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+Project Gutenberg's The Monitor and the Merrimac, by J. L. Worden et al.
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Monitor and the Merrimac
+       Both sides of the story
+
+Author: J. L. Worden et al.
+
+Release Date: February 15, 2008 [EBook #24612]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Courtesy of the Century Co.
+
+THE "MONITOR" THE "MERRIMAC"
+
+THE ENCOUNTER AT SHORT RANGE, MARCH 9, 1862.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC
+
+BOTH SIDES OF THE STORY
+
+TOLD BY
+LIEUT. J.L. WORDEN, U.S.N.
+LIEUT. GREENE, U.S.N.
+OF THE MONITOR
+
+AND
+
+H. ASHTON RAMSAY, C.S.N.
+CHIEF ENGINEER OF THE MERRIMAC
+
+
+ILLUSTRATED
+
+
+HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+NEW YORK AND LONDON
+MCMXII
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY HARPER & BROTHERS
+
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+PUBLISHED MARCH, 1912
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CHAP.                                                                PAGE
+
+Introduction                                                          vii
+
+
+
+I. THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC                                         1
+_Told by Lieutenant Worden and Lieutenant S.D. Greene of
+the Monitor_
+
+
+II. THE MERRIMAC AND THE MONITOR                                       25
+_Told by H. Ashton Ramsay, Major C.S.A., Chief Engineer
+of the Merrimac_
+
+
+III. THE LAST OF THE MONITOR                                           67
+_By an eye-witness, Rear-Admiral E.W. Watson, U.S.N._
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+This is the first-hand story of what was done and seen and felt on each
+side in the battle of the _Monitor_ and the _Merrimac_. The actual
+experiences on both vessels are pictured, in one case by the commander
+of the _Monitor_, then a lieutenant, and the next in rank, Lieutenant
+Greene, and in the other by Chief-Engineer Ramsay of the _Merrimac_.
+Clearly such a record of personal experiences has a place by itself in
+the literature of the subject.
+
+It is quite unnecessary to dwell upon the various controversies which
+this battle has involved. As to the first use of armor, we know that
+France experimented with floating armored batteries in the Crimean War,
+and England had armored ships before 1862. As to the invention of the
+movable turret, which has been a bone of contention, the pages of
+Colonel Church's _Life of John Ericsson_ and other books are open to the
+curious. The struggle of Ericsson to obtain official recognition, the
+raising of money, the hasty equipment of the _Monitor_, and the
+restraining orders under which she fought form a story supplementary to
+the battle, but of peculiar interest. The _Monitor_ was ordered to act
+on the defensive. It was her mission first to protect the wooden ships.
+That explains certain misconceptions of her cautious attitude. And the
+fact that the powder charges for her Dahlgren guns were officially
+limited to fifteen pounds, although thirty and even fifty pounds were
+used with safety afterward, invites speculation upon the results if she
+had fought with a free hand.
+
+But the main result was reached. The Union fleet was saved. The career
+of the _Merrimac_ was checked. No Union vessel was destroyed after the
+_Monitor_ appeared. It seems proper to note these facts here, in view of
+the fact that Mr. Ramsay's fresh and striking story of the _Merrimac_,
+which is presented for the first time, enters upon the details of the
+battle more fully than the narrative of Lieutenant Worden and Lieutenant
+Greene. Fortunately the discussion has become academic in the
+half-century that has passed since Southern cheers over the first
+conquests of the _Merrimac_ faltered before the acclaim which greeted
+the _Monitor's_ achievement of her task. One may disagree with the
+phrasing of various historians on both sides, one may find it difficult
+to accept the inscription upon the shaft of the _Merrimac_ outside the
+"Confederate White House" in Richmond, but no American can cease to
+wonder at the fortitude and daring of those other Americans who fought
+to the death in those hastily improvised crafts, bearing the brunt not
+only of battle, but of a strange and terrible experiment. It is not an
+argument that this book offers, but a saga of heroes, an illumination of
+qualities which have made our history in times of crisis.
+
+The year of this battle witnessed the destruction of both the vessels
+engaged. Mr. Ramsay describes the blowing-up of the _Merrimac_. An
+eye-witness of the sinking of the _Monitor_ off Hatteras, Rear-Admiral
+E.W. Watson, who was an officer of the _Rhode Island_, which was towing
+the _Monitor_ on that eventful night, has very kindly written a brief
+description of the tragedy for this book.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The publishers desire to make acknowledgment to the representatives of
+the late Lucius E. Chittenden for the use of Part I of this book, which
+appears in Mr. Chittenden's most interesting volume, _Recollections of
+President Lincoln and his Administration_.
+
+
+
+
+THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC
+
+
+
+
+THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+_Told by Lieutenant Worden and Lieutenant S.D. Greene of the "Monitor"_
+
+
+Some weeks after the historic battle between the _Monitor_ and the
+_Merrimac_ in Hampton Roads, on March 9, 1862, the former vessel came to
+the Washington Navy-yard unchanged, in the same condition as when she
+discharged her parting shot at the _Merrimac_. There she lay until her
+heroic commander had so far recovered from his injuries as to be able to
+rejoin his vessel. All leaves of absence had been revoked, the
+absentees had returned, and were ready to welcome their captain.
+President Lincoln, Captain Fox, and a limited number of Captain Worden's
+personal friends had been invited to his informal reception. Lieutenant
+Greene received the President and the guests. He was a boy in years--not
+too young to volunteer, however, when volunteers were scarce, and to
+fight the _Merrimac_ during the last half of the battle, after the
+captain was disabled.
+
+The President and the other guests stood on the deck, near the turret.
+The men were formed in lines, with their officers a little in advance,
+when Captain Worden ascended the gangway. The heavy guns in the
+navy-yard began firing the customary salute when he stepped upon the
+deck. One side of his face was permanently blackened by the powder shot
+into it from the muzzle of a cannon carrying a shell of one hundred
+pounds' weight, discharged less than twenty yards away. The President
+advanced to welcome him, and introduced him to the few strangers
+present. The officers and men passed in review and were dismissed. Then
+there was a scene worth witnessing. The old tars swarmed around their
+loved captain, they grasped his hand, crowded to touch him, thanked God
+for his recovery and return, and invoked blessings upon his head in the
+name of all the saints in the calendar. He called them by their names,
+had a pleasant word for each of them, and for a few moments we looked
+upon an exhibition of a species of affection that could only have been
+the product of a common danger.
