nave, North, 60. + Nave, South, 64. + +Alleyn, Edward, 66. + +Altar, 71. + +---- Screens, 18, 28, 72. + +Andrewes, Bishop, 25, 28, 43, 77-78. + +Anglican Martyrs, 22, 78-79. + +Applebee, Dorothy, 88. + +Architectural remains, Early English, 17, 64. + Norman, 16, 52, 53, 60, 84, 89. + + +Barford, Susanna, Tablet, 86. + +Beaufort, Cardinal, 17, 44, 95-97. + +Beaufort, Escutcheon, 96. + +Beaufort, Joan, 97. + +Beaumont, Francis, 66. + +Bells, 48. + +Benson, Rev. S., 80, 81. + +Blomfield, Sir Arthur, 34, 46, 48, 54, 57, 88, 93, 97. + +Bosses from the old Ceiling, 90. + +Browne, Sir Anthony, 38. + +Bunyan, John, 61. + + +Chandelier, 88. + +Chapels, the Bishop's, or Little Lady Chapel, 28, 30,43, 76, 77. + Lady Chapel, or Retro-Choir, 21, 42, 44, 75 _et seq._ + St. John the Baptist, 18, 61. + St. John the Divine (Harvard), 16, 84. + +Chaplains, introduction of, 24. + List of, 104. + +Chapter House, 36-38. + +Chaucer, Geoffrey, 62. + +Child, Alwin, 20. + +Choir, exterior, 43. + Interior, 69, _et seq._ + Stalls, 74. + +Coffin, ancient, 89. + +Collegiate Church, 15 _n._ + +---- Chapter, 35. + +---- House, 36. + +Cruden, Alexander, 60, 61. + +Crusader, effigy of, 81-82. + +Cure, Thomas, 81. + +Curling, Rev. W., 80. + + +Dauncey, William, 14. + +Davidson, Archbishop, 34, 100. + +De la Roche (de Rupibus), Bishop, 17, 42, 49. + +Dimensions of the Church, 115. + +Dissolution of Monasteries, 19. + +Dollman, F.T., 34 _n._, 47, 48. + +Doorways, Norman, 52, 60. + South-west, 49. + West, 18, 51. + + +Easter Sepulchre, 77. + +Emerson, William, 95. + +Exterior of the Church, 41-43. + + +Ferthing, Aleyn, 20. + +Fletcher, John, 67, 68. + +Font, 66. + +---- In Lady Chapel, 77. + +Foster Hall, 36. + +Fox, Bishop, 18, 47, 72-73. + + +Giffard, Bishop, 15, 20, 49. + +Goldsmith, Oliver, 60. + +Gower, John, 17, 18, 61-62. + +Gwilt, George, 30, 32, 42, 43, 47, 48, 54. + Burial-place, 44. + Memorial Tablet, 44, 80. + Memorial Window, 86. + + +Harvard, John, 84-86. + Memorial window, 54, 84-86. + +Holy-water Stoup, 53. + +Horne, Bishop, 23 _n._ + + +James I, of Scotland, 97. + +Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 60 _n._ + +Jones, Rev. Thomas, 95. + + +Lectern, 88. + +Linstede, Bartholomew, 13, 19. + + +Massinger, Philip, 67, 68. + +Muniment chest, 90. + + +Nave, exterior, North Side, 52. + Nave, exterior, South Side, 48. + Nave, exterior, West Front, 51. + Nave, exterior, Interior, 57-59. + +Newcomen, Elizabeth, 94. + +Newland, Abraham, tablet, 86. + + +Organ, 86-87. + Specification of, 111. + +Ornaments and Vestments, sale of, under Queen Elizabeth, 23, 24. + Inventories and sales (Edward VI), 105, _et seq._ + +Overy, John, 15. + +Overy, Mary, 14, 15. + + +Pews, introduced at the Church, 26. + +Pont de la Arch, William, 14. + +Priors of St. Mary Overie, 103. + +Priory Seal, 104. + +Pugin, A.W., quoted, 32. + +Pulpit, 88. + + +Queen Anne, Escutcheon, 93. + + +Restorations, 33, 34, 48, 97. + +Roman relics, 14, 54, 87. + + +Sacheverell, Dr., 60 _n._, 93. + +St. Margaret, Church of, 20. + +St. Mary Magdalene, Church of, 17, 21, 30, 44, 46, 76. + +St. Mary Overie, etymology of, 15. + Traditional origin of, 13. + +St. Thomas, Church of, 36. + +St. Thomas's Hospital, 17. + +Shakespeare, Edmund, 68-69. + +Shakespeare, William, 68-69. + +Southwark, Diocese of, 99, _et seq._ + +Sumner, Bishop, 32. + + +Talbot, Bishop, 34, 100-101. + +Thorold, Bishop, 33, 34, 100. + +Tombs and Monuments, Bishop Andrewes, 43, 77-78. + William Austin, 92. + Richard Benefeld, 95. + John Bingham, 94. + William Emerson, 95. + John Gower, 18, 61-62. + Richard Humble, 73. + Rev. Thomas Jones, 95. + Lionel Lockyer, 92. + John Trehearne, 83-84. + +Tower, exterior, 47. + Interior, 87. + +Transepts, North, 17, 88, _et seq._ + South, 17, 44-47, 93, _et seq._ + + +Vestrymen, 20, 21, 22. + + +Wallace, Robert, 30, 44-46. + +Wigan, Sir Frederick, Bart., 34, 74, 93, 94. + +Windows, East, 62. + West, 64. + In Nave, North Aisle, 60-61. + In Nave, South Aisle, 64-68. + In Choir, North Aisle, 81. + In Choir, South Aisle, 86. + In Lady Chapel, 78, _et seq._ + Harvard, 84, _et seq._ + In North Transept, 88. + In South Transept, 93. + +Wood, George, 81. + + +Yeatman-Biggs, Bishop, 100. + + +CHISWICK PRESS: PRINTED BY CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO. +TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. + + + + +DIMENSIONS + + +Length of nave internal 104 feet. +Length of choir internal 78 " +Retro-choir from east to west internal 41 " +Total length internal 248 " +Breadth, including aisles internal 60 " +Retro-choir from north to south internal 61 " +Transepts from north to south internal 116 " +Transepts from east to west internal 26 " +Height of nave internal 55 " +Height of choir internal 53 " 6 inches. +Height of tower 129 " 6 " + (exclusive of the pinnacles, + which rise 34 feet above it). +Area internal 17,113 sq. " + + + [Illustration: St. SAVIOUR'S CATHEDRAL--SOUTHWARK. + SIR A. BLOMFIELD AND SONS _fect._] + + + + + + * * * * * + + + + + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + | Typographical errors corrected in text: | + | | + | Page 67: CENTUNY replaced with CENTURY | + | Page 109: pertenyinge replaced with perteyninge | + | | + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: SOUTHWARK +CATHEDRAL*** + + +******* This file should be named 24616-8.txt or 24616-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/1/24616 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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