+
+When order was restored, the President gave a brief sketch of Captain
+Worden's career. Commodore Paulding had been the first, Captain Worden
+the second officer, of the navy, he said, to give an unqualified opinion
+in favor of armored vessels. Their opinions had been influential with
+him and with the Board of Construction. Captain Worden had volunteered
+to take command of the _Monitor_, at the risk of his life and
+reputation, before the keel was laid. He had watched her construction,
+and his energy had made it possible to send her to sea in time to arrest
+the destructive operations of the _Merrimac_. What he had done with a
+new crew, and a vessel of novel construction, we all knew. He, the
+President, cordially acknowledged his indebtedness to Captain Worden,
+and he hoped the whole country would unite in the feeling of obligation.
+The debt was a heavy one, and would not be repudiated when its nature
+was understood. The details of the first battle between ironclads would
+interest every one. At the request of Captain Fox, Captain Worden had
+consented to give an account of his voyage from New York to Hampton
+Roads, and of what had afterward happened there on board the _Monitor_.
+
+In an easy conversational manner, without any effort at display, Captain
+Worden told the story, of which the following is the substance:
+
+"I suppose," he began, "that every one knows that we left New York
+Harbor in some haste. We had information that the _Merrimac_ was nearly
+completed, and if we were to fight her on her first appearance, we must
+be on the ground. The _Monitor_ had been hurried from the laying of her
+keel. Her engines were new, and her machinery did not move smoothly.
+Never was a vessel launched that so much needed trial-trips to test her
+machinery and get her crew accustomed to their novel duties. We went to
+sea practically without them. No part of the vessel was finished; there
+was one omission that was serious, and came very near causing her
+failure and the loss of many lives. In heavy weather it was intended
+that her hatches and all her openings should be closed and battened
+down. In that case all the men would be below, and would have to depend
+upon artificial ventilation. Our machinery for that purpose proved
+wholly inadequate.
+
+"We were in a heavy gale of wind as soon as we passed Sandy Hook. The
+vessel behaved splendidly. The seas rolled over her, and we found her
+the most comfortable vessel we had ever seen, except for the
+ventilation, which gave us more trouble than I have time to tell you
+about. We had to run into port and anchor on account of the weather,
+and, as you know, it was two o'clock in the morning of Sunday before we
+were alongside the _Minnesota_. Captain Van Brunt gave us an account of
+Saturday's experience. He was very glad to make our acquaintance, and
+notified us that we must be prepared to receive the _Merrimac_ at
+daylight. We had had a very hard trip down the coast, and officers and
+men were weary and sleepy. But when informed that our fight would
+probably open at daylight, and that the _Monitor_ must be put in order,
+every man went to his post with a cheer. That night there was no sleep
+on board the _Monitor_.
+
+"In the gray of the early morning we saw a vessel approaching, which our
+friends on the _Minnesota_ said was the _Merrimac_. Our fastenings were
+cast off, our machinery started, and we moved out to meet her half-way.
+We had come a long way to fight her, and did not intend to lose our
+opportunity.
+
+"Before showing you over the vessel, let me say that there were three
+possible points of weakness in the _Monitor_, two of which might have
+been guarded against in her construction, if there had been more time to
+perfect her plans. One of them was in the turret, which, as you see, is
+constructed of eight plates of inch iron--on the side of the ports,
+nine--set on end so as to break joints, and firmly bolted together,
+making a hollow cylinder eight inches thick. It rests on a metal ring on
+a vertical shaft, which is revolved by power from the boilers. If a
+projectile struck the turret at an acute angle, it was expected to
+glance off without doing damage. But what would happen if it was fired
+in a straight line to the center of the turret, which in that case would
+receive the whole force of the blow? It might break off the bolt-heads
+on the interior, which, flying across, would kill the men at the guns;
+it might disarrange the revolving mechanism, and then we would be wholly
+disabled.
+
+"I laid the _Monitor_ close alongside the _Merrimac_, and gave her a
+shot. She returned our compliment by a shell weighing one hundred and
+fifty pounds, fired when we were close together, which struck the turret
+so squarely that it received the whole force. Here you see the scar, two
+and a half inches deep in the wrought iron, a perfect mold of the shell.
+If anything could test the turret, it was that shot. It did not start a
+rivet-head or a nut! It stunned the two men who were nearest where the
+ball struck, and that was all. I touched the lever--the turret revolved
+as smoothly as before. The turret had stood the test; I could mark that
+point of weakness off my list forever.
+
+"You notice that the deck is joined to the side of the hull by a right
+angle, at what sailors call the 'plank-shear.' If a projectile struck
+that angle what would happen? It would not be deflected; its whole force
+would be expended there. It might open a seam in the hull below the
+water-line, or pierce the wooden hull, and sink us. Here was our second
+point of weakness.
+
+"I had decided how I would fight her in advance. I would keep the
+_Monitor_ moving in a circle just large enough to give time for loading
+the guns. At the point where the circle impinged upon the _Merrimac_ our
+guns should be fired, and loaded while we were moving around the
+circuit. Evidently the _Merrimac_ would return the compliment every
+time. At our second exchange of shots, she returning six or eight to our
+two, another of her large shells struck our 'plank-shear' at its angle,
+and tore up one of the deck-plates, as you see. The shell had struck
+what I believed to be the weakest point in the _Monitor_. We had already
+learned that the _Merrimac_ swarmed with sharpshooters, for their
+bullets were constantly spattering against our turret and our deck. If a
+man showed himself on deck he would draw their fire. But I did not much
+consider the sharpshooters. It was my duty to investigate the effects of
+that shot. I ordered one of the pendulums to be hauled aside, and,
+crawling out of the port, walked to the side, lay down upon my chest,
+and examined it thoroughly. The hull was uninjured, except for a few
+splinters in the wood. I walked back and crawled into the turret--the
+bullets were falling on the iron deck all about me as thick as
+hail-stones in a storm. None struck me, I suppose because the vessel was
+moving, and at the angle, and when I was lying on the deck my body made
+a small mark, difficult to hit. We gave them two more guns, and then I
+told the men, what was true, that the _Merrimac_ could not sink us if we
+let her pound us for a month. The men cheered; the knowledge put new
+life into all.
+
+"We had more exchanges, and then the _Merrimac_ tried new tactics. She
+endeavored to ram us, to run us down. Once she struck us about amidships
+with her iron ram. Here you see its mark. It gave us a shock, pushed us
+around, and that was all the harm. But the movement placed our sides
+together. I gave her two guns, which I think lodged in her side, for,
+from my lookout crack, I could not see that either shot rebounded. Ours
+being the smaller vessel, and more easily handled, I had no difficulty
+in avoiding her ram. I ran around her several times, planting our shot
+in what seemed to be the most vulnerable places. In this way, reserving
+my fire until I got the range and the mark, I planted two more shots
+almost in the very spot I had hit when she tried to ram us. Those shots
+must have been effective, for they were followed by a shower of bars of
+iron.
+
+"The third weak spot was our pilot-house. You see that it is built a
+little more than three feet above the deck, of bars of iron, ten by
+twelve inches square, built up like a log-house, bolted with very large
+bolts at the corners where the bars interlock. The pilot stands upon a
+platform below, his head and shoulders in the pilot-house. The upper
+tier of bars is separated from the second by an open space of an inch,
+through which the pilot may look out at every point of the compass. The
+pilot-house, as you see, is a foursquare mass of iron, provided with no
+means of deflecting a ball. I expected trouble from it, and I was not
+disappointed. Until my accident happened, as we approached the enemy I
+stood in the pilot-house and gave the signals. Lieutenant Greene fired
+the guns, and Engineer Stimers, here, revolved the turret.
+
+"I was below the deck when the corner of the pilot-house was first
+struck by a shot or a shell. It either burst or was broken, and no harm
+was done. A short time after I had given the signal and, with my eye
+close against the lookout crack, was watching the effect of our shot,
+something happened to me--my part in the fight was ended. Lieutenant
+Greene, who fought the _Merrimac_ until she had no longer stomach for
+fighting, will tell you the rest of the story."
+
+Can it be possible that this beardless boy fought one of the historic
+battles of the world? This was the thought of every one, as the modest,
+diffident young Greene was half pushed forward into the circle.
+
+"I cannot add much to the Captain's story," he began. "He had cut out
+the work for us, and we had only to follow his pattern. I kept the
+_Monitor_ either moving around the circle or around the enemy, and
+endeavored to place our shots as near her amidships as possible, where
+Captain Worden believed he had already broken through her armor. We knew
+that she could not sink us, and I thought I would keep right on pounding
+her as long as she would stand it. There is really nothing new to be
+added to Captain Worden's account. We could strike her wherever we
+chose. Weary as they must have been, our men were full of enthusiasm,
+and I do not think we wasted a shot. Once we ran out of the circle for a
+moment to adjust a piece of machinery, and I learn that some of our
+friends feared that we were drawing out of the fight. The _Merrimac_
+took the opportunity to start for Norfolk. As soon as our machinery was
+adjusted we followed her, and got near enough to give her a parting
+shot. But I was not familiar with the locality; there might be torpedoes
+planted in the channel, and I did not wish to take any risk of losing
+our vessel, so I came back to the company of our friends. But except
+that we were, all of us, tired and hungry when we came back to the
+_Minnesota_ at half-past twelve P.M., the _Monitor_ was just as well
+prepared to fight as she was at eight o'clock in the morning when she
+fired the first gun."
+
+We were then shown the injury to the pilot-house. The mark of the ball
+was plain upon the two upper bars, the principal impact being upon the
+lower of the two. This huge bar was broken in the middle, but held
+firmly at either end. The farther it was pressed in, the stronger was
+the resistance on the exterior. On the inside the fracture in the bar
+was half an inch wide. Captain Worden's eye was very near to the lookout
+crack, so that when the gun was discharged the shock of the ball knocked
+him senseless, while the mass of flame filled one side of his face with
+coarse grains of powder. He remained insensible for some hours.
+
+"Have you heard what Captain Worden's first inquiry was when he
+recovered his senses after the general shock to his system?" asked
+Captain Fox of the President.
+
+"I think I have," replied Mr. Lincoln, "but it is worth relating to
+these gentlemen."
+
+"His question was," said Captain Fox, "'Have I saved the _Minnesota_?'
+
+"'Yes, and whipped the _Merrimac_!' some one answered.
+
+"'Then,' said Captain Worden, 'I don't care what becomes of me.'
+
+"Mr. President," said Captain Fox, "not much of the history to which we
+have listened is new to me. I saw this battle from eight o'clock until
+midday. There was one marvel in it which has not been mentioned--the
+splendid handling of the _Monitor_ throughout the battle. The first bold
+advance of this diminutive vessel against a giant like the _Merrimac_
+was superlatively grand. She seemed inspired by Nelson's order at
+Trafalgar: 'He will make no mistake who lays his vessel alongside the
+enemy.' One would have thought the _Monitor_ a living thing. No man was
+visible. You saw her moving around that circle, delivering her fire
+invariably at the point of contact, and heard the crash of the missile
+against her enemy's armor above the thunder of her guns, on the bank
+where we stood. It was indescribably grand!
+
+"Now," he continued, "standing here on the deck of this battle-scarred
+vessel, the first genuine ironclad--the victor in the first fight of the
+ironclads--let me make a confession and perform an act of simple
+justice: I never fully believed in armored vessels until I saw this
+battle. I know all the facts which united to give us the _Monitor_. I
+withhold no credit from Captain Ericsson, her inventor, but I know that
+the country is principally indebted for the construction of this vessel
+to President Lincoln, and for the success of her trial to Captain
+Worden, her commander."
+
+
+
+
+THE MERRIMAC AND THE MONITOR
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE MERRIMAC AND THE MONITOR
+
+_Told by H. Ashton Ramsay, Major C.S.A., Chief Engineer of the
+"Merrimac"_
+
+
+The _Merrimac_ was built in 1856 as a full-rigged war-frigate, of
+thirty-one hundred tons' burden, with auxiliary steam power to be used
+only in case of head winds. She was a hybrid from her birth, marking the
+transition from sails to steam as well as from wooden ships to
+ironclads.
+
+I became her second assistant engineer in Panama Bay in 1859, cruising
+in her around the Horn and back to Norfolk. Her chief engineer was
+Alban C. Stimers. Little did we dream that he was to be the right-hand
+man of Ericsson in the construction of the _Monitor_, while I was to
+hold a similar post in the conversion of our own ship into an ironclad,
+or that, in less than a year and a half, we would be seeking to destroy
+each other, he as chief engineer of the _Monitor_ and I in the
+corresponding position on the _Merrimac_.
+
+In the harbor of Rio on our return voyage we met the _Congress_, and as
+we sailed away after coaling she fired a friendly salute and cheered us,
+and we responded with a will. When the two ships next met it was in one
+of the deadliest combats of naval history.
+
+The machinery of the _Merrimac_ was condemned, and she went out of
+commission on our return. She was still at Norfolk when the war broke
+out, and was set on fire by the Federals when Norfolk was evacuated.
+Some of the workmen in the navy-yard scuttled and sank her, thus putting
+out the flames. When she was raised by the Confederates she was nothing
+but a burned and blackened hulk.
+
+Her charred upper works were cut away, and in the center a casement
+shield one hundred and eighty feet long was built of pitch-pine and oak,
+two feet thick. This was covered with iron plates, one to two inches
+thick and eight inches wide, bolted over each other and through and
+through the woodwork, giving a protective armor four inches in
+thickness. The shield sloped at an angle of about thirty-six degrees,
+and was covered with an iron grating that served as an upper deck. For
+fifty feet forward and aft her decks were submerged below the water, and
+the prow was shod with an iron beak to receive the impact when ramming.
+
+Even naval officers were skeptical as to the result. The plates were
+rolled at the Tredegar mills at Richmond, and arrived so slowly that we
+were nearly a year in finishing her. We could have rolled them at
+Norfolk and built four _Merrimacs_ in that time, had the South
+understood the importance of a navy at the outbreak of the war.
+
+I remember that my old friend and comrade, Captain Charles MacIntosh,
+while awaiting orders, used to come over and stand on the granite
+curbing of the dock to watch the work as it crawled along.
+
+"Good-by, Ramsay," he said, sadly, on the eve of starting to command a
+ram at New Orleans. "I shall never see you again. She will prove your
+coffin." A short time afterward the poor fellow had both legs shot from
+under him and died almost immediately.
+
+Rifled guns were just coming into use, and Lieutenant Brooke, who
+designed the _Merrimac_, considered the question of having some of her
+guns rifled. How to procure such cannon was not easily discovered, as we
+had no foundries in the South. There were many cast-iron cannon that had
+fallen into our hands at Norfolk, and he conceived the idea of turning
+some of this ordnance into rifles. In order to enable them to stand the
+additional bursting strain we forged wrought-iron bands and shrank them
+over the chambers, and we devised a special tool for rifling the bore of
+the guns. They gave effective service.
+
+Many details remained uncompleted when we were at last floated out of
+dry-dock, but there was great pressure for us to make some demonstration
+that might serve to check McClellan in his advance up the Peninsula.
+
+The ship was still full of workmen hurrying her to completion when
+Commodore Franklin Buchanan arrived from Richmond one March morning and
+ordered every one out of the ship, except her crew of three hundred and
+fifty men which had been hastily drilled on shore in the management of
+the big guns, and directed Executive Officer Jones to prepare to sail at
+once.
+
+At that time nothing was known of our destination. All we knew was that
+we were off at last. Buchanan sent for me. The veteran sailor, the beau
+ideal of a naval officer of the old school, with his tall form, harsh
+features, and clear, piercing eyes, was pacing the deck with a stride I
+found it difficult to match, although he was then over sixty and I but
+twenty-four.
+
+"Ramsay," he asked, "what would happen to your engines and boilers if
+there should be a collision?"
+
+"They are braced tight," I assured him. "Though the boilers stand
+fourteen feet, they are so securely fastened that no collision could
+budge them."
+
+"I am going to ram the _Cumberland_," said my commander. "I'm told she
+has the new rifled guns, the only ones in their whole fleet we have
+cause to fear. The moment we are in the Roads I'm going to make right
+for her and ram her. How about your engines? They were in bad shape in
+the old ship, I understand. Can we rely on them? Should they be tested
+by a trial trip?"
+
+"She will have to travel some ten miles down the river before we get to
+the Roads," I said. "If any trouble develops I'll report it. I think
+that will be sufficient trial trip."
+
+I watched the machinery carefully as we sped down the Elizabeth River,
+and soon satisfied myself that all was well. Then I went on deck.
+
+"How fast is she going do you think?" I asked one of the pilots.
+
+"Eight or nine knots an hour," he replied, making a rapid calculation
+from objects ashore. The _Merrimac_ as an ironclad was faster under
+steam than she had ever been before with her top hamper of masts and
+sails.
+
+I presented myself to the commodore. "The machinery is all right, sir,"
+I assured him.
+
+Across the river at Newport News gleamed the batteries and white tents
+of the Federal camp and the vessels of the fleet blockading the mouth of
+the James, chief among them the _Congress_ and the _Cumberland_, tall
+and stately, with every line and spar clearly defined against the blue
+March sky, their decks and ports bristling with guns, while the rigging
+of the _Cumberland_ was gay with the red, white, and blue of sailors'
+garments hung out to dry.
+
+As we rounded into view the white-winged sailing craft that sprinkled
+the bay and long lines of tugs and small boats scurried to the far
+shore like chickens on the approach of a hovering hawk. They had seen
+our black hulk which looked like the roof of a barn afloat. Suddenly
+huge volumes of smoke began to pour from the funnels of the frigates
+_Minnesota_ and _Roanoke_ at Old Point. They had seen us, too, and were
+getting up steam. Bright-colored signal flags were run up and down the
+masts of all the ships of the Federal fleet. The _Congress_ shook out
+her topsails. Down came the clothes-line on the _Cumberland_, and boats
+were lowered and dropped astern.
+
+Our crew was summoned to the gun-deck, and Buchanan addressed us:
+"Sailors, in a few minutes you will have the long-looked-for opportunity
+of showing your devotion to our cause. Remember that you are about to
+strike for your country and your homes. The Confederacy expects every
+man to do his duty. Beat to quarters." Every terse, burning word is
+engraved on my memory, though fifty years have passed since they were
+spoken.
+
+Just as he had finished, the mess caterer touched my elbow and
+whispered: "Better get your lunch now, Mr. Ramsay. It will be your last
+chance. The galley-fires must be put out when the magazines are opened."
+
+On my way I saw Assistant-Surgeon Garnett at a table laying out lint and
+surgical implements. I had no appetite, and merely tasted some cold
+tongue and a cup of coffee. Passing along the gun-deck, I saw the pale
+and determined countenances of the guns' crews, as they stood
+motionless at their posts, with set lips unsmiling, contrasting with the
+careless expression of sailors when practised at "fighting quarters" on
+a man-of-war. This was the real thing.
+
+As we approached the Federal ships we were met by a veritable storm of
+shells which must have sunk any ship then afloat--except the _Merrimac_.
+They struck our sloping sides, were deflected upward to burst harmlessly
+in the air, or rolled down and fell hissing into the water, dashing the
+spray up into our ports.
+
+As we drew nearer the _Cumberland_, above the roar of battle rang the
+voice of Buchanan, "Do you surrender?"
+
+"Never!" retorted the gallant Morris.
+
+The crux of what followed was down in the engine-room. Two gongs, the
+signal to stop, were quickly followed by three, the signal to reverse.
+There was an ominous pause, then a crash, shaking us all off our feet.
+The engines labored. The vessel was shaken in every fiber. Our bow was
+visibly depressed. We seemed to be bearing down with a weight on our
+prow. Thud, thud, thud, came the rain of shot on our shield from the
+double-decked battery of the _Congress_. There was a terrible crash in
+the fire-room. For a moment we thought one of the boilers had burst. No,
+it was the explosion of a shell in our stack. Was any one hit? No, thank
+God! The firemen had been warned to keep away from the up-take, so the
+fragments of shell fell harmlessly on the iron floor-plates.
+
+We had rushed on the doomed ship, relentless as fate, crashing through
+her barricade of heavy spars and torpedo fenders, striking her below her
+starboard fore-chains, and crushing far into her. For a moment the whole
+weight of her hung on our prow and threatened to carry us down with her,
+the return wave of the collision curling up into our bow port.
+
+The _Cumberland_ began to sink slowly, bow first, but continued to fight
+desperately for the forty minutes that elapsed after her doom was
+sealed, while we were engaged with both the _Cumberland_ and the
+_Congress_, being right between them.
+
+We had left our cast-iron beak in the side of the _Cumberland_. Like the
+wasp, we could sting but once, leaving it in the wound.
+
+Our smoke-stack was riddled, our flag was shot down several times, and
+was finally secured to a rent in the stack. On our gun-deck the men were
+fighting like demons. There was no thought or time for the wounded and
+dying as they tugged away at their guns, training and sighting their
+pieces while the orders rang out, "Sponge, load, fire!"
+
+"The muzzle of our gun has been shot away," cried one of the gunners.
+
+"No matter, keep on loading and firing--do the best you can with it,"
+replied Lieutenant Jones.
+
+"Keep away from the side ports, don't lean against the shield, look out
+for the sharpshooters," rang the warnings. Some of our men who failed to
+heed them and leaned against the shield were stunned and carried below,
+bleeding at the ears. All were full of courage and worked with a will;
+they were so begrimed with powder that they looked like negroes.
+
+"Pass along the cartridges."
+
+"More powder."
+
+"A shell for number six."
+
+"A wet wad for the hot-shot gun."
+
+"Put out that pipe and don't light it again on peril of your life."
+
+Such were the directions and commands, issued like clockwork amid the
+confusion of battle. Our executive officer seemed to be in a dozen
+places at once.
+
+This gives some faint notion of the scene passing behind our grim iron
+casement, which to the beholders without seemed a machine of
+destruction. Human hearts were beating and bleeding there. Human lives
+were being sacrificed. Pain, death, wounds, glory--that was the sum of
+it.
+
+On the doomed ship _Cumberland_ the battle raged with equal fury. The
+sanded deck was red and slippery with blood. Delirium seized the crew.
+They stripped to their trousers, kicked off their shoes, tied
+handkerchiefs about their heads, and fought and cheered as their ship
+sank beneath their feet. Then the order came, "All save who can." There
+was a scramble for the spar-deck and a rush overboard. The ship listed.
+The after pivot-gun broke loose and rushed down the decline like a
+furious animal, rolling over a man as it bounded overboard, leaving a
+mass of mangled flesh on deck.
+
+We now turned to the _Congress_, which had tried to escape but had
+grounded, and the battle raged once more, broadside upon broadside,
+delivered at close range, the _Merrimac_ working closer all the time
+with her bow pointed as if to ram the _Congress_. A shell from
+Lieutenant Wood's gun sped through their line of powder-passers, not
+only cutting down the men, but exploding the powder buckets in their
+hands, spreading death and destruction and setting fire to the ship.
+
+At last came the order, "Cease firing."
+
+"The _Congress_ has surrendered," some one cried. "Look out of the port.
+See, she has run up white flags. The officers are waving their
+handkerchiefs."
+
+At this several of the officers started to leave their posts and rush on
+deck, but Lieutenant Jones in his stentorian voice sang out: "Stand by
+your guns, and, lieutenants, be ready to resume firing at the word. See
+that your guns are well supplied with ammunition during the lull. Dr.
+Garnett, see how those poor fellows yonder are coming on. Mr.
+Littlepage, tell Paymaster Semple to have a care of the berth-deck and
+use every precaution against fire. Mr. Hasker, call away the cutter's
+crew and have them in readiness. Mr. Lindsay [to the carpenter], sound
+the well, examine the forehold, and report if you find anything wrong."
+Such was Catesby Ap. R. Jones, the executive officer of the _Merrimac_.
+
+When it was fully evident that there was to be a suspension of
+hostilities, and these details had all been attended to, several of the
+officers went to stand beside Buchanan on the upper grating.
+
+The whole scene was changed. A pall of black smoke hung about the ships
+and obscured the clean-cut outlines of the shore. Down the river were
+the three frigates _St. Lawrence_, _Roanoke_, and _Minnesota_, also
+enveloped in the clouds of battle that now and then reflected the
+crimson lightnings of the god of war. The masts of the _Cumberland_ were
+protruding above the water. The _Congress_ presented a terrible scene of
+carnage.
+
+The gunboats _Beaufort_ and _Raleigh_ were signaled to take off the
+wounded and fire the ship. They were driven away by sharpshooters on
+shore, who suddenly turned their fire on us, notwithstanding the white
+flag of the _Congress_. Buchanan fell, severely wounded in the groin.
+
+As he was being carried below he said to Executive Officer Jones: "Plug
+hot shot into her and don't leave her until she's afire. They must look
+after their own wounded, since they won't let us"--a characteristic
+command when it is remembered that his own brother, McKean Buchanan, was
+paymaster of the _Congress_ and might have been numbered among the
+wounded.
+
+We had kept two furnaces for the purpose of heating shot. They were
+rolled into the flames on a grating, rolled out into iron buckets,
+hoisted to the gun-deck, and rolled into the guns, which had been
+prepared with wads of wet hemp. Then the gun would be touched off
+quickly and the shot sent on its errand of destruction.
+
+Leaving the _Congress_ wrapped in sheets of flame, we made for the three
+other frigates. The _St. Lawrence_ and _Roanoke_ had run aground, but
+were pulled off by tugs and made their escape. The _Minnesota_ was not
+so fortunate, but we drew twenty-three feet of water and could not get
+near enough to destroy her, while our guns could not be elevated owing
+to the narrow embrasures, and their range was only a mile; so we made
+for our moorings at Sewall's Point.
+
+All the evening we stood on deck watching the brilliant display of the
+burning ship. Every part of her was on fire at the same time, the
+red-tongued flames running up shrouds, masts, and stays, and extending
+out to the yard-arms. She stood in bold relief against the black
+background, lighting up the Roads and reflecting her lurid lights on the
+bosom of the now placid and hushed waters. Every now and then the flames
+would reach one of the loaded cannon and a shell would hiss at random
+through the darkness. About midnight came the grand finale. The
+magazines exploded, shooting up a huge column of firebrands hundreds of
+feet in the air, and then the burning hulk burst asunder and melted into
+the waters, while the calm night spread her sable mantle over Hampton
+Roads.
+
+The _Monitor_ arrived during the evening and anchored under the stern of
+the _Minnesota_, her lighter draught enabling her to do so without
+danger. To us the ensuing engagement was in the nature of a surprise.
+If we had known we were to meet her we would have at least been supplied
+with solid shot for our rifled guns. We might even have thought best to
+wait until our iron beak, lost in the side of the _Cumberland_, could be
+replaced. Buchanan was incapacitated by his wound, and the command
+devolved upon Lieutenant Jones.
+
+We left our anchorage shortly before eight o'clock next morning and
+steamed across and up stream toward the _Minnesota_, thinking to make
+short work of her and soon return with her colors trailing under ours.
+We approached her slowly, feeling our way cautiously along the edge of
+the channel, when suddenly, to our astonishment, a black object that
+looked like the historic description, "a barrel-head afloat with a
+cheese-box on top of it," moved slowly out from under the _Minnesota_
+and boldly confronted us. It must be confessed that both ships were
+queer-looking craft, as grotesque to the eyes of the men of '62 as they
+would appear to those of the present generation.
+
+And now the great fight was on, a fight the like of which the world had
+never seen. With the battle of yesterday old methods had passed away,
+and with them the experience of a thousand years "of battle and of
+breeze" was brought to naught.
+
+We hovered about each other in spirals, gradually contracting the
+circuits until we were within point-blank range, but our shell glanced
+from the _Monitor's_ turret just as hers did from our sloping sides. For
+two hours the cannonade continued without perceptible damage to either
+of the combatants.
+
+On our gun-deck all was bustle, smoke, grimy figures, and stern
+commands, while down in the engine and boiler rooms the sixteen furnaces
+were belching out fire and smoke, and the firemen standing in front of
+them, like so many gladiators, tugged away with devil's-claw and
+slice-bar, inducing by their exertions more and more intense combustion
+and heat. The noise of the cracking, roaring fires, escaping steam, and
+the loud and labored pulsations of the engines, together with the roar
+of battle above and the thud and vibration of the huge masses of iron
+which were hurled against us produced a scene and sound to be compared
+only with the poet's picture of the lower regions.
+
+And then an accident occurred that threatened our utter destruction. We
+stuck fast aground on a sand-bar.
+
+Our situation was critical. The _Monitor_ could, at her leisure, come
+close up to us and yet be out of our reach, owing to our inability to
+deflect our guns. In she came and began to sound every chink in our
+armor--every one but that which was actually vulnerable, had she known
+it.
+
+The coal consumption of the two days' fight had lightened our prow until
+our unprotected submerged deck was almost awash. The armor on our sides
+below the water-line had been extended but about three feet, owing to
+our hasty departure before the work was finished. Lightened as we were,
+these exposed portions rendered us no longer an ironclad, and the
+_Monitor_ might have pierced us between wind and water had she depressed
+her guns.
+
+Fearing that she might discover our vulnerable "heel of Achilles" we had
+to take all chances. We lashed down the safety valves, heaped
+quick-burning combustibles into the already raging fires, and brought
+the boilers to a pressure that would have been unsafe under ordinary
+circumstances. The propeller churned the mud and water furiously, but
+the ship did not stir. We piled on oiled cotton waste, splints of wood,
+anything that would burn faster than coal. It seemed impossible that the
+boilers could stand the pressure we were crowding upon them. Just as we
+were beginning to despair there was a perceptible movement, and the
+_Merrimac_ slowly dragged herself off the shoal by main strength. We
+were saved.
+
+Before our adversary saw that we were again afloat we made a dash for
+her, catching her quite unprepared, and tried to ram her, but our
+commander was dubious about the result of a collision without our
+iron-shod beak, and gave the signal to reverse the engines long before
+we reached the _Monitor_. As a result I did not feel the slightest shock
+down in the engine-room, though we struck her fairly enough.
+
+The carpenter reported that the effect was to spring a leak forward.
+Lieutenant Jones sent for me and asked me about it.
+
+"It is impossible we can be making much water," I replied, "for the
+skin of the vessel is plainly visible in the crank-pits."
+
+A second time he sent for me and asked if we were making any water in
+the engine-room.
+
+"With the two large Worthington pumps, besides the bilge injections, we
+could keep her afloat for hours, even with a ten-inch shell in her
+hull," I assured him, repeating that there was no water in the engine
+and boiler rooms.
+
+We glided past, leaving the _Monitor_ unscathed, but got between her and
+the _Minnesota_ and opened fire on the latter. The _Monitor_ gallantly
+rushed to her rescue, passing so close under our submerged stern that
+she almost snapped off our propeller. As she was passing, so near that
+we could have leaped aboard her, Lieutenant Wood trained the stern-gun
+on her when she was only twenty yards from its muzzle and delivered a
+rifle-pointed shell which dislodged the iron logs sheltering the
+_Monitor's_ conning-tower, carrying away the steering-gear and signal
+apparatus, and blinding Captain Worden. It was a mistake to place the
+conning-tower so far from the turret and the vitals of the ship. Since
+that time it has been located over the turret. The _Monitor's_ turret
+was a death-trap. It was only twenty feet in diameter, and every shot
+knocked off bolt-heads and sent them flying against the gunners. If one
+of them barely touched the side of the turret he would be stunned and
+momentarily paralyzed. Lieutenant Greene had been taken below in a
+dazed condition and never fully recovered from the effects. One of the
+port shutters had been jammed, putting a gun out of commission, and
+there was nothing for the _Monitor_ to do but to retreat and leave the
+_Minnesota_ to her fate.
+
+Captain Van Brunt, of the latter vessel, thought he was now doomed and
+was preparing to fire his ship when he saw the _Merrimac_ also
+withdrawing toward Norfolk.
+
+It was at this juncture that Lieutenant Jones had sent for me and said:
+"The pilots will not place us nearer to the _Minnesota_, and we cannot
+afford to run the risk of getting aground again. I'm going to haul off
+under the guns of Sewall's Point and renew the attack on the rise of the
+tide. Bank your fires and make any necessary adjustments to the
+machinery, but be prepared to start up again later in the afternoon."
+
+I went below to comply with his instructions, and later was astonished
+to hear cheering. Rushing on deck, I found we were passing Craney Island
+on our way to Norfolk, and were being cheered by the soldiers of the
+battery.
+
+Our captain had consulted with some of his lieutenants. He explained
+afterward that as the _Monitor_ had proved herself so formidable an
+adversary he had thought best to get a supply of solid shot, have the
+prow replaced, the port shutters put on, the armor belt extended below
+water, and the guns whose muzzles had been shot away replaced, and then
+renew the engagement with every chance of victory. I remember feeling
+as though a wet blanket had been thrown over me. His reasoning was
+doubtless good, but it ignored the moral effect of leaving the Roads
+without forcing the _Minnesota_ to surrender.
+
+As the _Merrimac_ passed up the river, trailing the ensign of the
+_Congress_ under the stars and bars, she received a tremendous ovation
+from the crowds that lined the shores, while hundreds of small boats,
+gay with flags and bunting, converted our course into a triumphal
+procession.
+
+We went into dry-dock that very afternoon, and in about three weeks were
+ready to renew the battle upon more advantageous terms, but the
+_Monitor_, though reinforced by two other ironclads, the _Galena_ and
+the _Naugatuck_, and every available vessel of the United States navy,
+was under orders from Washington to refuse our challenge and bottle us
+up in the Roads. This strategy filled us with rage and dismay, but it
+proved very effective.
+
+Our new commander, Commodore Josiah Tatnall, was burning to distinguish
+himself, but he was under orders not to risk the destruction or capture
+of the _Merrimac_ by leaving the Roads, as General Huger's division at
+Norfolk would then be at the mercy of the Federal fleet. Week after week
+was passing and with it his golden opportunity. At last we went to
+Richmond and pressed a plan for a sortie upon the President. He returned
+one afternoon and ordered every one aboard. That night we slipped down
+the Roads and were soon passing Fort Monroe on our way out into the
+Chesapeake.
+
+Presently our army signal officer began waving his lantern communicating
+with our distant batteries, and then told the result to Officer Jones,
+who reported to Tatnall. "We have been ordered to return, sir," he said.
+
+Tatnall was viewing the dim outlines of the fort through his glass and
+pretended not to hear.
+
+"The order is peremptory," repeated Jones.
+
+Tatnall hesitated. He was of half a mind to disobey. "Old Huger has
+outwitted me," he muttered. "Do what you please. I leave you in command.
+I'm going to bed," and he went below in a high dudgeon. Tatnall was a
+striking-looking man, standing over six feet, with florid complexion,
+deep-sunken blue eyes, and a protruding under lip. That he did not have
+a chance to fight was no fault of his.
+
+Our life on board for the weeks that followed was far from comfortable.
+We were within sight of the enemy, and at every movement of the opposing
+fleet it was "clear away for action." Steam was kept up continually. Our
+cabins were without air ports and no ray of light even penetrated the
+ward-rooms. There was nowhere to walk but on the upper grating--a modern
+prison is far more comfortable. Sometimes the sailors waded on the
+submerged deck, giving rise to the superstition among the darkies that
+they were the crew of the "debble ship" with power to walk on the
+water.
+
+Norfolk was now being evacuated and we were covering Huger's retreat.
+When this was effected we were to receive the signal and to make our own
+way up the James. Norfolk was in Federal hands, and Huger had
+disappeared without signaling us, when our pilots informed us that
+Harrison's Bar, which we must cross, drew only eighteen feet of water.
+Under their advice, on the night of May 11th we lightened ship by
+throwing overboard all our coal and ballast, thus raising our
+unprotected decks above water. At last all was ready--and then we found
+that the wind which had been blowing down-stream all day had swept the
+water off the bar. When morning dawned the Federal fleet must discover
+our defenseless condition, and defeat and capture were certain, for we
+were now no longer an ironclad.
+
+It was decided to abandon the vessel and set her on fire. We took the
+_Merrimac_ to the bight of Craney Island, and about midnight the work of
+disembarking the crew began. We had but two boats, and it was sunrise
+before our three hundred and fifty men were all ashore. Cotton waste and
+trains of powder were strewn about the deck, and Executive Officer
+Jones, who was the last to leave the ship, applied the slow match. Then
+we marched silently through the woods to join Huger, fifteen miles away
+at Suffolk.
+
+Still unconquered, we hauled down our drooping colors, their laurels all
+fresh and green, with mingled pride and grief, gave her to the flames,
+and set the lambent fires roaring about the shotted guns. The slow
+match, the magazine, and that last, deep, low, sullen, mournful boom
+told our people, now far away on the march, that their gallant ship was
+no more.
+
+
+
+
+THE LAST OF THE MONITOR
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE LAST OF THE MONITOR
+
+_By an eye-witness, Rear-Admiral E.W. Watson, U.S.N._
+
+
+On the 29th of December, 1862, nine months after her memorable combat
+with the _Merrimac_, the _Monitor_, Commander John P. Bankhead, left
+Hampton Roads in tow of the _Rhode Island_, commanded by Captain Stephen
+Decatur Trenchard, for Beaufort, North Carolina. The weather at the time
+of starting looked favorable for the trip, but on the following day,
+when nearing Cape Hatteras, the wind came out from the southeast and
+gradually freshened until by evening it was blowing a moderate gale,
+with a tolerably heavy sea running. It was soon seen that the _Monitor_
+was making heavy weather of it, and the engines were slowed down, but
+the course was still kept head to the wind and sea.
+
+This was a mistake, for experience later on in towing other vessels of
+her class proved that the safest way to handle them in heavy weather was
+to let them lie in the trough of the sea, when the waves would wash over
+their decks and the roll would not be excessive. The _Monitor_ was
+closely watched, all on board the _Rhode Island_ feeling anxious for her
+safety. Toward the end of the first watch--between 8 P.M. and
+midnight--the signal of distress, a red lantern, was hoisted on the
+_Monitor_, and, unknown to those on the _Rhode Island_, the hawser was
+cut and the anchor of the _Monitor_ let go.
+
+The _Rhode Island_ immediately stopped her engine, and three boats were
+called away with an officer in charge of each, and were sent to take off
+the _Monitor's_ people. With the heavy sea running it was a difficult
+matter to go alongside of her, and the first boat to reach her was
+thrown by a wave upon the deck and a hole stove in her. The next wave
+washed the boat off, and with considerable difficulty she took on board
+as many of the men as in her leaky condition could make the return trip
+safely.
+
+When the boats came alongside of the _Monitor_, her captain and
+executive officer went upon the deck and, clinging to the life-lines
+with the waves washing over them, called to the crew to come down from
+the turret and get into the boats, which they were reluctant to do at
+first. Some were able to jump into the boats, and some landed in the
+water and were hauled in. Seeing an old quartermaster with a large
+bundle under his arm, the executive officer, thinking that it was his
+clothes-bag, told him that that was no time to be trying to save his
+effects. He said nothing, but threw it into the boat. When the bundle
+was passed up over the side of the _Rhode Island_ it proved to be a
+little messenger-boy--probably the smallest and youngest one in the
+service. The three boats were finally loaded and made their way back to
+the ship.
+
+In the mean while the _Rhode Island_, in backing her engines, had fouled
+the hawser with her port paddle-wheel, and being directly to windward of
+the _Monitor_, with her engines helpless, drifted down upon her. It
+looked at one time as if she would strike the bow of the _Monitor_, but,
+fortunately, she just missed it, and, scraping along her side, drifted
+off to leeward.
+
+Another boat was sent to bring off the remainder of the _Monitor's_
+crew, but, being to leeward now, she could make only slow headway
+against the seas, and before she got to her the men saw the _Monitor's_
+light disappear, and knew that she had gone down. The hawser having
+finally been cleared from the _Rhode Island's_ wheel, she steamed around
+searching for the boat, sending up rockets and burning blue lights to
+show her position. When the day dawned nothing could be seen. After
+hailing a passing government vessel and telling them to search for the
+boat, the _Rhode Island_ steamed with all speed for Fortress Monroe to
+report the loss.
+
+When the survivors of the ill-fated vessel were mustered on the deck of
+the _Rhode Island_, four officers and twelve men were found missing, all
+of them probably buried in an iron coffin in a watery grave about fifty
+miles to the southward and eastward of Cape Hatteras Light.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The missing boat and crew of the _Rhode Island_ were found by that
+vessel a week later safe in Beaufort, North Carolina. They had been
+picked up by a schooner and taken into that port. The officer in charge
+of the boat reported that in the early morning he had sighted a schooner
+standing toward them, and had hoisted a black silk handkerchief
+belonging to one of the crew on an oar as a signal of distress, but the
+people in the schooner, evidently thinking them pirates who had come out
+of some one of the inlets of the coast, turned tail and scudded away
+from them. A second schooner, coming along soon after, was more
+hospitable and took them aboard.
+
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Monitor and the Merrimac, by 
+J. L. Worden et al.
+
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